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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..135035b --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #65361 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65361) diff --git a/old/65361-0.txt b/old/65361-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index acd51f7..0000000 --- a/old/65361-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,20865 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives of the most eminent literary and -scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2), by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France, - Vol. 2 (of 2) - -Author: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley - -Editor: Dionysius Lardner - -Release Date: May 17, 2021 [eBook #65361] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Laura Natal Rodrigues at Free Literature (Images generously - made available by The Internet Archive.) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY -AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) *** - -THE - -CABINET OF BIOGRAPHY. - -CONDUCTED BY THE - -REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L.& E. - -M.R.I. A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &c. &c. - -ASSISTED BY - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. - -BIOGRAPHY - -EMINENT - -LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN - -OF FRANCE. - -VOL. II. - -LONDON: - -PRINTED FOR - -LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS, - -PATERNOSTER-ROW; - -AND JOHN TAYLOR, - -UPPER GOWER STREET. - -1839. - - - - -CONTENTS -TABLE, -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, -TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF -LIVES OF -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF FRANCE. -TABLE, -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, -TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF -LIVES OF -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF FRANCE. -VOLTAIRE -ROUSSEAU -CONDORCET -MIRABEAU -MADAME ROLAND -MADAME DE STAËL -INDEX -TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF -LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. -TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF -LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. -TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF -LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. -INDEX - - - - -_The Analytical and Chronological Tables and Index to the Series of -Lives of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and -Portugal, are given at the end of this volume._ - - - - -TABLE, - -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, - -TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF - -LIVES OF - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF FRANCE. - - -MONTAIGNE. - -1533-1592 - -A.D. - -1533. Birth of Michel de Montaigne 1 -Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne 1 -Education of Montaigne and his five Brothers 2 -The Public School of Guienne 5 -1559. Ætat 26. Friendship with Etienne de la Boétie 7 -1563. Death of É. de la Boétie 9 -1566. Ætat 33. Marriage of Montaigne 9 -Death of his father Pierre 10, 11 -Troubles of France 10 -Duke of Guise 11 -Henry King of Navarre, afterwards Henri Quatre 11 -Anecdotes of the Civil War 13, 14 -1580. Ætat. 47. Montaigne's Journey through Switzerland to Munich, -Venice, and Rome 17 -1581. Ætat. 48. Citizenship of Rome granted to Montaigne by a Bull -of the Pope 18 -Description of Rome 18 -Devotion of Montaigne, and Offering at the Shrine of Loretto 19 -Montaigne elected Mayor by the Citizens of Bordeaux. His -return home to fill that Office 19 -1585. Ætat 52. Friendship of Montaigne for Mlle. Marie de Gournay -le Jars 20 -1592. Ætat. 60. Decease of this celebrated Author 21 -His Character 21 -Montaigne's Essays edited by Mlle. de Gournay, with a Preface -by that Lady 21 - - -RABELAIS. - -1483-1553. - -Lord Bacon's Opinion of Rabelais 23 -Style of his Romance in Writings 23 -1483. Presumed Date of Birth of Rabelais 23 -His Education in a Monastery 24 -Rabelais assumes the Franciscan Habit, and preaches -Envy of Monks 24 -His Condemnation to Bread and Water 25 -On his Release he turns to the Rule of Benedict 25 -Rabelais quits the Monks, and studies Medicine 26 -His Edition of Hippocrates 26 -His Visit to Cardinal du Bellay 27 -His scarlet Gown 27 -Established as Physician at Lyons 28 -Rabelais' Journey to Rome 28 -His Correspondence 28, 30 -Interview with Pope Paul III. 29 -His Journey to Lyons and Paris 29 -Rabelais, Abbot of St. Maur-des-Fosses, and Curé de Meudon 30 -His celebrated Work, or Romance 31 -Controversy resulting therefrom 31 -Rome, attack on, by Rabelais 31 -Francis I. protects him from the Sorbonne 31, 32 -Opinions of French Authors on Francis Rabelais 34 -His Imitators enumerated 36 -His various Works 37 -His Acquirements in Languages and Science 38 -Exemplary Conduct as a Minister of Religion 39 -1553. Ætat. 70. His Decease 39 -Epitaphs for Rabelais 39 - - -CORNEILLE. - -1606-1684. - -State of French Poetry and Literature 40 -1606. Birth of Corneille 40 -1590-1600. Consequences of the Civil War in France 41 -Rise of the French Drama 42 -1629. Ætat. 23. Corneille writes "Mélite," a Comedy 42 -1634. Ætat. 28. His early Tragedies, &c. 42 -Cardinal de Richelieu employs Corneille, Rotrou, Colletet, -Bois-Robert, and L'Étoile on his own Dramatic Works 43 -Theatre of the Cardinal 43 -1635. Corneille retires to Rouen 43 -His Amatory Poems 43 -Ætat 29. His "Medea" acted 44 -Corneille's Genius excited by the Study of Guillen do Castro 45 -Unity, dramatic, considered as a Fetter on modern Talent 45 -He composed the "Cid" 45 -Unparalleled Success of this Drama 46 -1637. Critique of the "Cid" by the French Academy 47 -1639. Ætat. 33. Writes "Horace," a Tragedy 48 -1616. Ætat. 40. Corneille's Tragedy of "Rodogune" 52 -Success of his "Œdipus" 54 -1642. Is elected of the French Academy 55 -His Manners and Conversation 55 -Thomas Corneille's Tragedies 56 -1662. Ætat. 62. Pierre Corneille and his Family established in Paris 56 -Rivality of Corneille and Racine 57, 58 -Louis XIV.'s Court 58 -Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans 58 -1684. Ætat. 79. Death of Pierre Corneille 59 -Veneration for his Memory 60 -Eloge by Racine 61 -Account of his Sons and Daughter 61 - - -ROCHEFOUCAULD. - -1613-1680. - -The Duke de la Rochefoucauld's Maxims 63 -High Station of his House, and its ancient Power 63 -Reign of Henry IV. 64 -Reign of Louis XIII. 64 -Cardinal de Richelieu represses the Ambition of the French -Nobles 64 -1643. Anne of Austria, Regent of France 64 -Five Years of Peace and Tranquillity 67 -1642. Ætat. 29. The Prince de Marsillac (afterwards Duc de la -Rochefoucauld) returns to Paris 63 -1644. Battle of Rocroi gained by Condé over the Spaniards 67 -Civil War in France 68 -The Fronde 68 -Barricades of Paris 68 -De Retz, Cardinal, Coadjutor of the Archbishopric of Paris 68 -Account of the Princes de Condé, de Conti, and their Sister the -Duchess de Longueville 68 -1650. Condé and his Brother imprisoned at Vincennes 72 -Liberated by the Frondeurs 73 -His Actions with Turenne 80 -Is defeated by Turenne near Paris 81 -Raises the Standard of Rebellion in Holland 82 -Peace concluded between the Court and the Fronde 83 -Louis XIV. assumes the Government of his Kingdom 83 -1653. War of the Fronde terminated, and the Party dissolved 83 -1653. Ætat. 40. Duke de la Rochefoucauld retires with his Family to -Danvilliers to recover from his Wounds 83 -Recalled by Mazarin to Court 84 -Literati in Paris in the Reign of Louis XIV. 85 -1680. Ætat. 67. Death of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld 89, 90 -Critique on his "Maxims" 91 -Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria, Widow of -Louis XIII. 96 - - -MOLIÈRE. - -1622-1673. - -Distinguished Writers of the Age of Louis XIV. 97 -Family of Poquelin 97 -1622. Birth of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, who assumed the Name of -Molière 98 -His Studies at College 99 -His Fellow-Students under Gassendi 99 -1641. Ætat. 19. Attends on Louis XIII. as Royal Valet-de-Chambre 100 -Execution of Cinq-Mars 100 -Cardinal de Richelieu's Plays, and Encouragement of Actors 101 -1643. Ætat. 21. Molière studies the Law 101 -Molière's taking the Stage for his Profession offensive to his -Relatives 101 -His Theatrical Company 102 -The Fronde and Civil War injurious to the Theatre 102 -Molière's Company perform at Bordeaux, where he produces an -unsuccessful Tragedy 103 -His early Comedies 103 -His excellent Farcical Interludes performed at the Prince de -Conti's Mansion of Pezenas 105 -Molière and his Comedians established in Paris 106 -They perform at Court 106 -"Les Précieuses Ridicules," a Satire on the Hôtel Rambouillet 107 -The Poet Voiture 108 -1659. Ætat. 37. Molière's Satire of the Affectation then in Fashion 109 -Fête given by the Finance Minister Fouquet to Louis XIV. 111 -Le grand Condé patronises Molière 113 -Molière decried for being an Actor, is protected in his duties as -Royal Valet-de-Chambre by Louis XIV. 114 -Molière's Marriage 115 -He writes "l'Ecole des Femmes" 117 -The Court Ballets 118 -"Tartuffe" 119 -The Soldiers of the King's Body Guard, deprived of their free -Admission to the Theatre, create a Riot 121 -1666. Ætat. 44. "Le Misanthrope" 122 -Scene from the "Amphitryon" 124 -Molière writes "l'Avare" 127 -Scene from the Comedy of "George Dandin" 127 -Unprecedented Success of "Tartuffe" 126 -Friendship of Molière with Boileau, Racine, and the Wits of his -Time 131 -A Supper Party described 131 -"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac" 132 -Molière's Comedy of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" 133 -Scene from "Les Femmes Savantes" 135 -1673. Molière writes "Le Malade Imaginaire" 138 -Ætat. 51. Is carried from the Stage in a dying State 139 -Funeral Rites denied him 140 -Character of Molière 141 -His Charity 143 -His Style 146 -His Troop of Comedians dispersed 148 - - -LA FONTAINE. - -1621-1695. - -1621. Birth of Jean de la Fontaine 150 -His Father a Keeper of the Royal Domains in his District 150 -La Fontaine enters the Oratoire, a religious Order 151 -He throws off the fetters of a monastic Life, and marries Marie -d'Héricart 151 -The Keepership of the Royal Domain is devolved on him 151 -La Fontaine reads an Ode by Malherbe, and commences Poet 152 -He studies the Classics 153 -His Style simple, unaffected, and something antiquated 153 -His Study of the great Italian Writers, of Rabelais, and of Clement -Marot 154 -Writes "Adonis" in Heroic Verse 155 -Is jealous of M. Poignan, a military Man, and fights him 156 -His Wife's Temper 157 -His own Forgetfulness, and Anecdotes explanatory of its -intensity 157 -The Duchess de Bouillon notices him 158 -His Appointment in the Duke of Bouillon's House 159 -The Duchess takes him to Paris 159 -Account of the Mancinis, Duchesses of Mazarin, and of -Bouillon 159 -La Fontaine's Parisian friends, Molière, Racine, and Boileau 160 -His Distractions, or Absences of Mind 160 -Forgets home and his Wife 161 -His Journeys to Château Thierry 161 -Receives a Pension from Fouquet 162 -Elegance of his fugitive Poetry 162 -Fouquet disgraced 162 -La Fontaine endeavours to soften Louis XIV. towards this -unfortunate Minister 162 -"Contes et Merveilles, en Vers," of La Fontaine 163 -His "Psyche and Cupid" 163 -His Fables 164 -"Joconde," his most popular Tale 165 -He lives under the Roof of Madame de la Sablière 165 -La Fontaine writes "Daphne," an Opera, for Lulli, and takes -just Offence at that Musician 166 -He is elected of the French Academy 167 -After some hesitation, Louis XIV. confirms his Election 167 -The Abbé Furetière, and Academic Disputes 168 -Anecdotes illustrative of La Fontaine's Mind and Simplicity, of -Conduct 169 -Account of Madame de la Sablière and her Concerns 171 -La Fontaine invited to England, declines the Journey 172 -He resides with Madame d'Hervart, wife of a Financier 172 -Sickness of this celebrated Poet and Fabulist 173 -He is taxed as to his Indifference in Religion 173 -The Clergy exact a Reparation, or Testimony of his Penitence 173 -His Submissiveness 174 -Recovers from Illness, and publishes a few more Tales 176 -1695. His Death 176 -Criticism on his Works 177 -Beauty of his "Adonis" 177 -Nature of his Tale of "Psyche and Cupid" 177 -La Fontaine's Dramatic Pieces 178 -His Fables and Tales 178 -Comparison with Gay 179 -His Conversation and Habits 181 - - -PASCAL. - -1623-1662. - -Bayle's Praise of the Genius of Pascal's Works 183 -His Family 184 -1623. Birth of Blaise Pascal 184 -1631. Ætat. 9. His Father superintends his Studies 184 -Philosophy of Descartes 185 -1635. Ætat. 12. Pascal's Study of Physics 186 -Being restricted to the Study of Greek and Latin, he occupies his -leisure Moments with the Study of Geometry 186 -His Father surprising him in his eager Pursuit of Mathematics, -is overjoyed, and consults a Friend 187 -Blaise Pascal comprehends Euclid without a Master's -Instructions 188 -Ætat. 16. His "Essay on Conic Sections" 188 -His Father Etienne, being compromised in some Political Affairs, -flies from Paris to Auvergne 189 -Jaqueline Pascal's Performance at fourteen Years of Age in the -Theatre of Cardinal de Richelieu; recites Verses declaratory of -her Father's Innocence 189 -1639. Ætat. 16. Richelieu pardons M. Pascal, and Blaise is presented -to him as a young Mathematician 189 -1641. Pascal studies Logic and Physics 190 -1642. Ætat. 19. He invents an Arithmetical Computing Machine 190 -Galileo's Investigations of the Atmosphere 191 -Torricelli pursues this Inquiry 192 -Father Mersenne explains this matter to Blaise Pascal 192 -1647. Ætat. 24. Account of Pascal's Discovery of the Atmospheric -Pressure, and his Experiments made on the Puy de Dôme 193 -Descartes claims a Priority in this Invention 194 -1653. Ætat. 30. Pascal's Treatises "On the Weight of the Atmosphere," -and "On the Equilibrium of Liquids" 194 -He quits the Study of Mathematics to devote himself to -Religion 195 -His Sister Jaqueline imitates his Devotion 195 -He falls into a State of general Debility 195 -1651. Death of Etienne Pascal 196 -Jaqueline takes the Veil in the Abbey of Port Royal aux -Champs 196 -1654. Ætat. 37. Pascal meets with an alarming Accident, which injures -his already feeble Health 196 -Is delirious, and makes a Record of some supposed Vision 197 -He renounces the World, and lives solitarily, using monastic -Rules of Self-denial 197 -Description of the Abbey of Port Royal, and of the Arnauld -Family 198 -Pascal frequents the Society of Abbé Arnauld and his Friends 199 -Controversy between the Jansenists and Molinists 200 -The Jesuit Molina 200 -Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres 200 -"Five Propositions" of Jansenius condemned by the Pope at -the Desire of the Jesuits 200 -Antoine Arnauld's Defence of Jansenism 201 -1656. Ætat. 33. Pascal's "Lettres Provinciales" 202 -Jaqueline Pascal, a Nun of Port Royal, cured by Miracle of a -Fistula of the Eye 203 -Pascal writes his "Pensées" 203 -He subjects himself to Privations and Mortifications, for -Religion 204 -1658. Ætat. 35. Entails chronical sufferings thereby on his frame 204 -Pascal solved many difficult Problems in Mathematics 204 -1658. Ætat. 35. He challenged scientific Men to solve the same; and -when Huygens, Wallis, and Wren were foiled, he published -his Solutions 205 -New Persecution of the Jansenists 207 -1661. Ætat. 38. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned to be burnt 207 -The Nuns of Port Royal expelled from their Convent 207 -Jaqueline Pascal, the Sub-Prioress of Port Royal, dies in -consequence of it 207 -Pascal declares the "Five Propositions" to be in accordance -with St. Paul 208 -His dying Sentiments 209 -1662. Ætat. 39. His Death 210 -His admirable Character 210 -Eloquence of his Works 211 -His Address to Atheists 211 - - -MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ. - -1626-1696. - -1626. Birth of Marie de Rabutin-Chantal 214 -Account of this noble Family 214 -1627. Her Father, Baron de Chantal, slain at the Isle of Rhé 215 -Account of the De Coulanges Family 215 -The Breton Race described 216 -1644. Ætat. 18. Mademoiselle de Rabutin-Chantal marries Henry -Marquis de Sévigné 216 -Cardinal de Retz and the Fronde 217 -Count de Bussy-Rabutin, Cousin of Madame de Sévigné 217 -Ninon de l'Enclos 217 -Marquis de Sévigné falls in a Duel with the Chevalier d'Albret 218 -The Prince de Conti 219 -Hôtel de Rambouillet 220 -Cardinal de Retz imprisoned, and escapes 220 -Disgrace and Trial of Fouquet, Minister of Finance 222 -Letters of Madame de Sévigné 224 -1664. Fêtes at Versailles 225 -Louis XIV. takes a Part in the Tournament and Jousts 225 -His Affection for Mademoiselle de la Vallière 225 -Benserade, the Court Poet 226 -Mademoiselle de Sévigné appears in the Ballets at Court 226 -1669. Her Marriage with the Count de Grignan 227 -Correspondence of the Marchioness de Sévigné addressed to her -Daughter, Madame de Grignan 227 -Count and Countess de Grignan repair to Provence, of which he -is Lieutenant-Governor 228 -Ninon de l'Enclos again the Cause of Affliction 230 -Countess de la Fayette 231 -Monsieur and Madame de Coulanges, Cousins of Madame de -Sévigné 232 -Dialogue, Supposititious, of M. de Coulanges and M. de -Bussy-Rabutin 232 -Celebrity for Talent of Madame de Coulanges 234 -Poetry of that Lady's Husband 235 -M. Corbinelli 236 -Madame de Maintenon 237 -D'Argenson and Corbinelli, amusing Anecdote of 237 -1675. Death of Turenne 238 -1676. Madame de Sévigné attacked with Rheumatism 244 -1677. Ætat 51. Visited by her Daughter, who falls ill also 245 -Their Residence in Paris 246 -Account of the Chevalier de Grignan 246 -1680. Ætat. 54. Madame de Sévigné visits her Estate of Aux Rochers, -in Britany 248, 252 -Marriage of the Marquis de Sévigné, Son of Madame de -Sévigné 249 -Further Letters to Madame de Grignan 251 -James II. established at St. Germain 251 -Duke and Duchess de Chaulnes 252 -1690. Ætat. 64. Marchioness of Sévigné resides with Madame de -Grignan in Provence 254 -The Family of de Grignan 254 -1695. Pauline de Grignan married to the Marquis de Simiane 248, 254 -1696. Ætat. 70. Death of Madame de Sévigné 248, 254 -Count de Bussy-Rabutin's Character of his celebrated -Cousin 248, 254 -Countess de la Fayette's Portrait of her 255 -Voltaire's opinion of her Taste 256 -Her Character 253 -Madame de Sévigné was a Jansenist 257 -The Dragonnades against the Protestants of France 257 -No Posterity existent of the Family of de Sévigné 258 - - -BOILEAU. - -1636-1711. - -Celebrated Era of Louis Quatorze 259 -1636. Birth of Nicholas Boileau, known also by the Name of M. -Despréaux 259 -He displays a turn for Poetry at the College of Beauvais 260 -His first Ode 261 -1656. Ætat. 20. Boileau studies the Law 261 -He addicts himself to Letters 261 -Rise of Literature in France 262 -The Dramatic Poets 262 -Jean Chapelain's Poem of "La Pucelle" 262 -Colbert, Prime Minister 262 -Satire of Boileau 263 -French Poets 265 -Prince de Condé's Society of Literary Men at Chantilly 266 -Boileau's Learned Friends 267 -1666. Ætat. 30. He publishes his Satires 269 -1667. His Eighth Satire 270 -"L'Art Poétique" 270 -"Le Lutrin" 271-278 -Parallel of Boileau and Pope by Mr. Leigh Hunt 271-278 -1677. Ætat. 41. Is pensioned by Louis XIV. 279 -Friendship of Boileau for Racine 279 -They are appointed Historiographers 279 -1678. They attend Louis XIV. to the Siege of Ghent 280 -Campaign of these Poets 281 -Boileau, leaves the military duties to Racine 281 -Abbé Arnauld and the Jansenists 283 -Boileau joins the Jansenists 283 -He is elected of the French Academy 284 -1687. Ætat. 51. Visits the Baths of Bourbon for Health 285 -1692. Ætat. 56. His attack on Charles Perrault 287 -Boileau's Satire on Women 288 -Racine's explanations of his and Boileau's Pensions 289 -Boileau's great Regard for Jean Racine 289 -His House at Auteuil 290 -1698. Ætat. 62. Is named sole Historiographer on the Death of -Racine 291 -Latter Years of the Satirist passed in Tranquillity and -Happiness 291 -Louis Racine, Son of the Dramatic Poet 291 -Boileau sells his House at Auteuil 292 -His Piety and strict Observances 293 -Prepares a complete Edition of his Works 293 -His "Dialogue on the Romances" 293 -1711. Ætat. 75. His Death 293 -His Character for Wit 294 -The "Lutrin" his best Poem 295 - - -RACINE. - -1639-1699. - -1639. Birth of Jean Racine 297 -His Education at Beauvais 297 -1655. Ætat. 16. Received as a Pupil at Port Royal 298 -Rivalry of the Jesuits and Jansenists 298 -His Enthusiasm for the Tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides 299 -1660. Marriage of Louis XIV. 300 -Racine on this Occasion writes the Ode "Nymphes de la -Seine" 301 -Chapelain recommends him to the Minister Colbert 301 -Racine resides with his Uncle le Père Sconin at Uzès, in -Provence 302 -His Poem, "The Bath of Venus" 304 -Returned to Paris, and employed by Molière in Dramatic -Composition 304 -1664. Ætat. 25. His "Alexandre" 305, 306 -He teaches the celebrated Champmélé to recite 307 -He replies to M. Nicole 307 -His Tragedies of "Andromach" and "Britannicus" 308 -He writes "Bérénice" in rivalry of Corneille on the same -Subject 309 -Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans 309 -Partisans of Corneille 309 -Racine's Comedy of "Les Plaideurs" 310 -1673. He is admitted of the French Academy 312 -Duke of Montauzier 312 -Racine's "Iphigénie," "Bajazet," and "Mithridate" 312 -"Phèdre," and Madame des Houlières' Sonnet on that Tragedy 312 -Racine and Boileau, supposed to have written a Reply to Madame -des Houlières, are threatened by the Duke of Nevers 313 -Racine resolves on renouncing the Tragic Muse 313 -1677. Ætat. 38. He meditates becoming Chartreux, but is counselled -by his Confessor to marry 313 -Character of Madame Racine 314 -Their Sons, intended for monastic Life, are thrown into more -active Pursuits 314 -Their Daughters take the Veil 314 -Racine reconciles himself with M. Nicole and the Abbé Arnauld -of Port Royal 315 -He is named Historiographer conjointly with Boileau 316 -His Devotion 316 -His Fondnesss for Home, and Paternal Benevolence 317 -He attends Louis XIV. in his Campaigns 317 -1684. Ætat. 45. His Eloge of Corneille before the French Academy 317 -His "Idyl on Peace" 318 -His Attendance at Court 319 -His excellent Recitation 319 -"Esther" 320 -"Athalie," his best Tragedy 320 -Madame de Maintenon and Racine 321-325 -1699. Death of Racine 326 -Criticism on the Tragedies of Jean Racine 327 - - -FÉNÉLON. - -1651-1715. - -1651. Birth of François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon 329 -His charitable and devout heart 329 -His Father the Count de Fénélon 329 -His Mother of an illustrious Family 329 -His early Acquaintance with Greek and Latin Literature, and -Powers of Composition 330 -1669. Ætat. 18. The Abbé de Fénélon takes his Degree in the -University of Cahors 331 -Visits his Uncle, the Marquis de Fénélon, at Paris 331 -1670. Ætat. 19. His Success in Preaching 331 -1675. Ætat. 24. His Zeal in Ministerial Duties 332 -Wishes to go as Missionary to Canada 332 -His religious fervour 333 -Louis XIV. commissions him to preach to the Huguenots in -Poitou 332 -Fame of Bossuet, then Bishop of Condom 334 -Le Père Bourdaloue surpasses in eloquent Discourses his Master -Bossuet 334 -Bossuet, Governor of the Dauphin, writes his "Discours sur -l'Histoire Universelle" 334 -Fénélon "on Female Education" 335 -1689. Ætat. 38. Duke de Beauvilliers appoints Fénélon a Preceptor to -the Grandsons of Louis XIV. 336 -Celebrated Men employed as Preceptors to the Princes 336 -Fénélon appointed Archbishop of Cambrai 339 -Controversial Spirit of the Age 339 -Affair of Madame Guyon's Visions and Mysticism 340 -Bossuet and other Divines commissioned to inquire into her -Doctrines 343 -Bossuet, now Bishop of Meaux, writes the "Instruction sur les -États de l'Oraison," and desires Fénélon's Approval thereof 343 -The Archbishop of Cambrai refuses, and writes his "Explication -des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Intérieure" 344 -The Controversy of the Two celebrated Divines has an unfortunate -Result in the Division of the Gallican Church on the -Doctrines in question 345 -Louis XIV. prejudiced against Fénélon 345 -Madame de Maintenon's Coldness to him 345 -1697. Ætat. 46. Fénélon exiled to his See 346 -The Dispute between MM. de Meaux and Cambrai referred to -Rome 347 -Innocent XII. appoints a Commission, and calls upon those Prelates -for a formal Statement of their Opinions 348 -Louis XIV. erases the Name of Fénélon from the List of Preceptors -to the Princes 349 -Calmness and Charitable Sentiments of Fénélon under the indignities -offered him 349 -1699. Ætat. 48. The Pope's Brief condemning the "Maximes des -Saints" of Fénélon 352 -Exemplary Obedience of Fénélon, and his Pastoral Letter on the -Occasion 353 -The Brief against him is registered, and Bossuet draws up a -Report 355 -1714. Death of Bossuet, without any Reconciliation with Fénélon 356 -"Télémaque" 337, 356 -Admirable Deportment of Fénélon in the See of Cambrai 357 -His Sermons 358 -His Seminary for the Instruction of the younger Clergy 358, 360 -His Doctrine 360 -Fénélon an Opponent of Jansenism 362 -He explains the Mistakes of Pascal in the "Provincial Letters" 362 -The Campaigns in Flanders 362 -The Duke of Burgundy obtains Louis's permission to visit the -Archbishop of Cambrai 364 -Famine the Result of War 365 -1709. Ætat. 58. Fénélon's active Charity to the Soldiery and the -People 365 -1711. The Death of the Dauphin overwhelms Fénélon with grief as a -national Misfortune 360 -Death of Fénélon's chief Friends 366 -1713. Louis XIV. relents as to this admirable Prelate 366 -1715. Death of Fénélon 367 -Demise of Louis XIV. 368 -Person, Manners, and Talent of de la Mothe Fénélon 368 -His Character given by Sir----Ramsay and other Writers 369 -Eloge of Fénélon by d'Alembert 369 -Criticism on "Télémaque" 372 - - - - -TABLE, - -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, - -TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF - -LIVES OF - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF FRANCE. - - - - -VOLTAIRE. - -1694-1778. - -A. D. - -Infidelity of Voltaire 2 -1694. Birth of François-Marie Arouet at Chatenay 4 -His Father, M. Arouet, a Notary 4 -1704. Ætat. 10. Is taught by the Jesuits in the College of -Louis-le-Grand 5 -His Prejudice against the Jansenists 5 -The Abbé de Chateauneuf 5 -Precocious Genius of Arouet 5 -His introduction to Parisian Society 6 -Court of Louis XIV. 6 -The King ruled by Molinist Confessors 6 -Influence of Madame de Maintenon in religious Matters 6 -1714. Ætat. 20. Young Arouet sent to Holland with the Marquis de -Chateauneuf 7 -His Affection for Mademoiselle du Noyer 8 -He is placed as pupil with M. Alain, Attorney in Paris 9 -M. de Caumartin invites him to his Château of St. Ange 10 -1715. State of public Affairs on the Demise of Louis XIV. 10 -The Regent d'Orléans, and Cardinal Dubois 10 -1716. Ætat. 22. Arouet imprisoned in the Bastille for a Satire of -which he was not the Author 11 -On Epic Poetry 12 -Criticism on the Henriade of Voltaire 13 -Duke of Orléans liberates and compensates him 14 -1718. Ætat. 24. "Œdipe," Tragedy by Voltaire 15 -His Critique on the Tragedies of Sophocles 15 -His mode of Life and Habits 16 -His "Mariamne" successful 16 -1722. Dispute between the Poets Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Voltaire 17 -Insult offered Voltaire by the Chevalier de Rohan 17 -He challenges de Rohan, and is sent to the Bastille 18 -1728. Ætat. 34. He visits England and reads Locke and Newton 18 -His return to Paris 19 -The Clergy become suspicious of him, and aim at his Ruin 19 -Increase of his Fortune 20 -Reasons of his purchasing the Estate of Voltaire, and assuming -that name 21 -Becomes attached to the Marchioness du Châtelet 21 -His "Brutus" and "Eriphyle" unsuccessful 22 -1732. Ætat. 38. Great success of "Zaire" 22 -"Histoire de Charles XII." 23 -"Siècle de Louis XIV." projected by Voltaire 23 -Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, an Actress, denied the Rites of -Sepulture 23 -Voltaire's "Lettres sur les Anglais" publicly burnt 23 -He retires to the Château de Cirey with the Marquis and -Marchioness du Châtelet 24 -Their philosophical Studies 25 -He writes "Alzire," "Mérope," "Mahomet," &c. 25 -"Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations" 25 -Madame de Graffigny's Visit to Madame du Châtelet at Cirey; -her Letters 26 -1738. Ætat. 44. Voltaire writes "La Pucelle," the Maid of Orléans 28 -Is attacked by the Abbé des Fontaines and Jean Baptiste -Rousseau 31 -Alarm as to the Printing of "La Pucelle" 33 -His Correspondence with Frederic II. 35 -1740. Letters of Frederic 37 -Interview of the King of Prussia and M. de Voltaire at the -Castle of Meuse, near Clèves 39 -Maupertuis President of the Berlin Academy 39 -Frederic's former Work against the Principles of Machiavel, the -"Anti-Machiavel" 40 -Character of Frederic 41 -1742. War against Maria Theresa, on the Death of Charles VI. her -Father 42 -Administration of Cardinal de Fleuri 42 -Voltaire in constant Danger of the Bastille 43 -Crébillon refuses to license "Mahomet" 43 -It is acted at Lille in Flanders by La Noue and Mademoiselle -Clairon 44 -1743. The Duke of Richelieu, a Favourite of Louis XV. 44 -Ætat. 49. Voltaire endeavours to obtain a Seat in the French -Academy, but is rejected 45 -Great Success of his Tragedy of "Mérope" 45 -He is sent on a Mission to Berlin, and a Treaty between Prussia -and France is the result 46 -Frederic invades Bohemia 47 -Voltaire is left unrewarded 47 -He resides in Paris with the Marquis and Marchioness du -Châtelet 47 -His Visit to the Duchess du Maine at Sceaux, when he writes -"Zadig," and other Tales 48 -He performs the Part of "Cicero" in his Play of "Rome -Sauvée" 48 -M. Longchamp's Account of Voltaire's Journeys, and his Visit -to King Stanislas at Luneville 48, 51 -1748. Ætat. 54. Tragedy of "Semiramis" 49 -Voltaire dangerously ill of Fever at Chalons 50 -His Friendship for Madame du Châtelet 51 -His Rapidity in Writing, and literary Enthusiasm 51 -His "Catiline" and "Elèctre" 51 -Death of the Marchioness du Châtelet 52 -Voltaire become sole Tenant of their Hôtel in Paris, appoints -his Niece, Madame Denis, to preside over it 53 -Private Theatre in his House 53 -He patronises Le Kain, the Tragedian 54 -His Admiration of Corneille and Racine 55 -Madame de Pompadour for a Time patronises M. de Voltaire 55 -Louis XV. appoints him a Gentleman of the Bed-chamber, and -Historiographer of France 56 -Voltaire becomes a French Academician 56 -Crébillon a successful Rival of Voltaire in dramatic -Composition, and Court-favour 57 -Voltaire, jealous on that Account, repairs to the Court of -Frederic at Potsdam 57 -Is pensioned by him, and appointed Chamberlain 58 -Frederic's Admiration and Kindness 58 -Voltaire's Admiration of the Prussian Monarch 59 -Madame Denis left in Paris 60 -Ætat. 57. His "Siècle de Louis Quatorze" 60 -Umbrage and Jealousies of the King and Poet 61 -1751. Offence given by M. de Voltaire to Frederic 63 -Maupertuis and the Berlin Academy; Contest respecting the -mechanical Principle of the "least Power" 65 -La Beaumette and Maupertuis attack M. de Voltaire 66 -Voltaire's Satire of "Akakia" against Maupertuis 66 -His Reconciliation with Frederic the Great 67 -Their mutual Dissatisfaction renewed, and Voltaire takes leave -of the Prussian Court 67 -He repairs to Leipsic and Saxe Gotha 68 -Is arrested at Francfort by Agents of Frederic 69 -Voltaire slighted at Lyons by Cardinal du Tencin 71 -1755. Ætat. 61. He purchases the Estate of "Les Délices" at Geneva 72 -1756. Renews a literary Correspondence with Frederic 73 -Despair of that Monarch on a Defeat 73 -Fresh Victories of Frederic 74 -M. de Voltaire's "Manners and Spirit of Nations" 74 -The Publication of "La Pucelle" occasions a -against the Poet 75 -His Residence in the Genevese Territory becomes perilous 76 -1762. Ætat. 68. He purchases the Château de Ferney on the Frontier -of France and Geneva, as a Residence affording him -Security 76 -The "Encyclopédie" 77 -A great niece of Corneille received by Voltaire and Madame -Denis at Ferney 79 -Arrival of the Family of Calas at Ferney 79 -1765. Ætat. 71. Voltaire obtains the Reversal of the Condemnation -of Jean Calas, and the Restoration of his Family to civil Rights 81 -His Exertions in Favour of the Sirven Family 83 -Execution of the Chevalier de la Barre at Abbeville, and -Indignation of Voltaire at the Spirit of religious Persecution 84 -The Jesuits banished from France 87 -Persecution of Jansenists and Quietists 87 -Bitter Quarrel and Satire between M. de Voltaire and Jean-Jacques -Rousseau 88 -Security and happy Life of Voltaire at Ferney 88 -1766. Ætat. 72. He is deserted at Ferney by his Niece and former -Inmates 89 -His Letters to the Marquise du Deffand 89 -Return of Madame Denis to Voltaire at Ferney 90 -Marmontel's Visit to him 91 -The Countess de Genlis' Visit to Voltaire 94 -Voltaire neglects the Count de Guibert and other Visitors 98 -His Improvements in his Village of Ferney 98 -His Humanity to Exiles, and charitable Character 99 -He founds the Town of Versoi 100 -Patronises the Town of Gex, and procures the Enfranchisement -of Serfs of the Jura Mountains 100 -Disgraceful Close of the Reign of Louis XV. 101 -1788. Ætat. 81. After the Accession of Louis XVI. Voltaire, -accompanied by his Niece and M. and Madame de Villette, arrives -in Paris 102 -His Tragedy of "Irene" 102 -Condorcet's and Baron de Grimm's Description of his honourable -Reception by the Parisians, with whom he had always -been a Favourite 103 -Louis XVI. 104 -The Clergy endeavour to obtain from M. de Voltaire, in Sickness, -a Declaration of his Faith 104 -On a temporary Recovery he attends the Academy and the -Theatre, and is received enthusiastically 105 -Is prevented from returning to Ferney by Madame Denis 105 -1778. Death of M. de Voltaire 106 -Delineation of his Character 107 -His Infidelity, and Grossness, alluded to 108 -Critique of his Works 109 - - -ROUSSEAU. - -1712-1778. - -1712. Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau at Geneva 111 -His Studies when a Boy 112 -Placed under M. Lambercier, Minister of Bossey 113 -Lives with a M. Bernard, Engineer 114 -Is pupil to a Greffier 114 -His love of Reading 115 -He runs away from Geneva 115 -Visits M. de Pontverre at Confignon in Savoy 116 -The Countess de Warens, a Convert to the Romish Religion, is -pensioned by the King of Sardinia, and resides at Annecy 117 -Rousseau is recommended to the Hospital of Turin for the -Conversion of Protestants 117 -His Abjuration of the Calvinistic Creed 118 -Is Footman to the Countess Vercelli 119 -Also a domestic in a noble Family at Turin 120 -Whom he quits on a roving Expedition to revisit Madame de -Warens 120 -1729. Ætat. 17. Kind reception of Jean-Jacques by that Lady 121 -His Genius in Music 121 -His Visit to Neufchâtel and Paris 122 -1733. Ætat. 21. Madame de Warens recommends him to Employment in -a Bureau at Chambery 122 -1735. Ætat. 23. He is established at Chambery as Music-master 124 -Madame de Warens removes to Les Charmettes, where Rousseau -prosecutes his Studies with Ardour 125 -The Confessions of Jean-Jacques with regard to this Period of -his Career 126 -Ill-health of Rousseau 126 -His Method of Notation for Music 127 -Rousseau's Spirit of Independence 128 -1741. Ætat. 29. His Employments at Paris, where he is encouraged 128 -1743. Ætat. 31. Appointed Secretary to M. de Montague, Ambassador -at Venice 128 -His Return to Paris 129 -His Friends interest themselves for him 129 -His Mistress Thérèse le Vasseur 130 -Rousseau consigns their Children to the "Enfants trouvés" 131 -Reflections on the Condition of Foundlings 131 -Rousseau eventually a Victim to his lax Principles from the -Destitution of all social Ties 132 -1749. Ætat. 37. Visits M. Diderot, who was confined at Vincennes -for a Pamphlet 133 -Rousseau's celebrated Essay on the proposed Question, "Whether -the Progress of the Arts and Sciences had tended to corrupt or -ameliorate the condition of Men" 134 -He renounces the Appointment of Cashier to a Farmer-general -of the Taxes 135 -Copies Music for a Subsistence 135 -1750. Ætat. 38. Great Success of his "Devin du Village," an Opera 136 -His Essay on "The Origin of Inequality among Men" 137 -1754. Ætat. 42. He revisits Geneva 137 -Poverty of Madame de Warens 137 -Rousseau abjures the Romish Faith, and again embraces the -Reformed Religion 137 -Is invited to reside in Geneva, his native City 138 -Madame d'Epinay 138 -She establishes him at the Hermitage near Montmorenci, -belonging to M. d'Epinay 138 -Rousseau's "Les Institutions Politiques," and other literary -employments 139 -Writes "La Nouvelle Héloïse" 140 -Rousseau's love for the Countess d'Houdetot 141 -M. de Saint Lambert 141 -Cause of the Coolness between J. J. Rousseau and MM. -Diderot and Grimm 144 -Treachery of M. Grimm 145 -State of French Society under Louis XV. 147 -1758. Ætat. 46. Rousseau removes from the Hermitage to -Montmorenci 148 -His Quarrel with Diderot 148 -He writes against the Establishment of a Theatre at Geneva 149 -Sentiments expressed in his "Confessions" 149 -Marshal the Duke of Luxembourg and the Duchess of Luxembourg -friendly to Rousseau 149 -1760. Publication of "La Nouvelle Héloïse" 150 -The "Emile," or Rousseau on Education 150 -Some admirable Maxims of that celebrated Treatise 150 -M. de Malesherbes 151 -The "Confession of a Savoyard Vicar" 152 -1762. Ætat. 50. It is condemned, and Rousseau warned by the Duchess -of Luxembourg to make his escape 153 -He arrives at Iverdun, but is exiled by the Council of Berne 154 -Is received at Neufchâtel by the Governor, Marshal Lord -Keith 154 -His Study of Botany, and herborising Rambles 155 -His Controversy with Geneva 156 -Disturbances at Geneva 157 -Rousseau's "Lettres écrites de la Montagne" 157 -Rousseau quits Motiers through Fear of Assassination 157 -Resides in the Island of St. Pierre, Lake of Bienne, but is -expelled by the Council of Berne 158 -His Dislike of Dependence prevents him from repairing to the -Court of Frederic; Fictitious Letter in that King's Name by -Horace Walpole 159 -Hospitably entertained by the Prince de Conti 159 -1766. Ætat. 54. He accompanies David Hume to England 160 -Resides at Wotton in Derbyshire, writes there his "Confessions," -receives a Pension from George III.; but his morbid Melancholy -causes him to take some groundless Alarm and to fly to -France 161 -1767. Ætat. 55. Is protected by the Prince de Conti at the Château of -Trie 162 -1770. Ætat. 58. He is most kindly welcomed at Paris 163 -His Readings of the "Confessions" in Society interrupted by the -Minister of Police 164 -Lives by copying Music 165 -Prince de Ligne visits him, and offers him a Home 167 -Countess de Genlis gives Testimony of his Benevolence of Heart -and Modesty 167 -The Abbé Bernardin de Saint Pierre gives a very favourable -Description of Rousseau 167 -Respect shown for Rousseau at the Theatre by the Parisians 168 -His morbid Sensibility verging on Madness 169 -1778. Ætat. 66. His Death at Ermenonville, and Rumour with relation -to it 169 -Inscription on his Tomb 170 -Character of his "Confessions" 171 -His Jealousy of literary Competitors 171 -His Reveries; his Charity; Suspicion his characteristic 172 -The "Emile" one of his most important Works 173 -Criticism of his "Nouvelle Héloïse" 174 -Eloquence, Tenderness, and Nature, in his Writings 174 - - -CONDORCET. - -1744-1794. - -1744. Birth of Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet 175 -1765. Ætat. 21. His Essay on the Integral Calculus 175 -His scientific Works 175 -Is appointed joint Secretary of the Academy of Sciences 175 -His Friendship with D'Alembert 176 -Visits M. de Voltaire at Ferney 176 -Edits the "Pensées" of M. Pascal 177 -A Friend of the Minister Turgot 178 -His Reply to M. Necker on the Corn Question 178 -He writes the "Reflections on Negro Slavery" 178 -Refutation of De Lolme on the English Constitution 179 -Mental Qualities of Condorcet 179 -His Influence at the Commencement of the French Revolution 180 -1789. Ætat. 44. Writes a Declaration of the Rights of Man, on the -Convocation of the States-General 180 -Flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes 181 -Marquis de Condorcet, a Deputy of the City of Paris in the -National Assembly 182 -His Speech relating to the Emigration 182 -His "Declaration" adopted by that Body 183 -His Character for Integrity 184 -A vigorous Opponent to monarchical Government 184 -His Theories, and Idea of public Virtue 185 -The Girondists treat with the Court and lose Influence thereby 186 -Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick 187 -Marquis de Condorcet popular 187 -Did not vote for the Death of Louis XVI. 188 -1793. Ætat. 49. Denounced as Brissot's Accomplice, is obliged to -conceal himself 190 -His "Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind" 190 -Is obliged to fly, but is seized at Chamont, and perishes of Hunger -and Cold in a Prison 192 -His Character pourtrayed by Madame Roland 193 -Mademoiselle de Condorcet married to Arthur O'Connor 194 - - -MIRABEAU. - -1749-1791. - -Family of the Marquis de Mirabeau 195 -Originally Italian, and named Arrighetti 195 -Valour of the Marquis Jean Antoine de Mirabeau 196 -His high Character 196 -Victor, Marquis de Mirabeau, a tyrannical Father 197 -His literary Reputation founded on his "L'Ami des Hommes" 197 -Is imprisoned for writing the "Théorie de Impôt" 197 -Marries Marie Geneviève, Marchioness de Saulvebeuf, and has -eleven Children 193 -Instals Madame de Pailly over his Household 198 -This occasions a Separation from his Marchioness 198 -His Prejudice against GABRIEL HONORÉ DE MIRABEAU, his fifth -Child, the Subject of this Article 199 -Accuses him of an innate Depravity of Character 201 -The Father makes him undergo a severe Education 202 -Gabriel serves in the Regiment of the Marquis de Lambert, a -strict Disciplinarian 203 -The Marquis Victor de Mirabeau obtains a Lettre-de-cachet and -imprisons Gabriel 204 -Gabriel de Mirabeau declares his love of a military Life 205 -1772. Ætat. 23. He marries Marie Emilie de Covet, Daughter of the -Marquis de Marignane 207 -Incurs Debts, and is confined by his Father by means of a -Lettre-de-cachet 207 -Is jealous of the Chevalier de Gassaud 209 -His Quarrel with the Baron de Villeneuve-Moans 209 -Is imprisoned by his Father in the Castle of If, near Marseilles 209 -1775. Ætat. 26. Is transferred to the Fortress of Joux 210 -His amour with Madame de Monnier (Sophie de Ruffey) 212 -He escapes from Prison 213 -Is indignant at his Father's Severity 214 -1776. Ætat. 27. He flies with Madame de Monnier to Holland, and -earns a Subsistence by his Pen 215 -M. de Monnier prosecutes him and Madame de Monnier, and -they are condemned to ignominious Punishments in their -Absence 216 -1777. Ætat. 28. They are arrested at Amsterdam, and Gabriel de -Mirabeau is imprisoned at Vincennes 217 -His Complaints of the long Persecution of him 218 -His Writings during Imprisonment 219 -"Essay on Lettres-de-Cachet and State Prisons" 219 -Death of his Son 219 -Endeavours to persuade his Wife to live with him 221 -1780. Ætat. 31. Is enlarged after Forty-one Months' -Imprisonment 221, 223 -Subsequent History of Madame de Monnier 222 -His Father conducts himself with Kindness towards him 223 -1782. Ætat. 33. Mirabeau's Sentence for the Seduction of Madame de -Monnier reversed 223 -He fails in a Suit to compel Madame de Mirabeau to live with -him 224 -1784. Ætat. 35. Visits London, but is not successful in the Profession -of an Author 225 -Renewed Cruelty of his Father, who reduces him to a State of -Destitution 225 -1785. Ætat. 36. Returned to France, writes on financial Subjects; and -for a Pamphlet on the system of "Agiotage" is compelled to -fly to Liege 226 -1787. Ætat. 38. Financial Controversy with Necker 226 -His early Exertions in favour of Revolution 226 -Occasional Display of his powerful Eloquence 228 -His Independence as a political Economist 228 -1788. Ætat. 39. His Reputation at its height 229 -1789. Ætat. 40. Convocation of the States-General 230 -Mirabeau excluded by the Nobility of Provence from his -Privileges as a Noble 231 -His "Correspondence from Berlin" condemned to be burnt 232 -Becomes a popular Leader of the Provençeaux, and is -enthusiastically received at Aix and Marseilles 232 -Disturbances in Provence, on account of Scarcity, allayed by -Mirabeau 233 -Is elected Deputy for Marseilles and for Aix in the "Tiers Etat;" -he sits for the latter Town 234 -He publishes a Journal of the Proceedings of the Chambers 234 -His political Writings 235 -The National Assembly 235 -He draws a Line between the royal and legislative Power, or -between the Throne and the People 236 -His Energy and Eloquence in the Chamber 238 -Address to Louis XVI. 239 -1789. Death of the Marquis Victor de Mirabeau 240 -Mirabeau's genuine Sorrow on that Event, forgetful of his long -Persecution by his Father 240 -Louis' Ministers draw Troops around the Capital 240 -Destruction of the Bastille 241 -Mirabeau's Speech against the Court Party, on the Scarcity of -Grain 242 -He supports M. Necker's Proposal of a Subsidy of one-fourth of -the Income of all Proprietors 242 -He maintains that the Royal Authority is essential to the Balance -of Power between the Aristocracy and People 243 -The Orléans Party 237, 246 -Popularity of Mirabeau with the Parisians 247 -In what degree Mirabeau is to be considered the real Defender -of the Monarchy 248 -He negociates with the Court 249 -His Enthusiasm nevertheless maintains his Influence over the -National Assembly 250 -His Speech on the Establishment of the Convention 250 -1791. Ætat. 42. His splendid Style of Living 251 -Supposed to be supplied by the Court with Resources, as the chief -Supporter of Royalty 251 -His Deference to the Assembly, and Conciseness of his energetic -Speeches 252 -Original of his Treaty with the Court, in the Hand-writing of -Monsieur [Louis XVIII.] 252 -Mirabeau's ill Health 253 -His last Struggle with the Jacobins, or "Mountain" 254 -Sickness of Mirabeau excites the Fears of both King and People 255 -His notion of the Character of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt 256 -Death of Mirabeau 256 -His Sepulture in the Pantheon at Paris 257 -His Misfortunes 257 -His wit 258 -His Character of La Fayette 258 -Allusion to his military Talents 259 - - -MADAME ROLAND. - -1754-1793. - -Mémoires of Madame Roland, and Considerations thereon 260 -1751. Birth of Manon Phlipon 261 -Care of her Education by her Father, an Engraver of some merit 261 -Domestic Economy of her parental Roof 262 -Madame Phlipon's Piety 262 -Mademoiselle Phlipon's Residence in a Convent 263 -Her Admiration of Blaise Pascal and Port Royal, or the -Jansenist' Party 263 -She rejects the Theories of M. Helvetius 263 -Her Enthusiasm in the Cause of Liberty 264 -Her Rejection of many Suitors 265 -Death of Madame Phlipon 266 -Impression of the "Nouvelle Héloïse" on the ardent Mind of -Manon Phlipon 267 -Her Habits of Economy and Seclusion from Society 267 -History of M. Roland de la Platière 268 -1779. Ætat. 25. His Offer to marry Mademoiselle Phlipon, and Refusal -by her Father 268 -1780. Ætat. 26. Their Union takes place 270 -Madame Roland accompanies her Husband to Switzerland and -England 271 -Her Letters 271, 274 -1785. Ætat. 32. Her placid Temper, and domestic Happiness 274 -1789. The French Revolution. M. Roland's Mission from the -Municipality of Lyon to the National Assembly on financial Affairs 272 -1791. Ætat. 37. Madame Roland's Visit to, and Residence in, Paris 273 -Writings of M. Roland 273 -Beauty and political Influence of Madame Roland 273 -M. and Mdme. Roland form a Friendship with Brissot and the -Gironde Party 273 -Madame Roland's Opinions anti-monarchical 275 -Position of Louis XVI. 275 -1792. M. Roland appointed Minister of the Interior 277 -General Dumouriez Minister for Foreign Affairs 277 -Roland's Letter to Louis XVI. written by his Wife, occasions his -Dismission 278 -Recalled to the Ministry 279 -The Massacre of Prisoners in September alarms Madame Roland 280 -Robespierre, Danton, and Marat 280 -Description of Madame de Roland 281 -M. Roland exhibits considerable Intrepidity during the popular -Agitations 282 -Madame Roland is hated by the "Mountain" Party 283 -Robespierre denounced by Louvet 284 -1793. Death of the King 285 -M. Roland resigns 286 -Arrest of Madame Roland 287 -Her calm Demeanour 288 -The Reign of Terror in Paris and France 290 -Condemnation of the Girondists 290 -Brissot and the Girondists executed 291 -Accusation and Defence of Madame Roland 291 -Ætat. 39. Her Execution 292 -Interesting Character of this celebrated Authoress 293 - - -MADAME DE STAËL. - -1765-1817. - -M. Necker of Geneva early in life placed in a Banking-house 295 -His Partnership in Thelusson's Firm 295 -1773. His "Éloge de Colbert" 295 -Minister from Geneva, and appointed Director-general of Finance -in France 296 -He marries Mademoiselle Churchod 296 -Allusion to Gibbon the Historian 296 -1766. April 22. Birth of their only Daughter, afterwards Baronne de -Staël 296 -Her Education under the parental Roof 296 -MM. Thomas, Marmontel, de Grimm, &c. form the literary -Society at M. Necker's 297 -Talent of Conversation early acquired by Mlle. Necker 297 -Her Writings 298 -She delights M. Necker by her Talents and Wit 300 -Publication of M. Necker's "Compte Rendu," or Statement of -French Finance 301 -His Retirement to his Estate of Saint-Ouen 302 -Purchase of Coppet on the Lake of Geneva 303 -Publication of his financial Work, written at Coppet 303 -Administration of M. Calonne 304 -1786. Ætat. 20. His Daughter's Marriage with the Baron de Staël -Holstein, Swedish Ambassador to France 305 -Portrait given at that period of Madame de Staël 306 -1788. M. Necker Minister, Revival of public Credit 307 -1789. Convocation of the States-General 307 -Louis XVI. commands him to retire quietly from France 307 -Troops collected round Paris, by Louis, against the People 308 -M. Necker generously leaves two Millions of Livres in the -National Treasury 309, 313 -Madame de Staël's Description of the Journeys to and from -Switzerland 309, 313 -Destruction of the Bastille, and Recall of M. Necker 310 -His Popularity 311 -Sentiments of Madame de Staël 311 -1790. Necker again retires to Coppet 313 -1792. Madame de Staël witnesses the Tumults of the Capital in August, -&c. 314 -Her Endeavour to save M. de Lally-Tolendal 314 -Her Carriage stopt by the Republicans; she claims Privilege as -Wife of a foreign Minister 315 -She is carried before Robespierre, Collet d'Herbois, and the -Revolutionary Tribunal 315 -Is saved by the Republican Manuel, who obtains Leave for her -to quit France 317 -Her Emotion on the Journey across the Jura to Coppet 317 -1793. Her Appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette 318 -M. Necker's Pamphlet designed to save Louis XVI. 318 -1794. Madame de Staël's "Reflections on the Peace" 318 -Death of Madame Necker 318 -1795. M. de Staël resides at Paris as Swedish Minister 319 -Madame de Staël's Residence there considered as an Epoch -in Society 319 -Reign of the Directory 320 -Napoleon Buonaparte, unfavourable to Madame de Staël 321 -Their Interviews 321 -His Attack on the Helvetian Republic 322 -1798. Madame de Staël retires to M. Necker's at Coppet 322 -She presents a Memorial at Paris in the Name of M. Necker, -requiring to be erased from the List of Emigrants, and succeeds -therein 323 -1799. Ætat. 33. She Witnesses the Overthrow of the Directory by -Buonaparte 323 -Account of Benjamin Constant 324 -Jealousy of Buonaparte on Account of Madame de Staël's -Influence in Parisian Society 324 -His Interview with M. Necker on his Route to Italy 325 -French Police, and Fouché, Minister 325 -1799. M. de Staël Holstein recalled to Sweden 327 -1802. Ætat. 36. His daughter joins M. Necker at Coppet, and the Baron -de Staël dies 327 -Publication of her "Delphine" 327 -Critique of that Work 327 -M. Necker's "Last View of Politics and Finance" 328 -Madame de Staël's Affection for her Father 328 -1803. Ætat. 37. She returns to France on the Rupture of the Peace of -Amiens 329 -Is ordered to quit France within twenty-four Hours 329 -Her Regret on being exiled 330 -1804. She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant, and receives Tidings -of M. Necker's Decease 330 -She resides at Coppet 330 -Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 330 -Her Education of her Children 331 -1805. Ætat. 39. Her Visit to Italy 331 -Criticism on her "Corinne" 331 -She revisits France and repairs to Rouen 332 -Not having flattered Napoleon in her Writings, she is again -exiled 333 -She visits Vienna 333 -At Coppet she writes her Work on "Germany" 333, 334 -1810. Ætat. 44. Attempts to publish her "Germany" at Blois; the -Edition seized, anti she is again banished 334 -Forbidden to visit Aix in Savoy for the Recovery of her Son's -Health 335 -William Schlegel ordered to quit Coppet by the Authorities 336 -Madame de Staël makes a Tour through Switzerland in company -of M. de Montmorency 336 -M. de Montmorency exiled 336 -Persecution of Madame de Staël 337 -1810. M. Rocca, a Spanish Officer in the French service, visits Geneva 337 -He offers his Hand to Madame de Staël 338 -Their Marriage 338 -1812. Madame de Staël escapes from Coppet 338 -Travels through Germany and Poland to Russia 338 -Her Reception by the Emperor Alexander at St. Petersburg 339 -Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 339 -She visits Sweden and England 339 -Lord Byron 339, 340 -1814. Louis XVIII., repays to Madame de Staël the two Millions of -Francs advanced by Necker to Louis XVI. 339 -The Duke de Broglie marries the Daughter of Madame de Staël 340 -Ill-health of M. Rocca 340 -Madame de Staël's Character and Sentiments 341 -1817. Ætat. 51. Her Death in Paris 341 -Death of M. Rocca 341 -Criticism on the Writings of Madame de Staël 342 -The Viscount de Chateaubriand's Opinion of her 343 -Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 343 -Her "Germany" 343 -Her political Sentiments 343 - - - - -LIVES - -OF - -EMINENT - -LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN. - - - - -VOLTAIRE - -1694-1778. - - -It is impossible to commence the biography of this extraordinary man -without feelings of apprehension as to our power of well executing the -task. To write the life of Voltaire in a full and satisfactory manner, -is to write not only the biography of an individual author, and the -history of French literature during the course of nearly a century, but -also of a revolution in the minds of men, in their opinions and rules of -action, which, if not brought about entirely by him, was fostered and -supported by his influence, in a manner the most singular and powerful. -We are apt, as we read his letters, to laugh at the petulance which he -evinced when attacked, and to reprove the vehemence with which he -attacked others in return. But when we consider that an absolute monarch -and a powerful hierarchy supported opinions which he and his friends -struggled to subvert, we feel that it required all his dogmatic spirit, -all his bitterness of sarcasm and vehemence of temper, to combat -opposition, and to support both his own courage and that of his -followers, in his attempt. - -Voltaire has been called the Apostle of Infidelity. He denied the truths -of revealed religion--he desired to subvert Christianity. He disbelieved -its divine origin; he was blind to the excellence of its -morality--insensible to its sublime tenets. It is easy to make his life -one diatribe against the wickedness and folly of such principles and -intentions--to intersperse the pages that compose his history with -various epithets of condemnation of a man so lost to the knowledge of -truth. But we do not intend to do this. We consider that Voltaire had -many excuses, and he had also his uses. We do not mean, on the other -hand, to write an elaborate defence of a system that cannot be defended; -but we will mention the heads of those topics which we consider -available for his justification to a certain limited extent. - -In the first place, Catholicism is not Christianity. Voltaire's great -war was against the church of Rome, and more particularly against the -Gallican church, which was one of great persecution, bigotry, and -misused power. We turn to the pages that record the history of his -country, during the years that immediately preceded him, and of his own -age, and we find them stained with brawls and cruelties, excited and -exercised by the priesthood. The quarrels of the violinists, the -Jansenists, the Quietists, and the disgraceful exhibitions of the -convulsionaries, absorbed so much of the talent, and perverted so much -the uprightness and charity, of men of first-rate genius, that we turn -with pity and loathing from the history of the misuse of one of the best -gifts of God. Voltaire had it deeply at heart to put an end to these -discussions--to prevent such men as Bossuet and Fénélon from expending -their vast talents on unworthy squabbles, and to prevent such men as -Pascal and Racine from sacrificing their talents at the altars of -superstition. He wished to redeem such of his countrymen as were slaves -to the priests, from the miseries of bigotry and ignorance; and he most -ardently desired to liberate those, whose piety was enlightened, from -persecution at the hands of bigots. The cruelties exercised on the -Huguenots raised a tumult of generous indignation in his benevolent -heart; the insolence and barbarity with which the French priesthood -endeavoured to quell all rebellion to their authority roused his anger -and pointed his sarcasms. Liberty for the soul was the aim of his -endeavours. It was a noble and a useful one. - -He went too far. There are two classes of minds among men of education. -Those who live for the affections--for the elegances of literature--for -moral and intellectual purposes; who are virtuous and enlightened, but -devoid of enthusiasm for truth or the dissemination of opinion. There is -another class, to whom what they consider truth is the great all in all. -It is vain to talk to them of a falsehood or mistake that has its good -uses; they consider truth, that most glorious attribute of God, as the -best of all things--the reformer of abuses--the sustainer of the -unfortunate--the advancer of human excellence--the rock in which we -ought to put our trust. To them, truth, or what they consider truth, is -light; falsehood, darkness. Such a mind was Voltaire. He did not -distinguish the truths of the Gospel from the multifarious, sometimes -ridiculous, but always pernicious, impostures of papacy. He read of, and -his heart revolted from, the series of intolerable evils brought upon -the world by the Roman Catholic religion; he forgot the civilisation -produced by the Gospel, and even the uses of the system of the church of -Rome during days of feudal barbarism: he saw only the evil, and visited -the whole with his reprobation, his ridicule, his unflinching and -unwearied opposition. He fell into great and mischievous mistakes. As is -often the case, he destroyed, but he could not construct. France owed to -his mighty labours and powerful influence a great and swift advance in -civilisation, and enfranchisement from political and priestly thraldom. -But he went beyond the useful and right in his struggle; and, not -contented with warring against superstition, made inroads into the -blessed fields of rational piety. This must be admitted and censured. -Let some among us rise to drive him back and barricade him from his -invasion on revealed religion; but let us do this without, rancour or -scurrility, feeling grateful at the same time for the good he did -achieve, and acknowledging our esteem for his motives and abilities. Let -us, above all, in writing his life, show ourselves just and impartial. -From the limited nature of this work, we can only present the reader -with a sketch of his labours and their effects; it is our earnest desire -that this sketch should be one drawn from undoubted sources, and prove -itself to the minds of all, a fair, exact, and impartial account of so -great a man. - -François-Marie Arouet was born at Chatenay, 20th of February, 1694. His -enemies, in after life, displayed their spite by promulgating that his -father was a peasant--an assertion without foundation. His father was a -notary by profession, and filled the situation of treasurer of the -chamber of accounts; a lucrative place, which he occupied with such -integrity as to save but a small fortune, where others amassed great -riches. His mother was named Marguerite d'Aumont, of a noble family of -Poitou. The child was so feeble at the time of his birth that he was not -expected to survive; he was hastily baptized in the house, nor -considered sufficiently strong to be carried to church until he was nine -months old, when he was baptized over again by the parish curate, from -whom his age was concealed. Condorcet, in his life, remarks the -singularity that two illustrious men of letters of that day, Voltaire -and Fontenelle, were both born so feeble as not to be expected to -survive, and yet lived to extreme age. He might have added the more -curious instance of their contemporary, the marshal de Richelieu, a six -months' child, fostered in cotton and reared artificially, who enjoyed -strong and robust health, and lived till a still more advanced age. - -The child was quick and sprightly; he had an elder brother, who was dull -and sombre. The elder, in progress of time, became a Jansenist, a -convulsionary, and a bigot; the germ of his tendency to superstition -existed even in childhood; and the brothers disputed, in prose and -verse, to the amusement of the family. The abbé de Chateauneuf, -godfather to François-Marie, took pleasure in educating him, and taught -him some of La Fontaine's fables. The boy got hold also of a deistical -ode, attributed to J. B. Rousseau, called the "Mosaide," a poem, which -said-- - - -"Les hommes vains et fanatiques -Reçoivent, sans difficulté, -Les fables les plus chimériques; -Un petit mot d'éternité -Les rend bénins et pacifiques; -Et l'on réduit ainsi le peuple hébété -A baiser les liens dont il est garrotté." - - -This was a singular production to put into a child's hand: it was more -singular that a child should enter into its meaning. François-Marie -quoted it against his brother in argument, and his father, frightened at -the premature wit and freedom of speech his son betrayed, hastened to -send him to school. - -[Sidenote: 1704. -Ætat. -10.] - -He entered the college of Louis-le-Grand, of which the Jesuits were the -preceptors. Here the boy learned, not to take part with the Jesuits, but -to despise the Jansenists, against whom, as an author, he showed himself -hostile. The talents of the child rendered him a favourite with the -greater number of his masters; father Porée, professor of rhetoric, saw -the germ of remarkable talents, which he took great pleasure in -developing; and, in after life, Voltaire always expressed gratitude for -his master's encouragement and kindness. Encouragement of a far -different and of a pernicious sort he received from another professor, -father le Jay, who entered into arguments with his pupil; was irritated -by his wit and sophistry; and on one occasion, angrily exclaimed that he -would become the "Choryphæus of Deism,"--a prophecy which this very -denunciation helped probably to fulfil. On all sides, the boy found -admiration for his premature genius. His godfather introduced him to -Ninon de L'Enclos, then advanced in years, but still full of that warmth -of intellect and feeling that distinguished her whole career. She -perceived and appreciated the child's genius, and no doubt her kindness -and conversation tended to open his mind and refine his wit at a very -early age. When she died, Ninon left him a legacy to buy books. - -On leaving college the abbé de Chateauneuf introduced his godson into -Parisian society. There had been a time when Louis XIV. assembled the -most distinguished men of the kingdom at his court, and wit and -refinement were almost confined to the circles of Versailles. In his old -age, under the tutelage of madame de Maintenon and his confessors, Louis -disregarded every merit but that of piety which bore the Molinist stamp. -Catinat was disgraced, notwithstanding his virtues and military talents, -because he was suspected of freethinking; the duke de Vendôme was -reproached bitterly for not going daily to mass: bigotry, hypocrisy, and -dulness reigned at Versailles. But the king was old, and could no longer -make his will the fashion of the day. Unfortunately, bigotry and -hypocrisy are apt to beget their opposites. The society of Paris, -throwing off the yoke of royal intolerance, gave itself up to pleasure -and licence. The young Arouet was introduced to the circles whose -members enjoyed pre-eminence for birth and talent; he became a -favourite; he wrote verses; he meditated a tragedy: his whole heart was -devoted to becoming a poet and man of letters. When, on occasion of the -dispute between Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Saurin, the former was -banished, the young Arouet took the part of the victim, and exerted -himself to make a subscription in his favour. He was now known and -admired by all the first people of Paris, though he failed when he -wished to bring out a tragedy on the stage, and to be crowned by the -academy. The actors rejected his play; the academicians preferred -another poet. The disappointed youth revenged himself by writing a -satire against his rival. - -M. Arouet was deeply pained by the course his son was taking; he -considered the career of a literary man that of disgrace and ruin. He -proposed to him to accept the office of counsellor to parliament; his -son replied, that he would not buy, but earn, distinction. His attempt -with the academy, and the literary quarrels that ensued, raised his -father's inquietudes to the greatest height; he threatened his son with -various marks of his severity, and the quarrel was becoming critical, -when the marquis de Chateauneuf, ambassador to Holland, offered to take -him with him to that country in the quality of page. His father readily -consented to a plan which removed him from a scene where his literary -ambition was excited by rivalship, and fostered by admiration. - -[Sidenote: 1714. -Ætat. -20.] - -It is, as it appears to us, a most interesting task to inquire into the -early days of such a man as Voltaire; to find the exterior circumstances -that influenced his mind, and the passions that were excited in his -unformed character. The atmosphere of wit and gaiety which Voltaire -carried with him wherever he went made him a favourite; and this favour -again imparted zest to his desire for literary advancement. His father's -opposition produced a thousand struggles in his mind, that tended, in -the end, to give force to his inclinations: he became eager to exonerate -himself, and to elevate the profession which he wished to adopt; and -this gave dignity to his endeavours. Now, torn from his partial friends, -and thrown on a new scene, his mind was yet further excited to gain -strength. His curiosity, as to the manners and peculiarities of a -strange country, was insatiable: he carried everywhere his keen -observing spirit; and his early travels out of France tended to enlarge -his understanding, and shake his prejudices. - -Youthful passion intruded to disturb his residence in Holland. Madame du -Noyer was born a Protestant; she abjured her religion when she married; -and then, desirous of separating from her husband, she made religion the -pretext, and fled to Holland with her two daughters. She resided at the -Hague, where she subsisted on a sort of traffic of libels. Fear of the -Bastille, and the laws against the freedom of the press, restrained the -busy Parisians from publishing the vast quantity of libels, epigrams, -and satires, which were continually being manufactured in that -metropolis: these made their way to Holland; and the collecting of such, -and publishing them, became a sort of trade,--infamous indeed, but -lucrative. Madame du Noyer was at once notorious and enriched, by being -pre-eminent in the traffic. One of her daughters was married; with the -other--a gentle, amiable girl--Voltaire fell in love. He wished to save -her out of the hands of such a mother. Madame du Noyer discovered the -intercourse, and complained to the ambassador, who put his page under -arrest, and sent an account of his son's attachment to the father. Young -Arouet meanwhile carried on his intercourse with the young lady by -stealth, and was again denounced to the marquis by madame du Noyer; he, -seeing himself in danger of being compromised by the malice of a woman -whose great desire was to create scandal, and by the perseverance of his -page, sent him back to Paris. His father, knowing the vehement and -resolute disposition of his son, was prepared to prevent the continuance -of his love affair by the severest measures: he obtained an order that -permitted him either to imprison or to transport him to the isles. The -poor lawyer, whose career had been one of routine and respectability, -was rendered equally miserable by both his sons; the elder having -immersed himself in the Jansenist quarrels: and the old man declared -that he had two fools for children, one in prose, and the other in -verse. - -On his return to Paris the young Arouet had two objects chiefly at his -heart;--to take his mistress out of the hands of her infamous mother, -and to reconcile himself to his father. For the sake of the first, he -did not scruple to apply to the Jesuits, and to employ religion as the -pretext. He applied also to M. du Noyer: he interested the court in the -conversion. It was agreed that mademoiselle du Noyer should be carried -off, and brought to the convent of New Converts in Paris; but the -marquis de Chateauneuf opposed himself to so violent a proceeding, and -the plan fell to the ground. In the sequel, the young lady married the -baron de Winterfeld, and always preserved a great esteem and friendship -for her early friend. - -The young man was not less earnest to be reconciled to his father. He -was carried away by innate genius to cultivate literature; but his heart -was good, and he revolted from the idea of living at variance with his -parent. He wrote a pathetic letter to him, declaring that he was ready -to emigrate to America, and to live on bread and water, if only, before -he went, he were forgiven. M. Arouet was touched by this mark of -submission; and, on receiving the further one of his son's consent to -attend the office of a procureur, or attorney, he was reconciled to him. - -The young poet became the pupil of M. Alain, an attorney, residing in a -dark, obscure quarter of Paris. Disagreeable as this change was, it had -its advantages; it strengthened his habits of industry, and it taught -him a knowledge of business. Voltaire became in after life a rich man, -through his excellent management of his affairs: a legal education was -the foundation of his prosperity. He lightened his labours, also, by -forming a friendship with another pupil. Thiriot had not his friend's -talents, but he shared in his youth his enthusiasm for literature: an -intimacy was formed which lasted Thiriot's life. In spite of various -acts of faithlessness on the part of the latter, Voltaire remained, to -the end, constant to his early friend: However, the business of -procureur became intolerable. He still frequented the society of Paris. -He had become deeply in love with madame de Villars: he afterwards -averred that this was the only passion he had ever felt that was -stronger than his love of study, and caused him to lose time. Its ill -success made him conquer it; but the society into which he was drawn -rendered him still more averse to his legal studies. He implored his -father to permit him to quit them; the old man asked him what other -profession he would adopt: to this the son could not reply. - -He had a friend, M. de Caumartin, who was also acquainted with the -father, and asked permission that François-Marie should visit him at -his chateau of St. Ange, where he could deliberate at leisure on his -future course, and where he would be separated from the connections -deemed so dangerous. At St. Ange the young poet found a library; and, -plunging into study, became more than ever eager for the acquisition of -knowledge. The father of his host was a man of great age; he had been -familiar with the nobles of the days of Henri IV., and with the friends -of Sully: his enthusiasm for those times and men was warm and eloquent. -Voltaire listened to his anecdotes and eulogies with deep interest; and -began, without yet forming a plan, to write verses in their honour. - -The last years of the reign of Louis XIV. had been disastrous, through -unfortunate wars and pernicious policy. Adversity in various forms -visited the old age of that illustrious monarch. The generation -immediately succeeding to him, brought up in his days of glory and -power, died off; of the young race that remained, its hope and flower, -the duke of Burgundy, died; he lost another of his grandsons also by -death, and the third was removed to the throne of Spain. The successor -to his crown was an infant only five years of age; the successor to his -power was a prince whose dissolute character inspired the devout with -hatred, and the thoughtful with sorrow and distrust. -[Sidenote: 1715. -Ætat. -21.] -It was a moment full of eager interest, when Louis died; the cord that -held the faggot snapped; and it became doubtful by whom, and in what -way, it would again be gathered together. The pupil of Dubois became -regent; the kingdom rang with his intrigues, his debaucheries, and the -misconduct of his children. But the duke of Orléans, perverted as he was -as a moral character, was a man of talent, and an enlightened ruler. He -maintained peace: and though the kingdom was convulsed during his -regency by the system of Law, yet its general prosperity was increased; -showing, however speculative and wild a people may be in their financial -schemes, yet, as long as they are preserved from war, no event can -materially injure their prosperity. The regent was, to a certain degree, -king Log, with this exception,--that his libertinism offered a -pernicious example, which plunged Parisian society in immorality, while -his toleration gave encouragement to those men of talent whose aim was -to disseminate knowledge and liberal opinions. - -On the death of Louis XIV., young Arouet left St. Ange, and came up to -Paris to witness the effects of the change. He found the people in a -delirium of joy; they celebrated the death of their sovereign by getting -drunk with delight, and by manifesting their detestation of the Jesuits, -who had so long tyrannised over them. Paris became inundated with -satires and epigrams: the French, as in the days of the Fronde, were apt -to signalise their aversions in witty and libellous verses. Voltaire was -accused of writing a piece of this kind; it was entitled "Les J'ai vu," -in which the author enumerates all the abuses and evils he had -witnessed, and concludes by saying,-- - - -J'ai vu ces maux, et je n'ai pas vingt ans. - - -[Sidenote: 1716. -Ætat. -22.] - -Voltaire was two and twenty, but the difference was slight, and the -verses were clever; he was accused of being their author, and thrown -into the Bastille. The solicitations of his powerful friends were of no -avail to liberate him. His father saw with grief the melancholy -accomplishment of all his prognostics, and failed in his efforts to -obtain his release. It was not till the true author of the verses, -touched by remorse, confessed to having written them, that Voltaire was -set free. - -He passed a whole year in his prison without society or books, or ink -and paper. We find no mention in his works or letters of the extreme -sufferings which solitary and unemployed confinement must have inflicted -on a man as vivacious, sensitive, and restless--delicate in health, and -vehement in temper--as Voltaire, except in the deep terror with which he -regarded the possibility of a second imprisonment. Thrown back on the -stores of his own mind, his latest impressions were those of the -conversations at St. Ange with the elder Caumartin, and the enthusiasm -excited for Henri IV. and his contemporaries. The idea of an epic on -this subject suggested itself. It flattered his honest pride to raise a -monument of glory to the French nation in the form of a national poem, -while he was the victim of the government; his literary vanity was -enticed by the idea of sending his name down to posterity as the author -of a French epic, a work hitherto unattempted in verse. He composed the -first two cantos in his dungeon, in his mind, committing them memory; -and it was his boast that, in all his subsequent improvements, he never -changed a word in the second canto. He was prouder, in after life, of -being the author of the "Henriade" than of any other production. His -contemporaries regarded it with admiration; even our own countryman, -lord Chesterfield, declares it the best epic in any language, simply -because, according to the reasons he gives, it is the most devoid of -imagination. - -Epic poetry, in its essence, is the greatest achievement of the human -intellect. It takes a subject of universal interest; it exalts it by -solemn and sacred sentiments, and adorns it with sublime and beautiful -imagery, thus lifting it above humanity into something divine. While the -mind of man enjoys the attribute of being able to tincture its earthly -ideas with the glory of something greater than itself in its every day -guise, which it can only seize by snatches, and embody through the -exertion of a power granted only to the favoured few, whom we name great -poets,--and while it can exercise this power in giving grandeur to a -narration of lofty and sublime incidents,--while this can be done by -some, and appreciated by many, an epic must continue to rank as the -crowning glory of literature. We find nothing of all this in the -"Henriade." The very elevation of the sentiments is rendered commonplace -by Voltaire's inability to mould language to his thoughts. During the -whole poem he suffered language to be the shaper of his ideas--not the -material which he forced to take a shape. In his letters, he quotes -Fénélon's just opinion, that the French language might be adapted to -lyrical poetry, but not to epic. He fancies that he disproves this -assertion in the "Henriade;" while, in fact, he gives it entire -support.[1] The second canto is the favourite of many French critics. -They consider the account Henri IV. gives queen Elizabeth of the civil -struggles of France a masterpiece. It consists of a rapid and forcible -view of that disastrous period. But it contains no poetry. Voltaire's -imagination was fertile, versatile, and gay; in some of his tragedies, -he even rose to the passionate and energetic; but it wanted -elevation--it wanted the fairy hue--the sublime transfusion of the -material into the immaterial. It wanted, above all, a knowledge and love -of nature. There is not a word in the "Henriade" descriptive of scenery, -or storm, or calm, or night, or day, that is not commonplace, imitative, -and without real imagery. Of imagery, indeed, he has no notion. Besides -this, he always acted by his own verses as by those of others, and -corrected them into tameness. In a word, the "Henriade" has no -pretensions to success as an epic poem, and is, in whatever view we take -of it, dull and tiresome. Even in his days it had not enjoyed the -reputation it reached but for his admirable powers of reciting, by which -he fascinated the circles of Paris, and the peculiar circumstances that -rendered every other opinion in France an echo of those circles.[2] -There is an amusing anecdote told, which shows, however, that the charm -of his reading did not always suffice to gain unqualified approbation. -One day so many petty criticisms were flung at him, that, irritated to -the utmost, he exclaimed, "Then it is only fit to be burnt!" and threw -the poem into the fire. The president Hainaut sprang forward, and saved -it, saying, as he gave it back to the author, "You must not think that -your poem is better than its hero. Yet, notwithstanding his faults, he -was a great king, and the best of men." "Remember," the president -afterwards wrote, "that it cost me a pair of lace ruffles to save it -from the fire." - -The chief interest of the poem lies in the era of its conception, and in -the fact that its composition alienated the horrors of his dungeon. At -last he was set free. The duke of Orléans being informed of his -innocence, he was liberated. The regent compensated for the mistake by a -present of money. Voltaire, on thanking the regent, said, "I thank your -royal highness for continuing to support me, but I entreat you not to -burden yourself again with finding me a lodging." The genius and wit, -however, of Voltaire, continued to expose him to calumny and danger. He -was suspected of having written the "Philippiques," a clever, but most -atrocious libel against the regent and his family. His frequent visits -at Sceaux, the palace of the duchess de Maine, and his intimacy with -Goerts, caused his name to be mingled in the intrigues which cardinal -Alberoni excited in France. The regent, however, refused to credit his -enemies, and limited his displeasure to an intimation that he had better -absent himself from Paris for a time. Voltaire spent several months in -going from one friend's chateau to another, being sedulously occupied, -meanwhile, by the "Henriade" and other literary projects. The most -important in his eyes was his tragedy of "Œdipus." -[Sidenote: 1718. -Ætat. -24.] -This piece, commenced at eighteen, altered and altered again, was at -last brought out, and had the greatest success. This was not solely -caused by its intrinsic merit. The reputation of the author, its being -his first tragedy, and the discussions to which it gave rise with regard -to the ancient and modern theatre, imparted a factitious interest; it was -attacked and defended on all sides, and pamphlets were daily published -and hawked about on the subject. To these legitimate sources of interest -were added the unworthy one of the calumnies in vogue against the duke -of Orléans, which made the odious subject of the tragedy peculiarly -piquante.[3] - -Voltaire wrote several letters on the treatment of his subject. His -critique on the tragedies of Sophocles gives us, at once, the measure of -his taste and learning: nothing can be more contemptible than either. -The French _soi-disant_ poet was utterly incapable of entering into the -solemn spirit of the Athenian tragedian, and still less could he -comprehend his sublime poetry, being even ignorant of the language in -which it was written. The "Œdipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles is admirable -as a work of art, and more admirable from a certain majesty that -sustains the subject and characters to the end, and from the solemn, -magnificent beauty of the choruses. All this was a dead letter to the -sprightly Parisian, who admits that had Sophocles lived in his days, he -had written better, but had never approached the greatness of Racine. - -The life of Voltaire was an alternation of pleasure and literary labour, -which would have been infinitely delightful but for that system of -caballing which existed in French society, more especially among -authors. Voltaire had to struggle with the envious and the presumptuous. -His method of warfare was bold; it was that of attack rather than of -defence. He was unsparing towards his enemies, and this perpetuated -hostilities that robbed him of peace and leisure. Add to this, his -labours were often interrupted by bodily suffering; for, though his -constitution was strong, he was afflicted by a painful disease. Still -pleasure waited on his moments of ease and leisure. Sometimes he resided -in Paris, but much of his time was spent in visiting, by turns, the -chateaus of the chief nobility; private theatricals, in which his own -plays were got up with care and splendour, were principal amusements at -these country residences. While at Maisons, a chateau belonging to the -president des Maisons, he was seized with the small-pox, on the very eve -of a festival, during which a comedy was to be acted, and he, himself, -was to read his tragedy of "Mariamne;" he was attended by Gervasi, who -treated him in the, then, novel manner, of letting blood and lowering -remedies, by means of which he recovered. His friend Thiriot came up -from Normandy, and waited on him with anxious solicitude. When he -recovered, "Mariamne" was brought out; it went through forty -representations, though it nearly fell on the first, through the levity -of a Parisian audience. When, in the fifth act, Mariamne put the cup of -poison to her lips, a man in the pit called out, "La Reine boit!" On the -succeeding night the mode of her death was changed. Restless, and on the -alert for the ridiculous, the danger of saying anything that suggested -a ludicrous or familiar idea continually hampered a French tragedian; -yet, with all his vanity and eagerness for success, Voltaire's lively -spirits made him sometimes jest with peril. When "Œdipus" was acted, he -went on the stage himself, holding up the train of the high priest, and -played such antics that the maréchal de Villars asked who the young -man was who was desirous of getting the piece condemned. This very -liveliness was, however, a great cause of his universal success. The -Parisians, and especially the nobility, desired to be amused, and no man -was ever born so fitted to afford excitement to the circles of the rich -and gay, as the vain, witty, restless, eager poet, who made a jest of -everything, yet rendered all instinct with the interest imparted by his -good heart and versatile talents. - -His quarrel with Jean Baptiste Rousseau is characteristic. He visited -Holland in 1722 with madame Rupelmonde. When passing through Brussels, -he sought out the poet whom he had befriended in his need, and whose -talents he admired. They met with delight. Voltaire called him his -master and judge; he placed his "Henriade" in his hand, and read him -various of his epistles. All went smilingly for a short time. Rousseau -read some of his poetry in return. Voltaire did not approve. Rousseau -was piqued. Various sarcasms were interchanged. Rousseau had composed an -"Ode to Posterity." Voltaire told him that it would never reach its -address. A violent quarrel ensued, and Rousseau became his bitter enemy. - -A more serious dissension interrupted the routine of his life. One day, -dining at the table of the duke de Sully, one of his warmest friends, he -was treated impertinently by the chevalier de Rohan, a man of high -birth, but disreputable character. The chevalier asked. Who he was? -Voltaire replied that he did not inherit a great name, but would never -dishonour that which he bore. The chevalier angrily left the room, and -took his revenge by causing him to be seized and struck with a cane by -his servants. Such were the prejudices then existent in the minds of the -French noblesse, that though the duke de Sully esteemed and even loved -Voltaire, and held the chevalier de Rohan in contempt, yet the bourgeois -birth of the former, and noble blood of the latter, caused him to show -himself perfectly indifferent to the insult. Voltaire resolved to avenge -himself. He secluded himself from all society, and practised fencing -carefully. As soon as he considered himself a match for his enemy, he -sought him out at the opera, and demanded satisfaction. The chevalier -appointed time and place for a duel, and then acquainted his family. The -consequence was, the instant arrest of his antagonist, and his -imprisonment for six months in the Bastille; to which was added the -further injustice of an order of exile after his liberation from prison. - -[Sidenote: 1728. -Ætat. -34.] - -Voltaire took this opportunity to visit England. He had been acquainted -with lord and lady Bolingbroke in France. He appreciated the talents of -the illustrious Englishman, admired his various knowledge, and was -fascinated by the charms of his conversation. Although he never appears -to have at all understood the real foundations of English liberty, yet -he appreciated its effects, especially at a moment when he was suffering -so grievously from an act of despotism. Liberty of thought was in his -eyes a blessing superior to every other. He read the works of Locke with -enthusiasm; and while he lamented that such disquisitions were not -tolerated in France, he became eager to impart to his countrymen the new -range of ideas he acquired from the perusal. The discoveries of Newton -also attracted his attention. He exchanged the frivolities of Paris for -serious philosophy. He became aware that freedom from prejudice and the -acquirement of knowledge were not mere luxuries intended for the few, -but a blessing for the many; to confer and extend which was the duty of -the enlightened. From that moment he resolved to turn his chief -endeavours to liberate his country from priestly thraldom and antique -prejudices. He felt his powers; his industry was equal to his wit, and -enabled him to use a vast variety of literary weapons. What his -countrymen deemed poetry, the drama, history, philosophy, and all -slighter compositions, animated by wit and fancy, were to be put in use -by turns for this great end. He published his "Henriade" while in -England. It was better received than it deserved; and the profits he -gained were the foundation of his future opulence. He wrote the tragedy -of "Brutus," in which he imagined that he developed a truly republican -spirit, and a love of liberty worthy of the Romans. - -He spent three years in exile. He became eager to return to his country, -to his friends, and to a public which naturally understood him better, -and could sympathise more truly with him than the English. He ventured -over to Paris. For a time his return was known only to a few friends, -and he resided in an obscure quarter of the capital. By degrees he took -courage; and the success of various tragedies which he brought out -raised him high in public favour, and promised greater security for the -future. He was regarded as the pride of France by the majority of his -countrymen. The priesthood--accustomed to persecute on the most -frivolous pretexts of difference of opinion--who had excited Louis XIV. -to banish the Jansenists and suppress their convents--to exile the -virtuous Fénélon--to massacre the Huguenots, who had long wielded -religion as a weapon of offence and destruction, and had risen to a bad -height of power by its misuse--held him in the sincerest hatred; while -his attacks, excited by, and founded on, their crimes, unveiled to the -world a scene which, had it not been rife with human suffering, had been -worthy only of ridicule. A couplet in "Œdipus" first awakened their -suspicion and hatred:-- - - -"Nos prêtres ne sont point ce qu'un vain peuple pense, -Notre crédulité fait tout leur science." - - -From that moment they lay in wait to crush him. It needed all his -prudence to evade the effects of their enmity. There was a party in -Paris, indeed, who went to the opposite extreme, by which he was -idolised--a party which saw no medium between the superstition upheld by -the clergy and direct disbelief, which it termed philosophy. This, -indeed, is one of the chief mischiefs of Catholicism--by demanding too -much of faith, it engenders entire infidelity; and by making men, sinful -as ourselves, the directors of the conduct and thoughts, it injures the -moral sense and deadens the conscience. The party in opposition had not -yet risen to the height of talent it afterwards displayed; but it -sufficed, through the rank, abilities, and number of the persons of whom -it was composed, to encourage Voltaire in his career. Another chief -support was derived from the liberal independence of means which he had -attained. He inherited a competent fortune from his father and brother; -the profits of "Œdipus" added to it; the duke of Orléans had made him -presents; the queen of Louis XV. bestowed a pension on him; the edition -of the "Henriade," brought out in London, augmented his means -considerably: he was economical and careful. A fortunate speculation in -a lottery instituted to pay the debts of the city of Paris, in which, -from certain happy calculations, he was the chief winner, raised him to -opulence. He was charitable and benevolent; and though, in his letters, -we find allusions to his donations, this is never done ostentatiously, -but with the plain speech of a man who, having fabricated his own -fortune, knows the value of money, and keeps strict account of his -expenditure. At this juncture we may also speak, of his change of name. -It was the custom, as is well known, for the younger branches of noble -families in France to assume the name of some estate, so to distinguish -themselves from their relations. In the middling ranks the same custom -was in a manner followed. Boileau took the name of Despréaux, and his -younger brother that of Puy Morin, to distinguish themselves from the -elder. People in this rank did not assume the _de_--distinctive of -territorial possession. François-Marie Arouet thought it worth while, -however, to purchase the estate of Voltaire (as Madame Searron, at Louis -XIV.'s instigation, had that of Maintenon), as a means of elevating -himself to a more respectable position in the eyes of his -contemporaries. He succeeded; and though, to our ears, Arouet had -sounded as well as Voltaire, did it stand in the title-page of his -works; in his own day, in spite of various petty attacks from his -enemies, the one he assumed was regarded by his countrymen with greater -complacency. - -The heyday of youth was passing away with Voltaire; his vivacity was -still the same: but, from the period of his return from his exile in -England, he began to look differently on life; and while he still -regarded literary labour as his vocation, literary glory as the aim of -his existence, he grew indifferent to the pleasures of society. At one -time he meditated expatriating himself; thus to acquire liberty of -writing and publishing without fear of the Bastille. His attachment for -madame du Châtelet caused him to alter this plan. This lady was -distinguished for her learning, her love of philosophy, and talent for -the abstruse sciences. She was witty, and endowed with qualities -attractive in society; but she preferred study, and the acquisition of -literary renown, in seclusion. This friend induced Voltaire to remain in -France, but strengthened his purpose of retiring from Paris. Various -persecutions were, however, in wait for him before he gained a tranquil -retreat. - -Voltaire wrote his tragedies as a means of gaining public favour. He -knew his countrymen. As a sovereign of the French must gather popularity -by leading them to victory and military glory, so must an author, who -would acquire their favour, achieve eminent success, at once to raise -their enthusiasm, and to gratify their vanity, by making them -participate in the greatness of his name. On his return from England, -Voltaire determined to acquire the popular favour, by his triumphs in -the drama. At first he was not as successful as he wished: his "Brutus" -fell coldly on the gay, excitement-hunting Parisians; "Eryphile," on -which he spent excessive pains,--remodelling and re-writing different -portions again and again,--had faults that the author's quick eye -discerned at once to be incurable, and he withdrew it after the first -representation. "Zaire" repaid him for these disappointments;--"Zaire," -which, whatever its faults may be, is so fresh, so eloquent, so deeply -and naturally pathetic. This play was written in twenty-two days. It was -a happy thought. -[Sidenote: 1732. -Ætat. -38.] -Voltaire writes concerning it: "I never worked so fast; subject carried -me on, and the piece wrote itself. I have tried to depict what has been -long in my head,--Turkish manners contrasted with Christian manners; and -to unite, in the same picture, all that our religion has of dignified, -and even tender, with an affecting and passionate love." Two months -afterwards, he writes: "I wish you had witnessed the success of 'Zaire;' -allow me to enjoy freely, with you, the pleasure of succeeding. Never -was piece played so well as 'Zaire' at the fourth representation. I wish -you had been there; you would have seen that the public does not hate -your friend. I appeared in a box, and the whole pit clapped. I blushed, -and hid myself; but I should be deceitful did I not confess that I was -deeply moved;--it is delightful not to be put to shame in one's own -country." But, after this triumph, he laboured to correct his piece. He -feared, he said, to have owed too much to the large dark eyes of -mademoiselle Gaussin, and to the picturesque effect produced by the -mingling of plumes and turbans on the stage. He felt, for the moment, -that he had arrived at the height of literary renown, and that his task -was nearly fulfilled. "What labour and pains I go through," he writes, "or -this smoke of vain glory! Yet what should we do without the chimæra? -it is as necessary to the soul as food to the body. I shall re-write -'Eryphile,' and the 'Death of Cæsar,'--all for this smoke. Meanwhile I -am correcting the 'History of Charles XII.' for an edition in Holland; -and when this is done, I shall finish the 'Letters on England,' which -you know of,--that will be a month's work; after which I must return to -my dramas, and finish, at lastly the 'History of the Age of Louis XIV.' -This, dear friend, is the plan of my life." - -New persecutions were in store for him, to disturb his schemes. -Mademoiselle de Couvreur was the most eminent actress of the time; she -was his friend, and had shown her generosity by attending on him at the -dangerous moment of his attack of small pox. She was worthy of his good -opinion; there was a dignity in her character which imparted the chief -charm to her acting, and rendered her estimable in private life. When -she died, according to the insulting practice of the French clergy, -burial rites and holy ground were denied the corpse, and she was -interred on the banks of the Seine. Voltaire could not restrain his -indignation. Warmed by esteem for his friend, and contempt for the -priesthood, he wrote her apotheosis, which drew on him the outcry of -impiety, and forced him to conceal himself for some months in a village -of Normandy. - -Scarcely had this storm passed off, than another broke over him. His -exile in England occurred during the reign of George II., at a time when -literature boasted of great and glorious names; and if the principles of -political liberty were less well understood than now, they appeared in a -highly flourishing condition to the Frenchman. He regarded with -admiration the blessings derived from toleration in religion, a -comparatively free government, a press unfettered by a censorship, and -the general diffusion of knowledge. He wished to describe these things -and their effects to his countrymen, and he wrote his "Lettres sur les -Anglais." There is nothing--save a passing Voltairian sarcasm here and -there--to shock our notions in this work. It begins with an account of -the Quakers,--to demonstrate that dissent in religion, joined to -independence of thought and action, could accord with a peaceable -fulfilment of the duties of a subject. He commences with a humorous -description of a Quaker, to whom he was introduced, who receives him -with his hat on, and without making a bow; speaks to him with the thee -and thou, and defends the peculiar tenets of his sect. He goes on to -give the history of Fox and Penn. Other letters concern the parliament, -the government, the encouragement given to literary men, and literature -itself, of the introduction of inoculation; and then comes his main -topic,--the discoveries of Newton, and the philosophy of Locke. It is a -work that would have excited no censure in England; but he was well -aware that both it and its author would be denounced in France. When he -thought of publishing it, he at the same time entertained the plan of -expatriation; when he relinquished this, he meant to suppress his book; -but it was published through the treachery of a bookseller. A _lettre de -cachet_ was granted against him, of which he received timely notice, and -left Paris to conceal himself at Cirey, while he gave out that he was in -England. The volume itself was publicly burnt. He obtained a cessation -of the persecution by causing the edition to be given up; but he did not -return to Paris, and continued to inhabit the chateau of Cirey, in -Champagne, a property of the marquis du Châtelet, where he and his -wife, and their illustrious friend, lived for the space of six years in -seclusion and laborious study. - -We have, from various sources, descriptions of the life he led at Cirey; -not a little instructive from the light they throw on human nature, and -on Voltaire's own character. Voltaire tells us, himself, in his -"Fragment of Memoirs," that, weary of the idle, turbulent life led at -Paris, of the pretensions of the silly, the cabals of the wicked, and -persecutions of bigots, he resolved to pass some years in the country at -the chateau of madame du Châtelet. This lady had received a careful -education, was perfectly mistress of the Latin language, but her -inclination led her to prefer the study of metaphysics and mathematics. -Her ardour for the acquisition of knowledge was unspeakably great, and -she longed for retirement, where she might dedicate her whole time to -study. Voltaire taught her English: she read Leibnitz and Newton. Both -she and her friend aspired to the prize given by the Academy of Science, -for a treatise on fire; and their essays were mentioned with praise, -though the prize was gained by the celebrated Euler. Voltaire was told, -however, by an enlightened friend, that he would never be great in -science. He was glad of this. The arguments and taste of madame du -Châtelet, and his own love of all that was absolutely and demonstrably -true, led him to cultivate abstruse science; but the bent of his genius -and imagination, fertile of plot, situation, and development of passion, -made him turn with delight to the composition of tragedies, the -investigation of the philosophy of history, and the writing lighter -productions, in which he gave full scope to his sarcastic spirit, his -wit, and, we grieve to add, the impurity of his imagination: for this -was the great defect of Voltaire, arising from his inability to -appreciate the sublime, and his contempt of what he considered monkish -virtues, that he loved to indulge in jests, the point of which lay in -the grossest indecency. Having broken loose from the fetters of -mathematics, he wrote "Alzire," "Mérope," "The Prodigal Child," and -"Mahomet." He laboured at his "Essay on the Manners and Spirit of -Nations;" he collected materials for the "History of the Age of Louis -XIV.;" and he relaxed from these labours by writing the "Pucelle -d'Orléans." One of his chief amusements, also, was bringing out his -tragedies at his private theatre. He was a good actor, and an admirable -teacher of the art. - -Somewhat in contrast to the sort of fairy splendour and paradisaical -happiness which, from his memoirs and letters, we might judge to have -been the portion of the inhabitants of Cirey, we have another account, -which does not indeed derogate from the character of Voltaire himself, -but which casts gloomy and tempestuous shadows over the picture of his -retirement. This account is worth quoting; though, as we shall -afterwards mention, the fair writer, from private reasons, represented -madame du Châtelet in darker colours than she merited. - -When the marquis and marchioness du Châtelet resolved on inhabiting -Cirey, the chateau was in a state of dilapidation. A portion of it was -repaired, and furnished with princely magnificence; partly at the -expense of the owners, chiefly, it would seem, at Voltaire's, who built -a gallery and bath rooms, decorated his apartments with inlaid works of -marble, and adorned them with a variety of precious works of art. - -Usually the family party was nearly uninterrupted. Madame du Châtelet -disliked receiving visitors who should intrude on her hours of study. -How the marquis regarded the severe labours of his wife, and the -permanent residence of his guest, we are not told; but he seems to have -been easy and complaisant. When visitors arrived, Voltaire exerted -himself to entertain them by acting plays, and by calling into -requisition the stores of his own mind, which, various and prolific, -never failed to enchant. There was a lady, madame de Graffigny, who had -been very unfortunate through the ill conduct of her husband. -[Sidenote: 1738. -Ætat. -44.] -She at last obtained a divorce; but she was poor, and nearly friendless. -She was asked to spend a few weeks at Cirey, and joyfully accepted the -flattering invitation. She had been residing at Lunéville, at the court -of the ex-king of Poland: she left there a friend, who had beep brought -up with her as a brother; and to him she poured out, in her letters, her -enthusiasm, her joy, and her subsequent disappointment and misery. - -From the beginning, Voltaire acquired all her kindness by the cordiality -and friendliness of his reception, and the great and delicate attention -he paid to her comfort; while madame du Châtelet lost it by her -coldness and selfishness. Still the wit and talent of both made it at -first enchanted ground. "Supper was announced to me," she writes, "and I -was shown to an apartment which I recognised as Voltaire's. He came -forward to receive me; we placed ourselves at table--I was indeed happy. -We conversed on all subjects; poetry, the arts and sciences; and all in -a light and witty tone. I wish I could give you an account of his -charming, his enchanting conversation; but I cannot. The supper was not -abundant, but it was recherché, delicate, and good, and served on a -good deal of plate. Voltaire, placed next me, was as polite and -attentive as he is amusing and learned. The marquis was on my other -side--this is my place every evening; and thus my left ear is softly -charmed, while the right is but very slightly ennuied, for the marquis -speaks little, and retires as soon as we rise from table." - -She describes the apartments of madame du Châtelet and Voltaire as -magnificent. His was hung with crimson velvet and gold fringe, the walls -were covered with pictures and looking-glasses, and the room crowded -with articles of luxury in worked silver. It opened into a small gallery -wainscotted with yellow wood, adorned by statues, furnished with books, -and filled with tables covered with curiosities and porcelain; opening -on a grotto that led to the garden. The rooms of madame du Châtelet -were far more elegant and rich; splendid with mirrors in silver frames, -and adorned with pictures of the first French artists. Her boudoir, of -which, in her vivacious style, the guest said, "you were ready to kneel -and worship for its elegant magnificence," opened on a terrace -commanding a beautiful prospect: the whole was a model of luxury, taste, -and elegance. Unfortunately, however, in repairing and furnishing, no -attention had been paid to any apartments but those occupied by madame -du Châtelet and Voltaire. Discomfort reigned everywhere else. Poor -madame de Graffigny was placed in an immense chamber, ill furnished--the -wind entering at a thousand crevices--which it was impossible to warm, -in spite of all the wood that was burnt. "In short," she says, "all that -does not belong to the lady or Voltaire is in a most disgusting state of -discomfort." - -However, talent spread its charm over the place, although madame du -Châtelet, from the first, was no favourite with her guest, yet she -allows that she talked well, sang divinely; was witty, eloquent, and, -when she chose, pleasing; but, devoted to the study of abstruse -mathematics, she gave up nearly her whole time, night and day, to these -labours. Their way of life was regulated by their excessive industry. No -one appeared till twelve o'clock, when coffee was announced in -Voltaire's gallery for the chosen guests, while the marquis and others -dined. At the end of half an hour Voltaire bowed his friends out; each -retired to their room, and did not assemble again till nine for supper. -This was the chosen season for conversation and enjoyment. He read to -them passages from his works, he showed a magic lantern, and exerted all -his wit, his buffoonery, and knowledge in the explanations. Froward as a -child, amiable as a woman, always full of vivacity, his conversation was -an exhaustless source of laughter and delight. When any guests were -there whom they were peculiarly desirous of pleasing, everything was -done for their amusement: plays were acted--no moment of repose -allowed--all was gaiety and pleasure. "Voltaire," she writes, "is always -charming, always occupied with amusing me; he is never weary of paying -attention; he is uneasy if I seem the least ennuied. In short, I find, -from experience, that agreeable occupation is the charm of life. The -lady, at first a little cold, grows kinder, and we are become -familiar."--"Voltaire read us two cantos of his Joan, and we had a -delightful supper. Madame du Châtelet sang with her divine voice; we -laughed, we knew not why--we sang canons--it was a supper during which -gaiety made us say and do we knew not what; and we laughed at -nothing."--"The Marionettes have greatly diverted me; they are -delightful: the piece was played in which Punch's wife hopes to kill her -husband by singing _fagnana fagnana._ It was delicious to hear Voltaire -say, seriously, that the piece was excellent. It is silly, is it not, to -laugh at such follies? Yet I laughed. Voltaire is as delightful a child -as he is a wise philosopher."--"This morning we were to hear an epistle -read; but the fair lady was still in the same merry humour of yesterday; -and she began to joke Voltaire, who, holding his epistle in his hand, -parodied it against her in the most delightful manner: in short, there -was no reading. He laughed at first, but was a little annoyed at last. -For myself, I was ashamed to laugh so much; but there was so much wit; -each word came and shone like lightning, and all accompanied by such -vivacity and pleasantry that Heraclitus himself must have laughed."--"We -had the Marionettes again. Voltaire declared that he was jealous. Do you -know that I think that Voltaire shows genius in laughing at these -follies. I sat next him to-day; it was a delightful seat. Yesterday -evening he read an epistle which the fair lady criticised most wittily." - -At other times, every hour was given to labour. Voltaire spent the -entire day writing: "Does he leave his work for a quarter of an hour -during the day," writes his guest, to pay me a visit, he does not sit -down, saying that the time lost in talking is frightful--that no moment -ought to be wasted, and loss of time is the greatest expense of all. -This has gone on for a month. "When we come in to sup he is at his desk; -we have half done before he joins us, and he is with difficulty -prevented from returning immediately after. He exerts himself to amuse -us during the meal; but evidently from sheer politeness: his thoughts -are far away." Madame du Châtelet was even more industrious. "She -spends her whole nights till five or six in the morning, writing; when -she finds herself overcome by sleep, she puts her hands in iced water, -and walks about the room to rouse herself. After this, instead of -sleeping till the middle of the day, she rises at nine or ten. In short, -she only gives two hours to sleep, and never leaves her desk except for -coffee and supper." This hard labour was productive of great ennui to -their guests, and considerable ill health to themselves; especially to -Voltaire, whose constitution was feeble: but the result with him was, -his voluminous works; and with her, a degree of scientific knowledge -surpassing that attained by almost every other adept of the day. Her -essays were full of most abstruse reasoning, and written in a clear and -elegant style. Madame de Graffigny had the highest opinion of her -understanding. "I have been reading her dissertation on fire; it is -written with admirable clearness, precision, and force of argument. I -beg Voltaire's pardon, but it is far superior to his. What a woman! How -little do I feel beside her! If my body grew as small, I could pass -through a key-hole. When women do write, they surpass men; but it -requires centuries to form a woman like this." Unfortunately, all this -talent was darkened by a vehement and irritable temper. By degrees the -truth became manifest, that these sages quarrelled violently. In madame -de Graffigny's account, some of these disputes are very whimsical. These -are trifles; but they display the inner nature of the man better than -more important events, and deserve record. Voltaire was writing the "Age -of Louis XIV.," in which he took great pride and pleasure, although from -the tyranny then existing in France, the publishing of it would have -doomed him to the Bastille. Madame du Châtelet locked up the -manuscript, and would not let him finish it. "He is dying to do so," -madame de Graffigny writes; "it is the work, of all his, which he -prefers. She justifies herself by saying there is little pleasure in -writing a book that cannot be printed. I exhort him to go on, and to be -satisfied with the immortality he will gain. He said, yesterday, that -assuredly he would finish it, but not here. She turns his head with her -geometry; she likes nothing else."--"One day, being indisposed, the lady -could not write; so she went to bed, and sent for me, saying that -Voltaire would read his tragedy of 'Mérope.' When he came, she took it -into her head that he should change his coat. He objected, on the score -that he might catch cold, but at last had the complaisance to send for -his valet to get another coat. The servant could not be found. Voltaire -thought himself let off. Not at all: she recommenced her persecution -till Voltaire got angry. He said a few words in English, and left the -room. He was sent for; but replied he was taken ill. Adieu to -'Mérope!'--I was furious. Presently a visitor came, and I said I would -go to see Voltaire, and the lady told me to try to bring him back. I -found him in excellent humour, quite forgetful of his illness; but it -returned when we were sent for, and he was very sullen." Another time -she writes: "I pity poor Voltaire, since he and his friend cannot agree. -Ah, dear friend! where is there happiness on earth for mortals? We are -always deceived by appearances: at a distance, we thought them the -happiest people in the world; but, now that I am with them, I discern -the truth." - -Nor was the lady always the peccant person. On one occasion madame de -Graffigny writes: "Voltaire is in a state resembling madness. He -torments his friend till I am forced to pity her. She has made me her -confidant. Voltaire is really mad. One day we were about to act a -comedy--every one was ready, when the post came in; he received -unpleasant letters: he burst forth into exclamations of anguish, and -fell into a species of convulsions. Madame du Châtelet came to me with -tears in her eyes, and begged me to put off the play. Yesterday he had -an interval of quiet, and we acted. How strange that, with all his -genius, he should be so absurd!" - -Voltaire's disquiet arose from some defamatory attacks made on him by J. -B. Rousseau and the abbé Desfontaines. We have seen the history of his -intercourse with the former; it was unworthy the poet to revenge himself -by libels. Voltaire had exerted his influence to save Desfontaines when -accused of a capital offence: he was repaid by the publication of -calumnies. The attacks deserved contempt only; but Voltaire could not be -brought to this opinion: "I must have reparation," he writes to a -friend, "or I die dishonoured. Facts and the most shocking impostures -are in question. You know not to what a degree the abbé Desfontaines is -the oracle of the provinces. I am told that he is despised in Paris; yet -his 'Observations' sell better than any other work. My silence drives -him to despair, you say. Ah, how little do you know him! He will take my -silence as a mark of submission; and I shall be disgraced by the most -despicable man alive, without the smallest act of revenge--without -justifying myself." - -With these feelings he thought it necessary to write a defence. He -proposed, at one time, entering on a lawsuit. And, to add to his -troubles, his friend Thiriot acted a weak, tergiversating part. Weak in -health, irritated in temper by excessive application, he was in a state -of too great excitement to judge calmly and act with dignity. For six -months every occupation was postponed to his desire of vengeance; a -serious attack of illness was the consequence. With this unfortunate -susceptibility when defamed, we must contrast his patience under every -other species of annoyance, and his constant benevolence. He suffered -various pecuniary losses at this time, but never complained, nor ceased -to benefit several literary men who had no resource except in his -generosity. - -To return to Cirey and its letter-writing guest. Madame de Graffigny's -own turn for suffering came at last. The bigotry and severity of the -French government with regard to the press, while cardinal Fleuri was -minister, kept Voltaire and his friend in a continual state of -uneasiness. Twice since his retirement to Cirey he had been obliged to -fly to Holland to escape a _lettre de cachet_; and, meanwhile, he could -not resist writing satires on religion and government, which he read to -his friends; and, their existence becoming known, the cardinal was on -the alert. He had declared that if his burlesque of the "Pucelle" -appeared, the author should end his days in the Bastille. Madame du -Châtelet was more cautious and more fearful than Voltaire himself; and -the imprudence of the latter, and the frightful evils that impended, did -any treacherous friend either lay hands on any portion of the -manuscript, or have a memory retentive enough to write it after it was -read aloud, is in some degree an excuse for the otherwise unpardonable -liberty she took to waylay, open, and read the letters of her guests. -Madame de Graffigny had been delighted with a canto of "Joan," and sent -a sketch of its plan in a letter to her friend. M. Devaux, in answer, -simply replied, "The canto of 'Joan' is charming." The letter containing -these words was opened by madame du Châtelet. Her terror distorted the -meaning of the phrase, and represented in frightful colours the evil -that would ensue; for she fancied that madame de Graffigny had in some -manner possessed herself of, and sent to Lunéville, a canto of a poem -so forbidden and guarded, that she had prevented Voltaire from -communicating any portion of it to the prince royal of Prussia, lest any -accidental discovery should be made. The storm broke unexpectedly and -frightfully. Voltaire learnt and shared his friend's apprehensions. As -a means of discovering the extent of the mischief, he, unexpectedly, the -same evening, after madame de Graffigny had retired to her room, and was -occupied writing letters, visited her there, saying, that he was ruined, -and that his life was in her hands; and in reply to her expressions of -astonishment, informed her that a hundred copies of one of the cantos of -"Joan" were about in the world, and that he must fly to Holland,--to the -end of the world--for safety; that M. du Châtelet was to set out for -Lunéville; and that she must write to her friend Devaux to collect all -the copies. Madame de Graffigny, charmed that she had an opportunity of -obliging her kind host, assured him of her zeal, and expressed her -sorrow that such an accident should happen while she was his guest. On -this, Voltaire became furious: "No tergiversation, madam," he cried. -"You sent the canto!" Her counter-asseverations were of no avail--she -believed herself the most unlucky person in the world that the suspicion -should fall on her. In vain she protested. Voltaire at length asserted -that Devaux had read the canto sent by her to various persons, and that -madame du Châtelet had the proof in her pocket: her justification was -not attended to by the angry poet, who declared that he was -irretrievably ruined. In the midst of this frightful scene, which had -lasted an hour, madame du Châtelet burst into the room: her violence, -her abuse, and insulting expressions overwhelmed her poor guest. -Voltaire in vain endeavoured to calm her. At length madame de Graffigny -was informed of the cause of the tumult and accusation; she was shown -the phrase in her correspondent's letter,--"The canto of 'Joan' is -charming;"--she understood and explained its meaning. Voltaire believed -her on the instant, and made a thousand apologies. His friend was less -placable. Madame de Graffigny was obliged to promise to write for her -own letter containing the account of the canto of the poem, to prove her -innocence. She did this; and till it came all her letters were opened: -she was treated with haughtiness by the lady, and remained shut up in -her own room, solitary and sad; for, to crown her misfortunes, the poor -woman had not a sous in the world, and could not escape from a place -where she was exposed to so much insult. At length her letter was -returned. Madame du Châtelet took care to waylay it, and satisfied -herself by reading it; and then, a few days after, she apologised to her -unfortunate guest; and, fearful, indeed, of her ill report on the -subject, became remarkably civil and kind. Voltaire conducted himself -much better. "I believe," madame de Graffigny writes, "that he was -entirely ignorant of the practice of opening my letters; he appeared to -believe my simple word, and saw the illness I suffered, in consequence, -with regret. He often visited me in my room, shed tears, and said that -he was miserable at being the cause of my suffering. He has never once -entered my room without the humblest and most pathetic apologies; he -redoubled his care that I should be well attended; he even said that -madame du Châtelet was a terrible woman--that she had no flexibility of -heart, though it was good. In short, I have every reason to be content -with Voltaire." - -Such was the paradise of Cirey. The arduous study and ill health of -Voltaire, the mental labours of his friend, their very accomplishments -and wit, tended, probably, to irritate tempers, irritable in themselves. -As to the poem, the cause of the storm, it had certainly better never -have been written than occasion so much fear, and pain, and misconduct. -We confess we have never read it. Its framework is indecency and -ridicule of sacred things; chiefly, indeed, of the legends of the -saints, which is more excusable; but still the whole is conceived in bad -taste. We cannot understand the state of manners when such a poem could -be read aloud to women; and we feel that we are scarcely fair judges of -persons living in a system and actuated by motives so contrary to our -own: so that, while we thank God we are not like them, we must be -indulgent to faults which we have not any temptation to commit. - -Voltaire's residence at Cirey was marked by the commencement of his -correspondence with Frederic the Great, then prince royal of Prussia. It -is well known that this sovereign passed a youth of great -suffering--that he was imprisoned for an endeavour to escape from the -state of servitude to which his father reduced him. His dearest friend -was executed before his eyes, and measures taken that he himself should -be condemned to death. To avoid a recurrence of these misfortunes, he -lived in a most retired manner during the remainder of his father's -life; given up to the cultivation of poetry and the study of -philosophy. He shared the universal admiration entertained of Voltaire's -genius, and his noble daring in breaking down the obstacles which the -government and clergy of France threw in the way of the diffusion of -knowledge, and his resolution in devoting his life to authorship. He -addressed a letter to him at Cirey, requesting a correspondence. -Voltaire could not fail of being highly flattered by a prince, the heir -to a throne, who wrote to him that "Cirey should be his Delphos, and his -letters oracles." Voltaire was far from being behindhand in compliments. -He writes: "I shed tears of joy on reading your letter--I recognise a -prince who will assuredly be the delight of the human race. I am in -every way astonished: you speak like Trajan, you write like Pliny, and -you express yourself in French as well as our best writers. What a -difference between men! Louis XIV. was a great king--I respect his -memory; but he had not your humanity, nor spoke French as well. I have -seen his letters; he did not know the orthography of his own language. -Berlin will be, under your auspices, the Athens of Germany--perhaps of -Europe." The compliments on both sides were to a great degree sincere. -Frederic shared the enthusiastic, almost, worship in which Voltaire was -then generally held--and Voltaire regarding sovereigns and princes as -powerful enemies, or at best as mischievous animals, whom it was -necessary to stroke into innocuousness, was carried away by his delight -in finding one who adopted his own principles--looked up to him as a -master, and added to the value of his admiration, the fact of being -himself a man of genius. After Voltaire had quarrelled with him, he -spoke in a jocular tone of their mutual flattery; but still in a way -that shows how deeply it sank at the time. "The prince," he writes, -"employed his leisure in writing to the literary men of France, and the -principal burden of his correspondence fell on me. I received letters in -verse, metaphysical, historical, and political. He treated me as a -divine man; I called him Solomon; epithets which cost us nothing. Some -of these follies have been printed among my works; but, fortunately, not -the thirtieth part. I took the liberty to send him a very beautiful -writing desk; he was kind enough to present me with some trifles in -amber; and the coffee-house wits of Paris fancied, with horror, that my -fortune was made. He sent a young Courlander, named Keyserling,--no bad -writer of French verses himself,--from the confines of Pomerania, to us -at Cirey. We gave him a fête, and a splendid illumination in which the -cipher of the prince was hung with lamps, with the device, "The Hope of -the Human Race." In his pique, Voltaire speaks too slightingly. Had he -not been a prince, the correspondence of Frederic was worth having; it -is full of good sense and philosophical remark. It was a more -disagreeable task to correct his verses. Yet these are by no means had; -they are nearly as good as Voltaire's own. There is less pretension, but -often more spirit. The whole mass has no real claim to be called poetry; -and in these days nobody reads either: but when they were written, and -had the gloss of novelty, and the interest of passing events and living -men appended, they were at least respectable specimens of a talent, -which in its own sphere could attain much higher things. - -The residence at Cirey was broken up by the necessity of attending to a -lawsuit of madame du Châtelet at Brussels, and she and her husband and -Voltaire proceeded thither. -[Sidenote: 1740. -Ætat. -46.] -At this period Frederic succeeded to the throne of Prussia. The -demonstrations of his friendship for Voltaire continued as fervent as -ever. "See in me only, I entreat you," he writes, "a zealous citizen, a -somewhat sceptical philosopher, but a truly faithful friend. For God's -sake write to me simply as a man; join with me in despising titles, -names, and all exterior splendour." Voltaire replied, "Your majesty -orders me, when I write, to think of him less as a king than as a man. -This is a command after my own heart. I know not how to treat a king; -but I am quite at my ease with a man whose head and heart are full of -love for the human race." Frederic, now that he was emancipated from his -father's control, was most eager to see Voltaire. He asked him to visit -him. Voltaire considered his friendship with madame du Châtelet as of -more worth than the protection of a king; for although, through vivacity -of temper and absence of self-control, they quarrelled, there was a deep -feeling of mutual kindness and sympathy on both sides. The king had been -ready to lavish compliments on the "divine Emily;" but his indifference -to women, and his many and important occupations, made him shrink from -receiving a French court lady, full of wit, caprice, and -self-importance. He wrote: "If Emily must accompany Apollo, I consent; -but if I can see you alone, I should prefer it." It ended in Frederic's -forming the plan of including Brussels in a tour he made, and visiting -his friend there. Voltaire's own account of their interview is full of -spirit and pleasantry; showing how, in reality, a Frenchman, accustomed -to the splendour and etiquette of his native court, could ill comprehend -the simplicity and poverty of Prussia. He writes: "The king's ambassador -extraordinary to France arrived at Brussels; as soon as he alighted at -an inn, he sent me a young man, whom he had made his page, to say that -he was too tired to pay me a visit, but begged me to come to him, and -that he had a rich and magnificent present for me from the king, his -master. 'Go quickly,' cried madame du Châtelet, 'I dare say he brings -you the crown jewels.' I hurried off, and found the ambassador, who, -instead of port-manteau, had behind his carriage a quarter of wine, -belonging to the late king, which the reigning sovereign ordered me to -drink. I exhausted myself in protestations of surprise and gratitude for -this liquid mark of his majesty's goodness, substituted for the solid -ones he had given me a right to expect, and I shared the wine with -Camas. My Solomon was then at Strasbourg. The fancy had taken him while -visiting his long and narrow dominions, which reached from Gueldres to -the Baltic sea, to visit, incognito, the frontiers and troops of France. -He took the name, at Strasbourg, of the count du Four, a rich Bohemian -nobleman. He sent me, at Brussels, an account of his travels, half -prose, half verse, in the style of Bachaumont and Chapelle; that is, as -near the style as, a king of Prussia could attain; telling of had roads -and the passport he was obliged to give himself, which, having with him -a seal with the arms of Prussia, he easily fabricated; and the surprise -his party excited--some taking them for sovereigns, others for -swindlers. From Strasbourg he visited his states in Lower Germany, and -sent word that he would visit me at Brussels incognito. We prepared a -good residence for him; but falling ill at the little castle of Meuse, -two leagues from Clèves, he wrote to beg that I would make the first -advances. I went, therefore, to present my most profound homage. -Maupertuis, who already had his own views, and was possessed by a mania -to be president of an academy, had presented himself, and lodged with -Algarotti and Keyserling in a loft of this palace. I found a single -soldier as guard at the gate. The privy counsellor Rambonet, minister of -state, was walking about the court, blowing his fingers; he had on large -dirty linen ruffles, a hat full of holes, and an old judge's wig, which -on one side reached to his pockets, and on the other scarcely touched -his shoulder. I was told, and truly, that this man was charged with -important state affairs. I was conducted to his majesty's apartment, -where I saw only four walls. At length, by the light of a candle, I -perceived, in a closet, a truckle bed, two feet and a half wide, on -which was a little man, wrapped in a dressing-gown of coarse blue cloth. -It was the king, trembling beneath an old counterpane, in a violent -access of fever. I bowed to him, and began my acquaintance by feeling -his pulse, as if I had been his first physician. When the access was -over, he dressed and went to supper with me, Algarotti, Keyserling, -Maupertuis, and his minister to the States General. We conversed on the -immortality of the soul, free will, and Plato's "Androgynes." Counsellor -Rambonet meanwhile mounted a hack, and, after riding all night, arrived -at the gates of Liège, where he made a requisition in the name of the -king, his master, which two thousand of his troops helped him to -enforce. Frederic even charged me with writing a manifesto, which I did -as well as I could, not doubting that a king with whom I supped, and who -called me his friend, must be in the right. The affair was soon -arranged, through the payment of a million, which he exacted in ducats, -which served to indemnify him for the expense of his journey to -Strasbourg, of which he had complained in his poetic letter. I grew -attached to him, for he had talent and grace; and besides, he was a -king, which, considering human weakness, is always a great fascination. -Generally we literary men flatter kings; but he flattered me, while -abbé Desfontaines and other rascals defamed me once a week at Paris. - -"The king of Prussia, before his father's death, had written a work -against the principles of Machiavelli. If Machiavelli had had a prince -for disciple, he would have recommended him, in the first place, to -write against him; but the prince royal did not understand this sort of -finesse. He had written in good faith at a time when he was not -sovereign; and his father inspired him with no partiality for despotic -power. He sincerely praised moderation and justice, and in his -enthusiasm regarded every usurpation as a crime. He had sent me the -manuscript to correct and publish. I now began to feel remorse at -printing the "Anti-Machiavel," while the king of Prussia, with an -hundred millions in his treasury, took one, by means of counsellor -Rambonet, from the poor inhabitants of Liège. I suspected that my -Solomon would not stop there. His father had left sixty-six thousand -four hundred excellent soldiers. He augmented the number, and seemed -eager to make use of them. I represented to him that it was not quite -right to print his book at a time when he might be reproached for -violating its precepts. He permitted me to stop the edition. I went to -Holland entirely to do him this little service; but the bookseller asked -so much money in compensation, that the king, who in his heart was not -sorry to see himself in print, preferred being so for nothing, rather -than to pay not to be." - -We have extracted this whole account as highly characteristic, and as -explanatory of much that followed. Frederic loved and enjoyed talent, -and was himself a man of genius; he was simple-minded as a German; -unaccustomed to show and luxury; but he was a king and a soldier. He was -young and ambitious. Voltaire laughed at his economy, ridiculed his -plainness, saw through his pretensions to liberal opinions, and jested -wittily on their friendship. Yet, withal, he was flattered by it. He saw -a refuge and a support against the persecutions he feared in his own -country; and though he would have preferred that a sovereign who called -him friend had been more royal in outward show, he was forced to be -satisfied that though badly dressed and meanly attended, yet he was -really a king, with millions in his coffres, and thousands of soldiers -at his command, and, above all, a man of genius. "He is the most -delightful man in the world," he writes, "and would be sought by every -one, even were he not a king: philosophical without austerity, full of -gentleness, complaisance, and agreeable qualities; forgetting that he is -a sovereign as soon as he is with his friends, and so forgetting, that -it required an effort of memory to recollect that he was one." Such was -the impression which the young king made on his older friend, who had -been accustomed to courts and royalty. But still he felt that the friend -of a king is not half as independent in the royal palace as in another -kingdom. Probably madame du Châtelet's admirable understanding helped -to keep him firm; at any rate, while she lived he declined all -Frederic's invitations, and declared his tie of friendship with the -"divine Emily" paramount to every other. - -Voltaire and madame du Châtelet had agreed to vary their solitude at -Cirey by visits to the metropolis. The leisure afforded by the seclusion -of the country was congenial to labour. Far from the society and -interruptions of Paris, they could both devote their whole minds to the -subjects on which they were occupied; but they found difficulty in -getting books. It was impossible at a distance from the capital for -Voltaire to have access to the state papers necessary for the historical -works he had in hand, or for the lady to keep up that communication with -men of letters which, in matters of science particularly, is necessary -to any one ambitious of extending and confirming discoveries. Yet the -change was to be regretted. The vivacity of Voltaire's temper had caused -him to be disturbed by the attacks of his enemies in his retirement. In -the thick of society these attacks were more multifarious and stinging; -and added to this, his reputation in the capital for a wit, could only -be kept up by a sort of small money of authorship, so to speak, which -frittered away the treasures of his mind. - -The death of the emperor Charles VI. plunged Europe in war. France -interfered to cause the elector of Bavaria to be chosen emperor, and -attacked Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI. The king of -Prussia, a potentate who had not yet figured in the wars of Europe, -desirous of taking advantage of the distressed state of the empire, -seized on Silesia. Twice Voltaire was employed by his court to sound the -intentions of his royal correspondent, and to influence him to ally -himself with France. The first mission of this sort that he undertook -was at the request of cardinal Fleuri. - -Cardinal Fleuri had been the author's friend in his early days. Voltaire -took great pleasure in conversing with him, and collecting his anecdotes -on the reign of Louis XIV. The cardinal was a timid man; the scope of -his policy as minister, was to keep France at peace and Paris tranquil; -to prevent all movement in the public mind, and to suppress literary -influence, whether it tended to enlarge the boundaries of human -knowledge, or to remark upon the events and personages of the day. He -kept a tight hand over Voltaire. Several _lettres de cachet_ had been -issued against him, and he had declared imprisonment in the Bastille -should punish any future literary imprudence. Voltaire could only keep -up a semblance of kindness and toleration by giving every outward mark -of submission. It was matter of pride to him when he was applied to by -the minister to visit Frederic, and learn his real intentions with -regard to his attack on Silesia. His mission was secret; so that it was -supposed that he had taken refuge in Prussia from some new persecution; -while Frederic himself, not well comprehending his sudden apparition, -after his frequent refusals, guessed that it was connected with -politics, and showed himself for a moment dubious of his integrity. But -this cloud was soon dissipated. The king tried to tempt the poet to -remain. He was firm in his refusal. "I have quitted a brilliant and -advantageous establishment," he writes; "I received the most flattering -offers, and great regret was expressed because I would not accept them; -but how could courts and kings and emolument outweigh a ten years' -friendship: they would scarcely console me, did this friendship fail -me." Nor did friendship alone recal him; he was eager for the applause -of a Parisian audience. Any one who reads his letters, will perceive how -Voltaire was wrapt up in his writings; enthusiasm could alone sustain -him through so much labour. He was desirous that the tragedy of f -Mahomet' should be acted; he was allowed to choose his own censor: he -selected Crebillon, but Crebillon refused the licence; and an intimacy -of thirty years ended in a quarrel. - -To compensate for this disappointment, Voltaire brought out this tragedy -at Lille. He found La Noue there, who was well fitted for the part of -Mahomet; and Clairon in her youth, who took the part of Palmyre. During -an interval between the acts, a letter was brought to Voltaire, -announcing the gain of the battle of Molwitz; he rose and read it aloud -from his box. The applause redoubled; and he afterwards said, jestingly, -that the victory of Molwitz had insured the success of "Mahomet." The -tragedy was approved even by the clergy at Lille, and Fleuri, when he -read it, saw no objection to its being acted. It was brought out in -Paris under brilliant auspices; but the clergy formed a cabal; it was -declared to be a covert attack on the Christian religion, and Fleuri -weakly begged the author to withdraw it after the second representation. - -[Sidenote: 1743. -Ætat. -49.] - -When cardinal Fleuri died, and Louis XV. declared he would have no other -first minister, Voltaire hoped to establish his influence on surer -foundations, through his long-established friendship with the duke de -Richelieu. This libertine, but not unambitious, noble sought to lay the -foundations of his power by any means, however disgraceful. By giving -the king a mistress of his own choosing, he hoped to rule his sovereign; -and while the duchess de Châteauroux lived, he possessed considerable -power. One of the first advantages Voltaire wished to reap was, to -succeed to the seat in the academy, vacant by the death of cardinal -Fleuri. - -To understand the importance Voltaire attached to success in this -endeavour, we must consider his views and his position. The chief aim of -his life was to diffuse in France that knowledge and freedom of -discussion which was permitted in England, but which was barred out of -his country with a rigorous and persecuting spirit. At the same time, -desirous of living in his native land, and to reap there the fruits of -his labours in the applause of his countrymen, he wished to insure his -personal security. As a chief means to this end, he believed it -necessary to gain the favour of influential persons about the sovereign, -and to make himself one of a powerful society, such as formed the French -academy. Voltaire understood his countrymen. He knew how a word can -sway--how a jest could rule them. His own temper was vivacious and -irritable. He never spared an enemy. While accusing Boileau and Molière -for holding up the poetasters of their day to ridicule, did any of the -_literati_ attack him, he defended himself with acrimonious sarcasm and -pertinacious abuse. He spared no epithet of contempt, no vehemence of -condemnation, nor any artful manœuvre, so to obtain the advantage. -While he thus sought to annihilate his foes, and to secure himself, the -gates of the Bastille yawned in view, and by the tremour which the sight -inspired, added that bitterness to his sensations which the fear of -disaster inspires. These were the causes of the virulence of his -diatribes--of the sting of his epigrams in which he devotes Piron and -others to everlasting ridicule. It was on this account that he sought to -be a member of the academy. - -The moment he began to canvass for the vacant seat in the academy, a -violent cabal was formed to oppose him. Maurepas, secretary of state, an -excellent man, but narrow-minded, was the moving spring of the -opposition. He pat forward a Theatin monk, named Boyer, as his agent. -This man declared that the deceased cardinal's empty chair could only be -filled properly by a bishop. He found some difficulty in finding a -prelate who chose to undertake the invidious part; one was at last -found, and Voltaire lost his election. The same scene was renewed when -another vacancy recurred, during the following year. In some degree the -poet was consoled by the success of the tragedy of "Mérope." The -audience were transported by enthusiasm; they perceived the author in a -box--they insisted on his coming forward. The young and beautiful -duchess de Villars was with him. She was called upon to embrace the -poet; at first she was embarrassed by the singular part she was called -on to act, but, recovering herself, obeyed the call of the pit with the -grace that distinguished a high-born Frenchwoman. Voltaire might well -desire to achieve success with an audience of his countrymen, when such -were the tokens he received of triumph. - -The king of Prussia, meanwhile, having exhausted his finances by war, -and gained two provinces, found it eligible to conclude a peace with -Maria Theresa; a peace, detrimental to the interests of France, which -was thus left to carry on the war single-handed. It became matter of -policy to induce Frederic to infringe a treaty scarcely signed. The duke -de Richelieu requested Voltaire to be the negotiator. Again his mission -was secret. He pretended to renounce his country, disgusted by the cabal -carried on by Boyer against him, and he had the appearance of applying -to Frederic for refuge and defence against the injustice he met in his -native country. Voltaire's own account of this negotiation is written in -his usual jesting, sarcastic style; he made a joke of the bishop, his -successful rival; and when Frederic answered by a deluge of pleasantries -on the subject, he took care to make his letters public. The bishop of -Mirepoix complained to the king that he was made to pass for a fool at -foreign courts; but Louis XV. replied that it was a thing agreed upon, -and that he must not mind it. Voltaire remarks that this reply was -opposed to Louis's usual character, and that it appeared extraordinary. -But the king probably spoke in the innocence of his heart, announcing a -mere fact, that the bishop's reputation for talent was to be sacrificed -for the good of the state. Indeed, there is a letter from Voltaire to -his immediate employer, Amelot, secretary for foreign affairs, which -shows that he by no means felt easy with regard to the light in which -Louis might view his conduct, and excuses the style of his -correspondence with Frederic. "There are in his notes and in mine," he -writes, "some bold rhymes, which cannot hurt a king, though they may an -individual. He hopes that I may be forced to accept his offers, which -hitherto I have refused, and take up my abode at the court of Prussia. -He hopes to gain me by losing me in France; but I swear to you I would -rather live in a Swiss village than gain at this price the dangerous -favour of a king." - -After some delay, occasioned by the journeys of the king of Prussia, -during which time Voltaire did good service for his court at the Hague, -he arrived at Berlin, and was warmly welcomed. Fêtes, operas, -suppers--all the amusements that Frederic could command, were put in -requisition to please the illustrious and favoured guest. In the midst -of these, the secret negotiation advanced. Voltaire had infinite tact, -and could, like many of his countrymen, mingle the most serious designs -with frivolous amusements, and pursue undeviatingly his own interests, -while apparently given up to philosophical disquisitions or witty -discussions. In the midst, therefore, of easy and jocular conversation, -Voltaire discovered the real state of things, which consisted in the -king of Prussia's desire to embroil Louis XV. with England. "Let France -declare war against England," said Frederic, "and I march." This -sufficed for the subtle emissary. He returned to Paris, and negotiations -ensued which terminated in a new treaty between France and Prussia, and -the following spring Frederic invaded Bohemia with a hundred thousand -men. Voltaire, however, reaped no benefit from his zeal. The king's -mistress, the duchess de Châteauroux, was angry that she had not been -consulted. She managed to obtain the dismission of M. Amelot, secretary -for foreign affairs, under whose direction Voltaire had acted, and he -was enveloped in the disgrace, that is to say, he gained no court -smiles, nor any solid compensation, for his trouble. - -His life was now passed between Paris and Cirey--society and solitude. -He and the du Châtelets shared the same house in the capital; their -studies and their amusements were in common. We are told[4] that on one -occasion, when madame du Châtelet went to court, and engaged in play, -during which she lost a great deal of money, Voltaire told her in -English that she was being cheated. The words were understood by others -who were present, and the poet thought it prudent to absent himself for -a time. He asked refuge from the duchess du Maine at Sceaux. Here he -passed two months in the strictest retreat; and when danger was past, he -repaid his hostess by remaining in her chateau, and contributing to her -recreation by getting up plays, and writing for her. "Zadig" and others -of his tales were composed on this occasion. Operas, plays, concerts, -and balls varied the amusements. Madame du Châtelet and Voltaire took -parts in these theatricals. The lady was an admirable actress, as well -as musician: she shone in comedy, where her gaiety, grace, and vivacity -had full play. Voltaire was also a good actor. The part of Cicero in his -own tragedy of "Rome Sauvée" was his favourite part. At other times, -leaving these pleasures, he and his friend retired to Cirey and to -labour. We have an amusing account of several of their migrations, from -the pen of Longchamp, who, from being the valet of madame du Châtelet, -became elevated into the secretary of Voltaire. There is a great -contrast between this man's account, and the letters before quoted of -madame de Graffigny. In both descriptions, we find mentioned the -vivacity and petulance both of the poet and his friend; but the darker -shadows thrown by irritability and quarrelling, do not appear in the -pages of Longchamp; and, above all, the fair disciple of Newton is -delineated in far more agreeable colours. "Madame du Châtelet," he -writes, "passed the greater part of the morning amidst her books and her -writings, and she would never be interrupted. But when she left her -study, she was no longer the same woman--her serious countenance changed -into one expressive of gaiety, and she entered with ardour into all the -pleasures of society. Although she was then forty, she was the first to -set amusement on foot, and to enliven it by her wit and vivacity." Nor -does he make any mention of the violence and ill-humour from which her -guest suffered so piteously. "When not studying," he remarks, "she was -always active, lively, and good-humoured." At Cirey, she was equally -eager to afford amusement to her friends. "When the report of her -arrival," writes Longchamp, "was spread through the neighbouring -villages, the gentry of the country around came to pay their respects. -They were all well received; those who came from a distance were kept -for several weeks at the chateau. To amuse both herself and her guests, -madame du Châtelet set on foot a theatre. She composed farces and -proverbs; Voltaire did the same; and the parts were distributed among -the guests. A sort of stage had been erected at the end of a gallery, -formed by planks placed upon empty barrels, while the side scenes were -hung with tapestry; a lustre and some branches lighted the gallery and -the theatre; there were a few fiddles for an orchestra, and the evenings -passed in a very gay and amusing manner. Often the actors, without -knowing it, were made to turn their own characters into ridicule, for -the greater gratification of the audience. Madame du Châtelet wrote -parts for this purpose, nor did she spare herself, and often represented -grotesque personages. She could lend herself to every division, and -always succeeded." - -From this scene of gaiety, at once rustic and refined, the pair -proceeded to the court of king Stanislaus at Luneville. Here Voltaire -employed himself in writing during the morning, and, as usual, the -evening was given up to amusement. The theatricals were renewed; all was -gaiety and good humour. The marquis du Châtelet, passing through -Luneville, on his way to join the army, was enchanted to find his wife -in such high favour at king Stanislaus' court. - -[Sidenote: 1748. -Ætat. -54.] - -Voltaire left the gay scene to overlook the bringing out of his tragedy -of "Semiramis." In this play he endeavoured to accustom his countrymen -to greater boldness of situation and stage effect. It was necessary to -banish that portion of the audience, the dandies of the day, who, seated -on the stage itself, at once destroyed all scenic illusion, and afforded -too narrow a space for the actors. A formidable cabal opposed these -innovations, headed by Piron and Crebillon; and Voltaire, himself, was -obliged to have recourse to means which had been unworthy of him under -other circumstances, and to place a number of resolute friends in the -pit, to oppose the adverse party. The piece was successful, and the poet -eager to return to Luneville. He was suffering greatly in his health. -During his stay in Paris, he had been attacked by low fever; and his -busy life in the capital, where his days were given up to society, and -his nights to authorship, exhausted the vital powers. Notwithstanding -his suffering, he resolved to set out, and proceeded as far as Chalons, -where he was obliged to give in, and take to his bed. The bishop and -intendant of Chalons visited him; they sent him a physician; but, -without showing outward opposition, Voltaire followed none of his -prescriptions, and endeavoured to get rid of the intruders. He felt his -danger; he entreated his confidential servant, Longchamps not to abandon -him, and, as he said, to remain to cover his body with earth when he -should expire. His fever and delirium increased, and his resolution not -to take the remedies prescribed was firm: every one expected to see him -die; he, himself, anticipated death, and gave his secretary instructions -how to act. On the sixth day, though apparently as ill as ever, he -resolved to proceed on his journey, declaring that he would not die at -Chalons. He was lifted into his carriage; his secretary took his place -beside him; he did not speak, and was so wan and feeble, that Longchamp -feared that he would never arrive alive: but as they went on, he grew -better; sleep and appetite returned; he was much recovered when they -reached Luneville; the presence of madame du Châtelet reanimated him; a -few days with her caused all his gaiety to return, and he forgot his -sufferings and danger. - -This appears to have been a very happy portion of Voltaire's life. His -friendship for madame du Châtelet was ardent and sincere. Her talents -were the origin of their sympathy in tastes and pursuits; her gaiety -animated his life with a succession of pleasures necessary to compose -and amuse his mind after intense study; her good sense enabled her to be -his adviser and support when calumny and scandal disturbed, as was -easily done, his equanimity. Voltaire, when writing, was absorbed by his -subject; this enthusiasm inspired and sustained him. It allowed him to -labour hard, and made him put his whole soul into every word he penned. -His friend participated in his eagerness; and by entering earnestly into -all his literary plans, imparted to them a charm which he appreciated at -its full value. This friend he was about to lose for ever; but he did -not anticipate the misfortune. - -[Sidenote: 1749. -Ætat. -9.] - -A portion of the following year was spent at Paris and Cirey, and they -again visited Luneville; for king Stanislaus had invited them again to -join his court. Pleasure was once more the order of the day. Every one -in the palace was eager to contribute to the king's amusement; and he -was desirous that all round him should be happy. In the midst of this -routine of gaiety, the industry of Voltaire surprises us. He wrote -several tragedies at this period, and his letters are full of -expressions marking the eagerness of authorship, and the many hours he -devoted to composition. Emulation, joined to great disdain for his -rival, spurred him on. He was mortified and indignant at the praise -bestowed on Crebillon by the Parisians; and he took the very subjects -treated by this tragedian, believing that, thus brought into immediate -contrast, his grander conceptions and more classic style would at once -crush the pretender. "I have written 'Catiline,'" he writes, "in eight -days; and the moment I finished, I began 'Electra.' For the last twenty -years I have been rendered indignant by seeing the finest subject of -antiquity debased by a miserable love affair,--by two pair of lovers, -and barbarous poetry; nor was I less afflicted by the cruel injustice -done to Cicero. In a word, I believed that I was called upon by my -vocation to avenge Cicero and Sophocles--Rome and Greece--from the -attacks of a barbarian." - -This ardour for composition, and these pleasures, were suddenly arrested -by the afflicting event of madame du Châtelet's death. She died soon -after her confinement, unexpectedly, when all danger seemed past. -Whatever might have been the disputes of the friends, these did not -shake their friendship; and if they clouded, at intervals, the happiness -they derived, they left no evil trace behind. Voltaire was plunged in -the deepest affliction; the expressions he uses mark the truth of his -regrets. "I do not fear my grief," he writes to his friend, the marquis -d'Argental; "I do not fly from objects that speak to me of her. I love -Cirey; and although I cannot bear Luneville, where I lost her in so -frightful a manner, yet the places which she adorned are dear to me. I -have not lost a mistress; I have lost the half of myself,--a soul for -which mine was made,--a friend of twenty years. I feel as the most -affectionate father would towards an only daughter. I love to find her -image everywhere; to converse with her husband and her son."--"I have -tried to return to 'Catiline;' but I have lost the ardour I felt when I -could show her an act every two days. Ideas fly from me; I find myself, -for hours together, unable to write; without a thought for my work: one -idea occupies me day and night." To these laments he adds her eulogy, in -another letter, with which we may conclude the subject. Her errors were -the effect of the times in which she lived, and of an ardent temper. We -would deprecate any return to a state of society that led the wisest -into such grievous faults, but we will not defraud the victim of the -system of the praise which, on other scores, she individually -merited.[5] "A woman," writes Voltaire, "who translated and explained -Newton, and translated Virgil, without betraying in her conversation -that she had achieved these prodigies; a woman who never spoke ill of -any one, and never uttered a falsehood; a friend, attentive and -courageous in her friendship: in a word, a great woman, whom the common -run of women only knew by her diamonds and dress. Such must I weep till -the end of my life." - -After this sorrowful event Voltaire established himself in Paris. The -house which he and Madame du Châtelet rented conjointly, he now took -entirely himself. He invited his widowed niece, madame Denis, to preside -over his establishment. At first he continued plunged in grief; he saw -no one but count D'Argental and the duke of Richelieu, who were among -his oldest friends. One or the other, or both, passed the evenings with -him, and tried to distract his mind from its regrets. They sought to -awaken in him his theatrical tastes, which were strong, and which, if -once roused, would effectually draw him from solitude. Voltaire at last -showed sparks of the old fire; other friends were brought about him; he -was implored to bring out his newly written tragedies; he objected, on -the score of the quarrel that subsisted between him and the actors of -the Comédie Français,--he having endeavoured to improve their manner -of acting, and they haughtily rejecting his instructions. This -difficulty was got over by erecting a private theatre in his own house, -and gathering together a number of actors chosen from various private -companies; for, as in the time of Molière, the sons of the shopkeepers -in Paris often formed companies together, and got up theatricals. It was -thus that Voltaire became acquainted with Le Kain, who has left us an -interesting account of his intercourse with the illustrious poet. - -Le Kain was the son of a goldsmith. Voltaire saw him act, and, -perceiving his talent, begged him to call upon him. "The pleasure caused -by this invitation," the actor writes, "was even greater than my -surprise. I cannot describe what passed within me at the sight of this -great man, whose eyes sparkled with fire, imagination, and genius. I -felt penetrated with respect, enthusiasm, admiration, and fear; while M. -de Voltaire, to put an end to my embarrassment, embraced me, thanking -God for having created a being who could move him to tears by his -declamation." He then asked the young man various questions; and when Le -Kain mentioned his intention of giving himself entirely up to the stage, -in spite of his enthusiasm for the theatre, Voltaire strongly dissuaded -him from adopting a profession held disreputable in his native country. -He asked him to recite, but would not hear any verses but those of -Racine. Le Kain had once acted in "Athalie," and he declaimed the first -scene, while Voltaire, in a transport of enthusiasm, exclaimed, "Oh! -what exquisite verses! and it is surprising that the whole piece is -written with the same fervour and purity, from first scene to last, and -that, throughout, the poetry is inimitable." And then, turning to the -actor, he said, "I predict that, with that touching voice, you will one -day delight all Paris,--but never appear upon a public stage." At the -second interview Voltaire engaged Le Kain and his whole company to act -at his own theatre, Le Kain himself taking up his residence in the house -of the generous poet. Le Kain owed his success to him, and felt the -warmest gratitude. "He is a faithful friend," he writes; "his temper is -vehement, but his heart is good, and his soul sensitive and -compassionate. Modest, in spite of the praises lavished on him by kings, -by literary men, and by the rest of the world. Profound and just in his -judgment on the works of others; full of amenity, kindness, and grace, -in the intercourse of daily life, he was inflexible in his aversion to -those who had offended him. He was an admirable actor. I have seen him -put new life into the part of Cicero, in the fourth act of 'Rome -Sauvée,' when we brought out that piece at Sceaux, in the August of -1750. Nothing could be more true, more pathetic, more enthusiastic, than -he was in this part." Voltaire instructed the actors when they performed -his own tragedies; his criticisms were just, and given with that -earnestness and vividness of illustration that marked the liveliness of -his sensations. "Remember," he said to an actor who whined out the part -of Brutus, "remember that you are Brutus, the firmest of Romans, and -that you must not make him address the god Mars as if you were saying, -"O holy Virgin! grant that I may gain a prize of a hundred francs in the -lottery." He insisted with mademoiselle Dumesnil that she should put -more energy into the part of Mérope. "One must be possessed by the -devil," said the actress, to declaim with such vehemence."--"You are -right," said Voltaire; "and one must be possessed to succeed in any -art." - -Voltaire passionately loved theatrical representations. The tragedies of -Corneille, and, above all, of Racine, inspired him with sensations of -the warmest delight. He wrote his own plays in transports of enthusiasm, -and corrected them with intense labour. But he had a further intention -in erecting his theatre; he aimed at popularity and at court favour, as -a safeguard from persecution, and as insuring his personal safety if he -should excite ministerial displeasure by any philosophical works. It was -for this cause that he endeavoured to propitiate the new mistress of -Louis XV., madame de Pompadour. He had known her before she attracted -the king's attention; and after she became the royal mistress, she -continued for a time on a familiar footing with her old friend. Eager to -form a party, and to insure her own popularity, madame de Pompadour -patronised literature and the arts, and at first showed partiality for -Voltaire; the courtiers followed her example with eager emulation, and -the sovereign himself was induced to regard him with some show of -favour. He named him gentleman in ordinary to his chamber, and -historiographer of France,--places which Voltaire eagerly accepted, and -regarded as so many bulwarks to resist the attacks of his enemies. The -duties of the first-named place were, however, onerous, as they -necessitated a frequent attendance at court; he was permitted to dispose -of it, and he sold it for 30,000 francs; while, as a peculiar mark of -favour, he was allowed to preserve the title and privileges. - -He was, moreover, elected member of the academy; but he purchased this -doubtful honour by the sacrifice of much honest pride. He was not -elected till he addressed a letter full of professions of respect for -the church and the Jesuits. No advancement would have induced him to -this act; but he believed that it was necessary to secure his safety -while he continued to inhabit the capital. At the same time, these -concessions embittered his spirit, and added force to his sarcasms and -hostility, when, by expatriation, he had secured his independence. When -we consider, however, that his concessions were made in vain, we regret -that any motive urged him to them; for if truth be the great aim of -intellectual exertions, the more imperative that those who aspire to -glory in the name of truth should rise far above subterfuge and -disguise. While madame du Châtelet lived, he had occupied a more -dignified position; and, in the retirement of Cirey, remained aloof from -the intrigues necessary to curry favour with an uneducated, bigoted -king, and his ignorant mistress. When his accomplished friend died, the -versatile and ambitious poet sailed at first without pilot or rudder. -What wonder that he was wrecked? and he deserves the more praise, when -he retrieved himself after wreck, and attained independence and dignity -in his seclusion in Switzerland. - -A member of the academy, and enjoying places at court, Voltaire, for a -short interval, believed that he should reach the goal he desired, and -become the dictator of the literary world, under the protection of his -sovereign. He was soon undeceived: Louis remembered too well cardinal de -Fleuri's lessons, not to regard him with distrust and dislike. Madame de -Pompadour watched the glances of the royal eye, and guided herself by -them. Crebillon was set up as Voltaire's successful rival: he felt his -immeasurable superiority, and was filled with scorn at the attempt made -to bring them on a level. He struggled at first; but still the court and -people called out for Crebillon; and, in a fit of disgust, he accepted -the reiterated invitation of the king of Prussia, hoping that a -temporary absence might calm the attacks of his enemies, and awaken the -partiality of the people. - -Frederic received his friend with transports of joy. His undisguised -delight, his earnest request that he would exchange Paris for Berlin -permanently, the charm that his talents spread over the poet's life, and -the security he enjoyed, were all alluring. Frederic spared no -professions of friendship, no marks of real personal attachment; more -than once he kissed the poet's hand, in a transport of admiration. This -singular demonstration of affection from man to man, more singular from -king to author, helped, with many others in addition, to enchain -Voltaire. He, himself, assures us that they turned his head. "How could -I resist," he writes, "a victorious king, a poet, a musician, a -philosopher, who pretended to love me? I believed that I loved him. I -arrived in Potzdam in the month of June, 1750. Astolpho was not better -received in the palace of Alcina. To lodge in the apartment which the -maréchal de Saxe had occupied, to have the king's cooks at my orders -when I chose to eat in my own rooms, and his coachmen when I wished to -drive out, were the least favours shown me. The suppers were delightful. -Unless I deceive myself, the conversation was full of wit and genius. -The king displayed both; and what is strange, I never at any repast -enjoyed more freedom. I studied two hours a day with his majesty; I -corrected his works, taking care to praise greatly all that was good, -while I erased all that was bad. I gave him a reason in writing for all -my emendations, which composed a work on rhetoric and poetry for his -use. He profited by it, and his genius was of more service to him than -my lessons. I had no court to pay, no visits to make, no duties to -fulfil. I established myself on an independent footing, and I can -conceive nothing more agreeable than my situation." - -With these feelings, it is not strange that he listened to his royal -friend's request, that he should resign his places in the court of -France, and accept that of chamberlain in Prussia, as well as a pension -for his life and that of his niece, and that he should permanently fix -himself in his royal friend's dominions; yet, while he accepted these -offers, he had many qualms. Madame Denis, his niece, to whom he -communicated his new plans, argued warmly against them. Her letter has -not come down to us; but she evidently took a keen and true view of the -annoyances and mortifications to which he might be exposed. She was -acquainted with her uncle's irritable temper,--his unguarded -conversation when carried away by the spirit of wit,--his vehemence when -struggling against control. She felt, and truly, that a king accustomed -to command was the last person to show indulgence for such foibles when -they clashed with himself. She prophesied that Frederic would, in the -end, be the death of his friend. Voltaire showed this letter to the -king, and he, in answer, wrote one to the poet, the expressions of which -won him entirely. "How," wrote Frederic, "could I cause the unhappiness -of a man whom I esteem, whom I love, and who sacrifices for me his -country, and all that is dear to man? I respect you as my master in -eloquence,--I love you as a virtuous friend. What slavery, what -misfortune, what change can you fear in a country where you are as much -esteemed as in your own, and with a friend who has a grateful heart? I -promise you that you shall be happy here as long as you live." - -Voltaire sent this letter to count d'Argental, whom he always named his -guardian angel, as his apology for expatriating himself. "Judge," he -writes, "whether I am excusable? I send you his letter,--you will think -that you are reading one written by Trajan or Marcus Aurelius,--yet I am -not the less agitated while I deliver myself over to fate, and throw -myself, head foremost, into the whirlpool of destiny which absorbs all -things. But how can I resist? How can I forget the barbarous manner with -which I have been treated in my own country? You know what I have gone -through. I enter port after a storm that has lasted thirty years. I -enjoy the protection of a king; I find the conversation of a -philosopher--the society of a delightful man--united in one, who, for -the space of sixteen years, has exerted himself to comfort me in my -misfortunes, and to shelter me from my enemies. All is to be feared for -me in Paris; here I am sure of tranquillity: if I can answer for -anything, it is for the character of the king of Prussia." He wrote with -even more enthusiasm to his niece. "He is the most amiable of men; he is -a king; it is a passion of sixteen years' standing; he has turned my -head. I have the insolence to think that nature formed me for him. There -is a singular conformity in our tastes. I forget that he is master of -half Germany, and see in him only a good, a friendly man." - -To establish the poet at his court, Frederic named him his chamberlain, -and gave him the brevet of a pension of twenty thousand francs for -himself, and four thousand for his niece, who was invited to come and -take up her abode with her uncle at Potzdam. Before he accepted these -bounties, it was necessary to obtain permission from his own sovereign, -of whom he was placeman and pensioner. Frederic himself wrote to solicit -the consent of the king of France. To Voltaire's surprise, Louis showed -displeasure. Monarchs are usually averse to any display of independence -on the part of their subjects and servants. He accepted the poet's -resignation of the place of historiographer, which Voltaire had hoped to -keep, but permitted him to retain his title of gentleman in ordinary and -his pension. Yet this was done in a manner that showed Voltaire that if -he were forced to leave Prussia, his position in his native country -would be more perilous and stormy than ever. - -He felt, also, deeply disappointed in finding himself obliged to give up -the idea of having his niece, Madame Denis, with him in Prussia. "The -life we lead at Potzdam," he writes, "which pleases me, would drive a -woman to despair; so I leave her my house in Paris, my plate, and my -horses, and I add to her income." Still his niece and his friends were -not content at his throwing himself so entirely into the power of -Frederic, and their suggestions inspired a thousand doubts as to the -prudence of his choice, especially when the severity of the winter made -him feel that the climate was ill suited to his feeble constitution. - -However, he manfully opposed himself to the objections raised against -his choice, and the sufferings which the long icy winter caused him to -endure. He devoted himself to authorship. His chief occupation was his -"Age of Louis XIV.," of which he was justly proud. He felt that he could -write with greater freedom while absent from France. "I shall here -finish," he writes, "the 'Age of Louis XIV.,' which, perhaps, I had -never written in Paris. The stones with which I erect this monument in -honour of my country had, there, served but to crush me; a bold word had -seemed a lawless licence, and the most innocent expressions had been -interpreted with that charity that spreads poison through all." Again he -writes: "I shall be historiographer of France in spite of my enemies, -and I was never so desirous of doing well the duties of my place as -since I lost it. This vast picture of so illustrious an age turns my -head. If Louis XIV. be not great, at least his age is. It is an immense -work: I shall revise it severely, and shall endeavour, above all, to -render the truth neither odious nor dangerous." - -Besides this great undertaking, he corrected his tragedies. As usual, he -infected all round with his love of the drama. A theatre was established -at court; the brothers and sisters of the king took parts in his plays, -and submitted to his instructions. This was a species of flattery well -suited to turn a poet's head; yet soon, very soon, the dark cloud -appeared in the horizon, and his attention became roused to assure -himself whether indeed he heard the far off thunder of an approaching -storm. These dawnings of fear and distrust are ingenuously detailed in -his letters to his niece. -[Sidenote: Nov. -6. -1750.] -"It is known, then, at Paris," he writes, "that we have acted the death -of Cæsar at Potzdam; that prince Henri is a good actor, has no accent, -and is very amiable; and that pleasures may be found here. All this is -true--but--the suppers of the king are delicious--seasoned by reason, -wit, and science--liberty reigns over them--he is the soul of all--no -ill-humour, no clouds--at least, no storms; my life is independent and -occupied; but--but--operas, plays, carousals, suppers at -Sans-souci--warlike manœuvres, concerts, study, readings; but--but--the -weather, my dear child, begins to be very cold----" - -Such were the first expressions of distrust inspired by observing a -certain degree of deceit in the king. He found that he could turn those -into ridicule whom he flattered most to their face; and he also found -that such blowing of hot and cold with the same breath, which is deemed -almost fair in some societies, was fertile of annoyance when practised -by a king whose word is law, whose smiles are the ruling influence of -the day, whose slightest remark is reported, magnified, and becomes the -rule of action to all around; and he began to feel that the chain that -bound him and the king, which he flattered would be worn equally by -both, fell heavily round him only. He became aware that the king was not -the less despotic and self-willed for being a philosopher. In truth, -Frederic and Voltaire had a mutual and sincere love for each other. They -agreed in their opinions, they sympathised in their views. Each enjoyed -the conversation, the wit, the gaiety, the genius of the other; but -Voltaire panted for entire independence: to think, to speak, to write -freely, was as necessary as the air he breathed. To gain these -privileges he had quitted France; and though he passionately loved -flattery and distinction, yet these were only pleasing when they waited -upon his every caprice; and became valueless when he was called upon to -sacrifice the humour of the moment to gain them. The king delighted in -Voltaire's talents; but, then, he wished them to be as much at his -command as a soldier's valour, which deserves reward, but which may only -be displayed at the word of command. - -The moment a feeling of injustice on one side, and of assumption of -direction on the other, showed themselves, a thousand circumstances -arose to embitter the intercourse of the unequal friends. The king had a -favourite guest, la Metrie, a physician by profession, the worst, -Voltaire tells us, that ever practised, an unprincipled fellow, but -witty and vivacious; whose good spirits, and bold and infidel opinions, -pleased Frederic, who made him his reader. This sort of man is never -suited to a court. The same restless aspiration after independence that -renders a man an infidel in opinions makes him a bad courtier. -[Sidenote: Sept. -2. -1751. -Ætat. -57.] -"La Metrie," writes Voltaire to his niece, "boasts in his prefaces of -his extreme felicity in being near a great king, who sometimes reads his -poems to him; but, in secret, he weeps with me; he would leave this -place on foot: and I--why am I here? You will be astonished at what I -tell you. La Metrie swore to me the other day, that, when speaking to -the king of my pretended favour, and of the petty jealousy that it -excites, he replied, 'I shall not want him for more than a year longer: -one squeezes the orange, and throws away the peel.'" - -These words sank deep in Voltaire's mind; and not less deeply did the -king feel an expression of the irritable poet, who called himself -Frederic's laundress, and said, when he corrected the royal poems, that -he was washing the king's dirty linen. Such heedless speeches, carried -from one to the other by the thoughtless or the malicious, destroyed -every feeling of attachment, and circumstances soon concurred to inspire -both with mistrust, to inspire the weaker with a desire of throwing off -his chains, and the stronger with a more unworthy determination of -adding to their weight. - -The first circumstance of any importance that occurred was a pecuniary -transaction between Voltaire and a Jew. Voltaire says, that after the -speech of Frederic, reported to him by la Metrie, he wished to put his -orange peel in safety. Whether his transaction with the Jew concerned -the placing of his money cannot be told; it is enveloped in great -obscurity; however, what is certain is, that it was submitted to a legal -trial, the Jew condemned, and Voltaire entirely exonerated from blame. -The mere fact, however, of an accusation being made against him, and -fault found, was matter of triumph to his enemies. A thousand libels -were circulated in Paris and Berlin, and a thousand falsehoods told. -Frederic, when he heard of the dispute, referred it to the decision of -the law. In this he did well. But he affected to distrust Voltaire; he -forbade him to appear at court till the decision of the judges was -known. Voltaire was far above peculation and pecuniary meanness. The -king committed an irremissible crime in friendship, whether he really -distrusted Voltaire, or merely pretended so to do. But a king of Prussia -is an absolute monarch; all belonging to him are his creatures; and that -one of these should venture out of bounds, either to secure his property -or to augment it, was regarded as a deep offence. Voltaire must be -humbled. Treated like a servant, not a friend, what wonder that the -sensitive poet felt that the orange was squeezed a little too hardly, -and began to earnestly desire to save as much of it as he could. A sort -of reconciliation, however, ensued; again all appeared smiling on the -surface, though all was hollow beneath. Voltaire engaged in printing his -"Age of Louis XIV.," was desirous of finishing it before he quitted -Prussia; meanwhile he had a sum of money to the amount of 300,000 -livres, about 15,000_l_., which he wished to place; he took care not to -put it in the Prussian funds, but secured it advantageously on certain -estates which the duke of Wirtemburg possessed in France. Through the -infidelity of the post Frederic discovered this transaction, and felt -that it was a preparation for escape. Accordingly, he made more use of -him than ever as a corrector of his literary works. In spite of all -these disturbances, there was something in the life of Potzdam -peculiarly agreeable to Voltaire. "I am lodged conveniently," he writes, -"in a fine palace. I have a few friends about me of my own way of -thinking, with whom I dine regularly and soberly. When I am well enough, -I sup with the king; and conversation does not turn either upon -individual gossip or general ineptities, but upon good taste, the arts, -and true philosophy; on the means to attain happiness, on the mode of -discerning the true from the false, upon liberty of thought: in short, -during the two years I have spent at this place, which is called a -court, but which is really a retreat for philosophers, not a day has -passed during which I have not learnt something instructive." Thus -Voltaire tried to blind himself, while he really enjoyed the -conversation and friendship of Frederic, and while the cloven foot of -despotism remained in shadow. - -Among other modes of civilising Prussia and spreading the blessings of -knowledge, Frederic had established an academy. This was a favourite -creation, and it did him honour. The president was Maupertuis, a man of -some ability, but whose talents were vitiated by the taint of envy. He -had considered himself the first _bel esprit_ at court till Voltaire -appeared. He and the poet had corresponded heretofore, and Voltaire had -not spared flattery in his letters; but he neglected to mention -Maupertuis's name in his speech when he took his seat in the French -academy. This was not an injury to be forgiven; and though Voltaire paid -him every sort of attention, the other could ill brook his superior -favour, especially as Frederic, who had never relished his conversation, -frequently excluded him from the royal suppers, and joined with Voltaire -in making him the object of their endless pleasantries. At first -Voltaire only jested, because he was a wit and could not help it; but -Maupertuis contrived to rouse a more bitter spirit. - -He had discovered a new principle in mechanics, that of the _least -power_: this principle met much opposition, and Kœnig, a Prussian -mathematician, not only argued against it, but quoted a fragment of a -letter of Leibnitz, in which this principle was mentioned and objected -to. Kœnig confessed that he possessed only a copy of the letter in -question, acknowledging that the original was lost. Maupertuis took -advantage of this circumstance; he induced the academy, of which he was -president, to summon Kœnig to produce the original; and when this was -allowed not to be found, he proceeded to accuse him of forgery. He got -up a meeting of such academicians as he could influence, by whom Kœnig -was declared unworthy to be any longer a member, and his name erased -from the list. - -Kœnig had formerly instructed madame du Châtelet in the philosophy of -Leibnitz. Voltaire consequently knew and esteemed him, and was indignant -at the persecution he suffered; he took his part openly, and was only -restrained from crushing his adversary by Frederic's personal request -not to make a jest of his academy or its president. The seeds of -animosity, however, between him and Maupertuis, long sown, sprung up and -flourished with vigour. Maupertuis contrived to excite a disreputable -person of the name of La Beaumelle to attack the poet. His calumnies -ought to have met with contempt only; but Voltaire was irritated, and -his dislike to Maupertuis increased. The president published a book full -of philosophical follies, which Voltaire satirised unsparingly. He wrote -a diatribe called "Akakia," and read it to the king; Maupertuis was the -butt of a thousand witticisms, and the royal suppers rang with laughter -at his expense. But Voltaire was not content to make a jest of -Maupertuis only in the royal presence, and Frederic, beginning to think -that to attack his president was to attack his academy and also himself, -published two pamphlets against Kœnig, which also inculpated Voltaire. -The poet was indignant. "I see," he writes to his niece, "that the -orange is squeezed; I must now try to save the rind. I am going to write -a small dictionary for the use of kings, in which it will be shown that -_my friend, means my slave; my dear friend, you are becoming indifferent -to me; I will make you happy, I will endure while I need you; sup with -me this evening, you shall be my butt to-night._ Seriously, my heart is -wounded. Speak to a man with tenderness, and write pamphlets against -him--and what pamphlets! Tear a man from his country by the most solemn -promises, and treat him with the blackest malignity. What a contrast!" - -Voltaire was not a man to suffer these attacks without punishing them -with a visitation of his unbridled wit. Fearful of attacking Frederic, -he revenged himself on Maupertuis, and published "Akakia." - -He belonged to the republic of letters, and did not understand that it -should be ruled by the will of one man. And then, while he vehemently -reprehended those authors who had made their literary enemies the -objects of public satire, he, himself, indulged in the most bitter -attacks. Frederic considered "Akakia" as a satire, deserved by -Maupertuis, and thus a blameless source of merriment at his supper -table, where he had no objection to turn his president into ridicule; -but the publication was quite another affair; by this he considered his -academy, and consequently himself, attacked; and he retaliated by a -still more flagrant outrage. He caused the diatribe to be burnt by the -hands of the hangman in the public square of Berlin. Voltaire had a -right to be deeply incensed by this act. He did not attack the honour or -morality of Maupertuis in his diatribe, but simply ridiculed his -opinions; and though "Akakia" has only that slight merit, dependent on -associations of the day, now lost, which rendered it amusing to a -circle, and was not adapted for general reading nor posterity, still, as -it was not libellous, the act of the king of Prussia was an insolent -exertion of intolerable despotism. He meant, perhaps, to break -Voltaire's spirit by such an insult. Knowing that he could not return to -Paris, he fancied him at his mercy. Voltaire had, however, but one -wish--to escape, and to feel himself once more free. On this outrage he -instantly returned "the king's baubles," as he called them,--the key of -chamberlain, his cross, and the brevet of his pension,--with these -verses:-- - - -"Je les reçus avec tendresse, -Je les renvoie avec douleur, -Comme un amant, dans sa jalouse ardeur, -Rend le portrait de sa maitresse." - - -Thus trying to soften the acquisition of his freedom to Frederic -himself. He at the same time said that he was ill, and asked permission -to drink the waters of Plombières. The king, desirous of keeping him on -his own terms, replied by sending some bark, and, observing that there -were as medicinal waters in Silesia as at Plombières, refused -permission for his journey. - -Voltaire had but one other resource: he asked permission to see the -king. They met, and the pleasure they took in each other's society -seemed at once to obliterate the recollection of offence and wrong. It -is said that Voltaire appeared before the king with "Akakia" in his -hand; on entering the room, he threw it into the fire, saying, "There, -sire, is the only remaining copy of that unhappy hook which caused me to -lose your friendship." The king, in his German simplicity, fancied that -the poet spoke the simple truth; he rushed to the fire to save the -pamphlet from among the burning fagots. Voltaire struggled to poke it -in. Frederic at length drew out the half-burnt pages in triumph. He -embraced his friend. They supped together. "A supper of Damocles," -Voltaire calls it; but to the king it was one of triumph, since it -appeared to be the sign that he had bent Voltaire's spirit to pass over -the indignities heaped on him, and secured him as a submissive courtier -for ever. As a token of his renewed servitude, he gave him back "the -baubles." Maupertuis, himself, was not spared by the friends, who, as -far as wit could go, sacrificed him at the shrine of their -reconciliation. Voltaire, however, had but one end in view. He used his -regained influence to obtain permission for a journey to Plombières, -promising to be absent only a few months--a promise he did not mean to -keep. But as Francis I. broke the treaty which Charles V. forced him to -make in prison in Madrid, so might Voltaire consider any promise he made -to Frederic void, while the frontiers of Prussia were guarded by an -hundred and fifty thousand men, and independence had become necessary to -his existence. - -Voltaire exulted in escaping from the palace of Alcina--as he named the -abode of Frederic; but he did not think it prudent to venture to Paris, -where his enemies were in vigour, and strengthened by the displeasure -with which Louis XV. regarded the poet's having exchanged his court for -that of Frederic. Instead, therefore, of taking refuge in his own -country (if the subject of an arbitrary monarch can be said to have a -country), he remained some time at Leipsic. Here he received a -ridiculous challenge from Maupertuis, which only tended to add zest to -his pleasantries upon him; and he then proceeded to the court of the -duchess of Saxe Gotha, a most excellent and enlightened princess, "who, -thank God," says Voltaire, "did not write verses." He breathed again -without fear, believing that he hail secured his freedom. He continued -his journey to Frankfort, where he was met by madame Denis. The bad -state of Voltaire's health rendered a woman's presence and attentions -necessary; and he was proud also of the heroic sacrifice it seemed in -those days when a lady, enjoying the pleasures of Parisian society, -quitted them to attend on a sick old uncle, even though that uncle were -Voltaire. Here a sort of tragi-comic adventure ensued, to the temporary -annoyance of the poet, and the lasting disgrace of the king of Prussia. - -Frederic's angry feelings were roused by several just causes of -annoyance. He learned that "Akakia" was published in Holland, and he -remembered the scene of its pretended destruction by its author with -indignation. He was angry, also, that the poet had escaped, and was no -longer liable to the effects of his displeasure, and fear of ridicule -added poignancy to these feelings. Frederic at once wished to punish his -former friend, and to shield himself from the shafts of his ridicule. -Voltaire had taken with him a volume of Frederic's poems, privately -circulated and given to him. The king feared that his corrector might -strip his verses of their borrowed feathers, and deliver up the -unfledged nurslings to the laughter of the world. He sent orders to his -agent at Francfort to demand back this volume, as well as the baubles -before returned and restored. His agent was a Jew of low character, and -totally illiterate. He proceeded against Voltaire, as if he had been a -servant suspected of running away with his master's plate. The precious -volume which Freitag called _L'Œuvre de Poésie du Roi son Maître_, -had been left at Leipsic. Voltaire and madame Denis were kept under -strict arrest till this unfortunate book arrived at Francfort; and as -there are always ill-omened birds who scent ill fortune, and take -advantage of it; so, now, a bookseller of the Hague, whom Voltaire had -employed, many years ago, to print the "Anti-Machiavel" of Frederic, -brought forward a balance of twenty crowns with interest and compound -interest, which the poet was forced to pay. At last, after a -disagreeable and strict imprisonment of nearly a month's duration, -Voltaire and his niece were allowed to depart. - -Thus ended the treaty of equal friendship between king and poet. The -pettiness of the details is striking. We find neither the magnanimity of -a hero in one, nor the calmness of a philosopher in the other. Voltaire -had the excuse that he avenged his injured friend Kœnig in his satire -on Maupertuis. He had dreamed of independence in a palace; and from the -moment he discovered his mistake he was eager to be free. Frederic, -meanwhile, was taught by his enemies to regard him as a restless, -intriguing Frenchman. He had written to him, at the beginning of their -quarrel: "I was glad to receive you. I esteemed your understanding, your -talents, your acquirements; and I believed that a man of your age, weary -of skirmishing with authors and exposing himself to the storm, would -take refuge here as in a tranquil port. First, you exacted from me, in a -singular manner, that I should not engage Freron to correspond with me, -and I had the weakness to yield. You visited the Russian minister, and -talked to him of affairs in which you had no right to interfere; and it -was believed that I commissioned you. You had a dirty transaction with a -Jew, and filled the city with clamour. I preserved peace in my house -till you arrived; and I warn you, that if you have a passion for -intrigue and cabal, you have addressed yourself very ill. I like quiet -people; and if you can resolve to live like a philosopher, I shall be -glad to see you; but if you give way to your passions, and quarrel with -everybody, you had better remain at Berlin. * * * * I write this letter -with unpolished German good sense, which says what it thinks, and -without adopting equivocal terms and soft palliations to disfigure the -truth."[6] This letter shows that Frederic believed himself to be in the -right, and had conceived a bad opinion of his friend. We all know the -height to which misunderstandings can rise when fostered by malicious -and interested persons. We cannot wonder that men of quick tempers like -Frederic and Voltaire should disagree; but it was to be lamented that -they made their pettish quarrels a spectacle for all Europe. - -Voltaire had now a new life to fix upon. He was eager to secure his -entire independence. The tranquillity he had at first enjoyed in Prussia -made him feel the value of peace. This he could never find in his own -country, and he henceforth looked upon expatriation as the only means of -securing his tranquillity. Chance assisted him in forming the choice of -an abode, which, from the independence it afforded, placed him in a high -and dignified position in the eyes of all Europe. He had at first -entertained the plan of establishing himself in Alsatia, in which -province he spent two years, after leaving Prussia, occupied in writing -the annals of the empire; but he was disturbed by the attacks of the -Jesuits, who were angry because they had failed in an endeavour to -convert him. He found that he could not visit Paris with safety; and he -hesitated where to establish himself. Meanwhile, his health being, as -ever, bad, he was advised to try the waters of Aix, in Savoy. - -In his way thither he passed through Lyons. Cardinal Tencin refused to -receive him, on account of his being out of favour at court. Voltaire -was piqued; but the inhabitants of Lyons compensated for the insult. -They entertained him with public honours; got up his tragedies, that he -might be present at the representation, and receive the enthusiastic -applause of an audience who gloried in the opportunity of thus rewarding -the author of works which excited so much admiration. Proceeding from -Lyons to Savoy, he passed through Geneva, and here he consulted -Tronchin, a physician, whom every one looked on as holding life and -death in his hands. Tronchin dissuaded him from trying the waters, but -promised to restore his health if he would make some stay near him. -Voltaire gave readier faith than could have been expected from a -ridiculer of the medical art. He consented to remain in the -neighbourhood of Geneva; and, finding that it was an established law -that no Catholic might purchase land in Protestant Switzerland, it -pleased his whimsical mind instantly to buy an estate in the territory -of Geneva. -[Sidenote: 1755. -Ætat. -61.] -Add to which motive, he fully appreciated the advantages he must derive -from living out of France, yet in a country where French was spoken, and -where liberty of speech and of the press had hitherto reigned -undisturbed. His house, named Les Delices, was beautifully situated. He -describes it as commanding a delightful view. The lake on one side, the -town of Geneva on the other; the swift swelling Rhone formed a stream at -the end of his garden, fed by the Arve and other mountain rivers. A -hundred country houses with their gardens adorned the shores of the lake -and of the rivers; and the Alps were seen afar off,--Mont Blanc and its -range, whose picturesque snow-clad peaks for ever presented new aspects, -as the clouds or the varying sunlight painted them. A philosopher, blest -with affluence, might well be happy in such a seclusion. Soon after his -arrival, Voltaire wrote the fragment of his autobiography, to explain -his quarrel with the king of Prussia. These memoirs are one of his most -entertaining works. The playful sarcasm, which characterises every page -he ever wrote, in this production reaches home, yet can scarcely be said -to sting. He laughs at Frederic and his _Œuvres des Poésies_; he -laughs at his own illusions; and then lingers with fondness on the -retreat he had at last found from the tumult of society and the -friendship or enmity of kings. He congratulates himself on having made -his own fortune, and confesses that this was done by speculations in -finance. "It is necessary to be attentive to the operations to which the -ministry, always pressed and always changing, makes in the finances of -the state," he observes. "Something often occurs of which a private -individual can profit without being under obligations to any one; and it -is vastly agreeable to fabricate one's own fortune. The first step is -troublesome, the rest are easy. One must be economical in one's youth, -and in old age one is surprised at one's wealth. Money is at that time -more necessary, and that time I now enjoy. After having lived with -kings, I am become a king in my home. I possess all the conveniences of -life in furniture, equipages, and good living. The society of agreeable -and clever people occupy all the time spared from study and the care I -am forced to take of my health. While I enjoy the most pleasant style of -life that can be imagined, I have the little philosophic pleasure of -perceiving that the kings of Europe do not taste the same happy -tranquillity; and I conclude that the position of a private person is -often preferable to that of royalty." - -These words were singularly verified in the renewal of his -correspondence with the king of Prussia. Frederic had begun it by -sending him an opera he had founded on "Mérope." -[Sidenote: 1756. -Ætat. -62.] -Soon after the coalition was formed against Prussia, which, victorious -at first, brought Frederic to the position of rebel against the empire. -The loss of a battle reduced him to extremities; and, rather than submit -to his enemies, he resolved to commit suicide. He wrote a long epistle -in verse announcing his intention: Voltaire answered it in prose, and -combated his idea by every argument that seemed most likely to have -weight. Frederic was in some sort convinced; he dismissed the idea of -self-destruction; but he resolved to fall on the field of battle, unless -the victory was decided in his favour. - -This more heroic resolution was rewarded by the gain of two battles, in -which scarcely a Prussian fell, and the defeat of the enemy was -complete. Frederic wrote triumphantly to his friend to announce his -victories. -[Sidenote: 1758. -Ætat. -64.] -Soon after, Voltaire was applied to by cardinal Tencin, who had refused -to receive him at Lyons, to forward letters which were to negotiate a -peace. The wily philosopher consented: he was aware that the cardinal -would fail, and he was malicious enough to wish to enjoy the sight of -his mortification. The cardinal did fail, and more disgracefully than he -expected; and the disappointment cost him his life. "I have never been -able to understand," Voltaire observes, "how it is that people are -killed by vexation, and how ministers and cardinals, whose hearts are so -hard, retain sufficient sensibility to die from the effects of a -disappointment. It was my design to mortify and laugh at, not to kill -him." - -Voltaire had secured his safety, and could give himself up to that -ardent love of study, that restless aspiration for fame, that eager -endeavour to overthrow the superstitions (and, unfortunately, more than -the superstitions, the religion) of Europe, and that more noble -resolution to oppose all abuses, and to be the refuge and support of the -oppressed, which animated his soul through a long life chequered by -physical suffering. In his retreat of Les Delices, he brought out his -historical work on the "Manners and Spirit of Nations." He composed -several of his best tragedies; he wrote "Candide," a book rendered -illustrious by its wit and penetrating spirit of observation, in spite -of its grossness and implied impiety, which are the reigning blemishes -of Voltaire's writings. As usual, also, he erected a theatre in his -house. Added to his habitual love for theatrical amusements, he hoped to -impart a taste for them to the Genevese, and so to weaken that ascetic -spirit of repulsion of intellectual pleasure to which, whether enjoined -by monks or recommended by Calvin, he was hostile. - -All, however, was not labour, peace, and amusement. The publication of -the poem of the "Pucelle" threatened a renewal of the persecutions of -which he had been the victim in his earlier days. Several forged verses -in ridicule of Louis XV. and madame de Pompadour had been foisted into -the surreptitious edition that appeared, and it was with difficulty that -his friends proved that he was not the writer. Voltaire, indeed, was -always in a state of inky war. A man who had provoked the priesthood of -Europe, and whose talent for perceiving and pourtraying the ridiculous -was unequalled and unsparing, could not fail in creating a host of -enemies. Satires, epigrams, and libels rained on him. In his retirement -of Les Delices, he might, if he had chosen, have been insensible to -these attacks; but not one but found their way; he answered all, dealing -about his shafts dipped in sarcasm and irony, and spreading abroad a -sort of terror that served as a wholesome check to his enemies. A word -or line from his pen marked a man for ever. Several among those thus -attacked were forced to hide themselves till a new victim was immolated, -and their own disgrace forgotten. In his "Life of Molière," speaking of -the epigrams with which Boileau and Molière attacked, and, it is said, -caused the death of Cotin, Voltaire called this the sad effect of a -licence rather perilous than useful, which is more apt to flatter the -malignity of men than to inspire good taste; and in his "Essay on -Satire," he severely blames Boileau for naming the poets whom he -censures. Yet, with blind inconsistency, Voltaire never spared an enemy. -He conceived that, if attacked by, he had a fair right to annihilate, as -he well could, the stinging gadflies of literature. The society of Paris -was kept alive by his multitudinous epigrams. This engendered a baneful -spirit of sarcasm, and spread abroad an appetite for injuring others by -ridicule, slander, and jests that wound. They rendered society more -heartless and more cruel than ever. - -Voltaire, himself, was visited by the effects of the disturbed state of -feeling he helped to engender. He had hoped to find a safe asylum in the -Genevese territories. But his attacks on their prejudices created a host -of enemies. He began to feel that the dark shadows of persecution were -gathering round. -[Sidenote: 1762. -Ætat. -68.] -He found that, although his presence in Paris would not be permitted, he -might, in safety, take up his abode in a remote part of France. He -purchased, therefore, the estate of Ferney, on the French territory, -within a short distance of Geneva; and thus with a foot, as it were, in -two separate states, he hoped to find safety in one if threatened with -hostility in the other. - -He was more fortunate than he anticipated. The persecutions he -afterwards endured were reduced to little more than threats, and were -less than might be expected by a man who first raised the voice of -hostility to, and resolved on, the destruction of a system of religion -supported by a powerful hierarchy which was in possession of half the -wealth of the nations who professed their faith, and which was regarded -as the bulwark of their power by the monarchs of Europe. Voltaire's poem -on the law of Nature, and his version of Ecclesiastes, were burnt in -Paris as deistical and blasphemous, although the latter had no fault but -that of turning the sublime into commonplace. A poem on the earthquake -at Lisbon was also produced at this time; and "Candide" was written and -published. To collect together the most dreadful misfortunes, to heap -them on the head of a single individual, and in one canvass to group all -of disastrous that a fertile imagination can paint, and present this as -a picture of life, does not seem at first sight the most worthy -occupation of a philosopher. Voltaire himself, though he had met -reverses, was a living refutation of "Candide." But as, in truth, -whether by sudden reverse or the slow undermining of years, all human -hope does fade and decay, as life proceeds to its close; so Voltaire, -now nearly seventy years of age, might, on looking back, consider -disappointment and sorrow as the mark of humanity; and, by showing these -ills to be inevitable, inculcate a philosophical indifference. Still the -tone of "Candide" is not moral, and, like all Voltaire's lighter -productions, is stamped with a coarseness which renders it unfit for -general perusal. In addition to these minor productions, Voltaire -laboured at the correction and enlargement of his historical work on the -"Manners and Spirit of Nations,"--one of the greatest monuments which -his genius achieved. - -While Voltaire was at Berlin, d'Alembert and Diderot had set on foot the -project of the "Encyclopédie." Their plan was, to write a book which -would become indispensable to every library, from its containing the -most recent discoveries in philosophy, and the best explanations and -details on every topic, and this mingled with an anti-catholic spirit, -that would serve to sap the foundations of the national religion. -Voltaire contributed but few, and those merely literary, articles to -this work--whose progress, however, he regarded with lively interest. - -The outcry against the "Encyclopédie" was of course prodigious; every -one who did not belong to the party formed by the lovers of innovation -rose against it. Parliament and clergy pronounced its condemnation, and -succeeded so far in suppressing it, that the editors were obliged to -continue it clandestinely. They, however, did not submit without a -struggle: a literary war was declared, which raged furiously. Voltaire -was considered at the head of the liberal party, and he gave his mighty -aid to turn the opposers of his opinions into ridicule. One after the -other, they sank under the shafts of his wit, and were forced to take -shelter in retirement from the ridicule with which his epigrams had -covered them. Voltaire considered his thus abetting his friends a sacred -duty. "I belong to a party," he wrote, "and a persecuted, party, which, -persecuted as it is, has nevertheless gained the greatest possible -advantage over its enemies, by rendering them at once odious and -ludicrous." - -It is pleasant to turn from these matters, which often display the -self-love and intolerance of the philosophers of the day, to such acts -as stamp Voltaire as a generous man, full of the warmest feelings of -benevolence, and capable of exerting all his admirable faculties in the -noblest cause,--that of assisting and saving the unfortunate. A great -niece of Corneille lived in indigence in Paris. A friend of hers -conceived the happy thought of applying to Voltaire for assistance; and -that which he instantly afforded, at once rescued her from privation and -care. His answer to the application deserves record. "It becomes an old -follower of the great Corneille to endeavour to be useful to the -descendant of his general. When one builds chateaux and churches, and -has poor relations to support, one has but little left to assist one, -who ought to be aided by the first people in the kingdom. I am old. I -have a niece who loves the fine arts, and cultivates them with success. -If the young lady of whom you speak will accept a good education under -my niece's care, she will look on her as a daughter, and I will be to -her as a father." This offer was of course gratefully accepted. The -young lady was clever, lively, yet gentle. Voltaire himself assisted in -her education. "I do not wish to make her learned," he writes, "but -desire that she should learn how to conduct the affairs of life and to -be happy." He was rewarded for his exertion by his protégée's docility -and gratitude. As a means of obtaining a dowry for her, he wrote his -elaborate commentary on Corneille's works, and published it, with an -edition of the great tragedian's works, by subscription--inducing the -monarchs and nobles of Europe, through his mighty influence, to send in -their names, and thus fabricated a fortune for the orphan. - -Soon after, another and more important occasion offered itself for -serving his fellow creatures, and he acquitted himself of the task with -resolution and success. - -The frightful spirit of persecution of the Huguenots, engendered by the -revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV. and his -dragoon-missionaries, still survived in the provinces; and not only -embittered the minds of the ignorant, but influenced the legal -authorities, and led them always to associate the ideas of crime and -Protestantism together. Jean Calas had been a merchant of Thoulouse for -forty years. He was a Protestant--an upright and good man, and by no -means bigoted. One of his sons was a convert to Catholicism; but, far -from showing displeasure. Calas made him an allowance for his -maintenance. A female servant who had been in his family for thirty -years was a Catholic. One of his sons, named Marc-Antoine, committed -suicide. He was a young man of a restless, sombre, discontented -disposition; he disliked trade, and found himself excluded by the laws -against his religion from entering on any profession. He read various -books on suicide--conversed on the subject with his friends--and one -day, having lost all his money in play, resolved on the fatal act. The -family supped together; they had a guest with them--a young man only -nineteen, named Lavaisse, known for his amiable and gentle disposition. -After supper, Marc-Antoine left them; and when, shortly after, Lavaisse -took his leave, and the father went down stairs to let him out, they -discovered his son hanging from a door: he had undressed himself, folded -up his clothes, and committed the act with the utmost deliberation. The -family were seized with terror. They summoned medical aid and officers -of justice; their cries and terror gathered a crowd about the house. The -only error they committed was, that, knowing the horror in which suicide -was held, they at first declared that the unfortunate man had died a -natural death. The falsehood of this assertion being at once detected, -the most frightful suspicions were the consequence. - -The people of Thoulouse were peculiarly fanatical--they regarded -Protestants as monsters capable of any crime: a whisper was raised that -Jean Calas had murdered his son. A story was quickly fabricated and -believed. It was alleged that Marc-Antoine was on the point of abjuring -Protestantism, and that his family and Lavaisse had murdered him, to -prevent him from putting his design into execution. A thousand other -details were swiftly invented for the purpose of adding terror to the -scene. The chief magistrate of Thoulouse, named David, excited by these -rumours, and paying no attention to possibility or proof, without even -proceeding with legal forms, threw the whole family of Calas, their -Catholic servant, and Lavaisse into prison. In the frenzy of the moment, -they turned the supposed victim into a martyr, and buried him in the -church of St. Etienne, as if he had already abjured his faith, and died -in consequence. One of the religious confraternities of the town -celebrated his funeral with pomp; a magnificent catafalque was raised to -his honour, on which was placed a skeleton, who was supposed to -represent Marc-Antoine, which was made to move; it held a pen, with -which it was supposed to sign the act of abjuration. The people, excited -by their priests, were transported with fanaticism: they invoked the son -as a saint; they demanded the execution of the father as a murderer. - -The details of the trial of the unfortunate man accused of murdering his -own son were not less frightful and unjust: of twelve judges, six -acquitted him--it required a plurality of voices for his condemnation. -Two judges were terrified into retiring; others were gained over; a -majority of two was obtained, and the unfortunate Calas broken on the -wheel. - -The whole circumstances were full of contradiction and absurdity. Calas -was sixty-eight years of age,--a kind father and a good man. If he had -committed the murder, the whole of his family must have been equally -guilty, as it was proved that they spent the evening together, and that -he had never quitted them for a moment. The judges paused, however, -before they condemned mother, brothers, sisters, the youth, their guest, -and their Catholic servant; they deferred their trial till after the -death of the old man, under the pretence that he might confess under -execution. Calas died in torture, however, protesting his innocence; and -the judges were perplexed what to do next. At first they pronounced a -sentence of acquittal; but, feeling that this decision was in too -glaring contradiction with that which condemned the father to the wheel, -they practised on the weakness of Pierre Calas to induce him to become a -Catholic: fear led him to show signs of yielding, at first; but the -weakness was temporary, and he fled from the monastery in which he had -been induced to take refuge. The unfortunate widow, Lavaisse, and the -servant were liberated. Deprived of fortune, covered with infamy, -reduced to destitution, the wretched family took refuge in Geneva. Their -case was mentioned to Voltaire; he sent for the surviving victims to -Ferney; he questioned them rigorously; the mere fact that the parliament -of Thoulouse had condemned the father, and liberated those who, had a -murder been committed, must have been accomplices, sufficed to show that -the sentence was unjust, and the execution of the unfortunate old man a -legal assassination. He obtained the documents of the proceeding from -Thoulouse; he found the narration of the Calas faithful in all its -parts, while their appearance and words bore the stamp of undeniable -truth. He was struck with horror, and exerted that energy which formed -his prominent characteristic to obtain justice for them,--an undertaking -which must strike any one familiar with narratives of judicial -proceedings in France, at that time, as full of nearly insuperable -obstacles. He interested the duke de Choiseul, a man of known humanity, -in their favour. The duchess d'Enville was then at Geneva, having come -to consult the famous Tronchin. She was an amiable and generous woman, -and superior to the prejudices and superstition of the age. She became -the protectress of the Calas. The family were sent to Paris; the widow -demanded a trial, and surrendered herself to prison. Voltaire was -indefatigable in drawing up memoirs and papers in their justification. -He did what no other man could have done: he roused all Europe to take -interest in their cause, and kept alive the memory of their wrongs by -writings that at once pourtrayed their sufferings and argued in favour -of toleration,--a word which then appeared synonymous with blasphemy, -and even to this day is not imprinted with sufficient depth in the minds -of men. The legal proceedings were carried on at his expense. These -extended to a great length. Two years passed before a definitive -judgment was pronounced; "so easy is it," remarks Voltaire, "for -fanaticism to condemn and destroy the innocent, so difficult for reason -to exculpate them." The duke de Choiseul had named a tribunal which was -not implicated with the tortuous and intolerant policy of the French -parliaments, to try the cause. But endless formalities succeeded one to -the other. The spirit which Voltaire had raised in their favour was -fervent in Paris. Persons of the first distinction visited the accused -in prison, and every one vied with the other in administering -consolation and support. In England a large subscription was raised in -their favour. At length the day of their acquittal arrived. The judges -unanimously pronounced that the whole family was innocent, and the -memory of the unfortunate father was redeemed from infamy. All Paris was -alive with joy and triumph: the people assembled in various parts of the -town; they were eager to see the persons to whom justice was at last -done; they clapped their hands in triumph when they appeared; the judges -addressed the king to supplicate him to repair the pecuniary losses of -the family, and the sum of 36,000 livres was given for this purpose. -Voltaire, in his seclusion among the Alps, heard of the success, and of -the enthusiastic joy with which his countrymen hailed the triumph of -innocence; he had a right to look on himself as the cause, not only of -the justice at last done to the wronged, but of the virtuous sympathy -felt by all Europe in their acquittal. He, whose sensations were all so -keen, felt deeply the gladness of victory. He knew that many blessed his -name; he felt himself to be the cause of good to his fellow-creatures, -and the epithet of the saviour of the Calas was that in which, to the -end of his life, he took most pride and joy. His letters at the moment -of the final decision show the depth of his emotion. -[Sidenote: 1765. -Ætat. -71.] -"Philosophy, alone, has gained this victory," he writes; "my old eyes -weep with joy." To conclude the history, David, the magistrate whose -fanaticism and cruelty hurried on the death of the miserable old man, -was deprived of his place; struck by remorse and shame, he lost his -reason, and soon after died. - -Voltaire, known as the protector of the innocent, was soon called upon -to render a similar service for another family. A girl of the name of -Sirven had been carried off from her Protestant family, and, according -to the barbarous custom of the times, was shut up in a convent; where, -not yielding to conversion as readily as was expected, she was treated -with such severity that in a fit of desperation she threw herself into a -well and was drowned. Instead of punishing the priests and nuns for the -effects of their persecution, her family was accused of her death. They -had time to escape, but were condemned to death for contumacy. The -unfortunate father and mother resolved to apply to Voltaire. Reduced to -destitution, they were forced to make the journey on foot, and presented -themselves in a miserable state at Ferney. Voltaire was eager to raise -his voice in their favour, though he was aware that the public, having -lavished all their pity on the Calas would listen coldly to a new story. -The spirit of toleration, which, nevertheless, he had spread abroad, -served him in this case, as the enthusiasm of compassion had in the -other; such delays, however, occurred, that the unfortunate mother died -while the cause was yet pending. He could not obtain that the case -should be tried in Paris. The accused were obliged to surrender to the -parliament of Thoulouse. The principal people of that town had become -eager to exonerate themselves from the charges of persecution and -injustice which their former conduct had raised. The trial was carried -on impartially, and Sirven was acquitted. Seven years, however, had -elapsed before this tardy act of justice was completed. - -Another instance of religious intolerance, more frightful in some of its -details than the preceding, roused Voltaire to combat the sanguinary -clergy of his country with renewed zeal. But in this instance he could -not save the victims already immolated by the malignancy of private -enmity, and the cruel bigotry of public tribunals. - -Some very young men resident at Abbeville had rendered themselves -notorious for the freedom of their religious opinions. They read and -praised with enthusiasm various infidel books then in vogue. They had -been known to sing blasphemous songs at their supper table; and once, on -returning home late at night after a drunken frolic, one struck with his -cane a wooden crucifix placed by the road side. These acts, committed, -as they were, by boys under twenty, deserved blame, and even it might be -deemed punishment, but punishment suited to their few years and -consequent thoughtlessness; but it was a frightful exaggeration to -consider them criminals in the eye of the law, especially as none -existed in France against misdemeanours of this nature, and they could -only be punished by an act of arbitrary power. This was exerted to -punish them with a barbarity which is supposed to characterise the -Spanish inquisition alone; though if we read the history of the Gallican -church, we find that the priests of its powerful hierarchy were behind -those of no nation in the spirit of sanguinary and merciless -persecution. Unfortunately, in the present instance, one of the -principal actors in this foolish scene, a boy of seventeen, had a -personal enemy. A rich and avaricious old man of Abbeville, named -Belleval, had an intrigue with madame de Brou, abbess of Villancour. -This lady's nephew, the chevalier de la Barre, came to pay her a visit; -he and his friends were in the habit of supping in the convent, and he -was considered the successful rival of Belleval. This man resolved to be -revenged. He spread abroad in Abbeville the history of their blasphemous -conversations; he excited the spirit of fanaticism against them among -the populace, and raised such clamour in the city that the bishop of -Amiens thought it necessary to visit it for the purpose of taking -informations with regard to the circumstances reported to him. Belleval -busied himself in collecting witnesses, and in exaggerating every -instance of folly committed by these youths. Unfortunately, not only the -populace and priests of the city, but the tribunals by whom the cause -was tried, seconded too frightfully his iniquitous designs; although the -very fact of the misconduct of the abbess, by bringing the Catholic -religion into disrespect among these boys, ought to have pleaded in -their favour. The young men were condemned to a cruel death. Amongst -them was numbered Belleval's own son; this was unexpected by the -informer; and, in despair, he contrived that, he should escape, together -with two of his young associates. The remainder were not so fortunate. -La Barre, a youth, scarcely seventeen, condemned to undergo the torture -and to have his tongue cut out, and then to be decapitated, underwent -his sentence. When too late, the people of France awoke to a just sense -of horror at the cruelty committed. Voltaire was transported by -indignation. "You have heard," he wrote to d'Alembert, "the account from -Abbeville. I do not understand how thinking beings can remain in a -country where monkeys so often turn to tigers. I am ashamed to live even -on the frontier. This, indeed, is the moment to break all ties and carry -elsewhere the horror with which I am filled. What! at Abbeville, -monsters in the guise of judges, sentence a child of sixteen to perish -by the most frightful death--their judgment is confirmed--and the nation -bears it! Is this the country of philosophy and luxury? It is that of -St. Bartholomew. The inquisition had not dared to put in execution what -these Jansenist judges have perpetrated." - -Voltaire's horror could not save the victim, for the evil was committed -before the news of the trial reached him. The populace, it is true, even -before the execution of the victims, returned to their senses, and -Belleval was held in such execration that he was forced to fly from -Abbeville, to avoid being torn to pieces. But the king and parliament of -Paris refused to repair their fault towards the survivors. Voltaire did -what he could. He recommended one of the victims who had fled, the -chevalier d'Etallonde, to the king of Prussia, whose service he entered; -and he endeavoured to open the eyes of government to the justice and -propriety of repairing its crime. But the duke de Choiseul feared to -act, and the parliament of Paris was a bigoted and intolerant body. - -To his honour, we find that he was unwearied in his endeavours. When -Louis XVI. succeeded to the crown, and a milder reign commenced, he -renewed his exertions. D'Etallonde had, from good conduct, been promoted -in the Prussian army. He invited him to Ferney, and endeavoured to -interest the ministers of Louis in his favour, and to prevail on them to -revoke his sentence: in vain; the government had not sufficient justice -to avoid a fault, nor humanity to desire to repair it. - -Such were the crimes committed in the outraged name of religion, that -animated Voltaire with the desire of wresting the power of doing ill -from the hands of the priesthood of his country, and which made him the -unwearied and active enemy of a system which sanctioned such atrocities. -In the present instance, something of fear added a sting to his -feelings. The "Philosophical Dictionary," a work he denied having -written, but of which, in reality, he was the author, was mentioned -among the books, a respect for which formed one of La Barre's crimes, -and it was burned in Paris, while exertions were made to denounce and -punish him as the author. These failed; but they embittered Voltaire's -enmity. He spread abroad the history of the enormities, which the -perpetrators, ashamed too late, were desirous of hushing up. Lalli, a -barrister, who was accused of having a principal part in the nefarious -proceeding, wrote to Voltaire at once to excuse himself, and threaten -the author. Voltaire replied, by an anecdote in Chinese history. "I -forbid you," said the emperor of China, to the chief of the historical -tribunal, "to mention me." The mandarin took out his note book and -pen--"What are you doing?" said the emperor. "I am writing down the -order which your majesty has just pronounced." - -As some sort of compensation for these acts of horror and cruelty, -Voltaire heard of the banishment of the Jesuits from France. This -community had long reigned paramount in that kingdom; one of the society -was, by custom, always selected as confessor of the king. It had -signalised itself by every possible act of intolerance and persecution. -The Jansenists, the Huguenots, and the Quietists were exiled, -imprisoned, and ruined, through their influence. France was depopulated. -In bitterness of spirit, the truly pious and wise of the kingdom, -Boileau, Racine, Pascal, Fénélon, Arnaud, and a long list more, knew -that their zeal for a pure religion exposed them to persecution. -Voltaire disliked the Jansenists, and ridiculed the Quietists; but he -was too just not to revolt from persecution; and though, from the -prejudices of early education, he was inclined to look favourably on the -Jesuits, he rejoiced in their fall from the power which they misused, -and their expulsion from a country, so many of whose most virtuous -inhabitants they had visited with exile and ruin. - -In writing Voltaire's life, we have too often to turn from acts denoting -a benevolent and generous spirit, to others which were inspired by -self-love, and a restless spirit that could not repose. Among these, his -conduct to Rousseau has disgraceful prominence. It is true that the -citizen of Geneva had provoked him first; but Rousseau was the victim of -the system of tyranny which Voltaire so fervently deprecated. Even if -his intellects were not impaired, he had, from the unfortunate -susceptibility of his disposition, and the misfortunes that pursued him, -become an object of commiseration, at least to one who sympathised in -his opinions and views. But once attacked, Voltaire never forgave. He -could not be injured, yet he avenged the intended injury. Had he -confined his ridicule and blame of Rousseau to conversation and letters, -it had, considering his influence in society, been sufficient revenge; -but when, to a great degree excited by Rousseau, those troubles and -tumults occurred in Geneva, from which Voltaire was so far the sufferer, -that he thought himself obliged to sell his property of Les Delices, he -made the tumults the subject of a licentious and burlesque poem, in -which Rousseau was held up to ridicule. The disgrace, however, recoiled -on himself. His most enthusiastic friends blamed his conduct, and -disliked his poem. - -Voltaire ran a more fortunate career than befalls most men. He was rich, -and he had been wise enough to adopt a system that insured his -independence. At a distance from the capital, he was in reality removed -from the cabals of literature, the turmoils of society, and from the -excitement, so often attended by disappointment, that belongs to the -life of a literary man of high reputation. He led what he himself terms -a patriarchal life; his niece was at the head of his household. The -niece of Corneille, adopted by him, had married M. Dupuis, a gentleman -of some fortune in the neighbourhood of Geneva, and resided in his -house. No foreigner ever passed from France to Italy without paying a -visit to Ferney. All those of any note or merit were received with -cordial hospitality, and the chateau was never free from guests: above -fifty persons of different grades--masters, guests, and -servants--inhabited it. In the midst of this turmoil, Voltaire led a -laborious life. His health was feeble. During the winters, which the -neighbourhood of the eternal snows render peculiarly severe, he was -nearly always confined to his bed. But physical suffering never tamed -his spirit. From the bed of sickness, he sent abroad various writings, -some in support of the best interests of humanity (as in the cases of -Calas, &c.), others historical and poetic, and not a few replete with -that malicious pleasantry that caused him to be universally feared. - -[Sidenote: 1766. -Ætat. -72.] - -Few things occurred to interrupt the tenour of his life. At one time, -his niece, madame Denis, and his protégés, monsieur and madame Dupuis, -left him to visit Paris, and he was left for nearly two years alone in -his retreat. A thousand reports were current as to the cause of this -separation; but, in time, it became acknowledged that Voltaire's own -account of it was true. "I have been," he wrote to madame du Deffand, -"the innkeeper of Europe for fourteen years, and I am tired of the -trade. I have received three or four hundred English, who are so fond of -their country, that not one has recollected me since their departure, -except a Scotchman, of the name of Brown, who has written against me. I -have had French colonels, with their officers, who have remained a -month, but who serve their king so well, that they have never written to -me. I have built a chateau and a church. I have spent five hundred -thousand francs in these pious and profane works; and my illustrious -debtors in Paris and Germany, conceiving that these acts of magnificence -did not become me, have thought proper to curtail my means to teach me -wisdom. I found myself suddenly almost reduced to philosophy. I have -sent madame Denis to urge the generous French; I have taken the generous -Germans on myself. My seventy-four years and continual illnesses condemn -me to seclusion and moderation. This life cannot suit madame Denis, who -acted against the grain in coming to live with me in the country. She -needs perpetual company and pleasures to make her endure this desert, -which, according to the Russians themselves, is for five months of the -year worse than Siberia. Madame Denis had need of Paris; the niece of -Corneille had greater need, as she only saw it at an age and in a -situation which did not permit her to become acquainted with it. I made -an effort to separate myself from them, that they might enjoy the -pleasures of the capital." - -After a visit to Paris of nearly two years, they returned to him again. - -A visit to Ferney was an event in a traveller's life. In personal -intercourse, Voltaire was, according to the testimony of the king of -Prussia, and of every other contemporary, and singularly delightful and -entertaining. "You are agreeable in conversation, and instruct and amuse -at the same time. You are the most fascinating creature in the world; -and, when you choose, no one could resist loving you: your wit and -genius are so graceful, that, even while you offend, every one is ready -to forgive you." This is the description that Frederic gives of him. Nor -did age diminish the lustre of his wit, the vivacity of his spirit, or -the alternate gaiety and impressive charm of his conversation. It was -only at a distance that his tendency to what the French call -_tracasserie_--an inherent love of disturbance--and the vehement, -uncourteous, and unfair manner with which he carried on a dispute, made -his contemporaries, while they viewed him with wonder and delight, yet -alternately fear and censure him. He appeared particularly amiable to -those who sought his protection, for he was ever generous in pecuniary -points, and lavish of his praises to literary men, as long as they paid -worship at his shrine. His intercourse with Marmontel illustrates this -subject, and we shall extract his account of his visit to Ferney, as -giving a vivid picture of the vivacity, and whimsical and capricious -disposition, of this singular man; who in age and suffering was as -energetic, active, and enthusiastic as a youth just entering warm and -undeceived on the scene of life. - -Marmontel had several years before been excited by him to venture on a -literary career in Paris. On his arrival, Voltaire received him with a -cordiality that warmed the young man's heart; his purse and house were -open to him. Nor did he stop at mere offers; he encouraged him in his -arduous endeavours, and he showed paternal joy in his success. These are -real and absolute virtues in a great man. There is so little -encouragement to literary ambition abroad in the world, especially in -this country. Those who hold the place of judges in the literary world -(including in this class those whose trade is criticism as well as -amateurs) are so afraid of compromising their reputation; and the rest -of society dare not pronounce an opinion for themselves; so that, except -in those instances in which, by a happy hit or servile fosterage of -prejudices, popular favour is gained, and a speedy sale of an edition -gives undeniable proof of success, authors of promise do not meet with -the tithe of the encouragement necessary to sustain them hopeful and -glad in their laborious career. Voltaire's sensitive heart felt that -praise and sympathy were the proper food of the young aspirant, and as -necessary as food, in keeping up that buoyant and confiding spirit which -alone enables him to develope all his powers; he displayed, therefore, -in voice and manner, and in actions, such earnest sympathy as served as -the dearest reward and encouragement to the author. His kindness to -Marmontel was unalterable, but their intercourse was broken off by his -expatriation. Marmontel, accompanied by a friend, visited him at Les -Delices soon after his arrival in Switzerland. "Our welcome," he -narrates, "was the most singular and original in the world. Voltaire was -in bed when we arrived: he held out his arms, and wept with joy, as he -embraced me. 'You find me dying,' he said, 'and you come to restore, or -to receive my last sigh.' My companion was frightened at this -commencement; but I, who had heard Voltaire declare himself dying a -hundred times before, made him a sign not to be alarmed. In fact, a -moment afterwards, the dying man made us sit by his bedside. 'My -friend,' said he to me, 'I am delighted to see you--especially at a time -when I have a man with me whom you will be glad to hear. It is M. de -l'Ecluse, formerly surgeon-dentist to the late king of Prussia, now -possessor of an estate near Montargis; he is a delightful man. Do you -not know him?'--'The only M. de l'Ecluse I know,' I replied, 'was an -actor at the comic opera.' 'That is he, my friend--the very man. If you -know him, you have heard him sing the song of the Remouleur, which he -acted and sang so well.' And then, with his bare arms and sepulchral -voice, Voltaire began to imitate l'Ecluse. We laughed heartily; but he -continued, seriously,--'I imitate him badly--you must hear M. de -l'Ecluse--it is truth itself--how delighted you will be! Go and see -madame Denis. Ill as I am, I shall rise to dine at table. The pleasure -of seeing you has suspended my sufferings, and I feel quite alive -again.' - -"Madame Denis received us with that cordiality which is the charm of her -character. She presented M. de l'Ecluse to us, and at dinner Voltaire -encouraged him by the most flattering praises to give us the pleasure of -hearing him. We appeared charmed--need was--for Voltaire would not have -forgiven faint applause. Our subsequent ramble in his garden was -employed in talking of Paris--the newspapers, the theatres, the -'Encyclopédie,' and the unhappy 'Le Franc de Pompignan,' the butt of -all his jests. His physician, he said, having ordered him to hunt him -every day for two hours, he charged me to assure our friends that they -should receive a fresh epigram every day; and he was faithful to his -promise. On our return from our walk, he played at chess with M. -Gaulard, who respectfully allowed him to win; then we talked of the -drama, and of the revolution in acting brought about by Mlle. Clairon. I -exhausted all the little eloquence I possessed to inspire him with the -same enthusiasm that I felt myself for this actress; and I was enjoying -the impression I appeared to make, when, interrupting me, he exclaimed -with transport--'That is exactly like madame Denis--she has improved -most astonishingly. I wish you could see her play Zaire, Alzire, -Idamè--it is the perfection of talent.' Madame Denis compared to -Clairon! My ardour was checked in a moment; so true it is that taste -accommodates itself to the objects it possesses. In the evening, I drew -Voltaire out about the king of Prussia. He spoke with a sort of lofty -magnanimity; like a man who disdained an easy revenge, or as a lover -pardons a mistress, whom he deserts, for the indignation and blame she -expresses. The conversation at supper turned on the literary men he most -esteemed; and it was easy to discern those whom he really loved--it was -those who made the most public boast of his friendship. Before we went -to rest, he read us two new cantos of the 'Pucelle,' and Madame Denis -remarked to us that this was the only day since his arrival at Les -Delices that he had passed without shutting himself up in his study -during some portion of it. The next day we had the discretion to leave -him during a part of the morning to himself. I told him that we would -wait till he rang. He was visible at eleven o'clock, but was still in -bed. 'Young man,' said he to me, 'I hope you have not renounced -poetry: let me see what you have lately written.' * * * Before dinner he -took me to pay some visits in Geneva; and, speaking of his intercourse -with the Genevese, he said, 'It is agreeable to live in a country whose -sovereigns send to ask you to lend them your carriage when they come to -dine with you.' His house was open to them, they passed whole days -there. * * * - -"In the evening, at supper, our kings and their mistresses were the -subjects of conversation; and Voltaire, while making a comparison of the -gallantry of the old court and the present one, displayed that abundant -memory from which nothing interesting escaped. From madame de la -Vallière to madame de Pompadour, the anecdotic history of the two -reigns, with that of the regency between, passed in review with a -rapidity and a brilliancy of design and colouring quite dazzling. -However he reproached himself for having robbed M. de l'Ecluse of -moments which he said he could have rendered far more diverting, and -begged him to repair his fault by giving us some scenes of the -'Ecosseures,' at which he laughed like a child. - -"The next was our last day. As we were to depart early on the following -morning, we agreed with madame Denis and messieurs Hubert and Cramer to -prolong the pleasure of being together, by sitting up and conversing -till the hour of departure. Voltaire insisted on making one of us: in -vain we pressed him to go to bed; more wakeful than ourselves, he read -us several cantos of 'Joan.' I was delighted; for, if Voltaire, in -reading serious poetry, affected, as it appeared to me, too monotonous a -cadence, and too marked an emphasis, no one ever recited familiar and -comic verses with so much native grace and tact: his eyes and smile had -an expression I never saw in any other man. Our mutual adieu moved us to -tears; more on my part, indeed, than his, as was fit; for, in addition -to my gratitude, and the many causes I had for being attached to him, I -left him in exile." - -Marmontel's account relates to Voltaire's early residence in the -neighbourhood of Geneva. Madame de Genlis visited him in 1776. Being at -Geneva, she wrote to propose paying him a visit. The poet replied -graciously. "When I received his answer," she continues, "I was seized -with sudden fright. I remembered all I had heard related of those who -paid Ferney a first visit. It is the custom, especially for young women, -to tremble, grow pale, and even faint, on perceiving Voltaire: they -throw themselves into his arms, they weep, and show an agitation which -resembles the most passionate love. This is the etiquette of a -presentation at Ferney; and M. de Voltaire is so used to it, that calm -and politeness must appear either impertinent or stupid. - -"I left Geneva in time, according to my calculation, to arrive at Ferney -just before Voltaire's dinner hour; but my watch was wrong, and I did -not discover my error till I arrived. There is no awkwardness more -disagreeable than to be too early when going to dine with those who know -how to occupy their mornings. Wishing really to please a celebrated man, -who was kind enough to receive me, I dressed myself with elegance, and -never before wore so many feathers and flowers. I took with me a German -painter, M. Ott: he was very clever, but with very little literary -knowledge, and, above all, had never read a line of Voltaire; but he -felt the desirable enthusiasm only by hearing of him. He was in a state -of ecstacy on approaching Ferney. I admired and envied his transport. We -entered the drawing room; it was empty. The servants seemed surprised -and hurried; the bells rang, and all gave signs of the truth, that we -had arrived an hour too soon. We saw, at the end of the room, an oil -painting magnificently framed; we hurried to examine it; and, to our -great surprise, found it was a mere daub, representing Voltaire with a -glory round his head, with the family of Calas kneeling before him, -while he trod under foot his enemies Freron and Pompignan. The picture -was the invention of a bad Genevese artist, who made a present of it to -Voltaire. But it seemed the silliest thing in the world to hang it up in -his drawing room. At length the door opened, and madame Denis and madame -de Saint Julien entered; they announced that Voltaire would soon appear. -Madame de Saint Julien was very amiable, and is passing the summer at -Ferney. She calls Voltaire 'my philosopher,' and he calls her 'my -butterfly.' She proposed a walk to me, and I was delighted; for I felt -embarrassed at the idea of seeing the master of the house, and was glad -to delay for a few minutes the formidable interview. We went on the -terrace, from which the magnificent view of the lake and mountains might -have been seen, had they not had the bad taste to raise a trellice, -covered with a thick foliage that concealed all, so that the view was -only to be perceived through little openings too small for my head; and, -besides, the trellice was so low, that my feathers caught every moment. -I was obliged to stoop, and this fatiguing attitude was ill suited to -enable me to enjoy the conversation of madame de Saint Julien, who, -short, and in a morning dress, walked at her ease, and conversed -agreeably. At length we were told that Voltaire was in the drawing room. -I felt so harassed and frightened that I would have given the world to -have found myself in my inn at Geneva; but my companion, judging me by -herself, drew me along quickly. We returned to the house. As soon as I -had collected myself we entered, and I found myself in the presence of -Voltaire. Madame de Saint Julien invited me to embrace him, saying that -it would please him. I addressed him with the respect due to his genius -and his age. He took my hand and kissed it, and I know not why, but I -was touched by this act of common gallantry coming from him. - -"During dinner, M. de Voltaire was by no means agreeable; he appeared to -be continually angry with his servants, calling to them so loudly that I -started. I had been told beforehand of this habit, so singular before -strangers; but it was evident that it was merely a habit, for the -servants neither appeared surprised nor troubled. After dinner, knowing -that I was a musician, Voltaire asked madame Denis to play. She had a -method which reminded one of the music of the days of Louis XIV. She had -just finished a piece of Rameau, when a little girl of seven years old -entered, and threw herself into Voltaire's arms, calling him papa. He -received her caresses with sweetness; and, seeing that I looked on the -picture with extreme pleasure, he told me that this was the daughter of -the descendant of the great Corneille, whom he had adopted. Several -visitors from Geneva dropped in, and afterwards he proposed a drive, and -he and his niece, madame de Saint Julien, and myself entered the -carriage, and he took us to the village to see the houses he is -building, and the charitable establishments he has founded. He is -greater here than in his books, for so ingenious a goodness appears in -all, that one wonders that the same hand which wrote so much blasphemy, -could form such noble, wise, and useful works. He shows this village to -all strangers, but unpretendingly. He speaks of it with kindness and -simplicity; he mentions all that he has done, but with no appearance of -boasting. On returning to the chateau, the conversation was very -animated: it was night before I took my leave. - -"The portraits and busts of Voltaire are all very like; but no artist -has painted his eyes well. I expected to find them brilliant and full of -fire; and they are, indeed, the most expressive of intellect that I ever -saw; but they are full, at the same time, of softness and inexpressible -tenderness. The very soul of Zaire shone in those eyes. His smile and -laugh, which is very malicious, changed at once this charming -expression. He is very decrepit; and his old-fashioned dress makes him -look older. He has a hollow voice, which produces a singular effect, -especially as he is in the habit of speaking very loud, although he is -not deaf. When neither religion nor his enemies are mentioned, his -conversation is simple, unpretending, and delightful. It appeared as if -he could not endure the expression of opinions differing from his own on -any point. On the slightest contradiction his voice became shrill and -his manner decided. He has lost much of the manners of the world: and -this is natural; ever since he has lived on this estate no one visits -him but to cover him with flattery. His opinions are oracles; all around -is at his feet. The admiration he inspires is the continual subject of -conversation, and the most extravagant exaggerations now appear ordinary -homage. No king has ever been the object of such excessive adulation." - -Voltaire, however, though he liked flattery, often avoided it, by not -receiving the guests that poured in. Madame Denis did the honours of the -house; and many a traveller, who had gone far cut of his way to visit -the Man of the Age, left the chateau without seeing him. It was thus he -treated the comte de Guibert, esteemed in those days as a young man of -promising talents, but who is best known to us as the object of -mademoiselle de l'Espinasse's attachment. Guibert, after passing five -days at Ferney, left it without seeing its master. Arriving at Geneva, -he sent him four verses, which wittily, though somewhat blasphemously, -expressed his regret. The wit pleased; the blasphemy, perhaps, pleased -still more, as showing him to be of his own way of thinking; and -Voltaire instantly sent after him, invited him back, and treated him -with kindness and distinction. Many anecdotes are told of the bad -reception he gave others. But as every one, and in particular every -pretender to literature, thought it necessary to visit Ferney, no wonder -that he was often pushed to extremities by their intrusion and -pretensions, and, impatient and whimsical as he was, got rid of them, as -the humour dictated, by open rudeness or covert ridicule. - -The astonishing vivacity and energy of Voltaire's temperament led him to -create, like Don Quixote, giants with whom to fight; but he was not -always moved by the heroic benevolence that animated the Spanish knight, -but by childish or more blameable whims. He had built a church at Ferney -(the one belonging to the parish being mean and in disrepair), and went -to mass, for the edification of his tenantry. After mass he delivered an -exhortation against theft (some of the builders of his church having -been guilty of carrying off old materials), which, being against all -canonical rules, scandalised the congregation and incensed the priest. -The bishop of the diocese, an ignorant, intolerant man, hearing of the -desecration, applied to the king of France for a _lettre de cachet_ -against Voltaire. His request was not listened to; but the imagination -of Voltaire was set on fire by the intelligence; nor can we wonder, -considering that he had entered the Bastille, as a prisoner, three -different times. He burnt a vast quantity of papers; he dismissed every -guest; and remained alone with his secretary and father Adam, an -ex-Jesuit, who resided with him. At first he thought it would be -necessary to fly; but soon his restless fancy suggested another mode of -defending himself. The bishop, carrying on the war, forbade any of his -inferior clergy to confess, absolve, or administer the communion to the -seigneur of Ferney. Considering his avowed and contemptuous disbelief in -Christianity, it had been more dignified in Voltaire to abstain from -participating in its mysteries; but he had not the most remote idea of -the meaning and uses of dignity. His impetuosity, his love of the -ridiculous, his determination to vanquish and crush his enemies, by -whatever means, were paramount to any loftier sentiment of calm disdain. -He said, "We shall see whether the bishop or I win the day." -Accordingly, he feigned illness, took to his bed, and insisted on -receiving religious consolations as a dying man. The priest of the -parish refused to comply for a length of time; and Voltaire, to gain his -point, signed a paper declaratory of his respect for the Catholic -religion. The whole scene was indecorous,--insulting to the priest, and -unworthy of the poet. He gained his point at last, and frightened the -curate so much that he fell ill and died; while his conduct in the -church, his angry expostulations with the clergy, and his confession of -faith became the wonder and gossip of Paris. - -It is more pleasing to contemplate the good deeds of this versatile and -extraordinary man, whose activity astonished his contemporaries[7], and, -considering his infirmities and age, seem almost superhuman. The civil -troubles of Geneva caused a number of exiles. The fugitives, destitute -and suffering, were received at Ferney, and treated with hospitality and -generosity. Voltaire's first idea was to found the little town of -Versoi, on the banks of the lake of Geneva. He applied to the duke de -Choiseul for protection and funds. These were at first granted; but the -disgrace of the minister ruined the infant town, and its founder was -obliged to restrict his exertions to his own colony at Ferney. He caused -commodious houses to be built, and the place, which was before a -miserable hamlet, inhabited by peasants in the last degree of penury, -became a pleasant village, filled by industrious artisans, who carried -on a considerable trade in watchmaking. It is to this village that -Voltaire led madame du Genlis, and the sight of it filled her with -respect for his enlarged views and benevolent heart. - -Nor was this the only place that owed the blessings of prosperity to -him. By most persevering and courageous representations he induced the -chancellor Maupeou to enfranchise the peasants of a territory among the -mountains of Jura, who were serfs to the monastery of St. Claude, and -suffered the most unendurable grievances from the feudal laws still in -force. Afterwards, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, he asked for -various exemptions from taxes from the minister Turgot for the town of -Gex, which flourished in consequence, till Turgot was exiled, his -ordinances cancelled, and the town was ruined. His colony fell under the -same ban, and he shared the general loss. He was grieved, but not -disheartened. "It is true," he wrote to his valued and steady friend the -comte d'Argental, "that I have had the folly, in my eighty-third year, -to commence an undertaking above my strength. I must abandon it, and -wait till I grow younger. My strange fate, which led me from Paris to -the frontiers of Switzerland, and forced me to change a filthy hamlet -into a pretty town, a quarter of a league long, follows me; she does not -restore my youth, but crushes me with the stones of the houses I have -built. A change of ministry in France has deprived my colony of all the -advantages I had obtained; and the good I have done my new country has -turned to mischief. I put the last drop of my blood into this useful -establishment, without any view except that of doing good--my blood is -lost, and all I have to do is to die of a consumption." He wrote to -another friend: "Ferney, which you saw a wretched village, has become a -pretty town. I scarcely know how this has been brought about; but I know -that it has ruined me. It was ridiculous in so insignificant a man as me -to build a town." - -The correspondence which this undertaking necessitated was immense. To -this occupation he added a dispute on the merits of Shakspeare, in which -an entire want of taste and of knowledge, and a superfluity of flippancy -and insult, were the prominent features. It raised a laugh among a few, -but did no honour either to his cause or himself. - -What, at its outset, seemed a more tranquil and happy reign, had begun -in France. The latter days of Louis XV. were utterly disgraceful. He had -dispersed the parliament, it is true, which, by its prejudices and -injustice, had become odious; but it was replaced by another, which -reformed no abuse, while it was conspicuous only for servile submission -to the royal authority. Enlightened and popular ministers--Choiseul and -Turgot--were exiled to make room for men of the old leaven, who had no -apprehension of the growing necessities of the times; while his -thrusting upon the court a low-born and infamous mistress, completed the -degradation of the king's position: and the society of Paris, opposed to -that of the court, acquired influence and dignity. The first acts of -Louis the Sixteenth's reign, being to recal the disgraced and popular -ministers, and to exhibit every token of sympathy for the distresses of -the subject, inspired hope. Voltaire ardently desired to revisit the -capital, to feel himself among his friends, and to enjoy the sensation -which his presence, after so long an absence, would not fail to create. -The inhabitants of Ferney saw their benefactor depart with tears. He -promised to return in six weeks; and so firmly intended to keep this -resolution, that he put no order into his affairs or papers before his -departure, thinking it not worth while, as his absence would be so -short. - -[Sidenote: 1788. -Ætat. -84.] - -On the 10th of February he arrived in the capital, accompanied by -monsieur and madame de Villette and madame Denis. Madame de Villette was -a protégée of Voltaire. She had been destined for a convent by her -parents; and, in despair, wrote to the patriarch of Ferney to extricate -her from such a fate. He offered her a home in his house. She was -gentle, beautiful, and clever. M. de Villette, a gentleman of fortune, -fell in love with and married her. She went by the name of Belle et -Bonne among her friends. Voltaire had the peculiarity, which usually -attends men of genius, of gathering about him a society composed -principally of women, and she was a chief favourite. - -Voltaire brought with him his newly written tragedy of "Irene." He had -the notion indelibly impressed, that, to secure his position in Paris, -he must acquire popularity; and that a successful tragedy was the sure -means of acquiring it. In the present instance he did not need such -support. No conqueror, returned from enslaving a province, was ever -received with such enthusiastic marks of triumph. La Harpe well -observes, that the generation who had witnessed Voltaire's earlier -struggles and clouded fame, had nearly died away; all those born during -the space of the last forty years found the world full of his fame. His -persecutions, his mode of life, his attacks on religion and on persons, -the mischief he had caused, and the good he had done, were the chief -topics of interest: more than all, the brilliancy of his genius dazzled, -its versatility delighted mankind. Even his pettishnesses, his whims, -his follies, ever varying and upheld by him with earnestness and vigour, -kept alive public attention. That this man, the subject of all tongues -and all pens, should emerge from his seclusion among the Alps, and, in -his eighty-fifth year, come to take his part in society, and gather the -applause of a theatrical audience, excited, nearly to frenzy, the -curiosity, the admiration, and interest of every inhabitant of Paris. - -Condorcet, who witnessed his arrival, in his "Life of Voltaire," madame -du Deffand, in her "Letters to Horace Walpole," and Grimm, in his -"Literary Correspondence," give a vivid picture of this last triumphant -but fatal visit to Paris. He arrived in good health; though his first -note to madame du Deffand said, "I arrive, dying; and only wish to -revive to throw myself at your feet." He received all his friends with -cordiality and gaiety, and delighted them with the charm that belonged -to his manners. All Paris pressed to see him; his apartment was never -empty: he received more than 300 persons, one after the other, and had -something witty and agreeable to say to all. Meanwhile, as he was in -reality afflicted by a weakening and very painful disease, his more -familiar friends began to tremble for the result of this new and -exciting scene. "I paid him my second visit yesterday," writes madame du -Deffand, "on the 22d of February. It was not so agreeable as the first. -We were received by his niece, who is certainly the best woman in the -world, but the most tiresome; by M. de Villette, who is the dullest man, -and his young wife, who, they say, is amiable, and goes by the name of -Belle et Bonne with Voltaire and his friends. We did not find him in the -drawing-room; he was shut up with his secretary, and begged me to wait. -His friends told me that he was overwhelmed with fatigue; that he had -read the whole of his tragedy that afternoon to the actors, and had made -them rehearse, and was so exhausted that he could scarcely speak. I -wished to go away; but they detained me, and Voltaire sent me four lines -he had made on his statute by Pigal, to engage me to remain. After a -good quarter of an hour he came in. He said that he was dead--that he -could not speak. I offered to leave him; but he would not let me. He -spoke to me of his play. He has no other subject in his head: it has -caused him to come to Paris, and it will kill him if it does not -succeed." - -Nor was his tragedy his only subject of anxiety. He was told that Louis -XVI. had asked, on hearing of his arrival, if the interdiction to his -residence in Paris had ever been taken off. A question which seemed to -show his disapprobation; but the young queen and her friends, and the -count d'Artois, were borne away by the stream of fashion and friendlily -inclined. A few days after his arrival he fell ill. His mode of life in -Paris was very different from that which he led at Ferney; there he was -subject to none of the calls of society; he saw few visitors, and left -madame Denis to do the honours of the house--enjoying in his own person -the most entire liberty, passing the greater part of his day in bed, or -in study; at other times walking in his grounds and over his estate, -directing the improvements and enjoying the pleasure of creating his -colony, and witnessing its prosperity. His new mode of life deranged his -health, a vomiting of blood came on, and his life was in danger. The -vivacity of the French disposition was shown at this moment. All Paris -was in alarm. The priests gathered round--Voltaire thought it right to -quiet them by making a profession of faith. How far the all-seeing and -infinitely pure Being can be propitiated by a falsehood on the lips of a -dying man, may be considered doubtful; but the clergy thought more of -their own temporal victory than the higher questions of religion and -morality. These might have been satisfied by a declaration given by -Voltaire to a friend, which said, "I die worshipping God, loving my -friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting superstition." Nor was -this the only disquiet that attended his sick-bed: his friends -quarrelled round it concerning the physicians who attended, and -wrangling and dissension--the fruits of the vanity, not the affection, -of his friends--disturbed the peace necessary for his convalescence. - -The vital principle was still strong, and he recovered. He made use of -his renewed strength to visit the academy, and to be present at the -representation of his tragedy. The enthusiasm was at its height. He was -almost crushed to death both at the Louvre and the theatre, -notwithstanding the exertions of the soldiers to keep a passage clear. -The academicians received him rather as the sovereign of literature than -as an equal. At the theatre his reception was still more flattering. His -bust was crowned on the stage, and the audience were in a transport of -delight; tears of enthusiasm and joy marked the feeling of the -spectators, who saw his attenuated figure with sorrow, and every one was -eager to offer him assistance when he left the theatre. His triumph -failed only in that the court still looked askance on him; and his very -presence in Paris was rather connived at than permitted. Still the -manifestations of public favour might satisfy a man even insatiable of -applause. He was deeply touched. "They wish to smother me with roses," -he exclaimed, as he felt his feeble frame sink from exhaustion. - -At this moment, at the very zenith of human glory,--when the whole -population of the then most civilised capital in the world seemed to -breathe his name only, to see him only in the world, to crowd round him -in admiration and triumph,--and while their cry, "There is the saviour -of the Calas," rewarded him for his benevolent exertions,--then, had he -retired to his tranquil seclusion at Ferney, he might have prolonged his -existence. But this he was not permitted to do. Madame Denis was -heartily tired of the mountain solitude, which, as Voltaire grew older -and more averse to show himself, became a complete seclusion. He -earnestly desired to return; but, day after day, the solicitations of -his friends induced him to prolong his stay. His secretary, Wagner, -gives a lively picture of the struggles between him and his niece. The -physician, Tronchin, had begged Voltaire to return to Ferney. "You must -feel," he said, "that a tree transplanted at eighty-four years of age -must perish." "Am I able to support the journey?" asked the old man. -"Yes, I answer for it on my head," said Tronchin; and Voltaire, charmed -with the prospect, gave instant orders for his departure. Madame Denis -argued against it. "I must return," he replied. "I adore the country; it -gives me new life. You, who detest it, can remain here, and amuse -yourself." "Who told you that I hated it?" asked his niece. "My -experience," he replied quickly and sternly. - -The cabals which formed the spirit of French society in those days -multiplied to keep the old man in Paris. He was induced to buy a house; -but he made the purchase more for madame Denis than himself, and said -"that instead of a dwelling he had bought a tomb." He still persisted, -while he was in Paris, in attending the academy, where he wished to -introduce the plan of a new dictionary, and in interesting himself with -theatrical concerns. He drank coffee to support himself when he felt his -strength failing; and this producing fever and pain, he took opium to -procure calm. Soon his illness took a dangerous turn, and no remedies -could alleviate it; a mortification came on, which caused him -unspeakable agonies. At length, he fell into a state of exhaustion and -torpor, and died on the 30th of May, 1778. - -According to the scandalous custom of the French clergy, impediments -were raised to his decent interment. To baffle these, his death was kept -secret for several days. A grave was denied him in the parish where he -died, and the body was transported to the Abbey de Scellieres, in the -diocese of Troyes, belonging to his nephew, and buried in the church. A -stone was placed above, bearing the words, only--"CI-GIT VOLTAIRE." At -the same time orders were issued by the government forbidding the -newspapers to comment on his death either for praise or blame; the -actors to represent his plays; and the masters of schools to allow their -pupils to learn his verses. Such arbitrary and puerile acts always -destroy themselves, and add to, instead of detract from, the reputation -of the man against whom they are levelled. - -Other governments showed more liberality. Catherine of Russia, who had -corresponded with him, and whom he had held up to the admiration of the -world, openly mourned his death. His old friend Frederic of Prussia -caused his academy to hold a meeting in his honour, during which an -elaborate eulogium, written by himself, was pronounced. - -The character of Voltaire is displayed in the preceding pages. He was a -zealous, a warm, and constant friend. When Thiriot acted weakly and -injuriously--sending to Frederic of Prussia the libels published against -his friend--madame du Châtelet and others implored him to renounce him; -but Voltaire, while he reproved, let no word of unkindness escape. In -later days, d'Alembert wrote to tell him that the duke de Richelieu was -acting a false part by him, and prevented his plays from being acted. -Voltaire could not be touched in a more sensitive place; but he replied, -"that such might be true, but that he could not quarrel with a friend -whom he had known for fifty years." He was, it is true, a rancorous -enemy--never pardoning, but visiting any injury done him with the -severest retaliation of sarcasm and ridicule. He was singularly -benevolent and generous. His letters are crowded with instances. His -exertions in favour of the oppressed have been partly recorded in the -preceding pages; it would require many more to commemorate every -instance of his active and enlightened benevolence. When, on the death -of Louis XV., he thought he could get annulled the sentence against the -chevalier d'Etallonde, he procured his leave of absence from the king of -Prussia, supplied him with money for his journey to Ferney, and kept him -there a year, while he vainly exerted his utmost influence in his -favour. He bitterly deplored his failure. The spectacle of injustice -filled him with anguish. His mind endured torture from the sense of -injury done others, and he felt it imperative to prevent or repair -crime. The sight, the idea only, of a triumphant or unpunished -oppressor, excited the liveliest emotions of compassion and indignation -in his sensitive and proud spirit. His private benevolence was not less -active. The bookseller Jore, whose imprudence and want of fidelity had -endangered his liberty, applied to him in distress, and was relieved, -with expressions of kindness. A friend died in Paris; his wife, who had -been living separate from him, seized on all he left, and an old and -faithful servant was left destitute. Voltaire instantly made her an -allowance. We might multiply such instances; and while this sad world is -filled with the needy, the afflicted, and the oppressed, it is -impossible not warmly to admire a man who sympathises in the necessities -of his fellow-creatures and alleviates their sufferings. - -The great and lasting blame attached to him arises from the inveterate -and bitter hostility he expressed to Christianity. The texture of his -mind partly occasioned this. He was incapable of understanding or -feeling the sublime, the simple, and the pure. The poetry of the Bible -was a dead letter to him; and this may be the more readily accounted -for, as the living French poet, La Martine, whose nature is pious and -reverential, mentions that he never felt its sublimity till a few years -ago, when translated by his friend M. de Genoude. Impurity and grossness -was also a part of Voltaire's nature; and these led him to depreciate -the beauty of the Saviour's character, and the morality of the gospel. - -The French clergy of those days must bear, however, much of the blame. -Voltaire ardently desired to crush a church which, in power, showed -itself utterly devoid of the principles of Christianity. Arnaud, -Fénélon, the recluses of Port Royal, and the Quietists, had been its -victims. Racine, Boileau, men of highly moral and pious characters, were -injured and calumniated; and this because they did not belong to the -reigning party in the church. What wonder, then, that Voltaire and his -friends were led to despise men who made their religion the pretence for -indulging their worst passions, and were even induced to think ill of -the system of which they proclaimed themselves the sole fitting -supports. Let Christians be real disciples of the Gospel, and men like -Voltaire will neither have the power nor the will to injure the religion -they profess. - -We have no space for elaborate criticism of Voltaire's works. We have -alluded to many in the progress of this biography. His "Historical Essay -on the Manners and Spirit of Nations," in spite of its mistakes in facts -and errors of opinion, is a monument of vast genius. His "Age of Louis -XIV." is a beautiful work, though we are not sure that his mode of -dividing the subject is the best. Many long chapters, devoted to the -narration of wars, unmixed by the detail of individual passions or -public struggles, which are thrown into separate portions of the work, -break and weaken the interest. - -His plays have not the loftiness of Corneille, nor the soft tenderness -of Racine; but many of them possess much passion and power. His poetic -faculties, such as they were, decayed soonest; his latter tragedies are -weak and poor compositions. As a didactic poet, he ranks low; as an -epic, he is not considered in these days to take any rank at all; as a -burlesque, grossness and indelicacy occasion his verses to be read only -by those whose praise is not worth having; as a critic, he was unfair -and uncourteous, always ready to make ridicule stand for argument, and -not unwilling to advance what was false, when the truth did not -sufficiently support him. Thus he could translate a speech of Falstaff, -declaring that it was meant to be tragic, because it occurred in a -tragedy. His lighter productions are among his best, and, though sullied -by his peculiar defects, are full of genius. The great characteristic of -Voltaire is, that he scarcely ever penned a line that is not instinct -with spirit and life and genius. If you open by chance any volume of his -works, you will be struck at once by the strength and felicity of his -expressions--the vivacity of the sentiment--the penetration with which -he detects the false--the wit which gives sparkle and point to all he -says. He was, it is true, of the second order of minds, but first among -the second; and such was his perfection in his art, as far as it went, -that he contrived, while living, to fill a first place, and will always -receive a larger share of attention and praise than his intrinsic merits -deserve. - - -[Footnote 1: His own high opinion of the "Henriade" is manifested in -certain verses he wrote on the subject, which may be mentioned as proof, -at once, of his vanity and his entire inability to understand and -appreciate poetry. These verses, indeed, only embody, in a few lines, -his "Essay on Epic Poetry," in which he proves that absence of -imagination is the chief merit of a poet.] - -[Footnote 2: That we may be impartial, we quote the opinion expressed of -this poem by a modern French critic. Barante, in his "Essay on French -Literature of the Eighteenth Century," remarks, "Voltaire has most -fallen in his reputation as an epic poet. He flattered himself in vain -that he had bestowed an epic on France. Such a work could not be -produced in the times in which he lived, nor with a character like his. -For epic poetry we need the lively and free imagination of the first -ages: knowledge must not have weakened faith, enthusiasm of feeling, nor -the variety and vigour of character. . . . . By a serious and melancholy -character, and pure and true feelings, and the memory of adversity -brooded over in solitude, an epic might be rendered as touching as it -has been rendered sublime, and interest might stand in place of -imagination. But if Virgil secluded himself from the influence of the -court of Augustus, Voltaire was far from avoiding that of the court of -the regent. He composed an epic poem with the same degree of interest as -would have sufficed to enable him to write an epistle in verse. He -fancied that an epic consisted in certain forms agreed upon, in -prescribed supernatural agency. He fulfilled these rules, and believed -that he had achieved a great work. He was not aware that it is not a -dream, a recital, and the introduction of divinities, that constitutes -an epic poem; but an elevated and solemn imagination; and, above all, -simplicity and truth, under whatever form. The Iliad does not resemble -the Odyssey in the arrangement of its parts: these poems have nothing in -common, except the epic spirit." So far the enlightened critic speaks. -Then, to soothe ruffled French vanity, he adds, "Nevertheless, it cannot -by denied that the 'Henriade' contains great beauties; the poetry is not -epic, but is sometimes elevated and pathetic."] - -[Footnote 3: The love of scandal, which belongs to humanity, always -busies itself in exaggerations. In a virtuous and primitive state of -society, slight peccadilloes serve the turn of the backbiter; the -inventions grow with the necessity of surpassing the fact. If the regent -had been a Quaker, he would have been accused of kissing any favoured -lady by stealth: being unfortunately a profligate, he was accused of -incest; the next step beyond the fact which it was necessary for slander -to make.] - -[Footnote 4: Mémoires de Longchamp.] - -[Footnote 5: It is difficult to decide on madame du Châtelet's -character. With regard to the immorality of her liaison with Voltaire, -we will merely refer to the clever preface of the English editor to -madame du Duffand's correspondence with Horace Walpole, in which the -stale of society in that age is so well described; and only remark, that -such was the system, that a devoted and enduring friendship for so great -a man was considered highly respectable, even though that friendship -militated against our stricter notions of social duties; it not being -considered the business of any one to inquire into, or concern -themselves with, a question that related only to the persons immediately -implicated. With regard to madame du Châtelet's general character, she -was unpopular through the vehemence of her temper, and even the ardour -with which she devoted herself to study. She had several of the faults -attributed to literary women, which arise from their not having the -physical strength to go through great intellectual labour without -suffering from nervous irritation In other respects she was evidently -generous and sincere. Her judgment was sound; her common sense clear and -steady. She was witty and vivacious, and had as much to bear from -Voltaire's petulance, whimsicalness, and vehemence, as he from her more -imperious temper.] - -[Footnote 6: When the correspondence was renewed between Frederic and -Voltaire, they could not help alluding to the past, and their -expressions show that each thought himself in the right. Voltaire says, -"I am unutterably surprised when you write that I have spoken harshly to -you. For twenty years you were my idol, '_je l'ai dit à la terre, au -ciel, à Guzman même_;' but your trade of hero, and your situation of -king, do not render the disposition tender: it is a pity, for your heart -was made for kindness; and were it not for heroism and a throne, you -would have been the most amiable man in the world." Frederic replied, -with greater force, "I well know that I adored you as long as I thought -you neither mischievous nor malicious: but you have played me so many -tricks, of all kinds. Let us say no more; I have pardoned you. After -all, you have done me more good than ill. I am more amused by your -works, than hurt by your scratches."] - -[Footnote 7: Lettres de Madame du Deffand à Horace Walpole, vol. II.] - - - - -ROUSSEAU - -1712-1778. - - -It is impossible to imagine a character in stronger contrast with -Voltaire, than that of Rousseau. They possessed but one quality in -common. It is difficult to know what to call it. In ordinary men it -would be named egotism, or vanity. It is that lively and intimate -apprehension of their own individuality, sensations, and being, which -appears to be one of the elements of that order of minds which feel -impelled to express their thoughts and disseminate their views and -opinions through the medium of writing;--men of imagination, and -eloquence, and mental energy. This quality is good as long as it renders -an author diligent, earnest, and sincere; it is evil when it deprives -him of the power of justly appreciating his powers and position, and -causes him to fancy himself the centre, as it were, of the universe. -Rousseau was its victim; it was exaggerated till his mind became -diseased; and one false idea becoming fixed and absorbing, a sort of -madness ensued. He was too alive to the sense of his own actions and -feelings; and as he had committed many faults, not to say crimes, the -recollection of these, joined to his sincere love of virtue, produced a -struggle in his mind full, of misery and remorse. - -Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, on the 28th June, 1712. His -birth cost the life of his mother, and was, he says, "the first of his -misfortunes." His father was a watchmaker, and clever in his trade--it -was all he had to subsist upon. Jean Jacques was born weakly, and with -some organic defect, that rendered the rearing difficult and precarious. -A sister of his father devoted herself to him. According to his own -account, his childish years were happy. Loved and caressed by many -relations, and watched over by his aunt, he was indulged without being -spoiled. His father taught him to read, after the business of the day -was over. That his attention might be excited, the long romances of -Scudéri and the elder Crebillon were put into his hands. His father -shared the pleasure he took in this occupation, and parent and child -often sat up all night to indulge in it: a taste for the romantic, and a -precocious knowledge of the language of passion and sentiment, were thus -impressed upon the boy. When the collection of romances was ended, they -turned to other books. They had a good collection, being a portion of -the library of his mother's father, a minister of the church. The -"History of the Church and the Empire," by Le Seur; Bossuet's "Discourse -on Universal History;" Plutarch's "Lives;" Ovid's "Metamorphoses;" the -works of Molière, La Bruyère, and Fontenelle, were among them. The boy -read to his father as he sat at work. -[Sidenote: 1720. -Ætat. -8.] -"I thus," Rousseau writes "imbibed a singular taste, perhaps unexampled -at my age. Plutarch, above all, became my favourite reading, and the -pleasure I took in it cured me somewhat of my love for romances, and I -soon learnt to prefer Agesilas, Brutus, and Aristides, to Oorondates, -Artamenes, and Juba. These delightful books, and the conversations to -which they gave rise between my father and me, formed that independent -and republican spirit, that proud untameable character, impatient of -yoke and servitude, which has tormented me through life, in situations -ill adapted to foster it. "With my thoughts continually occupied by Rome -and Greece,--living, so to speak, with their great men, born myself the -citizen of a republic, and the son of a father whose strongest passion -was love of his country,--I warmed by his example--I fancied myself -Greek or Roman--I became the man whose life I read. The account of acts -of constancy and intrepidity which struck me caused my eyes to flash, -and gave expression to my voice. One day, as I was relating at table the -history of Scævola, the listeners were frightened to see me advance and -hold my hand above a brazier to represent his action." - -These happy days, which, had they continued, might have blotted many -pages of error and suffering from Rousseau's life, ended too soon. The -darling of all, he lived in an atmosphere of love. He had one elder -brother, who, treated with negligence, ran away, and took refuge in -Germany. Not long after, his father had a quarrel with a French officer; -and rather than submit to the short, but, as it appeared to him, unjust, -imprisonment with which he was menaced in consequence, expatriated -himself, leaving his little son with his sister, who had married his -wife's brother; and the family was thus doubly related. Jean Jaques was -now sent, together with a young cousin, to board at Bossey, with a -minister named Lambercier. His life here was more pleasurable than -generally falls to the lot of childhood;--the boys had their hours of -tuition, and their hours of play--they quarrelled and made it up--they -had their childish schemes, their holidays,--they were happy. Rousseau, -in his "Confessions," well describes how these days of innocence and -childish enjoyment were disturbed by an unjust punishment. The injustice -sunk deep into the children's minds,--it despoiled their country home of -all its charm; and this circumstance deserves mention, as it will always -be found that the more children are treated with kindness and -familiarity, the more necessary it is to guard against the slightest -show of injustice. At a great school, accusation and punishment are -often the effect of accident, and the boys lay less store by them; they -are not pregnant with disgrace or shame,--many others, like themselves, -are subject to the like, and it appears simply as one of the common -hardships of life. But in domestic education they feel themselves to be -a portion of the whole; and if that whole be harmonious, a discord, an -act of tyranny, that falls peculiarly on themselves, makes a frightful -impression; it appears to enfranchise them from the tacit vow of -obedience under which they before lived, and causes them to regard their -elders as treacherous enemies. - -Leaving their country pension, the boys continued to lead a happy life -at the house of Bernard, who was an engineer. He brought up his son to -the same profession, and Rousseau shared his cousin's lessons. At length -it was decided that he must adopt some calling, by which to earn his -livelihood: he was placed with a _greffier_, or attorney; but he -disliked the employment, and neglected his duties; he was dismissed, and -apprenticed to an engraver. Here he appears to have been neglected by -his relations; and the vulgarity and violence of his master had the -worst effect on his character. There was that in Rousseau, which is -often found in the early years of genius,--detestation of -control--rebellion against all forced application. Eager to occupy -himself, if allowed the choice of employment; revolting from a routine, -in which his own purposes and inclinations were not consulted; it is one -of the Sphinx's riddles, not yet divined, how to break in the daring and -aspiring spirit of youth to the necessities of life, without exciting -discontent and rebellion. The heart opening at that age more warmly to -the affections, nature seems to point out the way,--but who in society, -as it is formed, takes nature for a director? - -Beaten, maltreated, hard worked, Rousseau became idle, timid, and lying. -It is strange, but true, how, in the little republic of Geneva, money is -perhaps more the main spring of existence than in larger states, and how -early the children of the artizans are subjected to the grinding evils -of penury. Brought up to earn their subsistence as soon as is -practicable, the parents are eager to cast them wholly on their own -exertions: and the numerous class of young people, male and female, -decently born and bred, who, in that city, live by attendance in shops, -by the needle, or the workman's tool, suffer much of the excess of -labour and poor living to which the inferior classes in our -manufacturing towns are subject. - -Rousseau, timid of heart, but with an imagination that warmed him to -daring, was led into mischievous scrapes: the very ardour of his -disposition occasioned his faults: he was treated like a vulgar -apprentice, and he fell into the vices of such a position, without at -the same time blunting that eagerness and romance that formed the -essence of his character. In the midst of disgraceful scrapes, his love -of reading returned. He had none of those fixed principles which would -lead him to give due time to the work required of him by his master, and -his leisure to his books; a new volume in hand, every other occupation -was sacrificed to it;--he was beaten and ill-treated for his negligence; -he became obstinate and taciturn, but never gave up his point. His -books, and the day-dreams founded on them, which fabricated and painted -a thousand romantic scenes, filled his heart in solitude; real life was -replete with indignity and suffering; in reverie, he was enterprising, -noble, and free. - -Sunday--the day of leisure and liberty--was spent in rambles and games -with his comrades. It is the law of Geneva to shut the gates early in -the evening, and they are not opened on any pretence for any one till -the following morning. The lad, once or twice too late, was punished -severely for his negligence. On the third occasion he resolved rather to -run away than to encounter the menaced chastisement. His last act was to -send for his cousin Bernard, to take leave of him: the boy did not press -him to stay--did not offer to mediate for him; he returned to his -parents, while Rousseau turned his steps from his native city--a vagrant -and a beggar. - -No such aspect of things presented itself to the wanderer himself;--he -was in his own eyes a hero in search of adventures;--he dreamt of all of -brilliant and festive of which he had read in his romances, and while he -slept under the roofs of peasants with whom he was acquainted, and who -received him with cordial hospitality, his reveries pictured castles and -enamoured damsels, a fortune the gift of love, and lasting happiness the -effect. - -Rousseau was unfortunate at the outset. He had wandered about till he -found himself at Confignon, in Savoy, a place two leagues distant from -Geneva. He paid the curate, M. de Pontverre, a visit. His own account of -his motives is suspicious: he says that he was anxious to see the -descendant of men who figured in the history of the republic; that M. de -Pontverre received him well, asked him to dinner, and invited him to be -converted to the Roman catholic religion; and that he had not the heart -to say nay to his kind entertainer. There is--and there was in those -days still more--a great spirit of proselytism kept up among the -priesthood of Savoy, hovering, as they do, close to a nest of heresy. -Still, we cannot help imagining that the scheme was Rousseau's own, and -that he presented himself as a willing convert--expecting thus to be -made much of, and introduced in triumph to the houses of the catholic -nobility. At any rate, M. de Pontverre behaved ill: he ought to have -felt that it was more for the youth's permanent advantage to send him -back to his friends, mediate for his pardon, and exhort him to regular -and virtuous courses; and that to make a proselyte of him, and thus -render his relations entirely hostile, and him an object of disgrace in -his native city, while it opened no future career for earning an honest -livelihood, was the worst step in the beginning of life that a young man -could take. But M. de Pontverre, as a priest, thought differently;--if -he did not invite the youth to abjure the religion of his country, he -facilitated a scheme that sprang from any feeling rather than piety. -Rousseau felt his pride fall, when his host told him that he would give -him a letter to a charitable lady living at Annecy, who would forward -his views. He saw, however, no other resource against starvation; and he -yielded. Furnished by the curate with a letter, he set out--his head -full of princesses, palaces, and castles, and in great hopes that some -fortunate adventure would present a more brilliant prospect than the one -before him. None occurred. He arrived at Annecy; he saw madame de -Warens; and in her and her kindness found embodied one of those romances -of real life, which, if of less fairy and glittering hue to the eye, are -equally magic-like to the heart, and do not less serve to alter the -course of existence, and to metamorphose the soul. - -The comtesse de Warens was a native of Vevay, in the Pays de Vaud: she -had married when very young; and having no children, and not being happy -in her marriage, she took occasion, when the king of Savoy, Victor -Amadeo, was at Evian, to cross the lake, throw herself at his feet, and -claim his protection as a convert to Catholicism. The king, who was -zealous in the cause of his religion, received her graciously, and -settled on her a pension of 1500 Piedmontese livres. She was much loved -at Vevay, and there was some danger of her being rescued against her -will: to preserve his proselyte, the king was obliged to have her -escorted to Annecy by a detachment of guards; where, under the direction -of the titular bishop of Geneva, she abjured protestantism. She had -lived for six years at Annecy, and was eight and twenty, when Rousseau -first saw her. She was beautiful, and, above all, an expression of -angelic sweetness and benevolence beamed in her face, that inspired him -at once with hope, confidence, and gratitude. She felt the folly of the -step he had taken; but, surrounded by priests and spies, she feared to -show compassion, or to give him good advice; the few words she did say, -to induce him to return to his father, were of no avail. Yet it was not -easy to find the means of subsistence for him. At length one of her -guests proposed that he should go to Turin, and enter the hospital -established for the instruction of proselytes, where he could remain -until his abjuration, when it might be supposed some charitable person -would come forward to his assistance. Sad and humble was the prospect -held out; but there appeared to be no other resource except to return to -Geneva,--an alternative he obstinately rejected. Some respectable -persons were found who were going to Turin, and he accompanied them. The -journey was performed on foot, and lasted nine days--nine happy -days--when casting away all thought of the future, unincumbered by -luggage, his expenses attended to by others, he wandered among the -valleys of the Alps, crossed their summits, and beheld the happy garden -which Piedmont presents to the traveller, just emerging from the snows -of Savoy. The recollection of this delightful journey often made him -wish to renew it in after life--and a pedestrian tour always appeared to -him one of the chief happinesses of existence. - -Once established in the hospital, he began to feel the importance of the -step he was about to take. His conscience told him that he was making a -traffic of religion, and he dimly appreciated the sin and disgrace of -such a proceeding. Brought up in a bigoted calvinist city, he had been -taught a holy horror for catholic ceremonies; still he fancied there was -no escape: false shame--fear of starvation--a determination not to -return to Geneva, caused him to silence his better thoughts. Yet he was -eager to delay the fatal act;--he argued with the priests employed to -teach him a new religion; and it was found necessary to provide one -especially, who was capable of mastering the catechumen's objections by -the arms of logic and learning. Finding that he could not answer the -priest's arguments, Rousseau began to think that he might be in the -right; and he yielded with good grace to the act of abjuration. After -being received into the catholic church--after being absolved by a -father inquisitor for the crime of heresy--twenty francs, collected at -the church door, were put into his hands; he was recommended to be -faithful to his new religion, and to lead a good life; and then he was -dismissed, and found himself--the doors of his late abode closed -behind--friendless and alone in the streets of Turin. Newly recovered -liberty, however, at first sufficed to inspire him with happy -sensations; and the very sight of the well-built and well-peopled -streets filled him with hopes for the future. Where there were so many -rich and great, there could not fail, he thought, to be found a thousand -eligible resources against want. - -The resources he really found were in ill accord with the pictures his -imagination formed. He was obliged to hire himself as a servant. At -first he served a fair shopkeeper; and then became the attendant of an -old countess Vercelli, with whom he lived till her death, which occurred -only three months after. It was on this occasion that he committed that -fault, remorse for which pursued him till his death. During the illness -of his mistress he had abstracted a riband from her wardrobe, with the -intent of bestowing it on a maidservant of the house. The riband was -missed, sought for, and found on him. False shame led him to deny the -theft; and, when more closely questioned, he declared that the stolen -riband had been given to him by the very girl on whom he had intended to -bestow it. The two were confronted; the innocent servant implored him -with tears to retract his falsehood, but he resolutely maintained his -story. He was believed. He tells this tale in his "Confessions;" he -declares that the avowal cost him more pain than any other--that remorse -never ceased to pursue him--the image of the injured girl, reproaching -him for the wrong he had done her, often haunted his dreams--it weighed -on his conscience as the most atrocious crime. He had sought merely to -shelter himself, and false shame prevented his retracting the accusation -once made; but the thought of his victim driven to want and infamy by -his lie made him often look on his after sufferings as but the just -retribution of his crime. This is one of the laws of life. The shadows -of our past actions stalk beside us during our existence, and never -cease to torment or to soothe, according as they are ill or good, that -mysterious portion of mind termed conscience. - -Rousseau was now again thrown back upon independent poverty. His time -was not all lost: he frequented the society of an excellent man, a -Savoyard abbé, M. Gaime, who enlightened his mind as to his real -duties, instructed him in the better part of religion, and corrected his -false estimate of society. These lessons were often forgotten, at least, -inasmuch as they ought to have served as guides for conduct; but they -were as dew upon a field; in due time, the hidden seeds of thought, then -sown, sprang up. While thus unemployed, and not looking beyond the hour, -the nephew of his late mistress sent for him, and told him that he had -found a situation: he was to become a domestic in a noble family of -Turin: this was a fall for the youth's pride, but he had no other -resource against want. - -He was treated with infinite kindness by the various members of the -family: he distinguished himself by his intelligence; and the younger -son, who was destined for clerical honours, became interested for him: -he questioned him as to his acquirements; and, finding that he had -received the rudiments of education, undertook to teach him Latin. He -might now have been happy: had he shown himself steady, he would have -been advanced by his protectors. The Italians, satisfied with the -acknowledged distinctions of rank, have no ridiculous pride, and are -ready to treat inferiors on an equality, if their education raises them -to their mental level. Many careers, closed against the ignoble in -France, were open in Italy; and these were offered to Rousseau's view as -spurs to his ambition. He was won for a brief period; but, though he -dreamt of climbing, he did not like going up the ladder--and a caprice -ruined all. He fell in with a merry fellow, who had been his fellow -apprentice in Geneva, and who was about to return to that city. -Rousseau, charmed by his wild gay spirits--allured by the attractions of -a mountain journey made on foot, with the idea of madame de Warens in -the misty distance--threw up his situation with a careless show of -ingratitude that disgusted his protectors, and set out again a beggar, -but rendered wildly happy by the project of travelling among the valleys -and over the mountains of Savoy, with a little toy fountain as all his -treasure; round which he believed the peasants would gather, and pay for -their amusement by their hospitality. The fountain was soon spoiled; but -they had a little money, and enjoyed their rambles till the sight of -Annecy recalled Rousseau to the realities of life. - -Madame de Warens had, however, none of that rigid uprightness which -thrusts the young into misery because their untaught impulses lead them -astray. She received the wanderer with simple kindness. "I feared you -were too young," she said, "for this journey; I am glad, however, that -it has not turned out as ill as I expected." She received him into her -house, and with maternal care sought to find some permanent occupation -for which he was fitted. For some time her endeavours were vain. He was -pronounced to be incapable of being able even to learn Latin enough for -a country curate. Her heart must have been indeed warm with natural -charity, not to have been chilled by these rebukes of any vanity she -might have felt in patronising the outcast. A taste which Rousseau -developed for music at length afforded her some hope. She placed him -with M. le Maître, music master to the cathedral choir. -[Sidenote: 1729. -Ætat. -17.] -Here he remained for a year studying the art. M. le Maître, however, -had a quarrel with a canon of the cathedral; and, to revenge himself, -absconded with his case of music on the eve of the holy week, when his -services were most wanted. Unable to dissuade him from this folly, -madame de Warens permitted Rousseau to aid and accompany him in his -flight. He did not go far: at Lyons poor Le Maître fell into an -epileptic fit; and Rousseau, frightened, hastily gave him in charge to -the bystanders, made his own escape, and returned to Annecy. This, he -says, is his "second painful confession." It is here mentioned, as well -as his first, to show--as in the more heinous one that follows--that -Rousseau's real defect was a want of moral courage to meet any menacing -and uncertain evil, and absence of fixed principle to enable him to -conquer this defect, and to recognise the omnipotent claims of duty. He -returned to Annecy, and found that madame de Warens had departed for -Paris. Thrown on his own resources, he felt uncertain as to the means of -gaining his bread. He was asked by madame de Warens' maid-servant to -accompany her to Fribourg, her native place; she also being left without -explanation by her mistress. A wandering life of some years commenced -with this journey. In writing this portion of Rousseau's biography, we -labour under the disadvantage, that we but abridge details, which he -gives with all the glow and charm of romance and the interest of -reality--while, limited in space, we can scarcely do more than mark -epochs;--we pass over, therefore, the history of his adventure at -Lausanne, where he pretended to furnish a concert of musicians with a -piece of music of his own composition, although ignorant of the first -principles of the art. Still he had studied music for some time, and had -a taste for it,--and this led him to endeavour to earn his livelihood by -teaching it. He remained for nearly two years at Neufchâtel, exercising -the calling of music master: the temptation held out by a sort of Greek -swindler led him to give up his career: he engaged himself to this man -as interpreter, but was rescued out of his hands by M. de Bonac, the -French ambassador, who treated him with great kindness, and gave him an -introduction at Paris to be tutor to a young gentleman who had just -entered the army. This scheme did not succeed. Rousseau was disgusted by -the treatment he met; he left his employer, and returned to Savoy on -foot: he had reached Paris in a similar manner. - -[Sidenote: 1733. -Ætat. -21.] - -Arriving at Chambery, he found madame de Warens returned. She presented -him on the instant to the intendant-general of the province, who gave -him employment as clerk, or, as he was styled, secretary, in an office -instituted to make a census of the estates of the nobles of the country. -And thus, he says, after five years, which had elapsed since his flight -from Geneva--after many follies and many sufferings, for the first time -he began to earn his livelihood in a creditable situation. He was still -a mere boy--or rather, had just arrived at that age where boyhood ceases -and manhood begins.--He had led a precarious life. The kindness of -madame de Warens was all in which he could put his trust; and that had -failed him during the space of nearly two years. Want had frequently -stared him in the face. He could gain bare necessaries only by his own -exertions. Of a romantic unsteady disposition, any stable position, -holding out positive remuneration and demanding regular conduct, was -swiftly abandoned; while he also, through some strange conformation of -mind, appeared incapable of using the genius then in embryo within him, -for the acquirement of such knowledge as would have insured him an -honourable position. Thus the precious years of youth wasted away -imperceptibly, and all that he gained, apparently, as of account for -future years, was a knowledge of music. It may be that this wandering, -desultory, precarious existence, fed by romantic dreams and burning -affections, was best adapted to develope his peculiar talents--but it -certainly was not such as to form habits of mind conducive to happiness. -It engendered a sort of bold and restless self-confidence, founded -rather on that which he could do without, than on that which he could -attain it inspired mistrust or disdain for the assistance of others as -being of no ultimate avail to his welfare; he acquired through it a -capacity of living for the present day, without care for the coming one; -and an inability to endure restraint, even when restraint was an -imperious duty;--in short, a restless sense of unused liberty. -Independence is assuredly the basis of true genius--but then it is that -which holds fast by duty;--this last better portion was not developed in -Rousseau till a later day--and then in so imperfect a manner, and -tainted by so much, first of whim, and lastly of madness, that he reaped -little benefit from the lessons of experience. - -He continued to fulfil his duties as secretary for two years; and showed -his aptitude for things beyond, by making a study at the same time of -arithmetic and geometry. But his steady course of life was suddenly -interrupted. An illness confined him to his chamber, and during this -time Rameau's treatise on harmony fell into his hands. It served still -more to develope a passion for music of which he had already given many -tokens. He prevailed on madame de Warens to give a weekly concert; he -became absorbed in the art--neglected his office--and at length proposed -to his protectress to give up his situation, that he might devote -himself entirely to the study of composition. She struggled against a -scheme which offered little prospect of future good, and was to be -followed by the immediate sacrifice of a respectable position and habits -of sober industry. -[Sidenote: 1735. -Ætat. -23.] -Rousseau's ardour caused him to prevail; and he became music master at -Chambery, that he might earn a livelihood while he prosecuted his -studies. He was thus thrown among the best society of the town; and -found it far more agreeable to teach well-born and agreeable young -ladies, than to spend eight hours a day in a close dark office, in -company with under-bred uncombed clerks. Fortunately, where the salt of -intellect prevails, nothing but absolute slavery of mind to an absorbing -and uninstructive pursuit can prevent a man of talent from turning the -various events of life to profit. Among his pupils was a M. de -Conzié--a man of some talent, but with no real taste for the art which -Rousseau was to teach: conversation was therefore usually substituted -for the lesson; and Rousseau, led by him to read Voltaire's works, -acquired something of the tone of the literature of the day, and felt -himself rapidly carried away into the very heart of philosophical -discussions;--he himself began to desire to write with elegance, charmed -by the brilliant style of his great contemporary. - -It is impossible to dwell upon the minutia of his life for the five -following years; they were important--they led him through early -manhood, and during their course he developed his taste for the -acquirement of knowledge--educating himself intellectually and morally, -as well as he could, by the light of little else than his own natural -reason. - -At first, his head was perpetually full of projects for advancement. He -made many little journeys to Lyons, Geneva, and Niort, for the sake of -prosecuting schemes, which he believed to be fraught with advantages; -but which failing each in turn, he returned penniless to his home with -madame de Warens. By degrees, however, he fell into a bad state of -health. Feeling an inexplicable weakness pervade his frame, he believed -he had but a short time to live, and lost his desire for advancement in -the languor and bodily inaction produced by disease. His protectress, -for the sake of securing a friend at the court of Savoy, rented a house -of a Piedmontese noble at Chambery, which no one else would take, being -close and damp. In the summer, she escaped from this species of prison -to a small country house. Les Charmettes, near Chambery. There, in -solitude and tranquillity, Rousseau gave himself up to study. -Mathematics and Latin were his principal occupations: he worked hard: -there was an inaptitude to remember in him which made knowledge -difficult to acquire; but he acquired the power of reflection--he learnt -to distinguish his ideas--he recognised moral principles and -philosophical truths--he penetrated deeply into the secret springs of -human action. Man's nature was often exposed as a map before him--and he -knew its various bearings and powers--although he was ill able then, as -ever, to control its impulses as they existed within himself. - -The confidential domestic of madame de Warens died; and Rousseau, in -some sort fulfilling his avocations, discovered the ruin into which his -protectress was plunged, through her love of scheming, and the ready ear -she gave to every quack and swindler who sought her for the sake of -plunder. It became his desire to save her; and, if that were impossible, -to make such a fortune as would enable him to be of use to her in his -turn. - -It is not our intention to enter into the details of Rousseau's -connection with this lady. To any one who loves to make a study of human -nature, the "Confessions" are an invaluable book, and disclose the -secret of many hearts to those who have courage to penetrate into the -recesses of their own. But, to be useful, they must be read as they are, -with the author's observations and minute anatomy of motive; and a mere -abridgment would disgust without advantage. It is not to-day that we -have learnt, that it is not true, that when a woman loses one virtue she -loses all. The true distinctive virtue of woman's nature is her -promptitude to self-sacrifice, and a capacity to bind up her existence -in the happiness and well-being of the objects of her attachment. -Experience shows us, that as far as a woman does this, and is neither -worldly nor depraved, she preserves, in spite of error, the more lovely -qualities of her nature. Personal fidelity is the purifier and preserver -of the affections; and whoso fails in this, either man or woman, -degrades human nature--the glory of which is to ally the sensations of -love to the emotions of the heart and the passions of the soul. If we -examine the conduct of madame de Warens by this rule, we find her -wanting; and whether she be a real personage, and did and felt as -Rousseau describes, or an imaginary being, we may pass judgment on her, -and assert that the event proves that depravity of conduct led her to -fail in fulfilling the duties which the affections impose. - -Rousseau, having somewhat recovered his health, returned to his projects -for worldly advancement, and his journeys that carried him hither and -thither in search of it. On one occasion he visited Montpellier for the -sake of consulting a physician; he returned--his hopes of renovated -health gone, his resolve to dedicate himself to his benefactress -strengthened. He returned, to find another in his place--his friend's -heart changed--the paradise he cherished desecrated. He did not the less -resolve to serve her. "Reduced," he writes, "to form a fate for myself -independent of her, and not being able even to imagine such, I sought it -wholly in herself--and I did this so entirely, that I succeeded in -almost forgetting myself. The ardent desire of seeing her happy absorbed -all my affections. In vain did she separate her happiness from mine; I -saw it in hers, in spite of her. Thus the virtues whose seed were in my -soul, and which study had matured, began to germinate with my -misfortunes, and waited but for the operation of adversity to bud -forth." This exalted state of mind, however, could not last. Finding his -rival totally unworthy of his attempts to educate him, and that he was -plunging the unfortunate madame de Warens deeper in inevitable ruin, he -hurried from the scene. The employment of tutor to the children of M. de -Mabli, at Lyons, was offered him; he undertook it; but soon became -disgusted. At a distance, the tranquil happiness of Les Charmettes -recurred to his memory; he began to fancy that he was in fault--that he -had but to return to find love and peace. He did return, and the -illusion was dispelled for ever. For a short time he gave himself up to -study, while he revolved a thousand projects for his future life. Music -was still a favourite pursuit. He had invented a method of noting music -which he considered more facile and perfect than the one in use. He -believed that, if known, it would be generally adopted; and that, if he -took it to Paris and showed it to the professors, they would at once -perceive its advantages, and his fortune would be made. His imagination -speedily warmed with the idea, and he hurried to execute it. "I had -brought," he writes, "some money with me from Lyons; I sold my books to -acquire a sum sufficient for my journey. My design was taken and -executed within the space of fifteen days. In short, full of magnificent -ideas--and ever the same in all times--I left Savoy with my system of -music, as before I had quitted Turin with my toy fountain." - -Rousseau pauses--his biographers usually pause--at this epoch, when he -was about to enter on a new life,--leaving the country and solitude for -the busy capital of France. He was nine and twenty; his character was -formed. The love of adventure, which had first caused his flight from -Geneva, had turned into a love of scheming. While censuring madame de -Warens for this turn of mind; he little felt how entirely--he -participated in it. His life was made up of schemes; which his ardent -disposition exalted into passions. The genuine impulses of his soul -were; his genius, developed in authorship; his passionate heart; which -wasted its fondest impulses on one (madame d'Houdetot) who loved -another. These were not schemes; but his stoicism--his hermitism (if -this word he allowed)--his independence carried to an extravagant pitch; -were all schemes; and succeeded; consequently; as ill as possible. "With -this scheming head; a heart yet full of romance; and a mind stored -beyond his own knowledge with observation and sagacity; he left every -old friend; every old association; and plunged; poor and unknown; into a -new life, in the most civilised and most profligate city in the world. - -[Sidenote: 1741. -Ætat. -29.] - -Rousseau entered Paris this time, as it appeared to him, under good -auspices. He found a friendly and cordial welcome from several French -ladies, to whom he had letters of introduction. His system of noting -music was examined, eulogised, and neglected by the Academy; and Rameau -detecting a radical defect, its inventor cast it aside; but he found -employment as secretary to madame Dupin and M. Franceuil; and better -prospects opened themselves when he was appointed secretary to M. de -Montaigu, ambassador to Venice. -[Sidenote: 1743. -Ætat. -31.] -Here the influence of an evil destiny was manifest. Had the ambassador -been a man of honour and sense, Rousseau might have passed a happy life, -fulfilling an honourable career; but M. de Montaigu was avaricious to a -degree that made him sacrifice propriety as well as dignity to his -saving propensities. "The character of this ambassador," says Bernardin -de Saint Pierre, "is well known. I have heard from good authority -several traits of his avarice. 'Three shoes,' he often said, 'are -equivalent to two pair, because one is sooner worn out than the other;' -and he therefore always had three shoes made at a time." This man, -silly, insolent, and grasping, crushed the last ambition of Rousseau. He -treated him with such indignity that he was forced to leave him. -Plundered and ill treated, while every one at Venice at the time was -eager to furnish testimonials of his excellent conduct--and his -dispatches had merited high praise--he received no compensation from the -court he served. The iniquitous maxim of the French government, never -publicly to acknowledge the misconduct of those whom it employed, joined -to the circumstance that Rousseau was not a Frenchman, sufficed to -render his representations of no avail. This thoroughly, and with -reason, disgusted him from seeking employment under a system where all -worth was trampled on by rank and wealth. - -He returned to Paris, and was kindly received by all his friends, with -one exception only, of a highborn lady, who could not imagine that a -_roturier_ had any right to quarrel with a noble. His friends madame -Dupin and M. Franceuil continued their employment; the latter -subsequently endeavoured to place him advantageously as cashier in his -office, he being farmer-general; but Rousseau could neither rest nor -sleep while the money-chest was under his care; and falling ill in -consequence, gave up his situation. M. de Franceuil was somewhat -alienated by this act; he began to think that there were no means of -befriending a man who shrunk from a lucrative and easy employment. - -On his first arrival from Venice, Rousseau enjoyed the intimate -friendship of an enlightened Spaniard, a man of noble nature and great -powers of mind. They agreed to live under the same roof, and allied -themselves in the closest friendship. D'Alcuna was recalled to his -native country, and Rousseau felt the void. He had been accustomed to -domestic society, and in addition he felt that he needed the kind -attentions of a woman, and this want led to the fatal act from which -sprung so many of his misfortunes. - -In his native country, or in England, Rousseau would, under the -influence of public opinion, probably have married. He would not have -been content in forming so solemn a tie without being satisfied with the -connections of her who hereafter was to share his life; he would have -desired still more to assure himself of the qualities of her heart and -mind. Unfortunately his residence in Savoy and in Paris had deprived him -of all primitive simplicity in his principles of moral conduct; and he -had none of that fastidious taste that made him shrink from the society -of the vicious. For purposes of economy he dined at a sort of -table-d'hôte frequented by persons lost to all sense of decency; -refinement was out of the question. He found a poor girl there, who was -too modest for the depraved and brutalised men who frequented the house. -Rousseau took her part, ties of kindness were formed between them, and -it appearing a matter of convenience to himself, he induced her to -become his mistress. - -Therese le Vasseur was not an ill-conducted girl on certain points; she -was always faithful, as far as is known, to her tie to Rousseau; but she -was not only ignorant and illiterate, but wanting in common -understanding. Rousseau boasts that she could give excellent advice on -emergencies; but this common sense did not lead her to resist the -influence of her mother, a low cunning woman; while Rousseau, not liking -to have the burden of her destiny, future as well as present, thrown -wholly on himself, felt no inclination, at the commencement of their -intercourse, when alone it was possible, to separate her from -association with her family, which tended to keep her vulgar-minded and -artful. - -Even in his Confessions, where Rousseau discloses his secret errors, he -by no means appreciates the real extent of his misconduct on this -occasion. He allied himself to a girl whom he despised too much to allow -her at first even to share his home; he took her as a sort of -convenience, and when inconveniences arose from the connection, he was -disposed to get rid of them on the easiest possible terms. Theresa was -about to become a mother. According to the profligate code of French -morals, this fact would dishonour her; though the illicit intercourse, -if not openly acknowledged, did not. Rousseau did not like to multiply -ties between himself and his mistress and her family: he was needy: he -had heard young men of rank and fortune allude vauntingly to the -recourse they had had on such occasions to the Foundling Hospital. He -followed their criminal example. - -He at first acted, he says, without serious examination of the morality -of his conduct; but when he commenced author, he gave attentive -consideration to the point, and satisfied himself that he did right, and -continued his course of conduct. Five of his children were thus sent to -a receptacle where few survive; and those who do go through life are -brutified by their situation, or depressed by the burden, ever weighing -at the heart, that they have not inherited the commonest right of -humanity, a parent's care. - -It is insulting the reader to dwell on the flagrancy of this act. But it -is a lesson that ought to teach us humility. That a man as full of -genius and aspiration after virtue as Rousseau, should have failed in -the plainest dictates of nature and conscience, through the force of -example and circumstances, shows us how little we can rely on our own -judgment. It shows too, that a father is not to be trusted for natural -instincts towards his offspring; for the mother wept, and it needed the -control of her own mother, and strong necessity, to induce the -weak-minded and misguided girl to consent to part with her offspring. - -We say little of Rousseau's vain excuses as to the probable destiny of -his children. They were better, he says, brought up by the public, than -rendered rogues by madame le Vasseur, or led into evil courses as -dependants on madame d'Epinay and the maréchale de Luxembourg. This -futile reasoning does not need elaborate refutation. Rousseau talks of -public care, as if that were, in such a place as a Parisian foundling -hospital, aught else but public desertion. The poor children in all -probability died in their infancy. - -Rousseau was indeed short-sighted. Brought up in virtue and honour, as a -man of his talents ought to have brought up his offspring,--or genius -were a vainer gift even than it is,--these children might have clustered -round him in his days of desolation, have cheered his house with smiles, -and been a help and support in his age. He would not have felt -friendless, nor been driven to suicide by the sense of abandonment and -treachery. He indeed sowed the wind, and reaped the whirlwind. France -was on the eve of a sanguinary revolution. The social state of things -was about wholly to change. Who knows of what use Rousseau's sons might -have been to check barbarous outrages, to teach justice, or display -fortitude? Such ideas are vain, but will present themselves. Our first -duty is to render those to whom we give birth, wise, virtuous, and -happy, as far as in us lies. Rousseau failed in this,--can we wonder -that his after course was replete with sorrow? The distortion of -intellect that blinded him to the first duties of life, we are inclined -to believe to be allied to that vein of insanity, that made him an -example among men for self-inflicted sufferings. We now dismiss this -subject. It was necessary to bring it so far forward as to show the evil -effects of so bad a cause; it is too painful to dwell further upon. - -By degrees Rousseau overcame his dislike to its being known to his -friends that he had formed this sort of connection with Theresa, and he -made common household with her. This species of intercourse was looked -upon in a different light in France than in England. She was regarded as -Rousseau's housekeeper, and respected as such; and no one thought that -they had a right to scrutinise their real relations, or to censure them. -This had been praiseworthy as a proceeding founded on tolerant and -charitable principles; but when we find that this kindly-seeming society -was a Moloch, whom to pacify, little children were ruthlessly -sacrificed, the whole system takes a revolting and criminal aspect from -which we turn with loathing. - -However, to go back to narrative. Rousseau instituted Theresa his -housekeeper, assisted in the maintenance of her relatives, and found, in -the convenience and attention which these domestic arrangements brought -with them, a great alleviation to his physical sufferings. -[Sidenote: 1749. -Ætat. -37.] -This same year was memorable on another and important score. Among his -Parisian friends, there was none to whom he was more attached than -Diderot, a man of an amiable disposition, and possessed of greater -abilities in the eyes of those who personally knew him, than he has -developed in his writings. Some people in power were displeased at -certain personal allusions in his "Letter on the Blind." According to -the nefarious system of the old regime, the result was, a _lettre de -cachet_, and his being imprisoned in the keep of the castle of -Vincennes. Rousseau was penetrated by indignation and anguish. He -fancied that his friend would never be liberated; he figured to himself -all that a man of ardent and yet feeble temperament would suffer in -solitary confinement. He wrote to implore madame de Pompadour to exert -her influence, either to procure his liberation, or to admit of him, -Rousseau, being shut up with him. On all occasions he was energetic in -representing the unmerited sufferings to which his friend was exposed. -After a period, the confinement of Diderot was mitigated. The castle and -park of Vincennes, on parole, were given him for a prison, with liberty -to see his friends. Rousseau hastened to avail himself of this -permission, and frequently walked to Vincennes to pass the afternoons in -relieving the solitude of his friend. The way was long, the summer -sultry, his pace slow. He read as he walked along; and once took with -him the "Mercure de France" to beguile the way; as he looked it over, he -fell upon the question proposed by the Academy of Dijon, as the subject -for the prize of the following year--"Whether the progress of the arts -and sciences had tended to corrupt or purify the manners of men." The -words touched a chord that revealed a power, latent in his heart, -undreamt of before. The scroll of society unrolled itself before him, -such as he found it, blotted and tainted, in the city of the earth that -boasted to be the most advanced in the cultivation of the arts and -sciences. And beside it he placed a picture of pristine innocence,--of -man enjoying the full development of his physical powers; living for the -day as it rose, untouched by care, unbewildered by intellectual -speculations,--by vanity, emulation, or pride;--man liberated from the -control of opinion and the tyranny of his own unreasonable desires. -Words descriptive of such a state poured into his mind; expressions of -burning eloquence seemed to cluster on his lips, and to demand a voice. -Before he could transfer his thoughts to paper, much was lost; but -enough remained to gain for him the reputation of being one of the most -eloquent authors that ever lived.[8] - -The eloquence with which he represented the evils of civilisation, and -the blessings of a state of nature, as he called it, fascinated every -reader. The freshness and energy of his style charmed; the heart he put -into his arguments served instead of reason, and convinced. The -opponents of his system were sufficiently in the wrong, to make him -appear absolutely in the right. Yet, in point of fact, nothing can be -more unnatural than his natural man. The most characteristic part of -man's nature is his affections. The protection he affords to woman--the -cares required by children; yet Rousseau describes his natural man as -satisfying his desires by chance,--leaving the woman on the instant; -while she, on her side, goes through child-bearing, child-birth, and -child-nurture alone. Much may be granted to the strength that human -beings enjoy in savage life; much to the little needed by the -inhabitants of those happy isles where food grows beneath their feet; -but, in all, man has ever been found (except in one or two cases, where -the human animal descends below brutes), the protector of women, and the -source of his children's subsistence; and among all societies, however -barbarously constituted, the gentler and nobler individuals among them -have loved their wives and their offspring with constant and -self-sacrificing passion. Let us advance civilisation to its highest -pitch, or retrograde to its origin,--and let both bring freedom from -political and social slavery; but in all let us hold fast by the -affections: the cultivation of these ought to be the scope of every -teacher of morality, every well-wisher to the improvement of the human -race. Poor Rousseau, who had thrust his offspring from parental care to -the niggard benevolence of a public charity, found some balm to the -remorse that now and then stung him, by rejecting the affections out of -his scheme of the state of natural man. - -His work had a sudden and prodigious success; and as the ideas that -inspired it disclosed a new and intellectual world to him, so did the -favour of the public open a new scene of life. It was soon after writing -this essay, that M. de Franceuil offered him the place of cashier. The -uneasiness he felt, and other circumstances, combined to give him a fit -of illness. During the delirium of fever, and during the reveries of -convalescence, he formed a plan for securing his independence. He -believed that he had but a few years to live; and he saw no prudence in -working for a fortune he could never enjoy. He resolved therefore to -renounce his place of cashier, to give up that of secretary to madame -Dupin, and to gain his subsistence by copying music. In Paris, men of -letters, frequenting the highest society, often live in the most frugal -manner, and need only the wherewithal to buy their daily bread. Rousseau -determined to reduce himself to this situation, to limit his expenses to -bare necessities, and to guard the independence he coveted, by -decreasing his wants. His friends heard of his resolution with -incredulity, surprise, and subsequent disapprobation. The family of -Therese le Vasseur were dependent on him, and he thus condemned them -also to indigence. Rousseau was not to be moved. His new reputation as -an author caused him to be sought by the most chosen societies of Paris; -his idea of adapting his manners and life to his theories gave piquancé -to his appearance and society. "I avow," he says, in his second letter -to M. de Malesherbes, "that the name I acquired by my writings greatly -facilitated the plan I adopted. It was necessary that I should be -thought a good author, to become with impunity a bad copyist, and to -find work notwithstanding; without the first title, I might have been -disregarded in the other; and though I can easily brave ridicule, I -should have supported contempt with difficulty." As it was, all he did -seemed to increase his reputation. He was considered eccentric,--but he -was sought as a man of genius. - -[Sidenote: 1750. -Ætat. -38.] - -Another circumstance concurred to raise him to the pinacle of fashion. -This was the success of the "Divin du Village." He had before composed -an opera; but the envy of Rameau had robbed him of the fame: the "Divin -du Village" was all his own. It was represented at Versailles before the -king and assembled court, and received with enthusiasm. It became the -topic of conversation in Paris; he was invited to be presented to Louis -XV.; and it was supposed that a pension would be conferred on him. -Independence, pride, false shame, all concurred to make him renounce the -intended honour and emolument: his friends reproved him severely, but he -was not to be shaken. Still he made a few hundred louis by the piece, -and was thus, with his frugal habits, placed above want for several -years to come. - -The academy of Dijon proposing another question--the Origin of -Inequality among Men. Rousseau seized the opportunity of further -developing his opinions, and of asserting still more boldly the -superiority of what he termed the natural man over the nurslings of -civilisation. - -[Sidenote: 1754. -Ætat. -42.] - -He soon after visited his native town. He dwells slightly on the motives -of this journey: a wish to revisit the scenes which he had quitted a -penniless adventurer, and to enter Geneva attended by the celebrity he -had already gained, were no doubt principal motives. Theresa and his -friend Gauffecourt accompanied him. He saw madame de Warens sunk in a -low abyss of poverty; he implored her to leave Savoy, and to take up her -abode with him in Paris; she refused, and he left her, never to see her -more. While at Geneva he abjured the Roman catholic religion, and -entered again the protestant church. The pedantic clergy of Geneva were -very desirous that he should make a speech on the occasion; Rousseau -would not have been sorry to comply, but he broke down at the outset. He -was treated with great distinction by the most distinguished of his -fellow citizens, and the design soon suggested itself of his -establishing himself entirely among them; a place of librarian, worth -about 50_l_, a year, was offered him, to secure the respectability of -his situation. - -After some time spent in revisiting scenes dear through youthful -association, and of entrancing beauty in themselves, he returned to -Paris; and here he was assailed by many doubts as to his plans for the -future. The idea of residing an honoured and distinguished citizen in -his native town, so flattering at first, began to lose its charm. In his -heart he doubtless felt that the sort of inquisitorial and pedantic tone -that reigned in Geneva, clothed in the garb of virtue and reason, was -more likely to shackle the free expression of his genius than the -versatile society of Paris. Voltaire also had just taken up his -residence at les Delices. Without any taint of envy, Rousseau might -naturally shrink from living under his shadow. Older than him, rich, of -established reputation, arrogant beneath all his playfulness, and so -mischievously meddling, that even the king of Prussia found him a -troublesome inmate, a very little knowledge of the world would have told -Rousseau that they could only agree, when in vicinity, through continual -deference on his part; and the views they took of the social system were -so different, and both were by disposition so eager to disseminate their -respective opinions, that deference was out of the question, and open -hostilities must have been the consequence. - -Still Rousseau doubted, and was disturbed. Madame d'Epinay relates the -nature of his deliberations, which betray great foresight and prudence. -"Rousseau is perplexed," she says; "nor am I less, with regard to the -advice that he asks of me. He has received letters pressing him warmly -to return and live in his native country. 'What ought I to do?' he said, -'I neither can nor will reside in Paris, I am too miserable. I should be -glad to visit and to pass several months in my republic; but the -propositions made me are of a nature to fix me there; and if I accept -them, I must remain. I have some acquaintance, but no friends. These -people scarcely know me, and they write to me as a brother; this I am -aware is the result of the republican spirit, but I distrust such warm -friends. On the other hand, my heart warms at the idea, that my country -invites me; but how quit Grimm, Diderot, and yourself?'" - -Madame d'Epinay was, when left to herself, a woman of generous impulses -and an affectionate heart. She conceived a method of cutting the gordian -knot, and acted on it at once. At the entrance of the forest of -Montmorenci, there was a small house belonging to M. d'Epinay, called -the Hermitage. M. d'Epinay was adding a new wing to the chateau; his -wife persuaded him to allow some of the workmen to enlarge and fit up -this house: all was executed with zealous speed. She then offered -Rousseau the dwelling with all the grace a woman puts into an obligation -she confers; she was desirous, at the same time, of adding to his -income; but he at once refused the latter proposition, while he accepted -the first. He could not help being deeply touched by so kind and tender -a mark of affection. The active attention she paid to the details of his -removal, when all was arranged, taking him and his two gouvernantes in -her carriage, and herself giving them possession, were marks of real -attachment and sympathy. - -[Sidenote: 1756. -Ætat. -44.] - -Rousseau found the spot exactly calculated to please him: however much -the society of Paris might be necessary at times to entertain, he had -been bred in the country; his young and happy days had been passed -there, and he could not view a secluded abode in the midst of forest -glades, and the advance of spring, as it clothed the landscape with -verdure, without a burst of transport. The house was small, but neat and -comfortable; and that all was the gift of friendship rendered it -inestimable in his eyes. - -It is difficult not to dwell, as he has done, on the delight he -experienced during the commencement of his abode at the Hermitage. At -first he could only enjoy the woodland walks; the budding of the trees; -the balmy winds of opening spring; the aspect of nature. He deliberated -as to his occupations; he arranged his papers. He still considered -copying music as the calling by which he was to gain his bread; but he -revolved many literary projects. The editing the manuscripts of the -Abbé de Saint Pierre; an original work he named "Les Institutions -Politiques;" a metaphysical discussion on the effects of external -circumstances on the human mind; and, to crown all, a system of -education, on which he had been requested to occupy himself, by a lady -to whose sons he had at one time acted as tutor;--such were his -schemes--the subject of his meditations during his walks. These -meditations were, however, soon merged into reveries and day-dreams, -that absorbed his heart and soul. The long summer days passed beneath -the shades of the forest, recalled the wanderings of his youth, and the -passions that had warmed his young heart.--A settled life with Theresa; -the cares and discontents he had endured in Paris, his literary -occupations and theories, engrossing his thoughts, had banished love. -Now, in his solitary rambles, as his memory reverted to the illusions of -bygone years, his imagination fired, his heart swelled, his being became -absorbed. No real object presenting itself, he created chimerical -beings, on whom he exhausted the most passionate sentiments, the most -brilliant imaginations. His day-dreams became extatic: he was drunk with -an abstract love for one who lived only as he painted her, in the form -most delightful to his thoughts: he charmed himself by figuring various -situations--by addressing letters to her--by fancying those he received -in return. He checked himself in his vague reveries, and gave a form and -place, a name and a habitation to his creations: the lover and beloved, -and the friend dear to both, were imaged and placed in a spot carefully -selected as beautiful in itself, and associated with his fondest -recollections. Julie, Claire, and Saint Preux, lived and loved at Vevay, -beside his native lake, in the midst of the most majestic and lovely -scenes that exist on earth. - -The winter was passed tranquilly; he occupied himself by completing and -copying the first two parts of the "Nouvelle Heloise." When spring -returned he again delivered himself up to his entrancing reveries, and -wandered in the woods, as he composed the latter parts of his work. In -these there reigns a sort of paradisaical peace--a voluptuous yet -innocent transport of acknowledged bliss, that charms the reader, as it -inspired the writer. That to be thus engrossed by ideas of passionate -love, however we may imagine that we can restrain them within proper -bounds, leads at last to the errors of passion, cannot be doubted. -Rousseau instinctively felt this truth when he made death the -catastrophe of his novel; not so much to mar the scene, as to prevent -sin and remorse from defacing it still more; he felt it in his own -person, when his unguarded and softened heart was suddenly possessed by -a passion the most vehement and unfortunate that ever caused a frail -human being to thrill and mourn. - -The countess d'Houdetot was the sister of M. d'Epinay, and was married -to a young noble, who had been given her as a husband in her youth, in -the way marriages were made in France, neither knowing nor caring for -the other. He was an insignificant person, very fond of money, and -totally neglectful of his wife. The usual course in such marriages was, -that the wife should have a lover, and if the husband were content to -shut his eyes, and she continued constant to one person, she was looked -on as living respectably. Madame d'Houdetot was not even pretty; but she -had a look of youth, preserved by the ingenuousness of her mind and the -kindness of her heart. Every one loved her. Gay, gentle, full of -tenderness, and admirably true and sincere; she added to these qualities -a giddiness of disposition--a childish but bewitching frankness--a wit -that never hurt, but always charmed, as springing from the natural -gladness of an innocent heart; and, protected by these genuine virtues, -she escaped the contamination of Parisian society. Her lover, M. de -Saint Lambert, was a man distinguished for his talents, moving in the -highest society, a gallant soldier, an admired poet, a handsome man; his -attachment, according to the code of morals of the society to which they -belonged, reflected honour on its object. - -She came several times, at the desire of Saint Lambert, to visit -Rousseau at the Hermitage. He had desired her to go, believing that the -ties of friendship established between the three would be of mutual -benefit; and Rousseau being aware of their attachment, the openness of -heart that reigned in the intercourse was another attraction. She spoke -of her lover with enthusiasm: Rousseau listened, and before he was -aware, felt for her all that she expressed for another. When, after her -departure, he turned his thoughts to Julie, hitherto the idol of his -imagination, he found her image displaced by that of madame d'Houdetot, -and with a pang recognised the new power that possessed him. - -Sophist, as on many occasions Rousseau undoubtedly was, he reasoned on -his feelings till the very causes that ought to have made him resolve to -crush the nascent passion, were changed by him into motives for -fostering it. He had enounced a severe code of morality, and called the -permitted liaisons of Parisian society by the harsh name of adultery; -and it would have been base indeed to have been tempted into forming -such himself. There was no danger of this. Madame d'Houdetot loved -another, superior to himself in all qualities that attract, with warmth -and truth. He duped himself, therefore, by the vain sophism, that he -only injured himself by nourishing an unreturned passion. - -Could he have confined it to his own heart, the injury would have been -great enough; disturbing his peace, wrecking the little of proud -consolatory thoughts which he preserved. But from the first he avowed -his love to its object, and continued to pour the fervent expressions it -inspired into her ear; secure in the mistaken notion, that as he did not -seek to win her, but only to unburden his heart, the indulgence was -innocent. He says that he should blame madame d'Houdetot for listening, -had he been young and good-looking: still he was not so very old; -perhaps suffering added years to his appearance; but at all events the -lady acted with great imprudence. Her artless noble character lifts her -far above unworthy suspicion; but she was thoughtless and inexperienced; -the dupe of mistaken compassion. She allowed Rousseau to visit her -frequently; to write to her; to pour out the declarations of his love; -never feeling inclined to participate in his sentiments, she yet wished -to preserve his friendship and to enjoy his society. For four months -they were continually together. He walked over to her house at -Eaubonne--they met half-way--they rambled together in the neighbouring -country. Such unguarded conduct excited remark. Madame d'Epinay, to say -the least, was exceedingly annoyed that her sister-in-law should thus -expose herself to calumny. We have two accounts of these unfortunate -events, one by Rousseau, the other from her pen. She passes rather -slightly over them, but expresses even disgust; she was aware, she says, -of her sister's innocence, but pained by her imprudent conduct. Theresa -became violently jealous; and while she tried to pacify her, she blamed -those who so needlessly excited her jealousy. Rousseau, on the contrary, -accuses her of the utmost baseness; of fostering remark; of writing to -Saint Lambert a garbled and false statement of facts; of exciting -Theresa's jealousy, and even instigating her to steal any letters she -might find, and betray them to her. There is, probably, exaggeration in -this; at the same time it is plain that the intercourse between Rousseau -and madame d'Houdetot was the chief topic of conversation at the chateau -of her sister-in-law; that they were greatly blamed; and it is certain -that Saint Lambert received an anonymous letter, informing him of what -was going on. Probably Therese or her mother wrote it; we can hardly -suspect madame d'Epinay of so base and vulgar a proceeding. It is -remarkable that these accounts not only differ materially in -circumstances, but that the notes of madame d'Epinay, as given by her, -are written in quite another tone from those quoted in the Confessions. -As whenever Rousseau's copies have been collated with the originals, -they have been found faithful, we suspect the lady of falsifying hers. -In fact, while Rousseau gains our confidence, even while we perceive -that he acted a highly blameable part, there is a studied, though -apparently negligent, glozing of facts in madame d'Epinay's which -excites suspicion. - -Saint Lambert did not suspect madame d'Houdetot; but he thought that -Rousseau was highly blameable for declaring love for her; and that she -was very unwise in listening to him. He interfered, though with kindness -and consideration for his unhappy rival; the intercourse was broken off. -Rousseau, with a heart worn by passion, and bursting with the struggles -that tormented it, was thrown back on himself, to find his friends -alienated, his home disquieted, and sympathy nowhere. - -Many other circumstances contributed to his unhappiness; circumstances -which would scarcely enter into the history of any other man as eminent -as Rousseau; apparently trifling, but rendered important through his -sensitive and umbrageous disposition. He had two intimate male friends: -Diderot, whom he had known many years, and to whom he was sincerely -attached; and Grimm. Diderot was a singular man, and enjoyed during life -more reputation than has afterwards fallen to his lot. He had great -talents, joined to a sensibility, which was real in him, but which -produced a style in France, that may be termed the ejaculatory, the most -affected and tiresome in the world. His opinions became feelings; these -feelings engrossed him; he was in a perpetual state of exaltation and -enthusiasm about trifles. As an instance, we are told, that at one time -he could not sleep at nights, because Virgil had not praised Lucretius, -till at length he found a verse in the Georgies-- - - -"Felix qui potuit rerum cognosccre causas;" - - -and interpreting it into an encomium on the great metaphysical poet of -antiquity, he regained his tranquillity. He had a tender heart, but -though he possessed some genius, he had not understanding enough to -serve as an equilibrium. Rousseau was in very bad hands as regarded the -_gouverneuses_, as he called them. The mother of Theresa was a grasping, -artful, gossiping, selfish old woman. Rousseau was poor; she complained -to his friends, and Diderot and Grimm thought it right to make her a -small allowance. They did this unknown to their friend, and were -certainly wrong; for there is nothing more improper than to interfere -secretly with the household of others. Giving this money, they thought -they had a right to interfere further. The le Vasseurs, mother and -daughter, had no desire to pass the winter, away from their Parisian -acquaintance, in the forest of Montmorenci. They complained bitterly, -and Diderot wrote to remonstrate with Rousseau. To read his letter, you -would imagine that his friend thought of wintering at the North Pole; -his earnestness on stilts on such a petty occasion ought to have excited -a smile; it gave birth to a storm in the breast of the sensitive -philosopher--this was at last appeased--but still the thunder growled. -The unfortunate passion of Rousseau for madame d'Houdetot at first made -him solitary and abstracted--then miserable. Every demonstration of -suffering was interpreted as springing from melancholy engendered by -solitude. - -His other friend, Grimm, was German, who had appeared in Paris in an -obscure situation, as tutor to the children of the count de Schomberg. -Rousseau was one of his first acquaintance; their common love of music -brought them together. Grimm was a man of ambition as far as society -went. His personal affectations did not stop at brushing his nails,--a -mark of effeminacy indignantly related by Rousseau,--but by painting his -cheeks white and red, which gained for him the nickname of Tyran le -Blanc. Rousseau introduced him to madame d'Epinay. This lady was -suffering bitterly from the infidelity of her lover Franceuil;--she -permitted herself to be consoled by Grimm; who, while he became _l'ami -de maison_, seems to have determined that he should be single in that -character. He did all he could to undermine Rousseau with madame -d'Epinay, inducing her to resent his faults, his sensitiveness, his -imperious calls for sympathy and service, which she had hitherto -regarded with affectionate indulgence. She was slow to submit to the -law, and placed him in the Hermitage against Grimm's will;--to eject him -from this abode was the aim of his false friend. - -Of course, there are a thousand contradictions in the various accounts -given of these quarrels; and we seek the truth rather from the letters -written at the time, if these be not falsified. Grimm accused Rousseau -of being in love with madame d'Epinay: he denies this; and at least, -when he loved madame d'Houdetot, he no longer cared for her -sister-in-law. Was she piqued by his coldness, as Rousseau insinuates; -or was it merely that she yielded more and more to Grimm's -representations that he was a dangerous person? The final cause of her -quarrel, as she relates, was his speaking of her detractingly to -Diderot, who refused to be acquainted with her. There seems some -foundation for this accusation. She accuses him of speaking falsely; and -there are certainly traces of his having spoken unreservedly. This was -inexcusable, admitted as he was familiarly, and covered with benefits -and kindness;--especially to one to whom she was a stranger. Grimm -pushed things to extremities: he kept madame d'Epinay firm in her -resentment; he embittered Diderot's feelings. The latter acted with his -usual exaggerated and absurd sentimentality. Madame d'Epinay was very -ill, and resolved on going to Geneva to consult the famous Tronchin. -Diderot wrote a violent letter to Rousseau, insisting on his -accompanying her, and saying, that, if his health did not allow him to -bear the motion of a carriage, he ought to take his staff and follow her -on foot. There is no trace that madame d'Epinay wished him to accompany -her; on the contrary, she was doing all she could to throw him off. -Rousseau felt himself outraged by this letter--he fell into a transport -of rage--he complained to every body, and took the resolution of -quitting the Hermitage. When it came to the point, winter setting in, he -found this inconvenient; and wrote to madame d'Epinay, then at Geneva, -to mention his intention of staying till spring. In her answer, she very -decidedly tells him that he ought not to delay his departure so long. -Why this abrupt and rude dismissal? Did it spring from Grimm's advice; -or did she really feel resentment arising from the knowledge that he had -either traduced her, or revealed her secrets to Diderot? On careful -examination, we own, we incline to the latter opinion, and cannot -exculpate Rousseau. - -What a pitiful and wretched picture of society does all this present! -People of refinement, of education, and genius,--Rousseau, a man so -richly gifted with talent--Diderot, enthusiastic on the subject of every -social duty--Grimm, a man of sense--madame d'Epinay, a woman of talent, -whose disposition was injured by the state and opinions of society, but -who was naturally generous, confiding, and friendly,--yet each and all -acting with intolerance and bitterness. The passions were the sources of -these dissensions,--Rousseau's for madame d'Houdetot--Grimm's for madame -d'Epinay;--but why should not these feelings have inspired toleration -and kindness? They were fostered unfortunately by temper and vanity. -Each had microscopic eyes for the faults of the other--neither could -perceive his own. Had they at once dismissed their mutual cavillings, -reproaches, and explanations, and gone their own way in silence and -toleration, they might have been unhappy,--for such must be the result -of illicit love,--but they had not presented to all the world, and to -posterity, so humbling a proof of the worthlessness of talent in -directing the common concerns of life. - -Rousseau, of course, at once quitted the Hermitage. He had a horror of -entering Paris: he was greatly embarrassed as to where to go, when M. -Mathas, procureur-fiscal to the prince of Condé, hearing of his -uncomfortable situation, offered him a small house in his garden of Mont -Louis, at Montmorenci: he accepted it at once, and removed thither. But -his soul was still in tumults; still passion convulsed his heart, which -would not be at peace. He desired to establish a friendship between -himself, St. Lambert, and madame d'Houdetot; but they drew back--from -the alleged motive that "Rousseau's attachment was the talk of Paris, -and that therefore she could not have any intercourse with him." It was -likely enough that the old woman, le Vasseur, or twenty others, might -have been the cause of this gossip; but Rousseau chose to fix the blame -on Diderot, and to quarrel with him outright. Strange that these -sensitive men should have so little real affection in their nature that, -for the sake of personal offences, real or imagined, they could at once -throw off those whom they had loved, as they pretended, so well and so -long; showing how much more deeply rooted and engrossing was _self_, -than the interests and intercourse of their friends. A few years after, -Diderot sought to be reconciled to his former friend; he engaged a -mutual acquaintance to mediate between them. Rousseau declined his -advances. He replied:--"I do not see what M. Diderot, after seven years' -silence, all at once demands of me. I ask nothing of him--I have no -disavowal to make. I am far from wishing him ill--and am yet further -from doing or saying aught to injure him. I know how to respect the ties -of an even extinguished friendship to the end; but I never renew -it--that is my inviolable maxim." Rousseau was in exile and misfortune -when Diderot made this advance, which was honourable to him; he was -doubtless piqued by the refusal; but we cannot excuse him when, many -years afterwards, after the death of his friend, he attacked him in one -of his works. It would have been better to forget. And gladly would we, -in spite of the publicity given, have passed over these details--but -that they formed an intrinsic portion of the picture of Rousseau's life; -and were the cause why, in after times, he became suspicious even to -madness--miserable even to death. - -[Sidenote: 1758. -Ætat. -46.] - -With the new year, Rousseau, quitting the Hermitage, began a new life; -as much as an entire casting away of old friends, and seeking fresh -ones, can change the tenor of existence. But Rousseau was ever the same. -His passions, masked even to himself by their intensity, ruled his -destiny; and it was a miserable one. The semblance of tranquillity, -however, awaited him at first; and he gave himself to study and -authorship uninterruptedly. The "Encyclopædia" undertaken by d'Alembert -and Diderot engaged the attention of the literary world: it was made the -vehicle of their opinions, and the engine for propagating them. Voltaire -was residing at the Délices. He was disgusted by the pedantic, austere, -puritanic tone of society at Geneva: he considered the drama as an -admirable means of enlightening and refining a people; and, in concert -with him, D'Alembert, in his article on "Geneva," wrote in favour of the -establishment of a theatre in that city, where hitherto it had been -forbidden. Rousseau, in his dreams of primitive innocence, considered -this as an innovation on the simple manners of his country-people; and -he took up his pen in opposition. He wrote with fervour and eloquence: -he detailed the miseries resulting from a sophisticated state of -society; and argued that the drama, by treating concerning, nourished -the passions, and weakened the principles of morality. In the state in -which society was in Paris, he had many arguments in his favour; and he -might well consider the introduction of libertinism and luxury as -pernicious, contrasted even with the narrow, bigoted spirit reigning at -Geneva. The eloquence of his letter gave it vogue. In a note appended, -he announced his rupture with Diderot,--accusing him at the same time of -betraying him. This was fairly regarded as an unwarrantable attack, -though he imagined it to be an act of heroism. It was an error, to make -the public a confidant in their quarrel; and the doing so arose from the -belief that all the world was occupied with him: but it was worse -publicly to accuse a former friend. - -Rousseau does his best, in the "Confessions," to show how contented and -happy he was in his new abode--the number of friends he still -retained--and his delight at being still at a distance from Paris. He, -with proper pride, boasts of his contempt for party spirit, and the -formation of cabals in literature, in which Paris was rife. Nothing -debases literary men more than owning dependence, for praise or blame, -on aught but the public at large. - -Not far from his abode of Mont Louis was the chateau of Montmorenci, -where the marshal duke de Luxembourg, with his family, usually passed -the summer. On their first visit after his arrival, they seem courteous -messages and invitations; but Rousseau, with proper pride, shunned -advances, the nature of which he did not fully comprehend. This -occasioned further demonstrations. The duke visited him--he became an -habitual guest at the château--rooms were furnished for him in a sort -of pleasure-house, or smaller château, in the grounds--and he was -treated by the whole family with all that cordial and winning grace -peculiar to French persons of rank in those days. He read the "Nouvelle -Heloïse" and "Emile" to the duchess, who paid him the most flattering -attentions. Both she and her husband displayed warm interest in his -fortunes; and the noble, amiable character of the marshal was a pledge -that such would prove neither treacherous nor evanescent. They were -serviceable, without impertinent interference--kind, without pretension. - -This may be considered a happy period in Rousseau's life. The works on -which his fame is chiefly founded were finished or composed during these -years. The "Nouvelle Heloïse" was published at the end of 1760. With -all its errors, this novel is full of noble sentiments and elevated -morality--of true and admirable views of life--and an eloquence burning -and absorbing. Its success was unparalleled. Parisian society, engrossed -by intrigues and follies, yet felt at its core that passion was the root -even of these--depraved and distorted as passion was by their social -laws and opinions; and, thus brought back to its natural expression, -they were carried away by enthusiastic admiration. The women in -particular, who are always the losers in a system of heartless -gallantry,--since they seldom, if ever, cultivate a love of pleasure -destitute of sentiment--as is the case with a number of men,--were -charmed by a book which increased their influence by exalting love. -Another interest was excited by the notion generally spread, that the -book contained the history of the author's early life. Rousseau was -identified with St. Preux, and gained by the idea. This work was -followed by the "Emile,"--a book that deserves higher praise. That he -adopted certain views from Locke and others, who had previously written -on education, does not in the least deteriorate from its merit; that, as -a system, it is full of faults and impracticability takes little from -its utility. He shows the true end of education; and he first explained -how children ought to be treated like younger men, not as slaves or -automata. His success in casting an odium on the habit of putting -infants out to nurse--his admirable aphorism, that children ought to be -rendered happy, since childhood is all of life they may ever know--his -exhortations to prepare the pupil to be a man in the first place, -instead of considering him as a noble or gentleman in embryo--are among -the most admirable of his principles. Others may regard the work -disparagingly; but every parent who in any degree superintends the -education of his offspring--every mother who watches over the health and -welfare of her babes--will readily acknowledge the deepest obligations -to the author of "Emile." - -It fills the soul with bitterness to think that this admirable work, -whence generations of men derive wisdom and happiness, was the origin of -violent persecution against the author; and, by expelling him from his -home, and exposing him bare to the assaults of his enemies, drove him -into a state of mind allied to madness, and devoted him to poverty and -sorrow to the end of his life. - -The printing and publishing of the work had been greatly assisted, not -only by the duke and duchess de Luxembourg, but by M. de Malesherbes, a -man of known probity and kindness of disposition. Rousseau had a -quality, belonging to the warm of heart, and unknown to the cold and -dull,--that of desiring to confide in, and to be fully known to, those -whom he respected and loved. The benevolent attentions of M. de -Malesherbes, even to the whims and groundless suspicions of a man who, -from his state of health, believed himself to be dying, and feared to -leave his unpublished works in the hands of enemies, evinced that warmth -and truth of sympathy which is the golden treasure of human nature, -wherever it be found. Won by his benevolence, Rousseau addressed four -letters to him, explaining and describing his opinions, motives, and -conduct. These letters are, as it were, an introduction to the -"Confessions." They are written with the same persuasive eloquence, and -passionate love for the good and beautiful, that reigns in the last -parts of the "Nouvelle Heloïse," and forms their charm. - -He had been ill during the publication of the "Emile," and rendered -vehemently anxious by delays of the press. At length the book -appeared;--but it bore a stamp to intimidate his admirers and silence -their public applause; and it was therefore received more silently than -any other of his works. The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy is a -declaration of pure deism; and, in particular, is levelled against -various pernicious errors of Catholicism. The great foundation stone of -papacy is auricular confession, which enables the clergy to put all sins -against the ordinances of the church in the first class; and to look on -falsehood, treachery, and intolerance, as virtues, when exercised for -its sake. The Confession allies religion and morals--makes the Gospel a -rule of conduct; and, though it doubts the mysteries of the Christian -faith, it speaks of them with reverence, but in a protestant spirit, -totally at variance with Catholicism. This portion of his book excited -remark, and exposed the author to the persecutions of the French -priesthood. - -But Rousseau felt perfectly secure. There was nothing said in the -Confession of the Vicar of Savoy that had not appeared before in the -last part of the "Nouvelle Heloïse." He had himself, notwithstanding -these considerations, been exceedingly averse to publishing his work in -France: the method then, with any book bringing forward forbidden -opinions, being to publish it at Brussels, which sheltered the author -from the French laws. But the duchess of Luxembourg and M. de -Malesherbes persuaded him to let them undertake an edition in France; -and it was brought out at their instigation, against his own conviction: -they, therefore, were responsible for his security; and he did not -entertain the slightest doubt but that they would provide against his -incurring any evil consequences. - -It was as the shock of an earthquake, therefore, when, a few days after -the publication of the "Emile," he was disturbed in the middle of the -night by a message from the duchess of Luxembourg, saying that a decree -of arrest of his person would be executed on the following morning, at -seven o'clock, if he remained, but that, if he fled, he would not be -pursued; and begging him to come to her immediately. It was greatly to -the interest of the duchess to get Rousseau away, that the whole affair -might be hushed up; since any examinations would betray her connivance -in the publication. Rousseau was aware of this. -[Sidenote: June. -15. -1762. -Ætat. -50.] -He saw the duchess agitated;--he felt that, however much -he might wish to shield her during his examination, any mistake on his -part might compromise her; and he knew his habitual want of presence -of mind. He consented at once to fly--he was not allowed to -deliberate; the morning was given to preparations and adieus; at four -o'clock in the afternoon he departed. His friends were safe--he -alone the sufferer. - -His first idea was to establish himself in his native town; but this -plan was speedily deranged. Nine days after the decree of the parliament -of Paris, the council of Geneva, instigated by the French government, -sentenced the "Emile" to be burnt, and its author to be imprisoned if he -entered their territory. Rousseau might well feel disdain and -indignation for the folly and intolerance of his country-people; nor was -it in human nature for his heart not to ferment with resentment and -scorn at the universal attack levelled against him from all sects, all -parties, all countries, on account of a book whose chief pretension was -to bear the stamp of impartial truth, and to become (and he succeeded in -his attempt) highly beneficial to the human race. Its fault is that it -is anti-christian; but the most devout follower of our Saviour, if -charitable, must be impressed by the sincerity of the author, and -respect the love of truth that dictated his declarations. - -Rousseau had arrived at Iverdun, in the canton of Berne. Exiled from -Geneva, he resolved to remain there. He had friends; and a house was -offered him, which he had accepted--when he heard that the council of -Berne had sent an order desiring him to quit their state. Thus -persecuted, he had but one resource. Neufchâtel and its territory -belongs to the kingdom of Prussia: he believed that he should find -toleration at the hands of Frederic the Great. - -He found far more in the governor of Neufchâtel--marshal lord Keith, a -man eminent for his virtue. Marshal Keith had entertained many false -notions with regard to Rousseau; but he was filled with sentiments of -benevolence towards him; and the king of Prussia, influenced by him, was -desirous of rendering his residence in his stated agreeable. Rousseau -refused the offers of a house, and of supplies of wood, corn, wine, &c., -which were offered him in lieu of money, as likely to be more readily -accepted; indeed, in his "Confessions," he speaks with contempt of these -offers, as coming from Frederic: but he acquired the friendship--the -affection--of the amiable and benevolent lord Keith; and found in it, -while it was spared to him, the consolation of his life. - -He took up his residence in the village of Motiers, in the -Val-de-Travers, in the comté of Neufchâtel. If we read the -correspondence of Voltaire, and other writings of his enemies, we should -believe that he lived in a state of habitual warfare;--that his soul, -ever in tumults, continually exhaled itself in vituperation and -philippics; that he was perpetually engaged in underhand cabals and -petty manœuvres. Rousseau disdained to be of any party. He admired -Voltaire, as a man of vast genius--but refused to bow before the -literary throne on which he had seated himself. This was his crime; and -his punishment was the insolent sarcasms and brutal railleries of the -great master of wit. - -We may turn in all security from such false pictures to the reality, -depicted not only in his "Confessions," in his letters, and in his -"Promenades d'un Solitaire"--these, as written by himself, might be open -to suspicion--but to accounts afforded by impartial persons. Among -these, the comte d'Escherney gives an interesting narration of his -intercourse. A little distrust was shown on one occasion by the -persecuted philosopher, but their friendship, except on this one -occasion, was unclouded. The comte habitually dined with Rousseau: he -praises his simple table, and the excellent cooking of Thérèse; whom, -at the same time, he blames severely for the mischief she did by her -unbridled and malicious tongue,--exciting against herself, and -consequently against Rousseau, a spirit of dislike in the neighbourhood. -He felt this--and at one time wished to remove; but did not put his -desire in execution. While at Motiers he addicted himself sedulously to -botany. In his herborising expeditions, he was accompanied by M. du -Peyrou, an American settled at Bié--an excellent and respectable man, -who became his fast friend; by the colonel De Puri, father-in-law of M. -du Peyrou--both good botanists; and by the comte--who was obliged to -learn the science, not to be thrown out entirely in conversation. Some -of these expeditions were extensive; and the comte, after the lapse of -years, speaks of them with pleasure, and dwells on the charm thrown over -them by the conversation, the genius, the kind heart of Rousseau. The -latter had many other friends in the neighbourhood, whom he tenderly -loved. He remained at Motiers-Travers three years: he might have spent -his life there, honoured, happy, and independent. When we relate the -circumstances that drove him from it, we leave to impartial judges to -decide whether he were in fault or his persecutors--who, for the most -part, _soi-disant_ philosophers and free thinkers, excited the spirit of -bigotry against him, and did not hesitate hypocritically to assume the -language of religion to destroy him. - -Of what was he guilty? The accusations against him are few. The first, -that he desired to attain notoriety by assuming the Armenian dress. All -singularity in externals is foolish; and, though he excuses himself on -the score of convenience, it was certainly unwise in him to dress so as -to attract universal observation--especially in a country where the -ignorant are easily taught to hate and fear that which they do not -understand. But this fault is trivial. His second crime was his -participating in the communion. He had re-entered the protestant church, -some years before, at Geneva. He announced the greatest respect for the -religion of the Gospel; but, as his Confession of a Savoyard Vicar -argues against the divine nature of our Saviour, he had better have -abstained from making this outward manifestation of orthodox belief. - -The fault most urged against him was his renunciation of the citizenship -of Geneva. No further attack on him had been made by the government of -that city during the space of a year; and, considering the spirit of -persecution abroad against him, it had been more prudent to have -remained tranquil: but this very spirit, manifested in all writings, in -all societies, roused him to assert himself. He had committed no crime, -and he was sentenced as guilty. He had endeavoured to persuade his -fellow citizens to rescind their decree; various representations were -made to the council, not only by himself, but by the citizens and -burgesses of Geneva. There could be no evil motive in his desire, or in -the attempts he made to be reinstated in his rights in his native city; -but this justice was refused him; and with anger and disdain he -renounced his claims as citizen, and thus withdrew from their -jurisdiction. This act can scarcely be deemed blameable; he, however, -was attacked, and the council was defended, in several pamphlets, with -acrimony and violence. The chief among these were "Lettres écrites de -la Campagne," by M. Tronchin. The talent of the author gained the field -fora moment. "Siluit terra!" Rousseau exclaims: no defender rose for -him; it was deemed that he alone was able to reply. For a time he -refused; but at last yielded to the representations of his friends, and, -parodying the title of the attack, brought out his "Lettres écrites de -la Montagne." This had no influence over the council: they persisted in -their refusal--and even reiterated their decree. From that moment -Rousseau declared that he would mingle no more in public affairs;--and -he kept his word. - -But the mischief was already done. The quarrel between the citizens and -council of Geneva, on the subject of the right of the latter to enact -decrees without consulting the former, was attended with disturbances -and bloodshed. The whole country was in tumults. The "Letters from the -Mountain" were more anti-christian than any of his preceding works. The -clergy were enraged: the peasantry of Neufchâtel were taught to regard -him as a monster; from execration they proceeded to personal attack; -stones were thrown at him during his walks--and at last, the ferment -arriving at its height, his house was attacked in the night by the -country people: it appeared certain that his life was in the utmost -danger; the officers of government were disquieted by the apprehension -of more fatal disturbances, and the probability of his being -assassinated: he himself was sick at heart at finding himself the object -of open and loud execration. Resolving to leave Motiers, he felt -uncertain whither to go. His Parisian friends had interested David Hume -in his behalf, and exhorted him to take up his abode in England. -Frederic invited him to Berlin, where the friendship of lord Keith -assured him a cordial welcome from at least one friend. He was inclined -to a far wilder scheme;--the Corsicans had asked him to frame a code of -laws, and he entertained the idea of establishing himself in their -island. The sudden necessity of instant removal drove this idea from his -mind; and another presented itself that accorded with his tastes. During -his botanical rambles he had visited the island of St. Pierre situated -in the lake of Bienne, and dependent on the canton of Berne. The aspect -of the isle had enchanted him. A difficulty arose, from his having been -ordered to quit the state of Berne on first arriving in Switzerland; -but, on sounding the chiefs of the state, he was told that they were -ashamed of their past conduct, and very willing that he should establish -himself at St. Pierre. -[Sidenote: 1765. -Ætat. -53.] -Here, then, in the month of September, he took up his abode: Theresa -joined him: they boarded with the receiver of the island, who was its -only inhabitant: the profits of his works, and a slight pension allowed -him by lord Keith, assured him a frugal subsistence. Recurring, in after -years, to his brief residence in this island, he fondly dilates on his -excursions on the water--on his botanical studies--on the calm that -possessed his soul, and his total indifference to all intercourse with -the world. As an excuse for the persecutions he suffered, he is accused -of intriguing and creating disturbances even in his solitude; but no -facts are mentioned--no proofs are advanced. We cannot, indeed, believe -that the morbid spirit of distrust so fatal to his peace, which soon -afterwards manifested itself, did not in any degree exist; but there are -no letters, no documents, to support the accusations--made principally, -indeed, by the _soi-disant_ philosophers--and, above all, by Voltaire, -who could not endure that any other than himself should be a subject of -interest; and who, more than an infidel--a blasphemer--joined with the -most bigoted religionists in persecuting Rousseau. - -Rousseau was not permitted long to enjoy the tranquil pleasures of his -island residence. Suddenly, without preparation, he received an order -from the state of Berne to quit their territory in three days. It was a -clap of thunder--he could but obey--again he was a wanderer: some -friends implored him to take up his residence at Bienne, an independent -town; he almost consented, when a popular tumult, of which he was the -object, drove him away. - -He quitted Switzerland on the 29th of October. His first idea was to -repair to Berlin. On arriving at Strasbourg he changed his mind: he -gives no reason for this, except that he did not think that he could -support the journey; and that the kindness of the Strasburghers made him -meditate passing the winter in their city. He was, in fact, deliberating -between Prussia and England. He feared the influence of the Parisian -philosophers on Frederic's mind; he knew that the king preferred the -writings of Voltaire to his; he felt that they would not suit--that -Frederic would neither take pleasure in his society, nor reverence him: -he would fall into a subordinate position and humble obscurity--not as a -private man, whose independence repays him for all, but as a neglected -courtier and pensioner of royalty. These natural struggles, founded on -common sense and knowledge of the world, were misinterpreted by his -enemies.--Horace Walpole, who did not appreciate his genius, wrote a -burlesque letter, as if from the king of Prussia--the point of which -was, that Rousseau could not be happy unless persecuted: the sorrowful -truth, and the miserable effects of persecution which were subverting -even his reason, found no pity at the hands of these men. - -But he had friends. The duchess of Luxembourg (the duke had died in the -interim) and the countess de Boufflers, who were aware of the generosity -of his conduct when he fled from France, exerted themselves to procure -him an asylum. David Hume offered to escort him to England, and to -establish him respectably there. Rousseau did not like the English; but -the plan offered many advantages, and he consented. He took Paris in his -way, where the prince of Conti received him with princely hospitality. -"The prince," Rousseau writes, "chooses that I should be lodged and -entertained with a magnificence which he well knows does not suit my -tastes; but I comprehend that, under the circumstances, he wishes to -give public testimony of the esteem with which he honours me." He -received a great many visits; crowds followed him when he walked in the -streets;--it is no wonder that he loved a people and a country where he -received such flattering tokens of kindness and admiration. - -Yet he was eager to quit Paris; he was in France on sufferance; he even -received intimation from the duke de Choiseul not to prolong his stay. -[Sidenote: 1766. -Ætat. -54.] -On the 2d of January, he departed with Hume and a M. de Luze, a Genevese -and a friend of his. There was great difficulty in knowing where to -place the exile, when he arrived in England: his scanty income was far -too slight to afford mere necessaries in this country: many plans were -discussed; Rousseau rejected several. Thérèse le Vasseur was the great -obstacle to his comfort. It was with difficulty that the prejudice -against her as Rousseau's mistress could be got over; but worse remained -in her own character. De Luze represents her as ignorant, mischievous, -and quarrelsome; add to this, that heretofore Rousseau had treated her -as a mere housekeeper, and she did not dine at table with his -guests--now he insisted that she should be placed on an equality with -himself. - -Still he and Hume continued on friendly terms; and the latter -entertained a sincere esteem for him. He wrote: "He is mild, gentle, -modest, affectionate, disinterested, and, above all, endowed in a -supreme degree with sensibility of heart." Rousseau insisted on -establishing himself in solitude at a distance from London: an eligible -residence was at last found for him. He passed two months in London and -Chiswick. He was visited by all persons of distinction. "English -manners," he wrote to a friend, "suit my taste; they can testify esteem, -without cajolery." He then repaired to Wotton in Derbyshire--a house -belonging to Mr. Davenport, but seldom inhabited by him: his host, to -satisfy his delicacy, received nominal payment for his board and -lodging; and here Rousseau and Thérèse took up their abode. - -Here he wrote the first portion of his "Confessions;" and for a short -time he appeared to take pleasure in his retreat, and to feel grateful -to the friend who had procured it for him. A few weeks altered his -feelings. He became acquainted with the pretended letter of the king of -Prussia, fabricated by Horace Walpole: he began to suspect that Hume -allied himself to his detractors and enemies, and he renounced all -commerce with him. So far indeed were his suspicions founded, that Hume -had changed his opinion with regard to him. He still spoke of him as the -most delightful man in the world, when in good humour, but found his -distrust and suspicions, and accesses of melancholy, detract from the -pleasure which his society afforded. He had joined also in the laugh -raised by Walpole's letter, which, considering that Rousseau was his -peculiar guest and friend, was indelicate and insulting. Brooding in -loneliness, with only the ignorant, mischief-making Thérèse for a -companion, during a dreary English winter, Rousseau's mind, ever -distrustful, at once became fraught with suspicion. He felt himself -deserted by Hume,--he believed himself to be betrayed. Living in -obscurity and neglect in a country of the language of which he was -ignorant, his imagination suggested that his enemies had entered into a -combination to keep him there, so to gain an opportunity, undetected, of -falsifying his writings and calumniating his character. These thoughts -fermented in his brain till a species of insanity ensued. He fancied -that all his letters were opened; that he was, in a manner, imprisoned -at Wotton; and that the object of his enemies was to seize on his -"Confessions;" the knowledge of their existence having excited this -persecution. A pension of 100_l_. a year, which was conferred on him by -George III. in honourable terms, did not appease his anxieties nor calm -the fever of his mind. Under the dominion of these false -ideas,--suddenly, after a year's residence, during which he had been -treated with singular consideration and kindness, he left Wotton, -traversed England, embarked; and when he arrived at Calais congratulated -himself on his escape, as if honour and life had depended on it. The -letter he left behind addressed to Mr. Davenport, and those he wrote to -his friends, accusing his English protectors of treachery, and -denouncing an universal conspiracy against his reputation and writings, -by proving that he was possessed by insanity, ought to have excited -pity;--he met with none. An indignant cry was raised by Hume and echoed -by his enemies, accusing him of base ingratitude, and a wicked intention -to vilify his friends. This conduct served to excite his monomania to -its highest pitch, by giving some colour to his suspicions; and he -appeared to himself most calm and reasonable while he was the most -entirely under the dominion of the species of insanity that had come -over him. We must not, however, be misunderstood. Rousseau was very -ill-treated; Voltaire and his sect spared no ridicule, no opprobrium; -his friends, even Hume, would join in the laugh excited by Horace -Walpole's fabrication; Baron d'Holbach and his coterie, reigned over by -Grimm, never spoke of him except as a mixture of impostor and madman. -Here was much for Rousseau to resent. But his madness consisted in the -idea that there was an organised combination formed against him, which -was to destroy his reputation while living, falsify his writings, and -hand him down to posterity in the darkest colours. Such combinations are -never formed; and those who fancy themselves the object of such are -decidedly insane.[9] - -[Sidenote: 1767. -Ætat. -55.] - -The consequence was that his personal friends continued to treat him -with consideration. The prince of Conti offered him an asylum in his -chateau de Trie, near Amiens. He remained there about a year. The -unfortunate disposition of Thérèse soon turned all the servants and -dependants of the place into enemies. He quickly felt the effects of the -mischief she excited, and fancying that the cause existed not in her, -but others, was glad to get away. - -An exile and a wanderer, he could not tell where to take up his abode. -At one time he appears to have become aware of the bad disposition of -Thérèse, and to have resolved to separate from her. It would appear -that at this time he was married to her; but this act did not satisfy -her discontent. She deserves blame certainly; but he deserves more for -having chosen, in the first place, an ignorant woman, who had no -qualities of heart to compensate for stupidity; and, secondly, for -having injured instead of improving her disposition by causing her to -abandon her children, and taking from her the occupations and interests -that attend maternity. Dragging about with him this companion, he -resided for some time in Dauphiné. His time was chiefly spent in -herborising. He seemed - - -"The world forgetting, by the world forgot;" - - -but he was not satisfied. His restless dissatisfaction, and the -unfortunate notion that an universal conspiracy was formed against him, -caused him to renounce the pension which the king of England had -conferred. The same passions engendered a thousand varying plans. He -contemplated returning to Paris. As a first step, he remained for a -short time at Lyons, and here satisfied his vanity as well as his better -feelings by subscribing to the erection of a statue of Voltaire. The -subscription, and the letter accompanying it, were applauded, much to -the mortification of the latter, who tried vainly to have his name -erased. Soon after, he repaired to the capital. As a preliminary, he -quitted the Armenian dress which he had worn nearly ten years, being -told officially that he would not be allowed to remain in Paris, if he -attracted public attention by his singular costume. The permission he -received to inhabit that city was, indeed, only tacit, and burdened with -the condition that he should not publish any work,--a condition that -displays in its most odious light the intolerance and tyranny of the old -regime of France, - -[Sidenote: 1770. -Ætat. -58.] - -His arrival in Paris created a sensation; he was welcomed with -enthusiasm. Madame du Deffand, who did not know him, and who dared not -like him, since Horace Walpole spoke of him with contempt, and who only -saw through the eyes of the high society she frequented, speaks -slightingly of his reception by what she calls "the populace of _beaux -esprits_;" but she mentions also that he will have nothing to do with the -great ladies of her acquaintance, nor their friends, and courtiers. -Grimm (and we must remark that, though Grimm often speaks disparagingly -of Rousseau, there is nothing absolutely false in his accounts in his -Correspondence) writes that his return was the subject of conversation -for many days. The people followed him in crowds in the street; he was -invited out to dinner every day; and it only rested with him to frequent -Parisian society most distinguished for talent and rank. - -His object in returning to Paris appears to have been, in the first -place, to give publicity to his "Confessions." Soon after his arrival he -read them aloud before the count and countess d'Egmont, prince -Pignatelli, the marquise de Mesmes, and the marquis de Juigné. We -cannot justify his thus dragging the private life of his existent -friends before the world: it is the most flagrant dishonesty in -civilised society, and ought to be put on a par with picking pockets. We -excuse Rousseau in a slight degree, since his act sprung from insanity. -He believed that his enemies coalesced to defame him; that he could -exculpate himself only by these "Confessions;" which, unless rendered -public during life, would be falsified after he was dead; and he -endeavoured to keep the secrets of his friends; though he limited his -complaisance in this to hinting how much he could tell, if he liked. -Madame d'Epinay was justly annoyed, and even alarmed, at the idea of -being made the fable of the day. This lady had no excess of delicacy, -since she left behind her memoirs that unveil the secrets of her life; -but she could not endure that her name and actions should be made topics -of public conversation during her life. She applied to M. de Sartine, -lieutenant of police, to suppress any future readings; and apparently he -complied with the wish, as there is only trace of one more, before seven -auditors, which took place at the instigation of a man who sought to -establish an intimate friendship with their author. - -Rousseau now established himself at Paris. Several persons have detailed -their recollections of him during this latter part of his life; and -there is something touching in the mixture of friendliness and distrust, -of gloom and gaiety, of frugality and hospitality, which the various -details record. Every word we read stamps the "Confessions" with truth, -and animates them with a living image; for when we find how eloquent, -agreeable, and warm-hearted he was, even when oppressed by long physical -suffering and heavy mental disquietudes, we may believe that he was -fascinating in his younger days. - -He lived in Paris, in Rue Platiere, in a fourth story. His one room was -furnished with mere necessaries--two little beds, a chest of drawers, a -table, a spinnet, and some chairs; and he was triumphantly happy when, -having paid for these few things, he could call them his own. Some boxes -and pots filled with plants stood in his window, where he often -scattered crumbs for the sparrow's: all was neat and clean; and the -simplicity and peace that reigned in the little chamber imparted the -most agreeable impressions. He occupied himself by copying music, which -he did with exquisite neatness and correctness: the only use he made of -his celebrity was to ask rather a high price for his work. Many persons -employed him, so to find a pretence for intruding on his solitude and -staring at him. He did not scruple to be rude to those whom he saw were -attracted by mere impertinent curiosity--to all others he was civil if -not complaisant. The sole real blot on his household was Thérèse, whom -every one mentions with dislike and disrespect. - -The prince de Ligne describes the visit he paid: he went under the -pretence of seeking a M. Rousseau of Thoulouse, and contrived, while -excusing himself for the mistake, to slide into conversation. Rousseau -submitted to be drawn out by an utter and unnamed stranger, without the -slightest appearance of distrust. The prince asked him about his music, -and then alluded to literature, and quoted one of the opinions Rousseau -had himself advanced, of the danger of certain literary acquirements: in -a moment he was on the alert to reply, entering into the argument with -more eloquence than he had ever showed in his writings, and developing -his ideas with delicacy and precision; for it is remarkable that the -embarrassment and confusion of ideas, of which Rousseau complains as -habitual to him in conversation, never occurred, except when he fancied -that something was expected, and his extreme shyness interfered to -perplex his ideas, and even his utterance. But in the common course of -conversation all agree in describing him as more than entertaining, as -fascinating, through his eloquence, his perspicuity, and the vivacity -and energy of his imagery and ideas; but these were not to be exercised -on the trivial topics of the day, but on the high moral and -philosophical sentiments and opinions that warmed his soul. On leaving -him, the prince wrote him a letter, telling him who he was, and offering -him an asylum in his states. His letter is a singular one; he tells him -that no one knew how to read in his country, and that he would neither -be admired nor persecuted. He continues: "You shall have the key of my -books and my gardens; you shall see me or not as you please; you shall -have a small country-house a mile from mine, where you can sow and plant -just as you like; as, like you, I dislike thrones and dominations, you -shall rule no one, and no one will rule you. If you accept my offers. I -will lead you myself to the Temple of Virtue--such shall be the name of -your abode, though we will not call it thus; I will spare your modesty -all the triumphs you have well deserved." - -The prince declares that this letter was written in the sincerity of his -heart; afterwards it was spread through Paris as a bad imitation of -Horace Walpole's fabrication, and Rousseau himself believed that it was -a trick. However, at first he took it as sincere, and called on the -prince: he described his misfortunes, his enemies, the conspiracy of all -Europe against him, with an eloquence that charmed while it inspired -pity. "His eyes were two stars," the prince writes: "his genius shone in -his face and electrified me; he was touched by the effect he produced, -and, convinced of my enthusiasm, he showed gratitude for the interest I -took in his welfare." - -Madame de Genlis made acquaintance with him soon after his return to -Paris. She says she never met a literary man with less pretension, and -more amiable: he spoke of himself with simplicity, and of his enemies -without bitterness; he did entire justice to the talents of Voltaire; he -had a most agreeable smile, full of delicacy and gentleness; he was -communicative, and often very gay. He talked extremely well on music, in -which he was a real connoisseur. Rousseau dined with this lady and her -husband frequently. Their first quarrel arose from M. de Genlis sending -him two dozen bottles of a wine he had praised, instead of two, which he -had consented to accept. Nothing could be in worse taste than the -pleasure which all the rich acquaintance of Rousseau took in making him -presents, after he had declared he would not receive any. He always sent -them back; and they reaped the pleasure of at once displaying their -generosity without expense, and of railing at his misanthropy. The -quarrel which put an end to his acquaintance with madame de Genlis is -somewhat unintelligible. Rousseau took offence at something that passed -at a theatre; and, instead of supping with his friends as he had agreed, -walked sullenly away. Madame de Genlis was offended in her turn, and -their intercourse was never renewed. - -Bernardin de Saint Pierre, author of "Paul and Virginia," has left -delightful details of his visits to the recluse. They are far too long -to quote: we can only mention that they impress the reader with love and -esteem for Rousseau. Sometimes Saint Pierre was hurt by outbursts of -Rousseau's umbrageous temper, and on one occasion complained of his -morose manner and unjust suspicions, and asked whether he desired to -quarrel with him. Rousseau replied, with emotion, "I should be sorry to -see you too often, but still more sorry not to see you at all. I fear -intimacies, and have closed my heart against them; my temper masters me, -do you not perceive it? I suppress it for a time, but at last it -overcomes me, and bursts forth in spite of my endeavours. I have my -faults; but, when we value the friendship of any one, we must take the -benefit with all its burdens." Saint Pierre adds, "that these fits of -distrust were rare, that he was usually gay, confiding, and frank; when -I saw him gloomy, I knew some sad thought perplexed him: I began talking -of Plutarch, and he came to himself as if awakening from a dream." - -Saint Pierre gives a pleasing account of the respect in which the -Parisians held him. They went together to hear the "Iphigenia" of Gluck: -the crowd and pressure were great; Rousseau was old; Saint Pierre felt -desirous to name him, and so to obtain protection: he hesitated, fearful -to offend; at length he whispered it to one or two, begging them to keep -the secret. Scarcely was the word uttered than a deep silence ensued, -the crowd looked respectfully on him, and emulated each other in -shielding him from pressure, without any one repeating the name that had -been revealed. At one time he suspected Saint Pierre of being in league -with his enemies; his friend insisted on an explanation, and succeeded -in convincing him of his innocence, though he still believed that his -enemies had endeavoured to make a cat's-paw of him. - -He thus lived for some years in Paris, occupied by copying music, and -sometimes seized with a desire for composing it; herborising in the -environs of the capital, seeing a few friends, and too often brooding in -solitude over the combination he believed formed against him throughout -Europe. As his health grew worse, these last fatal ideas became more and -more engrossing. He quarrelled with Gluck for writing music to French -words, saying that his only object was to give him the lie, because he -had declared the French language to be unfit for music. He was angry -when he heard that the "Divin du Village" was represented and applauded; -saying that it was done under the pretence that the music was stolen. He -occupied himself on his unfortunate work of "Rousseau Juge de Jean -Jaques," which is a monument of the frenzy which it served to confirm; -yet at the same time he wrote his "Promenades d'un Solitaire," which, -with the exception of some of the letters of the "Nouvelle Heloise," and -a few passages in the "Confessions," are the most finished, the most -interesting, and eloquent of his works: the peculiar charm of Rousseau -reigns throughout; a mixture of lofty enthusiasm, of calm repose, and of -the most delicate taste. - -The friends about him saw traces of attacks of absolute madness: he -could no longer apply himself to his task of copying music, and the -miseries of poverty began to be felt in his household. M. de Corancez -tried to bring a remedy, by offering him a house at Sceaux, in which to -live: Rousseau refused, yet hesitated. M. de Girardin offered his house -at Ermenonville, where the superb gardens, of which he was proprietor, -might well tempt a lover of nature. Thérèse favoured this -offer--Rousseau consented to accept it, and his removal was effected -with some precipitancy. It might have been supposed that the charm of -his new abode would have calmed his mind and restored his health. It was -not so. Great obscurity hangs over the last scene of his life. -[Sidenote: 1778. -Ætat. -66.] -He died suddenly at Ermenonville, on the 2d of July, two months after -his departure from Paris. The surgeons who examined his body pronounced, -at their examination, that he died of a serous apoplexy. - -Many circumstances combine to engender the suspicion that this opinion -was given merely to prevent scandal, and that in reality he shot -himself. It is certain that, at the moment of death, instead of being -senseless, he was carried to the window, which he caused to be thrown -open; the weather was beautiful, and he contemplated the fair scene -spread around, the shady gardens and serene sky, while he bade a calm -adieu to life. - -The cause of his suicide, if he really committed it, must be found in -his perpetual physical sufferings, in his weariness of life, and in the -accesses of insanity with which he was certainly sometimes visited: to -this M. de Corancez adds a discovery of the worthless character of -Thérèse. The last is merely conjecture. She married a groom of M. -Girardin, a year after her husband's death; and he gives her credit for -a criminal intercourse with this man, discovered by Rousseau, during his -life. - -His existence had become a dream of bodily and mental suffering; and -whether the disease that preyed on him affected his brain with death, or -excited him to arm himself against his own life, is a secret difficult -to penetrate. The latter seems most probable. He died peacefully, and -the heart that had beat so wildly, and the brain pregnant with an ardent -love of truth, and with so many wild delusions, were delivered over to -the peace of the grave. - -As a protestant he could not be buried in sacred ground, he was -therefore interred in the island of Poplars, in the gardens of -Ermenonville. The funeral took place in the evening. The solitary spot -shadowed over by trees, through whose foliage the moon shone, the calm -of the evening hour, and the lonely grave, were in accordance with the -singular but noble character of the man. - -On his tomb was inscribed-- - - -ICI REPOSE -L'HOMME DE LA NATURE -ET DE LA VÉRITÉ. - -_Vitam impendere vero._ - - -These last words he had adopted as his device. His grave ought to have -been held sacred; but, in the rage for desecration that possessed the -French at the period of the revolution, the body was exhumed and placed -in the Pantheon. When the allies invaded France, out of respect for his -memory, Ermenonville was exempted from contribution. - -Rousseau has described himself; but, though sincere in an unexampled -degree, it is difficult to appreciate his character from the -"Confessions." A recent writer, Barante, founding his opinion on this -work, considers him a proud and envious egotist, full of vague -aspirations after virtue, incapable of a virtuous deed; yet we find -Saint Pierre, who knew him during the latter years of his life, when the -struggle between circumstances and his disposition had ceased, and his -character was formed, applaud his firm probity, his mild benevolence, -his frankness and natural gaiety of heart. One fact stamps Rousseau with -nobleness of soul. We turn to the pages of Voltaire's Correspondence, -and find it full of the most vilifying and insolent epithets applied to -his great contemporary--the opprobrium and insult with which he loads -his name bearing the stamp of the impurity and arrogance of his own -heart. Rousseau never spoke ill of Voltaire: when others dispraised, he -defended him; this might be the result of pride, but it was a noble and -generous pride. - -Rousseau was proud; nourished in dreams of ancient virtue or chivalrous -romance, he respected himself, and he felt deeply aggrieved if he did -not meet respect in others. It is a strange anomaly to find this proud -man confessing the most degrading errors; but this arose from the -highest pride of all, and the most mistaken: he declared his faults, and -yet assumed himself to be better than other men. - -Was Rousseau envious? Grimm says, that anger at finding men of greater -genius preferred engendered most of his ill-humour against society. But -who were these superior men? not Voltaire, with whom, as older than -himself, he never competed: it was Helvetius, Thomas, and, above all, -Diderot. Whatever merits Diderot had in society and conversation, he is -so poor a writer that Rousseau could never have been really hurt by any -mistaken preference shown him. Envy, base as it is, does not stoop to -envy that which is immeasurably inferior. Rousseau had certainly -sufficient cause to be displeased with Diderot, the tone of his letters -being arrogant and presumptuous; but his real displeasure was caused by -the belief that he had betrayed him, when he confided to him his -sentiments for madame d'Houdetot: balked and trampled on all sides, he -was stung to resent his disappointment somewhere, and he selected -Diderot for his victim. This was very wrong and self-deceptive: he -quotes good authority for proving the propriety of declaring to the -world that he and Diderot wore no longer friends, and there was no great -harm in so doing; but when he appended the quotation from Ecclesiastes -in a note, accusing Diderot of a great social crime, the betraying the -secret of a friend, he erred grossly, and cannot be defended. - -Rousseau had passed his existence in romantic reveries. This abstraction -of mind always engenders an indolence that concentrates the mind in -self, and hates to be intruded upon by outward circumstances. Pride and -indolence conjoined, created the independence of spirit for which he -took praise to himself. Independence is of two sorts. When we sacrifice -our pleasures and our tastes to preserve the dear privilege of not -deferring our principles and feelings to others, we foster an exalted -virtue; but the independence that finds duty an unwelcome clog--that -regards the just claims of our fellow-creatures as injurious and -intolerable, and that casts off the affections as troublesome -shackles--is one of the greatest errors that the human heart can -nourish; and such was the independence to which Rousseau aspired when he -neglected the first duty of man by abandoning his children. He often -dilates on simple pleasures--the charms of unsophisticated affections, -and the ecstasy to be derived from virtuous sympathy--he, who never felt -the noblest and most devoted passion of the human soul--the love of a -parent for his child! We cannot help thinking that even while Rousseau -defends himself by many baseless sophisms, that this crime, rankling at -his heart, engendered much of the misery that he charged upon his -fellow-creatures. Still Barante is unjust when he declares Rousseau's -life to have been devoid of virtuous actions. He was unpretendingly -charitable; and his fidelity to Thérèse, unworthy as she was, deserves -praise. It would have been easy to cast her off, and gain a more -suitable companion; but he bore her defects; and even to the last, when -it has been suspected that her worthlessness drove him to suicide, he -never complained. There was, with all his errors, great nobleness in -Rousseau's soul. The pride and envy of which he is accused led him to -cherish poverty, to repel benefits, to suspect his friends, but never to -cringe, or grasp, or lie. Distrust was his chief error--a mighty -one--but it did not injure others, while it destroyed himself. - -Of his works, the "Emile" stands in the first rank for its utility: his -theories however engendered some errors. The notion to which he was -attached, that entire independence, even of natural duties, was the -state congenial to man, mars many of his views. He would not allow a man -to be a father, scarcely a woman to be a mother; yet such are the -natural and imperative duties of life, even in the most primitive states -of society. We may add a further defect, gathered partly from the -continuation he projected. Sophie proves faithless; and Emile, -meditating on the conduct he ought to pursue, makes himself the centre -of his reflections, nor reverts to the claims which his unhappy wife and -blameless child have still on him. He leaves both to the mercy of a hard -world, and affords another proof of Rousseau's natural deficiency in a -sense of duty. Barante well observes that the "Emile" is the less -useful, because it gives no rules for public education; and public -education is doubtless the best fitted to form the character of social -man. Properly carried on, it prevents all need of having recourse to -those plans and impostures which deface Rousseau's system. The little -world of boys brings its own necessities and lessons with it: the chief -care devolving on the master, to prevent the elder and stronger from -domineering over the young and weak. - -He perverts virtue and vice in the "Heloïse" still more glaringly, and -clashes against the prejudices of every country. In France, the fault of -an unmarried girl was regarded as peculiarly degrading and even -ridiculous, and the early error of Julie therefore could find little -sympathy in that country. In ours we commiserate such; but we turn -disgusted from her wedding another man; and the marriage with the -elderly Wolmar, which Rousseau makes the crown of her virtue, is to us -the seal of her degradation. His ideas also of a perfect life are -singularly faulty. It includes no instruction, no endeavours to acquire -knowledge and refine the soul by study; but is contracted to mere -domestic avocations, and to association with servants and labourers, on -their own footing of ignorance, though such must lead to mean and -trivial occupations and thoughts. - -No author knows better than Rousseau how to spread a charm over the -internal movements of the mind, over the struggles of passion, over -romantic reveries that absorb the soul, abstracting it from real life -and our fellow-creatures, and causing it to find its joys in itself. No -author is more eloquent in paradox, and no man more sublime in -inculcating virtue. While Voltaire taints and degrades all that is -sacred and lovely by the grossness of his imagination, Rousseau -embellishes even the impure, by painting it in colours that hide its real -nature; and imparts to the emotions of sense all the elevation and -intensity of delicate and exalted passion. - - -[Footnote 8: He describes this moment of spontaneous inspiration in one -of his letters to M. de Malesherbes, and in his Confessions, with -enthusiastic eloquence. Diderot denied the truth of the statement, -saying, that in fact Rousseau had shown him the question in the -newspaper, in the park of Vincennes, and said, that he meant to write in -favour of the arts and sciences; but, on the representation of Diderot, -he found that finer things might be said on the other side, and -consequently adopted it. We doubt all this. Our own experience has shown -us the great mistakes people can fall into, when they pretend to recount -the thoughts and actions of others. Rousseau would never have written -this detail to M. de Malesherbes, had he not believed it to be true; and -we think that he is more likely to have known the truth than Diderot.] - -[Footnote 9: There is an admirable letter addressed by the countess de -Boufflers to Hume, which proves the ill-treatment which Rousseau met, -and the general spirit of unkindness and treacherous ridicule in vogue -against him; while at the same time the writer does not defend -Rousseau's extravagant suspicions and conduct. The good sense and good -taste of the whole letter is remarkable. Unfortunately placid David Hume -had suffered himself to be led away by anger, and it was of no avail.] - - - - -CONDORCET - -1744-1794. - - -Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, was born at Saint -Quentin, in Picardy, on the 17th of September, 1744. It is said that at -an early age he gave tokens of the talents that distinguished him. The -bent of his genius led him to the study of the exact sciences. It is the -distinction of these pursuits that they lead at once to celebrity. A -discovery in mathematics can neither be denied nor passed over. - -Condorcet, at the age of twenty-one, was the author of a memoir on the -integral calculus, one of the highest branches of the pure mathematics, -in which at that time but small advances had been made, although it has -since become one of the most powerful instruments of physical -investigation. This essay gave him at once a title to be regarded as a -successor worthy of Newton and Leibnitz, whose discoveries in the -infinitesimal analysis he subsequently extended. This essay was -published in the _Mémoires des Savants Étrangers_, and he was elected -coadjutor of Grandjean de Fouchy, in the secretaryship of the Academy of -Sciences. Eager to justify the choice of the Academy, he continued -successfully to direct his labours to the higher mathematics. Among his -essays on these branches of science may be mentioned a general method of -finding the integral of an equation in finite terms whenever such an -integral exists, and the general solution of the problem of maxima and -minima. Had he continued to cultivate pure mathematics, there can be no -doubt that he would have attained the greatest celebrity in that -department of science. - -Condorcet's mind was one of those in which reason preponderates to the -exclusion of the imagination, so that whatever could not be definitively -proved to his understanding he considered absurd. This texture of -intellect, at a time when philosophy was at work to discard, not only -the errors of Catholicism, but to subvert Christianity itself, led him -to ally himself with men who, while they exerted themselves to enlighten -and enfranchise their fellow-creatures from the miseries of -superstition, unfortunately went a step beyond, and overthrew, though -they knew it not, the boundaries of morals as well as of religion. These -men, for the most part, benevolent, studious, and virtuous, believed it -easy to lead their fellow-creatures into the same road which they -themselves trod; and that, bigotry and superstition being overthrown, -persecution would vanish, and mankind live in a brotherhood of peace. -Their passions being under their control, they supposed that, could -reason be equally developed in all men, they would become, like -themselves, dispassionate and tolerant. Condorcet was the intimate -friend of D'Alembert; he visited Voltaire with him at Ferney, and was -hailed as the youngest and most promising of his disciples. The latter -certainly did not possess the calmness and disciplined mind of -D'Alembert, but his genius and ardent benevolence brought excuses for -the errors of his temper; and Condorcet, while he saw his faults, paid -the tribute of flattery which the patriarch of French literature -considered his due. As he became intimate with these philosophers, and -participated in their views, he began to consider that there were truths -of more importance than mathematical demonstrations,--truths that would -subvert the impostures of priests, and give men nobler and higher rules -of action than those instituted by the papal church. It is the -misfortune of Catholicism that, by entangling the absurd and the true, -those who throw off its errors are too apt, without examination, to cast -away the truths which it has overgrown and distorted; but which minds of -truer discernment can see and acknowledge. Condorcet, on first engaging -in the labours of moral philosophy, took the easier path of refuting -others, rather than developing novel ideas of his own. His application -and his memory had caused his mind to be richly stored with every kind -of knowledge--add to this he was a profound logician. His first work of -polemical philosophy was a refutation of the "Dictionnaire des Trois -Siècles," by Sabathier de Castres. He assumed the epistolary form of -argument, which is at once the easiest, and affords the fairest scope -for the various arms of ridicule and reasoning. Voltaire hailed his work -with delight, and bestowed a degree of praise highly encouraging to the -young author. - -His next labour was the arrangement and examination of the "Pensées" of -Pascal. That illustrious Christian founded his system on the original -weakness and sin of man. He represented him as a miserable, feeble, -suffering being; spawned, as it were, by eternity, and cast on a narrow -shoal of time; unknowing of the past, terrified by the future, helpless -and lost in the present; and showed that the knowledge and the promises -of the Redeemer were the only stay and the only consolation of his -trembling, painful, and yet sinful existence. Condorcet took an opposite -view of human nature. He regarded it as a power that by its laws -assimilated all reason, all good, all knowledge, to its essence, but -that tyranny and error stepped between; and the frauds of priests and -the oppression of political institutions, taking from this being leisure -and freedom of thought, reduced him to the feeble, ignorant, erring -state in which most men are sunk. Casting the blame of the faults and -ignorance of man on governments, he declared that these ought to be the -objects of improvement and enlightenment to the philosopher; for, if -these were in the advance of human knowledge, instead of lagging so far -behind, mankind would speedily rise to a higher level, and grow, like -the laws they obeyed, wise, just, and equal. This work appeared of such -importance to Voltaire that he reprinted it himself, adding a preface, -in which he said, "This true philosopher holds Pascal in the scales, and -is the weightier of the two." - -Condorcet was the friend of Turgot, a minister whose virtues and genius -attached to him all the more enlightened men of the day. His ministry, -however, was stormy, since he was among the first who endeavoured to -bring a remedy to the ruined finances of France, without being permitted -to strike at the root of the evil--unequal taxation and extravagant -expenditure. His edict touching the sale of corn excited popular -commotions, and was attacked by Necker. Condorcet undertook to answer -Necker's book, but was on the unpopular side, and therefore not read. He -wrote a series of laudatory biographical essays on various academicians, -and men of science and celebrity, Euler, Franklin, D'Alembert, and -others. In these he, at the same time, developed his scientific -knowledge and his theory of the perfectibility of the human species. -Every useful and liberal cause found him its partisan. He was one among -the opponents of negro slavery; and, feeling that diatribes against the -cruelty and wickedness of the slave trade would not avail with those who -regarded it as advantageous to the country, he argued to prove its -political and commercial inexpediency. He was a laborious and prolific -writer, urged on by a strong sense of duty; for, firmly believing that -the wisdom of philosophers was of vast influence in improving the moral -condition of mankind, he believed it to be the primal duty of thinking -men to propagate their opinions. In his life of Turgot he details his -theories of the perfectibility of his species, which the minister had -also entertained. He undertook an edition of the works of Voltaire, and -wrote the life of that great wit, one of the best and most elegant of -his works. To escape persecution, or to give greater force to his -writings, he published several of his writings under fictitious names. -In this manner, he brought out his "Reflections on Negro Slavery" under -the name of Swartz, a pastor of Bienne. A biographer observes on this -work, that "the simplicity, elegance, and precision of the style; the -forcible arguments, respect for misfortune, and indignation at crime; -the tone which inviolable probity inspires, and which art cannot -imitate, obtained signal success for this work. Those who were fortunate -enough to be intimate with Condorcet easily raised the veil under which -he concealed himself." In the same way, he adopted the name of a citizen -of Newhaven, when he wrote to refute a book by De Lolme, in praise of -the English constitution, insisting, in particular, on the benefits -arising from two legislative chambers. Condorcet argued that all just -government ought to be founded on giving preponderance to the majority; -and he brought all his logic to prove that to confide the task of -legislation to two chambers, one of which should propose and the other -sanction laws, was to give to the minority a power superior to that -enjoyed by the majority; since that which had been proposed unanimously -in one chamber might be rejected by a slight majority in the other. He -went on to establish maxims and legal fictions by which it would be -possible to ascertain the desires of the majority in a state,--a -question that occupied his serious consideration in other works. -Condorcet, in these writings, showed his attachment to all that should -ameliorate the social condition, and enlarge the sphere of intellect -among his fellow-creatures. He did not, in his reasonings, give -sufficient force to the influence of passion, especially when exerted -over masses, nor the vast power which the many have when they assert -themselves, nor the facility with which the interested few can lead -assembled numbers into error and crime. D'Alembert called Condorcet a -volcano covered by snow. There are men of great personal susceptibility, -uncontrollable passions, and excitable imaginations, who have the same -power over their fellow-creatures that fire has over materials cast upon -it--they impart their energy, even though it be for self-destruction, to -all around. There are others, and among such was Condorcet, of great but -regulated enthusiasm of soul;--which enthusiasm, derived from abstract -principles and founded on severe reason, is more steady, more -disinterested, and more enduring than that springing from passion; but -it exercises little immediate influence over others, and is acknowledged -and appreciated only in hours of calm. Amidst the tempest of political -struggles it is passed by as timid, cold, and impotent. - -A philosopher of this sort was destined to have great influence at the -commencement of the French Revolution, while men acted from a sense of -right and a virtuous desire to found the changes they brought about on -reason, justice, and the good of mankind. His integrity caused him to be -respected, and his powers of mind to receive attention. - -He anticipated change, and had contributed to it by spreading abroad his -opinions for the enfranchisement of the French people from the laws and -customs that ground them to the earth. When the ferment began he -assisted in directing it by his writings, and assembled at his house the -most distinguished men of the liberal party. He was now no longer a -young man. Habit had confirmed all his opinions, while mature years -imparted that calm which caused him to see clearly and act firmly, but -without precipitation or violence. On the convocation of the states -general, he wrote a declaration of the rights of man, to serve as a -guide and model to the future legislators of his country. He caused it -to be translated into English by Dr. Gems, and brought it out as the -work of an American. -[Sidenote: 1788. -Ætat. -44.] -When the states general met, he became more and more absorbed by the -political state of his country. He did not make one of the assembly; but -the influence from without was of vast importance, not only to inspire -the members with energy and constancy, but to daunt the court and the -nobles, who scarcely understood and longed to spurn the claimants of a -power of which they had long held possession, while they misused it to -the ruin first of their country and then of themselves. Condorcet wrote -a refutation of an address presented in favour of the court and the -privileged orders, and demanded a partial confiscation of church -property to pay the national debt. He published a pamphlet, entitled "On -what has been done, and what remains to do," full of clear and useful -views for the future. He thus became a portion of the revolution, and -allied himself with its more illustrious chiefs, who afterwards formed -the girondist party,--a sect which was republican in heart, but which -would have been satisfied with a limited monarchy, could they have -depended on the fidelity of the king to the constitution. The chief -object of Condorcet's attacks was the church. He was an infidel, and -believed philosophy to be a better guide than religion both for states -and individuals; besides this, he looked on the French clergy as a -peculiarly obnoxious priesthood. The quarrels of the molinists and -jansenists,--the extermination of the huguenots,--the war they carried -on against all knowledge and freedom,--made him ardently desire to limit -their power within strict bounds, and he was eager to lessen their -wealth, as the first sure step towards decreasing their influence. - -On every occasion he came forward to enlighten and guide the decisions -of the assembly by his published arguments. He discussed the injury to -arise from a division of the legislative power into two chambers, and -showed great sagacity when he demonstrated the evils attendant on the -system of assignats. - -The weakness of the unfortunate king, who yielded to the new state of -things only on compulsion, and turned his eyes towards the emigrants and -foreign potentates as deliverers, still hoping for a restoration to -absolute power, caused the moderate party of girondists to abandon the -cause of royalty altogether, and to believe that there was no -possibility of confirming the blessings which they believed that their -country reaped from the revolution, nor of protecting the nation from -invasion, and the re-establishment of absolutism armed with foreign -soldiers for the execution of vengeance, except in the dethronement of -the king and erection of a republic. The flight of Louis to Varennes put -the seal of conviction on these opinions. It was believed that he fled -only to return with the Austrians and the emigrants, armed to -exterminate the friends of liberty. Condorcet pronounced on this -occasion a violent speech against monarchy, and followed up his attack -by a series of bitter articles in a paper called "The Republican." His -popularity increased greatly through this course. He was designated by -the jacobins as governor of the dauphin, but Louis refused to ratify the -nomination. -[Sidenote: 1791. -Ætat. -47.] -He was also appointed commissioner of the treasury; which, at his -desire, changed its name to the national instead of the royal treasury; -and he was elected member of the new representative assembly by the -electors of the city of Paris itself. He drew up the article of "The -National Assembly" in the "Chronicle," on this occasion, to enlighten -his colleagues on the state of the nation, and the measures proper to be -taken for its security. - -In all his speeches and projected decrees he mingled the most determined -opposition to such acts and establishments as he believed to be hostile -to the liberty of his country, with mildness and justice towards -individuals. Thus, on the 25th of October, he made a speech on the -subject of emigration, which at the time that it was delivered excited -the warmest applause, and the printing of it was voted. In this -discourse, he drew a line between the emigrants who left their country -for the sake merely of withdrawing from the political disturbances, and -those who entertained the nefarious project of exciting foreign powers -to invade France, and meditated carrying arms themselves against their -countrymen. He denounced the connivance of the court with the intrigues -at Coblentz. He showed the necessity of firm measures, and asserted that -an unasked pardon held out to the emigrants gave birth to contempt -merely among the haughty nobles who expected a speedy triumph over a -class of men whom they despised. A few days after, the mountain party -attacked his purposed decree as insufficient and feeble, and it was -abandoned. - -This alliance with foreign governments and the complicity of the court -with the emigrants, roused a spirit in France, at first noble and -heroic, till, led away by base and sanguinary men, grandeur of purpose -merged into ferocity, and heroism became a thirst of blood such as -mankind had never displayed before towards men of the same colour and -language as themselves, and can be compared only to the conduct of the -Spaniards in the newly discovered world. - -But the first burst of generous indignation against the traitors who -carried arms against their country, and the crowned foes who denounced -the actual government of France as rebellious, to be punished by the -devastation and subjection of the nation, found an echo in every -patriotic heart not misled by enthusiasm for royalty. On the 27th of -December Vergniaud proposed an address to the French people, which was -greatly applauded though not adopted. Two days after Condorcet presented -his declaration, which was received with triumphant and unanimous -acclamations. This declaration is dignified and firm, and shows the just -as well as generous spirit which animated the greater portion of the -assembly, till the panic engendered by the advance of the armies threw -the power into the hands of the ferocious minority. "At the moment when, -for the first time since the acquirement of liberty,"--thus ran his -manifesto,--"the French people may find themselves reduced to exercise -the terrible right of war, her representatives owe to Europe and to all -humanity a declaration of the motives that have guided the resolutions -of France, and an exposition of the principles that will rule their -conduct. The French nation renounces the entering on any war with a view -of making conquests, and will never employ her force against the liberty -of any country. Such is the sacred vow by which we have allied our -welfare to the welfare of every other nation, and to which we will be -faithful. France will take up arms with regret but with ardour, to -insure her own safety, her internal tranquillity; and will lay them down -with joy when she no longer fears for that liberty and equality which -are become the only elements in which Frenchmen can live." When, soon -after, the country seemed menaced by civil war, the departments -regarding with fear and jealousy the proceedings in Paris, Condorcet -again ascended the tribune to propose an exposition of their conduct, as -due, not to the calumniators of the revolution, but to those timid and -mistaken men, who, at a great distance, were led away by false and -fabricated accounts. He then read an address which contained the history -of the labours of the assembly and an exposition of its principles. The -address was voted by acclamation, and ordered to be printed and -distributed in the departments. - -The integrity of Condorcet raised him high in the esteem of his -countrymen; as springing from the class of nobles, his disinterestedness -could not be doubted. He loved his country, he loved reason and -knowledge, and virtuous conduct and benevolent sentiments. He was, with -all this, a determined republican. His favourite theory being the -perfectibility of mankind, he rejected that view of human nature which -inculcates the necessity of ruling the many by the few, and sinking the -majority of his fellow-creatures in ignorance and hard labour; he wished -all to be enlightened as to their duties, and all to tend equally to the -improvement of their intellectual and moral nature. These theories, if -they be mistaken, emanate from benevolent and just feelings. They made -him a democrat, because the very corner-stone of royalty and aristocracy -is the setting apart a class of men to possess the better gifts of -fortune and education, and the reduction of the rest to a state of -intellectual dependence and physical necessity. - -[Sidenote: 1792. -Ætat. -48.] - -When the king exercised his veto, and put a stop to the measures -considered necessary by the assembly for the safety of France, -Condorcet, even as early as the month of March, represented the -monarchical power as at open war with the nation, and proposed that the -king should be considered as having abdicated. His view met with few -co-operators at that crisis, and was set aside. He busied himself, at -the same time, in forming a plan of national education, and brought -forward a system on a more philosophical and comprehensive scale than -had hitherto been meditated. It was his design to secure to the human -race, to use his own expressions, the means of satisfying their -necessities, and securing their welfare; of knowing and exercising their -rights, and of understanding and fulfilling their duties; giving scope -to all to carry their industry to a state of perfection, and to render -themselves capable of the social functions which they were called upon -to exert; to develope to their extent the talents given them by nature; -and thus to establish in the nation a real equality, so to meet the -political equality established by law. - -The system of instruction which was to realise so blessed a state of -society he considered as properly placed in the hands of government. He -looked forward, indeed, to the time when public establishments for -education would become superfluous and even detrimental; but this would -only be when right reason prevailed, and it was no longer necessary for -the wiser few to labour to destroy the prejudices and mistakes of the -ignorant many; when superstition should be no more; and when each man -should find in his own knowledge, and in the rectitude of his mind, arms -sufficient to combat every species of imposition. - -Condorcet looked on virtue as capable of exact demonstration, as -conducive to public and individual happiness, and on man as a -sufficiently reasonable being to follow its dictates, if sufficiently -enlightened, without the aid of religion or the coercion of punishment. -He regarded the passions as capable of being controlled by the -understanding. He, benevolent and conscientious, practising no vice, -carefully extirpating from his mind all that he believed to be error, -was to himself a mirror in which the whole human race was reflected. -Also, like all the French politicians of that day, he wished to treat -mankind like puppets, and fancied that it was only necessary to pull -particular strings to draw them within the circle of order and reason. -We none of us know the laws of our nature; and there can be little doubt -that, if philosophers like Condorcet did educate their fellows into some -approximation to their rule of right, the ardent feelings and burning -imaginations of man would create something now un thought of, but not -less different from the results he expected, than the series of sin and -sorrow which now desolates the world. It is not for this that we would -throw a slur over the upright endeavours of the pious and the good to -improve their fellows; but we do over any endeavour of government to -bind the intellect in chains. It was, therefore, in some degree, for the -best, that his views were not followed out. When his plan for national -education and a national society of arts and sciences, charged with the -duty of overlooking and directing public instruction,--for the purpose -not only of enlightening the present generation, but of preparing the -human species for an indefinite advance in wisdom and virtue,--when this -plan was presented by the chief Girondists to the court, a friend of -Condorcet, struck with dismay at the degree of power that would accrue -to the rulers, said, "If they adopt your plan, our freedom is -destroyed." "Fear nothing," replied Condorcet, "ignorance and vanity -will make them reject it." Unfortunately, the treaty carried on by the -Girondists with the court on this occasion injured their popularity. The -French were at a crisis that demanded that their rulers should think -only of measures and acts adapted to it. The mountain party felt this, -and acted for the day, and thus succeeded in overthrowing their rivals, -who philosophically and calmly legislated for future generations, while -their single object ought to have been to save the living one from the -foreign foe and their own evil passions. - -The manifesto of the duke of Brunswick was the first cause of the -madness which was soon to make France an example of the crimes that may -be committed by a people in the name of liberty. When first this -manifesto spread indignation and fear through France, Condorcet made -himself conspicuous by a speech proposing an address to the king to -express the discontent of the assembly at his lukewarm disapprobation of -the actions of the emigrants, and his want of energy in repulsing the -offers of foreign potentates to deliver him from the hands of his -subjects and the shackles of the constitution which he had accepted. The -subsequent dethronement of the king and establishment of a republic were -events after his own heart. -[Sidenote: 1792.] -A commission had been named, during the first days of August, to examine -the question of the abolition of monarchy, and Condorcet was named -reporter. He considered it, in the first place, necessary to explain to -the people the grounds on which he went, and drew up a paper which he -called "Instruction préparatoire sur l'Exercise du Droit de -Souveraineté;" in which he expounded, that as foreign potentates had -denounced every Frenchman who defended the liberties of his country as -rebels to be punished by death, and as the monarch treacherously -weakened their powers of defence against the foe, so was it right and -necessary that the nation should take the sovereignty into their own -hands. When the events of the 10th of August had sealed the fate of the -unhappy Louis, Condorcet proposed a declaration of the motives that led -to his being set aside, which, while it strongly accused the monarch and -his court of betraying the cause of the people, was animated by a spirit -of fairness, moderation, and dignity, that did honour to the cause which -he espoused. - -Condorcet's popularity was now at its height and he was courted even by -the jacobins and the mountain party. He was invited by several -departments to represent them in the new convention. Madame Roland -accuses him of pusillanimity: perhaps her accusation is partly founded -on the fact that at this moment of fierce rivalship and strife between -the Girondists and Mountain, he rather strove to conciliate the latter -than to drive the struggle to extremities. He had a high esteem for the -talents of Danton, and often remarked, with regard to the jacobins, that -it were better to moderate than to quarrel with them. He was named at -this time one of the committee to draw up a constitution, and his -labours were chiefly employed on this object. - -Looking upon the king as the treacherous enemy of the new state of -things in France, and therefore, according to his reasoning, of France -itself, he did not hesitate to name Louis a traitor during the debate -that followed the monarch's trial; but he did not vote for his death. -"All different degrees of punishment for the same offence," he argued, -"was an offence against equality. The punishment of conspirators is -death; but this punishment is contrary to my principles, and I will -never vote it. I cannot vote for imprisonment, for no law gives me the -power; I vote for the heaviest punishment established in the penal code -that is not death." He afterwards voted for the reprieve for the king -until the peace; but the struggle of the Girondists to save the -monarch's life was, as is known, useless. - -In drawing up a constitution the philosopher thought more of future -generations than the present: he considered France as ground cleared of -all encumbrance, on which to raise an edifice of government designed in -strict accordance to justice and the permanent welfare of mankind: to -continue the metaphor, he gave no heed to the more than inequalities of -soil,--the gulfs and chasms produced by the earthquake-revolution. His -report of the labours of the committee, together with the speech he made -on presenting it, was, however, received at first with acclamation, and -ordered to be printed. The jacobins disapproved tacitly in the -commencement, but by degrees they raised accusations against Condorcet -on account of the limited power which he committed to the people. -Underhand disapprobation was spread abroad, but did not become so -current, but that the committee of public safety applied to him to draw -up a manifesto, which the convention wished to address to every nation -and government, with regard to the violation of the law of nations in -the persons of four deputies delivered up by Dumouriez to the Austrians: -they admired him as a writer, and believed that their cause would be -eloquently and well defended by his pen. He wrote with great fervour -both against Lafayette and Dumouriez, as having betrayed the cause of -their country, and appealed against the conduct of Austria to the -interests and sense of justice of every free country. - -[Sidenote: 1793. -Ætat. -49.] - -Even on the approach of the 31st of May, notwithstanding his intimacy -with Roland and other Girondists on whom the Mountain party were about -to seize, Condorcet continued to be consulted and employed by the -committee of public safety. Those of the girondists who, foreseeing the -anarchy that must ensue from the triumph of the jacobins, considered -their overthrow of more immediate importance than the repulsing the foe -from the soil of France, disapproved of Condorcet's working for their -enemies: he kept apart from both, while he laboured for the cause of the -republic, and remarked that his friends were offended because he did not -break with the committee of public safety; and the committee, on the -other hand, desired that he should refrain from all intercourse with his -friends. "I endeavour," he added, "that each party shall think less of -itself and a great deal more of the commonwealth." He began to perceive, -however, that it was impossible any longer to use measures of -conciliation with Robespierre, but he hoped to restrain him by fear: the -latter, however, triumphed. The 31st of May brought with it the decree -of arrest of twenty-two Girondists: Condorcet was not among them. He -might by silence and prudence have continued for some time longer to sit -in the convention; but he saw with indignation the empty benches on -which his friends used to appear, and the growing power of a ferocious -oligarchy. He denounced the weakness of the convention, and the tyranny -exercised over it by a few ambitious and resolute men, in a letter to -his constituents, which was denounced and sent for examination to the -committee of public safety. From this moment the jacobins marked him out -also for a victim; and the ex-capuchin Chabot denounced him for having -written against the new constitution of 1793; which superseded the one -he had drawn up: he was summoned to the bar, and a decree of arrest -passed against him. - -The sanguinary characters and tenets of the leading jacobins had already -made him say that no one was sure of six months of life, and he -considered the decree of arrest synonymous to a sentence of death. He -escaped pursuit, and concealed himself. A generous woman, before unknown -to him, and who has never revealed her name to the world, gave him -refuge in her house. Denounced on the 3d of October, as Brissot's -accomplice, there was no doubt that had he been taken he had shared the -fate of the deputies who were guillotined in the month of November; but -his place of concealment was not suspected, and he remained in safety -till the August of the following year. -[Sidenote: 1794. -Ætat. -50.] -During this long seclusion, he projected occupation in writing. At -first, he meditated detailing the history of his political career; but -he reflected that his many labours for his country were irrefragable -documents; and, more attached to opinions which he considered pregnant -with the welfare of mankind, than to facts which were but the evanescent -forms of change, he applied himself to developing his theories in an -"Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind." This is his most -celebrated work. It is full of error and even of intolerance; still the -clearness of the views, the enthusiasm with which he developes them, the -order, precision, and the originality of his theories, render it -remarkable. He glances over the past, and argues that each succeeding -epoch in the history of mankind has brought moral improvement and -increase of knowledge. There are two views to be taken of human nature. -Condorcet insists that the moderns have more knowledge and wisdom and -moral power than the ancients. He founds this opinion on the great -progress made in scientific truths, and does not hesitate also to oppose -French literature to the Greek, as demonstrating the advance of the -human intellect in every branch. He compares also the states, wars, and -crimes of antiquity with modern society and institutions, and deduces -that we are more virtuous, more humane, and more reasonable than -preceding generations. - -No greater poet has appeared since Homer composed the Iliad,--no more -acute philosopher than Aristotle,--no more virtuous character than -Socrates, nor sublimer hero than Regulus. By standing on ground reached -by the ancients, the mass may climb higher than the masses that went -before; but, in making progress, we do not develope more genius and -sagacity, but rather less, than those who prepared our way. It is to be -doubted, therefore, whether mankind can progress so as to produce -specimens superior to Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, Regulus, and many -others who adorned antiquity. - -But it cannot be doubted, on the other hand, that progress has been made -in the general diffusion of knowledge and in the amelioration of the -state of society. Philosophers ought, therefore, not to dream of -removing the bounds of human perfection, such as we find it among the -best, but in bringing the many up to the standard of the few, and -causing nations to understand and aim at wisdom and justice with the -same ardour as individuals among them have been found to do. - -Condorcet developed his views of human perfection while the principle of -evil was making giant inroads in France, and blood and terror were the -order of the day. Separated from all dear to him, his wife and child, -and not daring himself to see the light of heaven, he did not lose the -cheerfulness of his temper, nor mourn vainly over his disasters. In this -situation, he wrote an epistle to his wife in the character of a Pole -exiled to Siberia in 1768. In this are to be found a couplet since often -quoted relative to political victims,-- - - -"Ils m'ont dit, 'Choisis d'être oppresseur ou victime:' -J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime." - - -A couplet peculiarly applicable to him who would have been gladly -received by the violent party, and had the way open to him to rule, -instead of being sacrificed as a victim. He declares in this poem that -the anticipation of a violent death did not alter the serenity of his -soul, and speaks of the occupations that banished ennui from his -solitary place of refuge. - -He was soon to lose this shelter: a newspaper fell into his hands in -which he read the decree that outlawed him, and denounced the pain of -death against any one who should harbour one of the proscribed. He -instantly resolved no longer to endanger his generous hostess,--she -endeavoured to dissuade him from this fatal step, but in vain: he -disguised himself as a countryman, and passed the barriers without a -passport. He directed his steps to Sceaux, where he hoped to find refuge -in the house of a friend; but he was absent in Paris, nor expected back -for three days, and Condorcet was obliged to hide in the neighbouring -quarries. After several days spent miserably in this spot, hunger forced -him to enter the little inn of Chamont. The avidity with, which he ate -the food placed before him, and his squalid appearance, drew the -attention of a member of the committee of public safety of Sceaux, who -happened to be present. He was asked for his passport, and, not having -one, was arrested and interrogated. No ready he hung on the lips of the -worshipper of truth, and his unsatisfactory answers, and a Horace found -in his pocket with marginal notes in pencil, contributed to reveal his -name. He was taken to Bourg-la-Reine. Such was his state of exhaustion -that he fainted at Châtillon, and it was found necessary to mount him on -a vine-dresser's horse. On his arrival at Bourg, he was thrown into a -dungeon, and forgotten by the jailor for the space of twenty-four hours, -when he was found dead; some suppose from the effects of poison; but the -probabilities are that he died of exhaustion, hunger, and cold. - -The accusation against Condorcet, found in madame Roland's memoirs, -where she speaks of his cowardice, cannot be passed over, though we do -not give it absolute credence. Her asperity is not measured, though she -speaks highly of his intellect. "It may be said," she remarks, "of his -understanding and his person that it is a fine essence absorbed in -cotton. The timidity that forms the basis of his character, and which he -displays even in society, in his countenance and attitudes, does not -result from his frame alone, but seems inherent in his soul, and his -talents have furnished him with no means of subduing it." There must be -both misapprehension and exaggeration in this picture. We find no -pusillanimity in his last acts or writings. When he might have saved -himself among the Mountain party, he chose to share the fate of the -proscribed Girondists. This conduct could spring only from conscientious -and noble motives, and a courageous spirit. His numerous political -labours give no sign of lukewarmness or tergiversation. They are clear, -fervent, and bold with regard to those principles which he held dear. If -not profound, nor endowed with the highest order of genius, yet his -erudition, ready talent for argument, and admirable memory, give him a -high place among men of talent. As a politician, his unflinching war -against royalty and aristocracy place him among those politicians who -look on mankind as a species, and legislate for them as an equal whole, -instead of dividing them into ranks and tribes. His benevolence made him -the enemy of oppression, and he expressed this when he exclaimed, "Peace -with cottages, war on castles!" which, had it comprised the history of -revolution, the history of France were not stained with its darkest -pages. The _sans-culottes_ did not spare cottages: they made war on all -who were not as ferocious as themselves: Condorcet was among the -victims. Benevolence, justice, and attachment to the cause of freedom, -remained warm in his heart to the end. Not long before his death, -anticipating the speedy close of his existence, he put on paper his last -wishes with regard to his daughter. He desired that she should be -educated in republican simplicity, and taught to crush every feeling of -vengeance towards his destroyers. "Let her know," he wrote, "that none -ever entered my heart." - -His wife was a woman of great beauty, merit, and talent, and was the -author of some philosophical works. She was thrown into prison by -Robespierre, but escaped the guillotine, and did not die till 1822, -having lived many years in Paris, surrounded by the remnants of the -French republicans and philosophers of 1793. His daughter was -distinguished for her unpretending virtues and accomplished mind. She -became the wife of the celebrated Arthur O'Connor. - - - - -MIRABEAU - -1749-1791. - - -It is impossible to imagine a greater contrast of character than that -between the subject of the preceding memoir and the present. Condorcet -was a man of warm affections, well regulated mind, and clear precise -understanding; his enthusiasm was lighted up by benevolence, and the -love of that which he considered truth. He was timid, yet firm; mild, -yet resolute. Mirabeau resembled his Italian ancestors, rather than the -usual French character. His violent passions governed him, and caused -him to govern others through his earnestness and vehemence. His -intellect showed itself rather in eloquent bursts than in works of -reason, and yet he could apply himself more sedulously than almost any -other man when he had an object in view. Profligate, extravagant, and -proud, ardent and ambitious, with a warm kind heart, and a mind which -erred only under the influence of passion, he passed a life of adversity -and oppression, to die at the moment he reached a degree of power which -is allotted to few men not born to its inheritance. - -The family and progenitors of Mirabeau were all remarkable. He left, in -manuscript, a sketch of the family history, and a more detailed life of -his grandfather, in which we find singularly displayed the energy, iron -will, and pride of the race. The name they originally bore was -Arrighetti; the family was Florentine, and driven from that city in -1268, during one of the revolutions occasioned by the quarrels of the -Guelphs and Ghibelines. A sentence of perpetual exile was pronounced -against Azzo Arrighetti and his descendants, and Azzo took refuge, as -many other ghibelines had done, in Provence; and the name of Riquetti is -found on various occasions in the history of Marseilles. Those who bore -it played at all times a foremost and bold part: they were eagle-eyed -men, fierce and headstrong, yet discerning. During the war of the fronde -the family was royalist, and was rewarded by a patent of Louis XIV., -which erected their estate of Mirabeau into a marquisate. Jean Antoine, -grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was one of five sons, who all -ran an eccentric, bold, and active career. He passed his younger days in -the army, and went through many hairbreadth perils and incredible -adventures. The last campaign in which he served was that of the duke de -Vendôme, in Italy. He performed prodigies of valour in the battle of -Cassano, and was left for dead on the field. Found by the enemy with -some slight signs of life, prince Eugene, who knew and esteemed him, -sent him, without ransom, to the French camp, that the operation -necessary for his preservation might not be delayed. His life was saved, -but he survived frightfully mutilated, and a martyr to severe physical -suffering to the end of his life. He returned home to find his fortune -dilapidated, but never to lose that intrepidity and pride that formed -the foundation of the family character. He married, and found in the -admirable character of his wife the reward and solace of his sufferings: -she had been struck by the heroism of his character; and it is related -of her, that some expressions of pity for her being the wife of a -cripple, and of a man of a haughty, imperious character, having met her -ear, she exclaimed, "Ah! if you knew how happy one is to be able to -respect one's husband." He was an admirable landlord and a careful -father; and his family flourished under his superintendence, till -implicated, through the imprudence of his wife's brother, in the system -of Law, he was ruined on the breaking of the bubble. From that time he -lived in retirement, bending all his efforts to the paying his debts and -repairing his fortune. He died in 1737, at the age of seventy-one, -feared yet beloved by all in connexion with him. - -He left three sons: Victor, the eldest, succeeded to the honours and -possessions of the house. This man was a strange mixture of good -intention and evil doing;--a general philanthropist, and yet the -persecutor and enemy of his own family; against various members of which -he obtained, at different times, fifty-seven lettres de cachet, nearly a -score of which were levelled against his eldest son. He had more vanity -than pride, and his haughtiness was unaccompanied by a spirit of -justice, yet joined to a perfect conviction that he was always in the -right. Implacable towards others, indulgent with regard to himself: -hence spring the contradictions observable in his character; we find -displayed a mixture of sternness and softness, rancour and good humour. -Had he been as severe with himself as others, his whole character had -been rigid, but he would have been more just and virtuous: as it was, we -find him plastic to the influence of his own passions or vanity, and -become gentle and even playful under their influence: whatever jarred -with these found him despotic and unforgiving. Thus he grew into a -domestic tyrant, and while he ran after popularity in his own person, he -disdained and crushed the talents of his son. His literary reputation -did not begin till he had passed mid-life; it was founded on "L'Ami des -Hommes," a work in five volumes, which, in the midst of great -diffuseness and confusion, is yet remarkable for the knowledge it -displays in agriculture and statistics, and for many clear and liberal -views. His "Théorie de l'Impôt," published in 1760, caused him, -through his attack on the financiers of the day, to be imprisoned in the -fortress of Vincennes. He wrote many other works on the same species of -subjects. It is a curious circumstance that, while he adopted in his -publications a bad, inflated, and obscure style, his private letters are -witty, gay, and flowing. He had, of course, served in his youth; but -disappointment with regard to promotion, combined with his desire to -acquire a literary reputation, caused him to quit the army. He married a -young widow of good birth and fortune, Marie Geneviève de Vassam, who -had been previously married to the marquis de Saulvebeuf. His desire of -shining in literature made him approach Paris, and he bought the estate -of Bignon, not far from Nemours, and gave himself up to what he -considered his vocation. For many years the disturbances of his domestic -life were confined under his own roof. He had a family of eleven -children: he was passionately attached to his mother, whom he regarded -with a filial veneration that belonged to the old school of manners and -piety. Fifteen years changed the scene; quarrels and litigations arose -between him and his wife. She was violent and indiscreet; he was -tyrannical and unjust; and conjugal infidelity rendered their separation -final. Madame de Pailly, a young woman of great beauty, to whom he was -attached, installed herself at Bignon, and exercised a most powerful and -sinister influence over his conduct towards his family. His wife was -indignant: he replied to her resentful representations by the most -odious acts of despotism, and conceived a violent hatred against the -mother of his children. A scandalous lawsuit was the result; the -fortunes of both parties were irreparably injured; and the unfortunate -offspring were in a worse situation than orphans;--hated by their -father,--not daring to see their mother, who was shut up in a -convent,--treated with the utmost severity on one hand, and without -resource in maternal affection on the other. Added to his matrimonial -dissensions were the attacks made on him in his quality of author. -"L'Ami des Hommes," as the marquis de Mirabeau was commonly called from -his book, carried all the impetuosity, self-sufficiency, and haughtiness -of his race into his literary career; and it may be supposed that -became as stormy as his father's had been on the field of battle. His -confidence in his own talents and powers was unbounded: he never -attributed the misfortunes that pursued him to any error or rashness of -his own; he looked on them as the dispensation of Providence, or as -arising from the folly and injustice of his fellow-creatures. No -hesitation, no doubt with regard to himself, ever entered his mind; -every thing was sacrificed to his opinions, his convictions, his -mistaken sense of his duties. He was blinded, as a French biographer -observes, by the most deceptive of all fanaticisms--that of his own -infallibility. The passions that in another he would have regarded as -crimes, he looked on as virtues in himself: he could never perceive the -shadow of right or justice in any cause or views at variance with his -own. Such was the father who became the bitter enemy and persecutor of a -son, endowed with all the genius, passions, and faults of his race. - -Gabriel Honoré was the fifth child of the marquis: through the previous -death of a brother in the cradle, he was, at the time of his birth, the -only son. He was born at Bignon. He came into the world with teeth, and -was an enormously large infant. It was remarked of him, that, destined -to become the most turbulent and active of men, he was born with a -twisted foot; and, gifted with extraordinary eloquence, he was -tongue-tied. At three years of age he had the small-pox, and his mother, -who dabbled in medicine, making some experiments on the pustules, the -result was that he remained frightfully seared and marked. His father -was evidently deeply mortified, and wrote to his brother, "Your nephew -is as ugly as if he were Satan's." His other children being remarkably -handsome, this circumstance became more disastrous to the sufferer. The -boy, however, early showed talent, which was nurtured by an excellent -tutor, and less judiciously overlooked by his father, who resolved to -give him an education of unequalled excellence--that is, one of -perpetual restraint, reprimand, and chastisement. We have interesting -details of his infancy and youth, in extracts from a series of letters -which passed between the marquis and his brother.[10] The bailli de -Mirabeau was entered by his father into the order of knights of Malta in -his infancy. He served in the French navy for the space of thirty-one -years, when he retired without recompence, except such as he derived -from a high reputation. He was a proud, austere, and resolute man, -possessing at the same time extreme piety, great goodness, and -unblemished integrity of character, together with a foundation of good -sense that contrasts with his brother's intemperate sallies. -Uncompromising even to roughness, he was ill suited to a court, while -his bravery and sound understanding fitted him for public service. Proud -of the antiquity of his race; openly disdainful of the new-created -noblesse; frank, upright, but somewhat discontented, as he well might -be, at the small reward his services received; yet at the same time too -haughty to wait obsequiously on the great, or even to take the measures -necessary to refresh their memory, he passed the latter part of his life -in retirement. He devoted his fortune to his brother's service, whom he -respected as the head of the family, and regarded with warm fraternal -affection. A correspondence subsisted between the one, living either at -Paris or Bignon, and the other, who was serving his country at a -distance, or established at Mirabeau, which discloses the secrets of the -family, and unveils the motives and passions that swayed the conduct of -the marquis. The bailli was deeply interested in the child who was to -transmit the family name, and, being at the time of the boy's birth -governor of Guadaloupe, wrote earnestly home for information with regard -to him. The child early developed quickness of intellect and turbulence -of temper, joined to kindness of heart. Poisson, his tutor, was a -careful but severe guide, and if ever he was softened, the marquis -stepped in to chastise. Soon, too soon, the paternal scoldings and -punishments became angry reprimands and constant disapprobation, which -verged into hatred. These feelings were increased by the imprudences and -vivacity of the boy, the misjudged quarrels of the mother, the artful -manœuvres of madame de Pailly, and the bitter hatred conceived by an -old servant named Gervin, who, from some unknown cause, exercised -extraordinary influence over the marquis. The chief fault particularised -by the father was the boy's habitual untruths. A love of or indifference -to truth is one of the characteristics with which human beings are born. -The former may be cultivated, the latter checked, but the propensities -do not the less remain; and it is the most painful discovery that a -parent can make, to find that his child is not by natural instinct -incapable of falsehood. This innate and unfortunate vice, joined to the -boy's wildness and heedlessness, caused the father to write of him in -severe terms, scarcely suited to his' childish years. "He seems to me," -he writes, "in addition to all the baseness of his natural character, a -mere fool, an unconquerable maniac. He attends a number of excellent -masters; and as every one, from his confessor to his playmate, are so -many watchers, who tell me every thing, I discern the nature of the -heart, and do not believe that he can come to any good." The first -master, Poisson, set over him, however, took a liking to the boy, and -praised his prodigious memory and good heart. The father, instead of -being pleased, grew angry. He declared that he would now be utterly -spoilt, and took him out of his hands to place him in those of an abbé -Choquart, a severe disciplinarian, who was bid not to spare punishment. -The severity of the marquis may be judged by this one circumstance, that -taking his son from a tutor whom he loved, and placing him in a school -to which he was sent as to a prison, he insisted that he should go by -another name. "I did not choose," he writes, "that an illustrious name -should be disgraced on the benches of a school of correction, and I -caused him to be entered as Pierre Buffière. -[Sidenote: 1764. -Ætat. -15.] -My gentleman struggled, wept, argued in vain. I bid him win my name, -which I would only restore when he deserved it." Had the father been -just the youth would soon have regained his affections and name. The -abbé Choquart, at first severe with his pupil, soon became attached to -and proud of him. His progress was astonishing, his memory prodigious. -The dead and living languages, mathematics, drawing, and music, and -various manly exercises, occupied him by turns, and he distinguished -himself in all. In the midst of the marquis's vituperations we find no -absolute facts. He calls his son lying by nature, base, and so vicious -that the worst consequences are to be apprehended: this is carried so -far that, when he mentions that his masters applaud and his comrades -love him, he adds that the boy ought to be smothered, if it were only -for his powers of cajolery and fascination. - -This severity frightened but did not conquer the youth. He worked hard -to obtain his father's approbation; but indiscretions came between to -widen the breach. Perpetually in expectation of some degrading or -excessive punishment, he lived in a state of excitement, and even -terror, ill fitted to inspire the gentleness and repose of spirit which -is the best ingredient of honour and virtue. As he grew older his -turbulence became more dangerous; and his father, considering it -necessary to tame him by increased hardships, placed him in the army. "I -am going to send him," he writes, "as volunteer, to the strictest and -most laborious military school. A man, a chip of the old times, the -marquis de Lambert, has founded one in his regiment. He pretends that -the exclusive atmosphere of honour, and a hard and cold moral regimen, -can restore beings the most vitiated even by nature. I have requested -him to name as Mentor an officer who, not from reason and deduction, but -from instinct, should have a disgust and natural scorn for all baseness. -I have named Gervin as his other Mentor, and the only servant-master of -this young man. Severity will cost me nothing, for with him it is my -right and my duty." The perpetual recurrence to the accusation of -baseness affords some excuse for the father's inveteracy; yet it was -certainly ill judged to set a servant over a proud aspiring youth as -master, and this servant, who hated him, was one of the chief engines of -perpetuating the marquis's bad opinion. -[Sidenote: 1767. -Ætat. -18.] -However, by placing him beyond the paternal control, under the impartial -jurisdiction of a regiment, the young man had a chance of being fairly -treated, and the consequence was that his good conduct was acknowledged -and a brevet rank promised him. He was not allowed to reap any -advantage: his father kept him so wholly without money that he incurred -a few debts; he lost, also, four louis in play, a vice to which he -showed no predilection in after life, and we may therefore judge that -this trifling loss was accidental. His father's wrath flamed out. "He is -cast," he wrote to his brother, "in the mould of his maternal race, and -would devour twenty inheritances and twelve kingdoms if he could lay his -hands on them. But I can endure as little as I like of that species of -evil, and a close and cool prison will soon moderate his appetite and -thin him down." - -Added to this error was the unfortunate circumstance of an amour, the -first outbreak of his passionate nature on emerging from boyhood, in -which he was the successful rival of his superior officer, who thus -became his enemy, and joined with the father to crush the young man's -spirit. Mirabeau, in after years, always spoke with great bitterness of -M. de Lambert's discipline. He escaped from it on this occasion, and -took refuge in Paris with his father's intimate friend, the duke de -Nivernois. His brother-in-law, husband of his sister, the marquis du -Saillant, mediated between him and his father: he defended himself -against accumulated accusations. His father speaks of his defence as a -mass of falsehood and ingratitude: he meditated, or, rather, was -instigated, to send him to the Dutch colonies in India, but milder -thoughts prevailed;--he would not kill, but only tame, as with blows, -the fiery-spirited boy; so he caused him to be imprisoned in the -fortress of the Isle de Rhé; and the youth felt that all the world was -his enemy, and the chief his harsh implacable parent. In his eloquent -letter to the marquis, written some years after, in the prison of -Vincennes, he alludes with bitterness to this period of his existence. - -"I may say," he writes, "that from my earliest years, and on my first -entrance into life, I enjoyed few marks of your kindness; that you -treated me with rigour before I could have merited it; and yet that you -might have soon perceived that my natural impetuosity was excited, -instead of repressed, by such treatment; that it was as easy to soften -as to irritate me; that I yielded to the former, and rebelled against -the latter. I was not born to be a slave; and, in a word, that, while -Lambert ruined, Vioménil would have preserved me. Allow me also to -remind you, that, before you restored me to your favour, you confessed -in one of your letters that you had been on the point of sending me to -one of the Dutch colonies. This made a profound impression, and -influenced prodigiously the rest of my life. What had I done at eighteen -to merit a fate the thought of which makes me tremble even now?--I had -loved." - -In his prison, Mirabeau acquired the friendship of the governor, whose -mediation only added to his father's irritation. He was, however, -induced to liberate him, and permit him to join an expedition to -Corsica. He was entered as sub-lieutenant of foot in the regiment of -Lorraine. The same mixture of wild passion, unwearied study, and eager -aspiration for distinction, marked this period. He wrote a history of -Corsica; he fabricated an itinerary of the island, founded on his -personal inquiries and perambulations; the manuscript, the -voluminousness of which testified his industry, were deemed of such -value by the Corsicans themselves, that they desired its publication; -but it was destroyed by the marquis. In addition, he studied his -profession--he felt a vocation for a military life--the aspect of danger -calmed his fiery spirit, and he was ambitious of glory--he dedicated all -his time to the study of tactics, and declares that there was no book in -any language, living or dead, that treated of the art of war that he had -not read at this period, making, as he went on, voluminous extracts. In -after times he wrote to his sister--"I deceive myself greatly, or I was -born for a military life; for in war alone I feel cool, calm, gay, and -without impetuosity, and I am sensible that my character grows exalted." - -On returning from Corsica, he was allowed to visit his uncle, the -bailli, at Mirabeau, and soon acquired the favour of this unprejudiced -man, who was astonished by his talents, his industry, and his genius. -His heart warmed, and the praises that overflowed had some effect on his -father, still distrustful, still fearful of showing favour. The first -mark of kindness which he gave was to insist that his son should throw -aside all his favourite pursuits, and dedicate himself to political and -agricultural economy, studying them in the works which he had himself -written. Mirabeau, per force, obeyed, and thus somewhat propitiated his -parent, so that he consented to see him during a visit he paid to -Provence. He put the young man to hard trials, and made him labour -indefatigably, preaching to him the while, and forcing political economy -down his throat. The marquis was averse to his following the military -profession, and by turning him from it plunged him in adversity. The -excessive activity of Mirabeau's mind, and his physical vigour, could be -satisfied in no other career: his exuberance of spirits and unwearied -strength rendered every other vocation tame and trivial; however, he -laboured at various occupations devised for him by his father, and was -rewarded, at the earnest solicitation of all the relations, by being -restored to his name--he having for some years gone by that of Pierre -Buffière. His father was so far won by his manifestations of talent as -to permit him to visit Paris, and pay his court at Versailles:--"He -behaves very well," the marquis writes; "his manners are respectful -without servility--easy, but not familiar. -[Sidenote: 1771. -Ætat. -22.] -The courtiers look on him as half mad, but say that he is cleverer than -any of them, which is not discreet on his part. I do not intend that he -shall live there, nor follow, like others, the trade of robbing or -cheating the king: he shall neither haunt the dirty paths of intrigue, -nor slide on the ice of favour; but he must learn what is going on: and -if I am asked why I, who never would frequent Versailles, allow him to -go so young, I reply that 'he is made of other clay.' For the rest, as, -for 500 years, Mirabeau, who were never like the rest of the world, -have been tolerated, he also will be endured, and he will not alter the -reputation of the race." - -This gleam of paternal favour was soon clouded over. Mirabeau himself -accuses those around his father of inspiring him with distrust; but -there was something in the young man's character that jarred with the -father's, and produced a perpetual state of irritation and -dissatisfaction. The self-will, pedantry, economy, and self-sufficiency -of the marquis were in perpetual contradiction with the genius, -activity, recklessness, the winning frankness and plausible fascinations -of his son. In vain the youth transacted some troublesome business for -his father with diligence and success--in vain he entered into his -agricultural projects--the father writes bitterly, "His infancy was -monstrous, his adolescence turbulent, and both seem the worthy exordium -of his life, which is now a mixture of indiscretion, misconduct, and -garrulity; and at the same time so turbulent, so presumptuous, and so -heedless, that the enterprise of saving him from the dangers which his -years and his character present, is enough to fatigue and deter thirty -Mentors, instead of one." At length, tired of the young man's society, -and urged by those about him, he sent him (December, 1771) to Mirabeau, -to endeavour to pacify and regulate the dissensions subsisting among the -tenants of the marquis, which his usual agents were incapable of -rectifying. The young man fulfilled his task with zeal and ability: he -became known and liked in Provence, and his success inspired the idea of -settling him in marriage--so to calm down his turbulence in domestic -life: his father had before entertained this project, believing that a -woman of good sense would exercise the happiest influence over his mind. - -The young lady pointed out was an heiress. A number of men of higher -pretensions than himself on the score of fortune aspired to her hand. -This circumstance, and the avarice of his father, who acted with his -usual parsimony, at first deterred Mirabeau; but, urged on by the -marquis's sarcasms, he exerted himself to overcome all difficulties and -succeeded, though the measures he took, which compromised the reputation -of the young lady, were highly reprehensible, and naturally excited the -disgust and disapprobation of his father. -[Sidenote: 1772. -Ætat. -23.] -Marie Emilie de Covet, only daughter of the marquis de Marignane, was -then eighteen: she was a lively brunette, scarcely to be called pretty, -but agreeable, witty, and superficially clever. Although an heiress, she -enjoyed a very slender fortune during the life of her father; and the -marquis, while he entailed the family estate on his son, allowed him -scarcely any income, and advanced him nothing for the expences of his -nuptials. This was the worst sort of marriage that Mirabeau could have -made. Marrying in his own province a girl of good family, and surrounded -by the _éclat_ that attends an heiress, he was led to desire to make an -appearance suitable to his name and his father's fortune. He incurred -debts. Madame de Sévigné remarks that there is nothing so expensive as -want of money. Debt always begets debt. Mirabeau was constitutionally -careless with regard to expense. His father lent him the chateau of -Mirabeau to live in: he found the ancestral residence as furnished by -his progenitors; and, obliged to make some repairs, he went to the other -extreme, and fitted up the apartments destined for his wife with -splendour. False pride caused him to load her with presents, and to -dress her richly, in spite of her remonstrances. At the same time he had -projects for the improvement of the culture of the estate, the proceeds -of which, he believed, would cover all his expenses. His father still -pursued the degrading plan of employing hirelings as spies over him. -These men, to cover their own peculations, represented that he was -selling the furniture of the chateau and injuring the property. Every -plan Mirabeau formed to pay his debts, as the best foundation of -retrenchment, was opposed by his father. Feeling the storm about to -break, and resolved to proceed no further on the road to ruin, he -commenced a system of rigid economy; but his father, deaf to all -explanations, excited by the representations of his servants, and -exasperated in the highest degree, obtained a lettre de cachet, and used -it to order his son to quit the chateau, and to confine himself in the -little town of Manosque. This sort of confinement was ill calculated to -appease the spirit of Mirabeau, who ought rather to have been thrown -into an arduous career, so to fill and occupy his mind. At Manosque he -was reduced to a scanty income of about 50_l_. a year, to support -himself, his wife, and child; his only employment was study, to which he -gave himself up with ardour, but it was not sufficient to tame and -engross him. He wrote here his "Essay on Despotism," a work full of -passion and vigour, into which he poured his own impatience of control. -He left behind him no good reputation among the people of Manosque; and, -if his wife afterwards refused to join him, she had the excuse that his -behaviour as a husband was such as to disgust any young lady of feeling -and delicacy. His own conduct did not, however, prevent him from being -jealous himself, and this passion, awakened toward his wife, renewed, by -the actions it occasioned, the persecutions of his father. - -A girlish and innocent correspondence had been carried on by his wife -before her marriage with the chevalier de Gassaud. This, and other -circumstances, combined to excite jealousy in the mind of the husband; a -duel became imminent; till, pacified by the representations of the young -man's family, and consideration for the reputation of Madame de -Mirabeau, he became willing to listen to an explanation. The previous -scandal, however, threatened to break an advantageous marriage, on foot -between the chevalier and the daughter of the marquis de Tourette. -Mirabeau, resolving not to be generous by halves, left Manosque -secretly, and repaired with all possible speed to the town of Grasse: he -pleaded the cause of the chevalier with such earnest eloquence that the -family dismissed their objections, and he hastened to return to his -place of exile. - -Most unfortunately he met on his way back the baron de Villeneuve-Moans. -This man had, a short time before, grossly insulted his sister, the -marquise de Cabris. The brother demanded satisfaction, which being -refused, he now, meeting him by accident, struck him. The baron -proceeded legally against him, and thus his evasion from his place of -exile came to light. -[Sidenote: 1774. -Ætat. -25.] -The implacable father demanded a stricter imprisonment; and Mirabeau, -taken from his wife and his infant son, then dangerously ill, was -conducted to the chateau of If, a dismal fortress, built on a naked rock -by the sea-shore, near Marseilles. He was here at the demand of his -father, interdicted all visits and correspondence; and the marquis also -took the pains to write to the commander of the castle, Dallegre, -exaggerating the faults of his son, and blackening his character; but -here, as before in the Isle de Rhé, the commander was won by the -frankness, courage, and fascinating qualities of his prisoner, and wrote -to the marquis to entreat his liberation. "All the province knows," he -wrote, "that you have made the freedom of the count de Mirabeau depend -on the report I shall make of his good conduct. Receive, then, the most -authentic attestation that, since the count has been confined at the -chateau d'If, he has not given me, nor any other person, the slightest -cause of complaint, and has always conducted himself admirably. He has -sustained with extreme moderation the altercations I have sometimes -entered into for the purpose of trying his temper, and he will carry -away with him the esteem, friendship, and consideration of every one -here." Madame de Mirabeau made a journey to Bignon to intercede with his -father, who at length explained that his purpose was to try his son; -that he meant to keep him yet longer in the chateau of If; and if, by a -miracle, he committed no new fault, he should be transferred to some -other fortress where his perseverance in a good course should continue -to be put to the test, till by degrees he should be restored to his -privileges of husband and father. When we consider that Mirabeau really -filled these sacred functions, and that his sole crime towards his -father was debt,--a crime the consequences of which visited him only, -and visited him severely,--we revolt from the insolent tyranny exercised -against him. -[Sidenote: 1775. -Ætat. -26.] -In pursuance of this plan, he was transferred to the fortress of Joux, -near Pontarlier, and placed in the hands of the governor, count -Saint-Mauris. He submitted to this new exile among the mountains of -Jura, away from his wife and child, from every friend and connection, -with entire resignation; still hoping, by patience and good conduct, to -vanquish the prejudices and gain the good will of his father. - -Until now we appear to detail a series of cruel and causeless -persecutions. The conduct of Mirabeau, tried by the laws of morality, -had been vicious, but not criminal, and was punished as the latter. He -had, to a certain degree, redeemed his extravagance, by living for a -considerable period within the limits of an income scarcely sufficient -to afford the necessaries of life. He had obtained the favourable -attestation of the man under whose guard he was placed: it was evident -to every one, except his inexorable father, that the husband ought to be -restored to the young wife, already suspected of indiscretion--the -father to his child; a young man of ambition and talents, to the -enjoyment of liberty and of the privileges of his birth. - -Mirabeau painted his feelings eloquently in a letter to his uncle, dated -from the fortress of Joux, 22d of August, 1775. "Ought I," he writes, -"to be for ever excluded from a career in which my conduct and -endeavours, aided by your counsels, might give me the means of one day -becoming useful and known. Times are mending, and ambition is permitted. -Do you believe that the emulation that animates me ought to remain -sterile, and that, at the age of twenty-six, your nephew is incapable of -any good? Do not believe it; deliver me; deign to deliver me: save me -from the frightful agitation in which I live, and which may destroy the -effects produced on me by reflection and adversity. Believe me, that -there are men whom it is necessary to occupy, and that I am of that -number. The activity which accomplishes all things, and without which -nothing is achieved, becomes turbulent, and may become dangerous, if -left without object or employment." His father was insensible to these -representations, and, although the pretence of his continued -imprisonment was, that he should regain by degrees the paternal favour, -the marquis's letters prove that it was his heartfelt wish to drive his -son to extremities; and he too fatally succeeded. - -Mirabeau had hitherto wasted his ardent nature on vulgar amours; he had -never felt real love. Had he been allowed to follow an active career, it -is probable that love, in an absorbing and despotic form, had never -governed him. Driven into solitude, separated from all the ties of -nature, friendless and persecuted, his heart in an unfortunate hour -became inflamed by a passion that sealed his ruin. The fortress of Joux -is situated in the neighbourhood of Pontarlier; the only family of note -resident in that town was that of De Monnier. Madame de Monnier belonged -to a family of the name of Ruffey, distinguished for a piety carried to -bigotry, and a parental severity, that caused them to devote several -children to a monastic life. Sophie was married at eighteen to M. de -Monnier, who was more than fifty years her senior. She joined to -gentleness of disposition and sweetness of temper great decision and -ardour of character. The young people became acquainted. She saw only -the bright side of Mirabeau's character; and, while she consoled him in -his misfortunes, she became entangled by the fascinations of passion. It -is impossible to conceive a more unnatural position, than that of a girl -sacrificed according to the old customs of France. Sophie de Ruffey was -taken from the nursery, and given, even without her consent being asked, -to a morose, avaricious, decrepit old man; who only married to annoy his -daughter. He was unamiable in all the relations of life; and the home of -the ardent girl was dull, and yet full of harassing cares. She had no -children; none of the sweet hopes and expectations that ought to attend -opening life; and, while she devoted herself to an existence full of -ennui and annoyance, she reaped no reward in the kindness and confidence -of her husband. It is not strange that, placed in this position, her -heart should be open to impression, and before she knew her danger she -was in love. The enthusiasm and fervour of her disposition caused her to -exalt her lover into the idol of her imagination. Misled by passion, she -began to regard her tie to her septuagenarian husband as -criminal--fidelity and devotion to her lover as a paramount duty. - -Mirabeau knew better what life was. He felt love for the first time in -all its truth and intensity, and he trembled at the prospect. According -to a wise poet, - - -"Love is too young to know what conscience is; -Yet who knows not that conscience is born of love?" - - -and thus he, who hitherto had looked on love as a mere sensual -enjoyment, and who, accustomed to occupy himself in arduous study for -the third of each day, had little leisure to employ in pursuits of empty -gallantry, became aware of the absorbing nature of real passion, and to -fear the misery that must ensue from its indulgence. He wrote letters of -eloquent supplication, imploring to be removed from a neighbourhood -which he found so dangerous: his father treated his appeals with -contempt; he then wrote to his wife a long letter, entreating her to -join him with their child, feeling that the presence of those who were -united to him by such sacred ties would check his pursuit, and at once -crush the affection of her he loved. Madame de Mirabeau was a frivolous -and weak woman: a separation of more than a year had alienated her from -her husband, whose conduct had been far from irreproachable, and she -replied to his supplications by a dry note of a few lines, in which she -treated him as out of his wits. Still Mirabeau struggled against the -seductions of love, and had the unfortunate pair been treated, not to -say with kindness, but with prudence, all had been well. It so happened -that the governor, count de Saint-Mauris, who was nearly seventy years -of age, was also in love with madame de Monnier, who had received his -declarations with the disdain which they deserved. His rage knew no -bounds, when he perceived the success of his prisoner. He roused the -suspicions of the husband, and, the better to wreak his revenge, took -advantage of his knowledge of a promissory note for a small sum, which -Mirabeau, left in a state of destitution by his father, had been obliged -to grant to procure necessary raiment, to report him to the implacable -marquis as incurring new debts, and so obtained a fresh order to confine -him strictly in the fortress of Joux. Mirabeau learnt the fate awaiting -him, and finding that his system of resignation had availed him nothing, -and shuddering at the prospect of a dungeon guarded by a malignant -rival, escaped from his surveillance, and secreted himself at -Pontarlier. - -His position demanded the most careful reflection. His angry father -spared no pains to discover his place of refuge: he wrote to -Saint-Mauris, telling him to prepare a "healthy and dry, but well barred -and bolted dungeon for his son; and not to permit him the slightest -communication by writing or in person with any one." Hopeless of -softening the marquis, Mirabeau wrote to Malesherbes, the minister so -distinguished in France for benevolence and liberality; but Malesherbes -mediated in vain with his father, and, at length, told Mirabeau that he -had but one resource, which was to withdraw from his country, to enter -foreign service, and pursue the career of arms, for which his birth, -talents, and bravery, fitted him. Mirabeau was averse to renouncing his -country; again and again he applied by letters, written either by -himself or mediating friends, to his father, who at last replied, that -he renounced having any thing to do with him--told him that no country -was so foreign to him as his own; and, banishing him for ever from his -family, dissolved all natural and social ties that still held his son to -France. - -Treated with this haughty cruelty, Mirabeau could not avoid contrasting -the marks of hatred and scorn, which he received from every other, with -the devoted love of her who was ready to sacrifice all to him. But, -though conjugal fidelity was held in slight regard and little practised -in France in those days, the carrying off a married woman was treated as -a crime to be punished by death or perpetual imprisonment, and Mirabeau -could not yet consent to lose himself or his mistress utterly. M. de -Monnier, informed by Saint-Mauris of the attachment of his wife, -surrounded her by spies, and treated her with the utmost severity. By -the advice of Mirabeau she left her husband, and took refuge with her -own family at Dijon. She found no kindness there; her angry father -refused to see her--her mourning mother caused her to be strictly -watched--her brother and sister taunted and insulted her. She was driven -to despair, and declared to her lover that she would destroy herself, if -by no other means she could escape the cruelty shown by all around. For -several months Mirabeau combated the passion rooted in his own heart, -and that which drove madame de Monnier to desperation. He had escaped -from France and gained the frontier: he might easily have now entered on -a military career in a foreign state, but devoted love bound him to -Sophie, who was on the eve of being imprisoned in a convent, and who, -revolting from such tyranny, believed that every genuine duty and -affection of life bound her to him she loved, and had become resolved to -devote her life to him. After much hesitation, many months spent in -wanderings in Switzerland, dogged close the while by emissaries of his -father, whose pursuit he baffled, and whose strength and patience he -wearied out; after many fruitless endeavours to avoid the catastrophe, -the hour at last arrived, when Mirabeau, cast off by father, wife, and -country, doomed to exile and a career dependent on his industry, and -feeling in the affection of his mistress his only solace in this -accumulation of disaster, and assured also that, if he deserted her, -Sophie, driven to desperation, would destroy herself, consented to their -flight. -[Sidenote: 1777. -Ætat. -27.] -She escaped from her husband's house and joined him at Verrières -Suisses, whence, after a fortnight's delay, they proceeded to Holland. -On the 7th of October they arrived at Amsterdam, and took a lodging at -the house of a tailor, where, destitute and friendless, Mirabeau was at -once forced to earn their daily bread, and to conceal his name and -identity, so to escape further persecution. He sought for occupation in -translating for a bookseller. After some delay he obtained work from -Rey, and was able to earn a louis a-day by means of extreme hard labour. -From six in the morning till nine in the evening he was at his desk: his -only recreation was an hour of music: but the lovers were happy -together. Sophie, fallen from a life of ease to one of privation, yet -regarded it no sacrifice to exchange annoyance and ennui, though -surrounded by luxury, for seclusion with one whose ardent affection, -brilliant imagination, and entire confidence, could easily supply every -void, and fill her existence with interest and delight. - -The social law that bound Sophie to her husband was nefarious and -unnatural; but in breaking it she devoted herself to all the misfortunes -which attend an attachment not sanctioned by society: for a time love -may gild the scene, and, as was the case with Sophie, conscience be -satisfied that she had a right to exchange her forced ties with a -decrepit old husband, to whom she owed nothing, for a union with the man -of her choice. But the world and its laws dog the heels of a felicity -they condemn, and are sure at last to hunt down their prey. M. de -Monnier proceeded against his wife and her lover in a court of law, and -on the 10th May, 1777, sentence was passed on Mirabeau for rape and -seduction. He was condemned to be decapitated in effigy and to pay -40,000 livres as damages to the husband; while Sophie was condemned to -be confined for life in a house of refuge established at Besançon, to -be shaven and branded in common with the other prisoners, who were girls -of depraved life, and to lose all the advantages of her marriage -settlement. Such was the severity of the old French laws against -matrimonial infidelity--laws which permitted the most depraved state of -society ever known, and only made themselves felt in eases of exception, -when the most severe moralist would find excuses for, and be inclined to -pardon the errors of passion, which society punished only because the -victims refused to practise the hypocrisy which would have been accepted -as atonement. - -The marquis de Mirabeau at first rejoiced in the catastrophe which -exiled his son for ever from the soil of France, and was willing to -forget his existence. Not so the family of Sophie: her mother, induced -by mixed feelings of religion, resentment, and even affection, was eager -to obtain possession of the person of her daughter, to separate her from -her lover, and induce her by severity or persuasion to return to her -husband. Through an imprudence the place of their retreat was -discovered, and the marquis writes to his brother, "He is in Holland, -and lives on the earnings of his pen. De Brugnierres is setting out to -fulfil a bargain made with madame de Ruffey, to seize her mad daughter, -for which he is to be paid 100 louis. I have profited by the occasion -and made the same arrangement--to be paid only if the man is taken to -his destination." - -[Sidenote: 1777. -Ætat. -28.] - -Mirabeau and his companion had lived eight months at Amsterdam: they had -made friends; and some among these told them that their retreat was -discovered, and an arrest impending. At first a treaty had been -commenced to induce Mirabeau to place madame de Monnier in the hands of -the French authorities, offering money and liberty as his reward: he -spurned these propositions and prepared to fly with her to America; yet -still the lovers were too secure, and delayed for the sake of obtaining -a sum of money. The very night on which they were to depart they were -arrested. Sophie, who, till the crisis arrived, was calm and serene, -though serious and resolved, was seized by despair: she resolved to -destroy herself. Mirabeau was her stay: he gained the goodwill of the -men about them, revealed his fears, and obtained the consent of M. le -Noir, lieutenant-general of police, to see her once, and afterwards to -correspond with her. His persuasions were all powerful, and she -consented to live. She was taken to Paris and imprisoned in a sort of -asylum for women, while Mirabeau was shut up in the donjon of Vincennes. -At first no gleam of hope lighted on the prisoners: all that bound them -to existence was the correspondence they kept up with each other, and -the fact that Sophie was about to give birth to a child. The letters -that Mirabeau wrote to his mistress from his prison fell afterwards into -the hands of a man who published them: certainly Mirabeau would have -been the last person in the world to have permitted the publication of -letters intended for the eye of his mistress alone, and drawn from a -nature whose paramount vice was excess of passion, now wrought to -intensity by close imprisonment and enforced separation from her whom he -ardently loved. These letters are in parts grossly indelicate and unfit -for perusal; but they display the burning ardour of his nature, and the -excess of his attachment for the unhappy woman whom he had drawn into -participation in his wretched destiny. For nearly two years these -letters are stamped with a hopelessness, often carried to desperation. - -"There is no peace with my implacable enemies," he writes, at one time; -"there will be none except in the tomb. No pity can enter their souls of -gall: as barbarous as they are unjust, their commiseration will never -yield that which their iniquity denies. It is too much! I know not -whether, proscribed by that destiny which permits guilt to triumph, and -innocence to suffer, I am destined to die of despair, or to merit my -fate by the perpetration of crime, but the agony that precedes the -catastrophe endures too long, and I feel transports of indignation and -hatred, such as never before had influence over my soul." Again he -writes, "The rules of this house are so excessively, I had almost said -so atrociously severe, that I must perish if I remain longer. No species -of society is permitted: the turnkeys who wait on us are forbidden to -remain in our cells, or to speak to us--we have but one hour of exercise -out of the twenty-four. Alone with sorrow--no literary occupation--few -and bad books--interminable delays in the fulfilment of our most -innocent wishes and our simplest wants--no musical instruments--in a -word, no recreation--every consolation denied by a barbarous tyranny, -such is but a feeble sketch of our situation. A man who has any soul or -mind cannot resist such a mode of life, in which his talents, his -acquirements, and his most praiseworthy sentiments, instead of solacing, -must produce his ruin." - -As a proof of the energy and fortitude of Mirabeau's soul, it must be -mentioned, that frequent opportunities of escape presented themselves, -but he declared that he would not desert Sophie and unlink his fate from -hers; nor renounce all hope of being restored to his station and rights -in his country. While he strung his soul to endure, his very strength of -purpose gave additional force to his hatred of tyranny. He, as being the -victim of his family, and not a state prisoner, was in the sequel -permitted many indulgences not allowed to any other. Books materials for -writing--connivance at his correspondence--more time allowed to his -walks--the visits of some of the superiors, who became his friends--such -were the licences permitted him; but we find him complaining that he was -forbidden to sing in his cell, and detailing the frightful physical -sufferings, to which he was the victim through confinement. A state -prisoner would have been treated with yet greater rigour; and the sense -of this, and the knowledge that others whose crimes were often their -virtues, were his fellow-sufferers, lighted up a horror of despotism in -his heart, which made him ever after its determined and bitter enemy. - -With all his energy and fortitude, Mirabeau bore up with difficulty -under the hardships of his dungeon: at one time, he resolved on suicide, -and was saved only by the remonstrances of M. le Noir, whose kindness to -his prisoner was zealous and unalterable. Consenting to live, he found -study his sole resource, and he dedicated himself with ardour, and to -the injury of his health, to his pen. His works during his imprisonment -were numerous. He translated the "Kisses" of Johannes Secundus, with -abundant notes, containing extracts from all the erotic poets of -antiquity. He wrote a treatise on mythology; an essay on the French -language; another on ancient and modern literature; works undertaken for -the instruction and amusement of madame de Monnier. His "Essay on -Lettres-de-cachet and State Prisons" belongs also to this period. - -His father, meanwhile, felt no compunction, no doubt as to the justice -of his conduct; no pity softened his heart, nor did he by any notice of -his son answer his many supplications. He declared that, having searched -and purified his heart each day before God, he is only the more -determined to persist; and the resolution in which he was to persist was -that of suffering his son to languish and perish in his dungeon. -[Sidenote: Oct. -8. -1778. -Ætat. -29.] -A circumstance happened, however, to change this resolve. His grandson, -the only son of Gabriel-Honoré, died. The mother resided with her child -at her father's chateau. She was surrounded by relations, collateral -heirs to her fortune if she died childless: some suspicion arose that -these persons had poisoned the boy; he was five years old, and of great -promise from the sweetness and docility of his disposition. The -grandfather was deeply afflicted: he could not doubt the uprightness of -his conduct nor the purity of his motives, so blinded was he by the -passions that urged him to persecute his family; but he was led to doubt -the support of Providence on which he had heretofore relied. From this -moment he began to meditate the liberation of his son. He was not -induced by justice nor compassion, but by pride: he could not endure -that the name of Mirabeau should be extinguished. "I reflected," he -wrote afterwards to his brother, "for a long time. It is certain that, -if my grandson had not died, I had insisted on the maintenance of the -promise made me, to keep the father in prison, and even to destroy all -trace of him. But, after the death of our poor little Victor, I found -that you felt as I did with regard to the extinction of our race; for, -however one may argue, however one may submit and resign one's self, a -feeling once entertained cannot be effaced." The marquis, however, -proceeded fair and softly in his design. Resolved both to punish and to -tame his son, he issued fresh orders, that he should be allowed no -indulgences; but he put several persons in action, through whose -suggestions Mirabeau commenced a correspondence with his uncle: the -letters were shown to his father, and some were addressed to the latter; -but he was not moved either by the protestations or representations they -contained to move faster or to alter his plan. In pursuance of this, he -declared that the liberation of his son depended on the intercession of -his wife. The countess de Mirabeau accordingly wrote to her -father-in-law, requesting that her husband should be set free; and -Mirabeau, hearing this, was touched by the generosity of her act. From -the moment, indeed, that hope gleamed on him of softening his father's -resolves, he became much more humble, and very ready to acknowledge his -faults. Sophie, also, with that generous ardour of disposition that was -at once the cause and excuse of her actions, wrote to the marquis, -taking all the fault of their attachment and flight on herself. Even the -old economist felt the nobleness of her conduct. - -The affair, however, still lagged. M. de Marignane detested his -son-in-law. It was the interest of the relations around to prevent the -reunion of husband and wife: the countess was a weak and timid woman; -she resolved never to disobey, she feared to offend her father; and -besides, living as she did, in the midst of ease, luxury, pleasure, and -freedom, she had no wish to return to a life of penury with a husband -whom she no longer loved. Often, therefore, while receiving harsh -letters from his uncle, Mirabeau was ready to sink under multiplied -delays. He tried to cheat time by occupation; he gave himself up to -study--he learnt Greek, English, Italian, Spanish--translated a portion -of Tacitus--and this, in spite of failing eyes and ruined health. - -[Sidenote: May, -1780. -Ætat. -31.] - -Another event, sad to a parent's heart, and deeply lamented by Mirabeau, -happened to facilitate his freedom. His child, the daughter of Sophie, -died of a fever of dentition: this event acted as a spur to the marquis. -He permitted his only child with whom he was on friendly terms, madame -du Saillant, to correspond with her brother, dictating her letters, and -reading the replies--he allowed (for no step was taken except by his -permission, and even suggestion,) his son-in-law, M. du Saillant, to -offer to become his surety. And, at last, after many disappointments and -delays, he gave the signal, and the prison gates were opened. - -[Sidenote: Dec. -13. -1780. -Ætat. -31.] - -It was impossible to avoid giving the details of this unfortunate -portion of Mirabeau's life. Forty-one months spent in a dungeon forms -too important an epoch in a man's existence for a biographer to pass it -over; or to shun the detail of the causes and effects. Forty-one months -of solitude and privation--of alternate hopes and fears wound to their -highest pitch--of arduous study--of excessive physical suffering--must -colour a human being's whole after-existence. The devoted love of Sophie -ennobled his sufferings. She erred--but her error was redeemed by her -heroism and self-abnegation. Resolved in her own thoughts that she was -not the wife of the poor old man to whom her parents had forced her to -give her hand, but of him who possessed her heart, she believed it to be -her duty to bear all rather than concede. That her too ardent nature -required the stay of religion cannot be denied, but her generosity and -heroism are undoubted, and shed a grace over details which would -otherwise he revolting.[11] - -Mirabeau quitted his prison, eager to gain his father's good will, and -redeem himself in the eyes of the world. He stept out, from so long a -series of suffering and imprisonment, with a spirit as vigorous and free -as in boyhood. All were astonished by his mingled gentleness and -vivacity; his submission to his father, joined to reliance in his own -powers. Some months passed before the marquis would see him, but, when -he did, he expressed himself to his brother in more favourable terms -than he had ever before done. Occupied in the task of reforming, he even -began to praise him. It is to be remarked, that the interloper in the -family, madame du Pailly, was absent at this time, and the son was -allowed to make his own way with his father. - -The end of all the marquis's actions was to reunite his son to his wife. -This was a matter of difficulty, and the greater on account of the -sentence pronounced against Mirabeau at Pontarlier, on occasion of his -flight with madame de Monnier. Many plans were projected to get rid of -this sentence; the readiest was, to obtain letters of abolition from the -king. But Mirabeau refused a line of conduct which would have saved him -only; he was determined that his cause should not be separated from that -of Sophie. -[Sidenote: 1782. -Ætat. -33.] -With a resolution worthy of his impetuous and energetic nature, he -surrendered, and constituted himself prisoner at Pontarlier while the -cause was again tried. He was counselled to take the line of a timid -defence, but he refused. Convinced of the irregularity of his trial, and -the want of all judicial proof against him, he met the most imminent -danger calmly and resolutely. His father writes:--"His conduct is firm, -and his position as advantageous as possible. He is praised for his -nobleness and audacity in the singular tone of his appeal against a -capital sentence. Now that I see him in saddle, he holds himself well, -and has this real advantage with the public, of entirely exculpating his -accomplice, on which he is resolved at all events. You have no idea of -what your nephew is on great occasions." Nor did the imprisonment of -months in an unhealthy and narrow dungeon move him. When his father -desired to attempt measures of conciliation with the adversary, he -declared that the view of the scaffold under his window would not make -him accept any propositions while in prison. "I have said to my father," -he wrote to his brother-in-law, M. du Saillant, "and I repeat to you, -that, before God and man, no one has a right to interfere in my affairs -against my will, my consent, my opinion; and with this firm conviction -I declare, that I will consent to no accommodation until former -proceedings are reversed; and I will sign nothing in which my simple and -entire acquittal, that of madame de Monnier, the restitution of her -dowery, an annuity for her, and the payment of my own expenses, are not -comprised." His memoirs and defence are eloquent and resolute, and in -them first shone forth that brilliant genius which afterwards ruled -France. - -At length an accommodation on his own terms, with the exception of the -pecuniary condition that regarded himself, was completed. Mirabeau left -his prison on the 14th of August, 1782. He left it, indeed, a beggar and -in debt; his father denied him every assistance, and refused, in -opprobrious terms, to become his surety. His courage sank under these -misfortunes; he wrote to his sister, "I am free, but to what use shall I -put my liberty? Disowned by my father; forgotten, hated perhaps by my -mother, for having desired to serve her; avoided by my uncle; watched -for by my creditors, not one of whom has been paid, though I have been -deprived of the means of subsistence under the pretence of satisfying -them; menaced by my wife, or those who govern her; destitute of every -thing--income, career, credit--O! that it pleased God that my enemies -were not as cowardly as they are malicious, and a thrust of a sword -would end all!" - -To please his family and obtain an income, Mirabeau next entered into a -law-suit to force his wife to become reconciled with him. This was an -unworthy act. In the pleadings, where he stood forth as his own -advocate, he exerted an overwhelming eloquence, that silenced his -adversaries, and drew an immense audience of gentry belonging to -Provence to the hall where the trial was carried on. He however failed, -and a decree of separation was passed in the law courts of Provence, and -confirmed in Paris.[12] By this time the marquis had become as -inveterate as ever against his son: he did not imprison him, but he kept -the royal order, permitting him to assign him his place of residence, -hanging over his head, so to be able to remove him from his own vicinity -if he became troublesome. - -Mirabeau felt the necessity of forming a career for himself, and earning -a subsistence. He failed in his first attempts in Paris, and, as a last -resource, turned his eyes towards England. -[Sidenote: 1784. -Ætat. -35.] -His visit to London, however, was full of mortification and -disappointment. He found no path open by which a French author could -maintain himself. His letters are full of bitterness at this period; his -father refused him the slightest provision, and, he says, used all his -address to cause him to die of hunger, since he could not hope to make -him rob on the highway. It is difficult for those who live in the -sunshine of life, as well as for those who are brought up to earn their -bread in a profession, or by trade, to understand the degree of -exasperation engendered in the heart of a rich man's son, reduced to -penury by the injustice of his parent. He finds it impossible to make -money of his talents, and indignities, unknown to the merest labourer, -swarm around him. It is much if he can earn a bare and precarious -subsistence, eaten into by previous debts, and dependent on the -selfishness and caprice of others. Mirabeau tasted of the dregs of -poverty; his natural inaptitude to calculation increased his -difficulties; he was generous and profuse, even when what he gave or -spent reduced him to absolute want. - -[Sidenote: 1785. -Ætat. -36.] - -On his return to France, he found the public mind engrossed by questions -of political finance. Mirabeau entered on the discussion with his -accustomed eagerness. He published several pamphlets, which attracted -general attention and added to his notoriety. The minister Calonne at -first made use of his pen, but they afterwards disagreed. Under his -patronage, Mirabeau endeavoured to get diplomatic employment in Germany. -He visited Berlin at the period of Frederic the Great's death, and -several times subsequently. His correspondence from Berlin is not, -however, worthy of his character or genius. It was not published at this -time; he kept it back till 1789, when, under the necessity of acquiring -money to carry on the expenses of his election in Provence, he had no -other resource except bringing out a book, sure to acquire notoriety -from the scandalous anecdotes it contained, but not adapted to sustain -the credit of the author. His pamphlets on finance, which attacked that -system of gambling in the public funds, called, in France, _agiotage_, -which, while it enriches individuals, is ruinous to the country, deserve -the highest praise for their utility. They, however, attacked powerful -interests; and one of them was suppressed by a decree of government, and -even his personal liberty was menaced. -[Sidenote: 1787. -Ætat. -38.] -He saved himself by a timely retreat to Liege. He here entered into a -financial controversy with Necker, which was rendered the more -conspicuous by the allusions made by Mirabeau to the necessity of -assembling the states-general and establishing a constitution. The -convocation of notables, which occurred during this year, was a sort of -commentary on his views. He expected to be named secretary to the -assembly, but that place was given to Dupont de Nemours; and, when he -returned to Paris in September, the notables were already dismissed. -Mirabeau, in his letters at this period, displays that deep interest in -politics which afterwards was to engross his life, and led to his -success and triumph. "It is impossible," he writes, "to witness the -excess of shame and folly which combine to engulf my country without -consternation. It is not given to human wisdom to guess where all this -will find a term." Meanwhile his pen was never idle; and in the midst of -various journeys, and multiplied occupations, he published a variety of -political works, which drew public observation on him; though now for -the most part they are forgotten, as belonging to a state of things sunk -in perpetual oblivion. In these he never ceased to attack the abuses of -government; to urge the necessity of framing a constitution for his -country; and to announce with enthusiasm his love of political liberty -and independence. - -In the history of Mirabeau, so far, we find his life divided into two -parts. The first, up to the age of two and thirty, was stormy and -disastrous; but the accidents that marked it did not take him from -private life. Proud of his station and name, and ambitious of -distinction, yet the vices of youth wrecked him at the very outset, and -the conduct of his father, who acted the part of Cornish wrecker, rather -than taking his natural post of pilot, threatened his perpetual -submersion. As lord Brougham observes, in his observations on his -character, "There is, perhaps, no second instance of an individual whose -faults have been committed under such a pressure of ill-treatment, to -besiege and force his virtue, rather than of temptation, to seduce and -betray it." The extraordinary energy of his character alone saved him; -and he merited the praise, not only of delivering himself, through his -resolute and unwearied exertions, from the dungeon in which, had he been -a weaker man, he had been left to perish, but also of making good use of -the leisure which the sad and solitary hours of imprisonment afforded, -to store his mind with knowledge. - -In the second portion of his life, till the election of deputies for the -states-general, he was no longer pursued by private enemies; and his -passions, though they were not sobered, yet, not being violently -opposed, no longer afforded a topic for public scandal. At first, he -chiefly endeavoured to obtain a maintenance, since his father's -parsimony reduced him to indigence. His pride and fortitude continued to -support him in so hard a trial. We have no instance of any application -of his for help from the rich and powerful--he was extravagant, but -never mean; and he could labour industriously without stooping to any -dishonourable shifts. By degrees he acquired such name and esteem among -men in power as induced them to employ him in public services. Then, as -the political atmosphere of France became overcast, and the howlings of -the coming tempest audible, Mirabeau felt within himself that the hour -was approaching when he should acquire greatness. He had displayed his -wonderful power of public speaking, during his law-suit with his wife, -some years before: the recollection of the effects produced by his -forcible and impetuous eloquence, which almost gained his cause against -reason and justice, gave foundation to his hopes of distinction, if he -should be allowed to speak for the public cause. These feelings did not -make him weakly eager to put himself forward; he was calm in the -knowledge of his power. "Leave me, then, in my obscurity," he wrote, in -1787, to the satellite of a minister,--"I say, in my obscurity, for it -is really my design to remain unalterably in it, until a regular order -of things arises from the present state of tumult, and till some great -revolution, either for good or ill, enjoins a good citizen, who is -always accountable for his suffrage and even his talents, to raise his -voice. This revolution cannot be long delayed. The public vessel is in a -strait, equally short and difficult. An able pilot could doubtless guide -it into the open sea; but he cannot, without the consent of the crew, -and at this moment no one sailor can be despised." - -Mirabeau deserves the praise of keeping at this season far above all -petty traffic of his influence and pen. He saw the safety and glory of -France, and the rise of a national constitution, in the opposition of -the parliament to the court, and in the consequent necessity of -assembling the states-general. He represented these convictions to the -minister Montmorin, but without avail; on the contrary, Montmorin -earnestly requested him to undertake his defence, and to attack the -parliament. Mirabeau, in reply, set before the minister the errors of -his views, and refused, with dignity, the task offered him. "Do not," he -concludes, "compromise a zealous servant, who will despise danger when -called upon to devote himself for his country, but who would not, even -for the price of all earthly crowns, prostitute himself in an equivocal -cause, the aim of which is uncertain, the principle doubtful, and the -progress fearful and dark. Should I not lose all the little talent of -which you exaggerate the influence, if I renounced that inflexible -independence which alone gains me success, and which only can render me -useful to my country and my king? When the day arrives, when, animated -by my conscience, and strong in my conviction, an honourable citizen, a -faithful subject, an honest writer, I cast myself into the _melée_, I -shall be able to say, 'Listen to a man who has never varied in his -principles, nor deserted the public cause.'" - -And it must be remarked, in honour of Mirabeau, when doubts are cast -upon his subsequent career, that, at the moment that he refused the aid -of his pen to a powerful minister, he was suffering the extreme of -penury, aggravated by its being shared by a dear friend. When, -therefore, he afterwards accepted the pay of the court, we may believe, -unworthy as was the act, that he compromised no principle; but, though a -reformer, not being a republican, the support he engaged to give to the -king had the suffrage of his conscience. - -[Sidenote: 1788. -Ætat. -39.] - -The reputation of Mirabeau was now at its height; but, though his genius -was acknowledged, he was not esteemed a good member of society. It is -strange on what reputation depends: it may seem a paradox to say, that -it often depends on modesty. Notoriety, and even success, may follow the -unblushing man; but the good word of our fellow-creatures clings rather -to him whose worth is crowned by the graceful and conciliating virtue of -modesty. Mirabeau had been oppressed--he had suffered much; his -ostensible errors were venial, and such as many a man might have -committed without entire condemnation; but the publicity that attended -them, and the readiness with which he exposed his faults, and his family -persecution, to public view, displeased and offended. He was feared as a -false friend, as well as a dangerous enemy. Yet, wherever he appeared, -he gained the hearts of those whom he addressed. He had the art of -rendering himself agreeable and fascinating to all. The truth is that, -though in theory and absence, we may approve the unblameable, the -torpid, and the coldly good, our nature forces us to prefer what is -vivacious, exhilarating, and original. This is the secret of the -influence exercised by men, whose biographers labour to excuse and to -account for the spontaneous ebullitions of sympathy and affection that -follow their steps. Mirabeau was easy, complaisant, gay, and full of -animation and variety in his conversation; he had, in a supreme degree, -what his father named the dangerous gift of familiarity. It was his -delight to cast aside all etiquette, and to reduce his intercourse to -the interchange of the real emotions of the heart and expression of -ideas, unaccompanied by any disguise or conventional refinements;--for -this, he did not scruple to appear at times rude and even vulgar; but -also by this he inspired confidence, as being frank and true. - -At length, the hour long expected, long desired, came, when the -states-general were convoked by a royal decree of the 27th December, -1788. Mirabeau passionately desired to belong to the assembly; and, -relying on the popularity which he enjoyed in his native province, -departed for Aix early in the following month. -[Sidenote: 1789. -Ætat. -40.] -The nobles and high clergy of Provence were vehemently opposed to the -changes they apprehended in government, and were zealously wedded to the -privileges of their order. They entered a protest against certain -portions of the royal decree which threw power into the hands of the -people. When Mirabeau arrived among them as the partisan of the dawning -liberty of his country, he was received as an enemy. He raised his voice -against the protest, and naturally took his place at the head of the -liberal party. The nobles commenced their attack against him by -excluding him from among them, on the pretext that he did not (as an -elder son merely) possess any fief. Mirabeau protested against this -exclusion, as well in his own name as in those of every other in a -similar situation with himself; but in vain. On the 8th of the following -February, in an assembly of the nobles, on the proposition of the -marquis de Fare, his exclusion was pronounced, as not possessing either -estate or fief in Provence. Mirabeau spared neither pamphlets nor -speeches on the occasion; though, occupied by the calls made on him by -his party during the day, he could only give the hours of night to -composing and publishing. "I do not write a line," he says, in one of -his letters, of the date of the 8th February, "that I am not interrupted -thirty times, and to such a degree, that I can only labour at public -affairs by night. You know what cardinal de Retz said:--'_The chief -hinderance of the head of a party is his party._' A thousand minor -annoyances, a thousand important arrangements, a thousand inevitable -interruptions, deprive me, during the day, of all presence of mind to -compose, and of all coherence of ideas and style." - -Besides these labours, he had the more difficult task of keeping clear -of brawls and duels among a class of men whose dearest wish was to -provoke him to the committal of an outrage. Proud and arrogant -themselves, they hoped to taunt one yet prouder into some deed of -violence that would give them the advantage over him. But haughty as -Mirabeau was, he was yet wiser; the peculiarity of his genius was a -quick perception of the proper line of conduct, and he preserved his -dignity, while he showed himself forbearing. - -He had to meet yet another difficulty. He published his correspondence -from Berlin at this moment, for the purpose of acquiring the funds -necessary for his election: this work was condemned to be burnt, by the -parliament. It had been published anonymously; but, as the name of the -author was well known, Mirabeau saw himself forced to make a journey to -Paris, for the purpose of silencing his enemies, and giving courage to -his friends, who quailed under the attacks made against him. This -journey and short absence served but to raise to enthusiasm the favour -with which he was regarded by the population of Provence. Deputations of -the _bourgeoisie_ of Marseilles and Aix met him on his return, with all -the manifestations of affection and joy which the people of the south -render so cordial and demonstrative. The road he traversed was strewn -with flowers; fireworks were let off; a crowd of 50,000 persons -assembled round his carriage, while cries of "Vive Mirabeau!" rent the -air. No noble dared show himself in the streets. "If you hate oppression -as much as you love your friends," Mirabeau said to the assembled -citizens, "you will never be oppressed." He was, within a few days -after, received with similar demonstrations at Marseilles: 120,000 -inhabitants filled the streets to welcome him; two louis were paid for a -window to look on him--his carriage was covered with laurels--the people -kissed the wheels--the women brought their children to him. Mirabeau, -who saw, in his elevation in the public favour, the stepping stone to -success, beheld these demonstrations with proud delight; they were the -signals of his triumph over the party who trampled on him--over that -series of adversity which, from his cradle to that hour, had never -ceased to crush him. The report, carefully spread, that this triumph had -been got up by his friends, vanished before the fact that the whole -population were his friends, and that the getting up was merely his -assent to receive the marks of their enthusiastic favour. That he had -done his best to curry favour with the people is true: that fault abides -with him, if it be one. - -Among other manœuvres he had, it is said, opened a clothier's shop at -Marseilles. There is no foundation for this story, although Marat, and -other partisans of equality of his own day, asserted it. He had been -obliged, indeed, to make himself free of the town, when candidate for -the deputyship. His only chance was to make friends with the people. He -was treated with contumely by the nobles; and even now his triumph was -not devoid of drawback, occasioned by the indignities cast on him by the -class to which he properly belonged: their insults did not fail to sting -his pride, and rouse him to revenge, even while he successfully -preserved himself from open quarrelling. - -The popularity he acquired he was soon called upon to exert. M. Caraman, -military commander in Provence, applied to him to allay the disturbances -occasioned by a scarcity. The nobles regarded the pending famine as a -means of taming the people; and the same marquis de Fare, who had -originated the exclusion of Mirabeau from the assembly, insolently -exclaimed,--"Do the people hunger?--let them eat the dung of my horses." -Such a speech, and such a spirit, manifested by the wealthy, naturally -exasperated the poor. The weakness of the magistrates, who decreed so -great a reduction in the price of food that the traders could no longer -afford to sell it, only augmented the public peril: the granaries were -pillaged,--blood was spilt in the streets. At the request of M. de -Caraman, Mirabeau stept forward,--he persuaded the governor to withdraw -the soldiery,--he induced the bourgeois youth to take arms to keep the -peace. His eloquence, the credit given to his sincerity and good -intentions, pacified the people, and first at Marseilles, and afterwards -at Aix, he restored peace and security. At this period, while he -fulfilled the noble part of pacificator and of a citizen, powerful only -through the influence of his genius and patriotism, he was elected, both -by Marseilles and Aix, deputy of the _tiers état_ in the approaching -assembly of the states-general. He gave the preference to the latter, as -circumstances rendered it doubtful whether his election for Marseilles -would be admitted by his colleagues. - -We now arrive at the epoch when he developed the whole force of his -genius, and acquired immortality, as the great leader of a revolution -which, at its first outbreak, commanded the sympathy and respect of the -world which looked on; beholding with gladness and hope the overthrow of -feudal abuses, and the restoration of the oppressed majority of the -French nation to the rights of men and citizens. - -The first steps that Mirabeau trod towards greatness were taken on -slippery ground. The eyes of the crowd sought for him with avidity, -during the procession of the king and states-general to the church of -St. Louis, on the 4th May. He appeared, with his dark shaggy hair, his -beetling brows, and luminous eyes, stepping proudly on. A murmur of -disapprobation was raised;--he looked round, and all was silent; yet in -that moment he felt the struggle, the combat that would ensue: his fiery -nature made him also, perhaps, rely on victory. When the names of the -deputies were called over, and those of other popular men were -applauded, hisses of disapprobation followed his. They did not daunt -him: he walked across the chamber to his place with an air of resolution -and haughtiness that spoke of perseverance and vigour in the coming -struggle. - -To give himself notoriety and weight, he commenced by publishing a -journal of the proceedings of the chambers. This publication was seized -by government, and he then changed its title to that of letters to his -constituents. He excited animosity by this publication in the chamber -itself, but it added to his weight and influence. - -The first combat of the _tiers état_ with the two other chambers is -well known. They demanded that their consultations should be held in -common, while the noblesse and clergy desired each their chamber, secure -that the lower one would be crushed by the union of the two higher with -the king. Mirabeau, at first, recommended that system of passive -resistance which is all powerful when resorted to resolutely by numbers. -During the interval that succeeded, Mirabeau had an interview with -Necker, by the desire of his friend Duroverai; but it availed nothing. -Mirabeau regarded Necker as a weak man, though he acknowledged his -unimpeachable honesty; and he was soon after carried far beyond any -necessity of recurring to his patronage for advancement, when, by -echoing the voices of many men, and giving expression and direction to -their passions, his eloquence filled France with the cry of liberty, and -gave power and authority to the hesitating deputies. - -He met with a check, when the name he wished the assembly of _tiers -état_ to assume (deputies of the people) was rejected, with ill-founded -indignation. The term people was regarded as disgraceful and -humiliating. "The nation," he wrote on this occasion, "is not ripe; the -folly and frightful disorder of the government have forced the -revolution as in a hotbed; it has outgrown our aptitude and knowledge. -When I defended the word people, I had nearly been torn to pieces. It -was circulated that I had gone over to the government:--truly I am said -to have sold myself to so many, that I wonder I have not acquired a -universal monarchy with the money paid for me." - -The resolution of the _tiers état_, now naming themselves the national -assembly, excited mingled contempt and alarm. The nobility protested -against their assumption, and the king was counselled to oppose their -resolves by a royal decree; the hall of the deputies was closed, under -pretence of preparing for the royal visit; the deputies adjourned to a -neighbouring tennis court, and took a solemn oath to stand by each other -to the last. On the following day, the 23d of June, the _seance royale_ -had place, and the decree promulgated that the three orders should vote -separately. Satisfied that this exertion of royal power would tame at -once the rebellious deputies, the royal cortege--the ministers, the -nobles, and the clergy--left the chamber; the _tiers état_, the -self-constituted national assembly, remained. A gloomy silence ensued, -broken by Mirabeau, who rose, and, warning them of the danger to be -apprehended, added, "I demand of you to seek shelter in your dignity and -legislative powers, and that you take refuge in the faith of your oath, -which does not allow you to separate till you have formed a -constitution." The grand master of ceremonies, de Brézé, now entered, -for the purpose of dispersing the deputies, saying, that they had heard -the orders of the king. The president, Bailly, replied that he would -take those of the assembly. At that moment, on which the public cause -hung,--for on the boldness and perseverance of the deputies depended -their success,--at that moment of hesitation, Mirabeau rose, and with a -manner full of majesty, and a calm voice, he replied, "The commons of -France intend to deliberate. We have heard what your king has been -advised to say, but you, sir, cannot be his interpreter to the national -assembly; you have neither place, nor voice, nor right to speak here. -But, to prevent delay, go tell your master, that we are here by the -power of the people; and that the power of the bayonet alone shall drive -us out." - -Victor Hugo, in his essay on the character of Mirabeau, remarks, that -these words sealed the fate of the monarchy of France. "They drew a line -between the throne and the people; it was the cry of the revolution. No -one before Mirabeau dared give it voice. Great men only pronounce the -words that decide an epoch. Louis XVI. was afterwards more cruelly -insulted, but no expression was used so fatal and so fearful as that of -Mirabeau. When he was called Louis Capet, royalty received a disgraceful -blow; but, when Mirabeau spoke, it was struck to the heart."[13] - -The immediate effect of this outburst was, first, that de Brézé, -losing all presence of mind, backed out of the chamber, and the -deputies, electrified by the audacity of their self-constituted leader, -arose with acclamations, and passed a decree to confirm his words. - -The national assembly, which by law was attached to the person of the -king, sat at Versailles; the distance from Paris was short, and the -capital regarded with growing interest the actions of the deputies. -Crowds assembled in the streets, and various tumults ensued: these have -been variously attributed to different factions, which excited the -people for the purpose of carrying on their own designs. There does not -seem much foundation for that opinion; the public cause, the natural -turbulence of the Parisians, which had been manifested during every -reign of past times; the heat and agitation of the crisis, easily -account for the alarming tumults in the metropolis. The chief suspicion -at the time rested on the party of the duke of Orléans. Mirabeau did not -belong to this; he had no connection with the leaders of the mob; his -impracticable and vehement character kept him aloof from coalition with -others. He was not sufficiently trusted to be selected as chief, he -disdained any other post; feeling that, without descending to manœuvre -and consultations, his energy, eloquence, and presence of mind, would -place him in the van of war. He remained, therefore, independent; uneasy -when others obtained influence in the assembly, visiting Paris as a -looker on, and waiting his time, which soon came. For it must be -remembered, that, at this period, notwithstanding the distinguished part -he had acted, Mirabeau's supremacy was by no means acknowledged. There -was a large party against him, and Barnave was held up by it as the more -eloquent and greater man. The errors of his youth were remembered, and a -thousand calumnies spread abroad against him; the people were even -influenced by them, and though, at one time they were ready to carry him -in triumph, a moment after the hawkers cried about _the great treason of -count de Mirabeau._ When his private conduct was attacked, Mirabeau was -silent; "Because," he says, with graceful dignity, "a strict silence is -the expiation of faults purely personal, however excusable they may be; -and because I waited till time, and my services, should win for me the -esteem of the worthy; because, also, the rod of censure has always -seemed respectable to me, even in the hands of my enemies; and, above -all, because I have never seen any thing but narrow egotism and -ridiculous impropriety in occupying one's fellow citizens in affairs not -belonging to them." But when his public conduct was attacked, he -defended it with an energy and truth that bore down all attack, and -raised him higher than ever in the general esteem. - -To return to the epoch at which we are arrived. To quell the capital and -subdue the deputies, the king and his counsellors summoned troops to -surround Paris. Fifteen regiments, composed chiefly of foreigners, -advanced. It became evident that the design was formed of using the -bayonet, to which Mirabeau had referred, as the only power to which they -would submit. He now again came forward to stop the progress of the -evil. He proposed an address to the king, demanding that the march of -the troops should be countermanded. He still preserved a respectful -style towards the monarch, but he did not spare the measures of -government, and exposed in open day the direct approach of war and -massacre. His speech was covered with applause, and he was commissioned -to draw up an address to the king. It was short and forcible: it -prophesied, with sagacity, the dangers that must ensue from the presence -of the military; it protested with dignity against the force about to be -exercised against the assembly, and declared the resolution of the -deputies, in spite of snares, difficulties, and terror, to prosecute -their task and regenerate the kingdom. "For the first time," says madame -de Staël, "France heard that popular eloquence whose natural power is -augmented by the importance of events." "It was by Mirabeau," Brougham -observes, "that the people were first made to feel the force of the -orator, first taught what it was to hear spoken reason and spoken -passion; and the silence of ages in those halls was first broken by the -thunder of his voice, echoing through the lofty vaults now covering -multitudes of excited men." - -Dumont, in his "Souvenirs de Mirabeau," asserts that he drew up this -address. On several other occasions, he assumes the merit either of -writing for Mirabeau or suggesting his speeches. He speaks of him as a -great plagiarist, putting all his associates to use in collecting -materials for him, and contenting himself with giving them form, or -sometimes only voice. This sort of accusation is exceedingly futile. The -capacity of gathering materials, lying barren but for the life he puts -into them, is the great attribute of genius: it hews an Apollo out of -the marble block; places the colours of Raphael on the bare canvass; -collects, in one focus, the thoughts of many men inspired by passion and -nature: it, as with Mirabeau, takes the spirit of the times, the -thoughts and words excited during a crisis; and, by giving to them a -voice of command or persuasion, rules the minds of all. In this manner, -Mirabeau was a plagiarist, but none but he could use, to govern and -subdue, the weapons fabricated, it might be, by other hands. To quote -the apt metaphor of Carlisle, he might gather the fuel from others, but -the fire was his own. He was not a man formed of shreds and patches -taken from other men, nor was Dumont endowed with creative powers to -call such a being into life. Mirabeau was a man of God's own making, -full of wild passion and remorseful error, but true to the touch of -nature; fraught with genius and power; a natural king among those whom -he used as his subjects to pay tribute to, and extend the sphere of, his -greatness. - -[Sidenote: 1789. -July -11.] - -The death of the marquis de Mirabeau, at the age of seventy-three, took -place at this period. From the time that his son figured in the -assembly, he became deeply interested in his career; declaring that his -success was "glory, true glory." He was suffering by a chronic pulmonary -catarrh, and evidently declining. Mirabeau frequently visited him, and -was well received, though they never discussed politics during these -short visits. But the marquis caused the speeches of his son to be read -to him, as well as the papers that recounted the sittings of the -assembly in which he figured. On the 11th of July, while he was -listening to his grand-daughter reading, he closed his eyes--his -breathing failed--and when she looked up he was dead, with a smile on -his face. - -Mirabeau, who venerated his father, in spite of the injuries he had -sustained from him, was deeply affected by this loss: perhaps pride -added to his demonstrations of affliction. He wrote to his constituents, -that all the citizens in the world ought to mourn; he scarcely appeared -in the assembly, and for a few days gave himself up to sorrow. - -It was not a period when a great political character could withdraw -himself for more than a few days. The crisis was at hand. -[Sidenote: July -14.] -The king had returned a cold answer to the address drawn up by Mirabeau, -and presented by the most distinguished deputies; the court still -pursued the plan of assembling troops; Necker was dismissed from the -ministry; the investment of the capital by the military became -imminent,--when the people, animated by mixed fear and indignation, -rose: they seized on all the arms they could obtain; the bastille was -demolished; for the first time the Parisians felt their power, and -tasted of the triumph of shedding the blood of those who resisted them. - -The terror of these acts spread to Versailles. The assembly sent -deputation after deputation to the king, imploring him to pacify Paris -by countermanding the troops. When the destruction of the bastille was -known, a fifth deputation was prepared to be presented to the monarch. -It was composed of twenty-four members: they were about to leave the -chamber on this errand, when Mirabeau stopped them, and with increased -vehemence exclaimed,--"Tell the king, that the hordes of foreigners that -surround us were yesterday visited by the princes, the princesses, and -their favourites, who caressed and exhorted them, and covered them with -presents. Tell him that, during the night, these foreign satellites, -gorged with gold and wine, predicted, in their impious songs, the -servitude of France, and brutally invoked the destruction of the -national assembly. Tell him that, in his own palace, his courtiers -mingled in the dance to the sound of such music, and that similar to -these were the preparations of Saint Bartholomew. Tell him, that -Henry IV., whose memory the whole world blesses, he, who ought to be his -model among his ancestors, sent provisions to Paris when it revolted, -and he was besieging it in person; while, on the contrary, his ferocious -advisers keep the corn, brought by trade, from his starving and faithful -capital." The deputation was about to carry his words to the king, when -the arrival of Louis, without guards or escort, was announced. A murmur -of glad welcome ran through the assembly. "Wait," said Mirabeau gravely, -"till the king has announced his good intentions. Let a serious respect -receive the monarch in this moment of sorrow. The silence of the people -is the lesson of kings." - -Thus did this wonderful man, by means of the fire and impetuosity of his -character, enter at once into the spirit of the hour, while his genius -suggested the expressions and the tone that gave it direction and voice. - -It is impossible to enter into the detail of all Mirabeau's speeches and -acts. A rapid glance at his votes and declarations during this period -must suffice. Mirabeau detested despotism, whose iron hand had fallen so -heavily on himself. The aid given by the government of his country to -his father's tyranny,--the ban placed on him by the nobility who were -his equals,--the burning desire for distinction that consumed him,--his -contempt for his inferiors in talent,--his faith in the -revolution,--such were the passions that gave force to his genius. But -his genius showed itself omnipotent nowhere except in the tribune. When -he wrote, he but half expressed his thoughts; his passions were but half -excited; and Mirabeau's power lay in the union of his passions and his -genius. Apart, the former degenerated into vice, and the latter showed -itself either exaggerated, sophistical, or inert. In the tribune, their -union was complete. When he began to speak he was at first -confused,--his breast heaved,--his words were broken,--but the sight of -his opponents,--the knowledge of the sympathy he should find in the -galleries,--the inspiration of the moment,--suddenly dispersed all -mistiness; his eloquence became clear, fervid, sublime,--the truth -conjured up images at once striking and appalling. When he was farther -excited by the difficulties of a crisis, his courage rose to meet -it,--he stept forward with grandeur; a word or a look, which his talent -and ugliness at once combined to render imposing, shone out on the -assembly,--electrified and commanded it. - -This power of seizing on the spirit of the question, clearing the view -of the assembly, and leading it onward in the right road, he exerted -memorably on the 24th September, when Necker, to remedy the disastrous -state of the finances, proposed a patriotic contribution of a fourth of -the incomes. A committee, after three days spent in examination, -approved the plan. Mirabeau, the known enemy of Necker, spoke, to engage -the assembly to adopt it at once, on the recommendation of the minister, -without taking any responsibility on itself. The friends of Necker saw -the snare, and accused him of injuring the plan of the minister, while -he pretended to support it. Mirabeau replied, that he was not the -partisan, but, were he the dearest friend of the minister, he should not -hesitate to compromise him rather than the assembly. Necker might -deceive himself, and the kingdom receive no detriment; but that the -public weal were compromised, if the assembly lost its credit. These -words had some effect, but still the discussion went on, and still the -deputies hesitated to adopt Necker's proposition, till Mirabeau, again -ascending the tribune, burst forth with a torrent of overwhelming -eloquence in its favour: he painted the horrors of a national -bankruptcy, and the consequent guilt of incurring it; he expatiated on -the wide-spread misery that must ensue. He continued,--"Two centuries of -robbery and depredation have opened a gulf in which the kingdom is -nearly swallowed; this gulf must be filled up. Here is a list of French -proprietors; select among the richest, so to lessen the number of -victims; but still select--for must not a few perish to save the many? -Two thousand notables possess enough to fill up the deficit, to bring -back order into your finances, and peace and prosperity to the kingdom. -Strike! immolate without pity these hapless victims--precipitate them -into the abyss;--it will close! Ha! you draw back with horror. -Inconsistent pusillanimous men! Do you not see that when you decree -bankruptcy, or, what is still more odious, when you render it inevitable -without decreeing it, you stain yourselves with a still greater and yet -a gratuitous crime? for this sacrifice will at least fill up the -deficit. But do you think, because you do not pay, you will no longer be -in debt? Do you believe that the thousands, the millions of men, who in -one moment will lose by the explosion, or by its reaction, all that made -the comfort of their lives, and, perhaps, their only means of support, -will allow you to reap the fruits of your crime in peace? Stoical -contemplators of the incalculable ills which this catastrophe will bring -on France! Insensible egotists! who think that the convulsions of -despair and misery will pass away like every other, and the more quickly -as they are more violent;--are you sure that so many men, without bread, -will tranquilly permit you to taste the viands whose quantity and -delicacy you will not suffer to be diminished? No!--you will perish in -the universal conflagration that you do not tremble to set a-light, and -the loss of your honour will not preserve one of your detestable -enjoyments. - -* * * * * - -Vote, then, for this extraordinary subsidy;--may it suffice! Vote it; -because, if you have any doubts with regard to the means (vague and -uncertain doubts), you have none on its necessity, and our want of power -to replace this proposition by any other--at least for the present. Vote -it; for public affairs will not endure procrastination, and we are -accountable for all delay. Beware of asking for time. Ruin never gives -that. Some days ago, gentlemen, in reference to a ridiculous tumult in -the Palais Royal--a laughable insurrection which had no importance -except in feeble minds--you heard the violent cry uttered, 'Cataline is -at the gates of Rome, and you deliberate!' and then certainly we had -near us neither Cataline, nor danger, nor faction, nor Rome. But now -bankruptcy, hideous bankruptcy is before us; she menaces to consume -you,--your possessions and your honour,--and you deliberate!" - -These words raised a tumult of enthusiasm in the assembly. A deputy rose -to reply, but the cries overbore him; and, frightened by his task, he -remained motionless and mute. "I was near Mirabeau," writes madame de -Staël, "when he thus delivered himself. Nothing could be more -impressive than his voice; his gestures and words were pregnant with an -animation, the power of which was prodigious. The assembly at once -received the report of the committee, and adopted the plan of the -minister." "This," remarks Thiers, "is the triumph of eloquence; but he -alone could obtain it who was animated by the passions and just views of -Mirabeau." - -Mirabeau hated the assumptions of the aristocracy, but he looked upon -royalty as a necessary defence between the lower and the higher orders; -at the same time he believed that the welfare of his country demanded -that the people should have a voice in the state. -[Sidenote: Oct. -25.] -He expressed his opinion on this subject in a letter to his uncle the -bailli. He says,--"I have always thought, and now more than ever think, -that royalty is the only anchor of safety which can preserve us from -shipwreck. And how many efforts I have made, and make each day, to -support the executive power, and combat the distrust which induces the -national assembly to go beyond the mark! For the rest, we must judge of -the revolution by the good and evil of its result, not by the license -which prevails at present, which forms a state too violent to be -durable. I am reassured with regard to the future, by the consideration, -that the revolution, be it injurious or beneficial, is, in fact, -consummated. The most enlightened men feel that they must assist the -change, to lessen its violence; that resistance is as useless as it must -be disastrous; and that every citizen, whether zealous or indifferent, -must tend to the same end,--facilitate the consolidation of the empire, -and give the machine that movement which will allow us to judge of its -excellence or its defects. You recommend me to support the executive -power; but you will easily discern that the obstinate resistance of one -order of the state, by exciting fresh causes of revenge, and producing -new commotions, would destroy that power round which the supreme law of -the state commands us now to rally." - -It was in this spirit that he spoke for the veto, though fear, perhaps, -of compromising his popularity made him abstain from voting. The veto -had become a sort of bugbear. When Mirabeau visited Paris, the mob -thronged round his carriage, imploring him to prevent the king from -having the veto. They were slaves, they said, if the king had the -veto;--the national assembly was useless. "Mirabeau," says Dumont, -"carried it off very well: he appeased the people; and, using only vague -expressions, dismissed the mob with patrician affability." - -At the period of the revolution, when the passions of men were excited -to bandy calumny with eager voices and pens dipt in gall, Mirabeau was -accused of being an Orleanist. It is difficult to say what an Orleanist -was. The duke himself, weak but ambitious, never made one step forward -but he made two back; so that it became a saying that the duke of -Orléans did not belong to the Orleanists. His name, meanwhile, and money -were employed to form a party rather inimical to Louis XIV. than -favourable to himself. It added to the tumult and tempest of the times, -but was of no real influence in the direction of events. Dumont declares -that, living intimately with Mirabeau, the most indiscreet and confiding -of men, he saw no trace of his complicity in any plot against the court: -but that, familiar with the duke as with every one, his manner gave -colour to a report which had no other foundation. That he was at this -time the enemy of the court is, however, undoubted. When the fatal feast -of the _gardes du corps_, at Versailles, was denounced in the assembly, -and the cry of calumny was raised by the royalists, Mirabeau burst out -with impetuosity, and declared that he was ready to accuse by name the -principal actors in this sacrilegious orgie, on condition that it were -first decreed that the person of the king only was inviolable. This -expression, pointing at and criminating the queen, silenced the -discussion. - -During the days of the 5th and 6th October, Mirabeau sought to -tranquillise, without any attempt at leading, the multitude. When he -first heard of the approach of the rabble rout of _poissardes_ and their -followers from the capital, for the purpose of forcing the acceptance of -the constitution on the king, Mirabeau addressed the president Mounier, -saying, "Paris is marching on us: make an excuse; and go to the castle -and tell the king to accept the constitution purely and simply." "Paris -marches," replied Mounier; "so much the better: let them kill us -all--all, without exception--the nation will be the gainer." When the -crowd had invaded Versailles, Mirabeau was not seen. Dumont found him in -bed before eleven o'clock in the evening. He rose, and they went -together to the national assembly, where he displayed his accustomed -dignity by calling on the president to cause the assembly to be -respected, and to order the chamber to be cleared of the strangers who -filled it. It required all his popularity to succeed. The _poissardes_ -in the gallery, with their usual familiarity, cried out, "Mother -Mirabeau must speak--we must hear mother Mirabeau!" but he was not a man -to make a show on these occasions. - -The king humiliated--the court, driven to extremities, yet still -struggling, looked round for agents and supporters. The talents and -influence of Mirabeau would render his accession to their party -invaluable; Necker had named him "Tribun par calcul, et aristocrate par -goût;" and this character, joined to his debts, his bad reputation, his -known vices, and the very report that he acted for the duke of Orléans, -inspired the notion that he was venal. -[Sidenote: Nov.] -There can be no doubt that, at this period, a thousand different schemes -and hopes agitated this strange and powerful man. He detested the -aristocracy and despotism; but he was attached to royalty and the image -of the English constitution; and various advances made him by the court -led him to believe that a conscientious support of royalty might be -combined with his personal interests. Dumont mentions a conversation he -had with him, in which he showed him a plan for the retreat of the king -to Metz--the necessity the assembly would find itself under of following -him there, and the consequent quelling of the anarchical power in -France. Dumont, foreseeing that civil war and massacre would follow such -attempts, argued strongly against it. Mirabeau replied that the court -was resolved, and that he thought it right to combine to ensure its -success, and cause them to act so as to preserve the liberty of the -country. His purpose was, however, shaken by the arguments of Dumont, -and the whole plan was subsequently given up. Thiers gives a somewhat -different account. He narrates that in an interview with a friend, in -the park of Versailles, that lasted the whole night, Mirabeau declared -that he was resolved for the sake of his glory, for the good of his -country, and the advancement of his own fortune, to remain immovable -between the throne and the disorganisers, and to consolidate the -monarchy while he participated in its power. His pride, however, stood -in the way of any debasing steps. When the court made him offers, it was -informed that he would make no sacrifice of principles; but that, if the -king would be faithful to the constitution, he was ready to become his -staunch supporter. His conditions were, that his debts should be paid, -and that he should have a place in the ministry. According to law, the -ministers could neither speak nor vote in the assembly--before accepting -place, Mirabeau endeavoured to get this law repealed. He failed; and -during the discussion Lanjuinais proposed that the actual deputies -should be forbidden to accept place. Mirabeau angrily replied, that so -baneful a decree ought not to be passed for the sake of one man; but -that he would vote for it with the amendment, that a place in the -ministry should not be forbidden all the deputies, but only to M. de -Mirabeau, deputy for Aix. This outburst of frank audacity had no effect; -Lanjuinais' motion passed; and Mirabeau felt exceedingly indignant -towards the assembly, and often spoke of the members with bitter -contempt; yet his letters bear the impress of generous forbearance, -inspired by enlarged views of the duties of a citizen. "I do not say," -he writes, "that the assembly is not somewhat severe towards me; with -all that, nothing can prevent, when the occasion presents, this -struggling, tumultuous, and, above all, ostracising assembly, from -returning under my influence: that results from the firmness of my -principles, and the support given by my talent. It was from the bottom -of my heart that I once wrote, 'Malheur aux peuples reconnaissants!' One -is never quit towards one's country. One gains glory, at least, by -serving it in whatever state. No element of public servitude ought to -exist--and gratitude is a very active one." - -There is generosity, but not absolute wisdom in this dictum. In -republics, more evil arises from want of accord and stability of purpose -than from leaning on one man, especially among the French, who, vain by -nature, are more apt each to believe in his own capacity than rely on -that of another. Unfortunately, this distrust of public servants took -firm root during the revolution. First, no deputy was allowed to be -minister, so that no man of business could be deputy. Afterwards, the -members of one assembly were not allowed to be elected in the succeeding -one, so that inexperience, crude views, and want of mutual reliance, -became the characteristic of the French legislators. - -[Sidenote: 1790. -Ætat. -41.] - -Mirabeau's negotiations with the court meanwhile went on; he even -received for a short time a pension from Monsieur, the king's eldest -brother; the queen treated him with winning condescension--and she was -won also by the charm of his superiority and frankness. Thus he did not -sell his principles, which remained unchanged, yet he made a mart of -them; and, in the eye of history, falls from the high position of a man -above the reach of gold. His want of docility, meanwhile, often -displeased the court--he refused to compromise his popularity at its -beck, and despised the men who wished at once to make use of him and yet -to render him useless. - -His position, though it seem dubious, was plain enough. He wished to -lead a moderately royal party, and give stability to the monarchy. He -desired to oppose the jacobins and disorganisers; but his views did not -meet the sanguine and senseless hopes and wishes of the court--which -aimed at nothing less than a return to the _ancien régime._ He stood -therefore companionless--seizing at times on and thundering from the -tribune--making his power felt whenever he was roused, but walking in -darkness, uncertain of the means which yet he grappled at, whereby to -confirm his greatness. - -In the assembly he continued to extend his influence by means of his -enthusiasm, and his power of expressing it. Various methods had been -made use of to get rid of the constituent assembly, and elect -another--under the pretence that, the work of forming a constitution -being accomplished, their task was at an end, and that the continuation -of their power was illegal and a usurpation over the throne. In the -midst of the cries which these words called forth, Mirabeau rose. "We -are asked," he said "when the deputies of the people, became a national -convention? I reply, on that day when, finding the entrance to their -chamber surrounded by soldiers, they hastened to assemble in the first -place they could find, and swore to perish rather than to betray or -abandon the rights of the nation. Our powers on that day changed their -nature. Whatever these powers may be which we have exerted, our efforts -and our labours have legitimated them, and the adhesion of the whole -nation has sanctified them. Do you remember the heroic words of the -great man of antiquity, who had neglected the legal forms in saving his -country? Summoned by a factious tribune to swear whether he had observed -the laws, he replied, f I swear that I have saved my country!' -Gentlemen, I swear that you have saved France!" At this grand oath, the -whole assembly, carried away by a sudden impulse, closed the discussion -and dismissed the question. - -The same power gave him the victory, when he was accused of conspiring -with the duke of Orléans to produce the commotions of the 5th and 6th of -October, and caused the accusation to be cast aside as devoid of -credit.[14] - -[Sidenote: 1791. -Ætat. -42.] - -We have an interesting picture of his position at the commencement of -the year 1791 from Dumont--who though his friend, and at times his -secretary, or rather, as he affirms, the composer of some of his most -successful speeches, gives no signs of partiality. "I dined several -times at the house of Mirabeau, who told me that he was on terms with -the court, and directed its counsels; and that his hopes were well -founded--as the royal personages had begun to see the necessity of -attaching him to their cause, and of no longer listening to the advice -of the emigrants and princes. He now lived in good style, and his house -was handsomely fitted up: he was better off than he had ever been, and -showed no discretion in the use of his money. I was surprised to see him -show off, after dinner, a case in which were several jewels. This was -proclaiming his being on the civil list, and I wondered that his -popularity did not suffer by it. His table was splendid, and his company -numerous. His house was filled early in the morning, and it was a -perpetual _levée_ from seven o'clock till the hour of his repairing to -the assembly; and a great crowd frequently assembled at that time to -enjoy the felicity of seeing him pass. Although titles were abolished, -he was still the comte de Mirabeau, not only with his servants and -visiters, but also the people, who love to decorate their idols. I could -have learnt from him the secret of his intercourse with the court, his -views, means, and intrigues, for he was well disposed to open himself to -me; but I neither wished to be censor nor flatterer. He insinuated -twenty times that his only object was to save the monarchy, if it were -possible. That means were necessary to accomplish this end; that trivial -morality was hostile to that on a large scale; that disinterested -services were rare; and that hitherto the court had wasted its money on -traitors.[15] - -"During the last week of my stay in Paris, I saw him in a new -situation, which he had often pretended to despise, but more from -mortification than indifference. He was president of the -assembly,--never was the place so well filled. He displayed new talents. -He put an order and clearness into the work, of which no idea had -hitherto been formed. By a word, he threw light on a question; by a -word, he appeased a tumult. His deference to all parties, the respect he -always testified for the assembly, the conciseness of his speeches, his -answers to the various deputations that came to the bar,--which, whether -spontaneous or prepared, were always delivered with dignity and grace, -and gave satisfaction even in refusals,--in a word, his activity, -impartiality, and presence of mind added to his reputation and success -in a place which had been a stumbling block to his predecessors. He had -the art of putting himself foremost, and drawing the general attention -on himself, even when, not being allowed to speak from the tribune, he -appeared to have fallen from his best prerogative. Several of his -enemies and rivals, who had chosen him for the sake of putting him in -eclipse, had the chagrin of finding that they had added to his glory. - -"He was far from being in good health, and told me that he felt himself -perishing away. I observed that his style of life would long ago have -killed a man less robust than himself. He had no repose from seven in -the morning till ten or eleven at night. He was in continual -conversation and agitation both of thought and feeling. When we parted, -he embraced me with an emotion he had never before displayed.--'I shall -die at the oar,' he said, 'and we probably shall never meet again. When -I am gone my worth will be acknowledged. The evils that I have arrested -will burst over France, and the criminal faction that trembles before me -will no longer be bridled. I have only prophecies of evil before my -eyes. Ah! my friend, how right we were when we desired at the beginning -to prevent the commons from declaring themselves a national -assembly,--that was the origin of our evils. Since they were victorious, -they have not ceased to show themselves unworthy; they have desired to -govern the king, instead of governing through him. Now neither they nor -he will have authority; a vile faction will domineer over them, and fill -France with terror." - -He lived for three months after saying these words, and lived still to -triumph, and to add to his glory. The last scene of moment in which he -displayed his mighty influence was during the discussion of the law -against emigration. Mirabeau opposed it as tyrannical and unjust: the -popular voice went the other way, and cries were uttered against him. -His thunder silenced their more feeble demonstrations. "The popularity," -he exclaimed, "which I desired is but a feeble reed; but I will force it -into the earth, and it shall take root in the soil of reason and -justice!" Applause followed this burst. "I swear," he continued, "if a -law of emigration passes, I swear to disobey you." He descended from the -tribune, having silenced his enemies, and astonished the assembly. The -discussion went on, and the adjournment was moved, to give time to -prepare a law different from the one under discussion, and so to calm -the people. The tumult continued, and cries of applause or -disapprobation drowned every other sound, till Mirabeau demanded -attention. A deputy, M. Goupil, who some time ago had attacked Mirabeau -with the cry that Cataline was at their doors, now exclaimed,--"By what -right does M. de Mirabeau exercise a dictatorship?" At these words the -orator threw himself into the tribune. The president remarked,--"I have -not accorded the right to speak; let the assembly decide." The assembly -listened.--"I beg my interruptors," said Mirabeau, "to remember that -through life I have combated against tyranny, and I will combat it -wherever it is to be found." Speaking thus, he turned his eyes from -right to left, while applause followed his words;--he continued:--"I beg -M. Goupil to remember that not long ago he was mistaken as to the -Cataline whose dictatorship he now resists. I beg the assembly to remark -that the question of adjournment, simple in appearance, comprehends -others, since it supposes that there is a law to form." Murmurs rose -from the left; the orator fixed his eyes on the inimical party, and its -leaders, Barnave and Lameth. "Silence those thirty voices," he cried: "I -am content also to vote for the adjournment, but on condition that no -sedition follows." - -This was the greatest, and it was the last struggle that Mirabeau had -with the jacobins,--his last attempt to stop the progress of that -revolution to which he had given form and dignity during its primal -struggles. "I would not," he wrote, in a letter meant for the eye of the -king,--"I would not have laboured only at a vast destruction." Thus -pledged by his principles and his promises to the court to prop the -monarchy, his task was becoming one that demanded more force than, even -giant as he was, he possessed. The shades of death cover the -probabilities of the future; but it can scarcely be doubted that he must -have modified his views, animated the king to a more resolute and -popular course, or been swept away in the torrent of blood so soon about -to flow. - -For some time, incessant labour and excitement undermined his life. The -ophthalmias, which had first attacked him in his prison, in Vincennes, -were renewed, and he Was often obliged to apply leeches to his eyes -during the intervals of one day's sitting of the assembly. The sense of -disease at work within seemed to him to resemble the effects of poison; -and the medicines he took added to, instead of diminishing, his -conviction that he was perishing. His last and fatal seizure was -accompanied by intense pain and agonising spasms; and the only physician -he admitted, who was his friend, began to lose hope. As soon as his -illness became publicly known, his house was surrounded by an anxious -and mute multitude. In the hour of danger they remembered him as their -leader, their preserver, their hope. The bulletins of his progress were -seized on with avidity. Louis XVI. sent ostensibly twice a day, and much -oftener in secret, to hear how he went on. For a moment, the king and -the people appeared united by a common interest, and had a desire of -currying favour with the revolutionary party animated the monarch, and -induced him to visit the dying man, he had acquired a popularity never -to be forgotten. The demagogues feared that he might have been led to -such an act; but it was out of character with Louis, who clung longer to -the etiquettes than to the reality of royalty. - -The last days of Mirabeau were divided between agonising pain and calm -and affectionate conversation with his friends. While he hoped to -recover, he gave up all his thoughts to his cure; and even refused to -receive his friends, that the remedies might have a fairer chance. But, -when he felt the sure approach of death, he was eager to have them -around, and talking with them, holding their hands, and looking -affectionately on them, found deep enjoyment in the consciousness of -their sympathy and love. Already he spoke of himself as dead--with great -reluctance he allowed another medical man to be called in, whose -remedies proving ineffectual, Mirabeau said, "You are a great physician, -but there is one greater than you; he who created the wind that destroys -all--the water that penetrates and produces all--the fire that vivifies -or decomposes all." He heard with emotion of the demonstrations of -affection made by the people. His last hours were marked by mingled -philosophy and gaiety: he called his friends about him, and discoursed -of himself and public affairs, with a view to futurity after he was -gone; he made his will--the legacies of which the count de Lamark, who -had been his means of communication with the court, promised should be -paid. The visit of his enemy, Barnave, who came in the name of the -jacobins to inquire concerning him, afforded him pleasure. He gave M. de -Talleyrand a discourse he had prepared for the tribune; and, speaking of -Pitt, he said "he is a minister of preparations, and governs by threats: -I should have given him some trouble had I lived." He felt the approach -of his last hour. "I shall die to-day, my friend," he said, to Cabanis; -"no more remains than to crown one's self with flowers, and surround -one's self with music, so to pass peacefully into eternal sleep." -Hearing the report of cannon, fired for some ceremony, he exclaimed, -"Hark! the funeral rites of Achilles are begun!" As he lost his speech, -he yet smiled softly and serenely on his friends. The spasms returned -with renewed violence. Unable to speak, he wrote, asking, that opium -might be given him to appease them; but, before he could take it, he was -no more. His death took place on the 20th of April, 1791, at the age of -forty-two. The news quickly spread through the court, the town, the -assembly. Every party had placed their hopes in him, and he was mourned -by all except such as might envy his fame. On hearing the fatal -intelligence, the assembly interrupted its sitting; a general mourning -was ordered, and a public funeral. - -He was buried in the Pantheon (formerly church of Sainte Geneviève), -which had been dedicated "Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante;" -and Mirabeau was the first buried there. His funeral took place on the -morrow of his death. The ministers and magistrates, the assembly, the -army, the municipalities, in short, the members of every public -institution, accompanied the procession. He was more numerously and -honourably attended, and he was more sincerely mourned, than kings and -princes had been, or than any other great man of his own times. During -the reign of terror his remains were torn from the tomb, and scattered -to the winds, as those of a traitor to the nation. - -The peculiarity of Mirabeau, as we before remarked, was the union of -great genius with impetuous passions. The last, manifesting themselves -in boyhood, in a family which, while the members were remarkable for -vehemence in themselves, exacted the most entire filial obedience from -their offspring, caused him to be opposed, persecuted, and oppressed. -Seventeen _lettres de cachet_ had been issued against him, while he felt -that his crimes were rather errors in which the public or the state had -no concern. Shut up in a narrow fortress or narrower cell, his hatred of -tyranny was strongly excited, and he sought in his writings to express -it; and, when the occasion offered, he combated it with impetuous -eloquence and determined resistance. At that time, aware how much his -influence was lessened by the errors of his youth, he had been known, -when he felt his progress checked by the disrepute in which his private -character was held, to weep, and to exclaim, "I cruelly expiate the -errors of my youth!" - -With all his errors he was a warm and kind-hearted man, and gifted with -undaunted courage. During his political career, his enemies were -perpetually endeavouring to embroil him in duels, which he avoided -without the most distant suspicion of cowardice being attached to him. -He was a man of wit, and many of his sayings are recorded. They are -often bitter epigrams on his enemies, and inspired by hatred rather than -truth. He called the virtuous La Fayette Grandison-Cromwell; and said of -him that he had _bien sauté pour reculer_, as his latter conduct did -not come up to his first entrance on life when he went to America. He -was the implacable enemy of Necker, who, he says, was "a clock always -too slow." While speaking in the national assembly, he pointed to a -picture, emblemising Time, with his scythe and his hour-glass always -full, exclaiming, "We have taken his scythe, but we have forgotten his -time-piece." Of the national assembly he said, "It has Hannibals in -plenty, and needs a Fabius." It was the fashion to call -Clermont-Tonnerre the Pitt of France: "As you please," said Mirabeau; -"but how would Pitt like to be called the Clermont-Tonnerre of England?" -His faculty of wit rose sometimes into grandeur. When he spoke of the -convulsions that would ensue on the entire overthrow of the monarchy, he -cried, "You will have assassinations and massacres; but you will never -rise to the execrable height of a civil war." Talleyrand said that he -dramatised his death. It is a strange moment for vanity to become -paramount; and the chief trait of his death-bed was his gentleness and -serenity, and the affection he showed to his friends. Politics occupied -him at times; and he said to those about him, "Après ma mort, les -factieux se partageront les lambeaux de la monarchie." - -The great quality of his mind was the power of seizing on any word or -idea presented to him, and reproducing it at the right moment, with such -vigour and fire as made it omnipotent. It was the eagle eye that enabled -him on the instant to discern the right path, or the commanding idea, -and to express it with force and majesty. With a lion heart, untiring -perseverance, and the strength of a giant, he swept away opposition, -inspired confidence, and fixed his standard far within the ranks of the -enemy, where none dared touch it. - -So well could he adapt his very ugliness, his flashing eyes, abundant -hair, and marks of physical power, to the sentiments which he expressed, -that an actor on hearing him speak in the tribune exclaimed, "Ah! what a -pity he was born a gentleman; he has missed his vocation!" He was -greater as an orator than a leader. But each day he lived he advanced in -the science of party strife. At the last, when he contemplated an -organised opposition to the jacobins, he became expert; but it may be -believed that he would have found an insuperable obstacle to success in -the passions of the people. - -In early life his misfortunes arose from not having embarked in a -fitting career. As a military man, a century before, as a marshal under -Louis XIV., he had replaced Turenne; a few years later, he might have -emulated Napoleon. As it was, had he been allowed to seek active service -in the army, his turbulence had found vent in the midst of hardship and -danger--a general would have been given to his country. Another school -was needed to form the leader of the revolution: the exasperation -engendered by tyranny, the resolution born in the solitude of a dungeon, -the ambition nurtured by contempt of inferior men--all that had quelled -a feebler man--gave force and direction to his passions, perception and -enthusiasm to his genius, and made that Mirabeau, whom his countrymen -regard as one of the greatest of their leaders, and whose name is a -light that burns inextinguishably amidst the glory that illustrated the -commencement of the French revolution. - - -[Footnote 10: These extracts form the best part of the "Memoirs of -Mirabeau," by M. Lucas Montigny, his adopted, or, rather, his natural -son,--a work of zeal and labour, but undigested, diffuse, and -ill-judged. Had the author published a selection from these letters, -which were placed in his hands by the family, we should have an -invaluable work. As it is, we are often as much tantalised by what is -omitted, as edified by what is given, of the correspondence. When the -extracts from it cease, the pages of the memoirs lose all their charm -and value: they degenerate into little else than extracts from -newspapers, and vapid discussions by the author.] - -[Footnote 11: The subsequent history of this hapless victim of a -depraved state of society which set the seal of guilt on her attachment, -may be briefly stated. After the birth of her child, Sophie was taken -from the asylum in which she was first placed, and confined in the -convent of Saintes-Claires, at Gien. By degrees many indulgences were -allowed her, and she received visits. Mirabeau became jealous, and -angrily expressed his jealousy, both in letters, and in a single -interview which they had after his liberation from Vincennes. Had -Mirabeau come to this interview with a candid mind and a constant heart, -he had at once have acknowledged Sophie's innocence. But his attachment -had waned, and he was intent on completing his reconciliation with his -father, and contriving one with his wife. He played the part of the wolf -with the lamb in the fable; and, to the utter destruction of the nobler -portion of his nature, the ties of love and affection, the knitting of -which had occasioned misery and ruin to both, were broken for ever. Soon -after, the death of her husband restored Sophie to her liberty, but she -chose to continue to reside within the precincts of the convent, though -she used her liberty to make visits and excursions. She was greatly -loved by all who knew her. Her sweetness and gentleness attached many -friends: her charity and kind sympathy caused her to be beloved by the -poor, by whom her memory was long gratefully preserved. She formed a -second attachment for a gentleman to whom she was about to be married, -but his death prevented their union. Sophie resolved not to survive him. -Immediately on receiving his last sigh, she prepared to die. She shut -herself up with two braziers of burning charcoal; and was found on the -morrow dead. She died on the 8th September, 1789, in the 37th year of -her age.] - -[Footnote 12: The subsequent life of Madame de Mirabeau was singular. -For some years she continued under her father's guidance, and, at his -wish, to live a life of pleasure; theatricals and every sort of -dissipation being the order of the day. A reconciliation was set on -foot, and had nearly been accomplished between her and her husband at -the period of his death. She emigrated with her father during the -revolution, and suffered a good deal of poverty. She subsequently -married a count de Rocca, and visited Paris, to endeavour to recover -some portion of her property. Her husband died soon after, and she -resumed the name of Mirabeau, of which she became proud, reviving the -recollections of past times, surrounding herself with every object that -could remind her of the husband of her youth. She lived in intimacy with -his sister, madame du Saillant, and extended her kindness to the young -man whom Mirabeau had adopted. Though frivolous, she had never been ill -conducted, and her faults, being those of timidity, are chiefly to be -attributed to her father, who, loving ease and pleasure, and glad to -have his daughter with him, prevented her by every means in his power -from fulfilling her duties towards her husband. She passed her last -years in the hotel de Mirabeau, and died in the year 1800, in the same -room where her husband had expired.] - -[Footnote 13: There is a fragment preserved of Mirabeau, remarkable for -its know, ledge of human motives, which shows the stress he laid on a -resolute line of conduct. It deserves to be quoted:-- - -"If I wrote a book on the military art, the chapter on enthusiasm should -not be the shortest. If I wrote a treatise on politics, I would treat -largely of the _art of daring_, which is not less necessary for the -success of civil enterprises than of military operations; and also to -try the strength of the man who leads; for it is the further or nearer -boundary-line of the possible that marks the difference of men. - -"In reading history, I find that almost all the faults committed by the -chiefs, of whatever party, arise from indecision in their principles, -and obliquity of conduct. They revolt by halves; they are faithful by -halves: they dare not entirely cast aside duty, nor entirely sacrifice -their passions. The first steps, which ought to be full of confidence, -are vacillating and ill-assumed: they arrange a retreat, and take -several roads to reach the goal. Artifices, that favourite resource of -ordinary politicians, are the effect of this timidity of the -understanding or the heart. They negotiate to disguise themselves, to -attract partisans, while they ought to walk straight to the object in -view by the shortest line. What is the invariable result? He who wishes -to deceive is deceived; they have failed in seizing the decisive moment, -and have persuaded no one. As much as extremes are unwise in the course -of daily life, so much are half measures insufficient in critical -events; and the most dangerous, as well as the most inconsistent -conduct, is to get half rid of prejudices. But there are nearly as few -resolute bad men as decided honest ones; and most men want character."] - -[Footnote 14: The compiler of the memoirs and correspondence of La -Fayette makes no doubt that Mirabeau belonged to the Orleanist faction -till after the 6th of October, when he began to treat with the court. -This was evidently La Fayette's own conviction, apparently founded on -the evidence laid before the assembly, August 7th, 1790, which Mirabeau -refuted, as mentioned in the text.] - -[Footnote 15: Copy of a treaty with M. de Mirabeau.--"First, The king -gives M. de Mirabeau the promise of an embassy: this promise shall be -announced by Monsieur himself to M. de Mirabeau. Second, The king will -immediately, until that promise be fulfilled, grant a private -appointment to M. de Mirabeau of 50,000 livres a month, which -appointment will continue at least for the space of four months. M. de -Mirabeau pledges himself to aid the king with his knowledge, influence, -and eloquence, in all that he may judge useful to the welfare of the -state and the interest of the king--two things that all good citizens -undoubtedly look upon as inseparable; and, in case M. de Mirabeau should -not be convinced of the solidity of the reasons that may be given him, -he will abstain from speaking on the subject. - -(Approved) LOUIS. - -(Signed) LE COMTE DE MIRABEAU." - -"_Note._--The original of this article is in the handwriting of -Monsieur, at present Louis XVIII." - -This paper is published in vol. II. appendix, no. V. of the memoirs of -Lafayette. It was found in the iron closet, discovered in the Tuileries -on the 10th of August, 1792, containing secret papers. In the same -receptacle is an autograph letter from Louis XVI. to La Fayette, begging -him to concert with Mirabeau respecting the subjects most important to -the welfare of the state and the king's service and person. This letter -La Fayette suspects to have been dictated by Mirabeau himself, and was -never received by him. It is dated June 29th, 1790. The treaty first -quoted is printed without a date. This alliance of the court with -Mirabeau was first brought about by Monsieur, the king's eldest brother. -Afterwards, it would seem that some other was entered into, negotiated -by the count de la Mark, afterwards prince d'Aremberg, which was -mentioned to Bouille, Feb. 6th, 1791. The prince d'Aremberg lived in -Brussels till 1833, and said to La Fayette, that Mirabeau only made -himself be paid to be of his own opinion; yet the stipulation of -silence, when not convinced by the court, in the above treaty, looks -like a still more entire sale of his influence.] - - - - -MADAME ROLAND - -1754-1793. - - -Madame Roland, strictly speaking, can scarcely be classed among persons -of literary reputation. Her fame rests even on higher and nobler grounds -than that of those who toil with the brain for the instruction of their -fellow creatures. She acted. What she wrote is more the emanation of the -active principle, which, pent in a prison, betook itself to the only -implement, the pen, left to wield, than an exertion of the reflective -portion of the mind. The composition of her memoirs was the last deed of -her life, save the leaving it--and it was a noble one--disclosing the -nature of the soil that gave birth to so much virtue; teaching women how -to be great, without foregoing either the duties or charms of their sex; -and exhibiting to men an example of feminine excellence, from which they -may gather confidence, that if they dedicate themselves to useful and -heroic tasks, they will find helpmates in the other sex to sustain them -in their labours and share their fate. - -In giving the life of this admirable woman, we have at once the -advantage and disadvantage of drawing the details of her early years -from her autobiography. We are thus secure from false statements and -meagre conjecture; but our pages must appear cold and vapid, as -containing only an abridgment of details which she recounts with a -glowing pen. Under these circumstances, it is better to refer the reader -to her work for minutia, and to confine ourselves to results; and -instead of lingering over a dry statement of facts, to seek for the -formation of character, and to give a rapid view of the causes of her -greatness; and to find what was the position and education of a woman -who, in a country usually noted for frivolity and display, exhibited -simplicity joined to elevation of character and strength of mind, of -which few examples can be found in the history of the world. - -Manon Phlipon was of bourgeoise, and even humble, though respectable -birth. Her father was an engraver; he had a slight knowledge of the fine -arts, and wished to become an enamel painter: he failed in this as well -as in an after attempt to enrich himself by trading in jewels, which -brought on his ruin. During the early years of his daughter he was well -to do, and employed several workmen under him. His wife was refined in -character, and might have hoped for a partner of a more delicate and -enlightened mind; but her sense of duty and sweetness of temper -reconciled her to her lot. Manon was the second of seven children, but -the only one who survived infancy. She was put out to be nursed by a -peasant in the country, as was the practice in those days, and returned -home when two years old, to pass the remainder of her girlhood beneath -the parental roof, under the care of her gentle and excellent mother, -who found it an easy task to regulate the disposition of one whose -earliest characteristic was sensibility. "While I remained in my -peaceful home," she writes of herself, "my natural sensibility so -engrossed every quality, that no other displayed itself--my first desire -was to please and to do good." Naturally serious and fond of occupation, -she loved reading from infancy; books and flowers were her earliest -passion; and as she records this in her prison, torn from all she loved, -expecting the death to which those about her were being led by turns, -"still," she says, "I can forget the injustice of men and my sufferings -among books and flowers." - -Every sort of master was given her by her fond parents, and she applied -herself with an ardour and a delight that led her instructors to prolong -her lessons, and to take deep interest in teaching her. Her father, who -had no idea of education except by reprimand and punishment, was soon -led to cease to interfere in the guidance of her conduct; he caressed -her, taught her to paint, and showed her every kindness; while the -cultivation of her mind and heart was left to her mother, who found it -easy to lead her by appeals to her reason or her feelings. Passionately -fond of reading, she seized on hooks wherever she could find them: there -were not many in her father's house, but Plutarch fell into her hands at -nine years old, and more delighted her than all the fairy tales she had -ever read; she drank in republicanism even then. Her imagination and her -heart were warmed meanwhile by reading Fénélon and Tasso. As she -remarks, had she had indiscreet companions, this early development of -feeling might have led to an untimely awakening of passion; but under -the shelter of her mother, with her only for a companion, her heart -sympathised with the emotions of others, without any reference to -herself--occupation and innocence protected her. - -She lived in all the simplicity that belonged to a tradesman easy in his -means. The bourgeoisie of Paris of those days were a remarkable class. -They detested and despised the debauchery of the noblesse, and the -servility of their parasites; while they held themselves far above the -brutal ignorance and licentiousness of the populace. The women of this -class passed laborious and secluded lives, enlivened only by the -enjoyments their vanity might gather on days of festivals, when they -showed off their fine clothes and pretty faces in the public promenades. -The habits of this class, as madame Roland describes them from -experience, were remarkable for frugality. She accompanied her mother to -market--occasionally she was sent alone, which she thought somewhat -derogatory--but did not complain. There was but one servant, and -sometimes she assisted in the kitchen; at the same time, the fondness of -her mother displayed itself by dressing her elegantly and richly on -Sundays and visiting days. Dancing, in which she excelled, was among her -accomplishments. Her mother was pious: by degrees the sensibility of her -character found a vent for itself in religion. The first time she left -her mother's roof was, at her own request, to prepare herself in a -convent to receive her first communion. During her retreat she formed a -friendship with a young companion. After leaving the convent, their -intercourse continued by letters; and this, she tells us, was the origin -of her love of writing, and caused her, by exercise, to acquire -facility. - -After passing a year in the convent, she passed another with her -paternal grandmother, and then she returned to her father's roof. Her -days were chiefly passed in study; her meditative mind speculated on all -she read; her mother permitted her to read every book that fell in her -way, and the self-taught girl preferred philosophical works to every -other; she thus enlarged the sphere of her ideas; formed opinions, and -erected rigid rules of morality as her guide. The severe principles of -Pascal and the writers of the Port-Royal had a great attraction for her -ardent mind; and when she sought in philosophy for principles of equal -self-denial, she endeavoured to adopt the system of the stoics. All that -ennobled the soul and exalted the moral feeling attracted her. She was -dispirited when she turned to the pages of modern French philosophy. The -theories of Helvetius saddened her, till she was relieved by the -consideration that his narrow and derogatory view of human motive and -action was applicable only to the corrupt state of society such as he -found it in France. She believed that she ought to study this author as -a guide in the depraved world of Paris; but she rejected his doctrines -as explanatory of the movements of the human soul in a virtuous simple -state of society; she felt herself superior to the principle of self -which he made the law of our nature; she contrasted it with the heroic -acts of antiquity, and thus she became enthusiastically attached to -those republics in which virtue flourished; she became persuaded that -freedom was the parent of heroes; she regretted that her lot had not -been cast among such, and disdained the idea of associating with the -corrupt race of her day. The aspirations after the examples set by the -great, the virtuous, the generous, and the wise, which she thus -nourished, gave a charm to her solitary life; but her studies excited -far other feelings when she was led to remark how little they accorded -with the state of society in France. - -Sometimes she was taken to visit certain ladies who claimed to be noble, -and who, looking upon her as an inferior, sent her to dine with their -servants. Once she paid a visit of eight days at Versailles, and -witnessed the routine of a court. How different were the impertinent -pretensions of these silly women, and the paltry pomp of royalty, from -the majesty of the solitary reveries in which she associated with the -heroes and philosophers of old! Her soul rejected distinctions of rank -such as she found them in her own country,--empty in themselves, as far -as regarded real excellence, and degrading to her in her position,--and -she hurried back to take her proper place in creation, not the humble -daughter of an obscure mechanic, but one whose mind was refined by -philosophy, enlarged by knowledge; whose heart beat with generous -impulses, and who already felt her bosom swell with the heroism which -her future actions displayed. "I sighed," she writes, "as I thought of -Athens, where I could have equally admired the fine arts, without being -wounded by the spectacle of despotism; I transported myself in thought -to Greece--I was present at the Olympic games, and I grew angry at -finding myself French. Thus, struck by all of grand which is offered by -the republics of antiquity, I forgot the death of Socrates, the exile of -Aristides, the sentence of Phocion; I did not know that heaven had -reserved it to me to witness errors similar to those of which they were -the victims, and to participate in a similar persecution, after having -professed similar principles." - -She regarded the position she held in society with bitterness. Vain of -her accomplishments and knowledge, proud in the consciousness of her -integrity and of the lofty meditations in which she indulged, the -condescension of the petty noblesse towards the daughter of an artisan -made her bosom swell with haughty emotion. She does not disguise that -this feeling caused her to hail the revolution with greater transport. - -It is usual to accuse the lowly of envy, so to cast a slur over their -motives when they espouse with enthusiasm the cause of freedom. In all -societies there must be difference of position, arising from the -distribution of property, and no passion is more mean than that which -causes the poor to view with envy the luxuries and ease of the rich. But -the disdain which springs from knowing that others assume superiority -from mere adventitious circumstances--that there is an impassable -barrier, on the outer side of which the ignobly born must remain, vainly -desiring a career in which to distinguish themselves--is a noble -feeling, and is implanted in the human heart as the source of the -highest virtues. Human weakness mingled, probably, some-pettiness in the -pride of the beautiful and studious bourgeoise, but she knew how to rise -above it; and when she sealed her ambition with her blood, she proved -that it was honourable, and that her desire of distinction was founded -on a generous love of the good of her species. - -The only child of a prosperous artisan, it was supposed that she was an -heiress: this idea, joined to her personal attractions, elicited -numerous pretensions to her hand, and her indulgent parents conceded to -her the privilege of replying to them. Her sensibility was great, and -she looked on wedded life as the source of every felicity; but this very -notion made her scrupulous in her choice. The young men of the quarter -passed in review before her, and were, one after the other, rejected. A -little hesitation ensued when a physician proposed--she hoped for more -refinement and knowledge in one of the learned professions. In the end, -he also was refused,--her heart continued untouched; she would have been -glad if any one had appeared whom she could have looked upon as worthy -of her; but, as this did not happen, she rejoiced to escape the proposed -shackles, and turned to her peaceful studious home, the affection of her -mother, and the attachment of her friends, with renewed delight. The -account she gives of the many proposals she received, and the way in -which they were finally dismissed, is one of the most amusing portions -of her book, and affords a pleasant and vivid picture of the French -system with regard to marriages. - -Her mother's health became enfeebled, and this excellent parent regarded -her daughter's future prospects with anxiety. Phlipon had become -careless in his business; his customers deserted him, his speculations -failed; he grew fond of pleasure, and habits of industry were thrown -aside. His wife was aware of the advances of poverty, and of the slight -confidence she could place in her husband; she reasoned with her -daughter, and tried to persuade her to accept the offer of a young -jeweller, who had youth and good habits to recommend him; but Manon -shrunk from uniting herself with one whom she could not regard as the -sharer of her studies nor the guide of her conduct. - -Her mother died suddenly of paralysis. Madame Roland gives a vivid -picture of the affliction she felt on this event, which conducted her to -the brink of the grave. It was long before she could be roused from the -intense grief that overwhelmed both mind and body. She became incapable -of application, and struggled in vain to cast off the melancholy that -made her a burden to herself and others. By degrees, her regrets grew -less passionate and more tender. At this moment a friend, abbé Legrand, -put the "Nouvelle Heloise" into her hands,--it succeeded in exciting her -attention, and in calling her thoughts from her loss. "I was -twenty-one," she says, "and Rousseau made the same impression on me then -as Plutarch had done when I was eight. Plutarch had disposed me to -republicanism,--he had awakened the energy and pride which are its -characteristics; he inspired me with a true enthusiasm for public virtue -and freedom. Rousseau showed me domestic happiness and the ineffable -felicity I was capable of tasting." From this time, she returned to her -quiet routine of life, her studies, and her habits of observation. "I -was placed," she says, "in solitude, but on the borders of society, and -could remark much without being intruded on." Several men of letters -interested themselves in her, and delighted in her society. Finding that -she was in the habit of writing her remarks, some among them -prognosticated that she would become an author; but she had no -inclination to seek publicity in that manner. "I soon saw," she says, -"that an authoress loses more than she gains. My chief object was my own -happiness, and I never knew the public interfere with that for any one -without spoiling it. There is nothing more delightful than to be -appreciated by those with whom one lives, and nothing so empty as the -admiration of those whom we are never to meet." Other cares, however, -intruded themselves; she saw that her father's fortune was wasting away, -and anticipated ruin for him and poverty for herself. He was young--and -dissipated, and might marry again. Meanwhile, he was never at home, and -interfered in her life only to annoy her, without affording the paternal -protection or domestic society that she needed. She felt that her -situation grew precarious, and the energy of her character determined -her to meet rather than await the evil. She secured to herself a scanty -income of about 25_l_. a year from the wreck of her father's fortune, -and retired on it to a convent. She rented a small room in the -congregation, and established herself in her retreat, determined to -limit her wants to her means. Her plan demanded unflinching resolution, -and this she displayed. Her food was simple, and prepared by herself. -She only went out to visit her relations, and cast a careful eye over -her father's household. The rest of her time was spent in her little -solitary chamber. She gave herself up to study, and fortified her heart -against adversity; determined to deserve the happiness which fate denied -her. - -She at this time by no means foresaw the course of life she was destined -to pursue, although she was already acquainted with her future husband. -M. Roland de la Platiere, belonged to a family of Lyons, distinguished -in what the French call the robe; that is, by having filled with credit -legal employments. As the youngest of five sons, he was destined for the -ecclesiastical profession; to avoid which, he left the paternal roof at -the age of nineteen, and, alone and almost penniless, traversed France -to Nantes, with the intention of embarking for India. He was dissuaded -by a stranger to whom he had applied for information with regard to his -projected voyage, who interested himself in his fate, and saw that he -was too weakly in health to encounter the hardships of emigration. He -found employment in the administration of manufactures at Rouen and -Amiens. He possessed great simplicity and integrity of character; he -loved study, and applied himself sedulously to gathering knowledge with -regard to the manufactories of which he had the superintendence. He -wrote several works that treated of such subjects. He was a man -generally esteemed for his sound plain sense; his austere and simple -manners inspired confidence, though he was more respected than loved on -account of a certain coldness of character that repelled. He was known -to Sophie, Mlle. Phlipon's convent friend; he heard her speak of her -correspondent with admiration, and often asked to be allowed to make -acquaintance with her during his yearly visit to Paris. At length, -Sophie gave him an introduction. -[Sidenote: 1775. -Ætat. -23.] -"This letter," she wrote, will be delivered to you by the philosopher I -have often mentioned, M. Roland de la Platiere, an enlightened and -excellent man, who can only be reproached for his great admiration of -the ancients at the expense of the moderns, whom he despises, and his -weakness in liking to talk too much about himself." Mlle. Phlipon liked -him better than this sketch promised. His manners were a little cold and -stiff; he was careless in dress, and no longer youthful either in years -or appearance; but she discerned and appreciated his simplicity and -benevolence of character. He took pleasure in the society of the serious -and reflective recluse, and paid her long though not frequent visits. -His age prevented any idea of impropriety on the score of his being an -admirer, add to which her father, while he ran after pleasure himself, -left his daughter to pursue her way without interference. Roland was -about to make a tour in Italy. He chose his new friend as the depositary -of his manuscripts, and, before he departed, introduced to her his -brother, a benedictine, prior of the college of Clugny at Paris. Through -the intervention of this brother she saw the letters and observations -that Roland sent from Italy. On his return, they continued friends; his -conversation was a great resource to her, while the habit he indulged of -seeing her often, at last rendered her society necessary to him, and -love--slow and chill, but of deep growth--arose in his heart. Five years -after the commencement of their acquaintance he disclosed his -sentiments. She was flattered by the proposal--his good birth during the -old regime was a tangible good, to which she was by no means insensible, -but her pride led her to represent to him that she was a bad match--her -family ignoble, and she herself, instead of being an heiress, ruined -through her father's imprudence. Roland persisted in his address, and -she permitted him to apply to her only surviving parent, which he did by -letter from Amiens. Phlipon did not like his austerity, and was not -pleased by the tone of his letter; thinking only of his own feelings, -and without consulting his daughter, he sent a rejection couched in rude -and even impertinent terms. - -His daughter, when informed of what he had done, was a good deal -shocked; for the last few months she had looked on Roland as her future -husband, and attached herself to him. She wrote to him saying, that the -event had justified her fears with regard to her father, and that he had -better abandon his pursuit. At the same time she resolved to render -herself independent--that if Roland persisted, he should not again be -annoyed. It was on this occasion that she retired to a convent, and -bound herself to subsist on the scanty income which was all that she -possessed. At first Roland wrote to complain of her father's treatment, -and though still expressing attachment, appeared to regard the paternal -rejection as putting an end to his hopes. Six months afterwards he -visited Paris; the sight of his friend at the convent grate renewed the -feelings which absence and disappointment had blunted; he pressed his -offer, and sent his brother, the benedictine, to persuade her. I -reflected deeply," she writes, "on what I ought to do. I could not -conceal from myself that a younger man would not have delayed, for -several months, entreating me to change my resolution, and I confess -that this circumstance had deprived my feelings of every illusion. I -considered, on the other hand, that this deliberation was an assurance -that I was appreciated; and that if he had overcome his pride, which -shrunk from the disagreeable circumstances that accompanied his marrying -me, I was the more secure of an esteem I could not fail to preserve. In -short, if marriage was, as I thought, an austere union, an association -in which the woman usually burdens herself with the happiness of two -individuals, it were better that I should exert my abilities and my -courage in so honourable a task, than in the solitude in which I lived." - -[Sidenote: 1780. -Ætat. -26.] - -With these feelings she married. Of a passionate and ardent disposition, -she devoted herself to a life of self-control; and, resolved to find her -happiness in the fulfilment of her duty, she delivered herself up with -enthusiasm and without reserve to the task she undertook. She was her -husband's friend, companion, amanuensis; fearful of the temptations of -the world, she gave herself up to labour; she soon became absolutely -necessary to him at every moment, and in all the incidents of his life; -her servitude was thus sealed; now and then it caused a sigh; but the -holy sense of duty reconciled her to every inconvenience. - -She visited Switzerland and England. In this country her husband's -connection with the scientific world led her to the society she best -liked. They then took up their abode at the family residence of Clos la -Platière near Lyons, with her husband's mother and elder brother. -Madame Roland had one child, a little girl;--to educate her; to render -her husband happy; to spread the charm of peace and love around, and in -the midst of this to cultivate in her own pure mind the most elevated as -well as the gentle virtues; to be useful to their peasantry, and -mitigate as well as she could the many hardships to which the poor in -France were exposed;--this was the scope of her life, and the entire -prospect spread out before her. Her husband had so little expectation of -change, that he endeavoured to get his right to letters of nobility -acknowledged, as, madame Roland observes, "who would not have done the -same in those days?" The time was apparently far off when it could be of -general good to reject the privileges of class; and these privileges -were so great that the sphere of usefulness was considerably extended to -any one who possessed them. Failing in this attempt, the republican pair -sometimes deliberated emigrating to America, that they might there enjoy -equal institutions, and the sight of public happiness and prosperity. -The age of M. Roland was an insurmountable obstacle, however, to this -plan. - -Her letters, during this period, afford a picture of her mind; showing -her love of duty and of study; her enjoyment of the beauties of nature, -and, above all, the warm affectionateness of her disposition, which made -her supremely happy in the happiness of others, and caused her to share, -with tender sympathy, all the joys or sorrows of those she loved. Her -husband's relations were disagreeable, but she bore the interference -that prevented her living exactly in the manner she preferred with an -unruffled temper. -[Sidenote: 1786. -Ætat. -32.] -She tolerated every fault in others, and secluded herself to secure her -liberty: she never repines. "Seated in my chimney corner," she writes to -M. Bose, "at eleven before noon, after a peaceful night and my morning -tasks--my husband at his desk, and my little girl knitting--I am -conversing with the former, and overlooking the work of the latter; -enjoying the happiness of being warmly sheltered in the bosom of my dear -little family, and writing to a friend, while the snow is falling on so -many poor wretches overwhelmed by sorrow and penury. I grieve over their -fate, I repose on my own, and make no account of those family annoyances -which appeared formerly to tarnish my felicity.--I am delighted at being -restored to my accustomed way of existence." This country life was -alternated by visits to Lyons, where Roland had employment, where she -mingled in society; but the provincial tone that reigned was little -consonant with her taste. - -The revolution came in the midst of this peaceful existence, to give new -life and expression to opinions which she had hitherto considered as -merely theoretical, and for which no scope for practice had been -afforded in the state of society before that epoch. All at once, from -out of ancient wrong and tyranny, from the midst of the great miseries -and intolerable oppressions which her country groaned under, the spirit -of justice, of redress, and of freedom, sprung up. It seemed, at first, -to every strong and honest mind, that France would throw off outworn, -yet still subsisting and oppressive, abuses, and grow wise, virtuous, -and happy, under the fosterage of liberty and equality. - -How gladly her soul hailed these hopes! Soon she found that they were -accompanied by fears, and that the popular party grew insolent and -despotic in prosperity. "Is the question to be whether we have one -tyrant or a hundred," she writes, and she became eager to ally herself -to the liberal, but constitutional, party, by which freedom would be -secured, without anarchy or public convulsion. - -[Sidenote: 1789. -Ætat. -35.] - -Almost immediately on the breaking out of the revolution, her husband -was elected into the municipality of Lyons. His integrity and firmness, -and his attachment to the popular party, of course excited many enemies; -but he was immovable in his course, and denounced all the abuses which -had multiplied in the administration of the finances of the city. It was -discovered that Lyons had 40,000,000 of livres of debt; the -manufactories, meanwhile, were suffering, during a period of popular -ferment, and 20,000 workmen were thrown out of employ. It was necessary -to represent these things to the national assembly, and to ask for aid. -Roland was charged with this mission. - -[Sidenote: 1791. -Ætat. -37.] - -Madame Roland had not visited Paris for five years. She was familiar -with the names of the heads of the various parties, and a commerce of -letters and civilities had had place between her husband and Brissot, -chief of the girondists. He visited them, and her house became the -rendezvous of his party. Her talents, beauty, and enthusiasm, produced -an effect of which she was scarcely aware herself, and which the party -itself rather felt than acknowledged. "Roland," writes Thiers, in his -"History of the French Revolution," "was known for his clever writings -on manufactures and mechanics. This man, of austere life, inflexible -principles, and cold repulsive manners, yielded, without being aware, to -the superior ascendancy of his wife. Madame Roland was young and -beautiful. Nourished in seclusion by philosophical and republican -sentiments, she had conceived ideas superior to her sex, and had erected -a strict religion from the then reigning opinions. Living in intimate -friendship with her husband, she wrote for him, communicated her -vivacity and ardour, not only to him but to all the girondists, who, -enthusiastic in the cause of liberty and philosophy, adored beauty, and -talent, and their own opinions, in her." She, meanwhile, did all she -could to render her influence covert. She might converse with energy and -freedom with the different members of the party during their chance -visits; but when they assembled in her house to discuss present -proceedings and future prospects, she was present, but maintained -silence. Apart from the deliberators, occupied by needlework, or writing -letters, she listened, nor interfered till, the conference breaking up, -she could in privacy, and without ostentation, express her sentiments to -them individually. This reserve caused all her friends to speak of her -with respect, and yet to discuss their opinions eagerly with her. She -had the fault, in which those who are wedded to opinions are apt to -indulge, of preferring the men who agreed with her, who hated royalty -and courts, and aimed at equality and republicanism, to those of -superior endowments and virtues, but who differed from her. Discontented -at the same time with the talents of the former, she found most of the -men thus collected about her far below the estimate she had formed at a -distance: they talked at random; they had no fixed plan; theoretical -rather than practical, they could make paper constitutions, but knew -little how to deal with their fellow men during the clash of interests, -and the tempest of revolutionary passions. She had none of the vanity -that seeks to shine in conversation, and grew impatient when witty -sallies and argumentative discussions, instead of serious resolves and -heroic acts, occupied her friends. - -Roland's mission retained them at Paris for seven months. They were -months crowded with events pregnant with the fate of France. Madame -Roland, in her letters to her friend, Henri Brancal, then in London, -paints the various events, and the sentiments they inspired. She was a -warm partisan of liberty and equality, and mourned over the lukewarmness -of the national assembly on these great questions; or, rather, the -number of the moderate party who wished to assimilate the government of -France to the English constitution. To prevent the extension of these -views, the jacobins agitated and excited the people. Madame Roland at -first approved their measures: she saw no safety for the newly acquired -freedom of her country, except in the enthusiasm by which it was -defended by the many. She had to learn, through tragical experience, how -much more difficult it is to restrain than to excite the French. Her -letters breathe impatience and disapprobation with regard to the actual -state of things. "Represent to yourself," she writes, "a number of good -citizens carrying on a perpetual, active, painful, and often fruitless -struggle with the mass of the ambitious, the discontented, and the -ignorant." The flight of the king filled her with alarm, mingled with -enthusiasm, as she saw danger approach herself and her friends; danger -to proceed from the triumph of despotism--she could not then imagine -that any would arise from freedom. "While we were at peace," she writes, -"I kept in the back ground, and exercised only the sort of influence -suited to my sex; but, when the departure of the king declared war, it -appeared to me that every one ought to devote himself without reserve. I -caused myself to be received in fraternal associations, persuaded that -the zeal and intelligence of any member of society must be useful in -critical moments." The arrest and return of the king and his family -kindled a thousand hopes. "It would be a folly, an absurdity, almost a -horror," she writes, "to replace the king on the throne. To bring Louis -XVI. to trial would doubtless be the greatest and most just of measures; -but we are incapable of adopting it." Little did she anticipate the -progress of events. - -Meanwhile the project of her party was to suspend the king from -exercising the royal functions. It must be remembered that we, from a -distance, judge Louis from facts, as history records them: then, when -events were passing, no one could fairly judge the other; and while the -French expected invasion, and saw in the flight of their king the -infraction of the oath he had taken to maintain the constitution, those -attached to it regarded him as a traitor. Madame Roland sided with those -who regarded his dethronement as the safety of France, and the erection -of a republic as the promise of its welfare. She thought that both were -imminent. "I have seen," she writes, "the flame of liberty lit up in my -country; it cannot be quenched, and late events have served as fuel; -knowledge and reason are united to instinct to maintain and augment it; -it must devour the last remains of despotism, and subvert thrones. I -shall die when nature pleases, and my last sigh will be a breathing of -joy and hope for the generations to come." The tumults, however, that -succeeded seemed to crush these hopes. Brissot fell into disrepute: -there was an endeavour to crush the republican party, which, in the -moment of danger, had been willing to ally itself to the most violent -jacobins. In the midst of this agitation and tumult the mission of -Roland came to a close, and he prepared to leave Paris. The elections -were about to commence, and he was candidate for Lyons, but was not -elected. The autumn, therefore, was spent in the country. Madame Roland -was evidently dispirited by the obscurity of her life and absence from -the scene of action. "I see with regret," she writes, "that my husband -is cast back on silence and obscurity. He is habituated to public life: -it is more necessary to him than he is himself aware; his energy and -activity injure his health when not exercised according to his -inclinations: in addition, I had hoped for great advantages for my child -in a residence at Paris. Occupied there by her education, I should have -excited and developed some sort of talent. The recluse life I must lead -here makes me tremble for her. From the moment that my husband has no -occupation but his desk, I must remain near to amuse him, and diversify -his daily labours, according to a duty and a habit which may not be -eluded. This existence is in exact contradiction to that suitable to a -child of ten years of age. My heart is saddened by this opposition of -duties, already too deeply felt. I find myself fallen into the nullity -of a provincial life, where no exterior circumstances supply that which -I cannot do myself, and a dark veil falls over the future. If I believed -that my husband were satisfied, it would be otherwise; hope would -embellish the prospect. However, our destiny is fixed, and I must try to -render it as happy as I can." - -The discontent of madame Roland was natural to her ardent disposition. -She desired to be great, not for the sake of riches, or even power; but -to have scope afforded her to exercise those virtues which, nourished in -solitude, and excited by important events, inflamed her heart to -enthusiasm. She wished to be great as her favourites in Plutarch were -great: she did not look forward to actual peril, but to a life of -activity and usefulness on a grand scale, and to be numbered among those -whose names were to be recorded in future history as the parents of the -liberty of her country. - -[Sidenote: 1792. -Ætat. -38.] - -In the December of the same year they returned to Paris, and in the -following March, a new ministry being formed from the girondist party, -Roland was named minister for the interior. It was a post of honour, but -heavily burdened with responsibility. Dumouriez, then fluctuating, -attracted by a court that flattered, yet desirous of conciliating his -own party, was minister for foreign affairs. At first Roland felt -assured of the good dispositions of the king towards the new state of -things. "I could not believe," writes his wife, "in the constitutional -vocation of a monarch born under a despotism, brought up for it, and -accustomed to exercise it; and I never saw my husband leave me to attend -council, full of reliance on the good intentions of the king, but I -exclaimed, in my heart, 'What new folly will now be committed!'" She -goes on pleasantly to relate the surprise excited at court, when Roland -appeared in his quaker-like costume, his round hat, and his shoes tied -with riband. The master of the ceremonies pointed him out to Dumouriez, -with an angry and agitated mien, exclaiming--"Ah! sir,--no buckles to -his shoes!" "Ah! sir," replied Dumouriez, with mock solemnity, "all is -lost!" - -We have no space for the details of Roland's ministry, nor the events -then passing. The king had undertaken the difficult game of satisfying -his enemies by slight concessions and apparent good humour; but he -refused to sanction a severe decree against the clergy, which their -inveterate opposition to the party in power rendered necessary in the -eyes of the lovers of liberty; and another to establish a camp of 20,000 -volunteers to protect the assembly and the capital, during a grand -federative assembly to be held during the summer. It was projected to -address a letter to the king, on this refusal, in the name of all the -ministers: but they declined presenting it. Madame Roland insisted that -her husband should singly remonstrate with the monarch, and he resolved -on so doing. She wrote the letter. It was one calculated to irritate -rather than to persuade Louis; but she liked bold measures, and Roland, -once persuaded, was obstinate. The girondists wished, in fact, to bring -the king to an explanation, and preferred a rupture to uncertainty. Some -obstacles arising to Roland's reading his letter to the king, he sent it -to him; but this was not enough; and he took a speedy occasion to read -it aloud in full council, and to force the king to hear the rebukes and -remonstrances it contained. Louis listened with admirable patience, and, -on retiring, said he would make known his intentions. On the following -day, Roland and two of his more zealous colleagues were dismissed, while -Dumouriez took on himself to reform the ministry. - -It was certainly a bold, and, if not beneficial, a presumptuous act in a -woman thus to put herself forward during these political agitations. -Madame Roland hated monarchical institutions, and her desire to subvert -them in her own country partook of the vehemence with which women too -usually follow up their ideas. She had always been accustomed to copy -and arrange her husband's writings. At first she did this servilely: by -degrees she emancipated herself from the task of being a mere copyist. -The pair were agreed in views, opinions, and plans of action. There was -a driness and hardness in Roland's writings that did not please her more -demonstrative nature. When he became minister, they conferred together -as to the spirit of any proposed writing, and then she, who could better -command leisure, took up the pen. "I could not express any thing," she -writes, "that regarded reason or justice, which he was not capable of -realising or maintaining by his character and conduct; while I expressed -better than he could whatever he had done or promised to do. Without my -intervention Roland had been an equally good agent: his activity and -knowledge, as well as his probity, were all his own; but he produced a -greater sensation through me, since I put into his writings that mixture -of energy and gentleness, of authority and persuasion, which is peculiar -to a woman of a warm heart and a clear head. I wrote with delight such -pieces as I thought would be useful, and I took greater pleasure in them -than I should have done had I been their acknowledged author." - -Of the letter itself, we may say that it is eloquent, but very ill -judged, if it was meant to conciliate the king; but it was not. It was -written in a spirit of contempt for Louis's conduct; of menace, if he -did not pass the decrees; and of sturdy independence and republicanism -as far as regarded the minister himself. It naturally alienated the -monarch; but Roland and his wife were too enthusiastically attached to -the cause of liberty and equality, not to glory in expressing their -sentiments openly and boldly at the foot of the throne, even at the -expense of loss of office. On this event they secluded themselves in -private life, living in an obscure and modest abode in Rue St. Jaques. -They mingled in no intrigues, while they deplored the misfortunes of -their country, being persuaded that the king and his friends were about -to call in foreign troops to destroy its new-born liberty. - -After the events of the 10th of August, Roland was recalled to the -ministry. He and his wife, both hating monarchy, could not understand -why the ruins of it in France should not at once be cast aside, and a -republic erected on the vacant space. Hitherto they had feared -monarchical reaction; add to which many of the tumults in the preceding -months had been fomented by the court party under the idea that popular -outrage would cause a return to loyal feeling among the moderate party. -The fear of the success of the court had made them, together with -Barbaroux and Servan, consult how far it would be possible to found a -republic in the south of France, if monarchy triumphed in the north. -There was no fear of this now: Louis XVI. was dethroned and imprisoned; -and the lovers of their country witnessed a more frightful scene than -any that had yet stained its annals, when the more violent jacobins, who -went by the name of the Mountain, excited the people to fury, so to -maintain their own power. Marat, Robespierre, and Danton were beginning -their reign of terror. - -At the beginning of September, during the massacres in the prisons, -madame Roland wrote to Brancal, "We are under the knife of Robespierre -and Marat, These men agitate the people, and endeavour to turn them -against the national assembly and the council: they have a little army, -which they pay with money stolen from the Tuileries, or which is given -them by Danton, who, underhand, is the chief. Would you believe that -they meditated the arrest of Brissot and Roland? Had the arrest been -executed, these two excellent citizens had been taken to the abbey and -massacred with the rest. We are not yet secure; and, if the departments -do not send a guard for the assembly and the council, both will be -lost." Again she wrote, "My friend, Danton leads all; Robespierre is his -puppet; Marat holds his torch and dagger: this ferocious tribune reigns, -and we are his slaves until the moment when we shall become his victims. -If you only knew the frightful details of what is going on. You are -aware of my enthusiasm for the revolution; well, I am ashamed of it: it -is deformed by monsters, and become hideous. "What may happen within a -week? it is degrading to remain, but we are not allowed to quit Paris: -they shut us in to murder us when occasion serves." From this moment -madame Roland struggled unflinchingly to overthrow the power of the -jacobins. Her ill success conducted her to the scaffold. - -The moderation and opposition of the girondists rendered them hateful to -the mountain, and every endeavour was made to excite the Parisians -against them. They cast on Roland the stigma of being governed by his -wife. When it was proposed in the national assembly to invite him to -resume the ministry, Garat said, "We had better invite madame; she is -the real minister." They accused her of using every feminine art to -secure partisans. These were the mere calumnies of the day, powerful for -her ruin, but not tarnishing her after-glory. Every impartial pen -describes her as carrying her simplicity and grace into her political -enthusiasm, and charming even those whom she did not convince. - -Le Montey writes of her--"I met madame Roland several times in former -days: her eyes, her figure, and hair were of remarkable beauty; her -delicate complexion had a freshness and colour which, joined to her -reserved yet ingenuous appearance, imparted a singular air of youth. She -spoke, too, well, yet there was no affectation in what she said; it was -merely nature carried to a great degree of perfection. Wit, good sense, -propriety of expression, keen reasoning, naïve grace, all flowed -without effort from her roseate lips. I saw madame Roland once again at -the commencement of her husband's first ministry. She had lost nothing -of her air of freshness, youth, and simplicity: her husband resembled a -quaker, and she looked like his daughter. Her child flitted about her -with ringlets reaching to her waist. Madame Roland spoke of public -affairs only, and I perceived that my moderation inspired pity. Her mind -was highly excited, but her heart remained gentle and inoffensive. -Although the monarchy was not yet overthrown, she did not conceal that -symptoms of anarchy began to appear, and she declared herself ready to -resist them to the death. I remember the calm and resolute tone in which -she declared that she was ready, if need were, to place her head on the -block. I confess that the image of that charming head delivered over to -the axe of the executioner made an ineffaceable impression--for party -excesses had not yet accustomed us to such frightful ideas. Thus, in the -sequel, the prodigious firmness of madame Roland and her heroic death -did not surprise me. All was in harmony, nor was there any affectation -in this celebrated woman: she had not only the strongest but the truest -mind of our revolution." - -Dumont writes of her--"Madame Roland had every personal attraction, -joined to excellence of character and understanding. I saw many -assemblies of ministers, and the principal girondists, held at her -house. A woman seemed somewhat out of place among them; but she did not -mingle in the discussions: she usually sat at her desk, writing letters, -and appeared to be occupied by other things, while she did not lose a -word. Her modest style of dress did not lessen her attractions, and, -though her occupations were those of a man, she was really adorned by -all the grace and exterior accomplishments of her sex. I reproach myself -now that I did not perceive then the full extent of her merit; but I was -rather prejudiced against female politicians; and I found in her a too -great tendency to mistrust, which springs from want of knowledge of the -world." - -The influence of earnestness, sincerity, and clear views were great over -her husband and his party. If she had, from a rooted disapprobation of -royalty, urged him to any extremities with Louis, not less did she abhor -anarchy, and fearlessly incite him to oppose it. - -During the frightful massacres of the 2d and 3d of September Roland -displayed an energy and heroism worthy of the woman who was said to be -the soul of his counsels. On the 3d, while terror still reigned, he -wrote to the mayor, Petion, who was in ignorance of the atrocities that -were going on, and to Santerre, who remained in ignominious inaction, -pressing them earnestly to come forward. He addressed a letter also to -the assembly, in which he fearlessly denounced the crimes of the people; -offering his own head as the sacrifice, but calling on the authorities -to suppress the massacres. The assembly applauded the letter; while -Marat and his partisans denounced him as a traitor, and issued an arrest -against him. Danton, whose views were more systematic, intervened, and -prevented an act which at that time had injured the jacobins more than -the party against whom it was directed. - -Roland was not awed by the danger he incurred. When, on the 23d of -September, he gave in a report on the state of the capital and of -France, he described the disorders of Paris with energy, and insisted on -their causes, and the means of preventing a recurrence of them. His -character gained with his own party, and still more with posterity, by -this unflinching and persevering struggle with the jacobins; but he was -not seconded by men of sufficient vigour, and, wearied at length by an -anarchy so opposed to his probity and inflexible love of order, he -offered his resignation. The girondists, in reply, proposed that the -assembly should invite him to remain in office, while the mountain, of -whom Danton was the mouthpiece, complained of his feebleness and of his -being governed by his wife. His letter of the 3d of September was cited -as sufficient exculpation from the charge of weakness. The assembly, -without expressing an opinion, passed to the order of the day. The -girondists, and every worthy member, entreated Roland to remain in the -ministry; and he wrote to the assembly--"Since I am calumniated, since I -am threatened by dangers, and since the convention appear to desire it, -I remain. It is too glorious," he continued, alluding to his wife, "that -my alliance with courage and virtue is the only reproach made -against me." - -These accusations against madame Roland, and the hatred borne her by the -mountain, were increased by the influence she continued to exercise. -Society, such as the Parisians had once gloried in--assemblies of the -wise, the witty, and the fair--were at an end. The drawing-room of -madame Roland was the only one in which elegance, and sense, and good -breeding reigned. Barbaroux, named, from his beauty, the Antinöus of -France, Louvet, Guadet, and others, met there, and added to the elegance -of the coteries of past times, the serious and deeper spirit of the -present hour. Too soon they were swept away by the torrent of the -revolution. - -On the 24th of October Roland again came forward with a report on the -state of the capital, which was written with dignity, but with a strict -adherence to truth: he described with energy, and strongly reprobated, -the crimes committed on the 2d September. He cast the accusation of -sanguinary outrage on a few; but he blamed the many for their culpable -weakness in permitting such crimes. Robespierre rose to answer him; but -his known complicity with the Septembriseurs excited abhorrence and -confusion in the chamber. It was on this occasion when Robespierre, -relying on the terror felt by his enemies, defied them to accuse him, -that Louvet crossed the chamber to the tribune and exclaimed with -energy--"Yes; I accuse you!" The rest of the girondists supported him. -The speech that followed this denunciation was full of energy, daring -truths, and resolute measures. Had they been followed up on the instant, -France had been spared the reign of terror. Robespierre, confused, -overwhelmed, ghastly with terror, could only ask a delay to prepare his -defence. A disinterested but mistaken love of order and justice caused -his adversaries to assent to his request. - -Marat had also been attacked by Louvet; Danton was enveloped more -remotely in the accusation; and these men, together with Robespierre, -saw safety only in the extirpation of the girondists. They spared no -pains to calumniate the party, and madame Roland shared in the odium -they cast upon her husband. They were accused of forming a society for -the purpose of corrupting the public mind, and of conspiring to separate -France, founded on the idea already mentioned, of establishing a -republic in the south, if the king should subjugate the north. Vague -charges were magnified into crimes, and punished by death, when the -people were above law, and anarchy prevailed. - -[Sidenote: 1793. -Ætat. -39.] - -Roland continued to struggle with the mountain party which each day -gained ascendency. The execution of Louis XVI. showed him that these -struggles were vain. He looked on the death of the monarch as a signal -for a course of sanguinary measures which he had no power to avert. -Roland had hitherto resolved to resist the men who steeped their country -in blood and crime; but he was now discouraged, not by the dangers which -he felt gather round himself, but by the impossibility of stemming the -tide of evil, and he sent in his resignation on the 23d of January. The -moderate party in the convention dared not utter a remonstrance, so -completely were they under the domination of the mountain. Roland -published his accounts, which exonerated him from the calumnies cast -upon him, but his enemies refused to sanction them by a report. He made -no other effort, but remained in seclusion, seeing only his intimate -friends, the girondists, and often discussing with them the possibility -of awing the capital through the influence of the southern departments. -Meanwhile the advance of the foreign armies plunged the nation in -terror, and induced it to place yet more entire confidence in the -demagogues who promised victory at the cost of the lives of all the -citizens who opposed them. The struggle between the girondists and -mountain party thus continued for several months, till the latter -completely triumphed, and passed a decree of arrest against twenty-two -of the opposite party. Some among them surrendered, to display their -obedience to the law. Others fled, for the purpose of exciting the -departments to resist the tyrants of the capital. - -For some time madame Roland had expected arrest and imprisonment. She -had feared the entry of the mob into her house, and had slept with a -pistol under her pillow, that, if laid hands on by ruffians, she might -deliver herself by death from outrage. Latterly, finding her husband and -herself quite powerless for good, she had made preparations for -returning to the country, whither strong personal motives caused her to -wish to retire; she was delayed by illness, and before she recovered -strength, danger thickened. When the men came, on the 31st of May, to -execute the order of arrest on Roland, she resolved to announce this -circumstance, and his refusal to obey the order, herself, to the -convention. She hurried alone, and veiled, to execute her purpose. Her -entrance was opposed by the sentinels--she persisted, and sent in a -letter she had prepared, for the president, soliciting to be heard. The -disturbance that reigned in the assembly, and want of resolution on the -part of her friends who still sat there, prevented its being read. She -waited some time; penetrated by indignation, by compassion for her -country, while all she loved were exposed to peril, she was far above -personal fear; and earnestly desired to be permitted to speak, feeling -that she should command attention. Failing in her attempt, she returned -home. Roland was absent--he had already taken measures for flight--she -sought and found him, related her ill success, and again returned to the -assembly. It was now ten at night. When she arrived at the Place du -Carrousel, she saw an armed force around; cannon were placed before the -gate of the national palace; the assembly itself was no longer sitting. - -She returned home. Roland was safe--she resolved to remain and await the -event, indifferent to her own fate. Since the resignation of Roland she -had lived in great retirement. There is a belief, more a tradition than -an asserted fact, that this noble-hearted woman, whose soul was devoted -to the fulfilment of her duties, to whom life was matter of indifference -compared to her affections and her sense of virtue, had felt for the -first time, now in mature life, the agitations and misery of passion. It -is supposed that Barbaroux, deputy from the commune of Marseilles, was -the object of her attachment,--Barbaroux, who was called. Antinöus from -his beauty: he was full of courage, ardour, and those republican dreams -so dear to madame Roland. In her portraits of various chiefs of the -revolution, she says of him that he was active, laborious, frank, and -brave, with all the vivacity of a Marsellais: full of attachment to -freedom, and proud of the revolution, he was one of those whom an -enlightened party would wish to attach, and who would have enjoyed great -reputation in a republic. She adds that when Roland resigned they saw -more of him: his open character and ardent patriotism inspired them with -confidence. No word she writes shows that he was regarded by her in any -light except that of her friend; but, in other portions of her memoirs, -she alludes darkly to the struggles of love; and it is evident that her -project of retiring into the country originated in her resolution to -conquer her own heart. And now this passion was there, with its -hopelessness and misery, to elevate her far above fear of prison or -death. - -Emissaries came to inquire vainly for Roland. Disappointed in their -purpose they left a sentinel at her door. She at last retired to rest; -but, after an hour's sleep, she was awakened by her servant who -announced that the officers of the section demanded to see her. She -guessed at once their errand, nor was she deceived. For a moment she -deliberated whether she should resist an arrest, which, as being made in -the night, was illegal. But she saw that would be useless. Seals were -put on her effects: the house was filled by above 100 men. At seven -o'clock she left her home, amidst the tears and cries of her child and -servants. Outside she was hailed by the sanguinary cries of the mob. "Do -you wish the windows to be closed," said one of the men seated beside -her in the carriage. "No, gentlemen," she replied; "innocence, however -oppressed, will never assume the appearance of guilt. I fear the eyes of -no one, and will not hide myself." "You have more firmness than most -men," replied her guard. - -Shut up in the prison of the abbey, she delayed only till the next day -to arrange her room, and make plans for her prison life. She asked for -books--Plutarch's Lives, Thomson's Seasons, in French, and a few English -books, were those she chose. She turned her mind from her sorrows, to -occupy herself by her mode of life and duties. She resolved to limit her -wants to mere necessities. A whim seized her to try on how little she -could subsist. She retrenched the number of her meals, and gave up -coffee, and chocolate, and wine: the money she saved by these privations -she distributed among the poorer prisoners. - -At first, at the instigation of friends, she addressed letters to the -convention, and to the ministers, appealing against her imprisonment: -they met with no notice. She then occupied herself by drawing up notes -concerning the revolution, her views and conduct, and the characters of -the chiefs--wishing to leave behind a full exculpation of her opinions -and actions. - -On the 24th of June she was exposed to a most cruel deception. She was -told that she was free--she left the abbey--but, on alighting at her -home, she was again arrested, and carried to the prison of St. Pélagie. -The change was greatly for the worse; the prisoners were of the lowest -and most infamous class of both sexes. She roused her courage to meet -this fresh indignity, for she felt keenly the insolent play exercised on -her feelings. Some hours' reflection restored calm to her firm soul. She -resolved again to cheat time and anxiety by occupation. "Had I not my -books and leisure?" she writes: "was I no longer myself? I was almost -angry at having felt disturbed; and thought only of making use of life, -and employing my faculties with that independence which a strong mind -preserves even in chains, and which disappoints one's most cruel -enemies." "Firmness," she continues, "does not only consist in rising -above circumstances by an effort of will, but by maintaining the tone of -mind by regulations that govern it." And thus, in the midst of terror -and death, she schooled herself to fortitude and peace. She portioned -out her days in various studies. She never left her cell, for her -immediate neighbours were women of that class which is lost to decency -and shame; she could not shut her ears to the conversation they held -from their windows with the men in the opposite cells. After a time this -shocking state of things was altered. The wife of the goaler, -compassionating her situation, gave her another room above her own; and -she was thus delivered from her unhappy neighbours, the sight of -turnkeys, and the depressing routine of prison rules. Madame Bouchaud -waited on her herself, and surrounded her with all that could soften -imprisonment. Jasmine was trailed round the bars of her window; she had -a piano in her room, and every comfort that the narrow space would -admit. She could almost forget her captivity, and began to indulge hope. -Roland was in a place of safety; her daughter under safe guardianship; -her fugitive friends were at Caen, assembling partisans, and she fancied -that political events were tending towards amelioration. Resigned for -the present, she was almost happy. She saw a few friends; Bose brought -her flowers from the Jardin des Plantes; and her occupations filled up -the intervals of the day. - -Seeing no speedy termination to her imprisonment, it became eligible to -choose an occupation that would carry her forward from day to day, -imparting interest to their course. She began her own memoirs; at first -she almost forgot sorrow as she wrote; but the horrors that were -happening, the massacres, guillotinings, and sufferings of her country -grew thick and dark around, and often she interrupted herself, in -pictures of domestic peace, to lament the fate of lost friends, and the -ghastly ruin that overwhelmed all France. Nor could she always keep calm -the tenour of her personal cares and feelings. Separated from her child -and all she loved best, hearing only of distress and tyranny, she was -sometimes overpowered by grief. In spite of the kindness of the gaoler -and his wife, she saw and heard too much of vice and misery, such as is -ever found within a prison, more especially at a period when so many -innocent were victims, not to be frequently dispirited. The brutality of -a prison visitor in authority disturbed the little peace she had -acquired. He saw with anger the comforts of her room; and, saying that -equality must be maintained, ordered that she should be transferred to a -cell. A hard lesson on equality was this to the republican heroine; -equality between the guilty and the innocent, which mingled in revolting -association the victim of injustice with the votaries of vice. - -The reign of terror had begun. A decree was passed to bring the -twenty-two accused deputies to trial. Her prison became filled with her -friends, and, as one after the other they were led to the guillotine, -they were replaced by fresh victims. She made some struggles, by letters -to men in power, to be liberated, since, as yet, she was accused of no -crime: these failing, she meditated suicide. At the beginning of October -she writes, in the journal of her last thoughts, "Two months ago I -aspired to the honour of ascending the scaffold. Victims were still -allowed to speak, and the energy of great courage might have been of -service to truth. Now all is lost: to live is basely to submit to a -ferocious rule, and to give it the opportunity of committing fresh -atrocities." She bade adieu to her husband, her child, her faithful -servant, her friends; to the sun, to the solitary country where she had -lived in peace, to hours of meditation and serene thoughts; and she -exclaims, "God! supreme being! soul of the world! source of all I feel -of great, good, and happy! thou in whose existence I believe, for I must -have emanated from something better than what I see, I am about to -re-unite myself to thy essence." With these thoughts she wrote -directions for the education of her Eudora, and a letter, in which she -bids her child "remember her mother." - -The act of accusation against the chief girondists, among whom she was -included, and her expected examination before the revolutionary -tribunal, caused her to dismiss this purpose: she hoped to do some good -by speaking the truth courageously to her assassins. One after the -other, her friends underwent the mockery of a trial, while her turn was -delayed from day to day. The tenderness, the greatness of her mind -displayed itself in the most touching manner during this suspense. She -wrote to her friends, but her thoughts chiefly lingered round her child; -and again she wrote to] the person who had the charge of her in few, and -simple, but strong words, conceived in all the energy of maternal love. - -On the 31st of October, the day of the execution of her revered friend -Brissot, she was transferred to the _conciergerie_, and placed in a -squalid cell amidst all the filth of a crowded prison. Her examination -took place on the following day, and continued for several days after. -Her crime was her intercourse with her friends, the deputies of the -gironde, now proscribed. She was scarcely permitted to answer, but her -courage enforced attention. She was bid choose an advocate for her -trial: she named Marceau, and retired with serene and even cheerful -dignity, saying to her accusers, "I wish, in return for all the ill you -bring on me, peace equal to that which I preserve, whatever may be the -value attached to it." - -The following night she occupied herself by writing her defence. It is -eloquent and full of feeling, and concludes by a wish that she may be -the last victim immolated to party frenzy, and a declaration that she -shall joyfully quit an unhappy land drowned in the blood of the just. - -This defence was not spoken. After her examination some witnesses were -examined; the act of accusation was drawn up, and judgment delivered, -which pronounced that "There existed a horrible conspiracy against the -unity and indivisibility of the republic, the liberty and safety of the -French people; that madame Roland was proved to have been an accomplice -in this conspiracy, and was therefore condemned to death; and that the -judgment was to be put in execution within twenty-four hours." - -During the few eventful and miserable days which this courageous woman -passed in the _conciergerie_, she often forgot herself in endeavours to -console her companions in adversity. Riouffe, in his "Mémoires d'un -Détenu," who was confined in the same prison, writes, "The blood of the -twenty-two victims was yet warm when madame Roland arrived at the -_conciergerie._ Perfectly aware of the fate that awaited her, her -tranquillity was not disturbed. Though past the bloom of life, she was -yet full of attractions: tall, and of an elegant figure, her physiognomy -was animated; but sorrow and long imprisonment had left traces of -melancholy in her face that tempered her natural vivacity. Something -more than is usually found in the eyes of woman beamed in her large dark -eyes, full of sweetness and expression. She often spoke to me at the -grate with the freedom and courage of a great man. This republican -language falling from the lips of a pretty French woman, for whom the -scaffold was prepared, was a miracle of the revolution. We gathered -attentively round her in a species of admiration and stupor. Her -conversation was serious without being cold. She spoke with a purity, a -melody, and a measure, which rendered her language a sort of music, of -which the ear was never tired. She spoke of the deputies, who had just -perished, with respect, but without effeminate pity; reproaching them, -even, for not having taken sufficiently strong measures. Sometimes her -sex had the mastery, and we perceived that she had wept over the -recollection of her daughter and her husband. The woman who waited on -her said to me one day--'Before you she calls up all her courage; but in -her room she remains sometimes for hours together leaning against the -window, weeping.'" - -On the 10th of November she was led to die. She went to the scaffold -dressed in white. As she went, she exerted herself to inspire another -victim who accompanied her, whose fortitude failed him, with resolution -similar to her own. Twice, it is said, she won him to smile. Arriving at -the place of execution, she bowed before the statue of Liberty, saying, -"Oh, Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!" She then bade -her companion ascend first, that he might not have the pain of seeing -her die. Her turn followed; and to the last she preserved her courage, -and her calm and gentle dignity of manner. - -She perished at the age of thirty-nine. Her death crowned her life, and -has bequeathed her name to an illustrious immortality. - -Her husband was in safety at Rouen when he heard of her death. He -resolved not to survive her. He consulted with his friends whether he -should deliver himself up to the revolutionary tribunal, or destroy -himself. The interests of his child made him determine on the latter, as -his legalised execution would have caused his fortune to be confiscated. -He left the house where he had taken refuge, to prevent the friends who -sheltered him from suffering persecution. He stabbed himself with the -blade of a sword-stick, on the 15th of November, on a high road near -Rouen. In his pocket was found a paper, declaring the cause of his -death. "The blood that flows in torrents in my country," he wrote, -"dictates my resolve: indignation caused me to quit my retreat. As soon -as I heard of the murder of my wife, I determined no longer to remain on -an earth tainted by crime." - -The grandeur, courage, and sincerity of madame Roland's character fill -us with admiration; her sweetness, and tenderness, and virtue add charms -to the impression. How easy it is in all that is human to spy defects! -Her autobiography is full of traits that betray considerable vanity; and -her husband, it is said, would have been spared much ridicule had she -not put herself so forward during his ministry. It does not appear, -however, that Roland wished to be spared his share of the ridicule which -low-minded men delight in affixing on superior beings of the other sex. -We entertain a conviction that, if her husband had wished her to mingle -less in his deliberations and labours, she would at once have yielded; -but her enthusiasm and her aid was in his eyes the reward of his upright -and manly conduct, and he gave token by his death that life was -valueless when he was deprived of her sympathy and affection. - - - - -MADAME DE STAËL - -1766-1817. - - -According to the custom of the people of Geneva, which is to throw their -children on their own resources very early in life, the parents of -Necker sent him to Paris at the age of fifteen, as clerk in the -banking-house of Vernet. He quickly displayed talents for business, and, -becoming a partner in the house of Thellusson, laid the foundation of his -fortune. He quitted the bank, as better speculations opened, when he was -named resident for the republic of Geneva at the French court. The duke -de Choiseul liked and advanced him. He named him administrator of the -French East Indian company; and at this post, and by speculations in the -English funds, he made a large private fortune. - -His early years were devoted to these pursuits, and he was so absorbed -by them that he enjoyed few of the pleasures of youth. He, meanwhile, -acquired both experience and knowledge in finance. Wishing to bring -himself into notice, he wrote the "Eloge de Colbert" in 1773, which -gained the prize in the French academy. His essay on the corn laws -increased his reputation. Maurepas consulted him when alarmed by the -disastrous state of the finances; and, by degrees, all eyes turned -towards him as the man who alone could save France from bankruptcy, -through his knowledge of business, and the great resources which his -plans opened in the regulation of the taxation and expenditure of the -country. As difficulty, distress, and alarm gathered thick and dark -round the government, and the expectation of a war rendered it necessary -to supply the requisite expenses, the hopes placed in Necker caused him, -in 1777, to be raised to the office of director-general. - -Soon after his appointment as minister from the republic of Geneva, he -had married mademoiselle Churchod. The name of this lady is familiar to -the English reader as being that of the object of the first and only -love of the historian Gibbon. On the mother's side she was descended -from a high French protestant family of Provence, which had been driven -into exile by the edict of Nantes. Her father was a clergyman, and -exercised the function of minister in a Swiss village. He had spared no -pains in the education of his daughter. She was versed in several dead -and living languages; her understanding was sedulously cultivated, and -her beauty and amiable disposition combined to render her an -extraordinary woman. She was devotedly attached to her husband, and he -regarded her with a mixture of admiration, reverence, and love. The -object of her life was to make him happy. She gathered the beaux esprits -of Paris round their table to divert him after the fatigues of the day. -Their house became the resort of the best society. They were considered -exemplary and clever, yet dull and pedantic. The talents of Necker, -however, were respected; and madame Necker, though she was adorned by -none of the light and trifling, yet winning and elegant, manners and -conversation of a Parisian lady, yet pleased by her beauty, and a -certain ingenuousness and purity of mind, that gave sweetness to her -countenance and a native grace to her manners. - -This exemplary pair had an only daughter. She was born in Paris on the -22d April, 1766. Her mother was desirous of bestowing on her a perfect -education. Madame Necker possessed great firmness of character, and a -strong understanding. She submitted every feeling and action of her life -to the control of reason. She carried her love of logical inference into -the smallest as well as the most important events of life; and fulfilled -to the letter every the slightest duty of daily and hourly occurrence. -Finding her young daughter apt and willing to learn, she thought she -could not teach her too much, nor store her mind with too many facts and -words. This was not done as an English mother would have practised in -the seclusion of the schoolroom, but in the midst of society, in which -the young lady soon learnt to shine by her eloquent sallies and -vivacious spirits. We have a sketch of what mademoiselle Necker was at -eleven years of age, which presents a singular picture of the diversity -of the objects and modes of education on the continent from our quiet -and reserved notions of what is becoming in childhood. Madame Necker was -desirous of establishing a friendship between her daughter and a -mademoiselle Huber, the child of an old friend of the family. The young -people were introduced to each other, and mademoiselle Necker showed -transports of delight at the idea of having a companion, and promised -her, on the instant, to love her for ever. "She spoke," mademoiselle -Huber writes, "with a warmth and facility which were already eloquence, -and which made a great impression on me. We did not play like children. -She immediately asked me what my lessons were, if I knew any foreign -languages, and if I went often to the play. When I said I had only been -three or four times, she exclaimed, and promised that we should often go -together, and when we came home write down an account of the piece. It -was her habit, she said; and, in short, we were to write to each other -every day. - -"We entered the drawing-room. Near the arm-chair of madame Necker was -the stool of her daughter, who was obliged to sit very upright. As soon -as she had taken her accustomed place, three or four old gentlemen came -up and spoke to her with the utmost kindness. One of them, in a little -round wig, took her hands in his, held them a long time, and entered -into conversation with her as if she had been twenty. This was the abbé -Raynal; the others were Messrs. Thomas, Marmontel, the marquis de Pesay, -and the baron de Grimm. We sat down to table. It was a picture to see -how mademoiselle Necker listened. She did not speak herself; but so -animated was her face that she appeared to converse with all. Her eyes -followed the looks and movements of those who talked: it seemed as if -she guessed their ideas before they were expressed. She entered into -every subject; even politics, which at this epoch was one of the most -engrossing topics of conversation. After dinner, a good deal of company -arrived. Each guest, as he approached madame Necker, addressed her -daughter with some compliment or pleasantry: she replied to all with -ease and grace. They delighted to attack and embarrass her, and to -excite her childish imagination, which was already brilliant. The -cleverest men were those who took greatest pleasure in making her talk. -They asked her what she was reading, recommended new books, and gave her -a taste for study by conversing concerning what she knew, or on what she -was ignorant." - -Thus this extraordinary woman imbibed, as it were with her mother's -milk, a taste for society and display. She learnt to take intense -pleasure in the communication of ideas with intelligent men, and in -sharing in the sparkling wit that gathered round her. She enjoyed the -excitement of spirits that results from the sense of expressing her -thoughts, and at the same time having the sphere enlarged by the instant -interchange with others. The sensations of success in society, of praise -and reputation, were familiar to her in childhood, and no wonder they -became as necessary as her daily bread in after years. - -It was her mother's plan to tax her intellects to their height. She was -incited to study diligently, to listen to conversation on subjects -beyond her years, to frequent the theatre; her pleasures and occupations -alike were so many exertions of mind. She wrote a great deal. Her -writings were read in society, and applauded. The praises she received -developed also the feelings of her heart. She passionately loved her -parents and her friends; she read with an enthusiasm and interest that -made books a portion of her existence. She was accustomed to say, that -the fate of Clarissa Harlowe was one of the events of her youth. -Susceptible of impression, serious in the midst of her vivacity, she -rather loved what made her weep rather than laugh. - -The species of perpetual excitement in which she lived, and the -excessive application and attention required of her by her mother, had -at length a bad effect on her health. At the age of fourteen it became -apparent that she was declining. The advice of Tronchin was asked; he -was alarmed by the symptoms, and ordered her to be removed into the -country, to spend her life in the open air, and to abandon all serious -study. Madame Necker was deeply mortified. She saw all the materials for -a prodigy of learning and knowledge in her daughter, and was almost -angry that her frame was injured by the work she required from her to -bring her to the perfection she meditated. Unable to continue to its -height her system of education, she abandoned it altogether. Henceforth -no longer looking on her as her own work, she ceased to take interest in -her talents, which she regarded as superficial and slight; when she -heard her praised, she replied, "Oh! it is nothing, absolutely nothing, -in comparison to what I intended to make her." - -The young lady meanwhile enjoyed the leisure she obtained: no longer -called upon to store her mind with words and facts, she gave herself up -to her imagination. She and her friend passed the summer at St. Ouen, a -country-house of Necker, two leagues from Paris; they dressed themselves -like muses; they composed poetry, and declaimed it; they wrote and acted -plays. Giving the rein to her fancy, and impelled by natural vivacity, -she became poetess, tragedian, actress, thus, almost in childhood. The -carelessness that her mother showed, after her disappointment with -regard to her education, had the effect of developing in the young girl -the chief passion of her heart--filial affection towards her father: she -had now leisure to seek his society; and his great goodness, his -admiration of herself, and the perfect friendship and openness of -communication that subsisted between them, gave rise to the passionate -attachment towards him which she dwells upon in her writings with so -much fervour. She seized every opportunity of enjoying his society; and -he perceived and delighted in her talents, which displayed themselves -with peculiar advantage when with him. She saw that, overwhelmed as he -was by public cares and engrossing business, he needed to be amused in -his moments of leisure. He adored his wife, but no one was ever less -amusing; his daughter, on the other hand, exerted herself to divert him: -she tried a thousand ways and risked any sally or pleasantry so to win -him to smile, and smiles quickly came at her bidding. He was not -prodigal of his approbation; his eyes were more flattering than his -words; and he believed it to be more necessary and even more amusing to -rally her for her defects, than to praise her for her excellences. She -saw that his gay reproofs were just, and modelled herself by them. She -often said to her friends, "I owe to the inconceivable penetration of my -father the frankness of my character and the sincerity of my mind: he -unmasked every affectation or pretension, and when near him I got into -the habit of thinking that every feeling of my heart could be read." -Madame Necker grew a little jealous of the superior power her daughter -possessed of amusing her husband; besides, although she had ardently -wished her to shine in society, yet she had desired her to be remarkable -for her attainments and knowledge, not for her wit and imagination. She -looked coldly therefore on the admiration she excited, and even -protested against it. The young girl turned from her chilling and prim -rebuffs to the encouragement she found in her father's sympathy and -gladdening smiles. In the drawing-room she escaped from the side of -Madame Necker, who regarded the mistakes which her giddiness and -vivacity caused her to make with severe and correcting eyes. She -listened with respect when reproved, but gladly sheltered herself behind -her father's chair; at first silently, then throwing in a word, till at -last, one after the other, the cleverest men in the room gathered round -to listen to her sallies and to be charmed by her eloquence. - -The position that her parents held was exceedingly calculated to enchain -the affections and raise the enthusiasm of the ardent girl. Her father -was looked up to as the man whose exertions and talents were saving -France. When named director-general of finances, he had refused the -salary appended to the situation, that he might feel more free to -diminish that of others, and benefit France by his economy with a -clearer reputation. Her mother used his power for the most admirable -purposes. She ameliorated the condition of the hospitals in the capital; -and established near Paris, at her own expense, a charitable -institution, so well directed that it became the model of every other. -The young are apt to think their parents superior to the rest of the -world. The claims which M. and Madame Necker possessed to real -superiority, from their virtues and talents, naturally added to the -warmth of their daughter's affection. The distinction in which they were -held made the path of her life bright; and even the first check that -occurred in her father's career tended to excite still more her -admiration for him, as opposition gives form and strength to every power -exerted to overcome it. Necker was too conscientious and too firm in his -schemes of reform not to have enemies: he was too vain also not to -desire to have his plans universally known and approved. Publicity is -indeed the proper aim of every honest public man; but it was in utter -variance with the policy of the old French government. -[Sidenote: 1781. -Ætat. -15.] -For the purpose of making his system known to the nation, Necker -published his "Compte Rendu," which was a statement of the past and -present condition of the finances, addressed to the king. It occasioned -a great clamour. His daughter read his pamphlet, and heard the -discussions concerning it. She addressed an anonymous letter to her -father on the subject: he recognised the style; and his affection was -increased by this testimony of her talents and filial affection. The -"Compte Rendu," however, increased the number and importance of his -enemies; the impropriety of the act was urged upon the king: Maurepas -had already become hostile to him. Necker was attacked and calumniated. -He, and his wife still more, were very susceptible to public blame: they -wished to silence the libellers, who grew the more bitter and active the -more they perceived that their stings were felt. Necker then demanded a -sign of favour from the king, necessary, he thought, for the support of -his influence: he asked for the _entrée au conseil_ (a seat in the -cabinet), which was refused on the score of his being a protestant. On -this he committed an act which he ever after regretted, an act that -showed that he preferred his own private feelings to the good of the -country which he had promised to save,--he resigned his office. - -His daughter gathered pleasure rather than mortification from his -resignation. It was acknowledged that by so doing he had plunged the -royal family in distress. He had repaired, on the first moment of his -returning to a private station, to St. Ouen: all France, as she calls -it--that is, all the nobility and all the best society of the capital, -the magistrates, the clergy, the merchants and men of letters--came to -see him, to express their regrets, their fears for France, their hopes -that he would return to office. She heard that Paris was in commotion. -At the theatre, every verse in the play of the night ("Henri IV." was -acted, and the mention of Sully afforded wide scope) that could be -converted into an allusion to the favourite minister was applauded with -acclamations; the public walks, the _cafés_, every public place, were -filled by an eager yet silent crowd. Consternation was painted on every -face--ruin was anticipated for the country which Necker had abandoned. -From St. Ouen the ex-minister proceeded to Switzerland. He bought the -mansion and estate of Coppet; on the lake of Geneva, and varied his -residence between that place and visits to Paris. He was addressed by -various sovereigns--Catherine II., Joseph, emperor of Austria, and the -king of Naples, to undertake their affairs as minister of finance; but -he preferred literary leisure and domestic peace, with a wife whom he -adored, and a daughter who was becoming each day dearer and more -interesting. - -In the retreat at Coppet he published a work on finance, of which 80,000 -copies were sold in one day. Mdlle. Necker shared the triumph; she was -his companion, his friend. On her part she was not idle; and, even at an -early age, began the career of authorship in which in after life she -became so distinguished. It was the custom in French society to meet to -hear an author read his productions. In this country, such a style of -amusement would be considered very dull and tiresome; but it was -otherwise in Paris. The audience was easily pleased. The women wept at -the right moment--the men were ready to start from their chairs: -enthusiasm became contagious. If the subject were pathetic, the room -resounded with sobs and suppressed cries; if comic, with bursts of -laughter. Mediocre authors reaped easy but animating success; and many -works, like the "Saisons" of St. Lambert, were vaunted to the skies by -listening friends, which were acknowledged to be poor and wearisome when -published. In the same way, the plays and tales of Mdlle. Necker were -read by her in numerous companies. These productions were afterwards -printed, and possess slight merit. The plays are flat, and what in -common parlance is called maudlin; the tales inflated, and without -originality: when read in society, they were applauded with transport. -It cannot be doubted that this sort of encouragement must rouse to its -height the power of an author of real genius. In this country, writers -receive little praise except that which results from the number of -copies that are sold; and must rely entirely on the spirit of -inspiration to carry them through the toils of authorship. How seldom, -how very seldom, does an English author hear one word of real sympathy -or admiration! Over reserve, over fear of compromising our opinions, and -being laughed at for being in the wrong, holds us in. Madame de Staël, -animated by the fervour of her French friends, believed in her own -genius, even before it was developed; and self-confidence gave it a -strength of wing that enabled her to soar to the extreme height that her -abilities permitted. - -The were stirring days in which she lived. Calonne succeeded to Necker -as minister, and, having thrown every thing into confusion, was obliged -to yield his place; he was succeeded by Fouquereux and Villedeuil, men -of nothing, who abandoned the state of finances as hopeless. Lomenie de -Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, replaced them; and he caused the king -to engage to assemble the states-general, and plunged the finances in a -worse state than ever. Necker looked on with anxiety, partly for France, -and partly for himself; for he felt sure that he would be summoned to -save the country at the last gasp, and trembled to lose his reputation -if called in too late. "Why have they not given me the archbishop's -fifteen months?" he exclaimed, when at the end of that time he was -called in to repair Brienne's faults. Calonne had attacked his "Compte -Rendu." He wrote a memoir, addressed and sent to the king, to defend -himself, which the king requested him not to publish. But Necker laid -great store by the public voice, and did not hesitate to act in -opposition to the king's wish, and, in consequence, was exiled by a -_lettre de cachet_ to forty leagues from Paris; but four months after he -was recalled and named minister. - -[Sidenote: 1788. -Ætat. -22.] - -We dwell upon these circumstances of Necker's life, as they were the -events that chiefly interested his daughter. She had been struck with -dismay at the moment of his exile. She was married at this time; but it -is a singular circumstance that in her life her marriage is a very -secondary event, and her husband's name seldom mentioned. As the only -daughter of a millionaire, Mdlle. Necker's hand had been asked by many -French nobles; but it was determined not to marry her to a Catholic, at -the same time that she and her parents were anxious to make a marriage -that should enable her to reside in France, and to appear at court. It -is told of the childhood of madame de Staël, that, at the age of -eleven, she offered to marry Gibbon. He being a favourite friend of her -parents, she hoped to please them by giving them a son-in-law of whom -they were fond, with little regard to his strange repulsive figure and -ugly face. And now she thought of station and convenience, and not at -all of finding a friend or companion--far less a lover--in her husband. -The baron de Staël Holstein, chamberlain to the queen of Sweden, had -resided in Paris for some years, first as counsellor to the Swedish -embassy, and afterwards as ambassador. He frequented the society of the -French liberals, was a friend of Necker, and entered the lists of his -daughter's admirers. He was a protestant and a noble, and he was also an -amiable honourable man. The only objection to the union was the -likelihood of his being recalled to his own country. The king of Sweden, -Gustavus III., with whom he was a favourite, favoured the match, and -promised that he should continue for several years to be ambassador at -the French court. In addition, M. de Staël promised never to take her -to Sweden without her own consent. On these considerations the marriage -took place in the year 1786, when she was just twenty. Madame de Staël -appeared at court. It is related that, desirous as she had been of -acquiring this privilege, yet Parisian society was ill-naturedly amused -by the numerous mistakes in etiquette which the young ambassadress had -made on her presentation. She gaily related them herself, so to disarm -her enemies. At this time, also, she appeared as an authoress in print, -publishing her letters on the writings of Rousseau. We find in this work -all the traits that distinguished madame de Staël's writings to the -end,--great enthusiasm and eloquence, a pleasure in divining the -mysteries of existence, and dwelling on the melancholy that attends -it,--considerable power of expressing her thoughts, and much beauty and -delicacy in the thoughts themselves, but an absence of strength and of -the highest elevation both of talent and moral feeling. - -We have a "portrait" of madame de Staël at this epoch, such as it was -the fashion for friends to write of friends in Paris at that time. It is -a favourable description, yet marked by distinctive features and -characteristic touches. "Zulma advances; her large dark eyes sparkle -with genius; her hair, black as ebony, falls on her shoulders in waving -ringlets; her features are more marked than delicate, yet they express -something superior to the destiny of her sex. There she is! every one -cried, when she appeared, and all became breathless. When she sang, she -extemporised the words of her song; the celestial brightness of -composition animated her face, and held the audience in serious -attention; at once astonished and delighted, we knew not which most to -admire, her facility or perfection. When her music ceased, she talked of -the great truths of nature, the immortality of the soul,--love of -liberty--of the fascination and the danger of the passions; her features -meanwhile have an expression superior to beauty, her physiognomy is full -of play and variety, the accents of her voice have a thousand -modulations, and there is perfect harmony between her thoughts and their -expression. Without hearing her words, the inflections of her tones, her -gestures, her look, cause her meaning to be understood. When she ceased, -a murmur of approbation ran round the room; she looked down modestly, -her long eyelashes covered her flashing eyes, and the sun was clouded -over." There were many people in Paris, who, of course, were willing to -turn the pretensions of the young and brilliant improvisatrice into -ridicule; but though her want of beauty, her heedlessness, which often -led her into mistakes, her vivacity, which over-stept the mark of -feminine grace, opened a field for sarcasm, no one could listen to her -in public without admiration, no one could associate with her in private -without love. She stept, as on to a stage, in the first brilliancy of -youth, to be admired and to enjoy; but public events were swelling and -disturbing the stream of time, and it became a tempestuous flood, that -wrecked her dearest hopes, and consigned her at last to that domestic -retirement and peace, for which her outset in life had not formed her, -and which, instead of being a haven of rest and enjoyment, was as a dead -sea on which she weltered in misery and despair. - -Necker was restored to the ministry in August, 1788; public credit -revived under favour of his name, and famine and alarm were exchanged -for plenty and security. He found the king pledged to assemble the -states-general, and he did not hesitate in advising him to redeem his -word; yet he met the questions and difficulties that arose with regard -to the details of the measure with an irresolution that showed that, -however clever he might be in matters of finance, he was ill fitted for -weightier questions of general politics. - -The convocation of the states excited the national enthusiasm to its -height; and Necker, giving the weight of his influence to the liberal -party, augmented his own popularity. He admired greatly the English -constitution, and wished it to be imitated in France. Madame de Staël -coincided in his views, and viewed the assemblage of the different -orders with sentiments resembling rapture. According to her views, the -horrors of approaching famine and the perils of bankruptcy were to be -averted by this measure, and the future welfare of France, individual -liberty, and national prosperity, were to be placed on durable -foundations. The first struggles of the _tiers état_ with the king and -privileged orders excited her sympathy. Yet her father wished to act a -moderate part, while even his moderation seemed treason to the blinded -royalists. He thus incurred the distrust of both parties. Though -minister, he was not permitted to direct the counsels of the king; and, -at the same time, by only partially upholding the pretensions of the -commons, he began to excite the mixed contempt and aversion of the more -democratic leaders. During the struggle of the _tiers état_ to obtain a -voice in the direction of affairs, he advised the king to meet their -demands half way; but the court resolved to crush them altogether, and -so fell itself into the pit. Necker saw with terror the purpose of the -king in collecting troops round the capital to overawe both the -Parisians and the deputies, and his remonstrances showed that he would -be no party in the scenes of massacre that must ensue. He offered -several times to resign; but the court party felt that it risked too -much in the odium which his dismissal would excite. Driven on, however, -by evil counsellors, who saw no good to arise in the constitutional -liberty of their country, and weighed the blood of their countrymen as -nothing in the opposite scale to their power and privileges, the king -assembled troops, and the moment drew near when the people and their -representatives were to feel the power of the bayonet, and to be reduced -to obedience under the bolts of the artillery. The temporising spirit of -Necker was more hated by the royal than the popular party, since the -former saw injury, and the latter benefit, in any the least infraction -of the old state of things. But the king well knew that Necker would -never consent to the measures which he had in view, and that, before the -military were called on to destroy his subjects, it was necessary to -remove a minister round whom the popular party would rally with -confidence. Necker continued to attend the king each day, but no affair -of importance was discussed before him. This silence filled him with -disquiet; he expected to be arrested, and communicated his suspicion to -his wife and daughter. Madame de Staël wished him to go a step -further in enouncing his opinions, and so to confirm the popular favour; -but Necker considered his obligations as servant to the king as -paramount. On the 11th of July, as he was about to sit down to dinner, -he received a letter from Louis XVI., ordering him to send in his -resignation, and to quit France without exciting observation. _Sans -bruit_ were the words that signified the fears of the court that his -dismissal should become the signal of popular commotion. Necker obeyed -to the letter and the spirit of the command. No one person was informed. -He and his wife stept into the carriage prepared for their usual evening -airing, and, without change of dress or attendant, travelled day and -night till they reached Brussels. On the morning of the 12th of July -madame de Staël received a letter from her father, announcing his -departure, and bidding her retire into the country, lest the Parisians, -for his sake, should pay her public homage. She obeyed, and, a new -courier having brought her intelligence of his route, she set out on the -15th July to join him. "When I reached them," madame de Staël writes, -"three days after, they still wore the full dress which they had on -when, after a large dinner party, and while no one suspected the -agitating position in which they were placed, they silently quitted -France, their friends, their home, and the power which they enjoyed. -This dress, covered with dust, the name assumed by my father for the -sake of avoiding recognition in France, and so detention through the -favour in which he was still held,--all these circumstances filled me -with feelings of reverence that caused me to throw myself at his feet as -I entered the room of the inn where I found him." Necker had chosen -Brussels as his way to Switzerland, as not being the direct road, and so -less likely to betray him to the population. To this mark of obedience -to the king, he added a testimony of love for France, which, in the days -of mammon, was an act of heroism in a moneyed man. Necker had borrowed -two millions of livres for the royal treasury, for the purpose of -purchasing corn for starving Paris. He had secured this loan on his -private fortune. The transaction was not completed when he was -dismissed; and he feared that the news of his exile would retard the -supply. He wrote, therefore, to confirm his guarantee. These -circumstances find place in the biography of madame de Staël, because, -the ruling passion of her heart being love and veneration of her father, -we mark the acts that naturally, by their virtue, excited to their -height her filial feelings. - -True to his resolve of avoiding his partizans in France, Necker -proceeded to Basle through Germany. He was accompanied by M. de Staël. -His wife and daughter followed more slowly by a different route. At -Frankfort, the latter were overtaken by the king's courier that recalled -Necker for the third time to the ministry. The commotions in Paris, the -destruction of the Bastille, frightened the court into submission to the -people. The recall of Necker was a necessary mark of acquiescence in the -wishes of the nation. At Basle the family met together, and Necker -resolved to return. He was not dazzled by his triumph; he felt the -perils he was about to encounter. He wished to serve France as a -constitutional minister, but he apprehended a further system of -innovation; and he felt he should lose the favour of the people by -opposing it, as he had lost the king's by refusing to support his -arbitrary measures. He felt, as Burke afterwards expressed it, that he -was recalled, like Pompey, for his misfortune; and, like Marius, that he -sat among ruins; but he thought that his return at the present crisis -would be serviceable to the sovereign and his adherents, and he resolved -on it at once. "What a moment of happiness, notwithstanding," Madame de -Staël writes, "was our journey from Basle to Paris, when my father -decided to return! I do not think that the like ever occurred to any man -who was not sovereign of the country. The French nation, ever so -animated in the demonstration of its sentiments, gave itself up, for the -first time, to hopes, the boundaries of which experience had not yet -taught them. Liberty was then only known to the enlightened classes by -the noble emotions with which it was associated; and, to the people, by -ideas analogous to their necessities and sufferings. Necker appeared as -the precursor of the expected good. The liveliest acclamations -accompanied every step: the women threw themselves on their knees afar -off in the fields when they saw his carriage pass: the first citizens of -the different places we traversed acted as postilions; and in the towns -the inhabitants took off the horses to drag the carriage themselves. It -was I that enjoyed for him--I was carried away by delight, and must not -feel ungrateful for those happy days, however sad were the ones that -followed." Various circumstances occurred to display to the returning -exiles the overthrow of the royalists and the triumph of the people. -Madame de Polignac had already arrived at Basle, on her way to -emigration. At ten leagues from Paris, they heard of the arrest of the -baron de Besenval, who was being led back prisoner to the capital, where -he would infallibly have been massacred in the streets. Necker -interfered to keep him where he was till further orders. He, as his -first act, went to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, to obtain the pardon -of M. de Besenval, and a universal amnesty. He was followed and welcomed -by joyful acclamations; delight at his restoration to power calmed, for -the moment, all party spirit, all political hatred; the assembled people -granted all he asked with transport. Madame de Staël and her mother -accompanied him. "Oh! nothing," she writes, "can equal the emotion that -a woman feels when she has the happiness of hearing the name of one -beloved repeated by a whole people. All those faces, which appear for -the time animated by the same sentiment as one's self; those innumerable -voices, which echo to the heart the name that rises in the air, and -which appears to return from heaven after having received the homage of -earth; the inconceivable electricity which men communicate to each other -when they share the same emotions; all those mysteries of nature and -social feeling are added to the greatest mystery of all--love--filial or -maternal, but still love; and the soul sinks under emotions stronger -than itself. When I came to myself, I felt that I had reached the -extreme boundary of happiness." - -She had reached it, and the recoil soon came. The popular party, each -hour rising in power, disdained the half measures and weak concessions -of the minister:--from that hour, in spite of his feeble, though -virtuous, endeavours to restrain popular violence, and, at the same -time, to supply the wants of the people, and mitigate their sufferings -by great and unwearied exertions and personal sacrifices, the popularity -of Necker declined. His propositions were weak and inconsistent; the -king had no confidence in him; the people withdrew their favour. His -daughter could not perceive that his want of energy, and total -incapacity to cope with the necessities of the times, were the occasion -of this change; she saw only ingratitude, perversity, and ignorance. Her -father still continued, in her eyes, the first of men; when he triumphed -he was a hero, when he fell he was a martyr. - -Madame de Staël witnessed nearly all the more deplorable events of the -revolution. On the 5th October, when she heard of the march of the -people to Versailles to bring the king and queen to Paris, she hastened -to join her parents, who were in attendance at court. When she arrived, -Necker hastened to the castle to join the council, and madame Necker and -her daughter repaired to the hall preceding the one where the king -remained, that they might share Necker's fate. The tumult, the -inquietude, the various projects, and the trembling expectation of the -hour agitated all, and augmented as night approached. A noble arrived -from Paris with the latest news. He appeared in the royal presence in a -common dress. It was the first time that any man had entered the king's -apartment, except in court dress. His recital of the furious armed -multitude, which was gathering and approaching, increased the general -terror. On the morrow the storm burst. Murder assailed the gates of the -palace, and the royal personages, for the first time, were attacked by -those outrages, at once sanguinary and insulting, which, thus beginning, -never stayed till their destruction was accomplished. - -Madame de Staël was present during the whole scene. She stood near when -the crowd forced the queen to appear before them, and when at their -demand the royal family were carried to Paris. Such scenes could never -be forgotten. When the king and queen set off to the capital, the family -of Necker repaired by another route. "We crossed," madame de Staël -writes, "the Bois de Boulogne; the weather was beautiful, the breeze -scarcely stirred the trees, and the sun was bright enough to dispel alt -gloom from the scenery. No exterior object replied to our sadness." When -they arrived at the Tuileries, the Parisian palace of the kings of -France, which had not been inhabited for many years, they found that the -beds of the royal children were put up in the room where the queen -received them; Marie Antoinette apologised. "You know," she said, "that -I did not expect to come here." Her beautiful face expressed anger as -she spoke; and madame de Staël must have felt that her father, as -popular minister, and herself, as a lover of liberty, were included in -the sentiments of resentment which filled the queen's heart. - -[Sidenote: 1790. -Sept. -8.] - -The resignation and departure of Necker, some months after, was a -circumstance full of mortification for his daughter. He traversed the -France which had hailed him with such transport on his return from -Basle, and found himself surrounded by enemies. Execrations followed his -steps, and he was arrested at Arcis-sur-Aube, and obliged to wait for a -decree, of the national assembly before he was suffered to proceed; his -name was held in detestation--his acts reviled. He did not deserve -this; for, though weak as a politician, his acts were those of an -honourable and generous man. The immediate cause of his resignation of -office was the issue of the assignats, which he looked on as the ruin of -the public credit; yet he left 2,000,000 of francs, the half of his -fortune, in the funds, to run a risk of loss, which he himself deemed, -as indeed it proved, inevitable. He retired to Coppet, while his -daughter was detained in Paris by illness. -[Sidenote: 1791. -Ætat. -25.] -She continued to remain there, and, according to French manners, mingled -deeply in various political intrigues. Her friend M. de Narbonne was -named minister of war, and many of his projects were discussed in her -drawing-room. She shared in the project set afoot by Lafayette, of -facilitating the escape of the king to the army at Metz. Narbonne, at -the head of the royal guard, and several thousand national guards -belonging to the department of Jura, were to carry off Louis by force -from the Tuileries. Talleyrand was informed of the plan, and approved, -but the king rejected it; he was averse to any project that needed the -co-operation of Lafayette, whom he hated. Soon after Narbonne was -dismissed, and the nomination of Dumouriez and Roland placed the power -in the hands of the girondists. - -[Sidenote: 1792. -Ætat. -26.] - -Madame de Staël was in Paris during the fatal August that decided the -fate of the French monarchy. On the 9th of that month she stood at her -window with some friends, and heard the forty-eight tocsins of Paris -sound the alarm, which continued all night their monotonous, frequent, -and lugubrious tolling. The volunteer patrole sent her intelligence of -all that passed, but no one knew what the morrow would bring forth. The -attack on the Tuileries began early in the morning; madame de Staël was -told that three of her friends, who guarded the outside of the palace, -had been seized and massacred. She instantly, with all the intrepidity -of a French woman, hurried out to learn the truth. Her carriage was -stopped on the bridge. She was told that the work of slaughter was going -on the other side. Still she persisted, and, after a delay of two -hours, crossed the bridge, and learnt that her friends were alive, and -hiding from the enraged multitude. In the evening she went to see them -in the obscure houses in which they had taken refuge; drunken men were -lying about on the steps of doors, who roused themselves only to -vociferate oaths and execrations. Many women were in the same state; -their howlings were still more frightful. She fled when the patrole -approached; for they maintained order by protecting the assassins, and -assisting them in the work of murder. The interval between the 10th of -August and the 2d of September was one of horror; arrests were frequent, -and it became known that the massacre of the prisoners was meditated. -The outlawed friends of madame de Staël went from house to house as -danger menaced; she received two in her own, hoping that, though her -husband was absent, the name she bore, of Swedish ambassadress, would -protect her from a domiciliary visit. She was mistaken; the -commissioners of police, men named from among the lowest class, -accompanied by the soldiery, who guarded the outlets of the house to -prevent escape, demanded to search. She resolved to dispute their right, -as the only means of saving her friends. She talked to the men; told -them that the laws of nations declared an ambassador's house inviolable, -and assured them that Sweden was a country on the frontiers of France, -and that it would declare war at once if its ambassadress were insulted. -She perceived that her arguments made some impression; and, while her -heart sank within her, she roused herself to joke them on the folly of -their suspicions, and dismissed them with every appearance of politeness -and gaiety. - -She had already prepared to leave France, and obtained passports. She -delayed a few days, anxious to be re-assured with regard to her friends, -before she placed herself in safety. During this interval she exerted -herself to save M. de Lally-Tollendal, and succeeded, by applying to -Manuel, a member of the commune of Paris: he who published Mirabeau's -letters, written in the prison of Vincennes, and who, six months -afterwards, during the reign of terror, died on the scaffold. On the 2d -of September, when the news of the taking of Longwy and Verdun had -roused the ferocity of the Parisians to the utmost, and those massacres -of helpless prisoners began which remain a perpetual sanguinary stain on -the French character, she prepared to set out. Her passports were all -regular; and, fancying that the title of wife of a foreign ambassador -would be her safeguard, she set out in her carriage, drawn by six -horses, and her servants in full livery. Her calculations failed; -scarcely had her carriage advanced a few steps when it was surrounded by -a crowd of furious women, who seized the horses, and, with ferocious -cries, ordered the postilions to drive to the assembly of the section of -St. Germain, to which she belonged. She entered the chamber of the -assembly, which was in full deliberation, and by it she was ordered to -proceed to the Hôtel de Ville. To reach this latter place she was -obliged to traverse Paris; and on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville -several men had been assassinated on the 10th of August. She trembled to -obey, and yet had no resource. She was three hours on her way, as she -was slowly drawn through a crowd who threatened death with hideous -shouts and unremitting cries. She addressed several gendarmes who passed -near, asking protection; they replied by disdainful and menacing -gestures. At length, one gendarme, who had been put in the carriage with -her, was touched by her situation (she was with child), and promised to -defend her at the peril of his life. She alighted from the carriage at -the Hôtel de Ville, in the midst of an armed multitude, and advanced -under an avenue of pikes. As she went up the steps a man pointed one -against her; the gendarme protected her with his sabre, and she reached -the chamber of the commune, where Robespierre presided. Collet d'Herbois -and Billaud Varennes acted as his secretaries. The hall was full of -people--men, women, and children, shouting _Vive la nation!_ She was -taken to the raised platform where the president sat, and told to sit -down. While she was representing her right, as ambassadress from Sweden, -to depart, Manuel, whom she had persuaded to liberate Lally-Tollendal, -entered: he was astonished to see her in such a miserable position, and, -answering for her, withdrew her from the dreadful hall, and shut her up -in his cabinet with her maid. They remained for six hours, oppressed by -hunger, thirst, and terror. The windows of the room looked on the Place -de Grève, and assassins passed from the prisons, their arms bare and -covered with blood, uttering horrible shouts. Her carriage remained in -the square. The crowd wished to pillage it: it was defended by Santerre. -He respected the daughter of Necker, whose exertions to victual Paris -during the scarcity he had witnessed; and besides he made this task his -pretext for not doing his duty in protecting the prisoners. He boasted -to Madame de Staël of the service he rendered her; but she could not -help reminding him of the manner in which he ought to have been -employed. Manuel exclaimed, as he entered, "Ah! how glad I am I set your -two friends at liberty yesterday!" When night came on he conveyed her -home in his carriage. The lamps were not lighted in the streets, but men -passed with torches, whose flare occasioned more terror than darkness -itself. The following day she was allowed to depart with her maid only, -and a gendarme to conduct her as far as the frontier, so to make sure -that she should take with her none of the unfortunate outlaws doomed to -death. Tallien conducted her to the barrier. After some difficulties it -was passed. "Leaving the capital," she writes, "the tempestuous waves -grew calmer, and the mountains of Jura gave no token of the frightful -tumults of which Paris was the theatre." And there she found calm refuge -beneath her father's roof. Such were the scenes that awaited the early -womanhood of madame de Staël:--the sight of every cruel and horrible -passion in action in others,--pity, fear, and generous self-devotion -excited to their height in her own heart,--harrowing grief, when those -whom she loved were butchered,--throbs of transport, when she felt that -she had secured their safety. Had she been of a concentrated -disposition, such scenes and emotions must have given sublimity to her -character. As it was, it confirmed the active generosity and warm -benevolence of her disposition; it gave animation to her expression of -every sad and heart-moving feeling; while to her credit it must be said, -that, even in the midst of such iniquitous and cruel scenes, she -gathered no misanthropy, no gall, no hatred, and no revenge. - -She paid at this period a short visit to England, and then returning to -Geneva, found personal safety and peace with her parents at Coppet; but -the political events passing in France, and the horrors of the reign of -terror, spread darkness and dismay even to Switzerland. Her father -published a pamphlet, the object of which was to save Louis XVI.; and -she wrote an eloquent appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette. Soon even -the impression made by the fate of these illustrious victims was almost -lost in that of the death of added thousands immolated by Robespierre. -Madame de Staël by turns feared for the lives and deplored the death of -beloved friends, who day after day died under the axe of the guillotine. -She concealed in her house many of the friends of liberty outlawed by -the revolutionary tribunal. They assumed Swedish names, under the -sanction of M. de Staël. Scaffolds were erected for them on the -frontier by their countrymen, as enemies of freedom; foreign nations -held them in detestation, as accomplices of the butchers of Paris; but -Necker and his daughter, with sounder views and more humane hearts, -befriended and saved virtue, whatever might be the opinions which it -assumed as the guise in which to manifest its spirit to the world. "One -of the reflections that struck us most," madame de Staël writes, "in -our long walks on the shores of the lake of Geneva, was the contrast of -the beautiful nature by which we were surrounded with the desolation of -mankind." In these walks she conversed with her father: his benevolence; -the pain he expressed at the idea of being hated by the French, to serve -whom he had sacrificed so much; the interchange of intimate and virtuous -thought, filled her heart with still more ardent affection towards him, -and made him, in her eyes, the greatest as well as the best of men. -[Sidenote: 1794. -Ætat. -28.] -It was at this time of comparative retirement that she wrote -"Reflections on the Peace," which Fox quoted as full of sound political -views and just argument. - -This period was checkered by the illness, and finally the death, of -madame Necker. She died of a lingering nervous disorder. Her husband was -unwearied in his attentions and watchful tenderness, and madame de -Staël shared his fatigues, and sympathised with and consoled him in his -grief. The warmer kindness testified by her father caused her to prefer -him; and madame Necker herself, looking on her daughter as a rival in -her husband's affections, had repelled her. But death obliterated these -passions, and madame de Staël acknowledged her mother's talents and -virtues; she lamented her death, and respected her memory. - -It might be thought that madame de Staël, escaped from the sanguinary -scenes of the reign of terror, would have been averse to returning to -that Paris which had been the theatre of such harrowing tragedies. Far -from it. Accustomed to the society of the French, the pedantic, precise, -and presumptuous tone of the Genevese was particularly disagreeable to -her. While considering herself a French woman, she was eager to mix in -the busy scenes that followed the death of Robespierre--to be of use to -her friends, and even to influence the choice of a system of government -which was to be established in France. She had some remorse in quitting -her father; but he encouraged her to go. He felt for her struggle -between her dislike to leaving him and her tastes, her friends, her -hopes of glory, which called her to France; and, with the truest -feelings of sympathy, persuaded her to seek her own happiness, promising -to find his in her letters from the scene of action. - -[Sidenote: 1795. -Ætat. -29.] - -M. de Staël being sent by the king of Sweden as minister to Paris, she -repaired thither. Her arrival formed an epoch in society. She threw open -her drawing-rooms, and all foreigners of distinction, ambassadors, and -literary men were charmed to meet in them. It attracted universal -attention, and became the signal of the revival of refinement in the -capital. Her chief exertions tended to getting the names of various -friends erased from the list of emigrants, which, while party spirit ran -so high, and the name of monarch and Bourbon was still held in -detestation and terror, was matter at once of difficulty and odium. -Legendre, a man who had figured during the reign of terror, denounced -her in the tribune of the convention, while the newspapers complained of -the influence exercised by women in their _salons dorés_, as they were -vulgarly called, and by the society that gathered there. She succeeded -in benefiting several of her friends, and this happiness counterbalanced -the attacks made against her. - -[Sidenote: 1797. -Ætat. -31.] - -During the whole of the reign of the directory, the influence of madame -de Staël was great. The expectation of a civil war became more imminent -as the royalists rested their hopes on the armies of la Vendée, and the -victories of the republican troops on the eastern frontiers, supporting -the new state of things, gave energy to the men in power. Moderate and -enlightened lovers of freedom desired to reconcile the two parties, and -prevent a struggle. Madame de Staël attempted to effect this -reconciliation. She had no desire for the return of the Bourbons; for -such a change could only have been operated through the subjugation of -France by foreign troops, a circumstance to be looked upon as the lowest -fall in its political greatness. She was the centre of a brilliant -society, which, while it regarded the chiefs of the republic as vulgar, -was attached to a form of government full of promise of distinction and -power to able and daring men. In France the influence of women is one of -the engines used by the other sex for their advancement. Madame de -Staël had already placed one of her friends in an elevated post; she -exerted herself for others. She was generous and active. No gall--no bad -feelings of hatred, or love of mischief, mingled in her desire to be -influential. But passionately loving glory, and eager to take a part in -the busier scenes of life, she made her house the rendezvous of all -parties, and sought her own elevation in trying to reconcile them all, -and to diffuse abroad a spirit of moderation and mutual toleration, and -was often exposed to the danger of imprisonment and exile from the -preponderance of the more popular party. Her mind was active, her -imagination lively; but she was without prudence. Her father said of -her, that she was like the savages, who sell their cabin in the morning -and find themselves without shelter at night. Ardent but without -forethought, ambitious of distinction without selfishness, she looked on -danger as a crown of laurel, and, as far as she was personally -concerned, cared more for the excitement of the combat than the repose -of success. Thus, though she failed in her attempts to reconcile -contending factions, she felt neither despondency nor sorrow. Meanwhile, -the struggle of parties--the violence of each occasioning the weakness -of all--became the stepping-stone to the man who, raising himself by the -sword, and establishing and increasing his power by the same method, -fell, when his weapon failed to be able to deal with all the enemies -from the extremities of the earth whom he challenged to the contest. - -Bonaparte and madame de Staël were neither impressed favourably by the -other when first they met. He saw in her a factitious but a not the less -powerful influence with which he could only cope by trampling it in the -dust; and she found in him a man unimpressible by words or sentiments, -aiming at one goal, and wholly indifferent to the thousands to be mowed -down or the one tortured by the methods he used for his success. In -their encounter she felt her existence strike against a rock which, -while it wrecked whole fleets, did not disdain to swamp a skiff which -had every right to expect shelter beneath its shadow. When, after the -treaty of Campo-Formio, Bonaparte arrived in Paris, he and madame de -Staël often met in society. She declared that a feeling of fear always -overcame her in his presence. She was struck by his superiority, but -repelled by a certain coldness that remained as a wall between them. -When, for the sake of amassing funds for his expedition to Egypt, -Bonaparte proposed the invasion of Switzerland to the directory, madame -de Staël regarded the cause of the independence of that country as so -sacred, that she sought a conference with the general for the purpose of -turning him from his design. Nothing can better show the difference of -French manners from ours than this circumstance; and Bonaparte, a child -of the army, little conversant with the spirit of French society, -regarded a woman's interference on such a subject as impertinent and out -of character with her sex; but, although he was not to be moved by her, -such was her acknowledged influence that he did not disdain to discuss -the question with her with an appearance of candour, till, having -pronounced certain words which he considered sufficient to refute her -arguments, declaring that men must have political rights, and advancing -the falsehood that the Swiss would have more as a portion of France than -as an independent insignificant state, he turned the conversation, and -talked of his love of retirement,--of the country and the fine -arts,--expressing himself as sharing many of the lady's own tastes. -Madame de Staël felt the influence of his power of pleasing, but was -mortified to be treated like a mere woman. He, on the other hand, -perceiving that she had talents sufficient to persuade and influence -men, and that she was likely to exert this power against himself, -conceived a dislike, which he afterwards showed in a series of -persecutions. - -[Sidenote: 1798. -Ætat. -32.] - -The invasion of Switzerland being resolved on, madame de Staël quitted -Paris to rejoin her father at Coppet. His name was still on the list of -emigrants, which, as he was a Genevese, was altogether unjust. His -daughter implored him not to risk the danger of being condemned to death -when the country he inhabited should be occupied by a French army; but -he refused to stir: he would not in his old age wander over the earth, -nor would he quit the neighbourhood of the tomb of his wife, which had -been erected under her own directions, with the fervent hope that her -husband's remains would repose near hers. When the day came, fixed for -the violation of the Swiss territory by the French armies, Necker and -his daughter, with her infant children, remained alone at Coppet. Their -servants assembled in the avenue to see the passage of the troops, while -they themselves stood in a balcony which commanded the high road. It was -mid winter, but the weather was clear: the alps were reflected in the -lake at their feet, while the sound of military music alone broke the -silence of the scene. Madame de Staël's heart beat with fear for her -father's sake. Her vivid imagination painted, her impetuous heart -anticipated, a thousand horrors which transported her with terror. She -perceived an officer quit a troop on its way, and direct his steps -towards the château,--it was Suchet. He came charged by the directory -to offer a safeguard to her father. Thus re-assured with regard to the -dearest interest of her life, she began to feel fresh anguish for the -Swiss, attacked thus against the law of nations. She heard at Coppet the -cannon of the battle between the Bernese and French;--her heart, for the -first time, was against the latter. As soon as the triumph of France -united Geneva to its own territory, it became necessary that Necker's -name should be erased from the list of emigrants. Madame de Staël -visited Paris, and presented a memorial from her father to the -directory. His request was accorded instantly and unanimously; and his -daughter, so much more easily moved to kindly than angry emotions, felt -grateful for this act of simple justice. She endeavoured also to treat -with the French government for the payment of the two millions of francs -which Necker had deposited in the public treasury. The directory -acknowledged the debt, and were ready to defray it from the property of -the church. Necker refused so to be repaid, from the noble motive of not -choosing to mingle his worldly interests in the great question of the -revolution, and so to forfeit the reputation for impartiality by which -he laid store. - -[Sidenote: 1799. -Ætat. -33.] - -Madame de Staël witnessed, in Paris, the 18th Brumaire, when Bonaparte -overthrew the power of the directory and established his own supremacy. -Her feelings were much divided: if the jacobins triumphed, sanguinary -scenes might be renewed; but she anticipated with prophetic grief the -result of Bonaparte's success. As she always lived in a numerous circle, -and openly discussed her opinions, the first consul soon heard of the -dissatisfaction that she expressed with regard to his rising power. -Joseph Bonaparte, to whom she was partial, came to her and said, "My -brother complains of you. 'Why,' he said yesterday, 'does not madame de -Staël attach herself to my government? What does she want? The payment -of her father's deposit? I will order it to be made. To remain in Paris? -I will permit it. In short, what does she want?'" "The question," she -replied, "is not what I want, but what I think." - -A tribunate made a portion of the constitution instituted in the first -instance by Bonaparte. The tribunes were to have the right to speak. The -first consul was aware that he must please the French at first by a -shadow of freedom; but a few men were found among the tribunes who -wished to turn the shadow into substance, and then Bonaparte put forth -his power, and claimed the lion's share. Benjamin Constant, on the eve -of attacking a measure proposed by the first consul, consulted madame de -Staël. She encouraged him, through noble and conscientious motives, -while she felt in her heart the injury that might redound to herself. -The possibility of being forced to quit Paris filled her with alarm and -wretchedness: her love for its society, her horror of retirement, had -been implanted, as we have seen, in her breast from her earliest -infancy; her brilliant powers of conversation fostered the taste, and -she well knew also that Bonaparte was aware of her weakness, and would -wound her through it. "He joined," she writes, "to the power by which he -could threaten, and the wealth by which he could entice, the -dispensation of ennui, which is held in terror by the French." Her -drawing-room on this occasion was crowded by men ready to give in their -adherence to the new government. Benjamin Constant drew near, and said, -"your room is filled with persons whose society is pleasing to you: if I -speak, to-morrow it will be a desert. Think of this." "One must follow -one's conviction," she replied. In narrating this anecdote, she frankly -adds that she spoke on the impulse of the moment; but that, if she could -then have foreseen the sufferings in store, she should not have had -strength to refuse the offer Constant made to remain silent. He proved a -true prophet. On the following day she received multiplied excuses for a -party she gave. As they came she felt disturbed, and she began to find -fault with her courage of the preceding day. To add to her inquietude, -the minister of police, Fouché, sent for her to say, that the first -consul suspected that she had excited her friends to speak against him. -She replied that Constant was a man of too superior talents to need the -interference of a woman in his political conduct. The result was that -Fouché advised her to go into the country for a few days, saying that -all would be well on her return. Such is the account that she gives of -the commencement of Bonaparte's persecution. Other writers vary. The -flatterers of Napoleon insinuate that she wished to gain an interest in -his heart. Napoleon himself, when at St. Helena, says, that she became -his enemy because he would not become her pupil. It were, perhaps, a -fairer statement to assert, that he oppressed her because she refused to -be his tool. At the same time it must be remembered, in exculpation of -Bonaparte's arbitrary acts with regard to her, that he was then making -difficult way up the slippery path of power; that she opposed his -progress not only by epigrams and repartees, but by political intrigues. -It was necessary to reduce her to silence and inaction. But this does -not excuse his after persecution, which was wanton and unmanly. - -Soon after, when Bonaparte passed through Switzerland on his way to -Italy, having expressed a wish to see Necker, the latter waited on him, -and spent two hours in conversation. The fallen and aged minister was -gratified by this mark of interest on the part of the first consul, and -pleased with his conversation. He did not mention, as a meaner minded -man would have done, the debt owed him by the French government; but he -alluded to his daughter's position, and spoke of her as one whose name -and talents would adorn the society of the capital. The first consul -replied with courtesy; and the result was that she was hereafter to be -permitted to reside in Paris. - -Bonaparte felt that his present power needed the prop of opinion. -Perhaps he hoped to gain the daughter by his civility and apparent -respect for the father. But neither were to be bent from their -convictions. This became apparent when, towards the end of the same -year, she published her work on literature. Her talents had now reached -their full development, and this book is one of the most masterly that -has emanated from her pen. It is full of liberal opinions; it restored -her to popularity; her salons again became thronged. Her society was -chiefly composed of foreigners and the _corps diplomatique._ Fouché -granted various requests made by her with regard to emigrants, and she -had thus the pleasure of being useful to, and moreover became popular -among, a class distinguished for urbane manners and the various charms -that attend refinement. But her book added to the irritation nourished -against her by the first consul. He wished the world to be filled with -his name; and, in this point of view, the influence possessed by -literary persons was of value in his eyes. Madame de Staël had not -mentioned him, nor alluded to his achievements, in her work; and he -looked on the omission as a wilful and galling insult. She never -appeared at his court; he said of her that every one left her house less -attached to him than when they went in; the rebel tribunes were among -her friends; and all tended to nourish his discontent. One day she was -asked to dinner by general Berthier, in company with Bonaparte. As she -heard that he often expressed himself sarcastically with regard to her, -she conjectured that he might address her with some of those rude -speeches which were so much feared by the courtiers; and, afraid of -losing her presence of mind, she went prepared with various studied -repartees. But he scarcely spoke to her, and she had the comfort of -believing that he feared to sting a dangerous enemy. - -She spent her summers at Coppet with her father. In 1799, M. de Staël -had been recalled to Sweden. His extravagance had occasioned a -separation from his wife, who feared that the fortunes of her children -might be injured. -[Sidenote: 1802. -Ætat. -36.] -A reconciliation was, however, set on foot, and it was agreed that the -whole family should take up their residence at Coppet. On their way -thither M. de Staël fell ill and died, his wife attending on his last -moments. - -Her novel of "Delphine" appeared about this time. It was attacked by the -French critics as immoral. Madame de Staël was indignant. "They dared -blame a book approved by Necker!" she exclaims. "Delphine" affords -scope, however, for such criticism. She allows that it displays too -eager a desire for happiness, the result of young and ardent feelings; -but, worse than this, it inculcates no spirit of courage under disaster. -Balwer speaks of "fortitude, the virtue of the ancients, and -resignation, the duty of Christians," as the chief aim of a philosophic -or pious mind: madame de Staël--and in this she is the founder of the -Byronic school--made the chief feeling of her work impatience of life -under sorrow, suicide in despair. This at once blights existence. To -feel that adversity and prosperity are both lessons to teach us a higher -wisdom, the fruition of which we hope hereafter to inherit, and which at -the same time is the ornament and crown of good men during life, ought -to be the aim of every writer. Sorrow is rife with desperation; we fly -to the pages of the sage to learn to bear; and a writer fails in his -duty when he presents poison instead Of medicine. With all this, -"Delphine" is a beautiful book. The character of the heroine is full of -charm: the hero is delineated with a truth, a fervour, and a reality, -that reaches home. The characters of madame de Valmont and her daughter -are finely portrayed. "Delphine," it was said, was an ideal of the -authoress herself; and the false friend was drawn from Talleyrand. "They -tell me," he said to her, "that you have put us both in your novel in -the character of women." Madame de Staël could well bear this sarcasm: -she was truly feminine; her very faults belonged to her sex. - -Her father published a book at this time which greatly irritated -Bonaparte, and added to his dislike of the daughter. In his "Last View -of Politics and Finance" Necker unveiled the progress which the first -consul of the republic was making towards a throne. This untimely -disclosure of his secret ways injured Bonaparte: he spoke bitterly of -Necker, and said of madame de Staël that she should not visit Paris -again, since she conveyed such false impressions to her father. - -Love for this father was the master passion of madame de Staël's life. -She looked on him as the wisest and best of men; but, more than this, -his kindness and sympathy gifted him with something angelic in her eyes. -He was her dearest friend--the prop of her fortunes; her adviser, her -shelter, her teacher, her approver--the seal of her prosperity and her -glory. He was an old man, and this imparted unspeakable tenderness to -her attachment. Her very love of Paris, and her consequent absences from -him, added force to her feelings. While away she gathered anecdotes and -knowledge for his amusement. Their correspondence was regular and full. -It contained a thousand narrations and sallies, observations on events -and persons full of piquancy, a gaiety adopted for the purpose of -diverting him; and over all was spread a tone of tenderness and -reverence, which accompanied the very idea of her father. When she -returned to him, she checked a little the demonstrations of her delight, -but it overflowed in her conversation. Things, men, and politics, the -effect she had herself produced, were all related with an effusion of -joy, accompanied by caresses, by tears of gladness, and laughter full of -love. Necker listened with proud delight. He loved her fondly. Her very -faults, her want of forethought, which made his cares necessary; her -uncertainty and doubts with regard to all the minor affairs of life, -which she joyfully submitted to his direction; her exuberant yet -uncertain spirits; her imagination that often plunged her in gloom, were -so many ties to unite father and daughter in bonds of the fondest -affection. - -Yet she could not contentedly remain with him long. She disliked -Genevese society; she was wrapt up in that of Paris. Her parents had -planted the seeds of this love of display and eager desire for the -arena, where wit and all that is the salt of life is to be met in -perfection, and it was but fair that her father should reap the fruits -of the education he had bestowed. He felt for her, and was deeply -grieved that his publication had augmented the annoyances of her -position. -[Sidenote: 1803. -Ætat. -37.] -When the peace of Amiens was broken, and Bonaparte and all France were -occupied by the meditated descent on England, she hoped to be forgotten. -She drew near Paris, and established herself at the distance of thirty -miles. The first consul was told that the road to her retreat was -crowded by people paying her visits. This was not true, but it alarmed -his jealousy; she heard that she should receive an order to depart. -Hoping to escape by leaving her home, she went from house to house of -her friends, but in vain. She was at that of madame Recamier when she -received the fatal order to leave France in twenty-four hours. She would -not at once yield; she asked for day after day of reprieve. Junot and -Joseph Bonaparte interceded with the first consul for her; she pleaded -as for life; but the petty resentment of the great man could not be -mollified. He has done worse deeds during his reign, but take the worst -said of madame de Staël, by his chief flatterers, and still no revenge -could be meaner, no act of tyranny more flagrant, than that which exiled -from his capital, and the country he ruled over, a woman, whatever -offence she had committed against him, who promised silence; who asked -but for the society of a few friends; whose crime was that she would not -celebrate the liberticide in her writings. - -Forced to go, she could not persuade herself to appear disgraced and -driven away among the Genevese. She hoped, and her father hoped for her, -that new scenes, and the welcome afforded her among strangers, would -blunt the blow she had received, and revive her spirits. She determined -to visit Germany, with the intention of seeing its great writers, -studying their productions, and of afterwards presenting the French with -an account of the, to them, sealed book of German literature. Joseph -Bonaparte gave her letters of introduction for Berlin, and she set out. -Benjamin Constant accompanied her; yet this very kindness was the source -of pain, as he also was partial to a residence in Paris. "Every step of -the horses," she writes, "was a pang; and, when the postilions boasted -that they had driven fast, I could not help smiling at the sad service -they did me. I travelled forty leagues before I recovered possession of -myself. At length we stopt at Chalons, and Benjamin Constant rousing him -self, through his wonderful powers of conversation, lightened, at least -for a few moments, the burden that weighed me down." - -Constant continued to accompany her. She was well received at Weimar and -Berlin. She was at Berlin at the time of the assassination of the duke -d'Enghien, and shared the horror that this unnecessary act of cruelty -excited. This circumstance added to her detestation of Napoleon. -Meanwhile she greatly enjoyed the kindness she found, and the vast field -of knowledge opened before her. -[Sidenote: 1804. -Ætat. -38.] -A fatal event put an end to her pleasure. She received tidings of the -dangerous illness of her father--the intelligence of his death quickly -followed. She left Germany. She returned to Coppet overwhelmed with -grief. Generally speaking, there is exaggeration and traces of false -sentiment in her writings. Her best work for style and simplicity of -narration is her "Dix Années d'Exil;" and the best portion of this book -describes her feelings during her journey from Weimar to Coppet. All who -have suffered the worst of sorrows--the death of one dearly loved--will -find the echo of their inmost thoughts in that passage. - -The death of Necker changed the course of her existence, as far as -internal feelings operate on the exterior of life. Her father had looked -on her as incorrigibly thoughtless in all worldly and pecuniary -concerns; but she was no longer in the heyday of youth; experience -taught her prudence; and, being thrown entirely on herself, her -conscience bade her preserve the fortunes of her children. She was a -good mother. Having obeyed and reverenced her father--she exacted the -same towards herself from her offspring; nor did she ever regard them -with the exuberant trembling tenderness she had lavished on her beloved -parent. But was kind--ever ready to serve them, and eager for their -well-being. Her notions on education were sensible and just: she did not -give trust to extraordinary systems; she contented herself by inspiring -them with piety and generous sentiments; and was perfectly open and true -in her conduct. They sincerely loved, while they a little feared her. - -The society of her children and her friends could not console her for -the loss of her father and exile from the country she loved. Her first -occupation was to publish the writings of Necker, accompanied by a -biographical memoir, in which she pours forth, with touching -earnestness, all the ardour of her filial affection. Her health sunk -beneath her sorrow. -[Sidenote: 1805. -Ætat. -39.] -To revive her spirits and change the scene she visited Italy. There, as -everywhere, her astonishing powers of conversation gathered an admiring -audience round her. She enjoyed, with all the warmth of her disposition, -the delights afforded by that enchanting country; and, impelled to -express on paper the overflowing of her thoughts, she embodied her -enthusiasm, her pleasure, and the knowledge she gained, in her novel of -"Corinne." There is a charm in that work that stamps it as coming from -the hand of genius. The personages live, breathe, and speak before you. -We hope or fear for, admire or censure them, as if they were our -friends. She speaks of love with heartfelt knowledge of the mighty -powers of passion, and of all those delicate, so to speak, fibres and -evanescent tints that foster and adorn it. The faults of such a book are -a very secondary consideration. The Italians will not allow that it is -by any means a true representation of society in their country; and any -one who has lived there can perceive that she had but a superficial -knowledge of Italy and the Italians; still she gives a true picture of -the surface such as she saw it. Her account of Corinne's life in England -is admirable. The English, with all their pride, are less vain than the -Italians, and readily acknowledge their faults. Every English person is -at once astonished and delighted with the wonderful truth of her sketch -of county society in England. In this novel, as in "Delphine," the -heroine dies broken-hearted. Her lover proving false, she lives -miserably a few years, and then closes her eyes on a world grown dark -and solitary. Madame de Staël was naturally led to portray death as the -result of sorrow; for when we are miserable, we are apt to dwell on such -as the dearest relief; yet we do not die. The authoress also might wish -to impress on men an idea of the misery which their falsehood produces. -That is a story as ancient as Dido, and told by Virgil more impressively -and beautifully than by any other writer. For the dignity of womanhood, -it were better to teach how one, as highly gifted as Corinne, could find -resignation or fortitude enough to endure a too common lot, and rise -wiser and better from the trial. - -Madame de Staël was exiled to forty leagues from Paris; her love of -France caused her to approach so near to its capital. She established -herself first at Auxerre and afterwards at Rouen. Here she terminated -and brought out "Corinne." She exercised the utmost caution in her -conduct, saw but few friends, and observed that silence with regard to -politics which Napoleon rigorously exacted throughout his empire. -Fouché, who had no love of wanton mischief, allowed her to settle -herself within twelve leagues of Paris. But the publication of her novel -put an end to this indulgence, and redoubled the oppression in force -against her. She continued to refuse to advert to Napoleon's victories -and Napoleon's power; and the great man, than whom no hero was ever less -a hero in all magnanimous sentiments, ordered her to quit the country. -She returned to Coppet half broken-hearted. - -[Sidenote: 1807. -Ætat. -41.] - -The visits she received from her friends and illustrious foreigners -somewhat relieved the tedium of her life. She was occupied by her work -on Germany, and visited Vienna to gather additional materials for it. On -her return, she devoted two years to its completion. She tried to make -an existence for herself at Coppet, but did not succeed. Alas! for her. -Goldsmith's lines on French society are but too applicable to her state -of mind:-- - - -"For praise too warmly loved, or dearly sought, -Enfeebles all internal strength of thought; -And the weak soul, within itself unblest, -Leans for all pleasure on another's breast." - - -She was, with all her vivacity, naturally melancholy. The _society of -nature_, as she termed it, nursed her darkest reveries, and she turned -from her own thoughts as from a spring of bitterness. As existence -became stagnant, _ennui_ generated a thousand imaginary monsters of -mind; she felt lost and miserable. Death and solitude were, in her mind, -closely allied. Take away the animation of conversation; the -intercommunication of ideas among the many; the struggle, the applause, -the stirring interest in events; the busy crowd that gave variety to -every impression; and the rest of life was, in her eyes, a fearful vigil -near the grave. It is beautifully said, that God tempers the wind to the -shorn lamb. Sometimes, however, the exact contrary has place, and our -weak and sore points are sought out to be roughly handled. Thus madame -de Staël, brought up to act a foremost part on the brilliant theatre of -the civilised world, was cast back on herself, and found there only -discontent and misery. To us sober English, indeed, her life at Coppet -seems busy enough. She assembled all travellers about her; her domestic -circle was large; she acted plays; she declaimed; but it would not do: -Paris was interdicted, and she was cut off from happiness. - -[Sidenote: 1810. -Ætat. -44.] - -Having finished her "Germany," she desired to overlook its progress -through the press at the permitted distance of forty leagues from Paris. -She established herself near Blois, in the old château of -Chammont-sur-Loire, erst inhabited by cardinal d'Amboise, Diane de -Poitiers, Catherine de Medicis, and Nostradamus. A few friends gathering -round her, she enjoyed the amusements and occupations she shared with -them. Madame Recamier was chief among them, and very dear to her. Her -plan was, as soon as her book was printed, to reach England by America, -that being the only path left open to our island by Napoleon. She had -submitted her work to the censor, and, having made all the alterations -exacted, she felt herself safe. But the storm gathered, and broke -unexpectedly. She had not praised Napoleon; she had not mentioned the -success of the French armies in Germany; she had tried even to enlarge -the sphere of French literature, by introducing a knowledge of and taste -for the German--an attempt anti-national in the emperor's eyes. He did -not hesitate to condemn such a work. The duke de Rovigo, minister of -police, sent to seize on the edition, to demand the manuscript, and to -order her to quit France in three days. She was proud of her book, and -had every right to be so; and she gladly anticipated the applause and -increased reputation that would follow it. The loss of this could be -borne, but the renewed sentence of exile struck her to the heart. She -was forced to obey. Her first idea was to embark for America; but her -purpose in so doing was to get on board an English ship, and reach -England. Her plans were disturbed by an intimation from Savary that she -must embark only at the ports of France furthest from her desired goal. -The minister wrote to her with flippancy, that her book was not French, -and that her exile was the consequence of the course she had followed -for years. The air of France evidently disagreed with her; but the -French were not reduced to seek for models in the countries which she -admired. Savary was still more frank when speaking on the subject. He -asked why she had made no mention of the emperor or his armies? He was -told that such allusions were out of place in a book that treated solely -of literature. "Do you think," he replied, "that we have carried on a -war in Germany for eighteen years for so well-known an author to omit -all mention of us? The book shall be destroyed, and we should do well to -send the writer to Vincennes." - -Her plans disturbed, hope dead within her, she returned to Coppet, -almost resigned to pass her life in the château; but the hour had -passed away when she was allowed to enjoy the tribute of visits from -foreigners of distinction, and to gather round her such friends as she -best loved. A series of the most tormenting and cruel persecutions were -instituted, that acting on an imagination easily disquieted, and on a -temperament that needed the atmosphere of joy to feel at ease, drove her -into a state of intense and uninterrupted suffering. She gave up all -idea, which must always be agreeable to an author, of publishing; she -scarcely dared write. All her acquaintance as well as friends were -looked on with unfavourable eyes. She could not venture to ask a guest -to dinner; she was so afraid of compromising the whole family of any one -who came near her. The prefect of Geneva was changed as being too -favourably disposed. The new magistrate urged her to eulogise Napoleon -as the sure means of putting an end to all her annoyances: would she -only celebrate the birth of the king of Rome? She replied that she did -not know how to do so: she could only express her hopes that he would -have a good nurse. The prefect took his leave, and never came near her -again. Her children were forbidden to enter France. She went to Aix, in -Savoy, for the benefit of the health of her youngest son; she was -ordered to return; she was advised never to go further than two leagues -from Coppet. William Schlegel, whom she had engaged to live with her to -assist in the education of her children, was ordered to quit her -château. He had published a work, in which he showed a preference to -the Phædra of Euripides over that of Racine; he was judged -anti-Gallican; and she was told that his society was injurious to her. A -thousand terrors seized her. Confined within narrow precincts, deprived -of her friends, she began to fear a prison, where she would have been -left to perish, miserable and forgotten. She resolved to escape--it was -difficult to choose a route. She was told that she would be arrested on -her way through any country under the dominion of the French. She passed -her life, she says, in studying a map of Europe, to find how she could -escape beyond the wide-spread poison tree of Napoleon's power. She -traced a route through the Tyrol on her way to Russia and Sweden, and -thence to England. A thousand difficulties presented themselves for the -execution of this plan, but it was her best. - -"There is physical pleasure," she writes, "in resisting unjust power;" -the act of resistance was animating, but when the hour of defeat came -all was stagnant, fearful, and oppressive. The worst blow dealt her was -when she found that any friend who visited her was involved in the same -oppression. An old friend, M. de Montmorency, visited Coppet; the -delight of seeing him made her blind to danger. She made a tour through -Switzerland with him in spite of the advice given her not to go further -than two leagues from Coppet. They afterwards returned to her château, -where M. de Montmorency speedily received an order of exile. This news -plunged her in agony--that her friends should be wounded through her was -worse than her own misfortunes. While still suffering from this -disaster, she received a letter from madame Recamier, saying that she -was on her road to Aix, in Savoy, and announcing her intention of -visiting Coppet in her way. Madame de Staël implored her not to come; -but her generous friend could not pass so near without spending a few -hours with her;--a few hours only, but they sufficed to call down -banishment on her head: henceforth she was driven from her home and -friends, and forced to take up her residence at Lyons in solitude and -exile. All this was done to drive her to dishonour herself by praising -him whose tyranny made him every day more odious, as the persecutor of -herself and the oppressor of France. The prefect of Geneva was ordered -to annul her, and he took pains to impress every one with the dangers -that would accrue from any intercourse with her. He waylaid every -stranger, and turned them aside from the path to her house; her -correspondents in Paris were exiled; she felt that she ought to refrain -from seeing any one. By a natural struggle of feeling she was disquieted -when her friends generously sought, and still more miserable when they -selfishly abandoned her. - -She never saw the day return, she says, that she did not repine at being -obliged to live to its end. She was married again at this time. This -event, which was kept secret till after her death, is one of the most -singular of her history. - -In the year 1810 there came to Geneva a young Spaniard of the name of -Rocca. He was an officer in the French army, and had been wounded -dangerously in Spain. He inspired great interest through the reputation -he enjoyed for brilliant courage and for talent. He was young and very -handsome; but his wounds had reduced him to a state of great weakness -and suffering; and the contrast was striking and interesting between his -youth and noble physiognomy, and his extreme pallor and attenuated -figure. He heard madame de Staël talk, and was seized with enthusiastic -admiration. Necker said of his daughter that her conversation imparted -an idea of the beautiful; and thus, though twenty years older than -himself, and, except for her eyes, with no beauty of face, the young -Rocca was attracted by that of her mind, and said, "I shall love her so -much that at last she will marry me." These words were soon fulfilled. -But she refused to acknowledge a marriage which, from disparity of age, -might have excited ridicule; and in all things of that sort madame de -Staël was singularly timid. She was averse also to change her name. -"Mon nom est à l'Europe," she replied to Rocca, when they were in -England, and he jestingly asked her to marry him. She does not in her -narratives advert to this marriage; but the fear must have haunted her -that Napoleon would exile Rocca from Coppet; while, on the other hand, -she found it difficult to leave an infant child, the offspring of their -union, uncertain when again she could rejoin it. - -These terrors and doubts threw her into a nervous state of the most -painful kind. Now, she thought it wrong and foolish to leave her house, -where she enjoyed every bodily comfort and the society of her -children,--again, the fear of prison, the terror of who next among her -friends would be the tyrant's victim, distracted her. At length she -resolved to depart, and ultimately to reach England; whether by Russia -and Sweden, or Greece and Constantinople, was to be decided by -circumstances that might occur during her progress. - -Her account of her journey is full of interest. An abridgment can give -little idea of its difficulties,--the petty yet stinging annoyances by -which she was beset,--the delays, the terror, the disappointments. Now -she feared for her daughter's health,--and then still more for the -safety of M. Rocca. The order for his arrest as a French officer had -been forwarded through Germany. It is true he had sent in his -resignation, his wounds preventing him from active service; but, if he -had been taken, there is no doubt that he would have been treated with -the utmost rigour. They were often obliged to separate, and he rejoined -her once or twice in moments full of peril to himself. She traversed -Germany and Poland in this way; and even in Russia she was not sure of -escape from Napoleon. His armies had entered that vast empire, and were -close behind her. - -It was matter of joy to her when at last, after passing through Moscow, -she arrived at St. Petersburg, to find the emperor Alexander full of -resolution and ardour to resist the despot. He treated her with great -distinction; and she proceeded on her way to her old friend Bernadotte, -at that time crown prince of Sweden. She remained eight months at -Stockholm. She had begun a portion of her "Dix Années d'Exil" at -Coppet, it being copied as fast as written by her friends, feigned -English names and old dates being substituted for the real; since under -Napoleon's police regulations it was not safe to preserve a page of -manuscript in which he was blamed. - -From Sweden she passed over to England, where she occupied herself in -publishing her "Germany." She was courted as a _lion_ in English -fashionable society; and, though her style of life and conversation were -very opposite to our manners, still she impressed every one with high -ideas of her talents and genius. The Whig party were a little surprised -at her tone in politics. They were not yet accustomed to regard Napoleon -as the tyrant and oppressor, and they thought that madame de Staël had -changed her principles when she warmly advocated war against the -emperor. She was intimate with all the English of distinction. Her -compliments seemed a little _outré_ to us, and she made a few mistakes -that excited smiles; still she was liked. Lord Byron was among her -favourites,--his genius possessed fascination for her. There was a -notion at one time that he would marry her daughter, whom he admired; -but Albertine was reserved for a better fate. - -All her patriotism as a Frenchwoman was painfully roused when the allies -entered France; still she hailed the overthrow of Napoleon, and the -restoration of the Bourbons, with delight, hoping that the latter would -deserve well of their country. She was liked by Louis XVIII., who repaid -her the two millions which Necker had lent the state. The return of -Napoleon from Elba filled her with terror, and she instantly left Paris -for Coppet. He, who now appeared with a professed attachment to -constitutional liberty, invited her to return and assist him in -modelling a constitution. She replied, "He did without me or a -constitution for twelve years, and has no liking for either of us." The -occupation of France by the allies filled her with grief; that her -"belle France" should be held in these degrading chains seemed -desecration, and she retreated to Coppet not to witness the humiliating -spectacle. -[Sidenote: 1816. -Ætat. -50.] -She was there when lord Byron resided at Diodati in 1816. He visited -her, and she gave him a good deal of advice to which he listened, and -was induced to make an attempt to be reconciled to his wife. When she -preached lessons of worldly wisdom, he quoted the motto to -"Delphine"--"Un homme doit savoir braver l'opinion, une femme s'y -soummettre." But she replied that she feared that both sexes would reap -evil only from resistance. - -The marriage of her daughter to the duke de Broglie, and the admirable -character of this lady, formed the chief happiness of her latter life. -Her children were all dutiful and affectionate. Her chief sorrow -resulted from the ill health of M. Rocca, who tottered on the brink of -the grave. He deserved the affection he inspired. His tenderness towards -her was extreme, and his admiration never waned. His chivalrous -sentiments, his wit, and his poetic imagination, varied and filled her -life. His ill state of health, while it disquieted her, yet annihilated -their difference of age. At one time she visited Pisa, that he might be -benefited by a milder climate. He was there at the point of death: she -compared herself to marshal Ney, who was then expecting at each moment -to receive his sentence. Endowed by an imagination which never blunted -any sorrow, but which exaggerated all, she said afterwards that she had -composed a book, with the title, "The only Misfortune of Life, the Loss -of a Person beloved." - -Her character softened as she advanced in life, and she appreciated its -real blessings and disasters more rationally, at the same time that she -acquired greater truth and energy in her writings. This may often be -observed with women. When young, they are open to such cruel attacks, -every step they take in public may bring with it irreparable injury to -their private affections, to their delicacy, to their dearest prospects. -As years are added they gather courage; they feel the earth grow -steadier under their steps; they depend less on others, and their moral -worth increases. She was an affectionate and constant friend, and the -sentiments of her heart replaced the appetite she formerly had for the -display of talent: she placed a true value on courage and resignation, -when before she had reserved her esteem for sensibility. She grew -calmer, and ceased to fabricate imaginary woes for herself, happy when -she escaped real ones. She grew pious. From her earliest years she had -strong feelings of religion, resulting from dependence on Providence, -from adoration for the Supreme Being, and hope of a future life. The -Christian principles mingled more entirely with these sentiments in her -latter years. As her health declined, her sleepless hours were spent in -prayer, and existence lost, as it often does to those about to leave it, -its gay and deceptive colours. "Life," she said, "resembles Gobelin -tapestry: you do not see the canvass on the right side; but when you -turn it the threads are visible. The mystery of existence is the -connection between our faults and our misfortunes. I never committed an -error that was not the cause of a disaster." And thus, while the idea of -death was infinitely painful, the hope of another life sustained her. -"My father waits for me on the other side," she said, and indulged the -hope of hereafter being rejoined by her daughter. - -She perished gradually: the use of opium, from which she could not wean -herself, increased her danger; nor could medicine aid her. She died in -Paris on the 14th July, 1817, in her fifty-second year. Rocca survived -her but a few months. - -She possessed too much merit not to have many enemies during her life, -and these were increased by her passion for display, and the jealous -spirit with which she competed with those whom she looked on as rivals. -The eagerness with which during the days of the republic she mingled in -politics, and her attempts to acquire influence over Napoleon, were arms -that she put into the hands of her enemies to injure her. They accused -her of an intriguing meddling disposition, saying of her, that to make a -revolution she would throw all her friends into the river, content with -fishing them out the next day, and so showing the kindness of her heart. -But her faults were more than compensated among her friends by the truth -and constancy of her attachment. Her temper was equable, though her mind -was often tempest-tost, clouded by dark imaginations, torn by unreal but -deeply felt anxieties and sorrows. "I am now," she said, in her last -days, "what I have ever been,--sad, yet vivacious." To repair wrong, to -impress on the minds of princes benevolence and justice, were in her -latter years the scope of, so to speak, her public life. She loved -France with passion. Lord Brougham records the alarm and indignation -which caused her to pant for breath, as she exclaimed, "Quoi donc, cette -belle France!" when lord Dudley, half in jest half seriously, wished the -Cossacks, in revenge for Moscow burnt, to nail a horse-shoe on the gates -of the Tuileries. - -Our memoir has extended to so great a length that we can only advert -cursorily to her writings. M. Anneé, a French critic, observes of her, -that her understanding had more brilliance than profundity; and yet that -no writer of her epoch had left such luminous ideas on her route. -Chateaubriand, while he deplores the party spirit which gave irritation -to her sentiments and bitterness to her style, pronounces her to be a -woman of rare merit, and who would add another name to the list of those -destined to become immortal. She wrote on a vast variety of subjects, -and threw light on all. Yet she gathered her knowledge, not by profound -study, but by rapid dipping into books and by conversation with learned -men; thus her opinions are often wrongly grounded, and her learning is -superficial. Still her conclusions are often admirable, granting that -the ground on which she founds them is true. She has great felicity of -illustration, and her style is varied and eloquent, the fault being that -it sometimes abounds in words, and wants the merit of concentration and -conciseness; often, too, she is satisfied with a sentiment for a reason. -Her wit is not pleasantry, but it is pointed and happy. She neither -understood nor liked humour; but she enjoyed repartee: many are recorded -as falling from her, and they are distinguished by their point and -delicacy. Her "Dix Années d'Exil" is the most simple and interesting of -her works; but her "Germany," perhaps, deserves the highest rank, from -its research, and the great beauty of its concluding chapters. Of her -novels we have already spoken. They do not teach the most needful -lesson--moral courage; but they are admirable as pictures of life and -vivid representations of character, for subtle remark and vivid detail -of what in youth forms our joys and sorrows. She puts much of herself in -all; and thus adds to the charm and truth of her sentiments and ideas. -Her "Considerations on the French Revolution" is valuable, from its -affording us a personal picture of the impressions made by that epoch; -but the great preponderance of praise which she gives to Necker renders -it a work of prejudice. Like him, she had no strong republican -sentiments. She desired an English constitution; she disliked the -girondists as well as the mountain, and attempted the impossible task of -reconciling the interests of the nation as established by the revolution -with that of the _ancienne régime._ Her feelings are praiseworthy, but -her views are narrow. - -Such is the defect of human nature that we have no right to demand -perfection from any individual of the species. We may sum up by saying -that, though the character and writings of madame de Staël, in some -respects, display weaknesses, and though she committed errors, her -virtues and genius raise her high; and the country that gave her birth, -and which she truly loved, may, with honest pride, rank her among its -most illustrious names. - - - - - -INDEX - - -A. - -Abbeville, condemnation of the -chevalier de la Barre at, II. 84. - -Academy, the French, its judgment -on the "Cid," I. 47. Cardinal de -Richelieu's marginal observations -on that critique, 48. Question of -electing Molière, 141. La Fontaine, -academician, 167. Boileau's -election, 167. The "Dictionary" -of, 168. Furetière's Dictionary -in competition to it, 168. - -Academy of Sciences, the French -Royal, II. 25. - -Æschylus, I. 40. - -Alembert, _see_ D'Alembert. - -Amelot, M., secretary of state, II. -46, 47. - -Angennes, Mlle. Julie d', deity of -the Hôtel Rambouillet, I. 108. -Duchess of Montauzier, 123. -263, n. - -Angennes, Angélique, married to -the chevalier de Grignan, I. 247, -248. - -Anne of Austria, regent during the -minority of Louis XIV., I. 66. -She withdraws from Paris, with -the young king and Mazarin, to -St. Germain, 70. The capital -blockaded by Condé, 70. A short -peace, 71. - -Antoine, Faubourg St., battle -between Condé and Turenne near -the gates of the, I. 81. Turenne -victorious, 81. - -Arbuthnot, Dr., character of, I. 30. - -Argenson, M. d', anecdote relative -to, I. 235. - -Argental, count d', II. 53. 100. - -Ariosto, I. 154. Imitated by La Fontaine, -165. 181. - -Aristotle, controversy respecting, -excited by Rabelais, I. 31. Ramus's -Anti-Stagyrite, 31. - -Arlechino, or Harlequin, Italian -actor, I. 102. - -Arnaud, Antony, the abbé, controversialist, -I. 198. 267. 315. 339. - -Arnaud d'Andilli, brother of Antony, -I. 198. - -Arnaud, Angélique, abbess of Port -Royal, I. 198. - -Arouet, M., father of Voltaire, II. 4. -7. 9. 11. - -Artagnan, M. d', I. 223, n. - -Assoucy, d', musician and poet, -kindly entertained during his -peregrinations by Molière and his -brother comedians, I. 104. - -Atmospheric air, properties of, I. -191. - - -B. - -Bacon, Francis lord, his opinion of -Rabelais, I. 23. - -Ballads, Spanish and Moorish, I. -45. - -Balzac, poetry of, I. 153. - -Barante, M., his "Literature of the -Eighteenth Century," II. 14, n. - -Bardou, French poet, I. 265. - -Baron, excellent comedian, I. 131. -132. 143. - -Barre, chevalier de la, execution of -the, II. 84. - -Beauvilliers, duke de, I. 335. - -Béjart, brothers, comedians in Molière's -troop, I. 102. Facetiousness -of the younger, 121. - -Béjart, Madeleine, actress, her -beauty, I. 102. - -Béjart, Armande, is married by -Molière, I. 102. Their union infelicitous, -117. 131. Implores -Louis XIV. that her deceased -husband should be buried in holy -ground, 140. She marries M. -Guérin, comedian, 148. - -Bellay, du, archbishop of Paris, -friendly to Rabelais, I. 24, 25. 27. -Ambassador from Francis I. to -Paul III., 28. He receives Rabelais -in his household at Paris, -33. Supposed dying message by -Rabelais to, 39. - -Bellerose, Pierre le Meslier named, -tragedian, I. 98. - -Benedictine order, claims of for -respect, I. 25. - -Benserade, court poet, I. 226. - -Bergerac, Cyrano de, I. 99. - -Bernier, traveller in the East, I. 99. -100. - -Bible, English, an example for -language, I. 61. - -Boccaccio, his works acknowledged -to be diverting by La Fontaine, I. -154. 181. - -Boétie, Etienne de la, friendship of -Montaigne for, I. 7. Latin poem -by, 16. Death-bed of, 9. - -Boileau Despréaux, Nicholas, epigram -on Corneille by, I. 57. His -high estimate of Molière's genius, -97. 118. 146. His regret for the -loss of Molière's early farces, 105. -He criticises "Les Fourberies de -Scapin," 134. His advice to Molière, -142. His poetry remarkable -for wit, but without humour, -146. His observations on La -Fontaine, 160. 165. In favour -with Louis XIV., 163. Is elected -of the French Academy, 167. -His admiration of the "Lettres -Provinciales" of Pascal, 202. -His father, Giles Boileau, 259. -Birth of Nicholas in 1636, 259. -At school he commenced writing -poetry, 260. Studies law, and -named advocate, 261. Attacks -Chapelain and Cotin, 263. 265. -Substitutes fresh victims of his -satire in place of such as had -surrendered at discretion, 265. -His friends, 267. He speaks of -his own success, 268, n. His "Art -Poétique," 270. The "Lutrin," -270. Passages from, 272-279. -Leigh Hunt's parallel of Boileau -and Pope, 271, n. Boileau eulogises -Louis XIV., and is favourably -received at court, 278. Is -named historiographer conjointly -with Racine, 279. These poets -accompany Louis to Ghent, 280. -Is liable in camp to alarms, -his phlegmatic disposition, 281. -His conversations with madame -de Maintenon and Racine, 283. -Desires a seat in the French -Academy, 167. 284. Repairs to -the baths of Bourbon for health, -285. His correspondence by -letter of much interest, 285. -286. Is indignant as to Perrault's -"Siècle de Louis Quatorze," -287. His Satire on Women, -288. His pension, 289. His -tender regard for Racine, 289. -He loses his valued friend, 290. -His interview with Louis as sole -historiographer, 291. His retirement, -291. His amusements in -old age, 291. Sells his house at -Auteuil, 292. His piety, 293. -Completes an edition of his works, -293. Account of several of his -works, 293. _et passim._ Dies of -dropsy on the chest at seventy-five -years of age, 294. His superior -wit, 294. His verses highly -finished and regular, 295. The -"Lutrin" his best poem, 295. -Teaches Racine that easy versification -is the result of painstaking, -307. He reconciles Antoine -Arnaud, and Racine, 315. His -enduring kindness for Racine, -327. His name of Despréaux, II. -21. - -Boisrobert, French poet, I. 43. 47. - -Bonaparte, general, his first interview -with madame de Staël, II. -322. Appointed first consul, 323. -Surmises as to the causes of Bonaparte's -enmity, 324. His interview -with M. Necker, 325. He -permits madame de Staël to reside -in Paris, 326. Not being lauded -by her, he seizes her "Germany," -and exiles her from France, 332. -On his return from Elba, invites -her to assist him in forming a -constitution; her answer, 340. - -Bonnecorse, French writer, I. 265. -266. - -Bordeaux, the father of Montaigne -mayor of, I. 1. Michel Montaigne -(the Essayist) mayor, 19. Re-election -of Montaigne, 19. Warfare -of the Fronde against the -royal party, at, 73. The prince of -Condé joyfully received by the -Bordelais, 77. Molière patronised -by the duke d'Epernon at, 102. - -Bose, M., letter from madame Roland -to, II. 272. He visits her in -prison, 289. - -Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, witnesses -the death of the duke of Rochefoucauld, -I. 90. His intended marriage, -334. Abandons it for the -church, 334. Appointed preceptor -to the dauphin, 334. 336. His -funeral oration on Henrietta, duchess -of Orléans, 334, n. His "Discours -sur l'Histoire Universelle," -334. He causes the misfortunes -of Fénélon by his zeal against the -doctrines of quietisme, 345. No -reconciliation takes place between -Bossuet and Fénélon, 356. - -Bonhours, le père, jesuit, I. 203, n. - -Bouillon, duke of, I. 73. His death -of typhus fever, 82. - -Bouillon, duchess of, I. 70. Niece -of Mazarin, 158. She conducts La -Fontaine to Paris, 159. 172. 177. - -Bouillon, M., his "Joconde," I. 165. - -Bourdaloue, le père, I. 202, n. 257, n. -Said to surpass his instructor, -Bossuet, in pulpit eloquence, 334. - -Boursault, French dramatic author, -I. 265. His visit to Boileau, 266. - -Bretons, character of this race, I. -216. Their loyalty romantic and -excessive, 216. - -Brissot, M., and the Girondists, II. -273. 314. He falls into disrepute, -276. Their known moderation, -281. 283. Louvet accuses Robespierre, -but is ill supported except -by the Gironde deputies, 284. Act -of accusation against them, 290. -Execution of Brissot, 291. - -Brittany, province of, I. 214. 216. -Affairs of, 243. - -Broglie, duke de, espouses Albertine, -daughter of madame de -Staël, II. 340. - -Bruyère, _see_ La Bruyère. - -Buchanan, George, applauds the -early teaching Latin to Montaigne, -I. 4. - -Budæus, referred to as to Rabelais, -I. 24. - -Burke, right hon. Edmund, his opinion -of Oliver Goldsmith, I. 182. - -Burgundy, duke of, grandson of -Louis XIV., his preceptors, I. 335. -359. 364. His death, 365. II. 10. - -Bussy-Rabutin, Roger, count de, -cousin of madame de Sévigné, I. -217. Her letters to the count, -217. His letters to madame de -Sévigné, 217. 219. Particulars of -his career, 218, n. His licentious -works, 221. - - -C. - -Cailhava, his "Art de la Comédie," -I. 154, n. - -Calas, Jean, inquiry into the injustice -of the condemnation of, II. 80. - -Calonne, administration of this financier, -II. 304. - -Calvin, John, his reproof of Rabelais, -I. 31. - -Castro, Guillen de, the "Cid" of, I. -45. - -Catherine II., her correspondence -with M. de Voltaire, II. 107. - -Caumartin, M. de, II. 10. - -Cavoie, M. de, I. 281. 317. - -Chamfort, his éloge of Molière, I. -148. - -Champmélé, mademoiselle de, celebrated -actress, I. 307. - -Charles VI., the emperor, death of, -II. 42. - -Chapelain, French poet and critic, -I. 47. 48. Character of, 262. His -poem of "La Pucelle d'Orléans," -262. 263, n. Other allusions to, -301. - -Chapelle, poet, education of, I. 99. -His good-fellowship, 115. 131. 132. -Allusions to, 216. - -Chateauneuf, the abbé de, II. 5. 6. - -Chateauneuf, marquis de, II. 7. - -Châteauroux, duchess of, II. 44. 47. - -Châtelet, marquis du, his castle of -Cirey affords a refuge to Voltaire, -II. 24. 26. - -Châtelet, madame du, Voltaire's -intimacy with, II. 21. She learns -English of Voltaire, 25. 26. Her -literary taste, 25. 29. She revisits -Paris with Voltaire, 42. Visits -Sceaux, 48. Her death, 52. - -Châtillon, duchess of, I. 217. - -Chaulnes, duke of, governor of Britany, -I. 248. - -Chaulnes, duchess of, I. 243. 248. 252. - -Chavigni, duke of, I. 82. - -Chevreuse, duchess de, favourite of -Anne, regent of France, I. 64. 65. -66. Is banished, 67. - -Chimène, or Ximena, part of, critique, -I. 45. 46. - -Choiseul, duke of, II. 81. 82. 101. - -"Cid," the, of Guillen de Castro, I. -45. 101. - -"Cinna," tragedy of, by Corneille, -I. 49. - -Cirey, château of the marquis du -Châtelet in Champagne, II. 24. 27. -Voltaire's mode of life there, 28. - -Clairon, mademoiselle, actress, II. 44. - -Clement VII., pope, I. 25. - -Clement XI., I. 367. - -Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., I. -163. 166. 222. 287, n. 301. - -Colletet, French author, I. 43. - -Comedy, French: Corneille's "Mélite," -I. 42. His "Illusion," 44. -His "Le Menteur," 51. Racine's -"Les Plaideurs," 53. _See_ Theatre. - -Condé, the great prince of, I. 53. 60. -Defeats the Spaniards at Rocroi, -67. Blockades Paris, 70. Is imprisoned, -70. And liberated by de -Retz and the Frondeurs, 73. -Joined by the Spaniards in the -south of France, 77. Quits Guienne -to join the forces of the duke of -Nemours, 78. Perilous journey, -79. Is opposed by Turenne, 80. -Contest between these great commanders -near Paris, 81. The Parisians -show great regard for him, -82. On occasion of a tumult and -partial massacre, he incurs their -hatred, 82. His admiration of -Molière, 113. 124. Further allusions -to, 278. 313. 327. 331. - -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine de -Caritat, marquis de, born in Picardy, -II. 175. His scientific works, -172. _et seq._ His examination of -the "Pensées de Pascal," 177. -Intimacy with men of science, 178. -Replies to Necker's book, 178. His -edition of Voltaire, and a life of -that author, 103. 178. Replies to -De Lolme on the English Constitution, -179. Character of Condorcet, -179. What share he had in the -French revolution, 180. Violent -speech of against monarchy, 182. -184. His political writings, 182. -184. 187. Supports in his speeches -the cause of liberty, 182. 184. 187. -Esteemed for his integrity, 184. -His metaphysical deductions, 185. -His enlarged views regarding -national education, 186. His vote -went to save Louis XVI., 188. -Denounced by Chabot, as an -accomplice of Brissot, 190. His -"Historical Sketch of the Progress -of the Human Mind," 190. -His views of human perfection, -191. His epistle in verse -to his wife, 192. He retires to -Chamont, 192. Is discovered, and -imprisoned at Bourg-la-Reine, -193. Dies of cold and hunger in -jail, 193. His character as given -by madame Roland, 193. His wife -escaped the dangers of the revolution, -194. She wrote some philosophical -works, 194.; and died -in 1822, 194. Mademoiselle de -Condorcet married Arthur -O'Connor, 194. - -Conti, Armand de Bourbon, prince -of, I. 60. 68. Engaged in the civil -war on the side of the Fronde, -I. 60. 68. Holds out in Bordeaux -and Guienne for several years, -83, n. Educated in the college -of Clermont, 99. He patronizes -Molière at Pezenas, 105. 106. Allusions -to, 236. - -Conti, the princess of, I. 286. - -Conti, the prince of, entertains -J. J. Rousseau, II. 159. Affords -him a refuge, 162. - -Corbinelli, M., account of, I. 256. -His wit, 237. His letters, 245. - -Corneille, Pierre, the father of -French tragedy, I. 40. His parents, -40. His brother, Thomas -Corneille, also a dramatist of celebrity, -41. His sister Marthe, -mother of Fontenelle, 41. Taught -at Rouen by Jesuits, 41. His first -work, "Mélite," a comedy, 42. -Mediocrity of his first dramas, -42. Corrects the plays of Richelieu, -43. His associates in that -task, 43. He retires from Paris -to Rouen, 43. His poems to madame -Du Pont, 43. His "Medée" -unsuccessful, 44. "Illusion," a -comedy, 44. His genius fires with -the study of Spanish dramas, 44. -Reads the "Cid" of Guillen de -Castro, 45. Corneille's drama of -the "Cid," 45. 46. 101. Its plot -and action, 101. Its renown, 47. -Critique of the "Cid," by the Académie -Française, 47. 48. Richelieu's -observations thereon, 48. -Corneille's tragedy of "Horace," -48. His tragedy of "Cinna," -49. "Polyeucte," 50. His -comedy of "Le Menteur," 51. -"Rodogune," 52. Ill success of -"Don Sancho," "Theodore," -and "Pertharite," 52. His "Essays -on the Theatre," 54. His -translation of the "Imitation of -Jesus Christ," 54. Tragedy of -"Œdipe," 54. Its success, 54. His -genius afterwards unequal to his -former fame, 54. Pension granted -him by Louis XIV., 55. 60. Character -of the great dramatist, 60. -His fruitless attempts in later -tragedies, 56. His "Agesilas -and Attila," 57. His wife and -sister described, 56. Is established -in Paris, 56. Parallel of Racine -and Corneille, 57. "Berenice," -a subject treated by both poets, -58. Corneille less successful than -his rival, 59. "Pulchérie," and -"Suréna," his last plays, 59. -Death of Corneille, aged seventy-nine, -59. Unison of his character -with his works, 59. Public applause -of the poet, 60. Eloge of, -by Racine, 61. A great-niece of, -adopted by Voltaire, 61, n. II. 78. -His sons, I. 61. Allusions to, 262. - -Corneille, Thomas, dramatic author, -I. 41. Success of his "Timocrates," -56. "Le Comte d'Essex" -popular, 56. He and his -brother Pierre marry the demoiselles -de Lamperière, 56. Harmony -of the Corneille family, 56. -Some quotations from, 43, n. 55, n. -59, n. - -Corneille, Marthe, the mother of -Fontenelle, I. 41. 56. - -Cotin, l'Abbé, his death hastened -by critics and satirists, I. 147. -Molière's attack on, 153, 154. Boileau's -satire on, 263. - -Coulanges, Marie de, baronne de -Chantal, mother of madame de -Sévigné, I. 215. - -Coulanges, Christophe de, abbé de -Livry, takes charge of his orphan -niece, madame de Sévigné, I. -215. His consolations afforded her -on the death of the marquis her -husband, 218. His death, 251. - -Coulanges, M. de, cousin of madame -de Sévigné, I. 232. Lawsuit -of, pleaded by himself, 232. Dialogue -in verse by, 232, n. Impromptu -by, 235. His death, -235. - -Coulanges, madame de, I. 232. Celebrated -for wit and beauty, 234. -339. - -Couvreur, mademoiselle, death and -mode of sepulture of this actress, -II. 23. - -Crébillon, dramatic poet, II. 43. 50. -A rival of Voltaire, 51. 57. - -Cuspidius, Lucius, will of, I. 37. - - -D. - -D'Alembert, M., proverbial saying -of, I. 163. Remarks of, 334. 336. -His éloge of Fénélon, 345, n. 369. -371. The Encyclopédie, II. 77. -His friendship with Condorcet, -176. - -D'Angeau, marquis do, I. 58. His -fortune at play, 244, n. - -Dauphin, the, son of Louis XIV., -I. 334. 336, n. - -Davenport, Mr., permits Rousseau -to occupy his house at Wotton in -Derbyshire, II. 160. - -Denis, madame, niece of Voltaire, -II. 53. 55. 58. 69. 89. 98. 99. 105. - -Descartes, his celebrity for science, -I. 185. - -Desfontaines, the abbé, II. 31, 32. - -Deshoulières, madame, her sonnet -on Racine's "Phèdre," I. 312. - -Des Marais, bishop of Chartres, I. -342. - -Des Marets, French academician, I. -47. - -Devaux, M., II. 33. - -Diderot, M., writes a large portion -of the Encyclopédie, II. 77. That -work was condemned by the parliament -and clergy, and suppressed, -77. Is confined at Vincennes -for publishing a pamphlet, -133. Visited by J. J. Rousseau, -133. High reputation of, 171. - -Drama, the: France indebted to -Spanish tragic authors, I. 41. 45. -In comedy to Lope di Vega, 51. -The Greek drama not suitable to -modern times, 305. Voltaire's critique -on the tragedies of Sophocles, -II. 15. _See_ Theatre. - -Dubois, cardinal, II. 10. - -Du Deffand, la marquise, letter -from Voltaire to, II. 89. 103. - -Dumouriez, general, minister for -foreign affairs, II. 277. 278. 314. - -Dupin, madame, II. 128. 129. - -Duprat, chancellor, invades the -privileges of the faculty at Montpellier, -I. 27. The gift of tongues -an introduction of Rabelais to, 27. - -Dupuis, M. and madame, II. 89. - -Duverdier, the Bibliothèque Française -of, I. 39. His Prosographie, -39. - - -E. - -Encyclopédie, by MM. Diderot, -d'Alembert, Voltaire, and others, -II. 77. 148. - -Enville, duchess d', II. 81. - -Epinay, madame d', II. 138. 143. 145. -164. - -Etallonde, the chevalier d', II. 86. -107. - -Euripides, I. 40. - - -F. - -Fables of La Fontaine, I. 164. 178. -180. Gay's, 179. Anonymous -English fables imitated from La -Fontaine, 179. - -Fayette, countess de la, her novel -of "La Princesse de Clèves," I. -84. Her taste and erudition, 85. -Friendship of the duke of Rochefoucauld -for, 85. 87. Her mansion -the resort of French literati, &c., -231. Her portrait or character of -de Sévigné, 255. - -Fénélon, François de Salignac de -la Mothe, born in 1651, I. 329. His -ancestry, 329. His education, 331. -Takes his degree at Cahors, 331. -The abbé Fénélon's sermons at -nineteen applauded, 331. His strict -attention to the sacerdotal duties, -332. His purpose of becoming missionary, -332. Louis XIV. desires -him to convert the Huguenots, -333. Is the pupil and friend of Bossuet, -335. Writes on female education, -335. His "Telemachus," -337. 356. 371. Appointed archbishop -of Cambrai, 339. Is deceived -by the zeal and pretended -visions of madame Guyon, 340. -Declines approval of Bossuet's -condemnation of her, 343. Louis -XIV. did not like Fénélon, 345, n. -Exiled to his diocese, 346. 360. -His "Exposition des Maximes -des Saints sur la vie intérieure," -344. The pope condemns the -book, 352. Controversy on this -subject among the great prelates, -344. 350. Fénélon's letters, 360. -His religious principles, 362. _et -passim._ Is visited by the duke of -Burgundy at Cambrai, 364. His -active charity, 365. Louis XIV. -becomes sensible of his unjust -treatment of this great prelate, -366. The archbishop's sickness -and death, 367. His character, -368. 370. His conversation, 368. -Ramsay, a Scottish baronet, describes -his habits and disposition, -369. 370. His dialogues on eloquence, -372. Political views in -his "Telemachus," 373. - -Fénélon, marquis de, I. 331. 367. - -Ferney, château of, Voltaire's seclusion -at the, II. 76. Visitors to, -90. Marmontel, 91. Countess de -Genlis, 96. - -Ferney, village of, II. 101. - -Fleuri, cardinal de, II. 32. 42. 44. -His death. - -Fleury, abbé de, sous-précepteur -of the princes, I. 336. - -Fontaine, _see_ La Fontaine, I. 150. -&c. - -Fontenelle, nephew of Corneille, I. -41. Observations by, on La Fontaine, -178. - -Fouquet, minister of finance, incites -Pierre Corneille to write -"Œdipe," a tragedy, I. 54. His -mistake in entertaining his monarch -too sumptuously, 111. Offends -mademoiselle de la Vallière. -112. Louis XIV. restrains his -anger during the fête given by -the financier, 113. His disgrace, -162. Is brought to trial, 222. -Imprisoned in Pignerol until his -death in 1680, 224. His correspondence -seized, 224. - -France, the civil war between Catholics -and Huguenots, I. 11. -Consequences of civil war, the -rise of statesmen and warriors, -and next of poets and authors, -41. Events on the death of Louis -XIII., 64. Corruption of manners, -67. Condé and Turenne -defeat the Spaniards, 67. Broils -and adventures in the contest of -the Fronde against Mazarin and -the court, 70. 75. The kingdom -suffers in commerce, learning, -arts and sciences; and demoralization -a further consequence of -civil war, 77. Licentiousness -resulting from the war, 104. -French manners liable to ridiculous -interpretation, 109. Molière -lashes these foibles, 109. -Anecdotes descriptive of the state -of society, 171. 217. 230. II. 45. -Literature not good at the commencement -of Louis XIV.'s -reign, I. 262. War of the Spanish -succession, 362. Invasion of -Flanders, 364. The nation vain, -and fond of glory, II. 21. Intolerance -of the clergy of, 99. 108. - -Franceuil, M., his friendship for -J. J. Rousseau, II. 128. 129. 135. - -Francis I., court of, I. 27. 30. He -protects Rabelais against the Sorbonne, -32. - -Franciscan order, the, I. 24. - -Frederic the Great, king of Prussia, -his correspondence with Voltaire, -II. 35. He visits Strasbourg, -39. Voltaire's interview with -Frederic at the castle of Clèves, -39. Description of the monarch, -39. 41. He attacks the principles -of Machiavelli, 40. He seizes on -Silesia, 42. Concludes peace with -the empress Maria Theresa, 46. -Negotiations with France, 47. -The king welcomes Voltaire to -Potsdam, and grants him a place -and a pension, 57-65. Appoints -Maupertuis, president of the Royal -Academy, 54. Refuses permission -to Voltaire to quit his service, -67. Their interview, 67. -Reconciliation effected, 68. Frederic -sends to Voltaire at Frankfort -for a volume of the king's -poems, 69. Voltaire's arrest until -he can receive the volume left -at Leipsic, 69. Frederic defeated -in battle, addresses an epistle in -verse to Voltaire, 73. He gains -two victories, 74. His opinion of -Voltaire's powers of conversation, -90. Invites J. J. Rousseau to -Berlin, 157. - -French language: affected and extravagant -style of Mlle. de Scudéri -and others of the Hôtel -Rambouillet, I. 107. 108. - -Fronde, civil war of the, described, -I. 68. &c. Great men of this party -enumerated, 69. The new and -old Fronde, 74. Character of -the times of the Fronde, 95. 96. -_See_ Life of Rochefoucauld. - -Furetière, abbé, his Dictionary, I. -168. Anger of against the French -Academy, 168. - - -G. - -Galen, edition of, by Rabelais, I. 26. -28. "Ars Medicinalis" of, 37. - -Galileo, his investigation of atmospheric -laws, I. 191. - -Gallanous, Peter, controversy of -respecting Aristotle, I. 31. - -Gamache, viscountess de (Eléanore -de Montaigne), I. 21. - -"Gargantua, the Giant, and Pantagruel," -of Rabelais, I. 31. Supposed -personages pourtrayed in, -32. Editions thereof, 38. - -Gascony and Guienne, character of -the people of, I. 1. - -Gassendi, astronomer and mathematician, -instructs Chapelle and -Molière, I. 99. - -Gaussin, Mademoiselle, celebrated -and beautiful actress, II. 22. - -Gauthier Garguille, excellent comedian, -I. 101. - -Gay's Fables, comparison of La -Fontaine's with, I. 179. - -Geneva, residence of "Les Délices" -acquired by Voltaire near to, -II. 71. 74. 75. Quits it for the -château de Ferney, on the adjacent -French territory, 76. Rousseau's -early years passed at -Geneva, 112. Kind reception of -him at a later period by his -countrymen, 137. Voltaire and -d'Alembert desirous of softening -the tone of society in, by establishing -dramatic, representations, -149. Rousseau replies to -their article for that object in the -Encyclopédie, 149. Ferment at, -in which the writings of Rousseau -were concerned, 157. - -Genlis, countess de, narrates her -visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. 94. -Rousseau offended by, 167. - -Gex, town of, II. 100. - -Gibbon, Edward, esq. the historian, -an admirer of mademoiselle -Churchod, the mother of madame -de Staël, II. 296. 305. - -Gilbert, tragedy of "Rodogune" by, -I. 53. - -Ginguené, M., criticisms of, I. 34. - -Goldsmith, Oliver, opinions relative -to his conversation, I. 182. - -Gournay le Jars, Marie de, I. 20. -Publishes the Essays of Montaigne, -who had treated her as a -daughter by adoption, 21. - -Gourville, secretary to de la Rochefoucauld, -I. 67. 70. 78. 79. His -Memoirs referred to, 84. 120. - -Graffigny, madame de, II. 26. 30. 33. - -Grammont, count de, espouses -miss Hamilton, I. 119. - -Greek, Rabelais familiar with, I. 38. - -Greek tragedy, unities of the, -I. 45. 49. 52. - -Grignan, count de, his marriage, -I. 227. Praise of him by madame -de Sévigné, 227. He repairs to -Provence as lieutenant-governor, -228. - -Grignan, countess de, daughter of -madame, de Sévigné, educated -by her mother, II. 218. Is presented -at court, 225. Appeared at the -fêtes of Versailles, 226. Her -beauty celebrated by Benserade, -226. Accepts the hand of the -count de Grignan, a widower, -227. Accompanies her husband -to Provence, 228. Portraiture of -the countess, 229. Visits of madame -de Sévigné to her in Provence, -228. 241. Madame de -Grignan attends her mother in -Paris when ill, 245. But returns -to Provence herself in ill health, -246. Renewed journeys to see -her mother, and to Provence, 246. -247. 249. Her children, 248. Is -on terms of affection with her -mother, 250. Attended in sickness -by her mother, 254. - -Grignan, marquis de, their son, I. -230, n. 250. 251. 254. 258. - -Grignan, chevalier de, an uncle, -I. 246. His family, 246. 247. - -Grignan, Pauline de, daughter of -the countess, I. 248, n. 251. She -marries the marquis de Simiane, -254. 258. - -Grimm, baron de. Correspondence -of, I. 63. II. 103. J. J. Rousseau's -friendship for, 144. Account of -the baron, 145. His report as to -Rousseau, 164. 171. - -Gros Guillaume, comedian, I. 101. - -Gros René, comedian, I. 102. - -Gros René, madame, actress, I. 102. - -Guibert, count de, II. 98. - -Guise, duke of, assassinated at Blois, -I. 11. - -Guyon, madame, enthusiasm or -mysticism of, I. 340. _et seq._ Her -fervour occasions the disgrace of -Fénélon, 342. He speaks in her -cause to Bossuet, 342. Her party -punished, 343. - - -H. - -Hamilton, la belle, countess of -Grammont, I. 119. - -Hardy, early French dramatic author, -I. 41. - -Harlay de, archbishop of Paris, I. -140. 333. - -Harpe, La, M., critical remarks of -I. 178. 258. II. 102. - -Helvetius, M., II. 171. Madame -Roland's opinion as to, 263. - -Henrietta of England, duchess of -Orléans, I. 58. 308. Her death, -164. - -Henry, king of Navarre, I. 11. - -Henry IV. king of France, I. 11. -Character of his court warlike and -unlettered, 41. The "Henriade" -a history of this great monarch -and his times, II. 12. - -Herbault, Puits d', monk of Fontevrault, -I. 31. - -Hippocrates, edited or translated by -Rabelais, I. 26. 28. 37. His system, -26. - -Holland, lord, on the Spanish -Drama, &c., I. 45, n. - -Houdetot, countess d', II. 128. Her -visit to J. J. Rousseau at the Hermitage, -141. - -Huguenots, blame attached by -Montaigne to their party, I. 12. -Oppression of the, 257. Bourdaloue -sent into the south to -convert protestants, 257, n. Fénélon -commissioned to convert -the Huguenots, 333. Out of the -pale of the Romish church, 339. -II. 79. The _dragonnades_, 79. 87. - -Hume, David, persuades Rousseau -to visit England, II. 159. Is indignant -at the folly and jealousies -of Jean Jacques, 162. - - -I. - -Innocent X., condemns the five propositions -on grace and election, -said to be from the book on Augustin -by Jansenius, I. 200. - -Intolerance, cases of, II. 79. 83. 85. - - -J. - -James II., arrival of, in France, I. -251. - -Jansenius, Cornelius, bishop of -Ypres, five propositions selected -by the Jesuits from his work on -St. Augustin, and condemned by -the Sorbonne, I. 200. - -Jansenists, origin of the, I. 200. -Controversies respecting the abbé -Arnaud, 200.; and the Lettres -Provinciales, 207. Praise of -education by the Jansenists, 298. -Their spirit of controversy, 339. -Fénélon opposed to Jansenism, -362. Persecution of the, II. 87. - -Jesuits, order of, I. 200. 207. They -employ themselves particularly in -education, 298. Polemical spirit -infused by the religious orders, -and an apathy for the affairs of -this world, 298. Banishment of -the, II. 87. - -Jordan, Mrs., her excellent taste, -and vivacity in comedy, I. 117. - -Jura Mountains, peasants of the, -II. 100. - - -K. - -Keith, lord, his regard for Rousseau, -II. 157. - -Kœnig, Prussian mathematician, -II. 65. - - -L. - -La Beaumelle, his attack on Voltaire -in Prussia, II. 66. - -La Bruyère, his critique on Rabelais, -I. 34. Describes Corneille's -conversation and manner, 55. His -portrait of La Fontaine, 181. - -La Fare, anacreontic poet, I. 171. - -La Fontaine, Jean de, versifier of -Rabelais' Tales, I. 34. His life -peaceful, 150. Born in 1621 at -Château Thierry, 150. His father, -151. He enters the community -of the Pères de l'Oratoire, -151. Renounces the cloister, and -espouses Mlle. Marie d'Héricart, -151. Becomes master of the royal -domains in his district, 151. -Hears Malherbe's ode on the assassination -of Henri IV., and -commences poet, 152. Studies -the Roman poets, 153. Verses by, -112. His "Adonis" in heroic -verse, 155. His character indolent -and _insouciant_, 155. Resides -long at Château Thierry, 155. -Fights M. Poignan, on account -of madame de la Fontaine, 156. -That officer disarms the poet both -of sword and jealousy, 156. Divers -reports as to the placid temper -of his wife, 157. Visits Paris, -but neglects business, 157. Becomes -domiciled with the duke -and duchess of Bouillon, 159. -His intimacy with Racine, Molière, -and Boileau, 160. Comfortable -amid Parisian society, he -forgets his wife and his home, 161. -Fouquet grants him a pension, -162. He solicits that finance -minister's pardon from Louis -XIV., 162. 222. His "Contes et -Merveilles en vers," 163. 173. Tale -of "Pysche and Cupid," 163. 177. -Noticed by Henrietta duchess of -Orléans. 164. His tale of "Joconde," -165. His "Fables," 164. -178. 180. Is elected of the French -Academy, 167. Anecdote on that -subject, 167. He has the ill luck -to displease the abbé Furetière -by an inadvertence, 168. La Fontaine -incorrigibly forgetful, 169. -Forgets that he has a son, and -admires him as a stranger, 169. -Anecdotes exhibiting him, 170, -&c. Resides in the house of madame -d'Hervart, 172. 170. Decline -of his health, 173. The -priests constrain him to destroy -some of his works, 173. And to -make public reparation for the -evil influence of his "Fables," -175. He recovers and writes -more tales, 176. Dies, aged -seventy-four, 176. Criticism on -his works, 177. His dramatic -pieces, 178. His tables and tales, -178. 180. English fables compared -with, 179. Opinions by his -contemporaries of, 181. Epitaph -by himself, 182. - -La Harpe, M., criticisms of, I. 178. -258. II. 102. - -Lally-Tolendal, M. de, saved by -madame de Staël, II. 315. 316. - -Lamb, Miss, pretty song by, I. 108. - -La Metrie, physician at Potzdam, -II. 62. - -Lamoignon, M. de, premier président, -I. 267. 271. - -Langeron, the abbé de, I. 366. -"Langey, Chevalier de, Military -Stratagems and Prowess of," by -Rabelais, I. 37. - -La Noue, tragedian, II. 43. - -Leibnitz, letter of the celebrated, -II. 65. - -Le Kain, tragedian, II. 54. He resides -with Voltaire, and performs -on his stage, 54. - -Le Nôtre, architect, &c., I. 112. - -Lettres Provinciales of Pascal, I. -198. Object of this work explained, -201. Condemnation of -the book, 207. Misfortunes resulting -therefrom at Port Royal, -207. - -L'Huilier, M., engages Gassendi to -educate Chapelle the poet, I. 99. - -Ligne, prince de, visits Rousseau -incognito, II. 165. Declares himself -by letter, and kindly offers -a home to J. J. Rousseau, 166. - -Locke, John, works of, II. 18. 24. -His "Treatise on Education," -151. - -Longueville, duke of, I. 69. - -Longueville, duchess of, I. 68. Her -beauty, 70. Various allusions to -this princess, 72. 74. 77. Her character -and religious sentiments, -83, n. - -Louis XIII., accession of, I. 64. -Death of, 66. M. Poquelin and -his son Molière his deputy, valet-de-chambre -to, 100. The king -causes M. de Cinq-Mars and De -Thou to be beheaded, 100. Allusions -to this monarch, 215. - -Louis XIV., grants a pension to -Pierre Corneille, I. 55. His attachment -to Henrietta duchess of -Orléans, 58. Splendour of his -court begins to be remarkable, -111. Takes a part in the ballets at -court, 118. 119. Discontinues to -do so, from a passage in "Britannicus" -alluding to Nero, 118, -n. His journeys, 120. Flattery -of by the poets and savants, 163. -Did not comprehend La Fontaine, -164. And delays his ratification -of his being received in the French -Academy, 167. Trial of Fouquet, -finance minister, 112. 113. 222. -223. The king refuses to pardon -him, 224. The fêtes at Versailles, -225. 256. Tournament at, Louis -representing count Roger, 225. -His affection for the beautiful -La Vallière, 112. 119. 162. 225. -236. His court described, 244, n. -His queen, 236. Secret marriage -with madame de Maintenon, 87. -236. 237. 248. His reign, animadversions -on, 257. 323. Age of -Louis XIV. described, 269. Louis -XIV. conceives a dislike for Fénélon, -333. 346. Perceives his injustice, -but burns his papers, 366. -Anecdotes of the king, 319. 323. -Preceptors to his son and grand-sons, -334. 336, n. The Gallican -church, its state in the reign of -Louis XIV., 339-362. References -to Louis XIV., in the life -of Voltaire, II. 6. 10. - -Louis XV., I. 368. II. 44. 46. 47. 55. -57. 60. His inglorious old age, -101. - -Louis XVI., II. 86. 100. 104. _For -the historical events of his reign -and fall, see the Lives of Condorcet, -Mirabeau, &c._ in Vol. II. - -Love and gallantry, novels breathing -of, I. 107. 108. Ill taste of -language relating to, 108. Purity -of sentiment aimed at nevertheless, -108. - -Lucian, by whom imitated, I. 35. - -Lucretius, II. 144. - -Lulli, musical composer, solicits -La Fontaine to write the opera of -"Daphne," I. 166. His death -described, 176. - -Luxembourg, maréchal duc de, II. -149. His kind attentions to his -neighbour Jean Jacques Rousseau, -150. - -Luxembourg, duchess of, II. 150. -152. Her conduct with regard to -Rousseau, when he was danger of -arrest, 153. - -Lyons, almanacs calculated under -the meridian of, I. 37. - - -M. - -Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine, -I. 154. Frederic the Great's -work against the principles of, II. -40. - -Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence -of Rabelais with the, I. 28. -30. "Letters from Italy" to, 37. - -Maine, duchess du, festivities at her -château of Sceaux, II. 48. - -Maintenon, madame de, I. 87. Her -portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld, -88. Her friendship for -madame de Coulanges, 234. -Anecdotes of, 236. 237. 248. 282. -283. 320. 322. 323. Her estate of -Maintenon, II. 21. - -Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe," -I. 44. - -Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence -with, II. 136. His -benevolent attentions to Rousseau, -151. 152. - -Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. 37. - -Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin, -I. 159. 172. - -Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire -at Ferney, II. 90-94. - -Marot, Clément, admired by La -Fontaine, I. 154. - -Marsillac, prince de, I. 65. His advice -to the duchess de Chevreuse, -66. _See_ Duke de la Rochefoucauld. - -Marsillac, prince de, son of the -above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld -in the battle of St. Antoine, -I. 81. Espouses his cousin, -Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, 83. -Attends the duke his father in -his last illness, 89. - -Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to -Montaigne, I. 15. - -Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. 154. - -Maupertuis, M. de, II. 39. 65. His -dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam, -66. "Akakia," a satire by -Voltaire on, 66. 67. He challenges -Voltaire, who laughs at -him, 68. - -Maurepas, count de, II. 45. 295. 302. - -Mauroy, poetry of, I. 265. - -Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu, -I. 66. Is minister in the -regency of Anne of Austria, 66. -Imprisons the princes Condé, -Conti, and Longueville, 72. Is -obliged to fly, 73. Successes of, -in the royal cause, 81. Is displaced -for a time, for the sake of -an accommodation of the civil -dissensions, 82. On his return to -power he permits de la Rochefoucauld -to appear at court, 84. - -Mazarin, duchess of, I. 159. 172. - -Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, -I. 216. - -Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence -of, I. 192. - -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis -of, descended from an Italian -family named Arrighetti, II. -195. His grandfather, Jean Antoine, -196. His father, comte Victor -de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami -des Hommes," 197. The comté's -marriage, 198. His lady's domestic -happiness obstructed by a madame -de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who -chose to reside with them, 198. -The marquis's idea of his own -infallibility, 199. He became a -persecutor of his son, Gabriel -Honoré, the fifth child, 199.; who -was born with teeth, and suffered -severely from the small-pox, 199. -His early talent, 199. Memoirs -of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny, -noticed, 200, n. Madame -de Pailly cruel to this boy, 201. -His early education, 201. Severity -of his father, 202. The abbé -Choquart, his preceptor, proud -of him, 202. Is sent to join the -marquis de Lambert's regiment, -202. His subsequent expostulations -with his hard-hearted parent, -who had imprisoned him in -the fortress of the Isle of Rhé, -204. The governor sends him on -the expedition to Corsica, 204. -His history of that island, and an -Itinerary from personal observation, -204. He avows his liking -for the military profession, 205. -His father praises him on his return, -206. Marries the daughter -of the marquis de Marignane, -207. He incurs debts, 207. His -father procures a lettre-de-cachet -to confine him, 208. He writes -an "Essay on Despotism," 208. -Becomes jealous of the chevalier -de Gassaud, 209. On hearing his -explanation, he escapes to forward -his projected marriage by -pleading for him, 209. Meets a -nobleman who had insulted his -sister, and gives him a blow, 209. -His father hearing of his evasion, -shuts him up in a dismal castle, -209. His love adventures, 211. -He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey -de Monnier, to Holland, 215. -Translates for the booksellers of -Amsterdam, 215. M. de Monnier -proceeds against the fugitives, -who are condemned to -punishment, 216. He is imprisoned -at Vincennes, 217. His -letters, 217. Fate of Sophie -de Monnier, 222, n. He quits -prison on coming to terms with -his father, 224. He tries by law -to oblige his wife to live with -him, 224. Fails in his suit, -224. Is no longer injured by -private enemies, 227. Is esteemed, -and employed in public services, -228. His impetuous eloquence, -228. He foresees the -revolution, 228. Desires to be -elected a representative to the -states-general, 230. The nobles -of Provence exclude him -by a vote from their body, -231. The people greet him on -his return towards Paris, 232. -Allays some outbreaks of the -people of Marseilles and of Aix, -233. Is elected deputy from both -those places, 234. Takes his seat -in the tiers-état, 234. He declares -the power of the people to -be independent of the crown, -236. His eloquence in the debates, -239. Death of his father, -240. His speeches all-powerful -with the assembly, 241. Supports -the financial proposition of -Necker for a tax on property, 243. -His influence preponderates over -every other, 245. Accused of -being an Orleanist, 246. 247. His -negotiations with the court, 248. -249. His speech on the question -of the National Convention, -250. His hôtel sumptuously -provided, 251. His _treaty_ with -the court, in the handwriting of -Louis XVIII., 252. He declines -in health, 253. His right to stand -up as a dictator in the assembly -questioned, 254. His policy was -to head a moderate party of royalists, -and to repress the Jacobins, -248. 250. 254. The king and -the people alike anxious for his -recovery, 255. His opinion of -William Pitt, 256. His death, -aged forty-two, in 1791, 256. -He was the first buried in the -Pantheon, 257. Courageous and -warm-hearted, 258. His sayings -and bon-mots are on record, 258. -His style of oratory, 259. His -military talents, 259. - -"Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I. -5. - -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, -considered by Boileau as the first -writer of his day, I. 97. His parentage -respectable, 97. Education -of, 98. Taught by Gassendi, -99. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre -to Louis XIII. for his -father, 100. Studies the law at -Orléans, 101. Private theatricals -with some young friends, 101. -Makes the stage his profession, -101. His company of actors, 102. -Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents -his writing tragedy, 103. -His early comedies, 103. 105. Performs -in the provinces, 102. 105. -On the restoration of tranquillity -at Paris, his company perform in -presence of Louis XIV. and the -queen-mother, 106. They are -styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur," -107. His success in dramatic -satire, 110. His "Ecole des -Maris," 111. 112. Account of -"Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce, -112. Louis XIV. commands Molière -to introduce a sporting character, -113. Anecdotes of the rebuffs -experienced by the dramatist -as royal valet-de-chambre, 114. -Louis protects him, 114. Scandal -relative to Molière refuted, 115, n. -118. His marriage, 116. Not -productive of Felicity, 117. 131. -Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole -des Femmes" in reply to his detractors, -131. His "Impromptu -de Versailles," 131. Louis XIV. is -godfather to Molière's eldest child, -118. Molière performs "Sganarelle," -119. His "Tartuffe," -anecdotes as to, 119. 120. Tumult -of soldiers at his theatre, -121. The "Misanthrope," 122. -"Amphitryon," scene from the, -124. "George Dandin," scene -from, 127. "L'Avare," criticised -by Schlegel, 127. Success of "Le -Tartuffe" on its representation, -129. Molière a favourite of Parisian -society, 130. Anecdotes of -his circle of friends, 131. His -house at Auteuil, 131. His portraiture -of himself, 131, n. His -"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac," -132. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" -approved by Louis XIV., -133. "Fourberies de Scapin," -134. "Les Femmes Savantes," -scene from, 135. His "Malade -Imaginaire," 138. His own malady -unfeigned, 139. Death of -Molière, aged fifty-one, 139. 147. -Mode of his burial because a -player, 140. 141. His generosity, -143. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism -of his works, 145. 146. Eloge -of, 148. Marriage of his widow, -148.; and of his daughter, 149. -His prediction as to "le bon homme" -La Fontaine, 160. Molière -willing to employ Racine as a -young dramatic writer of promise, -304. His quarrel with Racine on -the ill-success of "Andromaque," -304. His admiration of Racine's -"Les Plaideurs," 311. Further -allusions to, 262. 372. - -Molina, the jesuit, I. 200. - -Molinists, their controversy with -the Jansenists, I. 201. Louis XIV.'s -predilection for their doctrine, -II. 6. - -Mondorge, comedian, relieved by -Molière when in need, I. 143. - -Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8. -1533, in Périgord, I. 1. Pierre -Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne, -his father, 1. Education of Michel, -2. Taught to speak Latin -from his cradle, 3. Tardiness -of his mind in infancy, 4. He -loses at school the power of -speaking good Latin acquired as -a child, 5. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses," -5. Reads Virgil, Terence, -and Plautus, 5. Memory -defective, 6. His cheerful temper, -6, n. Lively imagination, 6, n. -Pourtrays the character of Etienne -de la Boétie, 7. Poem of -the latter on their friendship, 7. -Death of Boétie, 9. He marries, -and is a good husband and tender -father, 9. He loses his father -Pierre Eyquem, 9. Is careful of -his paternal inheritance, 10. Domestic -habits, 10. Writes his Essays, -7. 10. His travels in France, -10. Visits the court and capital, -10. His moderation in politics, -11. He complains of the religious -feuds, and of his being pillaged, -12. Takes no measures for -defence of his château of Montaigne, -12. Is surprised by an -officer and his party, who refrain -from injuring him, 14. His calm -composure again preserves him -from danger when taken prisoner, -14. Afflicted by painful disorders -he resorts to Plombières for the -waters, and proceeds to Munich, -&c., 15. 16. He visits Venice and -Rome, 17. Is well received by -the pope, 17. Familiar with Roman -history, 17. He prints two -books of his Essays, 17. Mode -of treating the papal censures, -17. His pleasure on being declared -a citizen of Rome by a -bull for that purpose, 18. He -offers a silver sculptured tablet, -at the shrine of Loretto, 18. 19. -His wife, and daughter Eléanore, -19. Sojourns at Lucca, 19. Is -elected mayor of Bordeaux, -crosses Mont Cénis and arrives -at his château of Montaigne, 19. -Is commanded by the king to till -the office of mayor, and is re-elected -to the same, 19. His decline -and bad state of health, 19. -His friendship for mademoiselle -Marie de Gournay le Jars, and -portrait of that lady, 20, n. His -resignation when attacked with a -fatal quinsy, 20. His devout behavioural. -Dies 13th Sept. 1592., -21. His disposition and vivacity, -21. Descendants of, by his daughter -Eléanore, 21, n. Edition of -his Essays dedicated to Richelieu, -21. Instructive and entertaining -character of the Essays, 22. Their -originality, 22. - -Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice, -his character, II. 128. - -Montauzier, duke of, husband of -Julie d'Angennes, I. 128. 263, n. -312. - -Montespan, madame de, I. 167. -244, n. 279. 282. - -Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his -death, I. 308. - -Montpellier, the faculty at, I. 27. -Duprat, chancélier, deprives the -physicians of their privileges, who -are defended by Rabelais, 27. - -Montpensier, mademoiselle de, -daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I. -81. Her spirit in the contest before -the walls of Paris, 82. Her -intercourse with madame de Sévigné, -217. - - -N. - -Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I. -257. 323. II. 79. - -Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI. -_See_ Staël. - -Nemours, duke of, joined by the -great Condé, I. 78. Is wounded -in the battle of St. Antoine, 81. -Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law -the duke of Beaufort, 82. - -Nevers, duke of, I. 313. - -Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin -Marplot" an imitation of -"L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. 103. - -Newton, sir Isaac, II. 18. 24. 25. - -Nicole, M., theologian, I. 198. 267. -307. 315. - -Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided -to, I. 120, n. Molière reads his -"Tartuffe" to, 120. The marquis -de Sévigné her admirer, 217. 230. -The marquis de Grignan, 230, n. -Ladies of the court friendly to -her, 235. - -Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris -and cardinal, I. 339. - -Noyer, madame du, II. 7. 8. - -Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration -of Voltaire for, II. 8. She marries -the baron de Winterfeld, 9. - - -O. - -"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. 54. - -"Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. 15. - -Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La -Fontaine by, I. 151. 155. - -Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. 66. 81. -_See_ Henrietta, duchess of. - -Orléans, duke of, regent, I. 363. II. -10. Voltaire suspected of writing -the "Philippiques," a satire on -the regent, 15. - -Ormesson, M. d', I, 223. - - -P. - -"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. 31. -32. 34. Editions of, 38. Pantagruelian -caricatures, wood-cuts, -38. "Pantagrueline Prognostication, -the," I. 37. - -Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I. -32. 35. 38. - -Paris, day of the barricades, I. 68. -Blockade of, 70. 217. The troops -of the capital despised, 71. Riot -and licentiousness, 71. The prince -of Condé defeated by Turenne -under the walls of, 81. Paris not -favourable to stage representations -during the civil war, 102. -Parisian society ridiculed by Molière -in his plays, 107. Parisian -society in the time of Voltaire, II. -6. _et seq._ Reception of Voltaire -at Paris in 1788, 102. Paris during -the Revolution, see vol. II., lives -of Mirabeau, &c. - -Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of, -I. 183. His family noble, 184. His -parents, 184. Education as proposed -by his father Etienne, 185. -His companions, men of science, -136. His untutored exertions in -mathematics, 187. His father's -delight on discovering his studies, -187. Reads Euclid by himself, -188. Writes on conic sections, -188. His sisters, 188. Jacqueline -Pascal assists in obtaining their -father's recal by Richelieu, 189. -He studies languages and metaphysics, -190. Chronical ill-health -the result of excessive application, -190. His arithmetical -computator, 190. His investigation -of the properties of atmospheric -air, 191. "On the Equilibrium -of Liquids," 194. "On -the Weight of the Atmosphere." -194. His early piety, 195. His -loss of health, 195. And of his -father, 196. An accident in a -coach influences his mind, 196. -His seclusion from worldly intercourse, -197. His visits to Port -Royal, 198. "Lettres Provinciales" -by, 199. Success of Pascal, -201. Reputation of his work -among the learned for style and -eloquence, 202. His adherence -to rules of privation, &c. causes -chronical maladies, 204. His solution -of the problem of the cycloid, -and other questions in -geometry, 204. His challenge to -furnish a solution of these problems -accepted by Wallis and -Huygens, &c., 205. Pascal's triumph -therein, 205. His self-denial -and consequent debility, -205. 206. His "Lettres Provinciales" -condemned by the parliament -of Provence, 207. His -communications on his death-bed, -208. His death at thirty-nine -years of age, 210. Consideration -of his virtues and piety, -210. His "Pensées," 211. His argument -against atheism, 211. His -genius, 339. Fénélon's opinion of, -362. His "Pensées" arranged -and attacked by Condorcet, II. 177. - -Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his -children's talent for his recal from -exile, I. 190. Made intendant at -Rouen, 190. His decease, 196. - -Pascal, Jacqueline, I. 189. 195. 196. -Particulars relative to her death -when sub-prioress of the convent -of Port Royal, 207. - -Paul III., pope, I. 28. Rabelais -requests his holiness to excommunicate -him, 29. - -Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on, -I. 175. - -Pelletier, poetry of, I. 265. - -Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's -cenotaph, I. 148. - -Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. 120. -147. - -Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal), -I. 190. 197. Alleged miraculous -cure of her daughter, a nun, at -Port Royal, 202. Her life of her -brother, Blaise Pascal, 202, n. She -blames him for the moroseness -of his seclusion and rules of life, -203. - -Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de -Louis XIV.," I. 287. Boileau -directs his satire against him, -287. his "Mother Goose's Tales," -287, n. - -Perrin, translator of the "Æneid," -I. 265. - -Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles, -I. 152. - -Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 45. -50. - -Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. 155. -"Plutarch's Lives," I. 155. - -Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. 35. - -Poison, when innocent, 29. 30. -"Polyeucte," tragedy, I. 50. - -Pompadour, madame de, II. 55. 57. - -Pomponius Lætus, I. 37. - -Pont, madame du, poems addressed -by Corneille to, I. 43. - -Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais -in his romance, I. 37. - -Pontverre, M. de, II. 116. - -Pope, Alexander, quotation from -his works, I. 179. - -Port Royal, abbey of, I. 199. Angelica -Arnaud, abbess, 198. -Learned men who lived in retirement -near this cloister, 199. Controversy -of the abbé Arnaud with -the Sorbonne, 200. Alleged miracle -at, regarding the cure of a -niece of Pascal, 201. Dispersion -of the nuns, 207. - -Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. 266. -His "Phèdre," brought out in -opposition to Racine's tragedy, 312. - -Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of -Boileau Despréaux, II. 21. -"Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical -comedy of Molière, I. 85. A -satire of French manners, affected -language, and of the clique of -l'Hôtel Rambouillet, 107. 110. -"Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain, -I. 262, 263, n. -"Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire, -II. 25. 28. 33. - -Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment -on atmospheric pressure, on the, -I. 193, 194. - - -O. - -Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II. -24. - -Quesnel, le Père, I. 362. - -Quietism, account of, I. 350. II. 87. -"Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine -on bark or, I. 163. 178. - - -R. - -Rabelais, Francis, designated a -great jester by lord Bacon, I. 23. -Born about 1483 at Chinon, in -Touraine, 23. Parentage of, and -reputed propensity to wine, 23. -Educated in a monastery, 24. -Takes the habit of the order of -St. Francis, 24. Envy at his -preaching, 24. Malice of the -Franciscans at, 24. Budæus laments -it, 24. Alleged reasons for -confining him on short commons, -25. Personates St. Francis and -laughs at devotees, 25. For which -he is whipt, 25. Relieved by -gaiety and learning, 25. Joins the -order of St. Benedict, 25. He -next studies medicine at Montpellier, -26. Lectures on Hippocrates -and Galen, 26. Defends -the privileges of the faculty of -Montpellier, 27. His scarlet gown, -27. How diminished, 27. 28. He -practises at Lyons, 27. 28. Accompanies -cardinal du Bellay to -Rome, 27. 28. In what character, -27. 28. His epistolary correspondence, -27. 28. Interview with -Paul III., 29. His notion as to -excommunication, 29. _Bruits_ as -to the method of his return to -Lyons and journey to Paris, 29. -Takes his own supposititious poison, -30. Is librarian, &c. to Du -Bellay, 30. His "Lives of the -Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel," -31. Privilege of publication -by king Francis, 31. Aristotelian -controversy ensuing -thereon, 31. His work condemned -by the Sorbonne, 31. He -attacked the popes and clergy of -Rome, and the monastic orders, -31. Account of his book, 32. -And of his religious principles, 33. -De Thou's account of, 33. La -Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable -opinions of, 34. Bayle and Voltaire -contemn him, 34. Exposition -of his views, 34. Imitators -of, 36. Various writings of specified, -37. "Letters from Italy," -37. Poetry of, 37. Parallel of -Swift and Rabelais, 36. 37. Editions -of his "Giants Gargantua -and Pantagruel," 38. The -"Rabelæsiana," 38. His acquisitions -as an universal linguist, -38. Also in science, 38. His noble -carriage and expressive physiognomy, -38. His fulfilment of duties -as curé de Meudon, 39. Death -aged seventy, 39. His death-bed, -39. Epitaphs for, 39. Further -allusions to, 154. 170. - -Rabutin, family of, I. 214. - -Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of -madame de Sévigné, I. 217. _See_ -Bussy-Rabutin. - -Racine, Jean, a rival of the great -Corneille, I. 57. His comedy of -"Les Plaideurs," 58. Pathos of -his tragedy of "Bérénice," 58. -His "Britannicus," 118. His -daughter describes the demeanour -of La Fontaine, 181. Is received -at the court of Louis XIV., -279. Historiographer together -with Boileau, 279. 316. They accompany -the king to the siege of -Gaud, 280. Racine makes several -campaigns, 281. 289. 317. They -read their history to the king, -282. Affair of his and Boileau's -pensions, 289. His parents respectable; -left Racine and his -sister, orphans, 297. His education -at Beauvais, 297. His predilection -for the Greek tragedy, -299. His studies at Port Royal, -299. Removes to the university -of Paris, 300. His ode entitled -"Nymphes de la Seine," 301. -Colbert rewards his early genius. -301. His ambition excited, 301. -Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin, -at Uzès in Provence, 302. His -letters at that time, 302. His dislike -of the patois of Provence, -303. His study of Virgil and St. -Thomas Aquinas, 303. His "Bath -of Venus," a poem, 304. Begins -a play of "Theagines and Charicles," -304. He returns to Paris, -occupied with poetry and the -drama, 304. He writes for Molière, -304. His "Alexandre," 305. -It occasions a quarrel betwixt -Molière and the aspirant for fame, -306. Racine teaches la Champmélé -to recite, 307. Critics attack -him keenly, 307. His reply to M. -Nicole of Port Royal, 307. 308. -Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus," -"Bajazet," "Iphigénie," -"Mithridates," "Phèdre," -&c., 308-312. Writes "Bérénice" -in rivalry with Corneille's -tragedy of, 308. His comedy of -"Les Plaideurs" the result of a -lawsuit in which he had been -tired out and foiled, 310. Humour -of this comedy, 311. -Takes his seat in the French Academy, -312. His "Phèdre" brings -him into disputes, which produce -desire to lay down his pen, 312. -313. His religious principles, -313. His marriage, 314. Madame -Racine's ignorance of poetry, 314. -His daughters take the veil, 314. -His new mode of life induces him -to seek reconciliation with the -abbé Arnaud, 315. Succeeds -therein, 315. Writes "Athalie," -320. His "Esther," 251. 320. His -conversations with Louis XIV. -and madame de Maintenon, 320. -323. 325. Dies of an abscess, 326. -Displayed the force of friendship -in his last parting with Boileau, -326. Critique, 327. "Phèdre" -and "Athalie," his best tragedies; -"Bérénice" and "Britannicus" -the most pleasing, -328. - -Racine, Louis, son of the tragic -poet, I. 291. 307. - -Rambonet, Prussian councillor of -state, II. 39. - -Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society -of the, I. 84. Celebrated -authors who frequented it, 85. -220. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules" -designed as a satire on, -85. 107. - -Rameau, musical composer, II. 128. -136. - -Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy -on Aristotle, I. 31. - -Rennes, in Britany, political affairs -at, I. 243. Severe example made, -243. - -Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. 68. -His projects and partisans, 69. -Temporary success of the Fronde, -73. His affray with Rochefoucauld -in the palace of justice, 75. -In danger of violence from the -mob of Paris, 76. His intrigues -and artifices, 80. 82. A relation -of the marquis de Sévigné, 217. -His disgrace and imprisonment, -221. He escapes from the citadel -of Nantes, 221. He repairs to -Spain, 222. Esteem of madame -de Sévigné for, 241. His death, -247. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. 77. - -Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's -Essays dedicated to, I. 21. Policy -of, 41. His dramas, 41. 43. 101. -The "Comédie des Tuileries," -43. His theatre, 43. He invites -the French Academy to criticise -the "Cid" of Corneille, 47. He -represses the powerful nobles of -France, 64. His great authority, -64. His death, 65. His expedition -into Rousillon when his -death was approaching, with -Louis XIII. in the same condition, -100. Execution of Cinq-Mars, -and of de Thou, 100. He -revived the arts in France, 101. - -Richelieu, duke of, II. 53. 107. - -Rochefoucauld, de la, François, -duke, his experience at court, I. -63. His Maxims declare self-love -the chief motive principle, 63. -Dignity and ancient power of his -family, 63. Obliged to quit the -court, 64. Was at first called -Prince de Marsillac, 65. His return -on the death of Richelieu, -65. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse -on her way to Paris, 66. Is -wounded at the siege of Mardike, -67. Is governor of Poitou, 67. -His attachment for the duchess -de Longueville, 69. His gallantry -and wounds, 71. Is desirous of -the restoration of peace, 71. Succeeds -his father as duke de la -Rochefoucauld, 73. Raises troops -in Guienne, and endeavours to -defend Bordeaux, 73. Seizes de -Retz in the palace of justice, but -refrains from slaying him, 75. -Is wounded by an arquebuse in -the action of St. Antoine at Paris, -81. He retires to Danvilliers to -recover from his wounds, 83. He -quits the party of Condé, 84. His -active life concludes with the -pacification, 84. He gives Gourville -an honourable employment -in his family, 84. Is an ornament -of the literary coterie -of the Hôtel Rambouillet, 84. 85. -His friendship for the countess de -la Fayette, a celebrated novelist, -85. De Retz's character of the -duke, 86, n. Rochefoucauld's -couplet for the picture of the -duchess of Longueville, 83. His -portrait of cardinal de Retz, 86, n. -Personal and moral qualities of -Rochefoucauld, 87. Character of, -by his contemporaries, 87. 88. -His sons, 88. Madame de Sévigné's -account of his last illness, -89. His death, 90. His "Maxims" -reviewed, 91-95. His -"Memoirs of the Regency of -Anne of Austria," 96. Some quotations -from his Memoirs, 65. 68. -70, &c. - -Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage -with the prince de Marsillac, -I. 83. - -Rochelle, siege of La, I. 214. English -descent on the Isle of Rhé -for relief of the town, 215. - -"Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille, -I. 52. Gilbert's tragedy of, 53. - -Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of -Voltaire, II. 17. Does not choose -to fight the poet, 18. - -Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon), -her opinion of the marquis of -Condorcet, II. 187. 193. Her -literary reputation, 260. Her -Memoirs, 260. Condition of -her parents, 261. Receives a -careful education, 261. Her -early habits, 262. Her admiration -of Pascal and the Port-Royal, -263. Vain of her intellectual -powers and acquired -talents, 264. Her suitors, 265. Impressions -on reading the "Nouvelle -Héloise," 266. Her habit of -writing her remarks, 267. She -lives in a convent on a scanty -income, 267. M. Roland de la -Platière, 268. His high character, -268. Sues for her hand, -and is referred to her father, -who rejects him, 269. Conduct -on this event, 270. Their -union takes place, 270. They -travel through Switzerland and -England, 271. Wish to go to -America, 271. Her letters, 271. -She gladly hails the revolution, -272. Her fears as to its nature, -272. Monsieur Roland deputed -on financial affairs from Lyons to -the National Assembly, 273. She -returns to Paris, and is greatly -admired, 273. Her husband consorts -with the Girondists and -Brissot, 273. Her political sentiments -on the crisis, 275. Her -republican love of liberty, 275. -Roland appointed minister of the -interior, 277. His costume at -court, 277. Is dismissed, 278. -Recalled by Louis XVI., 279. Her -dread of Robespierre, Marat, and -Danton, 280. Description of madame -Roland by Le Montey, 281. -Dumont's testimony of her modesty -of demeanour, 282. Energy -of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs, -282. He is the chief -hope of the Girondist party, 283. -He endeavours to repress the -Mountain party, 285. Execution -of Louis XVI., whereupon M. -Roland resigns his office, 285. -Madame Roland in danger of arrest, -285. Prepares to leave Paris, -285. Prevented by sickness, 286. -On the order to arrest her husband -she determines to appear before -the Convention to expostulate, -286. Escape of her husband -and fortitude with regard her own -peril, 286. She was said to ad. -mire the handsome Barbaroux, -deputy for Marseilles, 286. Her -calmness on being arrested, 287. -Arranges a systematic mode of -life in the Abbaie, 287. Commits -her observations on the leaders -of the revolution to writing, -288. Deceptive assurance of her -being at liberty, 288. But carried -to Ste. Pélagie, 288. She -names Marceau to be her advocate, -291. Her defence written -by her over-night, 291. Her sentence, -291. Is guillotined, 292. -Her dying address to the statue -of Liberty, 293. M. Roland, in -safety at Rouen, stabs himself, -not to outlive his wife, 293. Her -courage and sweetness of character -recorded, 293. - -Romance, Spanish, I. 45. - -Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. 28. -Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited, -29. He attacks the vices of the -high clergy and ignorance of the -monks, 31. - -Rotrou, poetry of, I. 43. - -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished -on his dispute with M. Saurin, -II. 6. His quarrel with Voltaire, -17. 31. - -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed -by Voltaire, II. 88. Born at Geneva -in 1712, 111. His studies in -that town, 112. Early life of, 113. -His "Confessions," 113. _et passim._ -His rambles, 115. Visits the curé -Pontverre, 116. Visits madame de -Warens at Annecy, 117. Is sent as -a proselyte to an hospital at Turin, -117. Errors and consequent remorse, -119. Leads a vagabond -life, 120. Returns to madame de -Warens, 121. His want of moral -courage, 121. She departs for -Paris, 122. Becomes a music-master -at Neufchâtel, 122. And -at Chambery, 124. His projects, -125. Resides with madame de -Warens at Les Charmettes, near -Chambery, 125. His new method -of noting music, 127. Arrives -in Paris, 128. Accompanies -M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice, -128. Returns to Paris, and -is kindly received by his former -friends, 129. His mistress, Thérèse -le Vasseur, 130. 144. 162. He -sends their children to the Foundling -Hospital, 131. His account of -this act in his "Confessions," -130. Remissness of his moral sentiments, -132. His friendship for -Diderot, 133. 144. Laments his -friend's imprisonment, 144. The -academy of Dijon having proposed -a question as to the influence of -the progress of arts and sciences on -the happiness and virtue of man, -Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts, -it to be of evil tendency, and so -eloquently as to bear off the palm -134. This success acquires him -consideration, 135. He refuses -the offer of a place with a farmer-general, -although a road to fortune, -129. 135. Earns a livelihood -by copying music, 135. His "Devin -du Village," 136. It becomes -the fashion with the great to encourage -and soothe him, 136. Revisits -Geneva, 137. Abjures the -Romish faith, 137. He inhabits -the Hermitage, near the wood of -Montmorenci, 138. His writings, -139. His meditations and day -dreams, 139. His "System of -Education," 139. Writes the -"Nouvelle Héloise," 140. 150. His -declarations to madame d'Houdetot, -142. His mental sufferings -nurtured by this hopeless passion, -145. Accusation against Grimm's -loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau, -145. Diderot's letter to -Rousseau respecting madame -d'Epinay, 146. Indecision of Jean -Jacques, 146. Removes to Montmorenci, -147. Diderot having offended -him, seeks a reconciliation, -and is repulsed, 148. The -nobility court him with compassionate -regard, 150. His religious -principles unsettled, 152. "The -Confession of the Vicar of Savoy," -152. Consequences of the publication -of "Emile," 153. The -"Emile" of Rousseau condemned -to the flames at Geneva, 153. -Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun, -in the territory of Bern, 154. -Exiled by the states of Bern -and Geneva, he settles at Motiers, -near Neufchâtel, 154. Engages -in a controversy of the Genevans, -157. His "Lettres écrites de la -Montagne," 157. Resides in the -island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne, -158. Accompanies David -Hume to England, 159. Writes -the first portion of his "Confessions" -at Wotton, 160. George -III. grants him a pension of 100_l._ -per annum, 161. Being half deranged, -he flies to France, 161. -Is protected by the prince of Conti, -162. He quits the Armenian -dress he had worn for ten years, -163. Is welcomed in Paris, 163. -Reads his "Confessions" to a -circle of acquaintance, 164. His -mode of life, and diligence in -earning a subsistence, 165. The -prince de Ligne takes an interest -in his welfare, 165. His objection -to receive presents, 167. -Respect shown for him by a -Parisian audience at a theatre, -168. His death, 169. Inquiry -into his state of mind, 169. _et -passim._ Inscription on his tomb, -170. His character, 171. His reveries, -172. Critique on the -"Emile," 173. On the "Nouvelle -Héloise," 174. - - -S. - -Sablière, madame de la, I. 165. Her -society of poets, philosophers, &c., -166. 171. Her husband, the marquis -de la Sablière, 166. 171. His -fate, 163. 171. - -Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I. -198. And of Racine, 298. - -Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's -impassioned mysteries, I. 342. - -Sainte Helène, M. de, I. 223. - -Saint Lambert, M. de, II. 141. 143. - -Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs -Molière, I. 102. - -Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais -in facetiousness, I. 36. Allusions -to, 283. - -Schomberg, count de, I. 215. Created -marshal, 215. II. 145. - -"Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I. -37. - -Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on -Molière, I. 108. 128. 130, n. Allusion -to his works, 147. - -Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière, -I. 146. - -Schlegel, William, not permitted by -Buonaparte to reside at madame -de Staël's at Coppet, II. 336. - -Scudéri, M. de, I. 45. His attack -upon Corneille, 47. - -Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels, -I. 107. Their extravagant style -in language and argument, 107. -Allusions to, I. 223, n. 293. - -Séguier, chancellor of France, I. -222. 223. - -Segur, count de, descended in the -female line from Montaigne, I. -21, n. - -Seneca, tragedies of, I. 44. - -Sévigné, madame de, compares the -genius of Corneille with Racine, -and prefers the former, I. 57. Her -delightful style, 85..87. Her character -of the duke of Rochefoucauld, -88. Her life narrated, -214-258. Her maiden name -Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, 214. -Her father, the baron de Chantal, -slain at La Rochelle in an engagement -with the English, 215. His -laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg, -215. His family the elder -branch of the Rabutins, 214. 215. -His wife was Marie de Coulanges, -214. 215. Their daughter, Marie -de Rabutin-Chantal, born in -1626, 214. Is left an orphan, 215. -Taught Italian and Latin by -Ménage and Chapelle, 216. Is -married to Henri, marquis de -Sévigné, 216. Her children, 216. -The marquise a zealous Frondeuse, -217. Her friendship with -mademoiselle de Montpensier -and the duchess de Châtillon, 217. -Loss of her husband, 218. Educates -her children, 218. Her -widowhood exemplary, 218. Her -grief on the loss of the abbé de -Coulanges, her uncle, 223. She frequents -the Hôtel Rambouillet, 220. -Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his -fair cousin, 221. Reconciliation, -225. He reproaches her with -avarice, 225. Her sorrow for the -imprisonment and exile of de -Retz, 221. Her sympathy with the -misfortunes of Fouquet, 222. 223, -n. She retires from Paris, 225. -Returns and presents her daughter -at court, 225. Her journeys -to her estate of Les Rochers in -Brittany, 237. 239. 249.; and to see -her daughter in Provence, 228. -241. Her separation from her -daughter, 228. Her son accompanies -an expedition to Candia, -226. His attachment for Ninon -de l'Enclos, 230. He marries and -retires to his estates in Brittany, -231. 240. 247. 249. Madame de -la Fayette and other friends of -madame de Sévigné, 231. Her -life in Brittany described, 240. 241. -Seized with rheumatism, 244. -She is out of favour at court, -as being a Jansenist, 248. 249. 257. -She spends her latter years with -her daughter in Provence, 253. -Final visit to Paris, 254. She -dies at Grignan, aged 70. 254. -Opinions on her character and -literary merit, 255-258. Her -family now extinct, 258. Remark -of madame de Sévigné, II. 207. -Her correspondence:--Letters -to her daughter, madame de -Grignan, I, 220. 224. 237. 238. 239. -241. 244. 246. 247. 248. 251. -Her letters to her cousin the -count de Bussy-Rabutin, 217. -226. 227. 247. 249. 251. Her letters -to various friends, 223. -Letters from count de Bussy to -madame de Sévigné, 219. - -Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. 216. -His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal -at first happy, 216. -Their son and daughter, 216. -His relationship to the cardinal -de Retz, 217. The marquis and -his celebrated lady join the -Fronde, 217. His affection for -Ninon de l'Enclos, 217. Killed -by the chevalier d'Albret in a -duel, 218. - -Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's -remarks on, II. 101. - -Sirven family, case of the, II. 83. - -"Songes Drolatiques," to whom -ascribed, I. 38. - -Sophocles, I. 40. II. 15. His "Œdipus -Tyrannus," 16. - -Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais' -"Pantagruel," I. 31. The "Philosophical -Cream," a burlesque -on the schoolmen of, 38. Condemns -the book on St. Augustin, -by Antony Arnaud, 200. - -Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur, -I. 113. - -Spain, the modern drama takes its -rise in, I. 41. Guillen de Castro, -45. Lope de Vega, 51. War of -with France during the minority -of Louis XIV., 67. - -Staël Holstein, baronne de, her -father, M. Necker, placed in the -banking-house of Thelusson, II. -295. His essay on corn-laws, -295. Marries mademoiselle -Churchod, 296. Their only -daughter, 296. Early instructions -and habits of madame de Staël, -297. Attention paid her in society -by men of letters, 297. Her -attention to their discourse, 298. -Her taste for society thus acquired, -298. Fears with regard to -her health, 299. She attributes her -frankness, to her father's quick -perception of her faults, 300. His -high repute in France, 301. His -"Compte Rendu," 301. 304. Retires -to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva, -302. His work on finance, its -enormous sale, 303. Mlle. Necker -begins to write at an early age, -303. Her Plays and Tales printed, -303. Her suitors, 304. Mr. Gibbon -a visitor at Necker's, 305. -She espouses the baron de Staël -Holstein, 305. Her letters on the -writings of Rousseau, 305. Portrait -or character of her at this -period, 306. Her father restored -to the ministry by Louis XVI., -307. His moderation, 307. Is -again exiled, and ordered to depart -silently, 308. Necker and -his wife repair to Brussels. 309. -Madame de Staël's remarks on -joining him there, 309. His -generosity in financial matters -toward the nation, 309. The Bastille -being destroyed, Louis again -sends for him, and he returns to -Paris, 310. The baroness describes -their journey, 311. She -witnesses many events of the revolution, -312. Interview with -Marie Antoinette, 313. Necker -resigns on account of the issue -of assignats, which he disapproved, -313. Madame de Staël -shares in Lafayette's plan for -effecting the escape of the king, -314. Her carriage stopped by -the republicans, 314. Her courage, -314. Sets out from Paris, -315. Carried before the section -of St. Germain, 316. She pleads -before Robespierre's tribunal her -being the ambassadress from -Sweden, 316. Is saved by the -interposition of Manuel, 316. Is -allowed to leave Paris with her -maid only, 317. Her joy on traversing -Mount Jura and arriving -at her father's at Coppet, -317. Visits England, 317. Her -father's pamphlet in favour of -Louis XVI., and her appeal for -the queen, 318. Death of madame -Necker, 318. M. de Staël -repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador, -accompanied by the -baroness, 319. Although denounced -in the reign of terror, -her influence was still great, 320. -Her feelings and character depicted, -320. Her first meeting -with Buonaparte unpropitious, -321. Invasion of Switzerland, -322. She repairs to Coppet to M. -Necker, 322. Witnesses the revolution -which established Buonaparte, -323. Her conversation -with Joseph Buonaparte, 324. -Benjamin Constant her friend, -324. Enmity of Napoleon on account -of Constant's opposition, -325. Her loss of her husband in -1799, 327. Her novel of "Delphine," -327. Its charm, 327. Her -love of her father, 328. On the expiration -of the peace of Amiens she -is exiled from Paris, 329. She is -accompanied by Benjamin Constant -to Weimar and Berlin, 330. -Her "Années d'Exil" one of her -best writings, 330. 339. Death of -her father, 331. Her affection -for her children, 331. Her society, -331. Publishes the writings -of M. Necker, 331. Visits -Rome and writes "Corinne," -331. Opinion of that work in -Italy, 332. Publishes "Corinne" -at Rouen, 332. Her perception of -ennui, 333. Her sentiments, 333. -Intends publishing her "Germany" -at Blois, 331. The impression -is seized, and she is ordered to -quit France, 331. Persecution of -her unabated, 335. She accompanies -M. de Montmorency in a -tour through Switzerland, 336. -Madame Recamier banished for -having spent a few hours with -her, 336. M. Rocca, a young -Spanish officer in the French -army, wounded, visits Geneva, -337. Falls in love, 337. Madame -de Staël marries him, 338. -She escapes from Coppet, 338. -Journey through Austria, Poland, -Russia, and Sweden, to England, -338. 339. Admired by the English, -339. Louis XVIII. repays to her -two millions which her father had -generously advanced to Louis -XVI., 339. Lord Byron thought -likely to marry Albertine de -Staël, her daughter, 339. Byron -living at Diodati visits at Coppet, -310. Her daughter marries the -duke de Broglie, 310. Madame de -Staël's piety, 341. Her remark -upon life, 341. Her resignation in -sickness, 341. Her death in Paris, -aged nearly fifty-two, 341. M. -Rocca survived his wife but a few -months, 341. She had many enemies, -the result sometimes of envy -of merit, 342. Her love of France, -342. Chateaubriand's opinion of -her, 343. Interest of her works, -343. - -Stanislas, king of Poland, II. 49. 51. - -Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram -Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I. -37. - -St. Evremond, M. de, I. 57. - -St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. 128. -His account of J. J. Rousseau, -167. - -St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. 139. - -Sully, duke of, I. 41. His administration, -64. - -Sully, duke of, a warm friend of -Voltaire, II. 17. - -Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and -"Tale of a Tub," I. 36. - - -T. - -"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. 119. -Application of the character to -the bishop of Autun, 147. - -Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. 222. -224. - -Tellier, archbishop of Rheims, -I. 339, n. - -Tencin, cardinal, II. 71. 74. - -Terence, comedies of, I. 153. 155. - -Theatre, French, mysteries and -moralities preceded the regular -drama, I. 41. Indebted to Spanish -dramatists, 41. "Mélite," by -Corneille, 42. Dramas of Hardy, -41. 42. Of cardinal de Richelieu, -41. 43. Theatre in the cardinal's -palace, 43. "Sophonisba" of -Mairet, 44. Plays of Corneille -critically examined, 45-59. His -"Essais sur le Théâtre," 54. Voltaire's -rules for French diction in -tragedy, 61. Corneille's style, -62. Molière's first comedy of -"L'Etourdi," 103. His "Le Dépit -Amoureux," 103. Farcical interludes -of merit by Molière, 105. -These form the groundwork of his -best comedies, 105. Theatres of -Paris in the time of Molière, -106. 304. Racine's comedy of -"Les Plaideurs," 310. Voltaire's -"Œdipe" and numerous dramas, -II. 15. _et seq._ - -Thianges, madame de, I. 278. - -Thiers, M., his "History of the -French Revolution," II. 273. - -Thiriot, M., early companion of -Voltaire, II. 9. 16. 32. 107. - -Thomas, M., French writer and -poet, II. 171. - -Thou, De; president, his opinion of -Rabelais, I. 33. - -Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate, -letter of Rabelais to, I. 25. -26. - -Torricelli, mathematician, I. 192. - -Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury" -of, I. 31. - -Toulouse, judgments by the parliament -of, II. 79. 83. - -Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille, -the father of. I. 40-62. Thomas -Corneille's plays, 56. Racine's -tragedies, 58. Voltaire's Commentary -on Corneille, 45, n. 61. -Voltaire's tragedies, II. 15. 19. 22. -25. 45, &c. - -Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. 72. -81. 106. 299. - -Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction -with Condé at Rocroi, I. -67. Gives battle to the prince of -Condé, 83.; and defeats him, 81. -His death, 241. - -Turgot, M., finance minister, II. -100. 101. 178. - -Turlupin, French comedian in -Molière's time, I. 101. - - -U. - -Unity of time in dramatic works, -critique on the, I. 45. 49. 52. - - -V. - -Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite -of Louis XIV., I. 112. -119. 162. 225. 236. - -Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa," -I. 51. 102. - -Vendôme, duke of, II. 6. - -Versoi, village of, II. 100. - -Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen -de Parvenir," I. 36. - -Victoire, the abbé de la, I. 263. - -Villars, maréchale, de, II. 17. - -Villars, duchess de, II. 9. 45. - -Villette, M. and madame de, II. -102. - -Virgil, extraordinary commentary -on a line of, II. 144. - -Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I. -301. - -Voiture, his poetry addressed to -Julie d'Angennes, I. 108. Fabulous -adventure in punishment of -his insolence towards her, 108. -Is styled _Alcovist_, 109. His conceits, -153. Anecdote relative to, -159. - -Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet -de, observations of, I. 30. His -pillage of Rabelais, 34. His Commentary -on the "Cid," 45, n. 61. -Patronises a lady descended from -the daughter of Corneille, 61. -His observation on the duke of -Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," 63. -His opinion of Molière, 146. On -Pascal, 203, n. Of madame de Sévigné, -255. His censure of Boileau, -264, n. His "Siècle de -Louis XIV.," 345, n. His letters, -II. 1. His infidel principles, -2. Distinction between Christianity -and that religion known as -the church of Rome, 2. His -birth in 1694, 4. Educated in the -college of Louis-le-Grand, 5. Introduced -to Parisian society, 6. -His love for mademoiselle du -Noyer, 8. His reconciliation -with his father, M. Arouet, 9. Is -placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney, -9. Is enamoured with -madame de Villars, 9. He visits -M. de Caumartin, 10. His return -to Paris, the duke of Orléans -being regent, 11. Is sent to the -Bastille for verses imputed to him, -11. Liberated on the mistake -being proved, 11. Writes the -"Henriade," 12. Its interest, 14. -His tragedy of "Œdipus." 15. 19. -His mode of life, 16. Visits the -châteaux of the nobility, 16. Has -the small-pox, 16. His tragedy of -"Mariamne," 16. Visits Holland, -17. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau, -17. Is insulted by Chev. de -Rohan, challenges him; but is sent -to the Bastille, banished, and -visits England, 18. Studies Locke -and Newton, 18. An edition of -the "Henriade," in London, enriches -him, 19. 20. Returns to -Paris, 19. Success of his tragedies, -19. The priests detest him, 19. -Acquires some wealth by his pen -and by inheritance, 20. Purchases -the estate of Voltaire, and -assumes that name, 21. His attachment -for madame du Châtelet, -21. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile" -unsuccessful tragedies, 22. -Pathos of his "Zaire," 22. Rapidly -composed, 22. Its success, 22. -Increase of his fame, 22. His -"Charles XII.," 23. "Siècle de -Louis XIV.," 23. 25. 30. 60. 64. Is -constrained to withdraw into -Normandy, having offended the -clergy, 64. His "Lettres sur les -Anglais," 64. Lettre de cachet -issued against him for that publication, -24. 32. Conceals himself -at the marquis du Châtelet's in -Champagne, 32. His "Mérope," -"Mahomet," &c., 25. He acts -in a private theatre, 25. Writes -the "Pucelle d'Orléans," 25. 28. -33. Revisits Cirey and the marquis -du Châtelet, 26. 28. His -conduct towards madame de -Graffigny, 33. His "Correspondence" -with Frederic the Great, -35. 37. The poet and king flatter -and quarrel, 36. Visits Frederic -in Germany, 39. "Mahomet" -performed at Lille, 43. Desires a -seat in the French Academy, 44. -56. Cabal to oppose him, 45. -Success of his "Mérope," 45. -Is sent to the Hague and to -Berlin as an envoy from Louis -XV., 46. He returns to France, -47. Visits the duchess du Maine, -and writes "Zadig," 48. Acts -at Sceaux the part of Cicero in -his "Rome Sauvée," 48. He -visits king Stanislas at Luneville, -49. 51. His "Semiramis," 49. -Ill of fever at Chalons, 50. "Catiline," -51. He settles in Paris, -and receives his niece madame -Denis to preside in his house, 55. -55. Private theatre in his house, -55. Account of Voltaire by Le -Kain, 54. Visits Frederic at -Potsdam, 57. Is appointed chamberlain -by that monarch, 58. A -pension granted him, 59. Discontents, -61. Frederic requiring -a strict attention to his injunctions, -69. Voltaire rendered suspicious, -63. Becomes indignant, -66. Satirizes Maupertuis, 66. 67. -His amicable interview with the -monarch, 68. He repairs to Saxe -Gotha, 69. Meets madame Denis -at Frankfort, 69. Is arrested, 69. -Letter of the king, 70. 71, n. His -journey to Lyons, 71. Consults Dr. -Tronchin at Geneva on his health, -72. Purchases a house near Geneva -named "Les Delices," 71. 74. -Composes tragedies, and writes -"Candide," 74. His "Manners -and Spirit of Nations," 74. Some -dangers impend over him, 75. -Force of his satire, 75. His château -of Ferney on the borders of -France and Geneva, 76. The -"Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot -and d'Alembert, 77. Voltaire -writes some literary articles -for it, 77. Case of Jean Calas, -broken on the wheel on a false -accusation, 79. Voltaire succeeds -in proving his innocence, 81. -Exculpation and relief of the -surviving family, 82. Case of -the Sirven family, 83. Case of -the chevalier de la Barre, 84. -Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques -Rousseau, 88. His conversation -delightful, 90. Visited by Marmontel, -91. By the countess de -Genlis, 94. Attempted persecution -of, by the bishop of the -diocese, 99. Residence of Voltaire, -through his active spirit of -charity and improvement, a blessing -to the district, 100. He repairs -to Paris in 1788, 102. His -tragedy of "Irene," 103. Honourable -reception of the poet, -103. His profession of faith, 104. -His death, 106. His friendly and -forgiving nature, 107. Criticism -on his works, 109. His plays, -109. Was visited at Ferney by -Condorcet and d'Alembert, 176. - - -W. - -Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire, -II. 105. - -Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter -on the subject of Rousseau, II. -159. 161. His contempt of Rousseau, -164. - -Warens, countess de, II. 117. Her -history told by Jean Jacques -Rousseau, 117-128. 137. - -Winterfeld, baron de, II. 9. - -Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly -Mlle. du Noyer, II. 8. 9. - -Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country -Girl," imitated from Molière, -I. 117. - - - - -THE END. - - - - -TABLE, - -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, - -TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF - -LIVES OF - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. - - -DANTE ALEGHIERI. - -A. D. - -His Descent 1 -1265. His Birth 2 -His Mother's Dream 3 -Brunetto Latini 4 -Story of his early Love for Beatrice 6 -1290. Her Death 7 -"Vita Nuova" 7 -Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life 9 -His Marriage with Madonna Gemma 10 -The Guelfs and Ghibelines 13 -1289. The Battle of Campaldino 14 -Dante serves in the Cavalry 14 -Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of -this Conflict 15 -He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona 15 -Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI. 15 -He is chosen chief Prior of his native City 16 -Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri 17 -The Cerchi and the Donati 18 -Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the -Bianchi 19 -Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party 20 -He vindicates himself 20 -Entrance of Charles into Florence 20 -The Recal of the Neri 20 -Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile 21 -Embassy of Dante to Rome 21 -Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of -others 21 -Confiscation of Dante's Property 22 -His Banishment 22 -He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo 23 -Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence 23 -Pietro Petracco 23 -Dante quits the Confederacy 23 -His personal Humiliation 24 -Extract from his "Purgatorio" 24 -1308. Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany 26 -Dante professes himself a Ghibeline 26 -1313. Henry of Luxembourg poisoned 26 -Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia" 26 -He wanders from one petty Court to another 27 -Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo 27 -Anecdote of him while at Verona 28 -Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna 29 -Mental Sufferings of Dante 30 -His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to -return to his Country 31 -Extracts from his "Paradiso" 32 -His Residence at Ravenna 32 -1321. His Death 33 -A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael -Angelo 34 -Dante--his Tomb at Ravenna 35 -Restoration of his Property to his Family 35 -The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the -Pope 35 -Description of Dante by Boccaccio 36 -Musical Talents of Dante 37 -Extract from his "Purgatorio" 37 -His two Sons the first Commentators 39 -Lyrics of Dante 41 -Origin of the "Divina Commedia" 43 -Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia" 44 -Extracts from the "Inferno" 46 -Strictures on it 51 -And on the "Inferno" 53 - - -PETRARCH. - -1302. His Progenitors 61 -Their Banishment from Florence 61 -1305. Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment 62 -1312. They remove to Pisa 62 -They proceed to Avignon 62 -1315. They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes -acquainted with Settimo 63 -1319. He enters the University of Montpellier 63 -His Father destines him for the Law 63 -His Aversion to it 64 -1323. He goes to Bologna 64 -His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he -abandons the Law 64 -He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a -Favourite with the Nobles 65 -His Person 65 -His Friendship for John of Florence 65 -Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent 66 -His Friendship for Petrarch 67 -Character of Petrarch 68 -1327. (April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura 68 -His Devotion to her 70 -His poetic Life commences 71 -His Patriotism 72 -1330. Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch -accompanies him to his Bishoprick 72 -His Friendship for Lello and Louis 72 -1331. He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant 73 -He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons 75 -His Arrival at Rome 76 -(August 6th.) He returns to Avignon 76 -His Excursion to Mont Ventoux 76 -His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis 77 -His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse 78 -A Description of it 78 -Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre 80 -Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry 81 -Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate -of Petrarch 83 -Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna 84 -1340. Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him -to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former 85 -1341. His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples 86 -(April 17th.) His Coronation 86 -He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma 87 -He meets Azzo Correggio 87 -Death of Giacomo Colonna 87 -Early Death of Thomas of Messina 87 -Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends 88 -He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession -of Pope Clement VI. 89 -He meets Laura at Avignon 89 -His Confidants 90 -1343. Death of Robert, King of Naples 91 -He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna 91 -Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna 92 -1345. Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and -assumes the Name of Tribune 92 -Change produced by him in the State of the Country 92 -Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses 93 -1347. He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma 94 -Downfal of Rienzi 94 -1348. The Plague in Italy 94 -(January 25th.) An Earthquake 94 -(April 6th.) Death of Laura 94 -Petrarch's Account of it 94 -1350. He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee 98 -Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua 98 -1351. Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property 99 -Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon 100 -His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician 100 -He revisits Vaucluse 100 -1352. Death of Pope Clement VI. 100 -Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent 101 -His Treatise "On Solitary Life" 101 -1353. He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan 101 -1354. Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua 102 -He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy 102 -1355. Petrarch at Milan 103 -He is sent on two Missions--one to Venice, the other to Prague 103 -1360. Invasion of France by the English 103 -Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from -Imprisonment 103 -He returns to Italy 104 -His Letter to Settimo 104 -1361. Italy again visited by the Plague 105 -Death of Petrarch's Son 105 -Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch 106 -The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared 106 -"The Triumph of Death" 107 -Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death 107 -1363. Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch 110 -Leonzio Pilato's Death 110 -1367. Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V. 110 -His Reply 110 -1369. Petrarch suffers from Fever 110 -1372. (January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how -he was" 112 -1374. His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio 113 -His Death 114 -His Will 114 - - -BOCCACCIO. - -Origin of his Family 115 -1313. His Birth 116 -1329. He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law 117 -1333. His Dislike for this Study 117 -He goes to Naples 117 -1338. He visits the Tomb of Virgil 118 -A Description of it 118 -Boccaccio--his Admiration of it 119 -1341. Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection -for Literature 120 -Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary 121 -Some Account of her 121 -Her Person 122 -His first Book, "Filocopo" 123 -The Story of it 123 -His Style 124 -1342. His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father 125 -His "Ameto" 126 -1344. He returns to Naples 126 -Death of King Robert 126 -Queen Jane and her Court 126 -"Filostrato," of Boccaccio 126 -His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione" 127 -1348. He writes "The Decameron" 127 -The Preface 127 -Description of the Plague in Florence 128 -Critique on the "Decameron" 130 -1497. Burning of the "Decameron" 130 -1527. The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the -"Decameron" published 130 -1350. Return of Boccaccio to Florence 131 -His various Embassies 131 -1351. He visits Petrarch at Padua 132 -He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria 133 -1354. Again sent on a Mission to Avignon 133 -His violent Party Feelings 133 -His Letter to Petrarch 133 -Petrarch's Answer 134 -Boccaccio--his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients 135 -His celebrated Copy of Dante 136 -He visits Petrarch at Milan 137 -Moral Change in him 137 -1361. A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work 139 -He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch 140 -Petrarch's Letter in Answer 140 -1363. Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples 142 -He invites Boccaccio to his Palace 142 -His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio 143 -He removes from his Palace in consequence 143 -He returns to Florence 143 -His Residence at Certaldo 144 -His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium" 145 -1355. His Embassy to Pope Urban V. 145 -He projects a Visit to Venice 145 -His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing 145 -1370. His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian -Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria 147 -1372. He visits Naples 147 -1373. He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo 147 -His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods" 147 -The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina -Commedie" conferred on him 148 -1374. Petrarch's Death 149 -Grief of Boccaccio 149 -1375. (December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio 149 - - -LORENZO DE' MEDICI. - -Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &c. 151 -1438. Platonic Doctrines in Italy 151 -Gemisthus Pletho 151 -The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo 152 -1464. His Death 152 -Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence 152 -1478. The Pazzi Conspiracy 152 -1479. Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence 152 -1480. Lorenzo de' Medici--his Firmness and Talents 152 -He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with -Florence 153 -A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted 153 -Lorenzo de' Medici--his Commentary on his first Sonnet 155 -Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets 156 -His "Nencia da Barbarino" 157 -And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi" 157 -His descriptive Poems 158 -1492. His Death 159 - - -MARSIGLIO FICINO. - -1433. His Birth 159 -He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici 160 -His "Platonic Institutions" 160 -His "Treatise on the Origin of the World" 160 -1468. He assumes the Clerical Profession 160 -1475. He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence 160 -1499. (October 1st.) His Death 161 - - -GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA. - -1463. His Birth 161 -His Parentage 161 -He visits Rome 161 - His 900 Propositions published 162 -1494. His Persecution and Death 162 - - -ANGELO POLIZIANO. - -1454. (July 24th.) His Birth 162 -In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici 163 -He engages him as Tutor to his Children 164 -He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the -University of Florence 165 -1492. His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário 165 -Disasters which befell the Medici 166 -Politian's Monody on Lorenzo 166 -1494. (September 24th.) Politian.--His Death 167 - - -BERNARDO PULCI. - -His Origin 167 -His Works 167 - - -LUCA FULCI. - -His Works 167 - - -LUIGI PULCI. - -Author of the "Morgante Maggiore" 168 -Critique on "Morgante Maggiore" 168 -The Family of the Heroes of Romance 169 -Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore" 171 -The Subject of the Poem 172 - - -CIECO DA FERRARA. - -1509. Author of "Mambriano" 179 - - -BURCHIELLO. - -1448. His Death 180 - - -BOJARDO. - -Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors 181 -1434. His Birth 181 -His Parents 181 -His Education 181 -1469. He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III. -to Ferrara 181 -1471. Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke 181 -Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture 181 -1472. Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea 182 -1473. Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to -Ferrara 182 -1478. He is made Governor of Reggio 182 -1494. His Death 182 -His Lyrical Poetry 182 -His Classical Works 182 -An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato" 183 - - -BERNI. - -Francesco Berni 188 -His Birth 188 -His early Life 188 -The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi 188 -1526. Rome plundered by the Colonna 188 -1536. (July 26th.) Death of Berni 189 -Publication of his "Rifacimento" 189 -Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato" 192 -His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto 193 -His Person and Disposition 193 -An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour 194 -Bernese Poetry 195 - - -ARIOSTO. - -1474. (September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth 196 -His Lineage 196 -His early Studies 197 -Latin the universal Language of Writers 198 -The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages -into modern Tongues 199 -Death of Ariosto's Father 199 -His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence 199 -His filial and paternal Affection 200 -His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso 200 -His Sisters 200 -A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother 201 -His Bagatelles 202 -He composes his "Orlando Furioso" 203 -His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in -Latin 204 -The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the -Vatican 204 -Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion 205 -Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians 205 -The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna 205 -The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the -River Po 205 -Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion 205 -His second Embassy to Rome 206 -His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff 206 -Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable -Julius 207 -And the perfidious Treatment he receives 207 -The singular Manner in which he retaliates 207 -1515. The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso" 208 -Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it 208 -1532. The last Edition 208 -Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick 208 -Their consequent Estrangement 209 -A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom -they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural -Conduct of the Cardinal 209 -Independence of Ariosto 210 -Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a -Poet 210 -Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro 212 -Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso 217 -Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances 218 -His Reasons for not taking Orders 219 -Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso" 219 -What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.? 220 -Extracts from his Satires 221 -The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso 226 -His Government of Graffagnana 226 -His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours 227 -Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote 228 -Extract from his Satires 229 -He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome 230 -His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo 230 -His Release from his Government 232 -He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works 232 -A curious Anecdote of him when a Child 232 -Remarks on his Writings 234 -1532. Ariosto, his last Illness 234 -Apocryphal Traditions of him 235 -His Person 235 -His Character 236 -His Sons 237 -His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals 237 -A Translation of one of his Sonnets 238 -Difficulty of translating his Works 239 -English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso" 239 -His Recitation 240 -Anecdote of him 240 -His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits 241 -His Reveries 242 -His last Hours 243 -His Monument 244 -Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso" 245 -Critical Remarks on it 247 -A Sequel and Imitation of it 250 - - -MACHIAVELLI. - -850. Origin of his Family 256 -1469. (February 3d.) His Birth 257 -His Parentage 257 -Nothing known of his Childhood and Education 257 -Paul Jovius 257 -1494. Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil 257 -1497. Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola 258 -Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor 258 -1498. Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court 258 -Is Secretary of the Council of Ten 259 -His Missions to various Sovereigns and States 259 -1492. Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels 259 -Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy, -instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown 260 -1493. Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in -Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family 260 -Italy overrun by Charles 260 -The Italian System of Warfare 260 -1498. Death of Charles VIII. 261 -Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan 261 -1501. Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they -implore Charles to restore their Independence 261 -1500. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 262 -Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic -as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions 262 -They fail in their Object, and return to Italy 263 -Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia 263 -Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of -Alexander VI. 264 -His Character 264 -Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the -Church 264 -His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he -causes to be waylaid and murdered 264 -He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of -Valence in France 265 -He determines to form the Principality in Italy 265 -His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII. 265 -His Attack on Bologna 266 -Revolt of his chief Condottieri 266 -Conspiracy of Magione 267 -1502. Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola 268 -His Interview with Caesar Borgia 268 -His Opinion of him 268 -Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself 269 -His Policy 269 -Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola 269 -Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence 269 -His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia 270 -His Admiration of Borgia's Talents 271 -Machiavelli solicits to be recalled 271 -Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates 271 -Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject 272 -Borgia leaves Imola 273 -Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena 273 -His Letter 273 -He again writes from Cesena 274 -The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia 275 -Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia 275 -He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners 275 -Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction 275 -His Letter 275 -Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates 276 -(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic 277 -1503. His Recal to Florence 278 -His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in -putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli 278 -The "Decenal" 278 -An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia 279 -Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from -Poison 280 -(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander 281 -Accession of Pope Pius III. 281 -Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia 281 -Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations -concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia 281 -Julius II. 281 -Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See 282 -Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia -refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on -board a French Galley 283 -He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated 283 -He goes to Naples 283 -He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the -Fortress of Medina del Campo 284 -1506. His Escape and Death 284 -1504. Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France 284 -Peace between France and Spain 284 -1506. Formation of a native Militia in Florence 285 -Pope Julius II., his Projects 285 -The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at -Rome; his Letters 285 -1507. Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at -Trent 286 -1508. Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to -Trent 286 -On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany" 286 -1509. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 286 -Machiavelli sent to assist them 286 -Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope 287 -1510. Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters 287 -His Audience with the King at Blois 288 -1511. Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence 288 -Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa -for it 288 -Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to -recal this Offer 288 -Disastrous War, the Consequence 289 -1512. Diet of Mantua 289 -Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence 289 -Restoration of the Medici 289 -Machiavelli deprived of his Place 291 -Conspiracy against the Medici 291 -Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison -in consequence 291 -He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X. 291 -1513. His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation 291 -Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli 292 -His Letter in Reply 292 -Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli 293 -Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori 294 -Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince" 297 -Machiavelian Policy 300 -His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy" 304 -His "Art of War" 304 -His "Belfegor" 304 -His Comedies 304 -1514. His Letter to Vettori 305 -1519. Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice 306 -Machiavelli, his Reply 306 -His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence" 306 -1521. Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi 306 -Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment; -Machiavelli, his Reply 307 -1524. Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of -Florence 307 -1526. Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes -Machiavelli his Historiographer 308 -Deplorable State of Italy 308 -Constable Bourbon at Milan 308 -Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at -Florence 309 -1527. Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna 309 -A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V. 310 -(6th of May.) Sack of Rome 310 -Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is -besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo 310 -He returns to Florence 310 -His Death 311 -His Wife and Children 311 -His Person and Character 311 -1782. Complete Edition of his Works published 312 -His Descendants 312 - - - - -TABLE - -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, - -TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF - -LIVES OF - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. - - -GALILEO. - -A. D - -1564. (15th of February.) His Birth 1 -His Ancestors 2 -His early Years 3 -1581. A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa 3 -Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus 3 -His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance 4 -Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity -of solid Bodies 4 -Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa 4 -1600. Giordano Bruno burnt 4 -Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian -Laws of Gravity 5 -Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries 6 -A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed -by Don Giovanni de' Medici 6 -Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence 6 -1592. He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University -of Padua 6 -1593. Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System 7 -He meets with an Accident 9 -He completes his first Engagement at Padua 9 -1598. Is re-elected other six Years 9 -Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba 10 -1604. A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo 10 -1606. Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua 10 -His increasing Popularity 10 -His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone 10 -1500. Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published 11 -1603. His Death 11 -Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa 11 -The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of -urging them 12 -Dutch Telescopes 13 -Galileo constructs his first Telescope 13 -Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice 14 -The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect 15 -Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon 16 -His Examination of the fixed Stars 16 -1610. The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo 18 -Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published 18 -Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler 19 -Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo 20 -Simon Mayer 21 -Discovery of new Satellites 21 -First Enigma of Galileo published 23 -His Observations on Saturn and Venus 23 -1611. His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal -Garden 24 -(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots 24 -1610. Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December) 25 -Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar -Spots 26 -These Letters answered by Galileo 26 -Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo 26 -His Observations on Saturn 27 -The Subject of floating Bridges discussed 28 -Galileo "On Floating Bodies" 28 -1613. His Letter to the Abbé Castelli 31 -Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit 31 -Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct 31 -Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian 31 -1615. (26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition 31 -He renounces his Opinions 33 -The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition 34 -1616. Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V. 34 -Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este 34 -Negotiations of Galileo with Spain 35 -1618. Three Comets appear 36 -1619. Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci 36 -"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance" 37 -1623. Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore" 37 -Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne 37 -1624. Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII. 38 -His Reception 38 -1629. Death of Cosmo 39 -Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo 39 -1630. Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System 41 -1632. "The System of the World of Galileo Galilei" 42 -Influence of this Work on the public Mind 43 -Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition 44 -1633. (14th of February.) He arrives at Rome 45 -Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him 46 -Trial of Galileo 47 -(22d of June.) His Sentence 48 -His Abjuration 49 -What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration? 50 -Imprisonment of Galileo 52 -He leaves Rome 52 -He returns to Arcetri 52 -Death of his Daughter 53 -His Indisposition and Melancholy 53 -1638. He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence 53 -Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him 54 -His "Dialogues on Local Motion" 54 -Discovery of the Moon's Libration 55 -1637. Blindness of Galileo 56 -He is visited by a Number of Strangers 58 -1642. (8th of January.) His Death 58 -His Epitaph and Monument 95 -His House 60 -His domestic Character 60 -His Person 60 -His scientific Character 61 - - -GUICCIARDINI. - -1482. (6th of March.) His Birth 63 -His Parentage 63 -His Education 64 -He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws 64 -His Marriage 64 -Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King -Aragon 65 -He returns home 65 -Leo X. visits Florence 65 -Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona 65 -He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena 66 -Death of Leo 66 -Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma 66 -Made President of Romagna 67 -His Administration 67 -Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army 67 -The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence 67 -Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed 67 -The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility 67 -Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it 68 -Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici 69 -Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII. 69 -Their united Arms turned against Florence 69 -Second Restoration of the Medici 70 -Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence 70 -The Office of Gonfaloniere established 70 -Alessandro de' Medici named Duke 70 -His disgraceful Birth 70 -His Vices 71 -Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna 71 -Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici 72 -Cosmo raised to the supreme Power 72 -Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici 72 -1540. (27th of May.) His Death 74 - - -VITTORIA COLONNA. - -Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy 75 -1465. Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her 76 -1490. Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage 77 -Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara 77 -Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna 77 -His Testimony of Affection to his Wife 77 -Her Answer 78 -Death of Pescara 78 -Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence 79 -Her Poetry 80 -Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo 81 -1547. Her Death 81 - - -GUARINI. - -1537. His Birth 82 -Little known of his early Life 82 -His Marriage 82 -1565. His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro -Loredano 83 -1571. His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII. 83 -1573. His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his -Accession 83 -On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State 83 -His second Visit to Poland 83 -1575. (25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey 83 -His "Pastor Fido" 87 -His Quarrel with Tasso 87 -1582. He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his -Villa 88 -1585. His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin 91 -1586. Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State 92 -His Missions to Umbria and Milan 92 -His Quarrel with his Son 92 -1590. He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy 93 -He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua 93 -1591. He loses his Wife 93 -His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga 93 -His Visit to Urbino 94 -He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate -Paul Usur 95 -1608. Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy 95 -1612. (7th of October.) His Death 95 - - -TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO. - -Their Ancestors 98 -1493. Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante -Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno 99 -His Marriage with Portia Rossi 100 -1544. (11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth 101 -Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War 102 -Infancy of Torquato 103 -Return of Bernardo from the War 103 -1552. The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels 104 -Bernardo, his Exile 104 -Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written -by him on this Occasion 105 -He and Cowper compared 107 -1556. Death of his Mother 108 -Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father 108 -Is implicated in his reputed Treason 109 -His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister -Cornelia 110 -Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter 110 -Bernardo flies to Ravenna 111 -He is invited to Pesaro 111 -Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso 112 -Torquato Tasso, his Studies 114 -Boileau 115 -"Joan of Arc" 117 -"Curiosities of Literature" 118 -Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters 118 -"Amadigi" 119 -Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua 122 -His "Rinaldo" 122 -Epic Poetry 125 -"Gerusalemme Liberata" 126 -Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna 127 -He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei 128 -His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry" 130 -1564. He visits his Father at Mantua 130 -His Illness 131 -1569. Bernardo Tasso, his Death 131 -Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants -Cardinal D'Este 131 -Zoilus 131 -1565. Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi 132 -Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara 132 -Death of Pope Pius IV. 133 -Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora -Este 133 -A quotation from his "Aminta" 134 -1568. Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke -Guise 136 -Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino 136 -Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate, -the Court of France 138 -Two or three Anecdotes related of him 139 -1572. Arrival of Tasso at Rome 140 -His Reception by Pope Pius V. 140 -Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso 140 -His "Aminta" 141 -His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo" 143 -His Illness 144 -His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent 146 -He returns to Ferrara 146 -An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero 147 -His Malady 148 -Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso 148 -Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind 149 -His Love for the Princess Leonora 149 -He visits his Sister 150 -1579. Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital 152 -His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga 152 -1581. Death of the Princess Leonora 156 -Its Effect on Tasso 156 -1586. Liberation of Tasso 157 -His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy 158 -His last Work, "Sette Giornate" 158 -He recovers his Mother's Dowry 158 -The Pope grants him a Pension 158 -Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during -Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit 159 -1594. (25th of April.) Death of Tasso 161 -His Works 161 - - -CHIABRERA. - -1552. His Birth 163 -His Parentage 163 -His Childhood 163 -Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo 164 -His disastrous Residence at Rome 163 -His Studies 164 -His Style 165 -His Elegiac Poems 166 -A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation 166 -Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel 167 -He refuses 168 -1637. His Death 168 - - -TASSONI. - -1565. His Birth 169 -His early Life 169 -1585. Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of -Bologna 169 -1597. Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by -him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept -the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success 170 -1622. His Works 171 -1635. His Death 173 - - -MARINI. - -1569. (18th of October.) His Birth 174 -He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer; -turns him out in consequence 174 -1589. Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci" 174 -Concerned in some youthful Scrapes 175 -Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin 175 -His literary Quarrels 175 -Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents 176 -He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France 176 -Her Death before his Arrival 176 -Is received by Mary de' Medici 176 -1623. He publishes his "Adone" 177 -He returns to Rome 178 -1625. (25th of March.) His Death 179 - - -FILICAJA. - -1642. (30th of December.) His Birth 180 -His Parentage 180 -His Education 180 -His Marriage 181 -His Odes 181 -Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja 182 -He is appointed Governor of Volterra 182 -His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the -Virgin" 183 -1717. His Death 184 - - -METASTASIO. - -His obscure Origin 185 -1698. (13th of January.) His Birth; his Name 185 -His Adoption by Vincenzo Gravina 185 -His first Tragedy, "Giustino" 186 -His Letter to Algarotti 187 -His Letter to Don Saverio Mattei 188 -Death of his adopted Father Gravina 189 -His Studies 189 -His Imprudence 189 -Commences the Study of the Law at Naples 190 -He composes his "Orti Esperidi" 190 -He quits his Legal Studies 191 -And resides at the House of the Prima Donna Marianna -Bulgarelli 191 -He studies Music 192 -1594. Operatic Dramas first introduced at Florence 192 -1724. Metastasio composes his "Didone Abbandonato;" also his -"Siroe" 192 -He accompanies the Prima Donna to Rome 193 -1727. He writes his Drama of "Cato" 193 -1729. He is invited to become the Court Poet of Vienna 193 -Apostolo Zeno 194 -1730. Metastasio fulfils his Engagement to the Roman Theatre 194 -He enters on his Employments at Vienna; Success of his Dramas 194 -Becomes Treasurer of the Province of Cosenza, in Naples 195 -His Letters to Marianna Bulgarelli 196 -1733. Her Death 198 -Metastasio's Letters to his Brother on her Death 198 -His Style 200 -His "Attilio Regulo" 201 -"Themistocles" and "Olimpiade:" his Dramas 202 -His Canzonetti 203 -1740. Death of the Emperor Charles VI. 203 -1745. Francis I. elected Emperor 204 -Several European Sovereigns invite Metastasio to their Court 204 -His Malady 204 -His Letters 205 -His Letter to his Brother on the Death of his Father 205 -1770. Death of his Brother Leopold 208 -1737. Farinelli 208 -1746. Death of Philip V. of Spain 209 -1763. Accession of Charles III. 209 -Physical Sufferings of Metastasio 209 -Death of the Empress Maria Theresa 209 -1772. Doctor Burney's Account of Metastasio 210 -1782. (12th of April.) Death of Metastasio 211 - - -GOLDONI. - -1707. His Birth 213 -His Origin 213 -1712. Death of his Grandfather; Pecuniary Difficulties of his Family 214 -Education of Goldoni 215 -His Departure with his Family from Perugia 216 -Carlo Goldoni studies at Rimini 216 -His Parents embark for Chiozza 216 -Description of Chiozza 216 -Goldoni escapes from Rimini 217 -He arrives at Chiozza 218 -He studies the Law under his Uncle, at Venice 219 -1723. His Success at the University of Pavia 220 -His Expulsion, and the Cause of it 221 -Returns to his Parents 221 -He pursues his Legal Studies at Modena 222 -He determines to become a Monk 223 -Prudent Conduct of his Parents on this Occasion 223 -Goldoni becomes Coadjutor to the Chancellor of Feltri 224 -He falls in Love 224 -1731. He joins his Father at Ravenna 225 -Death of the elder Goldoni 225 -Goldoni enters the Profession of Barrister, at Venice 225 -An Incident occurs which destroys his Prospects 226 -His Tragedy of "Amalasunta" 228 -Its Fate 229 -Buonafede Vitali 229 -1733. Siege of Milan 230 -Journey of Goldoni to Modena 230 -Disasters which he met with 231 -1734. His "Belisarius" acted at Vienna 232 -Good Fortune which he meets with at Genoa 233 -His Marriage 233 -He attempts to reform the Italian Theatre 233 -The old Comedy of Italy 234 -Goldoni obtains the Genoese Consulship at Venice 235 -He meets with a Ragusan Adventurer 235 -1741. His Play on the Subject 235 -His Life at Rimini 236 -His Journey to Cattolica, and the Misfortune that befell him 237 -He becomes a Pleader at the Pisan Bar 238 -His Comedies 238 -His Style 239 -The Plot of his "Donne Puntigliose" 240 -Story of the "Donna Prudente" 241 -His "Pettegollezzi" 241 -The Subject of "Villeggiatura" and the "Smanie della -Villeggiatura" 242 -His other Comedies 243 -1760. He receives an Offer from the French Court 245 -1761. His Debût as an Author in the French Capital 246 -1792. His Death 246 - - -ALFIERI. - -The Italian Poets of the early Ages 247 -1749. (17th of January.) Birth of Vittorio Alfieri 250 -His noble Origin 250 -His Childhood 251 -His Education 252 -Account of the Academy of Turin 252 -System of Education 253 -Effect of Music on the Mind of Alfieri 255 -Circumstances of his Life altered by the Death of his Uncle 256 -1763. Change of his Situation in College 256 -Effect of this on his Conduct 256 -His Extravagance 257 -His Confinement 257 -1764. His Liberation on the Marriage of his Sister Julia 258 -His Return to College 259 -1765. His Journey to Genoa 259 -1766. He enters the Provincial Army of Asti 260 -His dislike of Military Discipline; he obtains Leave of -Absence 260 -His Tour 261 -His second Leave of Absence; his second Tour 265 -His first Entrance into Paris 265 -His enthusiastic Feelings on visiting England 266 -He returns to Turin, and resides with his Sister 267 -1769. He takes another Tour 268 -His second Visit to England; his Love Adventure 269 -He returns to Paris 271 -His Quarrel with his Servant 271 -1772. Returns to Turin, and becomes a Cavaliere Servente 272 -1774. He determines to break off this disgraceful Intercourse 274 -His first Attempt at Composition 274 -1777. He enters into an Engagement with the Public to write -Tragedies 276 -He visits Siena; his Friendship with Francesco Gori 278 -He visits Florence 279 -His Attachment for Louisa de Stolberg, Countess of Albany 280 -He makes a Donation of his Property to his Sister Julia 280 -The distinguishing Marks of his Dramas 282 -Distinction between Shakspeare and other Dramatic Writers 283 -Alfieri, his Tragedy of "Philip," its Subject 284 -He continues the _Amico di Casa_ of the Countess of Albany 286 -Cruel Conduct of her Husband 286 -She is separated from him 286 -Alfieri at Rome with the Countess 287 -1782. He completes his fourteen Tragedies 288 -His Intercourse with the Countess of Albany begins to excite -Censure 289 -He goes into voluntary Exile in consequence of his Sufferings 290 -1783. He visits England to purchase Horses 290 -He returns to Italy 291 -His Visit to the Countess of Albany at Alsatia 291 -He composes his "Agis," "Sofonisba," and "Mirra" 291 -Death of his Friend Gori 292 -Returns to Siena 292 -Countess of Albany visits Paris 293 -She goes to Baden, where she is joined by Alfieri 293 -Residence of Alfieri at Colmar 293 -1787. His Illness; visited by his Friend the Abbate Caluso 293 -The Countess at Paris; Alfieri joins her 293 -Death of her Husband 294 -Corrected Editions of Alfieri's Tragedies 294 -1790. His Translation of the Comedies of Terence 294 -His Treatise on "Princes and Literature;" Critique on his -Style 295 -1791. He accompanies the Countess of Albany to England 296 -They return to Paris 296 -1792. (10th of August.) The French Revolution 296 -Imprisonment of Louis XVI. 296 -Departure of the Countess and Alfieri from Paris; their -Furniture, Horses, and Books confiscated 297 -They return to Florence 297 -The Tragedy of "Saul" acted, Alfieri performing the Part of -the King 298 -He studies the Greek Language 299 -Invasion of Italy by the French 299 -Alfieri and the Countess leave Florence 299 -French driven from Tuscany 299 -Second Invasion of the French; Effect of these political Events -on the Mind of Alfieri 300 -(8th of October.) His Death 301 -His Tomb 301 - - -MONTI. - -Arcadian Poetry 303 -1754. (19th of February.) His Birth 305 -His Parentage 305 -Italian Farmers 305 -Early Boyhood of Monti 306 -Anecdote of him 306 -His Studies at Faenza 307 -Destined by his Father to Agricultural Labour; his Dislike of -this Occupation 307 -Ineffectual Attempts of his Father to overcome this 308 -His first Italian Poem; he adopts Alighieri as his Model 308 -His "Vision of Ezekiel" 308 -Cardinal Borghese takes Monti under his Protection; he -accompanies the Cardinal to Rome 309 -1780. The Arcadians of the Bosco Parrasio celebrate the Quinquenalli -of Pius VI. 309 -Monti made Secretary to the Duke of Braschi 309 -His want of political Integrity 310 -His Ode on the Marriage of the Duke of Braschi 311 -1779. His Ambition excited by the Emulation inspired by Alfieri 311 -1787. His "Aristodemo" acted at Rome with great Success 312 -Plot of this Tragedy 312 -Marriage of Monti 313 -Hugh Basseville 314 -Sent by the French to spread their Revolutionary Tenets -beyond the Alps 314 -His History of the French Revolution 315 -1793. His Assassination 315 -(January 19th.) Louis XVI. beheaded 315 -Monti, his Poem, the "Basvilliana" 315 -His Poem on the French Revolution 316 -His Plagiarism 316 -Spread of French Republicanism 317 -Defeat of the Austrians 317 -1797. (January 3d.) Cisalpine Republic erected 318 -Monti meets General Marmont at Rome 318 -He proceeds with him to Florence 318 -Monti, his Admiration of Napoleon 318 -Made Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Milan 319 -He suffers Persecution 319 -A Law passed by the Cisalpine Republic 319 -Monti loses his Situation in consequence 319 -His "Musogonia" 319 -Subject of his Poem entitled "Prometeo" 320 -He obtains the Professor's Chair of Belles Lettres in Brera 321 -1799. Suvaroff and the Austrians drive the French from Italy 321 -End of the Italian Republics 321 -Deplorable Destitution of Monti during his Exile 321 -Goes to Pans on the Invitation of Mareschalchi 322 -He composes a Hymn and an Ode on the Victory of Marengo 322 -He returns to Italy 323 -His Poem, the "Mascheroniana" 323 -His Tragedy, "Caius Gracchus" 325 -1802. The Cisalpine Congress meet at Lyons 326 -Bonaparte made President 326 -Monti, his Ode to Napoleon in the Name of the Congress 326 -He obtains a Professorship at Pavia 327 -Goes to Milan, where a Number of Offices are conferred on him 327 -1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy 327 -Monti commanded to celebrate the Event 327 -He composes his "Il Benificio" 328 -His "Spada di Federico" 329 -His "Palingenesi" 329 -His "Jerogamia" 331 -Remarks on "the Winged Horse of Arsinoe" 332 -Translation of the Iliad 332 -Visconti, his Praise of Monti's Iliad 333 -1814. Overthrow of Napoleon 333 -Monti loses all his public Employments 333 -Pensions bestowed on him by the Emperor of Austria 333 -He composes the "Mistico Omaggio" 334 -His other Works 335 -1812. Marriage of his Daughter 335 -Her Poem "On a Rose" 335 -The Della Crusca Controversy 336 -Different Dialects of Italy 336 -Bocca Romana 337 -Florentine Dialect 337 -Dispute of Monti with the Tuscans 338 -Extracts from his Letters to his Friend Mustoxidi 338 -Monti resides at Milan 340 -Beauty of his Recitation 341 -Extract of his Letters to a Friend on the Classic and Romantic -Schools 341 -1821-1822. Monti resides with his Daughter and Son-in-law, at -Pesaro 343 -1821. Monti, his Letter to his Wife 343 -Another Letter to his Wife 344 -1822. His Letter, giving a Picture of Italian Manners 345 -His Visit to Pesaro on the Death of his Son-in-law 347 -His Letter to his Friend Mustoxidi 347 -1823. His Illness 348 -1828. (13th of October.) His Death 350 -His Character 350 -His Person 351 - - -UGO FOSCOLO. - -1778. His Birth 354 -His Origin 354 -The Ionian Islands 355 -Foscolo studies at Padua under Cesarotti 355 -1797. His Tragedy of "Thyestes" represented at Venice 357 -Foscolo becomes a voluntary Exile 357 -His "Letters of Jacopo Ortis" 357 -His Opinion of Bonaparte 359 -He visits Tuscany 360 -And Florence 360 -He goes to Milan; Description of the Cisalpine Republic 361 -Foscolo becomes acquainted with Monti 361 -Likeness between him and his imaginary Hero, Ortis 362 -His unfortunate Attachment for a Pisan Lady 362 -He joins the Lombard Legion 363 -1800. Invasion of the Austrio-Russians 363 -Foscolo joins the French Army at Genoa 363 -Siege of Genoa 364 -Foscolo, his Letter to Bonaparte 364 -(June 4th.) Surrender of Genoa 365 -Conveyance of the Garrison to France by the English Fleet; -Foscolo accompanies them 365 -"Ortis" 366 -Comparison between Goethe's "Werter" and "Ortis" 366 -Person and Manners of Foscolo 369 -1802. Meeting of a Congress at Lyons to reform the Cisalpine -Republic 370 -Foscolo, his "Oration to Bonaparte" 370 -Foscolo holds a Commission in the Italian Legion 372 -His Translation of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey" 373 -1805. He becomes intimate with General Caffarelli 375 -The Brescians 375 -Foscolo, his "Ode on Sepulchres" 375 -1808. He is made Professor of Eloquence in the University of Pavia; -his Introductory Oration 377 -He incurs the Displeasure of Bonaparte 378 -Loses his Professorship, and retires to the Lake of Como 378 -Description of the Lake 378 -His Tragedy of "Ajax" 379 -Its Politics found fault with; he is persecuted in consequence 380 -He is exiled from Milan, and visits Tuscany 380 -1813. Manifesto of Lord William Bentinek 382 -Treaty of Fontainebleau 382 -Foscolo, his Adherence to the Cause of Liberty 384 -His Conversation with Pecchio 385 -He resides in Italy 385 -Lord Castlereagh 386 -Arrival of Foscolo in England 386 -His Retreat at St. John's Wood 387 -1822. Pecchio visits him 387 -Foscolo, his "Ricciarda" 388 -The Story on which it is founded 388 -Dedicated to Lord William Russell 388 -1823. Lady Dacre interests herself in behalf of Foscolo 389 -Description of Foscolo's House at South Bank 389 -Imprudence of Foscolo; his pecuniary Difficulties 392 -1827. (October 10th.) His Death 392 -His Character 393 - - - - -TABLE, - -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, - -TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF - -LIVES OF - -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL. - -INTRODUCTION. -A.D. - -Preliminary Remarks 1 -Aborigines of Spain 2 -Silius Italicus 2 -Lucan 2 -The Senecas 2 -The Roman Power in Spain annihilated by the Visigoths 3 -Anecdotes of the Goths 3 -Conquest of Spain by the Moors 3 -The University of Cordova founded by Abdorhaman III. 4 -Settlement of the Jews in Spain 4 -Arabic Authors 5 -The Romances Moriscos 5 -Troubadours 5 -Mosen Jordi de Sant Jordi 6 -The Redondillas 7 -The Cancionero general and the Romancero general 9 -Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation of the -Redondillas 9 -Romances of Chivalry 10 -1325. Vasco Lobeira 10 -Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise 11 -The Cultivation which he bestowed on the Castilian Language 11 -His Works 11 -The Alphonsine Tables 11 -Alphonso XI. 11 -Spain desolated by Civil Wars 12 -Juan Ruiz 12 -1407. John II., his disastrous Reign 12 -The Marquis of Villena institutes Floral Games 13 -1434. His Death 13 -Marquis of Santillana 13 -Marcias, his melancholy Fate 13 -1412. Juan de Mena, the Ennius of Spain 14 -His Birth 14 -His Origin 14 -He studies at the University of Salamanca 14 -His Works 15 -1456. His Death 15 -Quintano, his Opinion of the "Labyrinto" 15 -Juan de Enzina, Author of the first Spanish Plays 17 -His Birth 17 -His Songs and Lyrics 18 -His Name becomes proverbial in Spain by his Song of -Contraries or Absurdities 18 -A Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation 18 -Union of the Crowns of Castile and Arragon 19 -Castilian adopted as the classic Language of the Country 20 - - -BOSCAN. - -The first Spanish Poet who introduced the Italian Style 21 -1500. His Birth 21 -His noble Descent 21 -His Marriage 21 -Chosen Governor to the Duke of Alva 22 -1525. Andrea Navagero, the Venetian Ambassador 22 -His Arrival at the Court of Charles V. at Toledo; he meets -with Boscan and Garcilaso 22 -He induces them to quit their national Redondillas 22 -This Circumstance referred to by Boscan in the Dedication of -his Poems to the Duchess of Soma 23 -A Translation of one of Garcilaso's Poems 24 -Translation of the Epistle of Boscan to Don Diego Hurtado de -Mendoza 26 -1543. Petrarch and Boscan compared 34 - - -GARCILASO DE LA VEGA. - -His illustrious Descent 36 -1503. His Birth 37 -Accession of Charles V. 38 -Death of Cardinal Ximenes 38 -Election of Charles to the Imperial Crown, and his intended -Departure for Germany 38 -Revolution in Spain in consequence 38 -Garcilaso distinguishes himself at the Battle of Pavia 39 -1528. His Marriage 39 -1532. Invasion of Hungary by Solyman 39 -Garcilaso falls into Disgrace at Court 39 -His Exile 39 -His Ode in Commemoration of his Imprisonment 40 -Muley Hassan driven out of Algiers by Barbarossa, who -possesses himself of it 40 -He fortifies the Citadel 41 -Algiers invested by the Emperor Charles 41 -Garcilaso serves in the Imperial Army; his Gallantry nearly -proves fatal to him 41 -Return of Charles to Italy 41 -Garcilaso, his Residence at Naples 41 -Quotation from his Elegy to Boscan 42 -1535. (5th of August.) Cardinal Bembo, his Letter to a Friend in -Commendation of Garcilaso 42 -His Letter to Garcilaso 44 -Charles V. enters France; he recals Garcilaso, and confers on -him the Command over eleven Companies of Infantry 45 -Epistle of Garcilaso to Boscan from Vaucluse 45 -1536. Death of Garcilaso while attacking a Tower 46 -His Character 47 -His Children 47 -His second Eclogue 47 -Quotation from it 49 -Translation of his Ode to the "Flower of Gnido" 53 - - -MENDOZA. - -His numerous Titles 58 -1500. His Birth 58 -His noble Extraction 58 -Originality of his Genius 59 -He studies Theology in the University of Salamanca 59 -He leaves the Clerical Profession 59 -Appointed Ambassador to Venice 59 -1545. Deputed to attend the Council of Trent 60 -1547. He is made Governor and Captain General of Siena 60 -The Salvi 60 -1545. A new Oligarchy erected in Siena 61 -Revolt of Siena 61 -Mendoza, his Government; he leaves Siena; on the Death of -Paul III. he repairs to Rome to watch the Progress of the -Conclave 62 -The Sienese take Advantage of his Absence, and solicit the Aid -of the French King 63 -Mendoza applies to the Pope for Assistance; he evades his -Request 63 -1552. Loss of Siena to the Emperor 63 -1554. Recal of Mendoza to Spain 64 -1557. Battle of St. Quentin 65 -Mendoza present at it; characteristic Adventure related of -him 65 -He composes his Work on "The History of the War of the -Moriscos in Granada" 65 -1776. A complete Edition of his Works published 67 -1775. Death of Mendoza; his Character 67 -Critique on his Poetry 68 - - -LUIS DE LEON. - -Preliminary Remarks 70 -1527. His Birth 71 -His Childhood 71 -Becomes Doctor of Theology to the University of Salamanca 72 -1561. His Election to the Chair of St. Thomas 72 -His Enemies 72 -1572. He translates the Song of Solomon into Spanish, for which he is -imprisoned by the Inquisition at Valladolid 72 -His Odes to the Virgin written during his Imprisonment 73 -1576. His Liberation 76 -He visits Madrid 76 -1591. He is elected Vicar-General of his Province 76 -(23d of August.) His Death 76 -His Person 76 -His Character 77 -His Theological Works 78 -His Translations 78 -A Quotation from one of his Odes, and a Translation of it 79 - - -FERNANDO HERRERA. - -An Account of him by Rodrigo Caro 83 -Opinions of different Spanish Writers on his Poems 86 -His "Ode to Sleep" 87 - - -SAA DE MIRANDA. - -1494. His Birth 88 -Style of his Poetry 88 - - -JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR. - -1520. His Birth 89 -Origin of his Name 89 -He emigrates to Castile 89 -His Work "Diana," critical Remarks on it 89 -1661. Supposed Time of his Death 92 - - -CASTILLEJO. - -1580. Fernando de Acuna 92 -1550. Gil Polo 92 -Cetina 93 -1596. Cristoval Castillejo 93 -His Satires 93 - - -THE DRAMATISTS. - -"Celestina, Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea" 95 -The Plot of this Play 95 -1515. A Translation of the Amphitryon of Plautus, printed, and -of the Electra of Sophocles 96 -Perez de Oliva 96 -Obscurity of the earliest regular Dramas written in Spanish 97 -Bartolomé Torres Naharro, his Dramatic Writings 97 -Lope de Rueda, his Birth 98 -Account of him by Cervantes 98 -His Plays 99 -State of Literature under Charles V. 100 -Originality the Distinctive of the Spanish Character 101 - - -ERCILLA. - -Preliminary Remarks 103 -1533. (7th of March.) Don Alonso de Ercilla; his Birth 104 -His Ancestors 104 -His Education 104 -He is made Page of Honour to Prince Philip 104 -Ambition of Charles V. 105 -Insurrection of the Araucanos in South America 105 -The Charge of subduing them committed to Geronimo de -Alderete 105 -Ercilla leaves the personal Service of the Prince, and follows -the Adelantado to the East 106 -Expedition of Don Garcia against the Araucanos 106 -Ercilla distinguishes himself in the Indian War 107 -Philip II. succeeds to the Throne of Spain 108 -Ercilla escapes an early and disastrous End 109 -Cruelties committed by Lope de Aguirre on the Indians at -Venezuela 110 -1562. Ercilla returns to Spain; his Marriage 111 -He is appointed Chamberlain to Maximilian II. 112 -1580. His Destitution and Abandonment 112 -1595. The supposed Time of his Death 113 -His Character 113 -His "Araucana;" Analysis and partial Translation of it 115 -Critique on it 116 - - -CERVANTES. - -Preliminary Remarks 120 -1547. (9th of October.) His Birth 123 -His Origin 123 -His early Studies 123 -1569. Death of Isabella of Valois, Wife of Philip II. 124 -Lopez de Hoyos 124 -Cervantes quits Madrid 125 -1568. He enters the Service of the Cardinal Acquaviva 125 -1569. He visits Rome 126 -He enlists under General Antonio Colonna in the Campaign -against the Turks 126 -1571. The combined Fleets of Venice, Spain, and the Pope assemble -at Messina 126 -(7th of October.) Battle of Lepanto 127 -Gallant Conduct of Cervantes 127 -He is wounded, and remains in the Hospital at Messina six -Months 128 -1572. Don John of Austria 128 -Second Campaign against the Turks 128 -The Spaniards alone prosecute the War 128 -Attempted and unsuccessful Assault on the Castle of Navarino 128 -1573. The Venetians sign a Peace with Selim 129 -Cervantes enters Tunis with the Marquis de Santa Cruz, and -returns to Palermo with the Fleet 129 -Cervantes obtains leave to return to Spain 129 -The Galley he embarked in attacked by an Algerine 129 -Squadron 129 -He is taken Prisoner by the Arnaout Captain 130 -Piracies carried on by the Algerine Corsairs 131 -Their System 131 -Interesting Details of the Captivity of Cervantes 131 -His Tale of the "Captive" 131 -1576. His first Attempt at Escape with some of his Companions 133 -Its Failure 133 -Gabrièl de Castañeda ransomed; he brings Letters from -Cervantes to his Father 133 -1577. His Father unable to procure Money to ransom both him and -his Brother; Cervantes gives up his Share to secure the -Freedom of his Brother 134 -He arranges another Plan of Escape 134 -1578. He is purchased by Hassan Aga 137 -1579. He concerts a new Plan of Escape with the Renegade -Abd-al-Rhamen 138 -Is again betrayed 138 -His Liberation 140 -He refutes certain Calumnies, of which he was the Object 141 -1581. Landing of Cervantes in Spain 142 -He again enters the Army; he embarks in the Squadron of -Don Pedro 143 -1582. He serves in a naval Battle under Santa Cruz 143 -1583. Also at the Taking of Terceira 143 -1584. He publishes his "Galatea" 145 -His Marriage 145 -1588. He accepts the Situation of Commissary to the Invincible -Armada 147 -1593. His Office abolished 148 -He manages the Affairs, and becomes the Friend, of Don -Hernando de Toledo 148 -His two Sonnets 149 -The Subject of the first 149 -1598. A magnificent Catafalque erected in the Cathedral of Seville -on the Death of Philip II. 149 -Sonnet of Cervantes to the Monument of the King at Seville 151 -1594. Anecdote of a mercantile Casualty which happened to -Cervantes; financial Annoyance 151 -1597. Another Anecdote 152 -1603. He removes to Valladolid 153 -He becomes the Victim of litigious Proceedings 154 -He composes his "Don Quixote" 155 -1604. He returns to Spain 156 -A Story respecting the Dedication of "Don Quixote" to the -Duke of Bejar 157 -1605. Disputes respecting the Existence of the "Buscapié" 158 -Satires against "Don Quixote" 160 -James I. of England sends Lord Howard to present a Treaty of -Peace to Philip III., and to congratulate him on the Birth of -his Son 161 -An Account of these Festivities, written by Cervantes 161 -An Event occurs by which Cervantes is greatly distressed 161 -1606. He follows the Court to Madrid 163 -Despotism and Bigotry extend their Influence over Spain 163 -Kindness of Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Archbishop of Toledo, -to Cervantes 163 -1610. Count of Lemos made Viceroy of Naples 164 -The Argensolas, surnamed the Horaces of Spain 164 -Disappointment of Cervantes at their Neglect 164 -Anecdote of Philip III. 165 -1615. The Censorship of "Don Quixote" intrusted to Francisco -Marquez Torres 166 -His Account of the Neglect with which the Spaniards treated -Cervantes 166 -1608. Preface to the "Twelve Tales" of Cervantes 167 -1614. He publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus" 168 -Preface to his Work, "Comedias y Entremeses" 169 -1615. Poetic Games 170 -The "Don Quixote" of Avellanada 170 -Indignation of Cervantes on its Publication 171 -Illness of Cervantes 172 -1616. His Excursion from Esquivias to Madrid 172 -His Adieu to the World 173 -His Dedication to his Protector, the Count of Lemos 174 -(23d of April.) His Death 174 -His Will 174 -His Character 175 -His "Galatea" 175 -His "Numantia;" the Plot of this Play 176 -His Comedy of "A Life in Algiers" 178 -Godwin's Opinion of "Don Quixote" 182 -Remarks on "Don Quixote" 182 -Extracts from "Voyage to Parnassus" 184 - - -LOPE DE VEGA. - -His Career and that of Cervantes compared 189 -Epithets of Praise heaped on him 190 -1562. His Birth 190 -His Parentage 191 -His Boyhood 191 -An Adventure related of him while at School 192 -He becomes the Protégé of Geronimo Manrique, the Grand -Inquisitor 193 -He enters the University of Alcala 193 -He enters the Service of the Duke of Alva 194 -His "Arcadia;" a Detail of the Story 195 -1598. Publication of the "Arcadia" 198 -Lope de Vega leaves the Duke's Service 198 -His Marriage 199 -He is engaged in a Duel, which causes him to go to Valencia 199 -He returns to Madrid; Death of his Wife 200 -1588. He becomes a Soldier, and joins the Invincible Armada 200 -His Eclogue to Claudio 200 -1604. His Sonnets 200 -A Translation of two of his Sonnets 202 -Some Account of his "Dorotea" 204 -Sanguine Expectations of the Invincible Armada 209 -Piratical Expeditions of Drake and Hawkins excite the -Animosity and Vengeance of the Spaniards 209 -An animated Description of the setting forth of the Invincible -Armada, by Lope de Vega 210 -He composes "The Beauty of Angelica" 210 -1590. He returns from the Armada, and enters the Service of Count -Lemos 211 -His second Marriage 211 -1620. His Work, "The True Lover" 212 -Extracts from his Epistles 213 -Uncertain Dates of the various Events of his Life 216 -1598. Canonisation of St. Isidro 217 -The Reputation of Lope de Vega awakens the Enmity of -Rivals and Critics 217 -His War with Gongora 218 -1616. His unexampled Popularity 219 -1621. His Novel 219 -His "Soliloquies on God" 220 -His Poem on the Death of Mary Queen of Scots 220 -Exaggerated Account of the Quantity of his Writings 220 -Anecdote of him and Montalvan 221 -Extract from his Poems 222 -1635. His Presentiments of his approaching Dissolution 225 -(18th of August) His Death 226 -His Funeral 226 -His Person 227 -His Character 227 -The "Dragon tea" 228 -The "Jerusalem" 229 -Difficulties of establishing the Theatre in Spain 230 -Spanish Theatres 231 -Analysis of the "Star of Seville," by Lord Holland 233 -Sacred Dramas and Autos Sacramentales of Lope de Vega 235 -Incongruities of his Plots 236 - - -VICENTE ESPINEL. ESTEVAN DE VILLEGAS. - -The Poetry of Spain 238 -1544. Birth of Vicente Espinel 239 -His Parentage 239 -1634. His Death 240 -1595. Birth of Estévan Manuel de Villégas, named the Anacreon of -Spain 240 -His Parentage 240 -1618. His original Anacreontics published 240 -1626. His Marriage 241 -1669. His Death 241 -Translation of one of his Sapphics 242 - - -GONGORA. - -1561. (11th of July.) His Birth 243 -His Parentage 243 -A cursory Review of his Life 243 -1627. (24th of May.) His Death 244 -His Person and Disposition 245 -His early Poetry 245 -His Style 245 -His "Song of Catherine of Arragon" 246 -Extract from his Songs 247 -His System 248 -Quotations from Lope de Vega, showing the Absurdity of -Gongora's Style 248 -The "Polyphemus" of Gongora 252 -Extract from his "Solitudes" 252 - - -QUEVEDO. - -The Talent and Genius of the Spaniards during the fourteenth -and fifteenth Centuries 255 -Their Energies and Genius blighted by the Infamy of the -Political Institutions 256 -1580. (September.) Birth of Quevedo 256 -His Parentage 256 -He enters the University of Alcalà 256 -A Circumstance occurs which obliges him to quit the Court 257 -He takes refuge in Italy 258 -Don Pedro Giron Duke of Osuna 258 -His Character 258 -The Court of Philip III. 258 -Quevedo sent as Ambassador to Madrid 259 -His Success; a Pension bestowed on him 259 -Duke of Osuna advanced to the Viceroyalty of Naples; his -Victories over the Turks 259 -The Spanish Power threatens to become omnipotent in Italy 260 -Charles Emanuel endeavours to make head against it 260 -The Duke of Osuna opposes the Venetians 260 -The lawless and dishonourable Means he takes 260 -He protects the Uscocchi against the Venetians 260 -The Merchants of Naples and the French make Representations -at the Court of Madrid in consequence 260 -Osuna ordered to suspend Hostilities 260 -1618. The Bedmar Conspiracy 261 -Quevedo and Osuna supposed to be implicated in the Plot 262 -Quevedo escapes from Venice 262 -Osuna continues Viceroy of Naples; he is suspected of -intending to arrogate Power independent of the King 263 -He is ordered to return to Madrid 263 -Cautious proceedings of the Court with respect to him 264 -Cardinal Don Gaspar de Borgia is named his Successor 264 -Return of Osuna to Spain 264 -1624. His Imprisonment and Death 264 -1620. Quevedo, his attachment to Osuna 264 -He is suspected of participating in his treasonable Designs 265 -His Imprisonment in consequence 265 -His Liberation 265 -1632. He is made Secretary to the King 266 -1634. He leaves the Church, and marries 266 -His Wife dies 266 -His own Words, alluding to his evil Fate 267 -1641. He is suspected of being the Author of certain Libels; is -arrested and imprisoned in Consequence 268 -Two Letters of his 269 -His Memorial to Count Olivarez 270 -His Liberation 271 -1647. (September 8th.) His Death 272 -His Person 272 -His Character 272 -His Style 273 -A singular Circumstance appertaining to his literary Career 274 -Critique on his Prose Writings 275 -His "Vision of Calvary" 276 -His "Alguazil possessed" 277 - - -CALDERON. - -Misrule and Oppression destroy the Spirit and Intellect of Spain 278 -Luzan 278 -Moratin 278 -1601. Birth of Calderon 279 -His illustrious Descent 279 -He enters the University of Salamanca 279 -1620. He leaves Salamanca 280 -1626. He enters the Military Service 280 -He serves in the Milanese and Flanders 280 -1637. He is recalled to Court 280 -Innumerable Dramas appear under the patronage of Philip IV. 280 -He summons Calderon to his Court 281 -1650. Marriage of Philip VI. with Maria Ana of Austria 281 -Calderon quits the military Career, and becomes a Priest 281 -1654. He becomes Chaplain to the Royal Chapel at Toledo 282 -1687. (May 29th.) His Death 282 -His Character 282 -Characteristics of his Plays 283 -Character of his Poetry 285 - - -THE EARLY POETS OF PORTUGAL -RIBEYRO--GIL VICENTE--SAA DE MIRANDA--FERREIRA. - -Original Portuguese Tongue 288 -Alphonso Henriquez, Founder of the Portuguese Monarchy 288 -Portuguese Poetry 289 -1487. Bartolomeo Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope 289 -Vasco de Gama visits the Shores of India 289 -A Portuguese Kingdom founded in Hindostan 290 -Bernardim Ribeyro, the Ennius of Portugal 290 -Saa de Miranda, Founder of Portuguese Poetry 291 -Gil Vicente, the Portuguese Plautus 292 -Antonio Ferreira, the Portuguese Horace 292 -1569. His Death 293 -His Style 293 - - -CAMOENS. - -Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects 295 -1817. The "Lusiad," Translation of it 295 -Origin of the Family of Camoens 295 -Derivation of his Name 296 -1370. Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against -Portugal 297 -1524. Birth of Camoens 298 -1308. Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz 299 -1537. Camoens enters the University of Coimbra 300 -Extract from his fourth Canzone 301 -Another Extract from another 301 -1545. He leaves Coimbra 302 -His Arrival at Court 302 -He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this -Occasion 303 -The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared 304 -Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey 306 -Exile of Camoens from the Palace 306 -Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment 307 -Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this -Time 307 -1550. Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta 310 -Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of -Gibraltar 310 -1553. He embarks for India 310 -Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa 312 -Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King -of Cochin 312 -Returns to Goa 312 -Death of Antonio de Noronha 312 -Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on -his Death 313 -1554. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty -of Goa 315 -Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese 315 -Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen 315 -Camoens joins this Expedition 315 -1555. Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone 315 -Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government 316 -Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India" 316 -1556. Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the -South 317 -Is appointed Commissary 317 -Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao 318 -He composes the "Lusiad" 318 -On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon 319 -Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the -new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza 320 -Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao 320 -Extract from the "Lusiad" 320 -Camoens pursues his military Career in India 321 -He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde 322 -Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the -Mozambique 323 -Camoens accompanies him 323 -His dependent State 323 -Quarrels with Barreto 323 -Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and -invite him to accompany them 324 -Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats 324 -He accompanies his Friends home 325 -1569. Arrives at Lisbon 325 -The Plague at Lisbon 325 -Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens 325 -1571. The "Lusiad" published 326 -Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of -Camoens 327 -1578. Defeat of Sebastian in Africa 328 -Its Effect on Camoens 328 -1579. Last Scene of Camoens' Life 328 -His Tomb 329 -His Person 329 -A Review of his Life 330 -Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it 332 - - - - -INDEX - -A. - -ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for -the advancement of literature, -III. 4. - -Abreu, Duarte de, III. 324. - -Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples, -I. 142. - -Acquaviva, cardinal, III. 125. - -Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III. -138. - -Aguirre, Lope de, III. 110. - -Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. 163. - -Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage, -II. 250. His early education; -placed at a public school -at Turin, 252. System of education -pursued at the academy, 253. -Progress of his education, 255. -Circumstances of his life greatly -altered, 256. Anecdote characteristic -of the obstinacy of his -disposition, 258. Visits his mother -at Genoa, 259. Admitted -as ensign into the provincial -regiment of Asti, 260. Visits -Rome and Naples under the care -of an English catholic, 261. Regards -coldly those objects which -render Rome a city of absolute -enchantment, 262. Visits France -and England, 263. Singularities -of his character, 261. Circumstances -of his entrance into Paris, -265. His enthusiasm on visiting -London, 266. Becomes really in -love, 267. Disappointed in a -matrimonial project proposed to -him by his brother-in-law, 268. -Comes of age, according to the -laws of his country, and sets out -on his travels with an income of -1200_l_. a-year, and a large sum -in ready money, 268. Visits -England; his attachment to a -lady of rank, 269. Is challenged -by her husband, 270. Leaves his -unworthy mistress, and pursues -his travels, 271. Anecdote characteristic -of the violence of his -temper, 272. Becomes a cavalier -servente to a lady of rank, 273. -Determines to break off the disgraceful -intercourse, 274. Gives -the first token of the spirit of -composition, in a sonnet in commemoration -of the freedom he -had acquired, 274. At the age -of seven and twenty, enters into -the difficult engagement with the -public and himself, to become the -writer of tragedies, 275. Difficulties -which he had to overcome, -276. Resolves to pass six months -in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and -feel Tuscan only, 277. His labours -in literature confined -chiefly to formation of style, 278. -Commencement of his friendship -with Gori, 279. Commencement -of his attachment to Louisa -Stolberg, countess of Albany, 280. -Energy and conciseness the distinguishing -marks of his dramas, -282. Outline of his tragedy, -entitled "Philip," 284. Takes -up his residence at Rome, 286. -Remarks on his sacred dramas, -287. His continued intimacy -with the countess of Albany, 288. -Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent -any actual measures of prohibition -and banishment, 290. -Returns to Italy after two years, -absence, 291. Outline of his -tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," 292. -Accompanies the countess of -Albany to Paris, and establishes -himself there, 293. Betakes -himself to writing the memoirs -of his life, 294. Remarks on his -translation of the Æneid, 295. -Driven from France by the revolution -of 1791, 296. Returns -to Florence with the countess of -Albany, 297. His translation of -"Sallust," an excellent specimen -of style, 293. At the age of forty-six, -applies himself with ardour -to the study of the Greek language, -299. His melancholy increased -by the irritation caused -by political events, 300. His last -illness and death, in the fifty-sixth -year of his age, 301. Translation -from a sonnet, in which he describes -his own person, 302. - -Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. 207. - -Allegri, Francesco, I. 145. - -Alphonso X., his zeal for literature; -his poetry, III. 11. - -Alphonso XI., his poems, III. 12. - -Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of -Spain, III. 3. - -Andrea, prince of Hungary, I. -91. - -Angelo, Michael, I. 34. - -Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III. -201. - -Antiquário, Jacopo, I. 165. - -Aquinas, Thomas, I. 9. - -Archimedes, II. 3. - -Aretino, I. 11. - -Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage, -and early education, I. -196. Composes a drama on the -story of Pyramus and Thisbe, -197. Becomes eminent among his -contemporaries for the critical -skill with which he elucidated -obscure passages in Horace and -Ovid, 198. The golden age of his -life shortened by the death of his -father, 199. Obliged, at the age -of four and twenty, to turn from -quiet to active duties, and exchange -Homer for waste books -and ledgers, 200. Remarks on -his satires, 201. Courted, admired, -applauded, and of course envied, -in the first circle of Italian -society, both for his conversation, -his learning, and his poetry, 202. -Remarks on his work, entitled -"Astolpho's Journey to the -Moon," 203. Remarks on his -"Orlando Furioso," 204. Sent by -the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador -to Rome, to pacify the wrath of -Julius II., 205. His second embassy -to Rome, and uncourteous reception -from the pontiff, 206. Singular -manner in which the duke -retaliates for the indignity shown -to himself and his representative, -207. Causes for the principal -interruptions in his literary labours, -208. Refuses to accompany -the cardinal Hippolito to -visit his archbishopric in Segovia, -209. His whimsical letter to his -brother Alessandro on the subject, -212. Persuaded to enter -into the service of the duke of -Ferrara, 217. His literary pursuits -retarded by his struggles -against the solicitudes, discomforts, -and mortifications of narrow -and precarious circumstances, -218. His curious reasons -for not taking priest's orders, 219. -Is patronised by Leo X., 219. His -own account of Leo's ingratitude, -220. Extracts from his satires, -222. His description of his visit -to Rome, and his specious reception -by Leo, 223. Further extracts -from his satires, 224. Simple, -yet facetious, style of his -fables, 225. Appointed to the -government of Graffagnana, a -mountainous district, lying between -Modena and Lucca, 226. -Story of a rencontre with some -of his uncouth neighbours, 227. -Extract from his Fifth Satire, 229. -Invited to accept a third embassy -to Rome, 230. His reason for -refusing, as given in the Seventh -Satire, 231. After three years, -being released from the cares of -his government, he returns with -entire devotion of his time and -talents to the "Sacred College of -the Muses," 232. Anecdote, -characteristic at once of his -phlegm and his acuteness in his -art, 233. Critique on his Seven -Satires, 233. His last illness and -death, 234. His person and character, -236. No poet of any age -has more inseparably identified -his conception with his language, -238. Impossibility of translating -them, 239. Anecdote of, 241. -Whimsical peculiarities of his -personal habits, 242. His last -hours, 243. Monuments to his -memory, 244. Remarks on his -works in general, 245. Review -of his "Orlando Furioso," 250. -Immoral tendency of his writings, 254. - -Aristotle, II. 5. - -Attila the Hun, I. 2. - -Audibert de Noves, I. 68. - -Ayala, III. 12. - -B. - -Barbariccia, I. 15. - -Barbato, the chancellor of the king -of Naples, I. 120. - -Bardi, cavalier de, I. 6. - -Barlaam, Bernardo, I. 91. - -Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala, -III. 323. - -Barrili, Giovanni, I. 120. - -Basseville, Hugh, II. 314. - -Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. 113. - -Beatrice Portinari, I. 6. - -Bella, the mother of Dante, I. 2. - -Bellarmine, cardinal, II. 33. - -Bembo, Bernardo, I. 35. - -Bembo, cardinal, I. 204. - -Benavides, don Diego de, III. 141. - -Bene, Sennucio del, I. 90. - -Benedict XII., pope, I. 89. - -Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of -the order of St. Dominic, author -of the first original tragedy published -in Spain, III. 97. - -Berni, Francesco, his birth and -early life, I. 188. Notice of his -writings, 189. - -Bianchi, I. 18. - -Bibbiena, cardinal, I. 188. - -Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth -and parentage, I. 116. His early -education, 117. His sensations -on visiting the tomb of Virgil, -119. His first meeting with Petrarch, -120. His own account of -his attachment to the lady Mary, -natural daughter of Robert, king -of Naples, 121. Description of -her person, 122. Outline of his -poem, entitled "Filocopo," 123. -The first to render the _ottava -rima_ familiar to the Italians, 124. -Obliged to return to Florence, -125. The "Decameron," a -model of the Tuscan dialect, 125. -Writes his "Ameto," a composition -of mingled prose and verse, -the first of the kind, 126. Returns -to Naples on his father's -second marriage, 126. His description -of the plague in Florence, -129. His works preached -against and prohibited by Salvanorola, -130. Returns to Florence -on the death of his father. -Commencement of his intimacy -with Petrarch, 131. Sent on -various embassies, 132. His political -negotiations, 133. His -letter to Petrarch, expressing his -regret and disappointment on his -having taken up his abode at -Milan, under the protection of -Giovanni Visconti, 133. Petrarch's -moderate answer, 134. -Popularity of the "Decameron," -134. His disinterested love of -letters, and extraordinary efforts -to create and diffuse a knowledge -of the Greek language and -writers, 135. Spends large sums -of money in the acquisition of -ancient manuscripts, 136. Anecdote -illustrative of his anxiety -for the possession of them, 136. -His unwearied and successful -labour in the cause of Hellenic -literature, 137. Obtains a decree -from the Florentine government -for the erection of a Greek professorship -in their university, 138. -Beneficial change in moral habits -brought about by the admonitions -and example of Petrarch, -138. The work begun by Petrarch, -achieved by a singular -circumstance, 139. His letter to -Petrarch on the subject, 140. -Adopts the clerical dress, and -endeavours to suppress those -writings which scandalised the -pious, 142. Retreats from Florence, -and takes up his abode at -the castle of Certaldo, 143. Brief -review of his later works, 144. -Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador -to pope Urban V., 145. -His letter to Petrarch, describing -his visit to the daughter and son-in-law -of that poet, 146. Retires -to the quiet of Certaldo, where -he busies himself in the publication -of his work of the "Genealogy -of the Gods," 147. Appointed -by the Florentine government -to the professorship for -the public explanation of the -"Divina Commedia," 148. His -last illness and death, 149. - -Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth, -parentage, and early life, I. 181. -His marriage and death, 182. -Abstract of the story of his -"Orlando Innamorato," 183. - -Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. 66. - -Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. 265. -His remorseless cruelty, 267. -His conversations with Machiavelli, -268. Anecdote characteristic -of his system of government, -279. His downfal, 281. His -imprisonment and death, 284. - -Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan, -the first Spanish poet who introduced -the Italian style, III. 21. -Outline of his life, 22. Circumstances -which induced him to introduce -the Italian style, 23. -His translation of Castiglione's -"Libro del Cortigiano," 24. Commencement -of his friendship with -Diego de Mendoza, 25. Translation -of his epistles in imitation -of Horace, 26. His death, 32. -His person, 33. Review of his -writings, 34. - -Boutervek, III. 8. - -Bowring, Dr. his translation of the -Spanish Cancionero, III. 9. - -Bozzole, Federigo da, II. 66. - -Bracciolini, Poggio, I. 151. - -Brossana, Francesco, I. 105. - -Bruni, Leonardo, I. 18. - -Bruno, Giordano, II. 4. - -Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath, -I. 8. - -Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima -donna, II. 191. Her friendship -for Metastasio, 192. Her death, -198. - -Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. 304. - -Burchiello, the word "burlesque" -derived from his name and the -style of his writings, I. 180. - -Burney, Dr., his account of his -visit to Metastasio in 1772, II. -210. - -C. - -Cabassoles, Philip de, bishop of -Cavaillon, his intimacy with Petrarch, -I. 83. - -Cabral, Antonio, III. 324. - -Cabral, Fernando Alvares, III. 311. - -Cacciaguida, I. 2. - -Caccini, his personal attack upon -Galileo from the pulpit, II. 31. - -Cassalpinus, Andrew, the celebrated -botanist, II. 3. - -Cæsarini, Virginio, II. 37. - -Caffarelli, general, II. 375. - -Calderon, don Pedro, his birth, -parentage, and early education, -III. 279. His fame established as a -poet, 280. Enters the military service -at the age of five and twenty, -280. Summoned to court by a -royal order, for the sake of writing -a drama for a palace festival, -281. Quits the army, and becomes -a priest, 281. His death -and character, 282. Review of -his writings, 283. - -Calistus II., pope, I. 169. - -Caloria, Tommaso, I. 87. - -Caluso, the abatte, II. 274. - -Camara, Ruy Diaz de, III. 327. - -Camerlingo, cardinal, II. 163. - -Camoens, Vasco Perez de, his birth -and parentage, III. 296. Extract -from his "Lusiad," 299. Translation -of a sonnet in commemoration -of that attachment which -shed a disastrous influence over -the rest of his life, 303. Compared -with Petrarch, 304. Dr. -Southey's translation of one of -his sonnets, 306. His exile, 307. -Mutilated in the wars of his -country, but receives neither reward -nor preferment, 310. His -pathetic description of his friend -Noronha's exile, 312. Offers to -serve as a volunteer, and accompanies -Vasconcellos in his expedition -against the Mahometans, -315. Suspected of composing another -satire; arrested, and banished -to China, 316. Retires -from the details of business, to -pursue his poetical occupations, -317. Obtains leave to return to -Goa; is wrecked at the mouth -of the Mecon, 315. Pursues his -voyage to Goa, where he is received -by the viceroy with kindness -and distinction, 320. Extracts -from the seventh canto of -the "Lusiad," 321. His poem commemorating -the death of Caterina -d'Atayde, 322. Accompanies -Baretto, when he was appointed -governor of Sofala, 323. Returns -to Portugal, 324. Political -state of the country disadvantageous -to him, 325. Writes the -"Parnasso de Luis Camoens," -325. A pension of 15,000 reis -granted to him, 326. His illness -and poverty, 327. His interview -with the cavalier Camara, 328. -His death, 329. His person, 329. -Review of his life, 330. Review -of his writings, 332. - -Campaldino, the battle of, I. 14. - -Camporese, the renowned philosopher, -II. 189. - -Cancionero, the, III. 9. - -Canigiani, Eletta, the mother of -Petrarch, I. 61. - -Caprona, the siege of, I. 15. - -Carafa, Federigo, III. 41. - -Carnescecchi, Pietro, II. 81. - -Caro, Rodrigo, III. 83. - -Casavecchia, Filippo, I. 296. - -Castañeda, Gabrièl de, III. 133. - -Castelli, Benedetti, II. 28. - -Castillano, Diego, III. 138. - -Castillejo, Cristoval, III. 93. Specimen -of his style, 94. - -Cavalcanti, Guido, I. 19. - -Cavalcanti, Mainardo de', I. 134. - -Caza, Francesco della, I. 263. - -Celsi, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, I. -105. - -Cervantes, III. 120. His birth and -parentage; little known of his -early life, 123. Enters a student -in the university of Salamanca, -124. His poems published at -Madrid, 125. Leaves Madrid in -the service of cardinal Acquaviva, -125. Visits Rome; changes -the whole course of his life; and -volunteers to be a soldier, 126. -His services during the Turkish -war, 127. Wounded in the battle -of Lepanto, 128. Receives an -increase of pay, and is passed -into a company of the tercio of -Figueroa, 128. Visits Rome, Florence, -Venice, Bologna, Naples, -and Palermo, 129. Taken prisoner -by an Algerine squadron -on his return to Spain, 130. Interesting -details of his captivity, -131. Makes several attempts to -regain his liberty, 133. Detected -in planning his escape; is sentenced -to the bastinado, 137. -His courage and heroism excite -the respect of the friars of the -Order of Mercy, who resided at -Algiers for the purpose of treating -for the ransom of the Christian -captives, 139. Ransomed for -500 golden ducats, and left free -to return to Spain, 140. Determines -to refute certain calumnies -of which he was the object, 141. -Returns to his native land depressed -by poverty, and obscured -by want, 142. Becomes again a -soldier by profession, 143. First -appears as an author in the year -1584, 144. His marriage with -donna Catilina de Palacios y -Salazar, 145. Commences writing -for the theatre; endeavours to -rectify the deficiencies of the -stage and scenery, 146. Accepts -the situation of commissary, and -sets out with his family for Seville, -147. His office abolished; -he becomes the agent to various -municipalities, corporations, and -wealthy individuals, 148. During -his distasteful employment at -Seville, acquires the bitter view -of human affairs displayed in -Don Quixote, 149. Translation -of his verses to the monument of -the kings at Seville, 150. Various -annoyances which he suffered -in his financial occupations -at Seville, 151. Anecdote, displaying -the style in which justice -was carried on in Spain, 152. -Removes with his family to Valladolid, -153. His poverty the great -and clinging evil of his life, 153. -His letter to his uncle during his -imprisonment at La Mancha, 154. -Writes "Don Quixote" during his -imprisonment, 155. Fails in his -attempt to introduce himself to -the duke of Lerma, 156. Difficulties -which he encounters in -publishing "Don Quixote," 157. -The "Buscapié" attributed to -him, 158. Success of "Don Quixote" -excites the enmity of the -men of letters of his day, 160. -Suspected of murder, and thrown -with his entire family into prison, -162. Is set at liberty, 162. -Publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus," -164. Anecdote, showing -the high esteem in which "Don -Quixote" was held, 165. Brings -cut his "Twelve Tales," which -raises yet higher his character -as an author, 167. His portrait -of himself, in his preface to the -"Twelve Tales," 168. His account -of the origin of the Spanish -drama, and the amelioration -that he in his younger days introduced, -169. Publishes his -"Persiles and Sigismunda," and -the second part of "Don Quixote," -170. His dedication of it -to the count of Lemos, 171. His -last illness, 172. His interview -with the student of Toledo, 173. -His farewell letter to the count -of Lemos, 174. His death, in the -sixty-ninth year of his age, 174. -His character, 174. Brief review -of his works, 175. Extract -from his "Numantia," 176. Extract -from the comedy of "Life -in Algiers," 178. Extract from -his "Voyage to Parnassus," 184. - -Cetina, III. 93. - -Charlemagne, I. 2. - -Charles of Valois, I. 20. - -Chiabrera, Gabbriello, his birth, -parentage, and early education, -II. 163. Enters into the service -of cardinal Camerlingo, 163. -Writes some odes in imitation of -Pindar; makes the Greek lyrical -poets his models, 164. -Wishes to transfuse the spirit of -the Greeks into the Italian language, -165. Style of his poetry, -166. Specimen of his serious -style, as translated by Wordsworth, -166. His death and character, 168. - -Chiaramonte, Scipio, II. 44. - -Chrysoloras, Emanuel, I. 151. - -Ciani, a Carthusian monk; his visit -to Boccaccio, I. 139. - -Clement VI., pope, I. 89. - -Colombe, Lodovico delle, II. 28. - -Colonna, Giacomo, commencement -of his friendship with Petrarch, -I. 66. - -Colonna, cardinal, I. 73. - -Colonna, Vittoria, her birth, parentage, -and marriage, II. 77. -Her letter to her husband during -his imprisonment, 78. Her grief -at his death, 79. Extracts from -her poems, 80. Her death, 81. - -Conrad III., emperor, I. 2. - -Consalvo, the Spanish general, I. -284. - -Convennole, I. 63. - -Copernicus, II. 7. - -Correggio, Azzo, I. 87. - -Coutinho, Miguel Rodriguez, III. -321. - -Couto, Diogo de III. 324. - -D. - -Dante Alighieri, his parentage, I. -1. Born in the spring of 1265, 2. -Fable concerning his birth, 3. -Extracts from his "Paradiso," -and his "Inferno," 4. His early -education, 5. Enters upon his -noviciate at a convent of the -Minor Friars, but withdraws before -the term of probation was -ended, 6. Story of his early love -for Beatrice, 7. Pursues his -studies in the universities of -Padua, Bologna, and Paris, 8. -Supposed to have visited Oxford, -8. High estimation in which -his works were held in England, -9. His progress in the schools -of divinity and philosophy, 9. -His marriage with Madonna -Gemma, 10. Style of his poetry, -11. His domestic discomforts, -12. His character as a citizen, a -soldier, and a magistrate, 13. -Serves among the cavalry in the -battle of Campaldino, 14. His -extraordinary valour during that -engagement; his allusion to it -in Canto XII. of the "Inferno," -15. Is again in the field -at the siege of Caprona, 15. Extract -from Canto XXI. of the -"Inferno," alluding to this action, -16. Traditional account of -his embassies to the courts of -Hungary, Naples, and France, -16. Chosen in the year 1300, by -the suffrages of the people, chief -prior of his native city, 17. His -endeavours to put down the factions -of the Bianchi and Neri, -18. Appeals to the people at -large to support the executive -government, 19. Accused of partiality -to the Bianchi, 20. Undertakes -an embassy to Rome, to -solicit the good offices of the -pope towards pacifying his fellow -citizens without foreign interference, -21. Anecdote of, 21. -During his absence, his dwelling -demolished by the Neri, his property -confiscated, and a fine of -8000 lire decreed against him, -with banishment for two years, -22. Joins himself with the -Bianchi, who transfer their affections -to the Ghibelines, deeming -the adherents of the emperor -less the enemies of their country -than their adversaries, 23. Withdraws -from the confederacy in -disgust, 23. Extract from his -"Del Paradiso," in allusion to -this subject, 24. Extract from -his "Purgatorio," 25. Endeavours -to obtain a reversal of his -unrighteous sentence, 25. Appeals -to Henry of Luxemburgh; -dedicates his political treatise, -entitled "De Monarchia," to -that prince, 26. A third decree -passed against him; he retires to -France, 27. Anecdotes of his -caustic humour, 28. Compared -with Marius, 29. His mental -sufferings during his nineteen -years' banishment, 30. His letter, -refusing the conditions offered -by the Florentine government, -31. His death, on the 14th -of September, 1321, 33. His -splendid funeral, 34. Monuments -raised to his memory, 35. -His confiscated property restored -to his family, 35. His memory -execrated, and his writings proscribed -by pope John XXII., 35. -His person, as described by Boccaccio, -37. Anecdote of, 38. His -family, 39. Notice of his writings, -40. Origin of the "Divina -Commedia," 42. Dramatic character -of the work, 44. Extract -from Canto X. of the "Inferno," -46. His character as a man and -a poet, 54. Character of his -poetry, 58. - -Demisiano, II. 15. - -Demourier, General, II. 315. - -Digby, Sir Kenelm, II. 11. - -Donati, Corso, I. 12. - -Donati Lucretia, I. 156. - -Dramatists, the, of Spain, III. 95. - -E. - -Elia, the faithful servant of Alfieri, -II. 266. - -Enriquez, Feliciano, III. 141. - -Enzina, Juan, style of his writing, -III. 17. Translation of one of his -songs, 18. - -Ercilla, don Alonzo de, III. 103. -His birth, parentage, and early -education, 103. Appointed page -to prince Philip, 104. Leaves the -personal service of the prince to -join the expedition sent against -the Araucanos, an Indian tribe, -in South America, which had -risen against Spain, 106. His -account of the expedition, 107. -Narrowly escapes an early and -disastrous end, 108. Leaves Chili -in disgust, without having been -duly rewarded for his services, -110. Proceeds to the Terceiras, -and thence to Spain, 111. His -marriage, 111. Appointed chamberlain -to Maximilian, 112. -Anecdote of, 112. Only known in -the literary world by his poem, -"La Araucana," 113. Critique -on his poem, 114. - -Espinel, Vicente, his birth and -parentage, III. 239. His death, -240. - -Este, cardinal Hippolito d', I. 203. -Anecdote illustrative of his cruelty, 209. - -Esto, Bianca d', II. 76. - -Exarch, Onofrio, III. 138. - -Ezpeleta, don Gaspar de, III. 161. - -F. - -Fabricius, John, II. 25. - -Fabbroni, II. 10. - -Faggiuolo, signori della, I. 28. - -Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, I. -105. - -Falucci, the conti, I. 28. - -Fantoni, Sebastian, II. 51. - -Farinelli, the singer, his friendship -for Metastasio, II. 209. - -Farnese, Orazio, III. 62. - -Fedele, Cassandra, II. 76. Her -death, 76. - -Feliciana de Vega, III. 227. - -Fermo, Oliverotto da, I. 266. - -Ferranti, Pietro, I. 21. - -Ferrara, Cieco da, his writings, I. -179. - -Ferreira, Antonio, mentioned as -the classic poet of Portugal, III. -292. His death and character, -293. Style of his writings, 294. - -Ficino, Marsiglio, I. 152. His birth -and early education, 159. Brief -review of his works, 160. His -death, in the sixty-sixth year of -his age, 161. - -Figueroa, don Lope, III. 127. - -Filicaja, Vincenzo da; his birth, -parentage, and early education, -II. 180. His marriage, 181. His -enthusiastic piety, 181. His characteristics, -facil dignity, and -clearness, 182. Fills several law -offices of great power and emolument, -183. His death, in the -sixty-fifth year of his age, 184. - -Foscarinus, Paul Anthony, II. 51. - -Foscolo, Ugo, his birth and parentage, -II. 354. His early education, -355. Resolves to follow the steps -of Alfieri, and to acquire fame as -a tragedian; produces his drama -of "Thyestes" at the early age -of nineteen, 356. Political allusions -that gave it its chief interest, -357. Extracts from his -work, entitled "Letters of Jacopo -Ortis," 358. Leaves Venice, -and takes the road to Tuscany, -360. Pursues his way to Milan, -the then capital of the Cisalpine -republic, 361. His indignation at -the sentence passed by the great -council against the Latin language, -362. Falls in love with a -young lady of Pisa, 362. His attachment -not fortunate; he suffers -all the throes of disappointment -and grief, 363. Becomes an -officer in the Lombard legion, -363. His bravery during the -siege of Geneva, 364. His letter -to Napoleon, 364. Returns to Milan -after the battle of Marengo, -365. Increases his fame by the -publication of his "Last Letters -of Jacopo Ortis," 365. Outline -of the piece, 366. Its success -immediate and striking, 369. -His person, as described by Pecchio, -369. Anecdotes of, 370. -Publishes an oration to Bonaparte, -371. Its style forcible and -rhetorical, 372. Enters on the -study of the Greek language; -undertakes the translation of -Sterne's "Sentimental Journey," -373. His egotistical account of -his own singularities, 374. Undertakes -to make a new edition -of the military works of Montecucoli, -with notes, 375. Writes -his "Ode on Sepulchres;" outline -of the poem, 376. Publishes -his translation of the first book of -the Iliad, 377. Installed professor -in the university of Pavia, 377. -His introductory oration on the -origin and use of letters, 378. -Retreats from the university, to -the seclusion of the Lake of -Como, 378. Commences his -"Ode to the Graces," 379. Political -tendency of his writings, -380. Submits to an exile from -Milan, and again visits Tuscany, -381. Style of his writings in -general, 382. Resumes his military -duties; promoted to the -rank of colonel, 384. His conversation -with Pecchio; leaves -Italy in disguise, and takes refuge -in Switzerland, 385. Repairs -to England, and is received -with open arms by the Whig -party, 386. Ceases to be a lion, -and retires to the neighbourhood -of St. John's Wood, near the Regent's -Park, 387. Supports himself -chiefly by writing for the Quarterly -Review, 387. Outline of -his tragedy of "Ricciarda," 388. -Delivers a course of lectures on -Italian literature, 389. Obliged -to provide for daily necessity, by -writing for various reviews and -magazines, 390. His illness, 391. -His death, 392. His character -and literary merits, 393. - -Francesca, daughter of Petrarch, -I. 106. - -Frangipani, I. 1. - -Franzesi, don Juan, III, 62. - -Fuccarius, II. 13. - -G. - -Gærtner, II. 15. - -Gassendi, II. 15. - -Galileo, the history of his life and -labours, pregnant with a peculiar -interest to the general reader, as -well as the philosopher, II. 1. -His birth and parentage, 2. His -early years spent in the construction -of instruments and pieces of -machinery, which were calculated -chiefly to amuse himself and his -schoolfellows, 2. Music, drawing, -and painting, the occupations -of his leisure hours, 3. Papers -from the elementary works of -geometry to the writings of Archimedes, -3. Writes an essay on -the hydrostatical balance, 3. Engaged -to investigate the centre -of gravity in solid bodies, 4. -Appointed lecturer on mathematics -at Pisa, 4. His reiterated -and successful attacks against the -followers and doctrines of Aristotle, -5. Resigns his professorship -at Pisa, and is appointed to -fill the chair of mathematics in -the university of Padua, 6. -Obliged to add to his income by -the labours of his pen, 6. His -own account of his conversion to -the Copernican system of philosophy, -7. Teaches the Ptolemaic -out of compliance with the popular -feeling, after he had convinced -himself of the truth of -the Copernican doctrines, 8. His -reputation widely extended over -Europe, 9. Completes the first -period of his engagement at -Padua, and is re-elected for other -six years with an increased -salary of 320 florins, 9. His observations -on the new star, which -attracted the notice of astronomers -in 1604, 10. Again appointed -to the professorship at -Padua, with an augmented stipend -of 520 florins, 10. His attention -occupied with the examination -of the properties of the -loadstone, 10. In 1607, he first -directs his telescope to the heavens, -11. Solicited by Cosmo de' -Medici to return to Padua, 12. -The professorship conferred on -him for life, and his salary raised -to 1000 florins, 13. Invents that -form of telescope which still -bears his name, 14. Interest -which the exhibition of the -telescope excited at Venice, 15. -The first celestial object to which -he applied it, was the moon, 15. -His observations on the moon, -16. His examination of the fixed -stars and the planets, 17. His -discovery of the Medicean stars, -18. Dedicated his work, entitled -the "Sidereal Messenger," to -Cosmo de' Medici, 19. Reception -which his discoveries met -with, 20. Resigns his professorship -at Padua, and takes up his -residence at Florence as philosopher -and principal mathematician -to the grand duke of Tuscany, 21. -The first and sole discoverer of -Jupiter and satellites, 22. Excites -the curiosity of astronomers by -the publication of his first -enigma, 23. Visits Rome, where -he is received with honour by -princes, cardinals, and prelates, -24. Erects his telescope in the -Quirinal Gardens, 24. His solar -observations, 26. Publishes his -discourse on floating bodies, -chiefly remarkable as a specimen -of the sagacity and intellectual -power of its author, 28. His -discoveries place him at the -head of the great men of his age, -29. His letter to his friend and -pupil, the abbé Castelli, to prove -that the Scriptures were not -intended to teach us science -and philosophy, 31. Publishes a -longer letter, of seventy pages, defending -and illustrating his former -views respecting the influence -of scriptural language on -the two contending systems, 32. -Summoned before the inquisition, -to answer for the heretical -doctrines which he published, 33. -Acquitted on condition that he -renounced the obnoxious doctrines, -and pledged himself that -he would neither teach, defend, -nor publish them in future, 33. -His controversial discussion at -Rome, 34. Discovers a method -of finding the longitude at sea, -35. Unable, from illness, to partake -in the general interest excited -by the three comets, which -visited our system in 1618, 36. -Replies to the attack of Oratio -Grassi, in a volume entitled "Il -Saggiatore," 37. Undertakes a -journey to Rome, to congratulate -his friend Barberini upon his -elevation to the papal chair, 38. -Endeavours to bespeak the good -will of the cardinal towards the -Copernican system, 39. His -theory of the tides, 40. Ties -which bound him to the Romish -hierarchy, 41. Publishes a work, -demonstrating the Copernican -system, 42. Influence of this -work on the public mind, 43. -Summoned a second time before -the inquisition, 45. His trial, 46. -His defence, 47. Sentence of the -court, 49. His abjuration of his -doctrines, 50. The sentence of -abjuration read at several universities, -and his friends and his -disciples summoned to witness -the public degradation of their -master, 52. Returns to Tuscany, -58. His melancholy and indisposition, -53. Obtains leave from -the pope to return to Florence, -54. Publishes his "Dialogues on -Local Motion," 55. Discovers -the moon's diurnal liberation, 55. -Becomes totally blind, 56. Renieri -undertakes to arrange and -complete his observations and -calculations, 57. His death, 58. -The inquisition disputes his -right of making a will, and of -being buried in consecrated -ground, 58. His character as a -man of science, and as a member -of the social circle, 60. His -person, 61. - -Gamba, Marina, II. 10. - -Gano, of Mayence, I. 170. - -Garcia Sanchez, remarks on his -poetry, III. 13. - -Garibay, Esteban de, III. 162. - -Gavasa, Alberto, III. 231. - -Geraldi, Cinthio, I. 28. - -Giacomo, king of Majorca, I. 147. - -Gil, Juan, III. 140. - -Gilbert, Dr., II. 11. - -Giovanni, queen of Naples, I. 91. - -Goldoni, Carlo, his birth and parentage, -II. 213. His predilection -for the drama, 214. Placed at -school at Perugia, 215. Taken -by his father to Rimini, to pursue -his studies under a celebrated -professor, 216. Leaves Rimini -with a company of strolling -comedians, 217. Arrives at -Chiozza; his dislike to the medical -profession, 218. Repairs to -Venice to study law under his -uncle, 219. Enters the university -of Pavia, 220. Expelled the -college for writing a satire; accompanies -his father to Udine, -where he studies law under an -eminent advocate, 221. Proceeds -to Modena to pursue his -legal studies, 222. His letter to -his parents, declaring his resolve -of entering the order of Capuchin -monks, 223. Returns to Chiozza, -cured of every wish to shut himself -up in a cloister, 223. Appointed -to a situation under government, -224. His account of -his first love, 224. Enters the profession -of barrister at Venice, -225. Incident which occurred to -destroy his prospects, 226. Leaves -Venice; obtains letters of introduction -at Milan, 227. Failure -of his opera, entitled "Amalasunta," -228. Appointed gentleman -in the palace of signor -Bartolini, 229. Dismissed from -his situation; sets out for Modena, -where his mother resided, -230. Attacked by robbers on his -journey, 231. Installed poet to -the theatrical company at Venice; -success of his "Belisarius," 232. -Accompanies the manager to -Genoa and Florence, 233. His -marriage, 233. Commences his -long meditated reform of the -Italian theatre, 234. Obtains the -Genoese consulship at Venice, -235. Embarks for Bologna; his -journey full of accidents by flood -and field, 236. Returns to Rimini, -237. Becomes a pleader -once again, and for three years -practices at the Pisan bar, 238. -Outline of his tragedy, entitled -"La Donna di Garbo," 239. His -drama on the subject of Richardson's -novel of "Pamela," 240. -Writes sixteen comedies in the -course of one season, 241. His -illness occasioned by his extraordinary -exertion, 242. Becomes -the censor of the manners and -satirist of the follies of his country, -242. Outline of his comedies, -243. Invited to Rome during -the carnival, 244. Receives an -offer from the French court of an -engagement for two years, on -very advantageous terms, 245. -His debût as an author in the -French capital, 246. His death, -in the eighty-fifth year of his -age, 246. - -Gongora, don Luis de, III. 243. His -birth, parentage, and early education, -243. His death, in the -sixty-sixth year of his age, 244. -His person, 245. Specimen of -his style, 246. Lope de Vega, -essay upon him and his system, -248. - -Gonzaga, cardinal, I. 35. - -Gori, Francesco, II. 278. - -Grassi, Oratio, II. 37. - -Gravina, Vincenzo, the celebrated -jurisconsult, II. 185. - -Grazia, M. Vincenzo di, II. 28. - -Gualdo, Paolo, II. 14. - -Guarini, Battista, his birth, parentage, -and early education, II. -82. Named counsellor and secretary -of state by Alfonso, duke of -Ferrara, 83. Sent by him to negotiate -his election to the Polish -throne; his letter to his wife on -the subject, 83. His letter to a -friend on the subject of his "Pastor -Fido," 87. Extract from Fanshawe's -translation of the poem, -the "Pastor Fido," the principal -monument of his poetic genius, -88. Review of the poem looked -on as second only to Tasso among -the poets of the age, 91. Returns -to his post at court; sent on a -mission to Umbria and Milan, 92. -His pecuniary difficulties and -domestic afflictions; leaves Ferrara -privately and in haste, 93. -Establishes himself at Florence, -where he is honourably received -by the grand duke Ferdinand, 94. -His irascible temper, 94. His -death, in the seventy-fifth year -of his age, 95. - -Gubbio, Busone da, I. 27. - -Guevara, Antonio de, III. 147. - -Guicciardini, Francesco, his birth -and parentage, II. 63. At an -early age takes a doctor's degree -in law; and is appointed by the -government to read the Institute -in the university of Florence, 61. -His marriage, 64. Sent by the -republic as ambassador to Ferdinand, -king of Aragon, 65. -Sent to receive the pope at Cortona, -65. Named by the pope -consistorial advocate, also governor -of Reggio and Modena, -66. Prudence, firmness, and -severity, the characteristics of -his administration, 67. Named -lieutenant general of the pontifical -army in the ecclesiastical -states, 67. Enters, with all the -zeal of personal resentment, into -the cause of the Medici, 69. -Named by the pope governor of -Bologna, 70. Retires from the -government on the death of Clement -VII., 71. Withdraws himself -from public life, and retires -to his country seat at Montici, -72. Solicited by Paul III. to leave -his retreat, and to enter again on -public life, 73. His death, 73. -His person and character, 74. - -Guiducci, Marco, an astronomer of -Florence, II. 36. - -H. - -Halam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury, -I. 8. - -Harrington, Sir John, the first -English translator of Ariosto, I. -216. - -Harriot, Thomas, II. 22. - -Herrera, Fernando date of his birth -and family unknown, III. 83. Critique -on his poetry; list of his -prose works, 84. His "Ode to -Sleep," 87. - -Hohenzoller, cardinal, II. 38. - -Hoyos, Juan Lopez de, III. 124. - -Hugh de Sâde, I. 68. - -Huygens, Constantine, II. 57. - -I. - -Immola, Benvenuta da, I. 2. - -Isotta of Padua, II. 76. - -Istria, count Capo d', II. 392. - -Isunza, Pedro, III. 148. - -Ivaldi, don, II. 251. - -J. - -Jane, queen of Naples, I. 125. - -Jansen, the inventor of the Dutch -telescope, II. 13. - -John I. of Aragon, III. 6. - -John of Florence, canon of Pisa, I. -65. - -John II. of Aragon, his love of -poetry and learning secure him -the affections of his adherents; -and, in the midst of civil commotion, -despite his deficiency of -resolution, gathers round him a -court faithful to his cause, and -civilised by its love of letters, III. -12. - -John XXII., pope, II. 101. - -Jordí, Mosen Jordi de Sant, the -first and best known of the Spanish -troubadours, III. 6. - -Jovius, Paul, I. 257. - -Julius II., pope, I. 264. - -K. - -Kepler, II. 19. - -L. - -Labadini, Lazzaro, II. 169. - -Landino, Christofero, I. 152. - -Latini, Brunetto, tutor to Dante, I. -4. - -Laura de Sâde, her first meeting -with Petrarch, I. 68. Her death, -95. - -Leon, Luis Ponce de, his birth, -parentage, and education, III. 71. -Style of his writings, 72. Made -doctor of theology by the university -of Salamanca, 72. Elected -to chair of St. Thomas, 72. Confined -in a dungeon of the inquisition -for translating the -Scriptures into the vulgar tongue, -73. Translation of his "Ode to -the Virgin," composed during -his imprisonment, 74. Liberated -at the end of five years, and -restored to all his honours and -employments, 76. His death, in -the sixty-fourth year of his age, -76. His person, 76. His amiable -character, 77. Brief review of -his writings, 78. Mr. Wiffen's -translation of his "Ode on the -Moorish Invasion," 79. - -Lippa Ariosta, I. 196. - -Lobeira, Vasco, author of the first -romance of chivalry, III. 10. - -Louis of Bavaria, I. 133. - -Lima, Simon Freire de, III. 151. - -Luna, don Juan de, III. 61. - -M. - -Machiavelli, Niccolo, his birth and -parentage, I. 257. Placed as -secretary under Marcellus Virgil, -258. Elected chancellor of the second -court, 259. Named secretary -of the Council of Ten, 259. His -missions to various sovereigns and -states, 259. Convulsed state of -Italy at this period, 260. His mission -to Caterina Sforza, 262. His -letters to the state during this -and all his other missions, 262. -The great doubt that clouds his -character, regards the spirit in -which he wrote the "Prince," -263. Accused of being the confidant -of Cæsar Borgia in his -plots, 264. Sent by the Florentine -government to the duke of -Imola, 267. His letter to his -government on the subject of -his mission, 268. His letter to -the signoria of Florence, 269. -His minute details of his conversations -with Borgia, 270. His -unsuccessful solicitations to be -recalled, 271. His efforts to discover -Borgia's secret views, 272. -His letters to the government, -earnestly desiring to be recalled, -273. His letters, describing Borgia's -movements, 274. His account -of Borgia's treacherous -and cruel act of revenge, 276. -Expressions in his letter, characteristic -of Italian policy and -morals at that period, 277. Returns -to Florence, and is replaced -by an ambassador of more authority, -278. Outline of "The -Decenal," 278. Anecdote relating -to Borgia's system of government, -related in the "Prince," 279. -Sent on a legation to Rome, just -at the time of the downfal of -Cæsar Borgia, 280. His frequent -interviews with the fallen -prince, 282. His succeeding embassies, -284. Succeeds in persuading -the signoria of Florence -to form a native militia, 285. His -embassy to the emperor Maximilian, -286. His observations on -the state of Germany, 286. Employed -to convey to Mantua the -money composing a part of the -subsidy to the emperor, 287. His -letters during this mission disclose -a curious system of bribery -with regard to the minister of -Louis XII., 287. His interview -with the French king at Blois, -288. His letter, detailing the expedition -of the allies against the -republic, 289. Review of his -fourteen services, 290. His imprisonment, -and liberation, 291. -His letter to the Florentine ambassador, -292. Review of his -private correspondence, and his -other writings, 293. His letter -to Vettori, the Florentine ambassador, -294. Analysis of his -work, entitled the "Prince," -298. Review of his "Essay on -the First Decade of Livy," and -his other works, 304. His despairing -letters to Vettori, 305. -His "Essay on the Reform of -the Government of Florence," -written at the request of Leo X., -306. His correspondence with -Francesco Guicciardini, the celebrated -historian, 307. Commences -his "History of Florence;" -receives a regular but -limited salary as historiographer, -from Clement VII., 308. Employed -to inspect the progress of -the fortification of Rome, 309. -Returns to Florence full of hope, -and is disappointed, 310. His -death, 311. His person, _ib._ - -Madonna Gemma, wife of Dante, -I. 10. - -Malegucci, Sigismondo, I. 204. - -Malespina, the marchese, I. 28. - -Manrique, Jorge, remarks on his -poetry, III. 13. - -Manrique, don Geronimo, grand -inquisitor, III. 193. - -Manso, marquess of Villa, II. 159. - -Manuel, don Juan, brief review of -his works, III. 12. - -Maraffi, Luigi, II. 31. - -Marcias, remarks on his poetry, -III. 13. His melancholy death. - -Mariner, Vicente, III. 199. - -Marini, Giambattista, his birth and -parentage, II. 174. Encouraged -by Tasso to pursue his poetic -career, 174. Publishes a volume -of lyrical poetry, which establishes -his fame, 175. His literary -quarrels, 176. Publishes his -"Adone" while at Paris; outline -of the story, 177. Returns -to Italy; is again involved in -literary squabbles, 178. His death, -in the fifty-sixth year of his age, -179. - -Marmont, general, II. 318. - -Marotto, Domenico, I. 227. - -Mary, natural daughter of Robert, -king of Naples, I. 122. - -Marzemedici, archbishop of Florence, -II. 28. - -Mascheroni, Lorenzo, a celebrated -mathematician, II. 323. - -Mathew Corvino, king of Hungary, -I. 160. - -Matrapillo, Morato Raez, III. 138. - -Mayer, Simon, II. 21. - -Medici, Cosmo de', founder of the -Medicean library, I. 152. - -Medici, Lorenzo de', his early life, -I. 152. Devotes most of his time -and fortune to the cultivation of -literature and the fine arts, 153. -Institutes a yearly celebration of -the anniversary of Plato's birth -and death, 153. His chief merit -derived from the revival of his -native language, 154. Commentary -on his first sonnets, 155. -Extract of a translation of one of -his sonnets, 156. Brief review of -his other poems, 157. His death, -at the early age of forty-four, 159. - -Memmi, Simon, I. 84. - -Mena, Juan de, the most renowned -of the early writers, III. 14. Review -of his works, 15. His death, -15. Extracts from his poems, 16. -Analysis of the "Labyrinto," 17. - -Mendoza, don Diego Hurtado de, -his birth and parentage, III. 58. -His early education, 59. His -"Lazarillo de Tormes" declaratory -of the originality of his -genius, 59. Deputed by Charles -V. to attend the council of Trent, -60. Confirms the opinion already -entertained of his talents by a -learned and elegant oration, 60. -Sent as ambassador to Rome; -named governor and captain-general -of Siena, and ordered to -introduce a Spanish garrison, and -to build a citadel for its protection, -61. Becomes the object of universal -hatred by his haughty and -unfeeling conduct, 62. Repairs -to Rome, to influence the election -of a new pope, 62. Named -gonfaloniere of the church, 62. -Recalled from the government of -Siena to Spain, 63. His philosophical, -political, and poetical -works, 64. Shows himself an enthusiastic -lover of learning, and -a liberal patron of learned men, -64. Anecdote of, characteristic -of the vehemence of his temper, -65. His "History of the War of -the Moriscos in Granada," the -most esteemed of his prose works, -66. His death, 67. His character -and person, 68. Brief review of -his writings, 68. - -Metastasio, Pietro, his birth and obscure -origin, II. 185. At an early -age attracts by his talents as improvisatore, -185. Writes a tragedy, -entitled "Giustino," at the -early age of fourteen, 186. Continues -to improvisare verse in -company, 187. Evils that result -to the intellect perpetually bent -on so exciting a proceeding, 188. -Sent to study at Magna Græcia, -189. Returns to Rome, and gives -himself up to the study of poetry, -189. Removes to Naples; determines -to give up poetry, and -to study the law, 190. Commanded -by the viceroy to write a -drama to celebrate the birthday -of the empress Elizabeth Christina; -success of the piece, 191. -Quits the law, and again devotes -himself to the Muses, 191. Receives -a commission to furnish -the Neapolitan theatre with an -opera for the carnival of 1724; -success of the piece, 192. Receives -a letter from prince Pio of -Savoy, inviting him to become -the court poet of Vienna, 193. -Fulfils his engagement of supplying -the Roman theatre with -two pieces for the carnival, -and makes his appearance at -Vienna, surrounded by the halo -of a recent triumph, 194. Appointed -treasurer to the province -of Cosenzo, worth annually -350 sequins, 195. His feelings -ingenuously expressed in his letters -to Marianna Bulgarelli, 196. -His letters to his brother on -hearing of her death, 198. Peculiar -merits of his poetry, and excellencies -of his dramas, 200. The -"Grazie agli inganni tuoi," and -the "Partenza," among the best -of his productions, 203. His ill -health attributed to change of -climate, 204. His life only to be -found in his letters, 205. His -letters to his brother, 207. His -enthusiastic friendship for Farinelli, -the singer, 208. His manner -of living at Vienna, 210. His -letter to Farinelli, 211. His -death, in the eighty-fourth year -of his age, 211. - -Miranda, Saa de, a Portuguese -poet, born in 1494, and died in -1558; his connection with Spanish -poetry, III. 88. - -Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, -his birth and early education, I. -161. Character of his writings, -161. His death, in the thirty-second -year of his age, 162. - -Moneada, don Miguel de, III. 127. - -Mondejar, the marquis de, III. 41. - -Montalvan, friend and disciple of -Lope de Vega, III. 189. - -Monte, cardinal del, II. 4. - -Montefalcone, Niccolo di, I. 147. - -Montemayor, Jorge de; his birth -and parentage, III. 89. Establishes -his fame as an author, by -writing his "Diana," 89. Outline -and style of the poem, 90. -His death, 92. - -Monti, Vincenzo, his birth and parentage, -II. 305. Anecdote of his -childhood, 306. His early education, -307. Gives up every -other pursuit, and dedicates himself -wholly to the cultivation of -literature and poetry, 308. Accompanies -cardinal Borghese to -Rome, 309. Want of political -integrity, and ready worship of -ruling powers, the great blot of -his character, 310. Continues -to cultivate his poetic tastes, 311. -Success of his tragedy entitled -"Aristodemo," 312. Outline of -the piece, 313. His marriage, -314. Celebrates the death of his -friend Basseville, in a poem entitled -"Basvilliana," 315. Outline -and style of the poem, 316. -Leaves Rome for Tuscany; his -familiar intercourse with general -Marmont, 318. Becomes a revolutionary -poet, 319. Appointed -to the survivorship of the professor's -chair at Brera, 321. Falls -into a deplorable state of destitution, -322. Celebrates his return -to his beloved Italy by a beautiful -hymn, 323. Outline of his -poem entitled "Mascheroniana," -324. Appointed to a professorship -in the university of Pavia; -named court poet and historiographer, -326. Made cavalier of -the iron crown, member of the -Institute, and of the legion of -honour, 327. Celebrates the -event of Napoleon being crowned -king of Italy in a poem, entitled -"Il Benificio," 328. His poem -in celebration of the attempted -usurpation of the Spanish throne, -329. Remarks on his poem entitled -the "Sword of Frederic," -331. His translation of Ceruti, -332. Writes, by command, a -cantata entitled "Mistico Omaggio," -334. The marriage of his -daughter, one of the most fortunate -incidents of his life, 335. -His observations on the subject -of a reform of the national dictionary, -336. Extracts from his -letters to Mustoxidi on the subject, -336. To another friend, on -the same subject, 339. His -literary disputes with Mazza, -Cesarotti and Bettinelli terminate -in mutual friendship and -esteem, 341. His letter on the -subject of the classic and romantic -schools, 341. His letter -to his wife, 343. His letter to -his friend Mustoxidi, on the -death of his son-in-law, 347. -Publishes the last volume of his -"Proposta," 348. His last illness, -and death, in the seventy-fourth -year of his age, 349. His -public and private character, 350. -His person, 351. - -Montoya, Luisa de, III. 162. - -Mora, Rodrigo de, III. 127. - -Mosti, Agostino, II. 153. - -Muñoz, Fernando, III. 192. - -Murtola, Gasparo, II. 175. - -Mustoxidi, II. 333. - -N. - -Naharro, Bartolomé Torres, one of -the earliest Spanish dramatists, -III. 97. Mentioned by the editor -of Cervantes' comedies, as the -real inventor of the Spanish -drama, 98. His reforms in the -Spanish theatricals, 99. - -Navagero, Andrea, III. 39. - -Nasi, Alessandro, I. 287. - -Negrete, doctor Juan de, III. 226. - -Neri, I. 18. - -Noronha, dom Alfonso de, III. 309. - -Nozzolini, Ptolemy, II. 28. - -O. - -Obizzo III., marquis of Este, I. -196. - -Oliva, Perez de, one of the earliest -Spanish dramatists, III. 96. - -Orsino, Paolo, I. 246. - -P. - -Pacheco, Francisco, the celebrated -painter, III. 148. - -Pachione, Philippo. I. 227. - -Pajares, Alonso Diaz, III. 122. - -Panizzi, Dr., I. 168. - -Pastrengo, William da, I. 84. - -Paul II., pope, I. 180. - -Pedrosa, Luis, III. 138. - -Pellicer, don Juan Antonio, III. 121. - -Pellicer, don Joseph, III. 202. - -Pepoli, Geronimo, II. 71. - -Perticari, count, II. 336. - -Perugini, Paolo, I. 120. - -Petracco, Pietro, I. 23. - -Petrarch, Francesco, his birth and -parentage, I. 61. His early life, -62. Sent to study at the university -of Montpellier, 63. Sent to -Bologna; makes considerable -progress in the study of the law, -64. Recalled to France by the -death of his father, 64. Abandons -the law, and devotes himself to -the clerical profession, 65. His -sedulous attention to dress, 65. -Becomes the favourite and companion -of the ecclesiastical and -lay nobles who form the papal -court, 65. Commencement of his -friendship with Giacomo Colonna, -66. His description of -Colonna, 67. His character, 67. -His first meeting with Laura de -Side, 68. Endeavours to merge -the living passion of his soul into -the airy and unsubstantial devotion -of Platonic attachment, 70. -His poetic life dated from the -time of his attachment to Laura, -71. His predilection for travelling, -72. Becomes an inmate in -the house of cardinal Colonna; -his unbounded ardour for acquiring -knowledge, 73. Visits -Paris; continues his travels -through Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne, -74. Visits Rome; his sensations -on entering the eternal -city, 75. Leaves Italy, and travels -through Spain to Cadiz, and -northward as far as the sea-coast -of England, 76. Makes an excursion -to Mont Ventoux, one of -the highest mountains in Europe, -76. His letter to father Dionisio -Robertis, giving an account of -the expedition, 77. Retires to -Vaucluse, 78. His manner of life, -79. Extract from a translation of -one of the canzoni, as a specimen -of his style, 80. Character of his -mistress, 82. His intimacy with -Philip de Cabassoles, bishop of -Cavaillon, 83. His letter to Giacomo -Colonna, on his soliciting -him to go to Rome, 84. Receives -letters from the Roman senate -and the university of Paris, inviting -him to receive the laurel -crown of poetry; he decides in -favour of Rome, 85. Repairs to -Rome, and is crowned in the -capitol with great solemnity, in -presence of all the nobles and -high-born ladies of the city, 86. -Returns to Avignon; takes on -himself the office of barrister, and -pleads the cause of the Correggio, -against their enemies the Rossi, -before the pope, and succeeds in -obtaining a decision in their favour, -87. His grief on hearing -of the death of Thomas of Messina: -his extraordinary dream, -88. Named prior of Migliarino, -in the diocese of Pisa, 89. His -unabated love for Laura, 90. Applies -himself to Greek, under -Bernardo Barlaam, 91. Writes -his work entitled "The Secret of -Francesco Petrarca," 91. Sent as -ambassador to Naples, to establish -the papal claim, 92. Writes letters -full of encouragement to -Rienzi, the tribune, 93. Repairs -to his house at Parma; his extraordinary -dream, 94. His grief -on hearing of the death of Laura, -95. His record of her death, 95. -Gives large sums in charity for -the sake of her soul, and causes -many masses to be said for the -same purpose, 97. Receives a -decree of the Florentine republic, -reinstating him in his paternal -inheritance, together with letters -inviting him to accept of a professor's -chair in their university, -99. His letters to pope Clement -VI.; again solicited to accept the -lace of apostolic secretary, which -e again refuses, 100. His treatise -"On Solitary Life," 101. -Induced by the solicitations of -Giovanni Visconti to remain in -Milan, 102. His conversation -with the emperor Charles V., 102. -Sent to Vienna to negotiate a -peace, and afterwards sent to -Paris to congratulate John, 103. -His manner of life at Milan, 104. -His record of the death of his -son; takes up his abode at -Padua, 105. His writings compared -with those of Dante, 106. -His description of Laura's death, -107. Continues to interest himself -deeply in the political state of -his country, 109. His letter to -Boccaccio; his congratulatory -letter to Pope Urban V., 110. Is -seized with a violent illness on -his way to Rome, 111. His treatise, -entitled "On my own Ignorance -and that of others," 112. -His opinion of the "Decameron" -of Boccaccio, 113. His death, -114. His will, 114. - -Peraga, Bonaventura da, I. 114. - -Petroni, Pietro, I. 139. - -Pickler, Giovanni, II. 314. - -Pietro, Francesco Santo, III. 127. - -Pignoria, Lorenzo, II. 13. - -Pineda, don Juan de, III. 108. - -Pio, prince of Savoy, II. 193. - -Pistolfo, M. Bonaventura, I. 230. - -Pistoia, Cina da, I. 64. - -Pletho, Gemisthus, I. 151. - -Polenta, Guido Novello da, lord of -Ravenna, I. 29. - -Politian, II. 15. - -Poliziano, Angelo, his birth and -parentage, I. 162. Review of his -writings, 163. Appointed tutor -to the children of Lorenzo de' -Medici, 164. At the age of -twenty-nine appointed to the professorship -of Greek and Latin -eloquence in the university of -Florence, 165. His death, 167. - -Porras, doctor Mathias, corregidor -of the province of Canta, in Peru, -III. 213. - -Porta, Baptista, II. 14. - -Portugal, early poets of, III. 288. - -Pulci, Bernardo, remarks on his -works, I. 167. - -Pulci, Luca, his works, I. 167. - -Pulci, Luigi, style of his writings, -I. 168. Extract from his "Morgante -Maggiore," 171. Outline of -the poem, 173. - -Q. - -Quarqualio, Luca, I. 159. - -Querenghi, his letter to cardinal -D'Este, giving an account of -Galileo's controversial discussions -at Rome, III. 34. - -Quevedo, don Francisco Gomez de, -his birth, parentage, and early -education, III. 246. His career -checked by a circumstance which -may be considered as fortunate, -257. Obliged to fly; takes refuge -in Italy, and thence, invited by -the viceroy, repairs to Naples, 258. -Sent by him as his ambassador to -Madrid, to recount his exploits, -and explain his designs, 259. Accused -of joining in the Bedmar -conspiracy against Venice, 261. -Continues to escape the vigilance -of the senate, and makes his escape -in the guise of a mendicant, -262. His political services, 264. -His literary productions; his imprisonment -and liberation, 265. -Several places offered to him, all -of which he declines, and gives -himself up to study and philosophy, -266. Gives up his church -preferments, for the sake of marrying, -266. His playful yet bitter -poem, alluding to his evil fate, -267. Suspected of writing libels -against the court, arrested, and -imprisoned in a dungeon of the -Royal Casa de San Marcos de -Leon, 268. His letter, describing -the squalid wretchedness of his -dungeon, 269. His memorial to -the count duke Olivarez, 270. -His death, 272. His person and -character, 272. Critique on his -writings, 273. - -R. - -Real, Lorenzo, II. 56. - -Renieri, the friend and pupil of -Galileo, II. 57. - -Ribeyro, Bernardim, one of the -earliest of the Portuguese poets, -III. 290. - -Riccardi, Nicolo, II. 41. - -Ricci, Giuliano, I. 312. - -Ricci, Ostillo, II. 3. - -Riego, the canon, II. 391. - -Rienzi, Nicola di, I. 92. - -Rioja, Francisco de, III. 223. - -Rios, don Vicente de los, III. 121. - -Robert, king of Naples, I. 86. - -Robertis, Father Dionisio, I. 77. - -Robertson, Dr., II. 22. - -Rollo, Paolo, I. 238. - -Romena, count Alessandro da, I. -23. - -Roxas, Fernando de, III. 95. Author -of the first genuine Spanish play, -96. - -Rucellai, Cosimo, I. 304. - -Rueda, Lope de, celebrated as an -actor and pastoral poet, III. 98. - -Ruiz, Juan, arch-priest of Hita; -brief review of his works, III. -12. - -S. - -Salvani, Provenzano, I. 24. - -Salvanorola, I. 130. - -Salvatico, conte Guido, I. 28. - -Salvi, Giulio, III, 60. - -Santillana, the marquess of, remarks -on his poems, III. 13. - -Scala, Can' Grande de la, I. 27. - -Scala, Alessandro, II. 75. - -Scheiner, professor of mathematics -at Ingoldstadt, II. 25. - -Schlegel, III. 234. - -Scotus, Duns, I. 9. - -Serram, Antonio, III. 324. - -Serrano, señor Bachiller, III. 122. - -Serraville, Giovanni da, bishop of -Fermo, I. 8. - -Settimo, Guido, I. 63. - -Sforza, Caterina, I. 262. - -Sforza, Ippolita, II. 75. - -Signa, Martino da, I. 149. - -Sixtus IV., pope, I. 160. - -Soderini Pietro, I. 288. - -Sotomayor, don Alonzo Lopez de -Zuniga y, III. 157. - -Spain, early and anonymous poetry -of, III. 1. - -Spini Christofano, II. 180. - -Stolberg, Louisa de, countess of -Albany, II. 280. Her attachment -to Alfieri, 285. - -Strada, Giovanni da, I. 117. - -Strozzi, Oberto, I. 188. - -Sylveira, Hector da, III. 321. - -T. - -Talleyrand, cardinal, I. 100. - -Tasso, Bernardo, his birth and -parentage, II. 98. His early life -and ill-directed love, 99. At the -age of forty-one, appointed secretary -to Ferrante Sanseverino, -prince of Salerno, 99. His marriage, -100. Commences his poem, -entitled "Amadigi," 100. His letter -to his sister Afra, 101. Summoned -away from the delightful -retirement of Sorrento to join his -patron in the war which had -broken out between the emperor -Charles V. and Francis I., 102. -Returns from the army, and enjoys -a brief prolongation of his -domestic quiet, 103. Declared a -rebel, and his estate confiscated, -along with the adherents of the -duke of Salerno, 104. His letter -to his daughter, 108. Flies from -Rome to Ravenna; invited by -the duke of Urbino to Pesara, -where he affords a welcome but -temporary asylum from the persecution -of his enemies, and the -pressure of indigence, 111. Repairs -to Venice to publish his -work entitled "Amadigi," 113. -Failure of the poem, 119. Places -his son at Padua to study jurisprudence, -122. His interview -with his son at Mantua, 130. -His death, in the seventy-sixth -year of his age, 131. - -Tasso, Torquato, review of his life, -II. 96. His birth, 101. Nursery -traditions of, 103. His progress -in the rudiments of knowledge, -under the superintendence of his -mother, 104. His beautiful and -touching lines on his separation -from her, when called away from -Naples to join his mother at -Rome, 105. Compared with -Cowper, 106. His religious sentiments, -107. Prosecutes his -studies with indefatigable assiduity -at Rome, 108. His letter -to Vittoria Colonna, on the subject -of his sister's marriage, 109. -Removes to Bergamo, 111. Commencement -of his friendship with -the son of the duke d'Urbino, -112. Diversities of circumstances, -scene, and company, -calculated to cherish and confirm -all his natural aspirings, 114. -Remark upon a line of Boileau -which has done more injury to -his reputation than all the splenetic -criticisms of Sperone, 115. -Critique on his Writings, 116. -Studies the works of his great -Italian predecessors, 117. Employed -by his father in transcribing -his multitudinous poems and -letters, 118. Sudden and passionate -admiration with which his -"Rinaldo" was hailed throughout -Italy, 119. Placed at Padua -to study jurisprudence, 122. Gives -up the law, and devotes himself -to philosophy and the Muses, 123. -His reply to his father's remonstrance, -124. The appearance of -his "Rinaldo" the dawn of a -new day in the literature of -his country, 124. All the characteristics -of his peculiar genius -perceptible in the incidents, style, -embellishments, and conduct of -this juvenile essay, 126. Repairs -to Bologna to pursue his natural -studies, and indulge in his -poetical passion, 127. Expelled -from Bologna for a literary squib, -128. Removes to Padua, where -he is inrolled member of the -Academy degli Eterei, 129. Devotes -much of his attention to -the works of Aristotle and Plato, -129. Remarks on his "Discourse -on Heroic Poetry," 130. Nominated -one of the personal attendants -of the duke of Ferrara, 131. -Arrives at Ferrara, and is received -into the service of the duke's -brother, 132. Commencement of -his acquaintance with the princesses -Lucretia and Leonora of -Este, 133. His description of -his own emotions during his first -visit and sojourn at Ferrara, 134. -Writes an epithalamium on the -marriage of the princess Lucretia, -136. His attachment to the -princess Leonora, 137. Accompanies -the cardinal Luigi to the -court of France, 138. Personal -anecdotes of, 139. Accompanies -the embassy to Rome; his interview -with the pope, 140. Prosecutes -that splendid crusade of -his Muse the poetical siege of -Jerusalem, 140. His "Aminta" -received with universal admiration -throughout all Italy, 142. -Illness occasioned by his anxiety -about his "Gerusalemme Liberata," -144. Charged with heresy -against Aristotle and good taste -on one hand, and on the other -with heresy against the church -and good morals, 145. Escapes -from his splendid captivity to -Rome; appointed historiographer -to the house of Este, 146. Incident -which exhibits him not -less in the character of a hero than -he had hitherto figured in that of -the laureate of poets, 147. Growing -symptoms of a mind diseased, 148. -His strange melancholy, 149. -Flies secretly to Ferrara to visit -his sister at Sorrento, 150. -Anecdote of, 151. Committed to -St. Anne's Hospital as a lunatic; -his letter to Scipio Gonzaga -during his confinement, 152. His -representation of the treatment -which he experienced during his -confinement, 153. His sonnets -to the cats of the hospital, imploring -them to lend him the -light of their eyes to write by, -154. Pursues his studies with -unabated ardour and intensity, -155. His wild imaginations, 156. -Liberated at the special intercession -of the prince of Mantua, -157. His controversy with the -Della Cruscan Academy during -his imprisonment, 158. Remarkable -circumstances of his last -days, 159. Visits Rome, 160. -His death, in the fifty-first year -of his age, 161. His personal and -poetical character, 161. - -Tassoni, Alessandro, his birth, parentage, -and early education; -studies jurisprudence at Ferrara, -II. 169. Enters the service of -cardinal Colonna; publishes his -"Considerations on various Subjects," -171. Outline of the principal -episode of. "Secchia Rapita," -172. His death, in the -seventy-first year of his age, 173. - -Timoneda, III. 99. - -Tiraboschi, I. 179. - -Torella, Damigella, II. 76. - -Tormes, Lazarillo de, III. 101. - -Tornabuoni, Lucrezia, I. 167. - -Torres, Balthazar de, III. 133. - -Torricelli, II. 58. - -Turpin, archbishop, I. 169. - -U. - -Ubaldi, Guido, II. 4. - -Ugo IV., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem, -I. 144. - -Urban V., pope, I. 145. - -Urbino, Gentile d', bishop of Arezzo, -I. 152. - -Urbino, captain Diego de, III. 127. - -Urbino, donna Isabel de, her marriage -with Lope de Vega, III. 199. -Her death, 200. - -Usategui, Luis de, III. 227. - -V. - -Vega, Garcilaso de la, his birth and -parentage, III. 37. His early predilection -for poetry and music, -38. Commences his career of -arms in the war declared against -France by Charles V., 39. Incurs -the displeasure of the -emperor, and is exiled to an -island of the Danube, 39. His -ode in commemoration of his imprisonment -characteristic of his -disposition, 40. Is recalled, and -attends the emperor in his expedition -against Tunis; is severely -wounded, 41. Extract from one -of his elegies to Boscan, 42. Appointed -by the emperor to command -eleven companies of infantry, -in the expedition against -France, 45. Killed in an engagement -at Muy, near Fréjus, in -the thirty-third year of his age, -46. His person and character, -47. Review of his poetry, 48. -Mr. Wiffen's translation of his -ode "To the Flower of Gnido," -53. - -Vega, Lope de, compared with -Cervantes, III. 189. His birth -and parentage, 190. Early indications -of talent, 191. Anecdote -characteristic of his vivacious -disposition, 192. His intimacy -with the grand inquisitor; enters -the university of Alcala, 193. -Enters the service of the duke -of Alva, 194. Writes the "Arcadia" -at the request of the -duke of Alva, 195. Style and -story of the poem, 196. His -marriage, 198. Engaged in a -duel, which obliges him to leave -Madrid, 199. Returns to Madrid, -becomes a soldier, and joins the -In vincible Armada, 200. Southey's -translation of his sonnets, 202. -Outline of his work entitled -"Dorotea," 204. His animated -description of the setting forth of -the Armada, 208. Writes the -"Beauty of Angelica" on the -deck of the San Juan, 210. Story -of the poem, 211. His extravagance -and prodigality, 212. His -advice to his son, 212. His -domestic afflictions, 214. Leaves -the gaieties of secular life, and -prepares for the priesthood, 215. -Visits Toledo, and takes orders; -says his first mass in a Carmelite -church, 216. Becomes a familiar -of the Inquisition, 216. His rising -character as an author, 217. -His amiable character, 217. Rises -higher and higher in the estimation -of the public, 219. Writes a -poem on the death of Mary -queen of Scots, entitled "Corona -Tragica," which he dedicates to -the pope, 220. Exaggeration with -regard to the number of verses -written by him, 221. Anecdote -of, 221. His epistles and other -poems a picture of the tranquillity -of his life as he advanced in age, -222. His amiable disposition and -placid temper, 224. His last illness, -225. His death, 226. His -person and character, 227. Review -of his writings, 228. Analysis -of the "Star of Seville," -233. - -Vella, Antonio de la, III. 140. - -Velser, Mark, II. 25. - -Vettori, Francesco, I. 292. - -Veyga, Luis de, III. 324. - -Viardôt, his exertions to discover -the yet hidden circumstances of -Cervantes' life, III. 121. - -Vicente, Gil, styled the Portuguese -Plautus, III. 292. Style of his -writings, 293. - -Villalobos, physician of Charles V., -one of the earliest of the Spanish -dramatists, III. 96. - -Villégas, Estévan Manuel de, -named the Anacreon of Spain, -III. 240. His birth and parentage, -240. His death, 240. His translation -of Anacreon, 241. Translation -of his original Anacreontics, -242. - -Villena, the Marquis of, so celebrated -for his acquirements in -natural and metaphysical knowledge, -that he was looked on as -a magician, also admired as a -poet, III. 13. - -Virgil, Marcellus, I. 257. - -Visconti, Giovanni, I. 101. - -Visconti, Galeazzo, I. 103. - -Vitelli, Vitellozzo, I. 266. - -Viviani, II. 68. - -Voss, Gerard, II. 7. - -W. - -Wachenfels, II. 19. - -Wiffen, Mr., his translation of -Garcilaso de la Vega's poems, -III. 49. His translation of Luis -de Leon's ode on the Moorish -invasion, 79. - -Z. - -Zach, baron, II. 22. - -Zeno, Apostolo, I. 168.; II. 192. - -Zenobio, I. 117. - -Zuniga, doña Elena de, her marriage -with Garcilaso de la Vega, -III. 39. - - - - -THE END. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY -AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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- margin-left: 30%; -} - - -/* Poetry */ -.poem { - margin-left:10%; - margin-right:10%; - text-align: left; -} - -.poem br {display: none;} -.poetry-container { text-align: center; } -.poem { display: inline-block; text-align: left; } -.poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} -.poem span.i2 {display: block; margin-left: 1em; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - - -/* Transcriber's notes */ -.transnote {background-color: #E6E6FA; - color: black; - font-size:smaller; - padding:0.5em; - margin-bottom:5em; - font-family:sans-serif, serif; } - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2), by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2)</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Dionysius Lardner</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 17, 2021 [eBook #65361]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Laura Natal Rodrigues at Free Literature (Images generously made available by The Internet Archive.)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/eminent02_france_cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<h4>THE</h4> - -<h2>CABINET OF BIOGRAPHY.</h2> - - - -<h5>CONDUCTED BY THE</h5> - -<h4>REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L. & E.</h4> - -<h5>M.R.I.A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &c. &c.</h5> - - - -<h5>ASSISTED BY</h5> - -<h3>EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.</h3> - - - - - -<h3>EMINENT<br /> -LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF FRANCE.</h3> - - - -<h4>VOL. II.</h4> - - - -<h5>LONDON:<br /> - -PRINTED FOR<br /> - -LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, &amp; LONGMANS,<br /> - -PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br /> - -AND JOHN TAYLOR,<br /> - -UPPER GOWER STREET.</h5> - -<h5>1839.</h5> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;"> -<img src="images/figure01.jpg" width="500" alt="" /> -</div> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p><br /></p> - -<h4>CONTENTS</h4> -<p><a href="#TABLE_I">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF FRANCE.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#TABLE_II">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF FRANCE.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#VOLTAIRE">VOLTAIRE</a><br /> -<a href="#ROUSSEAU">ROUSSEAU</a><br /> -<a href="#CONDORCET">CONDORCET</a><br /> -<a href="#MIRABEAU">MIRABEAU</a><br /> -<a href="#MADAME_ROLAND">MADAME ROLAND</a><br /> -<a href="#MADAME_DE_STAEL">MADAME DE STAËL</a><br /> -<a href="#INDEX_I">INDEX</a><br /> -<a href="#TABLE_III">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#TABLE_IV">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#TABLE_V">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br /> -<a href="#INDEX_II">INDEX</a></p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<p class="center"> -<i>The Analytical and Chronological Tables and Index to the Series of -Lives of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and -Portugal, are given at the end of this volume.</i> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<h4><a id="TABLE_I">TABLE,<br /> -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br /> -TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br /> -LIVES OF<br /> -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF FRANCE.</a></h4> - - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MONTAIGNE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1533-1592</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Michel de Montaigne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1533.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Education of Montaigne and his five Brothers </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Public School of Guienne </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 26. Friendship with Etienne de la Boétie</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1559.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of É. de la Boétie</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1563.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 33. Marriage of Montaigne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1566.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his father Pierre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Troubles of France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Guise </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Henry King of Navarre, afterwards Henri Quatre </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes of the Civil War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 47. Montaigne's Journey through Switzerland to Munich,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venice, and Rome</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 48. Citizenship of Rome granted to Montaigne by a Bull<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Pope</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Rome </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Devotion of Montaigne, and Offering at the Shrine of Loretto</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Montaigne elected Mayor by the Citizens of Bordeaux. His<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return home to fill that Office</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 52. Friendship of Montaigne for Mlle. Marie de Gournay<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">le Jars</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 60. Decease of this celebrated Author<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Character</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1592.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Montaigne's Essays edited by Mlle. de Gournay, with a Preface<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by that Lady</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">{Pg v}</a></span> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">RABELAIS.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1483-1553.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Bacon's Opinion of Rabelais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Style of his Romance in Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Presumed Date of Birth of Rabelais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1483.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education in a Monastery</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais assumes the Franciscan Habit, and preaches<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Envy of Monks</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Condemnation to Bread and Water</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On his Release he turns to the Rule of Benedict</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais quits the Monks, and studies Medicine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Edition of Hippocrates</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Cardinal du Bellay</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His scarlet Gown</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Established as Physician at Lyons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais' Journey to Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Correspondence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interview with Pope Paul III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Lyons and Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais, Abbot of St. Maur-des-Fosses, and Curé de Meudon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His celebrated Work, or Romance</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Controversy resulting therefrom </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rome, attack on, by Rabelais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Francis I. protects him from the Sorbonne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Opinions of French Authors on Francis Rabelais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Imitators enumerated</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His various Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Acquirements in Languages and Science</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Exemplary Conduct as a Minister of Religion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 70. His Decease</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Epitaphs for Rabelais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1553.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CORNEILLE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1606-1684.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">State of French Poetry and Literature </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Corneille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Consequences of the Civil War in France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590-1600.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rise of the French Drama</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. Corneille writes "Mélite," a Comedy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1629.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 28. His early Tragedies, &c.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu employs Corneille, Rotrou, Colletet,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bois-Robert, and L'Étoile on his own Dramatic Works</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Theatre of the Cardinal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Corneille retires to Rouen</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Amatory Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 29. His "Medea" acted</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Corneille's Genius excited by the Study of Guillen do Castro</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">{Pg vi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Unity, dramatic, considered as a Fetter on modern Talent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composed the "Cid"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Unparalleled Success of this Drama</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of the "Cid" by the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Writes "Horace," a Tragedy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Corneille's Tragedy of "Rodogune"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Success of his "Œdipus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is elected of the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Manners and Conversation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Thomas Corneille's Tragedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 62. Pierre Corneille and his Family established in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1662.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rivality of Corneille and Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV.'s Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 79. Death of Pierre Corneille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1684.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Veneration for his Memory</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Eloge by Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of his Sons and Daughter </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ROCHEFOUCAULD.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1613-1680.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke de la Rochefoucauld's Maxims</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">High Station of his House, and its ancient Power</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of Henry IV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of Louis XIII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu represses the Ambition of the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nobles</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anne of Austria, Regent of France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1643.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Five Years of Peace and Tranquillity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 29. The Prince de Marsillac (afterwards Duc de la<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochefoucauld) returns to Paris</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Battle of Rocroi gained by Condé over the Spaniards</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1644.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Civil War in France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Fronde</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Barricades of Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">De Retz, Cardinal, Coadjutor of the Archbishopric of Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Princes de Condé, de Conti, and their Sister the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess de Longueville</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Condé and his Brother imprisoned at Vincennes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1650.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Liberated by the Frondeurs</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Actions with Turenne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is defeated by Turenne near Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Raises the Standard of Rebellion in Holland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Peace concluded between the Court and the Fronde</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. assumes the Government of his Kingdom</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">War of the Fronde terminated, and the Party dissolved</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Duke de la Rochefoucauld retires with his Family to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Danvilliers to recover from his Wounds</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">{Pg vii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Recalled by Mazarin to Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Literati in Paris in the Reign of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 67. Death of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1680.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his "Maxims"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria, Widow of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis XIII.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MOLIÈRE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1622-1673.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Distinguished Writers of the Age of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Family of Poquelin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, who assumed the Name of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Molière</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1622.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies at College</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Fellow-Students under Gassendi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. Attends on Louis XIII. as Royal Valet-de-Chambre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Execution of Cinq-Mars</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu's Plays, and Encouragement of Actors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. Molière studies the Law</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1643.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's taking the Stage for his Profession offensive to his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Relatives</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Theatrical Company</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Fronde and Civil War injurious to the Theatre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Company perform at Bordeaux, where he produces an<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unsuccessful Tragedy</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Comedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His excellent Farcical Interludes performed at the Prince de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conti's Mansion of Pezenas</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière and his Comedians established in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They perform at Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Les Précieuses Ridicules," a Satire on the Hôtel Rambouillet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Poet Voiture</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Molière's Satire of the Affectation then in Fashion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1659.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fête given by the Finance Minister Fouquet to Louis XIV. </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Le grand Condé patronises Molière</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière decried for being an Actor, is protected in his duties as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal Valet-de-Chambre by Louis XIV.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "l'Ecole des Femmes"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Court Ballets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Tartuffe"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Soldiers of the King's Body Guard, deprived of their free<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Admission to the Theatre, create a Riot</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. "Le Misanthrope"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1666.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from the "Amphitryon"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière writes "l'Avare"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from the Comedy of "George Dandin" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Unprecedented Success of "Tartuffe" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">{Pg viii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Friendship of Molière with Boileau, Racine, and the Wits of his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Supper Party described</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Comedy of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from "Les Femmes Savantes"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Molière writes "Le Malade Imaginaire"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1673.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Is carried from the Stage in a dying State</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Funeral Rites denied him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Molière</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Charity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Troop of Comedians dispersed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LA FONTAINE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1621-1695.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean de la Fontaine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1621.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father a Keeper of the Royal Domains in his District</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine enters the Oratoire, a religious Order</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He throws off the fetters of a monastic Life, and marries Marie<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Héricart</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Keepership of the Royal Domain is devolved on him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine reads an Ode by Malherbe, and commences Poet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Classics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style simple, unaffected, and something antiquated</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Study of the great Italian Writers, of Rabelais, and of Clement<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marot</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Writes "Adonis" in Heroic Verse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is jealous of M. Poignan, a military Man, and fights him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife's Temper</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His own Forgetfulness, and Anecdotes explanatory of its<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intensity</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duchess de Bouillon notices him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Appointment in the Duke of Bouillon's House</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duchess takes him to Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Mancinis, Duchesses of Mazarin, and of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bouillon</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine's Parisian friends, Molière, Racine, and Boileau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Distractions, or Absences of Mind</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Forgets home and his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Journeys to Château Thierry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Receives a Pension from Fouquet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Elegance of his fugitive Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fouquet disgraced</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine endeavours to soften Louis XIV. towards this<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unfortunate Minister</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Contes et Merveilles, en Vers," of La Fontaine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Psyche and Cupid"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">{Pg ix}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Fables</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Joconde," his most popular Tale</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He lives under the Roof of Madame de la Sablière</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine writes "Daphne," an Opera, for Lulli, and takes<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">just Offence at that Musician</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected of the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">After some hesitation, Louis XIV. confirms his Election</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé Furetière, and Academic Disputes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes illustrative of La Fontaine's Mind and Simplicity ,of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of Madame de la Sablière and her Concerns</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine invited to England, declines the Journey</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He resides with Madame d'Hervart, wife of a Financier</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sickness of this celebrated Poet and Fabulist</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is taxed as to his Indifference in Religion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy exact a Reparation, or Testimony of his Penitence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Submissiveness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Recovers from Illness, and publishes a few more Tales</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1695.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on his Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty of his "Adonis"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Nature of his Tale of "Psyche and Cupid"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine's Dramatic Pieces</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Fables and Tales</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Comparison with Gay</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation and Habits</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">PASCAL.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1623-1662.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bayle's Praise of the Genius of Pascal's Works </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Blaise Pascal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 9. His Father superintends his Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1631.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Philosophy of Descartes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 12. Pascal's Study of Physics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Being restricted to the Study of Greek and Latin, he occupies his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leisure Moments with the Study of Geometry</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father surprising him in his eager Pursuit of Mathematics,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is overjoyed, and consults a Friend</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Blaise Pascal comprehends Euclid without a Master's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Instructions</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. His "Essay on Conic Sections"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father Etienne, being compromised in some Political Affairs,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flies from Paris to Auvergne</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal's Performance at fourteen Years of Age in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre of Cardinal de Richelieu; recites Verses declaratory of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her Father's Innocence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">{Pg x}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. Richelieu pardons M. Pascal, and Blaise is presented to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him as a young Mathematician</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal studies Logic and Physics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. He invents an Arithmetical Computing Machine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo's Investigations of the Atmosphere</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torricelli pursues this Inquiry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Father Mersenne explains this matter to Blaise Pascal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. Account of Pascal's Discovery of the Atmospheric<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pressure, and his Experiments made on the Puy de Dôme</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1647.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Descartes claims a Priority in this Invention</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 30. Pascal's Treatises "On the Weight of the Atmosphere,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and "On the Equilibrium of Liquids"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He quits the Study of Mathematics to devote himself to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sister Jaqueline imitates his Devotion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He falls into a State of general Debility</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Etienne Pascal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1651.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline takes the Veil in the Abbey of Port Royal aux<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champs</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Pascal meets with an alarming Accident, which injures<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his already feeble Health</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1654.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is delirious, and makes a Record of some supposed Vision </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces the World, and lives solitarily, using monastic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rules of Self-denial</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Abbey of Port Royal, and of the Arnauld<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal frequents the Society of Abbé Arnauld and his Friends</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Controversy between the Jansenists and Molinists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Jesuit Molina</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Five Propositions" of Jansenius condemned by the Pope at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Desire of the Jesuits</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Antoine Arnauld's Defence of Jansenism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Pascal's "Lettres Provinciales"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1656.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal, a Nun of Port Royal, cured by Miracle of a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fistula of the Eye</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal writes his "Pensées"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He subjects himself to Privations and Mortifications, for<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. Entails chronical sufferings thereby on his frame</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1658.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal solved many difficult Problems in Mathematics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. He challenged scientific Men to solve the same; and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">when Huygens, Wallis, and Wren were foiled, he published</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Solutions</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1658.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">New Persecution of the Jansenists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned to be burnt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1661.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Nuns of Port Royal expelled from their Convent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal, the Sub-Prioress of Port Royal, dies in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consequence of it</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">{Pg xi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal declares the "Five Propositions" to be in accordance<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with St. Paul</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His dying Sentiments</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1662.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His admirable Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Eloquence of his Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Address to Atheists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1626-1696.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Marie de Rabutin-Chantal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of this noble Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Father, Baron de Chantal, slain at the Isle of Rhé</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1627.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the De Coulanges Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Breton Race described</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 18. Mademoiselle de Rabutin-Chantal marries Henry<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de Sévigné</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1644.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Retz and the Fronde</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Count de Bussy-Rabutin, Cousin of Madame de Sévigné</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ninon de l'Enclos</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Sévigné falls in a Duel with the Chevalier d'Albret</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Prince de Conti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Hôtel de Rambouillet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Retz imprisoned, and escapes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disgrace and Trial of Fouquet, Minister of Finance</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letters of Madame de Sévigné</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fêtes at Versailles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1664.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. takes a Part in the Tournament and Jousts</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Affection for Mademoiselle de la Vallière</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Benserade, the Court Poet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle de Sévigné appears in the Ballets at Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Marriage with the Count de Grignan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Correspondence of the Marchioness de Sévigné addressed to her<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daughter, Madame de Grignan</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Count and Countess de Grignan repair to Provence, of which he<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is Lieutenant-Governor</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ninon de l'Enclos again the Cause of Affliction</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de la Fayette</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monsieur and Madame de Coulanges, Cousins of Madame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dialogue, Supposititious, of M. de Coulanges and M. de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bussy-Rabutin</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrity for Talent of Madame de Coulanges</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Poetry of that Lady's Husband</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Corbinelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">D'Argenson and Corbinelli, amusing Anecdote of</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Turenne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1675.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">{Pg xii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Sévigné attacked with Rheumatism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1676.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 51. Visited by her Daughter, who falls ill also </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Residence in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Chevalier de Grignan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. Madame de Sévigné visits her Estate of Aux Rochers,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Britany</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1680.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of the Marquis de Sévigné, Son of Madame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Further Letters to Madame de Grignan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">James II. established at St. Germain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Duke and Duchess de Chaulnes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 64. Marchioness of Sévigné resides with Madame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grignan in Provence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1690.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Family of de Grignan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pauline de Grignan married to the Marquis de Simiane</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1695.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 70. Death of Madame de Sévigné</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1696.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Count de Bussy-Rabutin's Character of his celebrated<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cousin</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de la Fayette's Portrait of her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">255</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's opinion of her Taste</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">253</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Sévigné was a Jansenist</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Dragonnades against the Protestants of France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">No Posterity existent of the Family of de Sévigné</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOILEAU.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1636-1711.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrated Era of Louis Quatorze</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Nicholas Boileau, known also by the Name of M.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Despréaux</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1636.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He displays a turn for Poetry at the College of Beauvais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Ode</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. Boileau studies the Law</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1656.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He addicts himself to Letters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rise of Literature in France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Dramatic Poets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jean Chapelain’s Poem of “La Pucelle”</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Colbert, Prime Minister</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Satire of Boileau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">French Poets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Prince de Condé’s Society of Literary Men at Chantilly</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau’s Learned Friends</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 30. He publishes his Satires</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1666.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Eighth Satire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1667.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"L'Art Poétique"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Le Lutrin"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Parallel of Boileau and Pope by Mr. Leigh Hunt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 41. Is pensioned by Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">{Pg xiii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Friendship of Boileau for Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They are appointed Historiographers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They attend Louis XIV. to the Siege of Ghent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1678.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Campaign of these Poets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau, leaves the military duties to Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Abbé Arnauld and the Jansenists </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau joins the Jansenists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected of the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Visits the Baths of Bourbon for Health</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1687.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 56. His attack on Charles Perrault</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1692.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau's Satire on Women</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's explanations of his and Boileau's Pensions</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau's great Regard for Jean Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His House at Auteuil</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 62. Is named sole Historiographer on the Death of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Racine</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1698.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Latter Years of the Satirist passed in Tranquillity and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Happiness</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis Racine, Son of the Dramatic Poet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau sells his House at Auteuil</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Piety and strict Observances</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Prepares a complete Edition of his Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Dialogue on the Romances"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 75. His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1711.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character for Wit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lutrin" his best Poem </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">RACINE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1639-1699.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education at Beauvais</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. Received as a Pupil at Port Royal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1655.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rivalry of the Jesuits and Jansenists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Enthusiasm for the Tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1660.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine on this Occasion writes the Ode "Nymphes de la<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seine"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Chapelain recommends him to the Minister Colbert</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine resides with his Uncle le Père Sconin at Uzès, in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem, "The Bath of Venus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returned to Paris, and employed by Molière in Dramatic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Composition</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 25. His "Alexandre"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1664.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He teaches the celebrated Champmélé to recite</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He replies to M. Nicole</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedies of "Andromach" and "Britannicus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">{Pg xiv}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "Bérénice" in rivalry of Corneille on the same<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subject</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Partisans of Corneille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's Comedy of "Les Plaideurs"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is admitted of the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1673.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Montauzier</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's "Iphigénie," "Bajazet," and "Mithridate"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Phèdre," and Madame des Houlières' Sonnet on that Tragedy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine and Boileau, supposed to have written a Reply to Madame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Houlières, are threatened by the Duke of Nevers</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine resolves on renouncing the Tragic Muse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. He meditates becoming Chartreux, but is counselled<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by his Confessor to marry</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Madame Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Sons, intended for monastic Life, are thrown into more<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">active Pursuits</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Daughters take the Veil</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Racine reconciles himself with M. Nicole and the Abbé Arnauld<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Port Royal</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is named Historiographer conjointly with Boileau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Devotion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Fondnesss for Home, and Paternal Benevolence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He attends Louis XIV. in his Campaigns</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 45. His Eloge of Corneille before the French Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1684.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Idyl on Peace"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Attendance at Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His excellent Recitation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Esther"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Athalie," his best Tragedy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon and Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1699.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Tragedies of Jean Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FÉNÉLON.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1651-1715.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1651.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His charitable and devout heart </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father the Count de Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Mother of an illustrious Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Acquaintance with Greek and Latin Literature, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Powers of Composition</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 18. The Abbé de Fénélon takes his Degree in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of Cahors</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Visits his Uncle, the Marquis de Fénélon, at Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. His Success in Preaching</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1670.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. His Zeal in Ministerial Duties</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1675.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Wishes to go as Missionary to Canada</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">{Pg xv}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">His religious fervour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. commissions him to preach to the Huguenots in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poitou</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fame of Bossuet, then Bishop of Condom</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Le Père Bourdaloue surpasses in eloquent Discourses his Master<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bossuet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet, Governor of the Dauphin, writes his "Discours sur<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">l'Histoire Universelle"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon "on Female Education"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Duke de Beauvilliers appoints Fénélon a Preceptor to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Grandsons of Louis XIV.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1689.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrated Men employed as Preceptors to the Princes </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon appointed Archbishop of Cambrai</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Controversial Spirit of the Age</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Affair of Madame Guyon's Visions and Mysticism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet and other Divines commissioned to inquire into her<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctrines</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet, now Bishop of Meaux, writes the "Instruction sur les<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">États de l'Oraison," and desires Fénélon's Approval thereof</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Archbishop of Cambrai refuses, and writes his "Explication<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Intérieure"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Controversy of the Two celebrated Divines has an unfortunate<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Result in the Division of the Gallican Church on the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctrines in question</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. prejudiced against Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon's Coldness to him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 46. Fénélon exiled to his See</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1697.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Dispute between MM. de Meaux and Cambrai referred to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rome</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Innocent XII. appoints a Commission, and calls upon those Prelates<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a formal Statement of their Opinions</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. erases the Name of Fénélon from the List of Preceptors<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to the Princes</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Calmness and Charitable Sentiments of Fénélon under the indignities<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered him</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 48. The Pope's Brief condemning the "Maximes des<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saints" of Fénélon</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1699.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_352" class="ext">352</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Exemplary Obedience of Fénélon, and his Pastoral Letter on the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Occasion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_353" class="ext">353</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Brief against him is registered, and Bossuet draws up a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Report</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Bossuet, without any Reconciliation with Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1714.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Télémaque"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Admirable Deportment of Fénélon in the See of Cambrai</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sermons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Seminary for the Instruction of the younger Clergy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Doctrine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon an Opponent of Jansenism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He explains the Mistakes of Pascal in the "Provincial Letters"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Campaigns in Flanders</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">{Pg xvi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Burgundy obtains Louis's permission to visit the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Cambrai</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Famine the Result of War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 58. Fénélon's active Charity to the Soldiery and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">People</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1709.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Death of the Dauphin overwhelms Fénélon with grief as a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">national Misfortune</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1711.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Fénélon's chief Friends</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. relents as to this admirable Prelate</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1713.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1715.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Demise of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Person, Manners, and Talent of de la Mothe Fénélon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character given by Sir——Ramsay and other Writers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Eloge of Fénélon by d'Alembert</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on "Télémaque"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">{Pg xvii}</a></span> -</div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="TABLE_II">TABLE,<br /> -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br /> -TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br /> -LIVES OF<br /> -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF FRANCE.</a></h4> - - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VOLTAIRE.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1694-1778.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Infidelity of Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of François-Marie Arouet at Chatenay</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1694.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father, M. Arouet, a Notary</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 10. Is taught by the Jesuits in the College of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis-le-Grand</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1704.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Prejudice against the Jansenists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé de Chateauneuf</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Precocious Genius of Arouet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His introduction to Parisian Society</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Court of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The King ruled by Molinist Confessors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Influence of Madame de Maintenon in religious Matters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. Young Arouet sent to Holland with the Marquis de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateauneuf</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1714.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Affection for Mademoiselle du Noyer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is placed as pupil with M. Alain, Attorney in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Caumartin invites him to his Château of St. Ange</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">State of public Affairs on the Demise of Louis XIV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1715.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Regent d'Orléans, and Cardinal Dubois</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 22. Arouet imprisoned in the Bastille for a Satire of which<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he was not the Author</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1716.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On Epic Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Henriade of Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Orléans liberates and compensates him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">{Pg xix}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. "Œdipe," Tragedy by Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1718.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Critique on the Tragedies of Sophocles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His mode of Life and Habits</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Mariamne" successful</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dispute between the Poets Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1722.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Insult offered Voltaire by the Chevalier de Rohan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He challenges de Rohan, and is sent to the Bastille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 34. He visits England and reads Locke and Newton</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1728.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His return to Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy become suspicious of him, and aim at his Ruin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Increase of his Fortune</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reasons of his purchasing the Estate of Voltaire, and assuming<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">that name</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes attached to the Marchioness du Châtelet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Brutus" and "Eriphyle" unsuccessful</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Great success of "Zaire"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1732.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Histoire de Charles XII."</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Siècle de Louis XIV." projected by Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, an Actress, denied the Rites of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sepulture</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's "Lettres sur les Anglais" publicly burnt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He retires to the Château de Cirey with the Marquis and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness du Châtelet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their philosophical Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "Alzire," "Mérope," "Mahomet," &c.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Graffigny's Visit to Madame du Châtelet at Cirey;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her Letters</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Voltaire writes "La Pucelle," the Maid of Orléans</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1738.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is attacked by the Abbé des Fontaines and Jean Baptiste<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rousseau</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alarm as to the Printing of "La Pucelle"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Correspondence with Frederic II.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letters of Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1740.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interview of the King of Prussia and M. de Voltaire at the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castle of Meuse, near Clèves</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Maupertuis President of the Berlin Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic's former Work against the Principles of Machiavel, the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Anti-Machiavel"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">War against Maria Theresa, on the Death of Charles VI. her<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Father</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1742.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Administration of Cardinal de Fleuri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire in constant Danger of the Bastille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Crébillon refuses to license "Mahomet"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">It is acted at Lille in Flanders by La Noue and Mademoiselle<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clairon</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Richelieu, a Favourite of Louis XV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1743.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 49. Voltaire endeavours to obtain a Seat in the French<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Academy, but is rejected</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">{Pg xx}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Great Success of his Tragedy of "Mérope"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent on a Mission to Berlin, and a Treaty between Prussia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and France is the result</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic invades Bohemia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire is left unrewarded</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He resides in Paris with the Marquis and Marchioness du<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Châtelet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to the Duchess du Maine at Sceaux, when he writes<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Zadig," and other Tales</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He performs the Part of "Cicero" in his Play of "Rome<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sauvée"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Longchamp's Account of Voltaire's Journeys, and his Visit<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to King Stanislas at Luneville</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. Tragedy of "Semiramis"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1748.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire dangerously ill of Fever at Chalons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Madame du Châtelet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Rapidity in Writing, and literary Enthusiasm</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Catiline" and "Elèctre"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Marchioness du Châtelet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire become sole Tenant of their Hôtel in Paris, appoints<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Niece, Madame Denis, to preside over it</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Private Theatre in his House</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He patronises Le Kain, the Tragedian</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Admiration of Corneille and Racine</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Pompadour for a Time patronises M. de Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XV. appoints him a Gentleman of the Bed-chamber, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Historiographer of France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire becomes a French Academician</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Crébillon a successful Rival of Voltaire in dramatic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Composition, and Court-favour</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire, jealous on that Account, repairs to the Court of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic at Potsdam</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is pensioned by him, and appointed Chamberlain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic's Admiration and Kindness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's Admiration of the Prussian Monarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Denis left in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 57. His "Siècle de Louis Quatorze"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Umbrage and Jealousies of the King and Poet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Offence given by M. de Voltaire to Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1751.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Maupertuis and the Berlin Academy; Contest respecting the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mechanical Principle of the "least Power"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">La Beaumette and Maupertuis attack M. de Voltaire </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's Satire of "Akakia" against Maupertuis</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reconciliation with Frederic the Great</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their mutual Dissatisfaction renewed, and Voltaire takes leave<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Prussian Court</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He repairs to Leipsic and Saxe Gotha</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is arrested at Francfort by Agents of Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire slighted at Lyons by Cardinal du Tencin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">{Pg xxi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 61. He purchases the Estate of "Les Délices" at Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1755.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Renews a literary Correspondence with Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1756.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Despair of that Monarch on a Defeat</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fresh Victories of Frederic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Voltaire's "Manners and Spirit of Nations"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Publication of "La Pucelle" occasions a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">against the Poet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence in the Genevese Territory becomes perilous</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 68. He purchases the Château de Ferney on the Frontier<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Geneva, as a Residence affording him</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Security</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1762.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Encyclopédie"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A great niece of Corneille received by Voltaire and Madame<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Denis at Ferney</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of the Family of Calas at Ferney</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 71. Voltaire obtains the Reversal of the Condemnation<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Jean Calas, and the Restoration of his Family to civil Rights</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Exertions in Favour of the Sirven Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Execution of the Chevalier de la Barre at Abbeville, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indignation of Voltaire at the Spirit of religious Persecution</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Jesuits banished from France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Persecution of Jansenists and Quietists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bitter Quarrel and Satire between M. de Voltaire and Jean-Jacques<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rousseau</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Security and happy Life of Voltaire at Ferney</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 72. He is deserted at Ferney by his Niece and former<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inmates</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters to the Marquise du Deffand</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Madame Denis to Voltaire at Ferney</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marmontel's Visit to him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess de Genlis' Visit to Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire neglects the Count de Guibert and other Visitors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Improvements in his Village of Ferney</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Humanity to Exiles, and charitable Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He founds the Town of Versoi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Patronises the Town of Gex, and procures the Enfranchisement<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Serfs of the Jura Mountains</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disgraceful Close of the Reign of Louis XV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 81. After the Accession of Louis XVI. Voltaire,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanied by his Niece and M. and Madame de Villette, arrives</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Paris</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Irene"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Condorcet's and Baron de Grimm's Description of his honourable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reception by the Parisians, with whom he had always</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">been a Favourite</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy endeavour to obtain from M. de Voltaire, in Sickness,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a Declaration of his Faith</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On a temporary Recovery he attends the Academy and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre, and is received enthusiastically</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">{Pg xxii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is prevented from returning to Ferney by Madame Denis</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of M. de Voltaire</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Delineation of his Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Infidelity, and Grossness, alluded to</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of his Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ROUSSEAU.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1712-1778.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau at Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1712.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies when a Boy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Placed under M. Lambercier, Minister of Bossey</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lives with a M. Bernard, Engineer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is pupil to a Greffier</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His love of Reading</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He runs away from Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Visits M. de Pontverre at Confignon in Savoy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess de Warens, a Convert to the Romish Religion, is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pensioned by the King of Sardinia, and resides at Annecy</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau is recommended to the Hospital of Turin for the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conversion of Protestants</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Abjuration of the Calvinistic Creed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is Footman to the Countess Vercelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Also a domestic in a noble Family at Turin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Whom he quits on a roving Expedition to revisit Madame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warens</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 17. Kind reception of Jean-Jacques by that Lady</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1729.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Genius in Music</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Neufchâtel and Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. Madame de Warens recommends him to Employment in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a Bureau at Chambery</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. He is established at Chambery as Music-master</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1735.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Warens removes to Les Charmettes, where Rousseau<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prosecutes his Studies with Ardour</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Confessions of Jean-Jacques with regard to this Period of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Career</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ill-health of Rousseau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Method of Notation for Music</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's Spirit of Independence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 29. His Employments at Paris, where he is encouraged</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1741.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 31. Appointed Secretary to M. de Montague, Ambassador<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Venice</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1743.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friends interest themselves for him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Mistress Thérèse le Vasseur</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau consigns their Children to the "Enfants trouvés"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reflections on the Condition of Foundlings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">{Pg xxiii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau eventually a Victim to his lax Principles from the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Destitution of all social Ties</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Visits M. Diderot, who was confined at Vincennes<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a Pamphlet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1749.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's celebrated Essay on the proposed Question, "Whether<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Progress of the Arts and Sciences had tended to corrupt or</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ameliorate the condition of Men"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces the Appointment of Cashier to a Farmer-general<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Taxes</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Copies Music for a Subsistence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Great Success of his "Devin du Village," an Opera</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1750.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Essay on "The Origin of Inequality among Men"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 42. He revisits Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1754.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Poverty of Madame de Warens</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau abjures the Romish Faith, and again embraces the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reformed Religion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is invited to reside in Geneva, his native City</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame d'Epinay</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She establishes him at the Hermitage near Montmorenci,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">belonging to M. d'Epinay</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's "Les Institutions Politiques," and other literary<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employments</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Writes "La Nouvelle Héloïse"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's love for the Countess d'Houdetot</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Saint Lambert</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cause of the Coolness between J. J. Rousseau and MM.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diderot and Grimm</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Treachery of M. Grimm</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">State of French Society under Louis XV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 46. Rousseau removes from the Hermitage to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorenci</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1758.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with Diderot</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes against the Establishment of a Theatre at Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sentiments expressed in his "Confessions"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marshal the Duke of Luxembourg and the Duchess of Luxembourg<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly to Rousseau</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of "La Nouvelle Héloïse"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1760.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Emile," or Rousseau on Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Some admirable Maxims of that celebrated Treatise</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Malesherbes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Confession of a Savoyard Vicar"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 50. It is condemned, and Rousseau warned by the Duchess<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Luxembourg to make his escape</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1762.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He arrives at Iverdun, but is exiled by the Council of Berne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is received at Neufchâtel by the Governor, Marshal Lord<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keith</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Study of Botany, and herborising Rambles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Controversy with Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disturbances at Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">{Pg xxiv}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's "Lettres écrites de la Montagne"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau quits Motiers through Fear of Assassination</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Resides in the Island of St. Pierre, Lake of Bienne, but is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expelled by the Council of Berne</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Dislike of Dependence prevents him from repairing to the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Court of Frederic; Fictitious Letter in that King's Name by</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace Walpole</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Hospitably entertained by the Prince de Conti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. He accompanies David Hume to England</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Resides at Wotton in Derbyshire, writes there his "Confessions,"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a Pension from George III.; but his morbid Melancholy</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes him to take some groundless Alarm and to fly to</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 55. Is protected by the Prince de Conti at the Château of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trie</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1767.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 58. He is most kindly welcomed at Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1770.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Readings of the "Confessions" in Society interrupted by the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minister of Police</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lives by copying Music</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Prince de Ligne visits him, and offers him a Home</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de Genlis gives Testimony of his Benevolence of Heart<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Modesty</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé Bernardin de Saint Pierre gives a very favourable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description of Rousseau</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Respect shown for Rousseau at the Theatre by the Parisians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His morbid Sensibility verging on Madness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 66. His Death at Ermenonville, and Rumour with relation<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to it</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Inscription on his Tomb</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of his "Confessions"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Jealousy of literary Competitors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reveries; his Charity; Suspicion his characteristic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Emile" one of his most important Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism of his "Nouvelle Héloïse"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Eloquence, Tenderness, and Nature, in his Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CONDORCET.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1744-1794.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1744.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. His Essay on the Integral Calculus </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His scientific Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is appointed joint Secretary of the Academy of Sciences</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship with D'Alembert</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Visits M. de Voltaire at Ferney</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Edits the "Pensées" of M. Pascal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Friend of the Minister Turgot</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reply to M. Necker on the Corn Question</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes the "Reflections on Negro Slavery"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Refutation of De Lolme on the English Constitution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">{Pg xxv}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mental Qualities of Condorcet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Influence at the Commencement of the French Revolution </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Writes a Declaration of the Rights of Man, on the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Convocation of the States-General</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Condorcet, a Deputy of the City of Paris in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Assembly</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Speech relating to the Emigration</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Declaration" adopted by that Body</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character for Integrity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A vigorous Opponent to monarchical Government</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Theories, and Idea of public Virtue</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Girondists treat with the Court and lose Influence thereby</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Condorcet popular</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Did not vote for the Death of Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro"> Ætat. 49. Denounced as Brissot's Accomplice, is obliged to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conceal himself</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is obliged to fly, but is seized at Chamont, and perishes of Hunger<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Cold in a Prison</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character pourtrayed by Madame Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle de Condorcet married to Arthur O'Connor</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MIRABEAU.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1749-1791.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Family of the Marquis de Mirabeau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Originally Italian, and named Arrighetti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Valour of the Marquis Jean Antoine de Mirabeau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His high Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Victor, Marquis de Mirabeau, a tyrannical Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His literary Reputation founded on his "L'Ami des Hommes"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is imprisoned for writing the "Théorie de Impôt"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marries Marie Geneviève, Marchioness de Saulvebeuf, and has<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleven Children</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Instals Madame de Pailly over his Household</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">This occasions a Separation from his Marchioness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Prejudice against GABRIEL HONORÉ DE MIRABEAU, his fifth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Child, the Subject of this Article</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accuses him of an innate Depravity of Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Father makes him undergo a severe Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gabriel serves in the Regiment of the Marquis de Lambert, a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strict Disciplinarian</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Marquis Victor de Mirabeau obtains a Lettre-de-cachet and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisons Gabriel</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gabriel de Mirabeau declares his love of a military Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. He marries Marie Emilie de Covet, Daughter of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de Marignane</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Incurs Debts, and is confined by his Father by means of a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lettre-de-cachet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">{Pg xxvi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is jealous of the Chevalier de Gassaud</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with the Baron de Villeneuve-Moans</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is imprisoned by his Father in the Castle of If, near Marseilles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 26. Is transferred to the Fortress of Joux</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1775.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His amour with Madame de Monnier (Sophie de Ruffey)</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He escapes from Prison</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is indignant at his Father's Severity </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 27. He flies with Madame de Monnier to Holland, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">earns a Subsistence by his Pen</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1776.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Monnier prosecutes him and Madame de Monnier, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">they are condemned to ignominious Punishments in their</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Absence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 28. They are arrested at Amsterdam, and Gabriel de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mirabeau is imprisoned at Vincennes</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1777.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Complaints of the long Persecution of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Writings during Imprisonment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Essay on Lettres-de-Cachet and State Prisons"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Son</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Endeavours to persuade his Wife to live with him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 31. Is enlarged after Forty-one Months'<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imprisonment</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Subsequent History of Madame de Monnier</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father conducts himself with Kindness towards him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Mirabeau's Sentence for the Seduction of Madame de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monnier reversed</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He fails in a Suit to compel Madame de Mirabeau to live with<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. Visits London, but is not successful in the Profession<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of an Author</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1784.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Renewed Cruelty of his Father, who reduces him to a State of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Destitution</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 36. Returned to France, writes on financial Subjects; and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a Pamphlet on the system of "Agiotage" is compelled to</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fly to Liege</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1785.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Financial Controversy with Necker</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Exertions in favour of Revolution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Occasional Display of his powerful Eloquence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Independence as a political Economist</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. His Reputation at its height</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Convocation of the States-General</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau excluded by the Nobility of Provence from his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Privileges as a Noble</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Correspondence from Berlin" condemned to be burnt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes a popular Leader of the Provençeaux, and is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enthusiastically received at Aix and Marseilles</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disturbances in Provence, on account of Scarcity, allayed by<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mirabeau</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is elected Deputy for Marseilles and for Aix in the "Tiers Etat;"<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he sits for the latter Town</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">{Pg xxvii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes a Journal of the Proceedings of the Chambers </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His political Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The National Assembly</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He draws a Line between the royal and legislative Power, or<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">between the Throne and the People</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Energy and Eloquence in the Chamber </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Address to Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Marquis Victor de Mirabeau </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's genuine Sorrow on that Event, forgetful of his long<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persecution by his Father</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis' Ministers draw Troops around the Capital</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Destruction of the Bastille</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's Speech against the Court Party, on the Scarcity of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grain</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He supports M. Necker's Proposal of a Subsidy of one-fourth of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Income of all Proprietors</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He maintains that the Royal Authority is essential to the Balance<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Power between the Aristocracy and People</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Orléans Party</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Popularity of Mirabeau with the Parisians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">In what degree Mirabeau is to be considered the real Defender<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Monarchy</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He negociates with the Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Enthusiasm nevertheless maintains his Influence over the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Assembly</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Speech on the Establishment of the Convention</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 42. His splendid Style of Living</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Supposed to be supplied by the Court with Resources, as the chief<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supporter of Royalty</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Deference to the Assembly, and Conciseness of his energetic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speeches</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Original of his Treaty with the Court, in the Hand-writing of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monsieur [Louis XVIII.]</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's ill Health</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His last Struggle with the Jacobins, or "Mountain"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sickness of Mirabeau excites the Fears of both King and People</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His notion of the Character of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Mirabeau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sepulture in the Pantheon at Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Misfortunes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His wit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character of La Fayette</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Allusion to his military Talents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME ROLAND.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1754-1793.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mémoires of Madame Roland, and Considerations thereon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Manon Phlipon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1751.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">{Pg xxviii}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Care of her Education by her Father, an Engraver of some merit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Domestic Economy of her parental Roof</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Phlipon's Piety</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle Phlipon's Residence in a Convent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Admiration of Blaise Pascal and Port Royal, or the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jansenist' Party</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She rejects the Theories of M. Helvetius</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Enthusiasm in the Cause of Liberty</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Rejection of many Suitors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Madame Phlipon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Impression of the "Nouvelle Héloïse" on the ardent Mind of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manon Phlipon</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Habits of Economy and Seclusion from Society</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">History of M. Roland de la Platière</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 25. His Offer to marry Mademoiselle Phlipon, and Refusal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by her Father</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1779.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 26. Their Union takes place</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland accompanies her Husband to Switzerland and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Letters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 32. Her placid Temper, and domestic Happiness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1785.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The French Revolution. M. Roland's Mission from the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Municipality of Lyon to the National Assembly on financial Affairs</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Madame Roland's Visit to, and Residence in, Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Writings of M. Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty and political Influence of Madame Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. and Mdme. Roland form a Friendship with Brissot and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gironde Party</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland's Opinions anti-monarchical</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Position of Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro"> M. Roland appointed Minister of the Interior</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">General Dumouriez Minister for Foreign Affairs</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_278">277</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Roland's Letter to Louis XVI. written by his Wife, occasions his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dismission</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Recalled to the Ministry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_280">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Massacre of Prisoners in September alarms Madame Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Robespierre, Danton, and Marat</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_281">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Madame de Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_282">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Roland exhibits considerable Intrepidity during the popular<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agitations</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_283">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland is hated by the "Mountain" Party</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_284">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Robespierre denounced by Louvet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_285">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the King</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_286">285</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Roland resigns</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_287">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrest of Madame Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_288">287</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her calm Demeanour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Reign of Terror in Paris and France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Condemnation of the Girondists</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Brissot and the Girondists executed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accusation and Defence of Madame Roland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">{Pg xxix}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. Her Execution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interesting Character of this celebrated Authoress</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME DE STAËL.</div> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1765-1817.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker of Geneva early in life placed in a Banking-house</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Partnership in Thelusson's Firm</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Éloge de Colbert"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1773.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Minister from Geneva, and appointed Director-general of Finance<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He marries Mademoiselle Churchod</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Allusion to Gibbon the Historian</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">April 22. Birth of their only Daughter, afterwards Baronne de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Staël</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Education under the parental Roof</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">MM. Thomas, Marmontel, de Grimm, &c. form the literary<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Society at M. Necker's</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Society at M. Necker's</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Talent of Conversation early acquired by Mlle. Necker</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_300">298</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She delights M. Necker by her Talents and Wit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_301">300</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of M. Necker's "Compte Rendu," or Statement of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French Finance</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_302">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Retirement to his Estate of Saint-Ouen</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_303">302</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Purchase of Coppet on the Lake of Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of his financial Work, written at Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_304">303</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Administration of M. Calonne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_305">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. His Daughter's Marriage with the Baron de Staël<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holstein, Swedish Ambassador to France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1786.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_306">305</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Portrait given at that period of Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker Minister, Revival of public Credit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Convocation of the States-General</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVI. commands him to retire quietly from France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_308">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Troops collected round Paris, by Louis, against the People</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker generously leaves two Millions of Livres in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Treasury</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Description of the Journeys to and from<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Switzerland</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Destruction of the Bastille, and Recall of M. Necker</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Popularity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sentiments of Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Necker again retires to Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1790.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël witnesses the Tumults of the Capital in August,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&c.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Endeavour to save M. de Lally-Tolendal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Carriage stopt by the Republicans; she claims Privilege as<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wife of a foreign Minister</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She is carried before Robespierre, Collet d'Herbois, and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolutionary Tribunal</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_316">316</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">{Pg xxx}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is saved by the Republican Manuel, who obtains Leave for her<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to quit France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Emotion on the Journey across the Jura to Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker's Pamphlet designed to save Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's "Reflections on the Peace"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1794.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Madame Necker</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Staël resides at Paris as Swedish Minister</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1795.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Residence there considered as an Epoch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Society</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of the Directory</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Napoleon Buonaparte, unfavourable to Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Interviews</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Attack on the Helvetian Republic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël retires to M. Necker's at Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1798.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She presents a Memorial at Paris in the Name of M. Necker,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">requiring to be erased from the List of Emigrants, and succeeds</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">therein</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. She Witnesses the Overthrow of the Directory by<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buonaparte</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of Benjamin Constant</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Jealousy of Buonaparte on Account of Madame de Staël's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Influence in Parisian Society</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Interview with M. Necker on his Route to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">French Police, and Fouché, Minister</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Staël Holstein recalled to Sweden</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 36. His daughter joins M. Necker at Coppet, and the Baron<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Staël dies</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of her "Delphine"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of that Work </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker's "Last View of Politics and Finance"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Affection for her Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. She returns to France on the Rupture of the Peace of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiens</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1803.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is ordered to quit France within twenty-four Hours</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Regret on being exiled</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant, and receives Tidings<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of M. Necker's Decease</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1804.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She resides at Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Education of her Children</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. Her Visit to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on her "Corinne"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She revisits France and repairs to Rouen</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Not having flattered Napoleon in her Writings, she is again<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exiled</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She visits Vienna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">At Coppet she writes her Work on "Germany"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Attempts to publish her "Germany" at Blois; the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edition seized, anti she is again banished</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1810.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">{Pg xxxi}</a></span> -<div class="coluna-centro">Forbidden to visit Aix in Savoy for the Recovery of her Son's<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Health</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">William Schlegel ordered to quit Coppet by the Authorities</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël makes a Tour through Switzerland in company<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of M. de Montmorency</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Montmorency exiled </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Persecution of Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">M. Rocca, a Spanish Officer in the French service, visits Geneva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1810.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He offers his Hand to Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël escapes from Coppet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1812.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Travels through Germany and Poland to Russia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Reception by the Emperor Alexander at St. Petersburg</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She visits Sweden and England</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Byron</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVIII, repays to Madame de Staël the two Millions of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francs advanced by Necker to Louis XVI.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1814.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke de Broglie marries the Daughter of Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ill-health of M. Rocca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Character and Sentiments</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Her Death in Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1817.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of M. Rocca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Writings of Madame de Staël</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Viscount de Chateaubriand's Opinion of her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Germany"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her political Sentiments</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">{Pg xxxii}</a></span> -</div></div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<h4>LIVES<br /> - -OF<br /> - -EMINENT<br /> - -LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.</h4> - -<p><br /></p> - -<hr class="r5" /> - -<h4><a id="VOLTAIRE">VOLTAIRE</a></h4> - -<h4>1694-1778.</h4> - -<p> -It is impossible to commence the biography of this extraordinary man -without feelings of apprehension as to our power of well executing the -task. To write the life of Voltaire in a full and satisfactory manner, -is to write not only the biography of an individual author, and the -history of French literature during the course of nearly a century, but -also of a revolution in the minds of men, in their opinions and rules of -action, which, if not brought about entirely by him, was fostered and -supported by his influence, in a manner the most singular and powerful. -We are apt, as we read his letters, to laugh at the petulance which he -evinced when attacked, and to reprove the vehemence with which he -attacked others in return. But when we consider that an absolute monarch -and a powerful hierarchy supported opinions which he and his friends -struggled to subvert, we feel that it required all his dogmatic spirit, -all his bitterness of sarcasm and vehemence of temper, to combat -opposition, and to support both his own courage and that of his -followers, in his attempt. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{Pg 1}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire has been called the Apostle of Infidelity. He denied the truths -of revealed religion—he desired to subvert Christianity. He -disbelieved its divine origin; he was blind to the excellence of its -morality—insensible to its sublime tenets. It is easy to make his -life one diatribe against the wickedness and folly of such principles and -intentions—to intersperse the pages that compose his history with -various epithets of condemnation of a man so lost to the knowledge of -truth. But we do not intend to do this. We consider that Voltaire had -many excuses, and he had also his uses. We do not mean, on the other -hand, to write an elaborate defence of a system that cannot be defended; -but we will mention the heads of those topics which we consider -available for his justification to a certain limited extent. -</p> - -<p> -In the first place, Catholicism is not Christianity. Voltaire's great -war was against the church of Rome, and more particularly against the -Gallican church, which was one of great persecution, bigotry, and -misused power. We turn to the pages that record the history of his -country, during the years that immediately preceded him, and of his own -age, and we find them stained with brawls and cruelties, excited and -exercised by the priesthood. The quarrels of the violinists, the -Jansenists, the Quietists, and the disgraceful exhibitions of the -convulsionaries, absorbed so much of the talent, and perverted so much -the uprightness and charity, of men of first-rate genius, that we turn -with pity and loathing from the history of the misuse of one of the best -gifts of God. Voltaire had it deeply at heart to put an end to these -discussions—to prevent such men as Bossuet and Fénélon from expending -their vast talents on unworthy squabbles, and to prevent such men as -Pascal and Racine from sacrificing their talents at the altars of -superstition. He wished to redeem such of his countrymen as were slaves -to the priests, from the miseries of bigotry and ignorance; and he most -ardently desired to liberate those, whose piety was enlightened, from -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{Pg 2}</a></span> -persecution at the hands of bigots. The cruelties exercised on the -Huguenots raised a tumult of generous indignation in his benevolent -heart; the insolence and barbarity with which the French priesthood -endeavoured to quell all rebellion to their authority roused his anger -and pointed his sarcasms. Liberty for the soul was the aim of his -endeavours. It was a noble and a useful one. -</p> - -<p> -He went too far. There are two classes of minds among men of education. -Those who live for the affections—for the elegances of -literature—for moral and intellectual purposes; who are virtuous and -enlightened, but devoid of enthusiasm for truth or the dissemination of -opinion. There is another class, to whom what they consider truth is the -great all in all. It is vain to talk to them of a falsehood or mistake that -has its good uses; they consider truth, that most glorious attribute of -God, as the best of all things—the reformer of abuses—the -sustainer of the unfortunate—the advancer of human -excellence—the rock in which we ought to put our trust. To them, -truth, or what they consider truth, is light; falsehood, darkness. -Such a mind was Voltaire. He did not distinguish the truths of the Gospel -from the multifarious, sometimes ridiculous, but always pernicious, -impostures of papacy. He read of, and his heart revolted from, the series -of intolerable evils brought upon the world by the Roman Catholic religion; -he forgot the civilisation produced by the Gospel, and even the uses of the -system of the church of Rome during days of feudal barbarism: he saw only -the evil, and visited the whole with his reprobation, his ridicule, his -unflinching and unwearied opposition. He fell into great and mischievous -mistakes. As is often the case, he destroyed, but he could not construct. -France owed to his mighty labours and powerful influence a great and swift -advance in civilisation, and enfranchisement from political and priestly -thraldom. But he went beyond the useful and right in his struggle; and, not -contented with warring against superstition, made inroads into the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{Pg 3}</a></span> -blessed fields of rational piety. This must be admitted and censured. -Let some among us rise to drive him back and barricade him from his -invasion on revealed religion; but let us do this without, rancour or -scurrility, feeling grateful at the same time for the good he did -achieve, and acknowledging our esteem for his motives and abilities. Let -us, above all, in writing his life, show ourselves just and impartial. -From the limited nature of this work, we can only present the reader -with a sketch of his labours and their effects; it is our earnest desire -that this sketch should be one drawn from undoubted sources, and prove -itself to the minds of all, a fair, exact, and impartial account of so -great a man. -</p> - -<p> -François-Marie Arouet was born at Chatenay, 20th of February, 1694. His -enemies, in after life, displayed their spite by promulgating that his -father was a peasant—an assertion without foundation. His father was -a notary by profession, and filled the situation of treasurer of the -chamber of accounts; a lucrative place, which he occupied with such -integrity as to save but a small fortune, where others amassed great -riches. His mother was named Marguerite d'Aumont, of a noble family of -Poitou. The child was so feeble at the time of his birth that he was not -expected to survive; he was hastily baptized in the house, nor -considered sufficiently strong to be carried to church until he was nine -months old, when he was baptized over again by the parish curate, from -whom his age was concealed. Condorcet, in his life, remarks the -singularity that two illustrious men of letters of that day, Voltaire -and Fontenelle, were both born so feeble as not to be expected to -survive, and yet lived to extreme age. He might have added the more -curious instance of their contemporary, the marshal de Richelieu, a six -months' child, fostered in cotton and reared artificially, who enjoyed -strong and robust health, and lived till a still more advanced age. -</p> - -<p> -The child was quick and sprightly; he had an elder brother, who was dull -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{Pg 4}</a></span> -and sombre. The elder, in progress of time, became a Jansenist, a -convulsionary, and a bigot; the germ of his tendency to superstition -existed even in childhood; and the brothers disputed, in prose and -verse, to the amusement of the family. The abbé de Chateauneuf, -godfather to François-Marie, took pleasure in educating him, and taught -him some of La Fontaine's fables. The boy got hold also of a deistical -ode, attributed to J. B. Rousseau, called the "Mosaide," a poem, which -said— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Les hommes vains et fanatiques</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Reçoivent, sans difficulté,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Les fables les plus chimériques;</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Un petit mot d'éternité</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Les rend bénins et pacifiques;</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Et l'on réduit ainsi le peuple hébété</span><br /> -<span class="i2">A baiser les liens dont il est garrotté."</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -This was a singular production to put into a child's hand: it was more -singular that a child should enter into its meaning. François-Marie -quoted it against his brother in argument, and his father, frightened at -the premature wit and freedom of speech his son betrayed, hastened to -send him to school. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">Sidenote: 1704.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -10.</span></p> - -<p> -He entered the college of Louis-le-Grand, of which the Jesuits were the -preceptors. Here the boy learned, not to take part with the Jesuits, but -to despise the Jansenists, against whom, as an author, he showed himself -hostile. The talents of the child rendered him a favourite with the -greater number of his masters; father Porée, professor of rhetoric, saw -the germ of remarkable talents, which he took great pleasure in -developing; and, in after life, Voltaire always expressed gratitude for -his master's encouragement and kindness. Encouragement of a far -different and of a pernicious sort he received from another professor, -father le Jay, who entered into arguments with his pupil; was irritated -by his wit and sophistry; and on one occasion, angrily exclaimed that he -would become the "Choryphæus of Deism,"—a prophecy which this very -denunciation helped probably to fulfil. On all sides, the boy found -admiration for his premature genius. His godfather introduced him to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{Pg 5}</a></span> -Ninon de L'Enclos, then advanced in years, but still full of that warmth -of intellect and feeling that distinguished her whole career. She -perceived and appreciated the child's genius, and no doubt her kindness -and conversation tended to open his mind and refine his wit at a very -early age. When she died, Ninon left him a legacy to buy books. -</p> - -<p> -On leaving college the abbé de Chateauneuf introduced his godson into -Parisian society. There had been a time when Louis XIV. assembled the -most distinguished men of the kingdom at his court, and wit and -refinement were almost confined to the circles of Versailles. In his old -age, under the tutelage of madame de Maintenon and his confessors, Louis -disregarded every merit but that of piety which bore the Molinist stamp. -Catinat was disgraced, notwithstanding his virtues and military talents, -because he was suspected of freethinking; the duke de Vendôme was -reproached bitterly for not going daily to mass: bigotry, hypocrisy, and -dulness reigned at Versailles. But the king was old, and could no longer -make his will the fashion of the day. Unfortunately, bigotry and -hypocrisy are apt to beget their opposites. The society of Paris, -throwing off the yoke of royal intolerance, gave itself up to pleasure -and licence. The young Arouet was introduced to the circles whose -members enjoyed pre-eminence for birth and talent; he became a -favourite; he wrote verses; he meditated a tragedy: his whole heart was -devoted to becoming a poet and man of letters. When, on occasion of the -dispute between Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Saurin, the former was -banished, the young Arouet took the part of the victim, and exerted -himself to make a subscription in his favour. He was now known and -admired by all the first people of Paris, though he failed when he -wished to bring out a tragedy on the stage, and to be crowned by the -academy. The actors rejected his play; the academicians preferred -another poet. The disappointed youth revenged himself by writing a -satire against his rival. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{Pg 6}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -M. Arouet was deeply pained by the course his son was taking; he -considered the career of a literary man that of disgrace and ruin. He -proposed to him to accept the office of counsellor to parliament; his -son replied, that he would not buy, but earn, distinction. His attempt -with the academy, and the literary quarrels that ensued, raised his -father's inquietudes to the greatest height; he threatened his son with -various marks of his severity, and the quarrel was becoming critical, -when the marquis de Chateauneuf, ambassador to Holland, offered to take -him with him to that country in the quality of page. His father readily -consented to a plan which removed him from a scene where his literary -ambition was excited by rivalship, and fostered by admiration. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1714.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -20.</span></p> - -<p> -It is, as it appears to us, a most interesting task to inquire into the -early days of such a man as Voltaire; to find the exterior circumstances -that influenced his mind, and the passions that were excited in his -unformed character. The atmosphere of wit and gaiety which Voltaire -carried with him wherever he went made him a favourite; and this favour -again imparted zest to his desire for literary advancement. His father's -opposition produced a thousand struggles in his mind, that tended, in -the end, to give force to his inclinations: he became eager to exonerate -himself, and to elevate the profession which he wished to adopt; and -this gave dignity to his endeavours. Now, torn from his partial friends, -and thrown on a new scene, his mind was yet further excited to gain -strength. His curiosity, as to the manners and peculiarities of a -strange country, was insatiable: he carried everywhere his keen -observing spirit; and his early travels out of France tended to enlarge -his understanding, and shake his prejudices. -</p> - -<p> -Youthful passion intruded to disturb his residence in Holland. Madame du -Noyer was born a Protestant; she abjured her religion when she married; -and then, desirous of separating from her husband, she made religion the -pretext, and fled to Holland with her two daughters. She resided at the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{Pg 7}</a></span> -Hague, where she subsisted on a sort of traffic of libels. Fear of the -Bastille, and the laws against the freedom of the press, restrained the -busy Parisians from publishing the vast quantity of libels, epigrams, -and satires, which were continually being manufactured in that -metropolis: these made their way to Holland; and the collecting of such, -and publishing them, became a sort of trade,—infamous indeed, but -lucrative. Madame du Noyer was at once notorious and enriched, by being -pre-eminent in the traffic. One of her daughters was married; with the -other—a gentle, amiable girl—Voltaire fell in love. He wished -to save her out of the hands of such a mother. Madame du Noyer discovered -the intercourse, and complained to the ambassador, who put his page under -arrest, and sent an account of his son's attachment to the father. Young -Arouet meanwhile carried on his intercourse with the young lady by -stealth, and was again denounced to the marquis by madame du Noyer; he, -seeing himself in danger of being compromised by the malice of a woman -whose great desire was to create scandal, and by the perseverance of his -page, sent him back to Paris. His father, knowing the vehement and -resolute disposition of his son, was prepared to prevent the continuance -of his love affair by the severest measures: he obtained an order that -permitted him either to imprison or to transport him to the isles. The -poor lawyer, whose career had been one of routine and respectability, -was rendered equally miserable by both his sons; the elder having -immersed himself in the Jansenist quarrels: and the old man declared -that he had two fools for children, one in prose, and the other in -verse. -</p> - -<p> -On his return to Paris the young Arouet had two objects chiefly at his -heart;—to take his mistress out of the hands of her infamous mother, -and to reconcile himself to his father. For the sake of the first, he -did not scruple to apply to the Jesuits, and to employ religion as the -pretext. He applied also to M. du Noyer: he interested the court in the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{Pg 8}</a></span> -conversion. It was agreed that mademoiselle du Noyer should be carried -off, and brought to the convent of New Converts in Paris; but the -marquis de Chateauneuf opposed himself to so violent a proceeding, and -the plan fell to the ground. In the sequel, the young lady married the -baron de Winterfeld, and always preserved a great esteem and friendship -for her early friend. -</p> - -<p> -The young man was not less earnest to be reconciled to his father. He -was carried away by innate genius to cultivate literature; but his heart -was good, and he revolted from the idea of living at variance with his -parent. He wrote a pathetic letter to him, declaring that he was ready -to emigrate to America, and to live on bread and water, if only, before -he went, he were forgiven. M. Arouet was touched by this mark of -submission; and, on receiving the further one of his son's consent to -attend the office of a procureur, or attorney, he was reconciled to him. -</p> - -<p> -The young poet became the pupil of M. Alain, an attorney, residing in a -dark, obscure quarter of Paris. Disagreeable as this change was, it had -its advantages; it strengthened his habits of industry, and it taught -him a knowledge of business. Voltaire became in after life a rich man, -through his excellent management of his affairs: a legal education was -the foundation of his prosperity. He lightened his labours, also, by -forming a friendship with another pupil. Thiriot had not his friend's -talents, but he shared in his youth his enthusiasm for literature: an -intimacy was formed which lasted Thiriot's life. In spite of various -acts of faithlessness on the part of the latter, Voltaire remained, to -the end, constant to his early friend: However, the business of -procureur became intolerable. He still frequented the society of Paris. -He had become deeply in love with madame de Villars: he afterwards -averred that this was the only passion he had ever felt that was -stronger than his love of study, and caused him to lose time. Its ill -success made him conquer it; but the society into which he was drawn -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{Pg 9}</a></span> -rendered him still more averse to his legal studies. He implored his -father to permit him to quit them; the old man asked him what other -profession he would adopt: to this the son could not reply. -</p> - -<p> -He had a friend, M. de Caumartin, who was also acquainted with the -father, and asked permission that François-Marie should visit him at -his chateau of St. Ange, where he could deliberate at leisure on his -future course, and where he would be separated from the connections -deemed so dangerous. At St. Ange the young poet found a library; and, -plunging into study, became more than ever eager for the acquisition of -knowledge. The father of his host was a man of great age; he had been -familiar with the nobles of the days of Henri IV., and with the friends -of Sully: his enthusiasm for those times and men was warm and eloquent. -Voltaire listened to his anecdotes and eulogies with deep interest; and -began, without yet forming a plan, to write verses in their honour. -</p> - -<p> -The last years of the reign of Louis XIV. had been disastrous, through -unfortunate wars and pernicious policy. Adversity in various forms -visited the old age of that illustrious monarch. The generation -immediately succeeding to him, brought up in his days of glory and -power, died off; of the young race that remained, its hope and flower, -the duke of Burgundy, died; he lost another of his grandsons also by -death, and the third was removed to the throne of Spain. The successor -to his crown was an infant only five years of age; the successor to his -power was a prince whose dissolute character inspired the devout with -hatred, and the thoughtful with sorrow and distrust. -<span class="sidenote1">1715.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -21.</span> -It was a moment full of eager interest, when Louis died; the cord that -held the faggot snapped; and it became doubtful by whom, and in what -way, it would again be gathered together. The pupil of Dubois became -regent; the kingdom rang with his intrigues, his debaucheries, and the -misconduct of his children. But the duke of Orléans, perverted as he was -as a moral character, was a man of talent, and an enlightened ruler. He -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{Pg 10}</a></span> -maintained peace: and though the kingdom was convulsed during his -regency by the system of Law, yet its general prosperity was increased; -showing, however speculative and wild a people may be in their financial -schemes, yet, as long as they are preserved from war, no event can -materially injure their prosperity. The regent was, to a certain degree, -king Log, with this exception,—that his libertinism offered a -pernicious example, which plunged Parisian society in immorality, while -his toleration gave encouragement to those men of talent whose aim was -to disseminate knowledge and liberal opinions. -</p> - -<p> -On the death of Louis XIV., young Arouet left St. Ange, and came up to -Paris to witness the effects of the change. He found the people in a -delirium of joy; they celebrated the death of their sovereign by getting -drunk with delight, and by manifesting their detestation of the Jesuits, -who had so long tyrannised over them. Paris became inundated with -satires and epigrams: the French, as in the days of the Fronde, were apt -to signalise their aversions in witty and libellous verses. Voltaire was -accused of writing a piece of this kind; it was entitled "Les J'ai vu," -in which the author enumerates all the abuses and evils he had -witnessed, and concludes by saying,— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">J'ai vu ces maux, et je n'ai pas vingt ans.</span> -</div></div> - - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1716.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -22.</span></p> - -<p> -Voltaire was two and twenty, but the difference was slight, and the -verses were clever; he was accused of being their author, and thrown -into the Bastille. The solicitations of his powerful friends were of no -avail to liberate him. His father saw with grief the melancholy -accomplishment of all his prognostics, and failed in his efforts to -obtain his release. It was not till the true author of the verses, -touched by remorse, confessed to having written them, that Voltaire was -set free. -</p> - -<p> -He passed a whole year in his prison without society or books, or ink -and paper. We find no mention in his works or letters of the extreme -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{Pg 11}</a></span> -sufferings which solitary and unemployed confinement must have inflicted -on a man as vivacious, sensitive, and restless—delicate in health, -and vehement in temper—as Voltaire, except in the deep terror with -which he regarded the possibility of a second imprisonment. Thrown back on -the stores of his own mind, his latest impressions were those of the -conversations at St. Ange with the elder Caumartin, and the enthusiasm -excited for Henri IV. and his contemporaries. The idea of an epic on -this subject suggested itself. It flattered his honest pride to raise a -monument of glory to the French nation in the form of a national poem, -while he was the victim of the government; his literary vanity was -enticed by the idea of sending his name down to posterity as the author -of a French epic, a work hitherto unattempted in verse. He composed the -first two cantos in his dungeon, in his mind, committing them memory; -and it was his boast that, in all his subsequent improvements, he never -changed a word in the second canto. He was prouder, in after life, of -being the author of the "Henriade" than of any other production. His -contemporaries regarded it with admiration; even our own countryman, -lord Chesterfield, declares it the best epic in any language, simply -because, according to the reasons he gives, it is the most devoid of -imagination. -</p> - -<p> -Epic poetry, in its essence, is the greatest achievement of the human -intellect. It takes a subject of universal interest; it exalts it by -solemn and sacred sentiments, and adorns it with sublime and beautiful -imagery, thus lifting it above humanity into something divine. While the -mind of man enjoys the attribute of being able to tincture its earthly -ideas with the glory of something greater than itself in its every day -guise, which it can only seize by snatches, and embody through the -exertion of a power granted only to the favoured few, whom we name great -poets,—and while it can exercise this power in giving grandeur to a -narration of lofty and sublime incidents,—while this can be done by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{Pg 12}</a></span> -some, and appreciated by many, an epic must continue to rank as the -crowning glory of literature. We find nothing of all this in the -"Henriade." The very elevation of the sentiments is rendered commonplace -by Voltaire's inability to mould language to his thoughts. During the -whole poem he suffered language to be the shaper of his ideas—not the -material which he forced to take a shape. In his letters, he quotes -Fénélon's just opinion, that the French language might be adapted to -lyrical poetry, but not to epic. He fancies that he disproves this -assertion in the "Henriade;" while, in fact, he gives it entire -support.<a name="NoteRef_1_1" id="NoteRef_1_1"></a><a href="#Note_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The second canto is the favourite of many French critics. -They consider the account Henri IV. gives queen Elizabeth of the civil -struggles of France a masterpiece. It consists of a rapid and forcible -view of that disastrous period. But it contains no poetry. Voltaire's -imagination was fertile, versatile, and gay; in some of his tragedies, -he even rose to the passionate and energetic; but it wanted -elevation—it wanted the fairy hue—the sublime transfusion of -the material into the immaterial. It wanted, above all, a knowledge and -love of nature. There is not a word in the "Henriade" descriptive of -scenery, or storm, or calm, or night, or day, that is not commonplace, -imitative, and without real imagery. Of imagery, indeed, he has no notion. -Besides this, he always acted by his own verses as by those of others, and -corrected them into tameness. In a word, the "Henriade" has no -pretensions to success as an epic poem, and is, in whatever view we take -of it, dull and tiresome. Even in his days it had not enjoyed the -reputation it reached but for his admirable powers of reciting, by which -he fascinated the circles of Paris, and the peculiar circumstances that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{Pg 13}</a></span> -rendered every other opinion in France an echo of those circles.<a name="NoteRef_2_2" id="NoteRef_2_2"></a><a href="#Note_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> -There is an amusing anecdote told, which shows, however, that the charm -of his reading did not always suffice to gain unqualified approbation. -One day so many petty criticisms were flung at him, that, irritated to -the utmost, he exclaimed, "Then it is only fit to be burnt!" and threw -the poem into the fire. The president Hainaut sprang forward, and saved -it, saying, as he gave it back to the author, "You must not think that -your poem is better than its hero. Yet, notwithstanding his faults, he -was a great king, and the best of men." "Remember," the president -afterwards wrote, "that it cost me a pair of lace ruffles to save it -from the fire." -</p> - -<p> -The chief interest of the poem lies in the era of its conception, and in -the fact that its composition alienated the horrors of his dungeon. At -last he was set free. The duke of Orléans being informed of his -innocence, he was liberated. The regent compensated for the mistake by a -present of money. Voltaire, on thanking the regent, said, "I thank your -royal highness for continuing to support me, but I entreat you not to -burden yourself again with finding me a lodging." The genius and wit, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{Pg 14}</a></span> -however, of Voltaire, continued to expose him to calumny and danger. He -was suspected of having written the "Philippiques," a clever, but most -atrocious libel against the regent and his family. His frequent visits -at Sceaux, the palace of the duchess de Maine, and his intimacy with -Goerts, caused his name to be mingled in the intrigues which cardinal -Alberoni excited in France. The regent, however, refused to credit his -enemies, and limited his displeasure to an intimation that he had better -absent himself from Paris for a time. Voltaire spent several months in -going from one friend's chateau to another, being sedulously occupied, -meanwhile, by the "Henriade" and other literary projects. The most -important in his eyes was his tragedy of "Œdipus." -<span class="sidenote2">1718.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -24.</span> -This piece, commenced at eighteen, altered and altered again, was at -last brought out, and had the greatest success. This was not solely -caused by its intrinsic merit. The reputation of the author, its being -his first tragedy, and the discussions to which it gave rise with regard -to the ancient and modern theatre, imparted a factitious interest; it was -attacked and defended on all sides, and pamphlets were daily published -and hawked about on the subject. To these legitimate sources of interest -were added the unworthy one of the calumnies in vogue against the duke -of Orléans, which made the odious subject of the tragedy peculiarly -piquante.<a name="NoteRef_3_3" id="NoteRef_3_3"></a><a href="#Note_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire wrote several letters on the treatment of his subject. His -critique on the tragedies of Sophocles gives us, at once, the measure of -his taste and learning: nothing can be more contemptible than either. -The French <i>soi-disant</i> poet was utterly incapable of entering into -the solemn spirit of the Athenian tragedian, and still less could he -comprehend his sublime poetry, being even ignorant of the language in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{Pg 15}</a></span> -which it was written. The "Œdipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles is admirable -as a work of art, and more admirable from a certain majesty that -sustains the subject and characters to the end, and from the solemn, -magnificent beauty of the choruses. All this was a dead letter to the -sprightly Parisian, who admits that had Sophocles lived in his days, he -had written better, but had never approached the greatness of Racine. -</p> - -<p> -The life of Voltaire was an alternation of pleasure and literary labour, -which would have been infinitely delightful but for that system of -caballing which existed in French society, more especially among -authors. Voltaire had to struggle with the envious and the presumptuous. -His method of warfare was bold; it was that of attack rather than of -defence. He was unsparing towards his enemies, and this perpetuated -hostilities that robbed him of peace and leisure. Add to this, his -labours were often interrupted by bodily suffering; for, though his -constitution was strong, he was afflicted by a painful disease. Still -pleasure waited on his moments of ease and leisure. Sometimes he resided -in Paris, but much of his time was spent in visiting, by turns, the -chateaus of the chief nobility; private theatricals, in which his own -plays were got up with care and splendour, were principal amusements at -these country residences. While at Maisons, a chateau belonging to the -president des Maisons, he was seized with the small-pox, on the very eve -of a festival, during which a comedy was to be acted, and he, himself, -was to read his tragedy of "Mariamne;" he was attended by Gervasi, who -treated him in the, then, novel manner, of letting blood and lowering -remedies, by means of which he recovered. His friend Thiriot came up -from Normandy, and waited on him with anxious solicitude. When he -recovered, "Mariamne" was brought out; it went through forty -representations, though it nearly fell on the first, through the levity -of a Parisian audience. When, in the fifth act, Mariamne put the cup of -poison to her lips, a man in the pit called out, "La Reine boit!" On the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{Pg 16}</a></span> -succeeding night the mode of her death was changed. Restless, and on the -alert for the ridiculous, the danger of saying anything that suggested -a ludicrous or familiar idea continually hampered a French tragedian; -yet, with all his vanity and eagerness for success, Voltaire's lively -spirits made him sometimes jest with peril. When "Œdipus" was acted, he -went on the stage himself, holding up the train of the high priest, and -played such antics that the maréchal de Villars asked who the young -man was who was desirous of getting the piece condemned. This very -liveliness was, however, a great cause of his universal success. The -Parisians, and especially the nobility, desired to be amused, and no man -was ever born so fitted to afford excitement to the circles of the rich -and gay, as the vain, witty, restless, eager poet, who made a jest of -everything, yet rendered all instinct with the interest imparted by his -good heart and versatile talents. -</p> - -<p> -His quarrel with Jean Baptiste Rousseau is characteristic. He visited -Holland in 1722 with madame Rupelmonde. When passing through Brussels, -he sought out the poet whom he had befriended in his need, and whose -talents he admired. They met with delight. Voltaire called him his -master and judge; he placed his "Henriade" in his hand, and read him -various of his epistles. All went smilingly for a short time. Rousseau -read some of his poetry in return. Voltaire did not approve. Rousseau -was piqued. Various sarcasms were interchanged. Rousseau had composed an -"Ode to Posterity." Voltaire told him that it would never reach its -address. A violent quarrel ensued, and Rousseau became his bitter enemy. -</p> - -<p> -A more serious dissension interrupted the routine of his life. One day, -dining at the table of the duke de Sully, one of his warmest friends, he -was treated impertinently by the chevalier de Rohan, a man of high -birth, but disreputable character. The chevalier asked. Who he was? -Voltaire replied that he did not inherit a great name, but would never -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{Pg 17}</a></span> -dishonour that which he bore. The chevalier angrily left the room, and -took his revenge by causing him to be seized and struck with a cane by -his servants. Such were the prejudices then existent in the minds of the -French noblesse, that though the duke de Sully esteemed and even loved -Voltaire, and held the chevalier de Rohan in contempt, yet the bourgeois -birth of the former, and noble blood of the latter, caused him to show -himself perfectly indifferent to the insult. Voltaire resolved to avenge -himself. He secluded himself from all society, and practised fencing -carefully. As soon as he considered himself a match for his enemy, he -sought him out at the opera, and demanded satisfaction. The chevalier -appointed time and place for a duel, and then acquainted his family. The -consequence was, the instant arrest of his antagonist, and his -imprisonment for six months in the Bastille; to which was added the -further injustice of an order of exile after his liberation from prison. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1728.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -34.</span></p> - -<p> -Voltaire took this opportunity to visit England. He had been acquainted -with lord and lady Bolingbroke in France. He appreciated the talents of -the illustrious Englishman, admired his various knowledge, and was -fascinated by the charms of his conversation. Although he never appears -to have at all understood the real foundations of English liberty, yet -he appreciated its effects, especially at a moment when he was suffering -so grievously from an act of despotism. Liberty of thought was in his -eyes a blessing superior to every other. He read the works of Locke with -enthusiasm; and while he lamented that such disquisitions were not -tolerated in France, he became eager to impart to his countrymen the new -range of ideas he acquired from the perusal. The discoveries of Newton -also attracted his attention. He exchanged the frivolities of Paris for -serious philosophy. He became aware that freedom from prejudice and the -acquirement of knowledge were not mere luxuries intended for the few, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{Pg 18}</a></span> -but a blessing for the many; to confer and extend which was the duty of -the enlightened. From that moment he resolved to turn his chief -endeavours to liberate his country from priestly thraldom and antique -prejudices. He felt his powers; his industry was equal to his wit, and -enabled him to use a vast variety of literary weapons. What his -countrymen deemed poetry, the drama, history, philosophy, and all -slighter compositions, animated by wit and fancy, were to be put in use -by turns for this great end. He published his "Henriade" while in -England. It was better received than it deserved; and the profits he -gained were the foundation of his future opulence. He wrote the tragedy -of "Brutus," in which he imagined that he developed a truly republican -spirit, and a love of liberty worthy of the Romans. -</p> - -<p> -He spent three years in exile. He became eager to return to his country, -to his friends, and to a public which naturally understood him better, -and could sympathise more truly with him than the English. He ventured -over to Paris. For a time his return was known only to a few friends, -and he resided in an obscure quarter of the capital. By degrees he took -courage; and the success of various tragedies which he brought out -raised him high in public favour, and promised greater security for the -future. He was regarded as the pride of France by the majority of his -countrymen. The priesthood—accustomed to persecute on the most -frivolous pretexts of difference of opinion—who had excited Louis -XIV. to banish the Jansenists and suppress their convents—to exile -the virtuous Fénélon—to massacre the Huguenots, who had long wielded -religion as a weapon of offence and destruction, and had risen to a bad -height of power by its misuse—held him in the sincerest hatred; while -his attacks, excited by, and founded on, their crimes, unveiled to the -world a scene which, had it not been rife with human suffering, had been -worthy only of ridicule. A couplet in "Œdipus" first awakened their -suspicion and hatred:— -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{Pg 19}</a></span> -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Nos prêtres ne sont point ce qu'un vain peuple pense,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Notre crédulité fait tout leur science."</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -From that moment they lay in wait to crush him. It needed all his -prudence to evade the effects of their enmity. There was a party in -Paris, indeed, who went to the opposite extreme, by which he was -idolised—a party which saw no medium between the superstition upheld -by the clergy and direct disbelief, which it termed philosophy. This, -indeed, is one of the chief mischiefs of Catholicism—by demanding too -much of faith, it engenders entire infidelity; and by making men, sinful -as ourselves, the directors of the conduct and thoughts, it injures the -moral sense and deadens the conscience. The party in opposition had not -yet risen to the height of talent it afterwards displayed; but it -sufficed, through the rank, abilities, and number of the persons of whom -it was composed, to encourage Voltaire in his career. Another chief -support was derived from the liberal independence of means which he had -attained. He inherited a competent fortune from his father and brother; -the profits of "Œdipus" added to it; the duke of Orléans had made him -presents; the queen of Louis XV. bestowed a pension on him; the edition -of the "Henriade," brought out in London, augmented his means -considerably: he was economical and careful. A fortunate speculation in -a lottery instituted to pay the debts of the city of Paris, in which, -from certain happy calculations, he was the chief winner, raised him to -opulence. He was charitable and benevolent; and though, in his letters, -we find allusions to his donations, this is never done ostentatiously, -but with the plain speech of a man who, having fabricated his own -fortune, knows the value of money, and keeps strict account of his -expenditure. At this juncture we may also speak, of his change of name. -It was the custom, as is well known, for the younger branches of noble -families in France to assume the name of some estate, so to distinguish -themselves from their relations. In the middling ranks the same custom -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{Pg 20}</a></span> -was in a manner followed. Boileau took the name of Despréaux, and his -younger brother that of Puy Morin, to distinguish themselves from the -elder. People in this rank did not assume the <i>de</i>—distinctive -of territorial possession. François-Marie Arouet thought it worth while, -however, to purchase the estate of Voltaire (as Madame Searron, at Louis -XIV.'s instigation, had that of Maintenon), as a means of elevating -himself to a more respectable position in the eyes of his -contemporaries. He succeeded; and though, to our ears, Arouet had -sounded as well as Voltaire, did it stand in the title-page of his -works; in his own day, in spite of various petty attacks from his -enemies, the one he assumed was regarded by his countrymen with greater -complacency. -</p> - -<p> -The heyday of youth was passing away with Voltaire; his vivacity was -still the same: but, from the period of his return from his exile in -England, he began to look differently on life; and while he still -regarded literary labour as his vocation, literary glory as the aim of -his existence, he grew indifferent to the pleasures of society. At one -time he meditated expatriating himself; thus to acquire liberty of -writing and publishing without fear of the Bastille. His attachment for -madame du Châtelet caused him to alter this plan. This lady was -distinguished for her learning, her love of philosophy, and talent for -the abstruse sciences. She was witty, and endowed with qualities -attractive in society; but she preferred study, and the acquisition of -literary renown, in seclusion. This friend induced Voltaire to remain in -France, but strengthened his purpose of retiring from Paris. Various -persecutions were, however, in wait for him before he gained a tranquil -retreat. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire wrote his tragedies as a means of gaining public favour. He -knew his countrymen. As a sovereign of the French must gather popularity -by leading them to victory and military glory, so must an author, who -would acquire their favour, achieve eminent success, at once to raise -their enthusiasm, and to gratify their vanity, by making them -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{Pg 21}</a></span> -participate in the greatness of his name. On his return from England, -Voltaire determined to acquire the popular favour, by his triumphs in -the drama. At first he was not as successful as he wished: his "Brutus" -fell coldly on the gay, excitement-hunting Parisians; "Eryphile," on -which he spent excessive pains,—remodelling and re-writing different -portions again and again,—had faults that the author's -quick eye discerned at once to be incurable, and he withdrew it -after the first representation. "Zaire" repaid him for these -disappointments;—"Zaire," which, whatever its faults may be, is so -fresh, so eloquent, so deeply and naturally pathetic. This play was written -in twenty-two days. It was a happy thought. -<span class="sidenote1">1732.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -38.</span> -Voltaire writes concerning it: "I never worked so fast; subject carried -me on, and the piece wrote itself. I have tried to depict what has been -long in my head,—Turkish manners contrasted with Christian manners; -and to unite, in the same picture, all that our religion has of dignified, -and even tender, with an affecting and passionate love." Two months -afterwards, he writes: "I wish you had witnessed the success of 'Zaire;' -allow me to enjoy freely, with you, the pleasure of succeeding. Never -was piece played so well as 'Zaire' at the fourth representation. I wish -you had been there; you would have seen that the public does not hate -your friend. I appeared in a box, and the whole pit clapped. I blushed, -and hid myself; but I should be deceitful did I not confess that I was -deeply moved;—it is delightful not to be put to shame in one's own -country." But, after this triumph, he laboured to correct his piece. He -feared, he said, to have owed too much to the large dark eyes of -mademoiselle Gaussin, and to the picturesque effect produced by the -mingling of plumes and turbans on the stage. He felt, for the moment, -that he had arrived at the height of literary renown, and that his task -was nearly fulfilled. "What labour and pains I go through," he writes, "or -this smoke of vain glory! Yet what should we do without the chimæra? -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{Pg 22}</a></span> -it is as necessary to the soul as food to the body. I shall re-write -'Eryphile,' and the 'Death of Cæsar,'—all for this smoke. Meanwhile I -am correcting the 'History of Charles XII.' for an edition in Holland; -and when this is done, I shall finish the 'Letters on England,' which you -know of,—that will be a month's work; after which I must return to -my dramas, and finish, at lastly the 'History of the Age of Louis XIV.' -This, dear friend, is the plan of my life." -</p> - -<p> -New persecutions were in store for him, to disturb his schemes. -Mademoiselle de Couvreur was the most eminent actress of the time; she -was his friend, and had shown her generosity by attending on him at the -dangerous moment of his attack of small pox. She was worthy of his good -opinion; there was a dignity in her character which imparted the chief -charm to her acting, and rendered her estimable in private life. When -she died, according to the insulting practice of the French clergy, -burial rites and holy ground were denied the corpse, and she was -interred on the banks of the Seine. Voltaire could not restrain his -indignation. Warmed by esteem for his friend, and contempt for the -priesthood, he wrote her apotheosis, which drew on him the outcry of -impiety, and forced him to conceal himself for some months in a village -of Normandy. -</p> - -<p> -Scarcely had this storm passed off, than another broke over him. His -exile in England occurred during the reign of George II., at a time when -literature boasted of great and glorious names; and if the principles of -political liberty were less well understood than now, they appeared in a -highly flourishing condition to the Frenchman. He regarded with -admiration the blessings derived from toleration in religion, a -comparatively free government, a press unfettered by a censorship, and -the general diffusion of knowledge. He wished to describe these things -and their effects to his countrymen, and he wrote his "Lettres sur les -Anglais." There is nothing—save a passing Voltairian sarcasm here and -there—to shock our notions in this work. It begins with an account of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{Pg 23}</a></span> -the Quakers,—to demonstrate that dissent in religion, joined to -independence of thought and action, could accord with a peaceable -fulfilment of the duties of a subject. He commences with a humorous -description of a Quaker, to whom he was introduced, who receives him -with his hat on, and without making a bow; speaks to him with the thee -and thou, and defends the peculiar tenets of his sect. He goes on to -give the history of Fox and Penn. Other letters concern the parliament, -the government, the encouragement given to literary men, and literature -itself, of the introduction of inoculation; and then comes his main -topic,—the discoveries of Newton, and the philosophy of Locke. It is -a work that would have excited no censure in England; but he was well -aware that both it and its author would be denounced in France. When he -thought of publishing it, he at the same time entertained the plan of -expatriation; when he relinquished this, he meant to suppress his book; -but it was published through the treachery of a bookseller. A <i>lettre de -cachet</i> was granted against him, of which he received timely notice, and -left Paris to conceal himself at Cirey, while he gave out that he was in -England. The volume itself was publicly burnt. He obtained a cessation -of the persecution by causing the edition to be given up; but he did not -return to Paris, and continued to inhabit the chateau of Cirey, in -Champagne, a property of the marquis du Châtelet, where he and his -wife, and their illustrious friend, lived for the space of six years in -seclusion and laborious study. -</p> - -<p> -We have, from various sources, descriptions of the life he led at Cirey; -not a little instructive from the light they throw on human nature, and -on Voltaire's own character. Voltaire tells us, himself, in his -"Fragment of Memoirs," that, weary of the idle, turbulent life led at -Paris, of the pretensions of the silly, the cabals of the wicked, and -persecutions of bigots, he resolved to pass some years in the country at -the chateau of madame du Châtelet. This lady had received a careful -education, was perfectly mistress of the Latin language, but her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{Pg 24}</a></span> -inclination led her to prefer the study of metaphysics and mathematics. -Her ardour for the acquisition of knowledge was unspeakably great, and -she longed for retirement, where she might dedicate her whole time to -study. Voltaire taught her English: she read Leibnitz and Newton. Both -she and her friend aspired to the prize given by the Academy of Science, -for a treatise on fire; and their essays were mentioned with praise, -though the prize was gained by the celebrated Euler. Voltaire was told, -however, by an enlightened friend, that he would never be great in -science. He was glad of this. The arguments and taste of madame du -Châtelet, and his own love of all that was absolutely and demonstrably -true, led him to cultivate abstruse science; but the bent of his genius -and imagination, fertile of plot, situation, and development of passion, -made him turn with delight to the composition of tragedies, the -investigation of the philosophy of history, and the writing lighter -productions, in which he gave full scope to his sarcastic spirit, his -wit, and, we grieve to add, the impurity of his imagination: for this -was the great defect of Voltaire, arising from his inability to -appreciate the sublime, and his contempt of what he considered monkish -virtues, that he loved to indulge in jests, the point of which lay in -the grossest indecency. Having broken loose from the fetters of -mathematics, he wrote "Alzire," "Mérope," "The Prodigal Child," and -"Mahomet." He laboured at his "Essay on the Manners and Spirit of -Nations;" he collected materials for the "History of the Age of Louis -XIV.;" and he relaxed from these labours by writing the "Pucelle -d'Orléans." One of his chief amusements, also, was bringing out his -tragedies at his private theatre. He was a good actor, and an admirable -teacher of the art. -</p> - -<p> -Somewhat in contrast to the sort of fairy splendour and paradisaical -happiness which, from his memoirs and letters, we might judge to have -been the portion of the inhabitants of Cirey, we have another account, -which does not indeed derogate from the character of Voltaire himself, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{Pg 25}</a></span> -but which casts gloomy and tempestuous shadows over the picture of his -retirement. This account is worth quoting; though, as we shall -afterwards mention, the fair writer, from private reasons, represented -madame du Châtelet in darker colours than she merited. -</p> - -<p> -When the marquis and marchioness du Châtelet resolved on inhabiting -Cirey, the chateau was in a state of dilapidation. A portion of it was -repaired, and furnished with princely magnificence; partly at the -expense of the owners, chiefly, it would seem, at Voltaire's, who built -a gallery and bath rooms, decorated his apartments with inlaid works of -marble, and adorned them with a variety of precious works of art. -</p> - -<p> -Usually the family party was nearly uninterrupted. Madame du Châtelet -disliked receiving visitors who should intrude on her hours of study. -How the marquis regarded the severe labours of his wife, and the -permanent residence of his guest, we are not told; but he seems to have -been easy and complaisant. When visitors arrived, Voltaire exerted -himself to entertain them by acting plays, and by calling into -requisition the stores of his own mind, which, various and prolific, -never failed to enchant. There was a lady, madame de Graffigny, who had -been very unfortunate through the ill conduct of her husband. -<span class="sidenote1">1738.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -44.</span> -She at last obtained a divorce; but she was poor, and nearly friendless. -She was asked to spend a few weeks at Cirey, and joyfully accepted the -flattering invitation. She had been residing at Lunéville, at the court -of the ex-king of Poland: she left there a friend, who had beep brought -up with her as a brother; and to him she poured out, in her letters, her -enthusiasm, her joy, and her subsequent disappointment and misery. -</p> - -<p> -From the beginning, Voltaire acquired all her kindness by the cordiality -and friendliness of his reception, and the great and delicate attention -he paid to her comfort; while madame du Châtelet lost it by her -coldness and selfishness. Still the wit and talent of both made it at -first enchanted ground. "Supper was announced to me," she writes, "and I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{Pg 26}</a></span> -was shown to an apartment which I recognised as Voltaire's. He came -forward to receive me; we placed ourselves at table—I was indeed -happy. We conversed on all subjects; poetry, the arts and sciences; and all -in a light and witty tone. I wish I could give you an account of his -charming, his enchanting conversation; but I cannot. The supper was not -abundant, but it was recherché, delicate, and good, and served on a -good deal of plate. Voltaire, placed next me, was as polite and -attentive as he is amusing and learned. The marquis was on my other -side—this is my place every evening; and thus my left ear is softly -charmed, while the right is but very slightly ennuied, for the marquis -speaks little, and retires as soon as we rise from table." -</p> - -<p> -She describes the apartments of madame du Châtelet and Voltaire as -magnificent. His was hung with crimson velvet and gold fringe, the walls -were covered with pictures and looking-glasses, and the room crowded -with articles of luxury in worked silver. It opened into a small gallery -wainscotted with yellow wood, adorned by statues, furnished with books, -and filled with tables covered with curiosities and porcelain; opening -on a grotto that led to the garden. The rooms of madame du Châtelet -were far more elegant and rich; splendid with mirrors in silver frames, -and adorned with pictures of the first French artists. Her boudoir, of -which, in her vivacious style, the guest said, "you were ready to kneel -and worship for its elegant magnificence," opened on a terrace -commanding a beautiful prospect: the whole was a model of luxury, taste, -and elegance. Unfortunately, however, in repairing and furnishing, no -attention had been paid to any apartments but those occupied by madame -du Châtelet and Voltaire. Discomfort reigned everywhere else. Poor madame -de Graffigny was placed in an immense chamber, ill furnished—the -wind entering at a thousand crevices—which it was impossible to warm, -in spite of all the wood that was burnt. "In short," she says, "all that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{Pg 27}</a></span> -does not belong to the lady or Voltaire is in a most disgusting state of -discomfort." -</p> - -<p> -However, talent spread its charm over the place, although madame du -Châtelet, from the first, was no favourite with her guest, yet she -allows that she talked well, sang divinely; was witty, eloquent, and, -when she chose, pleasing; but, devoted to the study of abstruse -mathematics, she gave up nearly her whole time, night and day, to these -labours. Their way of life was regulated by their excessive industry. No -one appeared till twelve o'clock, when coffee was announced in -Voltaire's gallery for the chosen guests, while the marquis and others -dined. At the end of half an hour Voltaire bowed his friends out; each -retired to their room, and did not assemble again till nine for supper. -This was the chosen season for conversation and enjoyment. He read to -them passages from his works, he showed a magic lantern, and exerted all -his wit, his buffoonery, and knowledge in the explanations. Froward as a -child, amiable as a woman, always full of vivacity, his conversation was -an exhaustless source of laughter and delight. When any guests were -there whom they were peculiarly desirous of pleasing, everything was -done for their amusement: plays were acted—no moment of repose -allowed—all was gaiety and pleasure. "Voltaire," she writes, "is -always charming, always occupied with amusing me; he is never weary of -paying attention; he is uneasy if I seem the least ennuied. In short, I -find, from experience, that agreeable occupation is the charm of life. The -lady, at first a little cold, grows kinder, and we are become -familiar."—"Voltaire read us two cantos of his Joan, and we had a -delightful supper. Madame du Châtelet sang with her divine voice; we -laughed, we knew not why—we sang canons—it was a supper during -which gaiety made us say and do we knew not what; and we laughed at -nothing."—"The Marionettes have greatly diverted me; they are -delightful: the piece was played in which Punch's wife hopes to kill her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{Pg 28}</a></span> -husband by singing <i>fagnana fagnana.</i> It was delicious to hear -Voltaire say, seriously, that the piece was excellent. It is silly, is it -not, to laugh at such follies? Yet I laughed. Voltaire is as delightful a -child as he is a wise philosopher."—"This morning we were to hear an -epistle read; but the fair lady was still in the same merry humour of -yesterday; and she began to joke Voltaire, who, holding his epistle in his -hand, parodied it against her in the most delightful manner: in short, -there was no reading. He laughed at first, but was a little annoyed at -last. For myself, I was ashamed to laugh so much; but there was so much -wit; each word came and shone like lightning, and all accompanied -by such vivacity and pleasantry that Heraclitus himself must have -laughed."—"We had the Marionettes again. Voltaire declared that he -was jealous. Do you know that I think that Voltaire shows genius in -laughing at these follies. I sat next him to-day; it was a delightful seat. -Yesterday evening he read an epistle which the fair lady criticised most -wittily." -</p> - -<p> -At other times, every hour was given to labour. Voltaire spent the -entire day writing: "Does he leave his work for a quarter of an hour -during the day," writes his guest, to pay me a visit, he does not sit down, -saying that the time lost in talking is frightful—that no moment -ought to be wasted, and loss of time is the greatest expense of all. -This has gone on for a month. "When we come in to sup he is at his desk; -we have half done before he joins us, and he is with difficulty -prevented from returning immediately after. He exerts himself to amuse -us during the meal; but evidently from sheer politeness: his thoughts -are far away." Madame du Châtelet was even more industrious. "She -spends her whole nights till five or six in the morning, writing; when -she finds herself overcome by sleep, she puts her hands in iced water, -and walks about the room to rouse herself. After this, instead of -sleeping till the middle of the day, she rises at nine or ten. In short, -she only gives two hours to sleep, and never leaves her desk except for -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{Pg 29}</a></span> -coffee and supper." This hard labour was productive of great ennui to -their guests, and considerable ill health to themselves; especially to -Voltaire, whose constitution was feeble: but the result with him was, -his voluminous works; and with her, a degree of scientific knowledge -surpassing that attained by almost every other adept of the day. Her -essays were full of most abstruse reasoning, and written in a clear and -elegant style. Madame de Graffigny had the highest opinion of her -understanding. "I have been reading her dissertation on fire; it is -written with admirable clearness, precision, and force of argument. I -beg Voltaire's pardon, but it is far superior to his. What a woman! How -little do I feel beside her! If my body grew as small, I could pass -through a key-hole. When women do write, they surpass men; but it -requires centuries to form a woman like this." Unfortunately, all this -talent was darkened by a vehement and irritable temper. By degrees the -truth became manifest, that these sages quarrelled violently. In madame -de Graffigny's account, some of these disputes are very whimsical. These -are trifles; but they display the inner nature of the man better than -more important events, and deserve record. Voltaire was writing the "Age -of Louis XIV.," in which he took great pride and pleasure, although from -the tyranny then existing in France, the publishing of it would have -doomed him to the Bastille. Madame du Châtelet locked up the -manuscript, and would not let him finish it. "He is dying to do so," -madame de Graffigny writes; "it is the work, of all his, which he -prefers. She justifies herself by saying there is little pleasure in -writing a book that cannot be printed. I exhort him to go on, and to be -satisfied with the immortality he will gain. He said, yesterday, that -assuredly he would finish it, but not here. She turns his head with her -geometry; she likes nothing else."—"One day, being indisposed, the -lady could not write; so she went to bed, and sent for me, saying that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{Pg 30}</a></span> -Voltaire would read his tragedy of 'Mérope.' When he came, she took it -into her head that he should change his coat. He objected, on the score -that he might catch cold, but at last had the complaisance to send for -his valet to get another coat. The servant could not be found. Voltaire -thought himself let off. Not at all: she recommenced her persecution -till Voltaire got angry. He said a few words in English, and left the -room. He was sent for; but replied he was taken ill. Adieu to -'Mérope!'—I was furious. Presently a visitor came, and I said I would -go to see Voltaire, and the lady told me to try to bring him back. I -found him in excellent humour, quite forgetful of his illness; but it -returned when we were sent for, and he was very sullen." Another time -she writes: "I pity poor Voltaire, since he and his friend cannot agree. -Ah, dear friend! where is there happiness on earth for mortals? We are -always deceived by appearances: at a distance, we thought them the -happiest people in the world; but, now that I am with them, I discern -the truth." -</p> - -<p> -Nor was the lady always the peccant person. On one occasion madame de -Graffigny writes: "Voltaire is in a state resembling madness. He -torments his friend till I am forced to pity her. She has made me her -confidant. Voltaire is really mad. One day we were about to act a -comedy—every one was ready, when the post came in; he received -unpleasant letters: he burst forth into exclamations of anguish, and -fell into a species of convulsions. Madame du Châtelet came to me with -tears in her eyes, and begged me to put off the play. Yesterday he had -an interval of quiet, and we acted. How strange that, with all his -genius, he should be so absurd!" -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire's disquiet arose from some defamatory attacks made on him by J. -B. Rousseau and the abbé Desfontaines. We have seen the history of his -intercourse with the former; it was unworthy the poet to revenge himself -by libels. Voltaire had exerted his influence to save Desfontaines when -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{Pg 31}</a></span> -accused of a capital offence: he was repaid by the publication of -calumnies. The attacks deserved contempt only; but Voltaire could not be -brought to this opinion: "I must have reparation," he writes to a -friend, "or I die dishonoured. Facts and the most shocking impostures -are in question. You know not to what a degree the abbé Desfontaines is -the oracle of the provinces. I am told that he is despised in Paris; yet -his 'Observations' sell better than any other work. My silence drives -him to despair, you say. Ah, how little do you know him! He will take my -silence as a mark of submission; and I shall be disgraced by the most -despicable man alive, without the smallest act of revenge—without -justifying myself." -</p> - -<p> -With these feelings he thought it necessary to write a defence. He -proposed, at one time, entering on a lawsuit. And, to add to his -troubles, his friend Thiriot acted a weak, tergiversating part. Weak in -health, irritated in temper by excessive application, he was in a state -of too great excitement to judge calmly and act with dignity. For six -months every occupation was postponed to his desire of vengeance; a -serious attack of illness was the consequence. With this unfortunate -susceptibility when defamed, we must contrast his patience under every -other species of annoyance, and his constant benevolence. He suffered -various pecuniary losses at this time, but never complained, nor ceased -to benefit several literary men who had no resource except in his -generosity. -</p> - -<p> -To return to Cirey and its letter-writing guest. Madame de Graffigny's -own turn for suffering came at last. The bigotry and severity of the -French government with regard to the press, while cardinal Fleuri was -minister, kept Voltaire and his friend in a continual state of -uneasiness. Twice since his retirement to Cirey he had been obliged to fly -to Holland to escape a <i>lettre de cachet</i>; and, meanwhile, he could -not resist writing satires on religion and government, which he read to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{Pg 32}</a></span> -his friends; and, their existence becoming known, the cardinal was on -the alert. He had declared that if his burlesque of the "Pucelle" -appeared, the author should end his days in the Bastille. Madame du -Châtelet was more cautious and more fearful than Voltaire himself; and -the imprudence of the latter, and the frightful evils that impended, did -any treacherous friend either lay hands on any portion of the -manuscript, or have a memory retentive enough to write it after it was -read aloud, is in some degree an excuse for the otherwise unpardonable -liberty she took to waylay, open, and read the letters of her guests. -Madame de Graffigny had been delighted with a canto of "Joan," and sent -a sketch of its plan in a letter to her friend. M. Devaux, in answer, -simply replied, "The canto of 'Joan' is charming." The letter containing -these words was opened by madame du Châtelet. Her terror distorted the -meaning of the phrase, and represented in frightful colours the evil -that would ensue; for she fancied that madame de Graffigny had in some -manner possessed herself of, and sent to Lunéville, a canto of a poem -so forbidden and guarded, that she had prevented Voltaire from -communicating any portion of it to the prince royal of Prussia, lest any -accidental discovery should be made. The storm broke unexpectedly and -frightfully. Voltaire learnt and shared his friend's apprehensions. As -a means of discovering the extent of the mischief, he, unexpectedly, the -same evening, after madame de Graffigny had retired to her room, and was -occupied writing letters, visited her there, saying, that he was ruined, -and that his life was in her hands; and in reply to her expressions of -astonishment, informed her that a hundred copies of one of the cantos of -"Joan" were about in the world, and that he must fly to Holland,—to -the end of the world—for safety; that M. du Châtelet was to set out -for Lunéville; and that she must write to her friend Devaux to collect all -the copies. Madame de Graffigny, charmed that she had an opportunity of -obliging her kind host, assured him of her zeal, and expressed her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{Pg 33}</a></span> -sorrow that such an accident should happen while she was his guest. On -this, Voltaire became furious: "No tergiversation, madam," he cried. -"You sent the canto!" Her counter-asseverations were of no avail—she -believed herself the most unlucky person in the world that the suspicion -should fall on her. In vain she protested. Voltaire at length asserted -that Devaux had read the canto sent by her to various persons, and that -madame du Châtelet had the proof in her pocket: her justification was -not attended to by the angry poet, who declared that he was -irretrievably ruined. In the midst of this frightful scene, which had -lasted an hour, madame du Châtelet burst into the room: her violence, -her abuse, and insulting expressions overwhelmed her poor guest. -Voltaire in vain endeavoured to calm her. At length madame de Graffigny -was informed of the cause of the tumult and accusation; she was shown -the phrase in her correspondent's letter,—"The canto of 'Joan' is -charming;"—she understood and explained its meaning. Voltaire -believed her on the instant, and made a thousand apologies. His friend was -less placable. Madame de Graffigny was obliged to promise to write for her -own letter containing the account of the canto of the poem, to prove her -innocence. She did this; and till it came all her letters were opened: -she was treated with haughtiness by the lady, and remained shut up in -her own room, solitary and sad; for, to crown her misfortunes, the poor -woman had not a sous in the world, and could not escape from a place -where she was exposed to so much insult. At length her letter was -returned. Madame du Châtelet took care to waylay it, and satisfied -herself by reading it; and then, a few days after, she apologised to her -unfortunate guest; and, fearful, indeed, of her ill report on the -subject, became remarkably civil and kind. Voltaire conducted himself -much better. "I believe," madame de Graffigny writes, "that he was -entirely ignorant of the practice of opening my letters; he appeared to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{Pg 34}</a></span> -believe my simple word, and saw the illness I suffered, in consequence, -with regret. He often visited me in my room, shed tears, and said that -he was miserable at being the cause of my suffering. He has never once -entered my room without the humblest and most pathetic apologies; he -redoubled his care that I should be well attended; he even said that -madame du Châtelet was a terrible woman—that she had no flexibility -of heart, though it was good. In short, I have every reason to be content -with Voltaire." -</p> - -<p> -Such was the paradise of Cirey. The arduous study and ill health of -Voltaire, the mental labours of his friend, their very accomplishments -and wit, tended, probably, to irritate tempers, irritable in themselves. -As to the poem, the cause of the storm, it had certainly better never -have been written than occasion so much fear, and pain, and misconduct. -We confess we have never read it. Its framework is indecency and -ridicule of sacred things; chiefly, indeed, of the legends of the -saints, which is more excusable; but still the whole is conceived in bad -taste. We cannot understand the state of manners when such a poem could -be read aloud to women; and we feel that we are scarcely fair judges of -persons living in a system and actuated by motives so contrary to our -own: so that, while we thank God we are not like them, we must be -indulgent to faults which we have not any temptation to commit. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire's residence at Cirey was marked by the commencement of his -correspondence with Frederic the Great, then prince royal of Prussia. It -is well known that this sovereign passed a youth of great -suffering—that he was imprisoned for an endeavour to escape from the -state of servitude to which his father reduced him. His dearest friend -was executed before his eyes, and measures taken that he himself should -be condemned to death. To avoid a recurrence of these misfortunes, he -lived in a most retired manner during the remainder of his father's -life; given up to the cultivation of poetry and the study of -philosophy. He shared the universal admiration entertained of Voltaire's -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{Pg 35}</a></span> -genius, and his noble daring in breaking down the obstacles which the -government and clergy of France threw in the way of the diffusion of -knowledge, and his resolution in devoting his life to authorship. He -addressed a letter to him at Cirey, requesting a correspondence. -Voltaire could not fail of being highly flattered by a prince, the heir -to a throne, who wrote to him that "Cirey should be his Delphos, and his -letters oracles." Voltaire was far from being behindhand in compliments. -He writes: "I shed tears of joy on reading your letter—I recognise a -prince who will assuredly be the delight of the human race. I am in -every way astonished: you speak like Trajan, you write like Pliny, and -you express yourself in French as well as our best writers. What a -difference between men! Louis XIV. was a great king—I respect his -memory; but he had not your humanity, nor spoke French as well. I have -seen his letters; he did not know the orthography of his own language. -Berlin will be, under your auspices, the Athens of Germany—perhaps of -Europe." The compliments on both sides were to a great degree sincere. -Frederic shared the enthusiastic, almost, worship in which Voltaire was -then generally held—and Voltaire regarding sovereigns and princes as -powerful enemies, or at best as mischievous animals, whom it was -necessary to stroke into innocuousness, was carried away by his delight -in finding one who adopted his own principles—looked up to him as a -master, and added to the value of his admiration, the fact of being -himself a man of genius. After Voltaire had quarrelled with him, he -spoke in a jocular tone of their mutual flattery; but still in a way -that shows how deeply it sank at the time. "The prince," he writes, -"employed his leisure in writing to the literary men of France, and the -principal burden of his correspondence fell on me. I received letters in -verse, metaphysical, historical, and political. He treated me as a -divine man; I called him Solomon; epithets which cost us nothing. Some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{Pg 36}</a></span> -of these follies have been printed among my works; but, fortunately, not -the thirtieth part. I took the liberty to send him a very beautiful -writing desk; he was kind enough to present me with some trifles in -amber; and the coffee-house wits of Paris fancied, with horror, that my -fortune was made. He sent a young Courlander, named Keyserling,—no -bad writer of French verses himself,—from the confines of Pomerania, -to us at Cirey. We gave him a fête, and a splendid illumination in which -the cipher of the prince was hung with lamps, with the device, "The Hope of -the Human Race." In his pique, Voltaire speaks too slightingly. Had he -not been a prince, the correspondence of Frederic was worth having; it -is full of good sense and philosophical remark. It was a more -disagreeable task to correct his verses. Yet these are by no means had; -they are nearly as good as Voltaire's own. There is less pretension, but -often more spirit. The whole mass has no real claim to be called poetry; -and in these days nobody reads either: but when they were written, and -had the gloss of novelty, and the interest of passing events and living -men appended, they were at least respectable specimens of a talent, -which in its own sphere could attain much higher things. -</p> - -<p> -The residence at Cirey was broken up by the necessity of attending to a -lawsuit of madame du Châtelet at Brussels, and she and her husband and -Voltaire proceeded thither. -<span class="sidenote2">1740.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -46.</span> -At this period Frederic succeeded to the throne of Prussia. The -demonstrations of his friendship for Voltaire continued as fervent as -ever. "See in me only, I entreat you," he writes, "a zealous citizen, a -somewhat sceptical philosopher, but a truly faithful friend. For God's -sake write to me simply as a man; join with me in despising titles, -names, and all exterior splendour." Voltaire replied, "Your majesty -orders me, when I write, to think of him less as a king than as a man. -This is a command after my own heart. I know not how to treat a king; -but I am quite at my ease with a man whose head and heart are full of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{Pg 37}</a></span> -love for the human race." Frederic, now that he was emancipated from his -father's control, was most eager to see Voltaire. He asked him to visit -him. Voltaire considered his friendship with madame du Châtelet as of -more worth than the protection of a king; for although, through vivacity -of temper and absence of self-control, they quarrelled, there was a deep -feeling of mutual kindness and sympathy on both sides. The king had been -ready to lavish compliments on the "divine Emily;" but his indifference -to women, and his many and important occupations, made him shrink from -receiving a French court lady, full of wit, caprice, and -self-importance. He wrote: "If Emily must accompany Apollo, I consent; -but if I can see you alone, I should prefer it." It ended in Frederic's -forming the plan of including Brussels in a tour he made, and visiting -his friend there. Voltaire's own account of their interview is full of -spirit and pleasantry; showing how, in reality, a Frenchman, accustomed -to the splendour and etiquette of his native court, could ill comprehend -the simplicity and poverty of Prussia. He writes: "The king's ambassador -extraordinary to France arrived at Brussels; as soon as he alighted at -an inn, he sent me a young man, whom he had made his page, to say that -he was too tired to pay me a visit, but begged me to come to him, and -that he had a rich and magnificent present for me from the king, his -master. 'Go quickly,' cried madame du Châtelet, 'I dare say he brings -you the crown jewels.' I hurried off, and found the ambassador, who, -instead of port-manteau, had behind his carriage a quarter of wine, -belonging to the late king, which the reigning sovereign ordered me to -drink. I exhausted myself in protestations of surprise and gratitude for -this liquid mark of his majesty's goodness, substituted for the solid -ones he had given me a right to expect, and I shared the wine with -Camas. My Solomon was then at Strasbourg. The fancy had taken him while -visiting his long and narrow dominions, which reached from Gueldres to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{Pg 38}</a></span> -the Baltic sea, to visit, incognito, the frontiers and troops of France. -He took the name, at Strasbourg, of the count du Four, a rich Bohemian -nobleman. He sent me, at Brussels, an account of his travels, half -prose, half verse, in the style of Bachaumont and Chapelle; that is, as -near the style as, a king of Prussia could attain; telling of had roads -and the passport he was obliged to give himself, which, having with him -a seal with the arms of Prussia, he easily fabricated; and the surprise -his party excited—some taking them for sovereigns, others for -swindlers. From Strasbourg he visited his states in Lower Germany, and -sent word that he would visit me at Brussels incognito. We prepared a -good residence for him; but falling ill at the little castle of Meuse, -two leagues from Clèves, he wrote to beg that I would make the first -advances. I went, therefore, to present my most profound homage. -Maupertuis, who already had his own views, and was possessed by a mania -to be president of an academy, had presented himself, and lodged with -Algarotti and Keyserling in a loft of this palace. I found a single -soldier as guard at the gate. The privy counsellor Rambonet, minister of -state, was walking about the court, blowing his fingers; he had on large -dirty linen ruffles, a hat full of holes, and an old judge's wig, which -on one side reached to his pockets, and on the other scarcely touched -his shoulder. I was told, and truly, that this man was charged with -important state affairs. I was conducted to his majesty's apartment, -where I saw only four walls. At length, by the light of a candle, I -perceived, in a closet, a truckle bed, two feet and a half wide, on -which was a little man, wrapped in a dressing-gown of coarse blue cloth. -It was the king, trembling beneath an old counterpane, in a violent -access of fever. I bowed to him, and began my acquaintance by feeling -his pulse, as if I had been his first physician. When the access was -over, he dressed and went to supper with me, Algarotti, Keyserling, -Maupertuis, and his minister to the States General. We conversed on the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{Pg 39}</a></span> -immortality of the soul, free will, and Plato's "Androgynes." Counsellor -Rambonet meanwhile mounted a hack, and, after riding all night, arrived -at the gates of Liège, where he made a requisition in the name of the -king, his master, which two thousand of his troops helped him to -enforce. Frederic even charged me with writing a manifesto, which I did -as well as I could, not doubting that a king with whom I supped, and who -called me his friend, must be in the right. The affair was soon -arranged, through the payment of a million, which he exacted in ducats, -which served to indemnify him for the expense of his journey to -Strasbourg, of which he had complained in his poetic letter. I grew -attached to him, for he had talent and grace; and besides, he was a -king, which, considering human weakness, is always a great fascination. -Generally we literary men flatter kings; but he flattered me, while -abbé Desfontaines and other rascals defamed me once a week at Paris. -</p> - -<p> -"The king of Prussia, before his father's death, had written a work -against the principles of Machiavelli. If Machiavelli had had a prince -for disciple, he would have recommended him, in the first place, to -write against him; but the prince royal did not understand this sort of -finesse. He had written in good faith at a time when he was not -sovereign; and his father inspired him with no partiality for despotic -power. He sincerely praised moderation and justice, and in his -enthusiasm regarded every usurpation as a crime. He had sent me the -manuscript to correct and publish. I now began to feel remorse at -printing the "Anti-Machiavel," while the king of Prussia, with an -hundred millions in his treasury, took one, by means of counsellor -Rambonet, from the poor inhabitants of Liège. I suspected that my -Solomon would not stop there. His father had left sixty-six thousand -four hundred excellent soldiers. He augmented the number, and seemed -eager to make use of them. I represented to him that it was not quite -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{Pg 40}</a></span> -right to print his book at a time when he might be reproached for -violating its precepts. He permitted me to stop the edition. I went to -Holland entirely to do him this little service; but the bookseller asked -so much money in compensation, that the king, who in his heart was not -sorry to see himself in print, preferred being so for nothing, rather -than to pay not to be." -</p> - -<p> -We have extracted this whole account as highly characteristic, and as -explanatory of much that followed. Frederic loved and enjoyed talent, -and was himself a man of genius; he was simple-minded as a German; -unaccustomed to show and luxury; but he was a king and a soldier. He was -young and ambitious. Voltaire laughed at his economy, ridiculed his -plainness, saw through his pretensions to liberal opinions, and jested -wittily on their friendship. Yet, withal, he was flattered by it. He saw -a refuge and a support against the persecutions he feared in his own -country; and though he would have preferred that a sovereign who called -him friend had been more royal in outward show, he was forced to be -satisfied that though badly dressed and meanly attended, yet he was -really a king, with millions in his coffres, and thousands of soldiers -at his command, and, above all, a man of genius. "He is the most -delightful man in the world," he writes, "and would be sought by every -one, even were he not a king: philosophical without austerity, full of -gentleness, complaisance, and agreeable qualities; forgetting that he is -a sovereign as soon as he is with his friends, and so forgetting, that -it required an effort of memory to recollect that he was one." Such was -the impression which the young king made on his older friend, who had -been accustomed to courts and royalty. But still he felt that the friend -of a king is not half as independent in the royal palace as in another -kingdom. Probably madame du Châtelet's admirable understanding helped -to keep him firm; at any rate, while she lived he declined all -Frederic's invitations, and declared his tie of friendship with the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{Pg 41}</a></span> -"divine Emily" paramount to every other. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire and madame du Châtelet had agreed to vary their solitude at -Cirey by visits to the metropolis. The leisure afforded by the seclusion -of the country was congenial to labour. Far from the society and -interruptions of Paris, they could both devote their whole minds to the -subjects on which they were occupied; but they found difficulty in -getting books. It was impossible at a distance from the capital for -Voltaire to have access to the state papers necessary for the historical -works he had in hand, or for the lady to keep up that communication with -men of letters which, in matters of science particularly, is necessary -to any one ambitious of extending and confirming discoveries. Yet the -change was to be regretted. The vivacity of Voltaire's temper had caused -him to be disturbed by the attacks of his enemies in his retirement. In -the thick of society these attacks were more multifarious and stinging; -and added to this, his reputation in the capital for a wit, could only -be kept up by a sort of small money of authorship, so to speak, which -frittered away the treasures of his mind. -</p> - -<p> -The death of the emperor Charles VI. plunged Europe in war. France -interfered to cause the elector of Bavaria to be chosen emperor, and -attacked Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI. The king of -Prussia, a potentate who had not yet figured in the wars of Europe, -desirous of taking advantage of the distressed state of the empire, -seized on Silesia. Twice Voltaire was employed by his court to sound the -intentions of his royal correspondent, and to influence him to ally -himself with France. The first mission of this sort that he undertook -was at the request of cardinal Fleuri. -</p> - -<p> -Cardinal Fleuri had been the author's friend in his early days. Voltaire -took great pleasure in conversing with him, and collecting his anecdotes -on the reign of Louis XIV. The cardinal was a timid man; the scope of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{Pg 42}</a></span> -his policy as minister, was to keep France at peace and Paris tranquil; -to prevent all movement in the public mind, and to suppress literary -influence, whether it tended to enlarge the boundaries of human -knowledge, or to remark upon the events and personages of the day. He -kept a tight hand over Voltaire. Several <i>lettres de cachet</i> had been -issued against him, and he had declared imprisonment in the Bastille -should punish any future literary imprudence. Voltaire could only keep -up a semblance of kindness and toleration by giving every outward mark -of submission. It was matter of pride to him when he was applied to by -the minister to visit Frederic, and learn his real intentions with -regard to his attack on Silesia. His mission was secret; so that it was -supposed that he had taken refuge in Prussia from some new persecution; -while Frederic himself, not well comprehending his sudden apparition, -after his frequent refusals, guessed that it was connected with -politics, and showed himself for a moment dubious of his integrity. But -this cloud was soon dissipated. The king tried to tempt the poet to -remain. He was firm in his refusal. "I have quitted a brilliant and -advantageous establishment," he writes; "I received the most flattering -offers, and great regret was expressed because I would not accept them; -but how could courts and kings and emolument outweigh a ten years' -friendship: they would scarcely console me, did this friendship fail -me." Nor did friendship alone recal him; he was eager for the applause -of a Parisian audience. Any one who reads his letters, will perceive how -Voltaire was wrapt up in his writings; enthusiasm could alone sustain -him through so much labour. He was desirous that the tragedy of f -Mahomet' should be acted; he was allowed to choose his own censor: he -selected Crebillon, but Crebillon refused the licence; and an intimacy -of thirty years ended in a quarrel. -</p> - -<p> -To compensate for this disappointment, Voltaire brought out this tragedy -at Lille. He found La Noue there, who was well fitted for the part of -Mahomet; and Clairon in her youth, who took the part of Palmyre. During -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{Pg 43}</a></span> -an interval between the acts, a letter was brought to Voltaire, -announcing the gain of the battle of Molwitz; he rose and read it aloud -from his box. The applause redoubled; and he afterwards said, jestingly, -that the victory of Molwitz had insured the success of "Mahomet." The -tragedy was approved even by the clergy at Lille, and Fleuri, when he -read it, saw no objection to its being acted. It was brought out in -Paris under brilliant auspices; but the clergy formed a cabal; it was -declared to be a covert attack on the Christian religion, and Fleuri -weakly begged the author to withdraw it after the second representation. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1743.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -49.</span></p> - -<p> -When cardinal Fleuri died, and Louis XV. declared he would have no other -first minister, Voltaire hoped to establish his influence on surer -foundations, through his long-established friendship with the duke de -Richelieu. This libertine, but not unambitious, noble sought to lay the -foundations of his power by any means, however disgraceful. By giving -the king a mistress of his own choosing, he hoped to rule his sovereign; -and while the duchess de Châteauroux lived, he possessed considerable -power. One of the first advantages Voltaire wished to reap was, to -succeed to the seat in the academy, vacant by the death of cardinal -Fleuri. -</p> - -<p> -To understand the importance Voltaire attached to success in this -endeavour, we must consider his views and his position. The chief aim of -his life was to diffuse in France that knowledge and freedom of -discussion which was permitted in England, but which was barred out of -his country with a rigorous and persecuting spirit. At the same time, -desirous of living in his native land, and to reap there the fruits of -his labours in the applause of his countrymen, he wished to insure his -personal security. As a chief means to this end, he believed it -necessary to gain the favour of influential persons about the sovereign, -and to make himself one of a powerful society, such as formed the French -academy. Voltaire understood his countrymen. He knew how a word can -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{Pg 44}</a></span> -sway—how a jest could rule them. His own temper was vivacious and -irritable. He never spared an enemy. While accusing Boileau and Molière -for holding up the poetasters of their day to ridicule, did any of the -<i>literati</i> attack him, he defended himself with acrimonious sarcasm -and pertinacious abuse. He spared no epithet of contempt, no vehemence of -condemnation, nor any artful manœuvre, so to obtain the advantage. -While he thus sought to annihilate his foes, and to secure himself, the -gates of the Bastille yawned in view, and by the tremour which the sight -inspired, added that bitterness to his sensations which the fear of -disaster inspires. These were the causes of the virulence of his -diatribes—of the sting of his epigrams in which he devotes Piron and -others to everlasting ridicule. It was on this account that he sought to -be a member of the academy. -</p> - -<p> -The moment he began to canvass for the vacant seat in the academy, a -violent cabal was formed to oppose him. Maurepas, secretary of state, an -excellent man, but narrow-minded, was the moving spring of the -opposition. He pat forward a Theatin monk, named Boyer, as his agent. -This man declared that the deceased cardinal's empty chair could only be -filled properly by a bishop. He found some difficulty in finding a -prelate who chose to undertake the invidious part; one was at last -found, and Voltaire lost his election. The same scene was renewed when -another vacancy recurred, during the following year. In some degree the -poet was consoled by the success of the tragedy of "Mérope." The -audience were transported by enthusiasm; they perceived the author in a -box—they insisted on his coming forward. The young and beautiful -duchess de Villars was with him. She was called upon to embrace the -poet; at first she was embarrassed by the singular part she was called -on to act, but, recovering herself, obeyed the call of the pit with the -grace that distinguished a high-born Frenchwoman. Voltaire might well -desire to achieve success with an audience of his countrymen, when such -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{Pg 45}</a></span> -were the tokens he received of triumph. -</p> - -<p> -The king of Prussia, meanwhile, having exhausted his finances by war, -and gained two provinces, found it eligible to conclude a peace with -Maria Theresa; a peace, detrimental to the interests of France, which -was thus left to carry on the war single-handed. It became matter of -policy to induce Frederic to infringe a treaty scarcely signed. The duke -de Richelieu requested Voltaire to be the negotiator. Again his mission -was secret. He pretended to renounce his country, disgusted by the cabal -carried on by Boyer against him, and he had the appearance of applying -to Frederic for refuge and defence against the injustice he met in his -native country. Voltaire's own account of this negotiation is written in -his usual jesting, sarcastic style; he made a joke of the bishop, his -successful rival; and when Frederic answered by a deluge of pleasantries -on the subject, he took care to make his letters public. The bishop of -Mirepoix complained to the king that he was made to pass for a fool at -foreign courts; but Louis XV. replied that it was a thing agreed upon, -and that he must not mind it. Voltaire remarks that this reply was -opposed to Louis's usual character, and that it appeared extraordinary. -But the king probably spoke in the innocence of his heart, announcing a -mere fact, that the bishop's reputation for talent was to be sacrificed -for the good of the state. Indeed, there is a letter from Voltaire to -his immediate employer, Amelot, secretary for foreign affairs, which -shows that he by no means felt easy with regard to the light in which -Louis might view his conduct, and excuses the style of his -correspondence with Frederic. "There are in his notes and in mine," he -writes, "some bold rhymes, which cannot hurt a king, though they may an -individual. He hopes that I may be forced to accept his offers, which -hitherto I have refused, and take up my abode at the court of Prussia. -He hopes to gain me by losing me in France; but I swear to you I would -rather live in a Swiss village than gain at this price the dangerous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{Pg 46}</a></span> -favour of a king." -</p> - -<p> -After some delay, occasioned by the journeys of the king of Prussia, -during which time Voltaire did good service for his court at the Hague, -he arrived at Berlin, and was warmly welcomed. Fêtes, operas, -suppers—all the amusements that Frederic could command, were put in -requisition to please the illustrious and favoured guest. In the midst -of these, the secret negotiation advanced. Voltaire had infinite tact, -and could, like many of his countrymen, mingle the most serious designs -with frivolous amusements, and pursue undeviatingly his own interests, -while apparently given up to philosophical disquisitions or witty -discussions. In the midst, therefore, of easy and jocular conversation, -Voltaire discovered the real state of things, which consisted in the -king of Prussia's desire to embroil Louis XV. with England. "Let France -declare war against England," said Frederic, "and I march." This -sufficed for the subtle emissary. He returned to Paris, and negotiations -ensued which terminated in a new treaty between France and Prussia, and -the following spring Frederic invaded Bohemia with a hundred thousand -men. Voltaire, however, reaped no benefit from his zeal. The king's -mistress, the duchess de Châteauroux, was angry that she had not been -consulted. She managed to obtain the dismission of M. Amelot, secretary -for foreign affairs, under whose direction Voltaire had acted, and he -was enveloped in the disgrace, that is to say, he gained no court -smiles, nor any solid compensation, for his trouble. -</p> - -<p> -His life was now passed between Paris and Cirey—society and solitude. -He and the du Châtelets shared the same house in the capital; their -studies and their amusements were in common. We are told<a name="NoteRef_4_4" id="NoteRef_4_4"></a><a href="#Note_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that on one -occasion, when madame du Châtelet went to court, and engaged in play, -during which she lost a great deal of money, Voltaire told her in -English that she was being cheated. The words were understood by others -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{Pg 47}</a></span> -who were present, and the poet thought it prudent to absent himself for -a time. He asked refuge from the duchess du Maine at Sceaux. Here he -passed two months in the strictest retreat; and when danger was past, he -repaid his hostess by remaining in her chateau, and contributing to her -recreation by getting up plays, and writing for her. "Zadig" and others -of his tales were composed on this occasion. Operas, plays, concerts, -and balls varied the amusements. Madame du Châtelet and Voltaire took -parts in these theatricals. The lady was an admirable actress, as well -as musician: she shone in comedy, where her gaiety, grace, and vivacity -had full play. Voltaire was also a good actor. The part of Cicero in his -own tragedy of "Rome Sauvée" was his favourite part. At other times, -leaving these pleasures, he and his friend retired to Cirey and to -labour. We have an amusing account of several of their migrations, from -the pen of Longchamp, who, from being the valet of madame du Châtelet, -became elevated into the secretary of Voltaire. There is a great -contrast between this man's account, and the letters before quoted of -madame de Graffigny. In both descriptions, we find mentioned the -vivacity and petulance both of the poet and his friend; but the darker -shadows thrown by irritability and quarrelling, do not appear in the -pages of Longchamp; and, above all, the fair disciple of Newton is -delineated in far more agreeable colours. "Madame du Châtelet," he -writes, "passed the greater part of the morning amidst her books and her -writings, and she would never be interrupted. But when she left her study, -she was no longer the same woman—her serious countenance changed -into one expressive of gaiety, and she entered with ardour into all the -pleasures of society. Although she was then forty, she was the first to -set amusement on foot, and to enliven it by her wit and vivacity." Nor -does he make any mention of the violence and ill-humour from which her -guest suffered so piteously. "When not studying," he remarks, "she was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{Pg 48}</a></span> -always active, lively, and good-humoured." At Cirey, she was equally -eager to afford amusement to her friends. "When the report of her -arrival," writes Longchamp, "was spread through the neighbouring -villages, the gentry of the country around came to pay their respects. -They were all well received; those who came from a distance were kept -for several weeks at the chateau. To amuse both herself and her guests, -madame du Châtelet set on foot a theatre. She composed farces and -proverbs; Voltaire did the same; and the parts were distributed among -the guests. A sort of stage had been erected at the end of a gallery, -formed by planks placed upon empty barrels, while the side scenes were -hung with tapestry; a lustre and some branches lighted the gallery and -the theatre; there were a few fiddles for an orchestra, and the evenings -passed in a very gay and amusing manner. Often the actors, without -knowing it, were made to turn their own characters into ridicule, for -the greater gratification of the audience. Madame du Châtelet wrote -parts for this purpose, nor did she spare herself, and often represented -grotesque personages. She could lend herself to every division, and -always succeeded." -</p> - -<p> -From this scene of gaiety, at once rustic and refined, the pair -proceeded to the court of king Stanislaus at Luneville. Here Voltaire -employed himself in writing during the morning, and, as usual, the -evening was given up to amusement. The theatricals were renewed; all was -gaiety and good humour. The marquis du Châtelet, passing through -Luneville, on his way to join the army, was enchanted to find his wife -in such high favour at king Stanislaus' court. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1748.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -54.</span></p> - -<p> -Voltaire left the gay scene to overlook the bringing out of his tragedy -of "Semiramis." In this play he endeavoured to accustom his countrymen -to greater boldness of situation and stage effect. It was necessary to -banish that portion of the audience, the dandies of the day, who, seated -on the stage itself, at once destroyed all scenic illusion, and afforded -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{Pg 49}</a></span> -too narrow a space for the actors. A formidable cabal opposed these -innovations, headed by Piron and Crebillon; and Voltaire, himself, was -obliged to have recourse to means which had been unworthy of him under -other circumstances, and to place a number of resolute friends in the -pit, to oppose the adverse party. The piece was successful, and the poet -eager to return to Luneville. He was suffering greatly in his health. -During his stay in Paris, he had been attacked by low fever; and his -busy life in the capital, where his days were given up to society, and -his nights to authorship, exhausted the vital powers. Notwithstanding -his suffering, he resolved to set out, and proceeded as far as Chalons, -where he was obliged to give in, and take to his bed. The bishop and -intendant of Chalons visited him; they sent him a physician; but, -without showing outward opposition, Voltaire followed none of his -prescriptions, and endeavoured to get rid of the intruders. He felt his -danger; he entreated his confidential servant, Longchamps not to abandon -him, and, as he said, to remain to cover his body with earth when he -should expire. His fever and delirium increased, and his resolution not -to take the remedies prescribed was firm: every one expected to see him -die; he, himself, anticipated death, and gave his secretary instructions -how to act. On the sixth day, though apparently as ill as ever, he -resolved to proceed on his journey, declaring that he would not die at -Chalons. He was lifted into his carriage; his secretary took his place -beside him; he did not speak, and was so wan and feeble, that Longchamp -feared that he would never arrive alive: but as they went on, he grew -better; sleep and appetite returned; he was much recovered when they -reached Luneville; the presence of madame du Châtelet reanimated him; a -few days with her caused all his gaiety to return, and he forgot his -sufferings and danger. -</p> - -<p> -This appears to have been a very happy portion of Voltaire's life. His -friendship for madame du Châtelet was ardent and sincere. Her talents -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{Pg 50}</a></span> -were the origin of their sympathy in tastes and pursuits; her gaiety -animated his life with a succession of pleasures necessary to compose -and amuse his mind after intense study; her good sense enabled her to be -his adviser and support when calumny and scandal disturbed, as was -easily done, his equanimity. Voltaire, when writing, was absorbed by his -subject; this enthusiasm inspired and sustained him. It allowed him to -labour hard, and made him put his whole soul into every word he penned. -His friend participated in his eagerness; and by entering earnestly into -all his literary plans, imparted to them a charm which he appreciated at -its full value. This friend he was about to lose for ever; but he did -not anticipate the misfortune. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1749.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -9.</span></p> - -<p> -A portion of the following year was spent at Paris and Cirey, and they -again visited Luneville; for king Stanislaus had invited them again to -join his court. Pleasure was once more the order of the day. Every one -in the palace was eager to contribute to the king's amusement; and he -was desirous that all round him should be happy. In the midst of this -routine of gaiety, the industry of Voltaire surprises us. He wrote -several tragedies at this period, and his letters are full of -expressions marking the eagerness of authorship, and the many hours he -devoted to composition. Emulation, joined to great disdain for his -rival, spurred him on. He was mortified and indignant at the praise -bestowed on Crebillon by the Parisians; and he took the very subjects -treated by this tragedian, believing that, thus brought into immediate -contrast, his grander conceptions and more classic style would at once -crush the pretender. "I have written 'Catiline,'" he writes, "in eight -days; and the moment I finished, I began 'Electra.' For the last twenty -years I have been rendered indignant by seeing the finest subject of -antiquity debased by a miserable love affair,—by two pair of lovers, -and barbarous poetry; nor was I less afflicted by the cruel injustice -done to Cicero. In a word, I believed that I was called upon by my -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{Pg 51}</a></span> -vocation to avenge Cicero and Sophocles—Rome and Greece—from -the attacks of a barbarian." -</p> - -<p> -This ardour for composition, and these pleasures, were suddenly arrested -by the afflicting event of madame du Châtelet's death. She died soon -after her confinement, unexpectedly, when all danger seemed past. -Whatever might have been the disputes of the friends, these did not -shake their friendship; and if they clouded, at intervals, the happiness -they derived, they left no evil trace behind. Voltaire was plunged in -the deepest affliction; the expressions he uses mark the truth of his -regrets. "I do not fear my grief," he writes to his friend, the marquis -d'Argental; "I do not fly from objects that speak to me of her. I love -Cirey; and although I cannot bear Luneville, where I lost her in so -frightful a manner, yet the places which she adorned are dear to me. I -have not lost a mistress; I have lost the half of myself,—a soul for -which mine was made,—a friend of twenty years. I feel as the most -affectionate father would towards an only daughter. I love to find her -image everywhere; to converse with her husband and her son."—"I have -tried to return to 'Catiline;' but I have lost the ardour I felt when I -could show her an act every two days. Ideas fly from me; I find myself, -for hours together, unable to write; without a thought for my work: one -idea occupies me day and night." To these laments he adds her eulogy, in -another letter, with which we may conclude the subject. Her errors were -the effect of the times in which she lived, and of an ardent temper. We -would deprecate any return to a state of society that led the wisest -into such grievous faults, but we will not defraud the victim of the -system of the praise which, on other scores, she individually -merited.<a name="NoteRef_5_5" id="NoteRef_5_5"></a><a href="#Note_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> "A woman," writes Voltaire, "who translated and explained -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{Pg 52}</a></span> -Newton, and translated Virgil, without betraying in her conversation -that she had achieved these prodigies; a woman who never spoke ill of -any one, and never uttered a falsehood; a friend, attentive and -courageous in her friendship: in a word, a great woman, whom the common -run of women only knew by her diamonds and dress. Such must I weep till -the end of my life." -</p> - -<p> -After this sorrowful event Voltaire established himself in Paris. The -house which he and Madame du Châtelet rented conjointly, he now took -entirely himself. He invited his widowed niece, madame Denis, to preside -over his establishment. At first he continued plunged in grief; he saw -no one but count D'Argental and the duke of Richelieu, who were among -his oldest friends. One or the other, or both, passed the evenings with -him, and tried to distract his mind from its regrets. They sought to -awaken in him his theatrical tastes, which were strong, and which, if -once roused, would effectually draw him from solitude. Voltaire at last -showed sparks of the old fire; other friends were brought about him; he -was implored to bring out his newly written tragedies; he objected, on -the score of the quarrel that subsisted between him and the actors of -the Comédie Français,—he having endeavoured to improve their manner -of acting, and they haughtily rejecting his instructions. This -difficulty was got over by erecting a private theatre in his own house, -and gathering together a number of actors chosen from various private -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{Pg 53}</a></span> -companies; for, as in the time of Molière, the sons of the shopkeepers -in Paris often formed companies together, and got up theatricals. It was -thus that Voltaire became acquainted with Le Kain, who has left us an -interesting account of his intercourse with the illustrious poet. -</p> - -<p> -Le Kain was the son of a goldsmith. Voltaire saw him act, and, -perceiving his talent, begged him to call upon him. "The pleasure caused -by this invitation," the actor writes, "was even greater than my -surprise. I cannot describe what passed within me at the sight of this -great man, whose eyes sparkled with fire, imagination, and genius. I -felt penetrated with respect, enthusiasm, admiration, and fear; while M. -de Voltaire, to put an end to my embarrassment, embraced me, thanking -God for having created a being who could move him to tears by his -declamation." He then asked the young man various questions; and when Le -Kain mentioned his intention of giving himself entirely up to the stage, -in spite of his enthusiasm for the theatre, Voltaire strongly dissuaded -him from adopting a profession held disreputable in his native country. -He asked him to recite, but would not hear any verses but those of -Racine. Le Kain had once acted in "Athalie," and he declaimed the first -scene, while Voltaire, in a transport of enthusiasm, exclaimed, "Oh! -what exquisite verses! and it is surprising that the whole piece is -written with the same fervour and purity, from first scene to last, and -that, throughout, the poetry is inimitable." And then, turning to the -actor, he said, "I predict that, with that touching voice, you will one -day delight all Paris,—but never appear upon a public stage." At the -second interview Voltaire engaged Le Kain and his whole company to act -at his own theatre, Le Kain himself taking up his residence in the house -of the generous poet. Le Kain owed his success to him, and felt the -warmest gratitude. "He is a faithful friend," he writes; "his temper is -vehement, but his heart is good, and his soul sensitive and -compassionate. Modest, in spite of the praises lavished on him by kings, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{Pg 54}</a></span> -by literary men, and by the rest of the world. Profound and just in his -judgment on the works of others; full of amenity, kindness, and grace, -in the intercourse of daily life, he was inflexible in his aversion to -those who had offended him. He was an admirable actor. I have seen him -put new life into the part of Cicero, in the fourth act of 'Rome -Sauvée,' when we brought out that piece at Sceaux, in the August of -1750. Nothing could be more true, more pathetic, more enthusiastic, than -he was in this part." Voltaire instructed the actors when they performed -his own tragedies; his criticisms were just, and given with that -earnestness and vividness of illustration that marked the liveliness of -his sensations. "Remember," he said to an actor who whined out the part -of Brutus, "remember that you are Brutus, the firmest of Romans, and -that you must not make him address the god Mars as if you were saying, -"O holy Virgin! grant that I may gain a prize of a hundred francs in the -lottery." He insisted with mademoiselle Dumesnil that she should put -more energy into the part of Mérope. "One must be possessed by the -devil," said the actress, to declaim with such vehemence."—"You are -right," said Voltaire; "and one must be possessed to succeed in any -art." -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire passionately loved theatrical representations. The tragedies of -Corneille, and, above all, of Racine, inspired him with sensations of -the warmest delight. He wrote his own plays in transports of enthusiasm, -and corrected them with intense labour. But he had a further intention -in erecting his theatre; he aimed at popularity and at court favour, as -a safeguard from persecution, and as insuring his personal safety if he -should excite ministerial displeasure by any philosophical works. It was -for this cause that he endeavoured to propitiate the new mistress of -Louis XV., madame de Pompadour. He had known her before she attracted -the king's attention; and after she became the royal mistress, she -continued for a time on a familiar footing with her old friend. Eager to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{Pg 55}</a></span> -form a party, and to insure her own popularity, madame de Pompadour -patronised literature and the arts, and at first showed partiality for -Voltaire; the courtiers followed her example with eager emulation, and -the sovereign himself was induced to regard him with some show of -favour. He named him gentleman in ordinary to his chamber, and -historiographer of France,—places which Voltaire eagerly accepted, -and regarded as so many bulwarks to resist the attacks of his enemies. The -duties of the first-named place were, however, onerous, as they -necessitated a frequent attendance at court; he was permitted to dispose -of it, and he sold it for 30,000 francs; while, as a peculiar mark of -favour, he was allowed to preserve the title and privileges. -</p> - -<p> -He was, moreover, elected member of the academy; but he purchased this -doubtful honour by the sacrifice of much honest pride. He was not -elected till he addressed a letter full of professions of respect for -the church and the Jesuits. No advancement would have induced him to -this act; but he believed that it was necessary to secure his safety -while he continued to inhabit the capital. At the same time, these -concessions embittered his spirit, and added force to his sarcasms and -hostility, when, by expatriation, he had secured his independence. When -we consider, however, that his concessions were made in vain, we regret -that any motive urged him to them; for if truth be the great aim of -intellectual exertions, the more imperative that those who aspire to -glory in the name of truth should rise far above subterfuge and -disguise. While madame du Châtelet lived, he had occupied a more -dignified position; and, in the retirement of Cirey, remained aloof from -the intrigues necessary to curry favour with an uneducated, bigoted -king, and his ignorant mistress. When his accomplished friend died, the -versatile and ambitious poet sailed at first without pilot or rudder. -What wonder that he was wrecked? and he deserves the more praise, when -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{Pg 56}</a></span> -he retrieved himself after wreck, and attained independence and dignity -in his seclusion in Switzerland. -</p> - -<p> -A member of the academy, and enjoying places at court, Voltaire, for a -short interval, believed that he should reach the goal he desired, and -become the dictator of the literary world, under the protection of his -sovereign. He was soon undeceived: Louis remembered too well cardinal de -Fleuri's lessons, not to regard him with distrust and dislike. Madame de -Pompadour watched the glances of the royal eye, and guided herself by -them. Crebillon was set up as Voltaire's successful rival: he felt his -immeasurable superiority, and was filled with scorn at the attempt made -to bring them on a level. He struggled at first; but still the court and -people called out for Crebillon; and, in a fit of disgust, he accepted -the reiterated invitation of the king of Prussia, hoping that a -temporary absence might calm the attacks of his enemies, and awaken the -partiality of the people. -</p> - -<p> -Frederic received his friend with transports of joy. His undisguised -delight, his earnest request that he would exchange Paris for Berlin -permanently, the charm that his talents spread over the poet's life, and -the security he enjoyed, were all alluring. Frederic spared no -professions of friendship, no marks of real personal attachment; more -than once he kissed the poet's hand, in a transport of admiration. This -singular demonstration of affection from man to man, more singular from -king to author, helped, with many others in addition, to enchain -Voltaire. He, himself, assures us that they turned his head. "How could -I resist," he writes, "a victorious king, a poet, a musician, a -philosopher, who pretended to love me? I believed that I loved him. I -arrived in Potzdam in the month of June, 1750. Astolpho was not better -received in the palace of Alcina. To lodge in the apartment which the -maréchal de Saxe had occupied, to have the king's cooks at my orders -when I chose to eat in my own rooms, and his coachmen when I wished to -drive out, were the least favours shown me. The suppers were delightful. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{Pg 57}</a></span> -Unless I deceive myself, the conversation was full of wit and genius. -The king displayed both; and what is strange, I never at any repast -enjoyed more freedom. I studied two hours a day with his majesty; I -corrected his works, taking care to praise greatly all that was good, -while I erased all that was bad. I gave him a reason in writing for all -my emendations, which composed a work on rhetoric and poetry for his -use. He profited by it, and his genius was of more service to him than -my lessons. I had no court to pay, no visits to make, no duties to -fulfil. I established myself on an independent footing, and I can -conceive nothing more agreeable than my situation." -</p> - -<p> -With these feelings, it is not strange that he listened to his royal -friend's request, that he should resign his places in the court of -France, and accept that of chamberlain in Prussia, as well as a pension -for his life and that of his niece, and that he should permanently fix -himself in his royal friend's dominions; yet, while he accepted these -offers, he had many qualms. Madame Denis, his niece, to whom he -communicated his new plans, argued warmly against them. Her letter has -not come down to us; but she evidently took a keen and true view of the -annoyances and mortifications to which he might be exposed. She was -acquainted with her uncle's irritable temper,—his unguarded -conversation when carried away by the spirit of wit,—his vehemence -when struggling against control. She felt, and truly, that a king -accustomed to command was the last person to show indulgence for such -foibles when they clashed with himself. She prophesied that Frederic would, -in the end, be the death of his friend. Voltaire showed this letter to the -king, and he, in answer, wrote one to the poet, the expressions of which -won him entirely. "How," wrote Frederic, "could I cause the unhappiness -of a man whom I esteem, whom I love, and who sacrifices for me his -country, and all that is dear to man? I respect you as my master in -eloquence,—I love you as a virtuous friend. What slavery, what -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{Pg 58}</a></span> -misfortune, what change can you fear in a country where you are as much -esteemed as in your own, and with a friend who has a grateful heart? I -promise you that you shall be happy here as long as you live." -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire sent this letter to count d'Argental, whom he always named his -guardian angel, as his apology for expatriating himself. "Judge," he -writes, "whether I am excusable? I send you his letter,—you will -think that you are reading one written by Trajan or Marcus -Aurelius,—yet I am not the less agitated while I deliver myself -over to fate, and throw myself, head foremost, into the whirlpool of -destiny which absorbs all things. But how can I resist? How can I forget -the barbarous manner with which I have been treated in my own country? -You know what I have gone through. I enter port after a storm that has -lasted thirty years. I enjoy the protection of a king; I find the -conversation of a philosopher—the society of a delightful -man—united in one, who, for the space of sixteen years, has -exerted himself to comfort me in my misfortunes, and to shelter me from -my enemies. All is to be feared for me in Paris; here I am sure of -tranquillity: if I can answer for anything, it is for the character of -the king of Prussia." He wrote with even more enthusiasm to his niece. -"He is the most amiable of men; he is a king; it is a passion of sixteen -years' standing; he has turned my head. I have the insolence to think -that nature formed me for him. There is a singular conformity in our -tastes. I forget that he is master of half Germany, and see in him only -a good, a friendly man." -</p> - -<p> -To establish the poet at his court, Frederic named him his chamberlain, -and gave him the brevet of a pension of twenty thousand francs for -himself, and four thousand for his niece, who was invited to come and -take up her abode with her uncle at Potzdam. Before he accepted these -bounties, it was necessary to obtain permission from his own sovereign, -of whom he was placeman and pensioner. Frederic himself wrote to solicit -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{Pg 59}</a></span> -the consent of the king of France. To Voltaire's surprise, Louis showed -displeasure. Monarchs are usually averse to any display of independence -on the part of their subjects and servants. He accepted the poet's -resignation of the place of historiographer, which Voltaire had hoped to -keep, but permitted him to retain his title of gentleman in ordinary and -his pension. Yet this was done in a manner that showed Voltaire that if -he were forced to leave Prussia, his position in his native country -would be more perilous and stormy than ever. -</p> - -<p> -He felt, also, deeply disappointed in finding himself obliged to give up -the idea of having his niece, Madame Denis, with him in Prussia. "The -life we lead at Potzdam," he writes, "which pleases me, would drive a -woman to despair; so I leave her my house in Paris, my plate, and my -horses, and I add to her income." Still his niece and his friends were -not content at his throwing himself so entirely into the power of -Frederic, and their suggestions inspired a thousand doubts as to the -prudence of his choice, especially when the severity of the winter made -him feel that the climate was ill suited to his feeble constitution. -</p> - -<p> -However, he manfully opposed himself to the objections raised against -his choice, and the sufferings which the long icy winter caused him to -endure. He devoted himself to authorship. His chief occupation was his -"Age of Louis XIV.," of which he was justly proud. He felt that he could -write with greater freedom while absent from France. "I shall here -finish," he writes, "the 'Age of Louis XIV.,' which, perhaps, I had -never written in Paris. The stones with which I erect this monument in -honour of my country had, there, served but to crush me; a bold word had -seemed a lawless licence, and the most innocent expressions had been -interpreted with that charity that spreads poison through all." Again he -writes: "I shall be historiographer of France in spite of my enemies, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{Pg 60}</a></span> -and I was never so desirous of doing well the duties of my place as -since I lost it. This vast picture of so illustrious an age turns my -head. If Louis XIV. be not great, at least his age is. It is an immense -work: I shall revise it severely, and shall endeavour, above all, to -render the truth neither odious nor dangerous." -</p> - -<p> -Besides this great undertaking, he corrected his tragedies. As usual, he -infected all round with his love of the drama. A theatre was established -at court; the brothers and sisters of the king took parts in his plays, -and submitted to his instructions. This was a species of flattery well -suited to turn a poet's head; yet soon, very soon, the dark cloud -appeared in the horizon, and his attention became roused to assure -himself whether indeed he heard the far off thunder of an approaching -storm. These dawnings of fear and distrust are ingenuously detailed in -his letters to his niece. -<span class="sidenote2">Nov.<br /> -6.<br /> -1750.</span> -"It is known, then, at Paris," he writes, "that we have acted the death -of Cæsar at Potzdam; that prince Henri is a good actor, has no accent, -and is very amiable; and that pleasures may be found here. All this is -true—but—the suppers of the king are -delicious—seasoned by reason, wit, and science—liberty -reigns over them—he is the soul of all—no ill-humour, no -clouds—at least, no storms; my life is independent and occupied; -but—but—operas, plays, carousals, suppers at -Sans-souci—warlike manœuvres, concerts, study, readings; -but—but—the weather, my dear child, begins to be very -cold——" -</p> - -<p> -Such were the first expressions of distrust inspired by observing a -certain degree of deceit in the king. He found that he could turn those -into ridicule whom he flattered most to their face; and he also found -that such blowing of hot and cold with the same breath, which is deemed -almost fair in some societies, was fertile of annoyance when practised -by a king whose word is law, whose smiles are the ruling influence of -the day, whose slightest remark is reported, magnified, and becomes the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{Pg 61}</a></span> -rule of action to all around; and he began to feel that the chain that -bound him and the king, which he flattered would be worn equally by -both, fell heavily round him only. He became aware that the king was not -the less despotic and self-willed for being a philosopher. In truth, -Frederic and Voltaire had a mutual and sincere love for each other. They -agreed in their opinions, they sympathised in their views. Each enjoyed -the conversation, the wit, the gaiety, the genius of the other; but -Voltaire panted for entire independence: to think, to speak, to write -freely, was as necessary as the air he breathed. To gain these -privileges he had quitted France; and though he passionately loved -flattery and distinction, yet these were only pleasing when they waited -upon his every caprice; and became valueless when he was called upon to -sacrifice the humour of the moment to gain them. The king delighted in -Voltaire's talents; but, then, he wished them to be as much at his -command as a soldier's valour, which deserves reward, but which may only -be displayed at the word of command. -</p> - -<p> -The moment a feeling of injustice on one side, and of assumption of -direction on the other, showed themselves, a thousand circumstances -arose to embitter the intercourse of the unequal friends. The king had a -favourite guest, la Metrie, a physician by profession, the worst, -Voltaire tells us, that ever practised, an unprincipled fellow, but -witty and vivacious; whose good spirits, and bold and infidel opinions, -pleased Frederic, who made him his reader. This sort of man is never -suited to a court. The same restless aspiration after independence that -renders a man an infidel in opinions makes him a bad courtier. -<span class="sidenote1">Sept.<br /> -2.<br /> -1751.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -57.</span> -"La Metrie," writes Voltaire to his niece, "boasts in his prefaces of -his extreme felicity in being near a great king, who sometimes reads his -poems to him; but, in secret, he weeps with me; he would leave this -place on foot: and I—why am I here? You will be astonished at what I -tell you. La Metrie swore to me the other day, that, when speaking to -the king of my pretended favour, and of the petty jealousy that it -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{Pg 62}</a></span> -excites, he replied, 'I shall not want him for more than a year longer: -one squeezes the orange, and throws away the peel.'" -</p> - -<p> -These words sank deep in Voltaire's mind; and not less deeply did the -king feel an expression of the irritable poet, who called himself -Frederic's laundress, and said, when he corrected the royal poems, that -he was washing the king's dirty linen. Such heedless speeches, carried -from one to the other by the thoughtless or the malicious, destroyed -every feeling of attachment, and circumstances soon concurred to inspire -both with mistrust, to inspire the weaker with a desire of throwing off -his chains, and the stronger with a more unworthy determination of -adding to their weight. -</p> - -<p> -The first circumstance of any importance that occurred was a pecuniary -transaction between Voltaire and a Jew. Voltaire says, that after the -speech of Frederic, reported to him by la Metrie, he wished to put his -orange peel in safety. Whether his transaction with the Jew concerned -the placing of his money cannot be told; it is enveloped in great -obscurity; however, what is certain is, that it was submitted to a legal -trial, the Jew condemned, and Voltaire entirely exonerated from blame. -The mere fact, however, of an accusation being made against him, and -fault found, was matter of triumph to his enemies. A thousand libels -were circulated in Paris and Berlin, and a thousand falsehoods told. -Frederic, when he heard of the dispute, referred it to the decision of -the law. In this he did well. But he affected to distrust Voltaire; he -forbade him to appear at court till the decision of the judges was -known. Voltaire was far above peculation and pecuniary meanness. The -king committed an irremissible crime in friendship, whether he really -distrusted Voltaire, or merely pretended so to do. But a king of Prussia -is an absolute monarch; all belonging to him are his creatures; and that -one of these should venture out of bounds, either to secure his property -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{Pg 63}</a></span> -or to augment it, was regarded as a deep offence. Voltaire must be -humbled. Treated like a servant, not a friend, what wonder that the -sensitive poet felt that the orange was squeezed a little too hardly, -and began to earnestly desire to save as much of it as he could. A sort -of reconciliation, however, ensued; again all appeared smiling on the -surface, though all was hollow beneath. Voltaire engaged in printing his -"Age of Louis XIV.," was desirous of finishing it before he quitted -Prussia; meanwhile he had a sum of money to the amount of 300,000 livres, -about 15,000<i>l</i>., which he wished to place; he took care not to -put it in the Prussian funds, but secured it advantageously on certain -estates which the duke of Wirtemburg possessed in France. Through the -infidelity of the post Frederic discovered this transaction, and felt -that it was a preparation for escape. Accordingly, he made more use of -him than ever as a corrector of his literary works. In spite of all -these disturbances, there was something in the life of Potzdam -peculiarly agreeable to Voltaire. "I am lodged conveniently," he writes, -"in a fine palace. I have a few friends about me of my own way of -thinking, with whom I dine regularly and soberly. When I am well enough, -I sup with the king; and conversation does not turn either upon -individual gossip or general ineptities, but upon good taste, the arts, -and true philosophy; on the means to attain happiness, on the mode of -discerning the true from the false, upon liberty of thought: in short, -during the two years I have spent at this place, which is called a -court, but which is really a retreat for philosophers, not a day has -passed during which I have not learnt something instructive." Thus -Voltaire tried to blind himself, while he really enjoyed the -conversation and friendship of Frederic, and while the cloven foot of -despotism remained in shadow. -</p> - -<p> -Among other modes of civilising Prussia and spreading the blessings of -knowledge, Frederic had established an academy. This was a favourite -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{Pg 64}</a></span> -creation, and it did him honour. The president was Maupertuis, a man of -some ability, but whose talents were vitiated by the taint of envy. He -had considered himself the first <i>bel esprit</i> at court till Voltaire -appeared. He and the poet had corresponded heretofore, and Voltaire had -not spared flattery in his letters; but he neglected to mention -Maupertuis's name in his speech when he took his seat in the French -academy. This was not an injury to be forgiven; and though Voltaire paid -him every sort of attention, the other could ill brook his superior -favour, especially as Frederic, who had never relished his conversation, -frequently excluded him from the royal suppers, and joined with Voltaire -in making him the object of their endless pleasantries. At first -Voltaire only jested, because he was a wit and could not help it; but -Maupertuis contrived to rouse a more bitter spirit. -</p> - -<p> -He had discovered a new principle in mechanics, that of the <i>least -power</i>: this principle met much opposition, and Kœnig, a Prussian -mathematician, not only argued against it, but quoted a fragment of a -letter of Leibnitz, in which this principle was mentioned and objected -to. Kœnig confessed that he possessed only a copy of the letter in -question, acknowledging that the original was lost. Maupertuis took -advantage of this circumstance; he induced the academy, of which he was -president, to summon Kœnig to produce the original; and when this was -allowed not to be found, he proceeded to accuse him of forgery. He got -up a meeting of such academicians as he could influence, by whom Kœnig -was declared unworthy to be any longer a member, and his name erased -from the list. -</p> - -<p> -Kœnig had formerly instructed madame du Châtelet in the philosophy of -Leibnitz. Voltaire consequently knew and esteemed him, and was indignant -at the persecution he suffered; he took his part openly, and was only -restrained from crushing his adversary by Frederic's personal request -not to make a jest of his academy or its president. The seeds of -animosity, however, between him and Maupertuis, long sown, sprung up and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{Pg 65}</a></span> -flourished with vigour. Maupertuis contrived to excite a disreputable -person of the name of La Beaumelle to attack the poet. His calumnies -ought to have met with contempt only; but Voltaire was irritated, and -his dislike to Maupertuis increased. The president published a book full -of philosophical follies, which Voltaire satirised unsparingly. He wrote -a diatribe called "Akakia," and read it to the king; Maupertuis was the -butt of a thousand witticisms, and the royal suppers rang with laughter -at his expense. But Voltaire was not content to make a jest of -Maupertuis only in the royal presence, and Frederic, beginning to think -that to attack his president was to attack his academy and also himself, -published two pamphlets against Kœnig, which also inculpated Voltaire. -The poet was indignant. "I see," he writes to his niece, "that the -orange is squeezed; I must now try to save the rind. I am going to write -a small dictionary for the use of kings, in which it will be shown that -<i>my friend, means my slave; my dear friend, you are becoming indifferent -to me; I will make you happy, I will endure while I need you; sup with -me this evening, you shall be my butt to-night.</i> Seriously, my heart is -wounded. Speak to a man with tenderness, and write pamphlets against -him—and what pamphlets! Tear a man from his country by the most -solemn promises, and treat him with the blackest malignity. What a -contrast!" -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire was not a man to suffer these attacks without punishing them -with a visitation of his unbridled wit. Fearful of attacking Frederic, -he revenged himself on Maupertuis, and published "Akakia." -</p> - -<p> -He belonged to the republic of letters, and did not understand that it -should be ruled by the will of one man. And then, while he vehemently -reprehended those authors who had made their literary enemies the -objects of public satire, he, himself, indulged in the most bitter -attacks. Frederic considered "Akakia" as a satire, deserved by -Maupertuis, and thus a blameless source of merriment at his supper -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{Pg 66}</a></span> -table, where he had no objection to turn his president into ridicule; -but the publication was quite another affair; by this he considered his -academy, and consequently himself, attacked; and he retaliated by a -still more flagrant outrage. He caused the diatribe to be burnt by the -hands of the hangman in the public square of Berlin. Voltaire had a -right to be deeply incensed by this act. He did not attack the honour or -morality of Maupertuis in his diatribe, but simply ridiculed his -opinions; and though "Akakia" has only that slight merit, dependent on -associations of the day, now lost, which rendered it amusing to a -circle, and was not adapted for general reading nor posterity, still, as -it was not libellous, the act of the king of Prussia was an insolent -exertion of intolerable despotism. He meant, perhaps, to break -Voltaire's spirit by such an insult. Knowing that he could not return to -Paris, he fancied him at his mercy. Voltaire had, however, but one -wish—to escape, and to feel himself once more free. On this outrage -he instantly returned "the king's baubles," as he called them,—the -key of chamberlain, his cross, and the brevet of his pension,—with -these verses:— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Je les reçus avec tendresse,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Je les renvoie avec douleur,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Comme un amant, dans sa jalouse ardeur,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Rend le portrait de sa maitresse."</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -Thus trying to soften the acquisition of his freedom to Frederic -himself. He at the same time said that he was ill, and asked permission -to drink the waters of Plombières. The king, desirous of keeping him on -his own terms, replied by sending some bark, and, observing that there -were as medicinal waters in Silesia as at Plombières, refused -permission for his journey. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire had but one other resource: he asked permission to see the -king. They met, and the pleasure they took in each other's society -seemed at once to obliterate the recollection of offence and wrong. It -is said that Voltaire appeared before the king with "Akakia" in his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{Pg 67}</a></span> -hand; on entering the room, he threw it into the fire, saying, "There, -sire, is the only remaining copy of that unhappy hook which caused me to -lose your friendship." The king, in his German simplicity, fancied that -the poet spoke the simple truth; he rushed to the fire to save the -pamphlet from among the burning fagots. Voltaire struggled to poke it -in. Frederic at length drew out the half-burnt pages in triumph. He -embraced his friend. They supped together. "A supper of Damocles," -Voltaire calls it; but to the king it was one of triumph, since it -appeared to be the sign that he had bent Voltaire's spirit to pass over -the indignities heaped on him, and secured him as a submissive courtier -for ever. As a token of his renewed servitude, he gave him back "the -baubles." Maupertuis, himself, was not spared by the friends, who, as -far as wit could go, sacrificed him at the shrine of their -reconciliation. Voltaire, however, had but one end in view. He used his -regained influence to obtain permission for a journey to Plombières, -promising to be absent only a few months—a promise he did not mean to -keep. But as Francis I. broke the treaty which Charles V. forced him to -make in prison in Madrid, so might Voltaire consider any promise he made -to Frederic void, while the frontiers of Prussia were guarded by an -hundred and fifty thousand men, and independence had become necessary to -his existence. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire exulted in escaping from the palace of Alcina—as he named -the abode of Frederic; but he did not think it prudent to venture to Paris, -where his enemies were in vigour, and strengthened by the displeasure -with which Louis XV. regarded the poet's having exchanged his court for -that of Frederic. Instead, therefore, of taking refuge in his own -country (if the subject of an arbitrary monarch can be said to have a -country), he remained some time at Leipsic. Here he received a -ridiculous challenge from Maupertuis, which only tended to add zest to -his pleasantries upon him; and he then proceeded to the court of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{Pg 68}</a></span> -duchess of Saxe Gotha, a most excellent and enlightened princess, "who, -thank God," says Voltaire, "did not write verses." He breathed again -without fear, believing that he hail secured his freedom. He continued -his journey to Frankfort, where he was met by madame Denis. The bad -state of Voltaire's health rendered a woman's presence and attentions -necessary; and he was proud also of the heroic sacrifice it seemed in -those days when a lady, enjoying the pleasures of Parisian society, -quitted them to attend on a sick old uncle, even though that uncle were -Voltaire. Here a sort of tragi-comic adventure ensued, to the temporary -annoyance of the poet, and the lasting disgrace of the king of Prussia. -</p> - -<p> -Frederic's angry feelings were roused by several just causes of -annoyance. He learned that "Akakia" was published in Holland, and he -remembered the scene of its pretended destruction by its author with -indignation. He was angry, also, that the poet had escaped, and was no -longer liable to the effects of his displeasure, and fear of ridicule -added poignancy to these feelings. Frederic at once wished to punish his -former friend, and to shield himself from the shafts of his ridicule. -Voltaire had taken with him a volume of Frederic's poems, privately -circulated and given to him. The king feared that his corrector might -strip his verses of their borrowed feathers, and deliver up the -unfledged nurslings to the laughter of the world. He sent orders to his -agent at Francfort to demand back this volume, as well as the baubles -before returned and restored. His agent was a Jew of low character, and -totally illiterate. He proceeded against Voltaire, as if he had been a -servant suspected of running away with his master's plate. The precious -volume which Freitag called <i>L'Œuvre de Poésie du Roi son Maître</i>, -had been left at Leipsic. Voltaire and madame Denis were kept under -strict arrest till this unfortunate book arrived at Francfort; and as -there are always ill-omened birds who scent ill fortune, and take -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{Pg 69}</a></span> -advantage of it; so, now, a bookseller of the Hague, whom Voltaire had -employed, many years ago, to print the "Anti-Machiavel" of Frederic, -brought forward a balance of twenty crowns with interest and compound -interest, which the poet was forced to pay. At last, after a -disagreeable and strict imprisonment of nearly a month's duration, -Voltaire and his niece were allowed to depart. -</p> - -<p> -Thus ended the treaty of equal friendship between king and poet. The -pettiness of the details is striking. We find neither the magnanimity of -a hero in one, nor the calmness of a philosopher in the other. Voltaire -had the excuse that he avenged his injured friend Kœnig in his satire -on Maupertuis. He had dreamed of independence in a palace; and from the -moment he discovered his mistake he was eager to be free. Frederic, -meanwhile, was taught by his enemies to regard him as a restless, -intriguing Frenchman. He had written to him, at the beginning of their -quarrel: "I was glad to receive you. I esteemed your understanding, your -talents, your acquirements; and I believed that a man of your age, weary -of skirmishing with authors and exposing himself to the storm, would -take refuge here as in a tranquil port. First, you exacted from me, in a -singular manner, that I should not engage Freron to correspond with me, -and I had the weakness to yield. You visited the Russian minister, and -talked to him of affairs in which you had no right to interfere; and it -was believed that I commissioned you. You had a dirty transaction with a -Jew, and filled the city with clamour. I preserved peace in my house -till you arrived; and I warn you, that if you have a passion for -intrigue and cabal, you have addressed yourself very ill. I like quiet -people; and if you can resolve to live like a philosopher, I shall be -glad to see you; but if you give way to your passions, and quarrel with -everybody, you had better remain at Berlin. * * * * I write this letter -with unpolished German good sense, which says what it thinks, and -without adopting equivocal terms and soft palliations to disfigure the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{Pg 70}</a></span> -truth."<a name="NoteRef_6_6" id="NoteRef_6_6"></a><a href="#Note_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> This letter shows that Frederic believed himself to be in the -right, and had conceived a bad opinion of his friend. We all know the -height to which misunderstandings can rise when fostered by malicious -and interested persons. We cannot wonder that men of quick tempers like -Frederic and Voltaire should disagree; but it was to be lamented that -they made their pettish quarrels a spectacle for all Europe. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire had now a new life to fix upon. He was eager to secure his -entire independence. The tranquillity he had at first enjoyed in Prussia -made him feel the value of peace. This he could never find in his own -country, and he henceforth looked upon expatriation as the only means of -securing his tranquillity. Chance assisted him in forming the choice of -an abode, which, from the independence it afforded, placed him in a high -and dignified position in the eyes of all Europe. He had at first -entertained the plan of establishing himself in Alsatia, in which -province he spent two years, after leaving Prussia, occupied in writing -the annals of the empire; but he was disturbed by the attacks of the -Jesuits, who were angry because they had failed in an endeavour to -convert him. He found that he could not visit Paris with safety; and he -hesitated where to establish himself. Meanwhile, his health being, as -ever, bad, he was advised to try the waters of Aix, in Savoy. -</p> - -<p> -In his way thither he passed through Lyons. Cardinal Tencin refused to -receive him, on account of his being out of favour at court. Voltaire -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{Pg 71}</a></span> -was piqued; but the inhabitants of Lyons compensated for the insult. -They entertained him with public honours; got up his tragedies, that he -might be present at the representation, and receive the enthusiastic -applause of an audience who gloried in the opportunity of thus rewarding -the author of works which excited so much admiration. Proceeding from -Lyons to Savoy, he passed through Geneva, and here he consulted -Tronchin, a physician, whom every one looked on as holding life and -death in his hands. Tronchin dissuaded him from trying the waters, but -promised to restore his health if he would make some stay near him. -Voltaire gave readier faith than could have been expected from a -ridiculer of the medical art. He consented to remain in the -neighbourhood of Geneva; and, finding that it was an established law -that no Catholic might purchase land in Protestant Switzerland, it -pleased his whimsical mind instantly to buy an estate in the territory -of Geneva. -<span class="sidenote1">1755.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -61.</span> -Add to which motive, he fully appreciated the advantages he must derive -from living out of France, yet in a country where French was spoken, and -where liberty of speech and of the press had hitherto reigned -undisturbed. His house, named Les Delices, was beautifully situated. He -describes it as commanding a delightful view. The lake on one side, the -town of Geneva on the other; the swift swelling Rhone formed a stream at -the end of his garden, fed by the Arve and other mountain rivers. A hundred -country houses with their gardens adorned the shores of the lake and of -the rivers; and the Alps were seen afar off,—Mont Blanc and its -range, whose picturesque snow-clad peaks for ever presented new aspects, -as the clouds or the varying sunlight painted them. A philosopher, blest -with affluence, might well be happy in such a seclusion. Soon after his -arrival, Voltaire wrote the fragment of his autobiography, to explain -his quarrel with the king of Prussia. These memoirs are one of his most -entertaining works. The playful sarcasm, which characterises every page -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{Pg 72}</a></span> -he ever wrote, in this production reaches home, yet can scarcely be said -to sting. He laughs at Frederic and his <i>Œuvres des Poésies</i>; he -laughs at his own illusions; and then lingers with fondness on the -retreat he had at last found from the tumult of society and the -friendship or enmity of kings. He congratulates himself on having made -his own fortune, and confesses that this was done by speculations in -finance. "It is necessary to be attentive to the operations to which the -ministry, always pressed and always changing, makes in the finances of -the state," he observes. "Something often occurs of which a private -individual can profit without being under obligations to any one; and it -is vastly agreeable to fabricate one's own fortune. The first step is -troublesome, the rest are easy. One must be economical in one's youth, -and in old age one is surprised at one's wealth. Money is at that time -more necessary, and that time I now enjoy. After having lived with -kings, I am become a king in my home. I possess all the conveniences of -life in furniture, equipages, and good living. The society of agreeable -and clever people occupy all the time spared from study and the care I -am forced to take of my health. While I enjoy the most pleasant style of -life that can be imagined, I have the little philosophic pleasure of -perceiving that the kings of Europe do not taste the same happy -tranquillity; and I conclude that the position of a private person is -often preferable to that of royalty." -</p> - -<p> -These words were singularly verified in the renewal of his -correspondence with the king of Prussia. Frederic had begun it by -sending him an opera he had founded on "Mérope." -<span class="sidenote2">1756.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -62.</span> -Soon after the coalition was formed against Prussia, which, victorious -at first, brought Frederic to the position of rebel against the empire. -The loss of a battle reduced him to extremities; and, rather than submit -to his enemies, he resolved to commit suicide. He wrote a long epistle -in verse announcing his intention: Voltaire answered it in prose, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{Pg 73}</a></span> -combated his idea by every argument that seemed most likely to have -weight. Frederic was in some sort convinced; he dismissed the idea of -self-destruction; but he resolved to fall on the field of battle, unless -the victory was decided in his favour. -</p> - -<p> -This more heroic resolution was rewarded by the gain of two battles, in -which scarcely a Prussian fell, and the defeat of the enemy was -complete. Frederic wrote triumphantly to his friend to announce his -victories. -<span class="sidenote1">1758.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -64.</span> -Soon after, Voltaire was applied to by cardinal Tencin, who had refused -to receive him at Lyons, to forward letters which were to negotiate a -peace. The wily philosopher consented: he was aware that the cardinal -would fail, and he was malicious enough to wish to enjoy the sight of -his mortification. The cardinal did fail, and more disgracefully than he -expected; and the disappointment cost him his life. "I have never been -able to understand," Voltaire observes, "how it is that people are -killed by vexation, and how ministers and cardinals, whose hearts are so -hard, retain sufficient sensibility to die from the effects of a -disappointment. It was my design to mortify and laugh at, not to kill -him." -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire had secured his safety, and could give himself up to that -ardent love of study, that restless aspiration for fame, that eager -endeavour to overthrow the superstitions (and, unfortunately, more than -the superstitions, the religion) of Europe, and that more noble -resolution to oppose all abuses, and to be the refuge and support of the -oppressed, which animated his soul through a long life chequered by -physical suffering. In his retreat of Les Delices, he brought out his -historical work on the "Manners and Spirit of Nations." He composed -several of his best tragedies; he wrote "Candide," a book rendered -illustrious by its wit and penetrating spirit of observation, in spite -of its grossness and implied impiety, which are the reigning blemishes -of Voltaire's writings. As usual, also, he erected a theatre in his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{Pg 74}</a></span> -house. Added to his habitual love for theatrical amusements, he hoped to -impart a taste for them to the Genevese, and so to weaken that ascetic -spirit of repulsion of intellectual pleasure to which, whether enjoined -by monks or recommended by Calvin, he was hostile. -</p> - -<p> -All, however, was not labour, peace, and amusement. The publication of -the poem of the "Pucelle" threatened a renewal of the persecutions of -which he had been the victim in his earlier days. Several forged verses -in ridicule of Louis XV. and madame de Pompadour had been foisted into -the surreptitious edition that appeared, and it was with difficulty that -his friends proved that he was not the writer. Voltaire, indeed, was -always in a state of inky war. A man who had provoked the priesthood of -Europe, and whose talent for perceiving and pourtraying the ridiculous -was unequalled and unsparing, could not fail in creating a host of -enemies. Satires, epigrams, and libels rained on him. In his retirement -of Les Delices, he might, if he had chosen, have been insensible to -these attacks; but not one but found their way; he answered all, dealing -about his shafts dipped in sarcasm and irony, and spreading abroad a -sort of terror that served as a wholesome check to his enemies. A word -or line from his pen marked a man for ever. Several among those thus -attacked were forced to hide themselves till a new victim was immolated, -and their own disgrace forgotten. In his "Life of Molière," speaking of -the epigrams with which Boileau and Molière attacked, and, it is said, -caused the death of Cotin, Voltaire called this the sad effect of a -licence rather perilous than useful, which is more apt to flatter the -malignity of men than to inspire good taste; and in his "Essay on -Satire," he severely blames Boileau for naming the poets whom he -censures. Yet, with blind inconsistency, Voltaire never spared an enemy. -He conceived that, if attacked by, he had a fair right to annihilate, as -he well could, the stinging gadflies of literature. The society of Paris -was kept alive by his multitudinous epigrams. This engendered a baneful -spirit of sarcasm, and spread abroad an appetite for injuring others by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{Pg 75}</a></span> -ridicule, slander, and jests that wound. They rendered society more -heartless and more cruel than ever. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire, himself, was visited by the effects of the disturbed state of -feeling he helped to engender. He had hoped to find a safe asylum in the -Genevese territories. But his attacks on their prejudices created a host -of enemies. He began to feel that the dark shadows of persecution were -gathering round. -<span class="sidenote1">1762.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -68.</span> -He found that, although his presence in Paris would not be permitted, he -might, in safety, take up his abode in a remote part of France. He -purchased, therefore, the estate of Ferney, on the French territory, -within a short distance of Geneva; and thus with a foot, as it were, in -two separate states, he hoped to find safety in one if threatened with -hostility in the other. -</p> - -<p> -He was more fortunate than he anticipated. The persecutions he -afterwards endured were reduced to little more than threats, and were -less than might be expected by a man who first raised the voice of -hostility to, and resolved on, the destruction of a system of religion -supported by a powerful hierarchy which was in possession of half the -wealth of the nations who professed their faith, and which was regarded -as the bulwark of their power by the monarchs of Europe. Voltaire's poem -on the law of Nature, and his version of Ecclesiastes, were burnt in -Paris as deistical and blasphemous, although the latter had no fault but -that of turning the sublime into commonplace. A poem on the earthquake -at Lisbon was also produced at this time; and "Candide" was written and -published. To collect together the most dreadful misfortunes, to heap -them on the head of a single individual, and in one canvass to group all -of disastrous that a fertile imagination can paint, and present this as -a picture of life, does not seem at first sight the most worthy -occupation of a philosopher. Voltaire himself, though he had met -reverses, was a living refutation of "Candide." But as, in truth, -whether by sudden reverse or the slow undermining of years, all human -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{Pg 76}</a></span> -hope does fade and decay, as life proceeds to its close; so Voltaire, -now nearly seventy years of age, might, on looking back, consider -disappointment and sorrow as the mark of humanity; and, by showing these -ills to be inevitable, inculcate a philosophical indifference. Still the -tone of "Candide" is not moral, and, like all Voltaire's lighter -productions, is stamped with a coarseness which renders it unfit for -general perusal. In addition to these minor productions, Voltaire -laboured at the correction and enlargement of his historical work on the -"Manners and Spirit of Nations,"—one of the greatest monuments which -his genius achieved. -</p> - -<p> -While Voltaire was at Berlin, d'Alembert and Diderot had set on foot the -project of the "Encyclopédie." Their plan was, to write a book which -would become indispensable to every library, from its containing the -most recent discoveries in philosophy, and the best explanations and -details on every topic, and this mingled with an anti-catholic spirit, -that would serve to sap the foundations of the national religion. -Voltaire contributed but few, and those merely literary, articles to -this work—whose progress, however, he regarded with lively interest. -</p> - -<p> -The outcry against the "Encyclopédie" was of course prodigious; every -one who did not belong to the party formed by the lovers of innovation -rose against it. Parliament and clergy pronounced its condemnation, and -succeeded so far in suppressing it, that the editors were obliged to -continue it clandestinely. They, however, did not submit without a -struggle: a literary war was declared, which raged furiously. Voltaire -was considered at the head of the liberal party, and he gave his mighty -aid to turn the opposers of his opinions into ridicule. One after the -other, they sank under the shafts of his wit, and were forced to take -shelter in retirement from the ridicule with which his epigrams had -covered them. Voltaire considered his thus abetting his friends a sacred -duty. "I belong to a party," he wrote, "and a persecuted, party, which, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{Pg 77}</a></span> -persecuted as it is, has nevertheless gained the greatest possible -advantage over its enemies, by rendering them at once odious and -ludicrous." -</p> - -<p> -It is pleasant to turn from these matters, which often display the -self-love and intolerance of the philosophers of the day, to such acts -as stamp Voltaire as a generous man, full of the warmest feelings of -benevolence, and capable of exerting all his admirable faculties in the -noblest cause,—that of assisting and saving the unfortunate. A great -niece of Corneille lived in indigence in Paris. A friend of hers -conceived the happy thought of applying to Voltaire for assistance; and -that which he instantly afforded, at once rescued her from privation and -care. His answer to the application deserves record. "It becomes an old -follower of the great Corneille to endeavour to be useful to the -descendant of his general. When one builds chateaux and churches, and -has poor relations to support, one has but little left to assist one, -who ought to be aided by the first people in the kingdom. I am old. I -have a niece who loves the fine arts, and cultivates them with success. -If the young lady of whom you speak will accept a good education under -my niece's care, she will look on her as a daughter, and I will be to -her as a father." This offer was of course gratefully accepted. The -young lady was clever, lively, yet gentle. Voltaire himself assisted in -her education. "I do not wish to make her learned," he writes, "but -desire that she should learn how to conduct the affairs of life and to -be happy." He was rewarded for his exertion by his protégée's docility -and gratitude. As a means of obtaining a dowry for her, he wrote his -elaborate commentary on Corneille's works, and published it, with an -edition of the great tragedian's works, by subscription—inducing the -monarchs and nobles of Europe, through his mighty influence, to send in -their names, and thus fabricated a fortune for the orphan. -</p> - -<p> -Soon after, another and more important occasion offered itself for -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{Pg 78}</a></span> -serving his fellow creatures, and he acquitted himself of the task with -resolution and success. -</p> - -<p> -The frightful spirit of persecution of the Huguenots, engendered by the -revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV. and his -dragoon-missionaries, still survived in the provinces; and not only -embittered the minds of the ignorant, but influenced the legal -authorities, and led them always to associate the ideas of crime and -Protestantism together. Jean Calas had been a merchant of Thoulouse for -forty years. He was a Protestant—an upright and good man, and by no -means bigoted. One of his sons was a convert to Catholicism; but, far -from showing displeasure. Calas made him an allowance for his -maintenance. A female servant who had been in his family for thirty -years was a Catholic. One of his sons, named Marc-Antoine, committed -suicide. He was a young man of a restless, sombre, discontented -disposition; he disliked trade, and found himself excluded by the laws -against his religion from entering on any profession. He read various -books on suicide—conversed on the subject with his friends—and -one day, having lost all his money in play, resolved on the fatal act. The -family supped together; they had a guest with them—a young man only -nineteen, named Lavaisse, known for his amiable and gentle disposition. -After supper, Marc-Antoine left them; and when, shortly after, Lavaisse -took his leave, and the father went down stairs to let him out, they -discovered his son hanging from a door: he had undressed himself, folded -up his clothes, and committed the act with the utmost deliberation. The -family were seized with terror. They summoned medical aid and officers -of justice; their cries and terror gathered a crowd about the house. The -only error they committed was, that, knowing the horror in which suicide -was held, they at first declared that the unfortunate man had died a -natural death. The falsehood of this assertion being at once detected, -the most frightful suspicions were the consequence. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{Pg 79}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -The people of Thoulouse were peculiarly fanatical—they regarded -Protestants as monsters capable of any crime: a whisper was raised that -Jean Calas had murdered his son. A story was quickly fabricated and -believed. It was alleged that Marc-Antoine was on the point of abjuring -Protestantism, and that his family and Lavaisse had murdered him, to -prevent him from putting his design into execution. A thousand other -details were swiftly invented for the purpose of adding terror to the -scene. The chief magistrate of Thoulouse, named David, excited by these -rumours, and paying no attention to possibility or proof, without even -proceeding with legal forms, threw the whole family of Calas, their -Catholic servant, and Lavaisse into prison. In the frenzy of the moment, -they turned the supposed victim into a martyr, and buried him in the -church of St. Etienne, as if he had already abjured his faith, and died -in consequence. One of the religious confraternities of the town -celebrated his funeral with pomp; a magnificent catafalque was raised to -his honour, on which was placed a skeleton, who was supposed to -represent Marc-Antoine, which was made to move; it held a pen, with -which it was supposed to sign the act of abjuration. The people, excited -by their priests, were transported with fanaticism: they invoked the son -as a saint; they demanded the execution of the father as a murderer. -</p> - -<p> -The details of the trial of the unfortunate man accused of murdering his -own son were not less frightful and unjust: of twelve judges, six -acquitted him—it required a plurality of voices for his condemnation. -Two judges were terrified into retiring; others were gained over; a -majority of two was obtained, and the unfortunate Calas broken on the -wheel. -</p> - -<p> -The whole circumstances were full of contradiction and absurdity. Calas -was sixty-eight years of age,—a kind father and a good man. If he had -committed the murder, the whole of his family must have been equally -guilty, as it was proved that they spent the evening together, and that -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{Pg 80}</a></span> -he had never quitted them for a moment. The judges paused, however, -before they condemned mother, brothers, sisters, the youth, their guest, -and their Catholic servant; they deferred their trial till after the -death of the old man, under the pretence that he might confess under -execution. Calas died in torture, however, protesting his innocence; and -the judges were perplexed what to do next. At first they pronounced a -sentence of acquittal; but, feeling that this decision was in too -glaring contradiction with that which condemned the father to the wheel, -they practised on the weakness of Pierre Calas to induce him to become a -Catholic: fear led him to show signs of yielding, at first; but the -weakness was temporary, and he fled from the monastery in which he had -been induced to take refuge. The unfortunate widow, Lavaisse, and the -servant were liberated. Deprived of fortune, covered with infamy, -reduced to destitution, the wretched family took refuge in Geneva. Their -case was mentioned to Voltaire; he sent for the surviving victims to -Ferney; he questioned them rigorously; the mere fact that the parliament -of Thoulouse had condemned the father, and liberated those who, had a -murder been committed, must have been accomplices, sufficed to show that -the sentence was unjust, and the execution of the unfortunate old man a -legal assassination. He obtained the documents of the proceeding from -Thoulouse; he found the narration of the Calas faithful in all its -parts, while their appearance and words bore the stamp of undeniable -truth. He was struck with horror, and exerted that energy which formed -his prominent characteristic to obtain justice for them,—an -undertaking which must strike any one familiar with narratives of judicial -proceedings in France, at that time, as full of nearly insuperable -obstacles. He interested the duke de Choiseul, a man of known humanity, -in their favour. The duchess d'Enville was then at Geneva, having come -to consult the famous Tronchin. She was an amiable and generous woman, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{Pg 81}</a></span> -and superior to the prejudices and superstition of the age. She became -the protectress of the Calas. The family were sent to Paris; the widow -demanded a trial, and surrendered herself to prison. Voltaire was -indefatigable in drawing up memoirs and papers in their justification. -He did what no other man could have done: he roused all Europe to take -interest in their cause, and kept alive the memory of their wrongs by -writings that at once pourtrayed their sufferings and argued in favour -of toleration,—a word which then appeared synonymous with blasphemy, -and even to this day is not imprinted with sufficient depth in the minds -of men. The legal proceedings were carried on at his expense. These -extended to a great length. Two years passed before a definitive -judgment was pronounced; "so easy is it," remarks Voltaire, "for -fanaticism to condemn and destroy the innocent, so difficult for reason -to exculpate them." The duke de Choiseul had named a tribunal which was -not implicated with the tortuous and intolerant policy of the French -parliaments, to try the cause. But endless formalities succeeded one to -the other. The spirit which Voltaire had raised in their favour was -fervent in Paris. Persons of the first distinction visited the accused -in prison, and every one vied with the other in administering -consolation and support. In England a large subscription was raised in -their favour. At length the day of their acquittal arrived. The judges -unanimously pronounced that the whole family was innocent, and the -memory of the unfortunate father was redeemed from infamy. All Paris was -alive with joy and triumph: the people assembled in various parts of the -town; they were eager to see the persons to whom justice was at last -done; they clapped their hands in triumph when they appeared; the judges -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{Pg 82}</a></span> -addressed the king to supplicate him to repair the pecuniary losses of -the family, and the sum of 36,000 livres was given for this purpose. -Voltaire, in his seclusion among the Alps, heard of the success, and of -the enthusiastic joy with which his countrymen hailed the triumph of -innocence; he had a right to look on himself as the cause, not only of -the justice at last done to the wronged, but of the virtuous sympathy -felt by all Europe in their acquittal. He, whose sensations were all so -keen, felt deeply the gladness of victory. He knew that many blessed his -name; he felt himself to be the cause of good to his fellow-creatures, -and the epithet of the saviour of the Calas was that in which, to the -end of his life, he took most pride and joy. His letters at the moment -of the final decision show the depth of his emotion. -<span class="sidenote2">1765.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -71.</span> -"Philosophy, alone, has gained this victory," he writes; "my old eyes -weep with joy." To conclude the history, David, the magistrate whose -fanaticism and cruelty hurried on the death of the miserable old man, -was deprived of his place; struck by remorse and shame, he lost his -reason, and soon after died. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire, known as the protector of the innocent, was soon called upon -to render a similar service for another family. A girl of the name of -Sirven had been carried off from her Protestant family, and, according -to the barbarous custom of the times, was shut up in a convent; where, -not yielding to conversion as readily as was expected, she was treated -with such severity that in a fit of desperation she threw herself into a -well and was drowned. Instead of punishing the priests and nuns for the -effects of their persecution, her family was accused of her death. They -had time to escape, but were condemned to death for contumacy. The -unfortunate father and mother resolved to apply to Voltaire. Reduced to -destitution, they were forced to make the journey on foot, and presented -themselves in a miserable state at Ferney. Voltaire was eager to raise -his voice in their favour, though he was aware that the public, having -lavished all their pity on the Calas would listen coldly to a new story. -The spirit of toleration, which, nevertheless, he had spread abroad, -served him in this case, as the enthusiasm of compassion had in the -other; such delays, however, occurred, that the unfortunate mother died -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{Pg 83}</a></span> -while the cause was yet pending. He could not obtain that the case -should be tried in Paris. The accused were obliged to surrender to the -parliament of Thoulouse. The principal people of that town had become -eager to exonerate themselves from the charges of persecution and -injustice which their former conduct had raised. The trial was carried -on impartially, and Sirven was acquitted. Seven years, however, had -elapsed before this tardy act of justice was completed. -</p> - -<p> -Another instance of religious intolerance, more frightful in some of its -details than the preceding, roused Voltaire to combat the sanguinary -clergy of his country with renewed zeal. But in this instance he could -not save the victims already immolated by the malignancy of private -enmity, and the cruel bigotry of public tribunals. -</p> - -<p> -Some very young men resident at Abbeville had rendered themselves -notorious for the freedom of their religious opinions. They read and -praised with enthusiasm various infidel books then in vogue. They had -been known to sing blasphemous songs at their supper table; and once, on -returning home late at night after a drunken frolic, one struck with his -cane a wooden crucifix placed by the road side. These acts, committed, -as they were, by boys under twenty, deserved blame, and even it might be -deemed punishment, but punishment suited to their few years and -consequent thoughtlessness; but it was a frightful exaggeration to -consider them criminals in the eye of the law, especially as none -existed in France against misdemeanours of this nature, and they could -only be punished by an act of arbitrary power. This was exerted to -punish them with a barbarity which is supposed to characterise the -Spanish inquisition alone; though if we read the history of the Gallican -church, we find that the priests of its powerful hierarchy were behind -those of no nation in the spirit of sanguinary and merciless -persecution. Unfortunately, in the present instance, one of the -principal actors in this foolish scene, a boy of seventeen, had a -personal enemy. A rich and avaricious old man of Abbeville, named -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">{Pg 84}</a></span> -Belleval, had an intrigue with madame de Brou, abbess of Villancour. -This lady's nephew, the chevalier de la Barre, came to pay her a visit; -he and his friends were in the habit of supping in the convent, and he -was considered the successful rival of Belleval. This man resolved to be -revenged. He spread abroad in Abbeville the history of their blasphemous -conversations; he excited the spirit of fanaticism against them among -the populace, and raised such clamour in the city that the bishop of -Amiens thought it necessary to visit it for the purpose of taking -informations with regard to the circumstances reported to him. Belleval -busied himself in collecting witnesses, and in exaggerating every -instance of folly committed by these youths. Unfortunately, not only the -populace and priests of the city, but the tribunals by whom the cause -was tried, seconded too frightfully his iniquitous designs; although the -very fact of the misconduct of the abbess, by bringing the Catholic -religion into disrespect among these boys, ought to have pleaded in -their favour. The young men were condemned to a cruel death. Amongst -them was numbered Belleval's own son; this was unexpected by the -informer; and, in despair, he contrived that, he should escape, together -with two of his young associates. The remainder were not so fortunate. -La Barre, a youth, scarcely seventeen, condemned to undergo the torture -and to have his tongue cut out, and then to be decapitated, underwent -his sentence. When too late, the people of France awoke to a just sense -of horror at the cruelty committed. Voltaire was transported by -indignation. "You have heard," he wrote to d'Alembert, "the account from -Abbeville. I do not understand how thinking beings can remain in a -country where monkeys so often turn to tigers. I am ashamed to live even -on the frontier. This, indeed, is the moment to break all ties and carry -elsewhere the horror with which I am filled. What! at Abbeville, -monsters in the guise of judges, sentence a child of sixteen to perish -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{Pg 85}</a></span> -by the most frightful death—their judgment is confirmed—and the -nation bears it! Is this the country of philosophy and luxury? It is that -of St. Bartholomew. The inquisition had not dared to put in execution what -these Jansenist judges have perpetrated." -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire's horror could not save the victim, for the evil was committed -before the news of the trial reached him. The populace, it is true, even -before the execution of the victims, returned to their senses, and -Belleval was held in such execration that he was forced to fly from -Abbeville, to avoid being torn to pieces. But the king and parliament of -Paris refused to repair their fault towards the survivors. Voltaire did -what he could. He recommended one of the victims who had fled, the -chevalier d'Etallonde, to the king of Prussia, whose service he entered; -and he endeavoured to open the eyes of government to the justice and -propriety of repairing its crime. But the duke de Choiseul feared to -act, and the parliament of Paris was a bigoted and intolerant body. -</p> - -<p> -To his honour, we find that he was unwearied in his endeavours. When -Louis XVI. succeeded to the crown, and a milder reign commenced, he -renewed his exertions. D'Etallonde had, from good conduct, been promoted -in the Prussian army. He invited him to Ferney, and endeavoured to -interest the ministers of Louis in his favour, and to prevail on them to -revoke his sentence: in vain; the government had not sufficient justice -to avoid a fault, nor humanity to desire to repair it. -</p> - -<p> -Such were the crimes committed in the outraged name of religion, that -animated Voltaire with the desire of wresting the power of doing ill -from the hands of the priesthood of his country, and which made him the -unwearied and active enemy of a system which sanctioned such atrocities. -In the present instance, something of fear added a sting to his -feelings. The "Philosophical Dictionary," a work he denied having -written, but of which, in reality, he was the author, was mentioned -among the books, a respect for which formed one of La Barre's crimes, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{Pg 86}</a></span> -and it was burned in Paris, while exertions were made to denounce and -punish him as the author. These failed; but they embittered Voltaire's -enmity. He spread abroad the history of the enormities, which the -perpetrators, ashamed too late, were desirous of hushing up. Lalli, a -barrister, who was accused of having a principal part in the nefarious -proceeding, wrote to Voltaire at once to excuse himself, and threaten -the author. Voltaire replied, by an anecdote in Chinese history. "I -forbid you," said the emperor of China, to the chief of the historical -tribunal, "to mention me." The mandarin took out his note book and -pen—"What are you doing?" said the emperor. "I am writing down the -order which your majesty has just pronounced." -</p> - -<p> -As some sort of compensation for these acts of horror and cruelty, -Voltaire heard of the banishment of the Jesuits from France. This -community had long reigned paramount in that kingdom; one of the society -was, by custom, always selected as confessor of the king. It had -signalised itself by every possible act of intolerance and persecution. -The Jansenists, the Huguenots, and the Quietists were exiled, -imprisoned, and ruined, through their influence. France was depopulated. -In bitterness of spirit, the truly pious and wise of the kingdom, -Boileau, Racine, Pascal, Fénélon, Arnaud, and a long list more, knew -that their zeal for a pure religion exposed them to persecution. -Voltaire disliked the Jansenists, and ridiculed the Quietists; but he -was too just not to revolt from persecution; and though, from the -prejudices of early education, he was inclined to look favourably on the -Jesuits, he rejoiced in their fall from the power which they misused, -and their expulsion from a country, so many of whose most virtuous -inhabitants they had visited with exile and ruin. -</p> - -<p> -In writing Voltaire's life, we have too often to turn from acts denoting -a benevolent and generous spirit, to others which were inspired by -self-love, and a restless spirit that could not repose. Among these, his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{Pg 87}</a></span> -conduct to Rousseau has disgraceful prominence. It is true that the -citizen of Geneva had provoked him first; but Rousseau was the victim of -the system of tyranny which Voltaire so fervently deprecated. Even if -his intellects were not impaired, he had, from the unfortunate -susceptibility of his disposition, and the misfortunes that pursued him, -become an object of commiseration, at least to one who sympathised in -his opinions and views. But once attacked, Voltaire never forgave. He -could not be injured, yet he avenged the intended injury. Had he -confined his ridicule and blame of Rousseau to conversation and letters, -it had, considering his influence in society, been sufficient revenge; -but when, to a great degree excited by Rousseau, those troubles and -tumults occurred in Geneva, from which Voltaire was so far the sufferer, -that he thought himself obliged to sell his property of Les Delices, he -made the tumults the subject of a licentious and burlesque poem, in -which Rousseau was held up to ridicule. The disgrace, however, recoiled -on himself. His most enthusiastic friends blamed his conduct, and -disliked his poem. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire ran a more fortunate career than befalls most men. He was rich, -and he had been wise enough to adopt a system that insured his -independence. At a distance from the capital, he was in reality removed -from the cabals of literature, the turmoils of society, and from the -excitement, so often attended by disappointment, that belongs to the -life of a literary man of high reputation. He led what he himself terms -a patriarchal life; his niece was at the head of his household. The -niece of Corneille, adopted by him, had married M. Dupuis, a gentleman -of some fortune in the neighbourhood of Geneva, and resided in his -house. No foreigner ever passed from France to Italy without paying a -visit to Ferney. All those of any note or merit were received with -cordial hospitality, and the chateau was never free from guests: above -fifty persons of different grades—masters, guests, and -servants—inhabited it. In the midst of this turmoil, Voltaire led a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{Pg 88}</a></span> -laborious life. His health was feeble. During the winters, which the -neighbourhood of the eternal snows render peculiarly severe, he was -nearly always confined to his bed. But physical suffering never tamed -his spirit. From the bed of sickness, he sent abroad various writings, -some in support of the best interests of humanity (as in the cases of -Calas, &c.), others historical and poetic, and not a few replete with -that malicious pleasantry that caused him to be universally feared. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1766.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -72.</span></p> - -<p> -Few things occurred to interrupt the tenour of his life. At one time, -his niece, madame Denis, and his protégés, monsieur and madame Dupuis, -left him to visit Paris, and he was left for nearly two years alone in -his retreat. A thousand reports were current as to the cause of this -separation; but, in time, it became acknowledged that Voltaire's own -account of it was true. "I have been," he wrote to madame du Deffand, -"the innkeeper of Europe for fourteen years, and I am tired of the -trade. I have received three or four hundred English, who are so fond of -their country, that not one has recollected me since their departure, -except a Scotchman, of the name of Brown, who has written against me. I -have had French colonels, with their officers, who have remained a -month, but who serve their king so well, that they have never written to -me. I have built a chateau and a church. I have spent five hundred -thousand francs in these pious and profane works; and my illustrious -debtors in Paris and Germany, conceiving that these acts of magnificence -did not become me, have thought proper to curtail my means to teach me -wisdom. I found myself suddenly almost reduced to philosophy. I have -sent madame Denis to urge the generous French; I have taken the generous -Germans on myself. My seventy-four years and continual illnesses condemn -me to seclusion and moderation. This life cannot suit madame Denis, who -acted against the grain in coming to live with me in the country. She -needs perpetual company and pleasures to make her endure this desert, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">{Pg 89}</a></span> -which, according to the Russians themselves, is for five months of the -year worse than Siberia. Madame Denis had need of Paris; the niece of -Corneille had greater need, as she only saw it at an age and in a -situation which did not permit her to become acquainted with it. I made -an effort to separate myself from them, that they might enjoy the -pleasures of the capital." -</p> - -<p> -After a visit to Paris of nearly two years, they returned to him again. -</p> - -<p> -A visit to Ferney was an event in a traveller's life. In personal -intercourse, Voltaire was, according to the testimony of the king of -Prussia, and of every other contemporary, and singularly delightful and -entertaining. "You are agreeable in conversation, and instruct and amuse -at the same time. You are the most fascinating creature in the world; -and, when you choose, no one could resist loving you: your wit and -genius are so graceful, that, even while you offend, every one is ready -to forgive you." This is the description that Frederic gives of him. Nor -did age diminish the lustre of his wit, the vivacity of his spirit, or -the alternate gaiety and impressive charm of his conversation. It was -only at a distance that his tendency to what the French call -<i>tracasserie</i>—an inherent love of disturbance—and the -vehement, uncourteous, and unfair manner with which he carried on a -dispute, made his contemporaries, while they viewed him with wonder and -delight, yet alternately fear and censure him. He appeared particularly -amiable to those who sought his protection, for he was ever generous in -pecuniary points, and lavish of his praises to literary men, as long as -they paid worship at his shrine. His intercourse with Marmontel illustrates -this subject, and we shall extract his account of his visit to Ferney, as -giving a vivid picture of the vivacity, and whimsical and capricious -disposition, of this singular man; who in age and suffering was as -energetic, active, and enthusiastic as a youth just entering warm and -undeceived on the scene of life. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{Pg 90}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -Marmontel had several years before been excited by him to venture on a -literary career in Paris. On his arrival, Voltaire received him with a -cordiality that warmed the young man's heart; his purse and house were -open to him. Nor did he stop at mere offers; he encouraged him in his -arduous endeavours, and he showed paternal joy in his success. These are -real and absolute virtues in a great man. There is so little -encouragement to literary ambition abroad in the world, especially in -this country. Those who hold the place of judges in the literary world -(including in this class those whose trade is criticism as well as -amateurs) are so afraid of compromising their reputation; and the rest -of society dare not pronounce an opinion for themselves; so that, except -in those instances in which, by a happy hit or servile fosterage of -prejudices, popular favour is gained, and a speedy sale of an edition -gives undeniable proof of success, authors of promise do not meet with -the tithe of the encouragement necessary to sustain them hopeful and -glad in their laborious career. Voltaire's sensitive heart felt that -praise and sympathy were the proper food of the young aspirant, and as -necessary as food, in keeping up that buoyant and confiding spirit which -alone enables him to develope all his powers; he displayed, therefore, -in voice and manner, and in actions, such earnest sympathy as served as -the dearest reward and encouragement to the author. His kindness to -Marmontel was unalterable, but their intercourse was broken off by his -expatriation. Marmontel, accompanied by a friend, visited him at Les -Delices soon after his arrival in Switzerland. "Our welcome," he -narrates, "was the most singular and original in the world. Voltaire was -in bed when we arrived: he held out his arms, and wept with joy, as he -embraced me. 'You find me dying,' he said, 'and you come to restore, or -to receive my last sigh.' My companion was frightened at this -commencement; but I, who had heard Voltaire declare himself dying a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{Pg 91}</a></span> -hundred times before, made him a sign not to be alarmed. In fact, a -moment afterwards, the dying man made us sit by his bedside. 'My friend,' -said he to me, 'I am delighted to see you—especially at a time -when I have a man with me whom you will be glad to hear. It is M. de -l'Ecluse, formerly surgeon-dentist to the late king of Prussia, now -possessor of an estate near Montargis; he is a delightful man. Do you -not know him?'—'The only M. de l'Ecluse I know,' I replied, 'was an -actor at the comic opera.' 'That is he, my friend—the very man. If -you know him, you have heard him sing the song of the Remouleur, which he -acted and sang so well.' And then, with his bare arms and sepulchral -voice, Voltaire began to imitate l'Ecluse. We laughed heartily; but he -continued, seriously,—'I imitate him badly—you must hear M. de -l'Ecluse—it is truth itself—how delighted you will be! Go and -see madame Denis. Ill as I am, I shall rise to dine at table. The pleasure -of seeing you has suspended my sufferings, and I feel quite alive -again.' -</p> - -<p> -"Madame Denis received us with that cordiality which is the charm of her -character. She presented M. de l'Ecluse to us, and at dinner Voltaire -encouraged him by the most flattering praises to give us the pleasure of -hearing him. We appeared charmed—need was—for Voltaire would -not have forgiven faint applause. Our subsequent ramble in his garden was -employed in talking of Paris—the newspapers, the theatres, the -'Encyclopédie,' and the unhappy 'Le Franc de Pompignan,' the butt of -all his jests. His physician, he said, having ordered him to hunt him -every day for two hours, he charged me to assure our friends that they -should receive a fresh epigram every day; and he was faithful to his -promise. On our return from our walk, he played at chess with M. -Gaulard, who respectfully allowed him to win; then we talked of the -drama, and of the revolution in acting brought about by Mlle. Clairon. I -exhausted all the little eloquence I possessed to inspire him with the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{Pg 92}</a></span> -same enthusiasm that I felt myself for this actress; and I was enjoying -the impression I appeared to make, when, interrupting me, he exclaimed with -transport—'That is exactly like madame Denis—she has improved -most astonishingly. I wish you could see her play Zaire, Alzire, -Idamè—it is the perfection of talent.' Madame Denis compared to -Clairon! My ardour was checked in a moment; so true it is that taste -accommodates itself to the objects it possesses. In the evening, I drew -Voltaire out about the king of Prussia. He spoke with a sort of lofty -magnanimity; like a man who disdained an easy revenge, or as a lover -pardons a mistress, whom he deserts, for the indignation and blame she -expresses. The conversation at supper turned on the literary men he most -esteemed; and it was easy to discern those whom he really loved—it -was those who made the most public boast of his friendship. Before we went -to rest, he read us two new cantos of the 'Pucelle,' and Madame Denis -remarked to us that this was the only day since his arrival at Les -Delices that he had passed without shutting himself up in his study -during some portion of it. The next day we had the discretion to leave -him during a part of the morning to himself. I told him that we would -wait till he rang. He was visible at eleven o'clock, but was still in -bed. 'Young man,' said he to me, 'I hope you have not renounced -poetry: let me see what you have lately written.' * * * Before dinner he -took me to pay some visits in Geneva; and, speaking of his intercourse -with the Genevese, he said, 'It is agreeable to live in a country whose -sovereigns send to ask you to lend them your carriage when they come to -dine with you.' His house was open to them, they passed whole days -there. * * * -</p> - -<p> -"In the evening, at supper, our kings and their mistresses were the -subjects of conversation; and Voltaire, while making a comparison of the -gallantry of the old court and the present one, displayed that abundant -memory from which nothing interesting escaped. From madame de la -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{Pg 93}</a></span> -Vallière to madame de Pompadour, the anecdotic history of the two -reigns, with that of the regency between, passed in review with a -rapidity and a brilliancy of design and colouring quite dazzling. -However he reproached himself for having robbed M. de l'Ecluse of -moments which he said he could have rendered far more diverting, and -begged him to repair his fault by giving us some scenes of the -'Ecosseures,' at which he laughed like a child. -</p> - -<p> -"The next was our last day. As we were to depart early on the following -morning, we agreed with madame Denis and messieurs Hubert and Cramer to -prolong the pleasure of being together, by sitting up and conversing -till the hour of departure. Voltaire insisted on making one of us: in -vain we pressed him to go to bed; more wakeful than ourselves, he read -us several cantos of 'Joan.' I was delighted; for, if Voltaire, in -reading serious poetry, affected, as it appeared to me, too monotonous a -cadence, and too marked an emphasis, no one ever recited familiar and -comic verses with so much native grace and tact: his eyes and smile had -an expression I never saw in any other man. Our mutual adieu moved us to -tears; more on my part, indeed, than his, as was fit; for, in addition -to my gratitude, and the many causes I had for being attached to him, I -left him in exile." -</p> - -<p> -Marmontel's account relates to Voltaire's early residence in the -neighbourhood of Geneva. Madame de Genlis visited him in 1776. Being at -Geneva, she wrote to propose paying him a visit. The poet replied -graciously. "When I received his answer," she continues, "I was seized -with sudden fright. I remembered all I had heard related of those who -paid Ferney a first visit. It is the custom, especially for young women, -to tremble, grow pale, and even faint, on perceiving Voltaire: they -throw themselves into his arms, they weep, and show an agitation which -resembles the most passionate love. This is the etiquette of a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{Pg 94}</a></span> -presentation at Ferney; and M. de Voltaire is so used to it, that calm -and politeness must appear either impertinent or stupid. -</p> - -<p> -"I left Geneva in time, according to my calculation, to arrive at Ferney -just before Voltaire's dinner hour; but my watch was wrong, and I did -not discover my error till I arrived. There is no awkwardness more -disagreeable than to be too early when going to dine with those who know -how to occupy their mornings. Wishing really to please a celebrated man, -who was kind enough to receive me, I dressed myself with elegance, and -never before wore so many feathers and flowers. I took with me a German -painter, M. Ott: he was very clever, but with very little literary -knowledge, and, above all, had never read a line of Voltaire; but he -felt the desirable enthusiasm only by hearing of him. He was in a state -of ecstacy on approaching Ferney. I admired and envied his transport. We -entered the drawing room; it was empty. The servants seemed surprised -and hurried; the bells rang, and all gave signs of the truth, that we -had arrived an hour too soon. We saw, at the end of the room, an oil -painting magnificently framed; we hurried to examine it; and, to our -great surprise, found it was a mere daub, representing Voltaire with a -glory round his head, with the family of Calas kneeling before him, -while he trod under foot his enemies Freron and Pompignan. The picture -was the invention of a bad Genevese artist, who made a present of it to -Voltaire. But it seemed the silliest thing in the world to hang it up in -his drawing room. At length the door opened, and madame Denis and madame -de Saint Julien entered; they announced that Voltaire would soon appear. -Madame de Saint Julien was very amiable, and is passing the summer at -Ferney. She calls Voltaire 'my philosopher,' and he calls her 'my -butterfly.' She proposed a walk to me, and I was delighted; for I felt -embarrassed at the idea of seeing the master of the house, and was glad -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{Pg 95}</a></span> -to delay for a few minutes the formidable interview. We went on the -terrace, from which the magnificent view of the lake and mountains might -have been seen, had they not had the bad taste to raise a trellice, -covered with a thick foliage that concealed all, so that the view was -only to be perceived through little openings too small for my head; and, -besides, the trellice was so low, that my feathers caught every moment. -I was obliged to stoop, and this fatiguing attitude was ill suited to -enable me to enjoy the conversation of madame de Saint Julien, who, -short, and in a morning dress, walked at her ease, and conversed -agreeably. At length we were told that Voltaire was in the drawing room. -I felt so harassed and frightened that I would have given the world to -have found myself in my inn at Geneva; but my companion, judging me by -herself, drew me along quickly. We returned to the house. As soon as I -had collected myself we entered, and I found myself in the presence of -Voltaire. Madame de Saint Julien invited me to embrace him, saying that -it would please him. I addressed him with the respect due to his genius -and his age. He took my hand and kissed it, and I know not why, but I -was touched by this act of common gallantry coming from him. -</p> - -<p> -"During dinner, M. de Voltaire was by no means agreeable; he appeared to -be continually angry with his servants, calling to them so loudly that I -started. I had been told beforehand of this habit, so singular before -strangers; but it was evident that it was merely a habit, for the -servants neither appeared surprised nor troubled. After dinner, knowing -that I was a musician, Voltaire asked madame Denis to play. She had a -method which reminded one of the music of the days of Louis XIV. She had -just finished a piece of Rameau, when a little girl of seven years old -entered, and threw herself into Voltaire's arms, calling him papa. He -received her caresses with sweetness; and, seeing that I looked on the -picture with extreme pleasure, he told me that this was the daughter of -the descendant of the great Corneille, whom he had adopted. Several -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">{Pg 96}</a></span> -visitors from Geneva dropped in, and afterwards he proposed a drive, and -he and his niece, madame de Saint Julien, and myself entered the -carriage, and he took us to the village to see the houses he is -building, and the charitable establishments he has founded. He is -greater here than in his books, for so ingenious a goodness appears in -all, that one wonders that the same hand which wrote so much blasphemy, -could form such noble, wise, and useful works. He shows this village to -all strangers, but unpretendingly. He speaks of it with kindness and -simplicity; he mentions all that he has done, but with no appearance of -boasting. On returning to the chateau, the conversation was very -animated: it was night before I took my leave. -</p> - -<p> -"The portraits and busts of Voltaire are all very like; but no artist -has painted his eyes well. I expected to find them brilliant and full of -fire; and they are, indeed, the most expressive of intellect that I ever -saw; but they are full, at the same time, of softness and inexpressible -tenderness. The very soul of Zaire shone in those eyes. His smile and -laugh, which is very malicious, changed at once this charming -expression. He is very decrepit; and his old-fashioned dress makes him -look older. He has a hollow voice, which produces a singular effect, -especially as he is in the habit of speaking very loud, although he is -not deaf. When neither religion nor his enemies are mentioned, his -conversation is simple, unpretending, and delightful. It appeared as if -he could not endure the expression of opinions differing from his own on -any point. On the slightest contradiction his voice became shrill and -his manner decided. He has lost much of the manners of the world: and -this is natural; ever since he has lived on this estate no one visits -him but to cover him with flattery. His opinions are oracles; all around -is at his feet. The admiration he inspires is the continual subject of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{Pg 97}</a></span> -conversation, and the most extravagant exaggerations now appear ordinary -homage. No king has ever been the object of such excessive adulation." -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire, however, though he liked flattery, often avoided it, by not -receiving the guests that poured in. Madame Denis did the honours of the -house; and many a traveller, who had gone far cut of his way to visit -the Man of the Age, left the chateau without seeing him. It was thus he -treated the comte de Guibert, esteemed in those days as a young man of -promising talents, but who is best known to us as the object of -mademoiselle de l'Espinasse's attachment. Guibert, after passing five -days at Ferney, left it without seeing its master. Arriving at Geneva, -he sent him four verses, which wittily, though somewhat blasphemously, -expressed his regret. The wit pleased; the blasphemy, perhaps, pleased -still more, as showing him to be of his own way of thinking; and -Voltaire instantly sent after him, invited him back, and treated him -with kindness and distinction. Many anecdotes are told of the bad -reception he gave others. But as every one, and in particular every -pretender to literature, thought it necessary to visit Ferney, no wonder -that he was often pushed to extremities by their intrusion and -pretensions, and, impatient and whimsical as he was, got rid of them, as -the humour dictated, by open rudeness or covert ridicule. -</p> - -<p> -The astonishing vivacity and energy of Voltaire's temperament led him to -create, like Don Quixote, giants with whom to fight; but he was not -always moved by the heroic benevolence that animated the Spanish knight, -but by childish or more blameable whims. He had built a church at Ferney -(the one belonging to the parish being mean and in disrepair), and went -to mass, for the edification of his tenantry. After mass he delivered an -exhortation against theft (some of the builders of his church having -been guilty of carrying off old materials), which, being against all -canonical rules, scandalised the congregation and incensed the priest. -The bishop of the diocese, an ignorant, intolerant man, hearing of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{Pg 98}</a></span> -desecration, applied to the king of France for a <i>lettre de cachet</i> -against Voltaire. His request was not listened to; but the imagination -of Voltaire was set on fire by the intelligence; nor can we wonder, -considering that he had entered the Bastille, as a prisoner, three -different times. He burnt a vast quantity of papers; he dismissed every -guest; and remained alone with his secretary and father Adam, an -ex-Jesuit, who resided with him. At first he thought it would be -necessary to fly; but soon his restless fancy suggested another mode of -defending himself. The bishop, carrying on the war, forbade any of his -inferior clergy to confess, absolve, or administer the communion to the -seigneur of Ferney. Considering his avowed and contemptuous disbelief in -Christianity, it had been more dignified in Voltaire to abstain from -participating in its mysteries; but he had not the most remote idea of -the meaning and uses of dignity. His impetuosity, his love of the -ridiculous, his determination to vanquish and crush his enemies, by -whatever means, were paramount to any loftier sentiment of calm disdain. -He said, "We shall see whether the bishop or I win the day." -Accordingly, he feigned illness, took to his bed, and insisted on -receiving religious consolations as a dying man. The priest of the -parish refused to comply for a length of time; and Voltaire, to gain his -point, signed a paper declaratory of his respect for the Catholic -religion. The whole scene was indecorous,—insulting to the priest, -and unworthy of the poet. He gained his point at last, and frightened the -curate so much that he fell ill and died; while his conduct in the -church, his angry expostulations with the clergy, and his confession of -faith became the wonder and gossip of Paris. -</p> - -<p> -It is more pleasing to contemplate the good deeds of this versatile and -extraordinary man, whose activity astonished his contemporaries<a name="NoteRef_7_7" id="NoteRef_7_7"></a><a href="#Note_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>, and, -considering his infirmities and age, seem almost superhuman. The civil -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{Pg 99}</a></span> -troubles of Geneva caused a number of exiles. The fugitives, destitute -and suffering, were received at Ferney, and treated with hospitality and -generosity. Voltaire's first idea was to found the little town of -Versoi, on the banks of the lake of Geneva. He applied to the duke de -Choiseul for protection and funds. These were at first granted; but the -disgrace of the minister ruined the infant town, and its founder was -obliged to restrict his exertions to his own colony at Ferney. He caused -commodious houses to be built, and the place, which was before a -miserable hamlet, inhabited by peasants in the last degree of penury, -became a pleasant village, filled by industrious artisans, who carried -on a considerable trade in watchmaking. It is to this village that -Voltaire led madame du Genlis, and the sight of it filled her with -respect for his enlarged views and benevolent heart. -</p> - -<p> -Nor was this the only place that owed the blessings of prosperity to -him. By most persevering and courageous representations he induced the -chancellor Maupeou to enfranchise the peasants of a territory among the -mountains of Jura, who were serfs to the monastery of St. Claude, and -suffered the most unendurable grievances from the feudal laws still in -force. Afterwards, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, he asked for -various exemptions from taxes from the minister Turgot for the town of -Gex, which flourished in consequence, till Turgot was exiled, his -ordinances cancelled, and the town was ruined. His colony fell under the -same ban, and he shared the general loss. He was grieved, but not -disheartened. "It is true," he wrote to his valued and steady friend the -comte d'Argental, "that I have had the folly, in my eighty-third year, -to commence an undertaking above my strength. I must abandon it, and -wait till I grow younger. My strange fate, which led me from Paris to -the frontiers of Switzerland, and forced me to change a filthy hamlet -into a pretty town, a quarter of a league long, follows me; she does not -restore my youth, but crushes me with the stones of the houses I have -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{Pg 100}</a></span> -built. A change of ministry in France has deprived my colony of all the -advantages I had obtained; and the good I have done my new country has -turned to mischief. I put the last drop of my blood into this useful -establishment, without any view except that of doing good—my blood is -lost, and all I have to do is to die of a consumption." He wrote to -another friend: "Ferney, which you saw a wretched village, has become a -pretty town. I scarcely know how this has been brought about; but I know -that it has ruined me. It was ridiculous in so insignificant a man as me -to build a town." -</p> - -<p> -The correspondence which this undertaking necessitated was immense. To -this occupation he added a dispute on the merits of Shakspeare, in which -an entire want of taste and of knowledge, and a superfluity of flippancy -and insult, were the prominent features. It raised a laugh among a few, -but did no honour either to his cause or himself. -</p> - -<p> -What, at its outset, seemed a more tranquil and happy reign, had begun -in France. The latter days of Louis XV. were utterly disgraceful. He had -dispersed the parliament, it is true, which, by its prejudices and -injustice, had become odious; but it was replaced by another, which -reformed no abuse, while it was conspicuous only for servile submission to -the royal authority. Enlightened and popular ministers—Choiseul and -Turgot—were exiled to make room for men of the old leaven, who had no -apprehension of the growing necessities of the times; while his -thrusting upon the court a low-born and infamous mistress, completed the -degradation of the king's position: and the society of Paris, opposed to -that of the court, acquired influence and dignity. The first acts of -Louis the Sixteenth's reign, being to recal the disgraced and popular -ministers, and to exhibit every token of sympathy for the distresses of -the subject, inspired hope. Voltaire ardently desired to revisit the -capital, to feel himself among his friends, and to enjoy the sensation -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{Pg 101}</a></span> -which his presence, after so long an absence, would not fail to create. -The inhabitants of Ferney saw their benefactor depart with tears. He -promised to return in six weeks; and so firmly intended to keep this -resolution, that he put no order into his affairs or papers before his -departure, thinking it not worth while, as his absence would be so -short. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1788.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -84.</span></p> - -<p> -On the 10th of February he arrived in the capital, accompanied by -monsieur and madame de Villette and madame Denis. Madame de Villette was -a protégée of Voltaire. She had been destined for a convent by her -parents; and, in despair, wrote to the patriarch of Ferney to extricate -her from such a fate. He offered her a home in his house. She was -gentle, beautiful, and clever. M. de Villette, a gentleman of fortune, -fell in love with and married her. She went by the name of Belle et -Bonne among her friends. Voltaire had the peculiarity, which usually -attends men of genius, of gathering about him a society composed -principally of women, and she was a chief favourite. -</p> - -<p> -Voltaire brought with him his newly written tragedy of "Irene." He had -the notion indelibly impressed, that, to secure his position in Paris, -he must acquire popularity; and that a successful tragedy was the sure -means of acquiring it. In the present instance he did not need such -support. No conqueror, returned from enslaving a province, was ever -received with such enthusiastic marks of triumph. La Harpe well -observes, that the generation who had witnessed Voltaire's earlier -struggles and clouded fame, had nearly died away; all those born during -the space of the last forty years found the world full of his fame. His -persecutions, his mode of life, his attacks on religion and on persons, -the mischief he had caused, and the good he had done, were the chief -topics of interest: more than all, the brilliancy of his genius dazzled, -its versatility delighted mankind. Even his pettishnesses, his whims, -his follies, ever varying and upheld by him with earnestness and vigour, -kept alive public attention. That this man, the subject of all tongues -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{Pg 102}</a></span> -and all pens, should emerge from his seclusion among the Alps, and, in -his eighty-fifth year, come to take his part in society, and gather the -applause of a theatrical audience, excited, nearly to frenzy, the -curiosity, the admiration, and interest of every inhabitant of Paris. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet, who witnessed his arrival, in his "Life of Voltaire," madame -du Deffand, in her "Letters to Horace Walpole," and Grimm, in his -"Literary Correspondence," give a vivid picture of this last triumphant -but fatal visit to Paris. He arrived in good health; though his first -note to madame du Deffand said, "I arrive, dying; and only wish to -revive to throw myself at your feet." He received all his friends with -cordiality and gaiety, and delighted them with the charm that belonged -to his manners. All Paris pressed to see him; his apartment was never -empty: he received more than 300 persons, one after the other, and had -something witty and agreeable to say to all. Meanwhile, as he was in -reality afflicted by a weakening and very painful disease, his more -familiar friends began to tremble for the result of this new and -exciting scene. "I paid him my second visit yesterday," writes madame du -Deffand, "on the 22d of February. It was not so agreeable as the first. -We were received by his niece, who is certainly the best woman in the -world, but the most tiresome; by M. de Villette, who is the dullest man, -and his young wife, who, they say, is amiable, and goes by the name of -Belle et Bonne with Voltaire and his friends. We did not find him in the -drawing-room; he was shut up with his secretary, and begged me to wait. -His friends told me that he was overwhelmed with fatigue; that he had -read the whole of his tragedy that afternoon to the actors, and had made -them rehearse, and was so exhausted that he could scarcely speak. I -wished to go away; but they detained me, and Voltaire sent me four lines -he had made on his statute by Pigal, to engage me to remain. After a -good quarter of an hour he came in. He said that he was dead—that he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{Pg 103}</a></span> -could not speak. I offered to leave him; but he would not let me. He -spoke to me of his play. He has no other subject in his head: it has -caused him to come to Paris, and it will kill him if it does not -succeed." -</p> - -<p> -Nor was his tragedy his only subject of anxiety. He was told that Louis -XVI. had asked, on hearing of his arrival, if the interdiction to his -residence in Paris had ever been taken off. A question which seemed to -show his disapprobation; but the young queen and her friends, and the -count d'Artois, were borne away by the stream of fashion and friendlily -inclined. A few days after his arrival he fell ill. His mode of life in -Paris was very different from that which he led at Ferney; there he was -subject to none of the calls of society; he saw few visitors, and left -madame Denis to do the honours of the house—enjoying in his own -person the most entire liberty, passing the greater part of his day in bed, -or in study; at other times walking in his grounds and over his estate, -directing the improvements and enjoying the pleasure of creating his -colony, and witnessing its prosperity. His new mode of life deranged his -health, a vomiting of blood came on, and his life was in danger. The -vivacity of the French disposition was shown at this moment. All Paris -was in alarm. The priests gathered round—Voltaire thought it right to -quiet them by making a profession of faith. How far the all-seeing and -infinitely pure Being can be propitiated by a falsehood on the lips of a -dying man, may be considered doubtful; but the clergy thought more of -their own temporal victory than the higher questions of religion and -morality. These might have been satisfied by a declaration given by -Voltaire to a friend, which said, "I die worshipping God, loving my -friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting superstition." Nor was -this the only disquiet that attended his sick-bed: his friends -quarrelled round it concerning the physicians who attended, and -wrangling and dissension—the fruits of the vanity, not the affection, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{Pg 104}</a></span> -of his friends—disturbed the peace necessary for his convalescence. -</p> - -<p> -The vital principle was still strong, and he recovered. He made use of -his renewed strength to visit the academy, and to be present at the -representation of his tragedy. The enthusiasm was at its height. He was -almost crushed to death both at the Louvre and the theatre, -notwithstanding the exertions of the soldiers to keep a passage clear. -The academicians received him rather as the sovereign of literature than -as an equal. At the theatre his reception was still more flattering. His -bust was crowned on the stage, and the audience were in a transport of -delight; tears of enthusiasm and joy marked the feeling of the -spectators, who saw his attenuated figure with sorrow, and every one was -eager to offer him assistance when he left the theatre. His triumph -failed only in that the court still looked askance on him; and his very -presence in Paris was rather connived at than permitted. Still the -manifestations of public favour might satisfy a man even insatiable of -applause. He was deeply touched. "They wish to smother me with roses," -he exclaimed, as he felt his feeble frame sink from exhaustion. -</p> - -<p> -At this moment, at the very zenith of human glory,—when the whole -population of the then most civilised capital in the world seemed to -breathe his name only, to see him only in the world, to crowd round him -in admiration and triumph,—and while their cry, "There is the saviour -of the Calas," rewarded him for his benevolent exertions,—then, had -he retired to his tranquil seclusion at Ferney, he might have prolonged his -existence. But this he was not permitted to do. Madame Denis was -heartily tired of the mountain solitude, which, as Voltaire grew older -and more averse to show himself, became a complete seclusion. He -earnestly desired to return; but, day after day, the solicitations of -his friends induced him to prolong his stay. His secretary, Wagner, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{Pg 105}</a></span> -gives a lively picture of the struggles between him and his niece. The -physician, Tronchin, had begged Voltaire to return to Ferney. "You must -feel," he said, "that a tree transplanted at eighty-four years of age -must perish." "Am I able to support the journey?" asked the old man. -"Yes, I answer for it on my head," said Tronchin; and Voltaire, charmed -with the prospect, gave instant orders for his departure. Madame Denis -argued against it. "I must return," he replied. "I adore the country; it -gives me new life. You, who detest it, can remain here, and amuse -yourself." "Who told you that I hated it?" asked his niece. "My -experience," he replied quickly and sternly. -</p> - -<p> -The cabals which formed the spirit of French society in those days -multiplied to keep the old man in Paris. He was induced to buy a house; -but he made the purchase more for madame Denis than himself, and said -"that instead of a dwelling he had bought a tomb." He still persisted, -while he was in Paris, in attending the academy, where he wished to -introduce the plan of a new dictionary, and in interesting himself with -theatrical concerns. He drank coffee to support himself when he felt his -strength failing; and this producing fever and pain, he took opium to -procure calm. Soon his illness took a dangerous turn, and no remedies -could alleviate it; a mortification came on, which caused him -unspeakable agonies. At length, he fell into a state of exhaustion and -torpor, and died on the 30th of May, 1778. -</p> - -<p> -According to the scandalous custom of the French clergy, impediments -were raised to his decent interment. To baffle these, his death was kept -secret for several days. A grave was denied him in the parish where he -died, and the body was transported to the Abbey de Scellieres, in the -diocese of Troyes, belonging to his nephew, and buried in the church. A -stone was placed above, bearing the words, only—"CI-GIT VOLTAIRE." At -the same time orders were issued by the government forbidding the -newspapers to comment on his death either for praise or blame; the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{Pg 106}</a></span> -actors to represent his plays; and the masters of schools to allow their -pupils to learn his verses. Such arbitrary and puerile acts always -destroy themselves, and add to, instead of detract from, the reputation -of the man against whom they are levelled. -</p> - -<p> -Other governments showed more liberality. Catherine of Russia, who had -corresponded with him, and whom he had held up to the admiration of the -world, openly mourned his death. His old friend Frederic of Prussia -caused his academy to hold a meeting in his honour, during which an -elaborate eulogium, written by himself, was pronounced. -</p> - -<p> -The character of Voltaire is displayed in the preceding pages. He was a -zealous, a warm, and constant friend. When Thiriot acted weakly and -injuriously—sending to Frederic of Prussia the libels published -against his friend—madame du Châtelet and others implored him to -renounce him; but Voltaire, while he reproved, let no word of unkindness -escape. In later days, d'Alembert wrote to tell him that the duke de -Richelieu was acting a false part by him, and prevented his plays from -being acted. Voltaire could not be touched in a more sensitive place; but -he replied, "that such might be true, but that he could not quarrel with a -friend whom he had known for fifty years." He was, it is true, a rancorous -enemy—never pardoning, but visiting any injury done him with the -severest retaliation of sarcasm and ridicule. He was singularly -benevolent and generous. His letters are crowded with instances. His -exertions in favour of the oppressed have been partly recorded in the -preceding pages; it would require many more to commemorate every -instance of his active and enlightened benevolence. When, on the death -of Louis XV., he thought he could get annulled the sentence against the -chevalier d'Etallonde, he procured his leave of absence from the king of -Prussia, supplied him with money for his journey to Ferney, and kept him -there a year, while he vainly exerted his utmost influence in his -favour. He bitterly deplored his failure. The spectacle of injustice -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{Pg 107}</a></span> -filled him with anguish. His mind endured torture from the sense of -injury done others, and he felt it imperative to prevent or repair -crime. The sight, the idea only, of a triumphant or unpunished -oppressor, excited the liveliest emotions of compassion and indignation -in his sensitive and proud spirit. His private benevolence was not less -active. The bookseller Jore, whose imprudence and want of fidelity had -endangered his liberty, applied to him in distress, and was relieved, -with expressions of kindness. A friend died in Paris; his wife, who had -been living separate from him, seized on all he left, and an old and -faithful servant was left destitute. Voltaire instantly made her an -allowance. We might multiply such instances; and while this sad world is -filled with the needy, the afflicted, and the oppressed, it is -impossible not warmly to admire a man who sympathises in the necessities -of his fellow-creatures and alleviates their sufferings. -</p> - -<p> -The great and lasting blame attached to him arises from the inveterate -and bitter hostility he expressed to Christianity. The texture of his -mind partly occasioned this. He was incapable of understanding or -feeling the sublime, the simple, and the pure. The poetry of the Bible -was a dead letter to him; and this may be the more readily accounted -for, as the living French poet, La Martine, whose nature is pious and -reverential, mentions that he never felt its sublimity till a few years -ago, when translated by his friend M. de Genoude. Impurity and grossness -was also a part of Voltaire's nature; and these led him to depreciate -the beauty of the Saviour's character, and the morality of the gospel. -</p> - -<p> -The French clergy of those days must bear, however, much of the blame. -Voltaire ardently desired to crush a church which, in power, showed -itself utterly devoid of the principles of Christianity. Arnaud, -Fénélon, the recluses of Port Royal, and the Quietists, had been its -victims. Racine, Boileau, men of highly moral and pious characters, were -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{Pg 108}</a></span> -injured and calumniated; and this because they did not belong to the -reigning party in the church. What wonder, then, that Voltaire and his -friends were led to despise men who made their religion the pretence for -indulging their worst passions, and were even induced to think ill of -the system of which they proclaimed themselves the sole fitting -supports. Let Christians be real disciples of the Gospel, and men like -Voltaire will neither have the power nor the will to injure the religion -they profess. -</p> - -<p> -We have no space for elaborate criticism of Voltaire's works. We have -alluded to many in the progress of this biography. His "Historical Essay -on the Manners and Spirit of Nations," in spite of its mistakes in facts -and errors of opinion, is a monument of vast genius. His "Age of Louis -XIV." is a beautiful work, though we are not sure that his mode of -dividing the subject is the best. Many long chapters, devoted to the -narration of wars, unmixed by the detail of individual passions or -public struggles, which are thrown into separate portions of the work, -break and weaken the interest. -</p> - -<p> -His plays have not the loftiness of Corneille, nor the soft tenderness -of Racine; but many of them possess much passion and power. His poetic -faculties, such as they were, decayed soonest; his latter tragedies are -weak and poor compositions. As a didactic poet, he ranks low; as an -epic, he is not considered in these days to take any rank at all; as a -burlesque, grossness and indelicacy occasion his verses to be read only -by those whose praise is not worth having; as a critic, he was unfair -and uncourteous, always ready to make ridicule stand for argument, and -not unwilling to advance what was false, when the truth did not -sufficiently support him. Thus he could translate a speech of Falstaff, -declaring that it was meant to be tragic, because it occurred in a -tragedy. His lighter productions are among his best, and, though sullied -by his peculiar defects, are full of genius. The great characteristic of -Voltaire is, that he scarcely ever penned a line that is not instinct -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{Pg 109}</a></span> -with spirit and life and genius. If you open by chance any volume of his -works, you will be struck at once by the strength and felicity of his -expressions—the vivacity of the sentiment—the penetration with -which he detects the false—the wit which gives sparkle and point to -all he says. He was, it is true, of the second order of minds, but first -among the second; and such was his perfection in his art, as far as it -went, that he contrived, while living, to fill a first place, and will -always receive a larger share of attention and praise than his intrinsic -merits deserve. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{Pg 110}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_1_1" id="Note_1_1"></a><a href="#NoteRef_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>His own high opinion of the "Henriade" is manifested in -certain verses he wrote on the subject, which may be mentioned as proof, -at once, of his vanity and his entire inability to understand and -appreciate poetry. These verses, indeed, only embody, in a few lines, -his "Essay on Epic Poetry," in which he proves that absence of -imagination is the chief merit of a poet.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_2_2" id="Note_2_2"></a><a href="#NoteRef_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>That we may be impartial, we quote the opinion expressed of -this poem by a modern French critic. Barante, in his "Essay on French -Literature of the Eighteenth Century," remarks, "Voltaire has most -fallen in his reputation as an epic poet. He flattered himself in vain -that he had bestowed an epic on France. Such a work could not be -produced in the times in which he lived, nor with a character like his. -For epic poetry we need the lively and free imagination of the first -ages: knowledge must not have weakened faith, enthusiasm of feeling, nor -the variety and vigour of character. . . . . By a serious and melancholy -character, and pure and true feelings, and the memory of adversity -brooded over in solitude, an epic might be rendered as touching as it -has been rendered sublime, and interest might stand in place of -imagination. But if Virgil secluded himself from the influence of the -court of Augustus, Voltaire was far from avoiding that of the court of -the regent. He composed an epic poem with the same degree of interest as -would have sufficed to enable him to write an epistle in verse. He -fancied that an epic consisted in certain forms agreed upon, in -prescribed supernatural agency. He fulfilled these rules, and believed -that he had achieved a great work. He was not aware that it is not a -dream, a recital, and the introduction of divinities, that constitutes -an epic poem; but an elevated and solemn imagination; and, above all, -simplicity and truth, under whatever form. The Iliad does not resemble -the Odyssey in the arrangement of its parts: these poems have nothing in -common, except the epic spirit." So far the enlightened critic speaks. -Then, to soothe ruffled French vanity, he adds, "Nevertheless, it cannot -by denied that the 'Henriade' contains great beauties; the poetry is not -epic, but is sometimes elevated and pathetic."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_3_3" id="Note_3_3"></a><a href="#NoteRef_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>The love of scandal, which belongs to humanity, always -busies itself in exaggerations. In a virtuous and primitive state of -society, slight peccadilloes serve the turn of the backbiter; the -inventions grow with the necessity of surpassing the fact. If the regent -had been a Quaker, he would have been accused of kissing any favoured -lady by stealth: being unfortunately a profligate, he was accused of -incest; the next step beyond the fact which it was necessary for slander -to make.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_4_4" id="Note_4_4"></a><a href="#NoteRef_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>Mémoires de Longchamp.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_5_5" id="Note_5_5"></a><a href="#NoteRef_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>It is difficult to decide on madame du Châtelet's -character. With regard to the immorality of her liaison with Voltaire, -we will merely refer to the clever preface of the English editor to -madame du Duffand's correspondence with Horace Walpole, in which the -stale of society in that age is so well described; and only remark, that -such was the system, that a devoted and enduring friendship for so great -a man was considered highly respectable, even though that friendship -militated against our stricter notions of social duties; it not being -considered the business of any one to inquire into, or concern -themselves with, a question that related only to the persons immediately -implicated. With regard to madame du Châtelet's general character, she -was unpopular through the vehemence of her temper, and even the ardour -with which she devoted herself to study. She had several of the faults -attributed to literary women, which arise from their not having the -physical strength to go through great intellectual labour without -suffering from nervous irritation In other respects she was evidently -generous and sincere. Her judgment was sound; her common sense clear and -steady. She was witty and vivacious, and had as much to bear from -Voltaire's petulance, whimsicalness, and vehemence, as he from her more -imperious temper.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_6_6" id="Note_6_6"></a><a href="#NoteRef_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>When the correspondence was renewed between Frederic and -Voltaire, they could not help alluding to the past, and their -expressions show that each thought himself in the right. Voltaire says, -"I am unutterably surprised when you write that I have spoken harshly to -you. For twenty years you were my idol, '<i>je l'ai dit à la terre, au -ciel, à Guzman même</i>;' but your trade of hero, and your situation of -king, do not render the disposition tender: it is a pity, for your heart -was made for kindness; and were it not for heroism and a throne, you -would have been the most amiable man in the world." Frederic replied, -with greater force, "I well know that I adored you as long as I thought -you neither mischievous nor malicious: but you have played me so many -tricks, of all kinds. Let us say no more; I have pardoned you. After -all, you have done me more good than ill. I am more amused by your -works, than hurt by your scratches."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_7_7" id="Note_7_7"></a><a href="#NoteRef_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Lettres de Madame du Deffand à Horace Walpole, vol. II.</p></div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="ROUSSEAU">ROUSSEAU</a></h4> - -<h4>1712-1778.</h4> - -<p> -It is impossible to imagine a character in stronger contrast with -Voltaire, than that of Rousseau. They possessed but one quality in -common. It is difficult to know what to call it. In ordinary men it -would be named egotism, or vanity. It is that lively and intimate -apprehension of their own individuality, sensations, and being, which -appears to be one of the elements of that order of minds which feel -impelled to express their thoughts and disseminate their views and -opinions through the medium of writing;—men of imagination, and -eloquence, and mental energy. This quality is good as long as it renders -an author diligent, earnest, and sincere; it is evil when it deprives -him of the power of justly appreciating his powers and position, and -causes him to fancy himself the centre, as it were, of the universe. -Rousseau was its victim; it was exaggerated till his mind became -diseased; and one false idea becoming fixed and absorbing, a sort of -madness ensued. He was too alive to the sense of his own actions and -feelings; and as he had committed many faults, not to say crimes, the -recollection of these, joined to his sincere love of virtue, produced a -struggle in his mind full, of misery and remorse. -</p> - -<p> -Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, on the 28th June, 1712. His -birth cost the life of his mother, and was, he says, "the first of his -misfortunes." His father was a watchmaker, and clever in his trade—it -was all he had to subsist upon. Jean Jacques was born weakly, and with -some organic defect, that rendered the rearing difficult and precarious. -A sister of his father devoted herself to him. According to his own -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{Pg 111}</a></span> -account, his childish years were happy. Loved and caressed by many -relations, and watched over by his aunt, he was indulged without being -spoiled. His father taught him to read, after the business of the day -was over. That his attention might be excited, the long romances of -Scudéri and the elder Crebillon were put into his hands. His father -shared the pleasure he took in this occupation, and parent and child -often sat up all night to indulge in it: a taste for the romantic, and a -precocious knowledge of the language of passion and sentiment, were thus -impressed upon the boy. When the collection of romances was ended, they -turned to other books. They had a good collection, being a portion of -the library of his mother's father, a minister of the church. The -"History of the Church and the Empire," by Le Seur; Bossuet's "Discourse -on Universal History;" Plutarch's "Lives;" Ovid's "Metamorphoses;" the -works of Molière, La Bruyère, and Fontenelle, were among them. The boy -read to his father as he sat at work. -<span class="sidenote2">1720.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -8.</span> -"I thus," Rousseau writes "imbibed a singular taste, perhaps unexampled -at my age. Plutarch, above all, became my favourite reading, and the -pleasure I took in it cured me somewhat of my love for romances, and I -soon learnt to prefer Agesilas, Brutus, and Aristides, to Oorondates, -Artamenes, and Juba. These delightful books, and the conversations to -which they gave rise between my father and me, formed that independent -and republican spirit, that proud untameable character, impatient of -yoke and servitude, which has tormented me through life, in situations -ill adapted to foster it. "With my thoughts continually occupied by Rome -and Greece,—living, so to speak, with their great men, born myself -the citizen of a republic, and the son of a father whose strongest passion -was love of his country,—I warmed by his example—I fancied -myself Greek or Roman—I became the man whose life I read. The account -of acts of constancy and intrepidity which struck me caused my eyes to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{Pg 112}</a></span> -flash, and gave expression to my voice. One day, as I was relating at table -the history of Scævola, the listeners were frightened to see me advance and -hold my hand above a brazier to represent his action." -</p> - -<p> -These happy days, which, had they continued, might have blotted many -pages of error and suffering from Rousseau's life, ended too soon. The -darling of all, he lived in an atmosphere of love. He had one elder -brother, who, treated with negligence, ran away, and took refuge in -Germany. Not long after, his father had a quarrel with a French officer; -and rather than submit to the short, but, as it appeared to him, unjust, -imprisonment with which he was menaced in consequence, expatriated -himself, leaving his little son with his sister, who had married his -wife's brother; and the family was thus doubly related. Jean Jaques was -now sent, together with a young cousin, to board at Bossey, with a -minister named Lambercier. His life here was more pleasurable than -generally falls to the lot of childhood;—the boys had their hours of -tuition, and their hours of play—they quarrelled and made it -up—they had their childish schemes, their holidays,—they were -happy. Rousseau, in his "Confessions," well describes how these days of -innocence and childish enjoyment were disturbed by an unjust punishment. -The injustice sunk deep into the children's minds,—it despoiled their -country home of all its charm; and this circumstance deserves mention, as -it will always be found that the more children are treated with kindness -and familiarity, the more necessary it is to guard against the slightest -show of injustice. At a great school, accusation and punishment are -often the effect of accident, and the boys lay less store by them; they are -not pregnant with disgrace or shame,—many others, like themselves, -are subject to the like, and it appears simply as one of the common -hardships of life. But in domestic education they feel themselves to be -a portion of the whole; and if that whole be harmonious, a discord, an -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{Pg 113}</a></span> -act of tyranny, that falls peculiarly on themselves, makes a frightful -impression; it appears to enfranchise them from the tacit vow of -obedience under which they before lived, and causes them to regard their -elders as treacherous enemies. -</p> - -<p> -Leaving their country pension, the boys continued to lead a happy life -at the house of Bernard, who was an engineer. He brought up his son to -the same profession, and Rousseau shared his cousin's lessons. At length -it was decided that he must adopt some calling, by which to earn his -livelihood: he was placed with a <i>greffier</i>, or attorney; but he -disliked the employment, and neglected his duties; he was dismissed, and -apprenticed to an engraver. Here he appears to have been neglected by -his relations; and the vulgarity and violence of his master had the -worst effect on his character. There was that in Rousseau, which is -often found in the early years of genius,—detestation of -control—rebellion against all forced application. Eager to occupy -himself, if allowed the choice of employment; revolting from a routine, -in which his own purposes and inclinations were not consulted; it is one -of the Sphinx's riddles, not yet divined, how to break in the daring and -aspiring spirit of youth to the necessities of life, without exciting -discontent and rebellion. The heart opening at that age more warmly to -the affections, nature seems to point out the way,—but who in -society, as it is formed, takes nature for a director? -</p> - -<p> -Beaten, maltreated, hard worked, Rousseau became idle, timid, and lying. -It is strange, but true, how, in the little republic of Geneva, money is -perhaps more the main spring of existence than in larger states, and how -early the children of the artizans are subjected to the grinding evils -of penury. Brought up to earn their subsistence as soon as is -practicable, the parents are eager to cast them wholly on their own -exertions: and the numerous class of young people, male and female, -decently born and bred, who, in that city, live by attendance in shops, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{Pg 114}</a></span> -by the needle, or the workman's tool, suffer much of the excess of -labour and poor living to which the inferior classes in our -manufacturing towns are subject. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau, timid of heart, but with an imagination that warmed him to -daring, was led into mischievous scrapes: the very ardour of his -disposition occasioned his faults: he was treated like a vulgar -apprentice, and he fell into the vices of such a position, without at -the same time blunting that eagerness and romance that formed the -essence of his character. In the midst of disgraceful scrapes, his love -of reading returned. He had none of those fixed principles which would -lead him to give due time to the work required of him by his master, and -his leisure to his books; a new volume in hand, every other occupation was -sacrificed to it;—he was beaten and ill-treated for his negligence; -he became obstinate and taciturn, but never gave up his point. His -books, and the day-dreams founded on them, which fabricated and painted -a thousand romantic scenes, filled his heart in solitude; real life was -replete with indignity and suffering; in reverie, he was enterprising, -noble, and free. -</p> - -<p> -Sunday—the day of leisure and liberty—was spent in rambles -and games with his comrades. It is the law of Geneva to shut the gates -early in the evening, and they are not opened on any pretence for any -one till the following morning. The lad, once or twice too late, was -punished severely for his negligence. On the third occasion he resolved -rather to run away than to encounter the menaced chastisement. His last -act was to send for his cousin Bernard, to take leave of him: the boy -did not press him to stay—did not offer to mediate for him; he -returned to his parents, while Rousseau turned his steps from his native -city—a vagrant and a beggar. -</p> - -<p> -No such aspect of things presented itself to the wanderer himself;—he -was in his own eyes a hero in search of adventures;—he dreamt of all -of brilliant and festive of which he had read in his romances, and while he -slept under the roofs of peasants with whom he was acquainted, and who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{Pg 115}</a></span> -received him with cordial hospitality, his reveries pictured castles and -enamoured damsels, a fortune the gift of love, and lasting happiness the -effect. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau was unfortunate at the outset. He had wandered about till he -found himself at Confignon, in Savoy, a place two leagues distant from -Geneva. He paid the curate, M. de Pontverre, a visit. His own account of -his motives is suspicious: he says that he was anxious to see the -descendant of men who figured in the history of the republic; that M. de -Pontverre received him well, asked him to dinner, and invited him to be -converted to the Roman catholic religion; and that he had not the heart -to say nay to his kind entertainer. There is—and there was in those -days still more—a great spirit of proselytism kept up among the -priesthood of Savoy, hovering, as they do, close to a nest of heresy. -Still, we cannot help imagining that the scheme was Rousseau's own, and -that he presented himself as a willing convert—expecting thus to be -made much of, and introduced in triumph to the houses of the catholic -nobility. At any rate, M. de Pontverre behaved ill: he ought to have -felt that it was more for the youth's permanent advantage to send him -back to his friends, mediate for his pardon, and exhort him to regular -and virtuous courses; and that to make a proselyte of him, and thus -render his relations entirely hostile, and him an object of disgrace in -his native city, while it opened no future career for earning an honest -livelihood, was the worst step in the beginning of life that a young man -could take. But M. de Pontverre, as a priest, thought differently;—if -he did not invite the youth to abjure the religion of his country, he -facilitated a scheme that sprang from any feeling rather than piety. -Rousseau felt his pride fall, when his host told him that he would give -him a letter to a charitable lady living at Annecy, who would forward -his views. He saw, however, no other resource against starvation; and he -yielded. Furnished by the curate with a letter, he set out—his head -full of princesses, palaces, and castles, and in great hopes that some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{Pg 116}</a></span> -fortunate adventure would present a more brilliant prospect than the one -before him. None occurred. He arrived at Annecy; he saw madame de -Warens; and in her and her kindness found embodied one of those romances -of real life, which, if of less fairy and glittering hue to the eye, are -equally magic-like to the heart, and do not less serve to alter the -course of existence, and to metamorphose the soul. -</p> - -<p> -The comtesse de Warens was a native of Vevay, in the Pays de Vaud: she -had married when very young; and having no children, and not being happy -in her marriage, she took occasion, when the king of Savoy, Victor -Amadeo, was at Evian, to cross the lake, throw herself at his feet, and -claim his protection as a convert to Catholicism. The king, who was -zealous in the cause of his religion, received her graciously, and -settled on her a pension of 1500 Piedmontese livres. She was much loved -at Vevay, and there was some danger of her being rescued against her -will: to preserve his proselyte, the king was obliged to have her -escorted to Annecy by a detachment of guards; where, under the direction -of the titular bishop of Geneva, she abjured protestantism. She had -lived for six years at Annecy, and was eight and twenty, when Rousseau -first saw her. She was beautiful, and, above all, an expression of -angelic sweetness and benevolence beamed in her face, that inspired him -at once with hope, confidence, and gratitude. She felt the folly of the -step he had taken; but, surrounded by priests and spies, she feared to -show compassion, or to give him good advice; the few words she did say, -to induce him to return to his father, were of no avail. Yet it was not -easy to find the means of subsistence for him. At length one of her -guests proposed that he should go to Turin, and enter the hospital -established for the instruction of proselytes, where he could remain -until his abjuration, when it might be supposed some charitable person -would come forward to his assistance. Sad and humble was the prospect -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{Pg 117}</a></span> -held out; but there appeared to be no other resource except to return to -Geneva,—an alternative he obstinately rejected. Some respectable -persons were found who were going to Turin, and he accompanied them. The -journey was performed on foot, and lasted nine days—nine happy -days—when casting away all thought of the future, unincumbered by -luggage, his expenses attended to by others, he wandered among the -valleys of the Alps, crossed their summits, and beheld the happy garden -which Piedmont presents to the traveller, just emerging from the snows -of Savoy. The recollection of this delightful journey often made him -wish to renew it in after life—and a pedestrian tour always appeared -to him one of the chief happinesses of existence. -</p> - -<p> -Once established in the hospital, he began to feel the importance of the -step he was about to take. His conscience told him that he was making a -traffic of religion, and he dimly appreciated the sin and disgrace of -such a proceeding. Brought up in a bigoted calvinist city, he had been -taught a holy horror for catholic ceremonies; still he fancied there was -no escape: false shame—fear of starvation—a determination not -to return to Geneva, caused him to silence his better thoughts. Yet he was -eager to delay the fatal act;—he argued with the priests employed to -teach him a new religion; and it was found necessary to provide one -especially, who was capable of mastering the catechumen's objections by -the arms of logic and learning. Finding that he could not answer the -priest's arguments, Rousseau began to think that he might be in the -right; and he yielded with good grace to the act of abjuration. After -being received into the catholic church—after being absolved by a -father inquisitor for the crime of heresy—twenty francs, collected at -the church door, were put into his hands; he was recommended to be -faithful to his new religion, and to lead a good life; and then he was -dismissed, and found himself—the doors of his late abode closed -behind—friendless and alone in the streets of Turin. Newly recovered -liberty, however, at first sufficed to inspire him with happy -sensations; and the very sight of the well-built and well-peopled -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{Pg 118}</a></span> -streets filled him with hopes for the future. Where there were so many -rich and great, there could not fail, he thought, to be found a thousand -eligible resources against want. -</p> - -<p> -The resources he really found were in ill accord with the pictures his -imagination formed. He was obliged to hire himself as a servant. At -first he served a fair shopkeeper; and then became the attendant of an -old countess Vercelli, with whom he lived till her death, which occurred -only three months after. It was on this occasion that he committed that -fault, remorse for which pursued him till his death. During the illness -of his mistress he had abstracted a riband from her wardrobe, with the -intent of bestowing it on a maidservant of the house. The riband was -missed, sought for, and found on him. False shame led him to deny the -theft; and, when more closely questioned, he declared that the stolen -riband had been given to him by the very girl on whom he had intended to -bestow it. The two were confronted; the innocent servant implored him -with tears to retract his falsehood, but he resolutely maintained his -story. He was believed. He tells this tale in his "Confessions;" he -declares that the avowal cost him more pain than any other—that -remorse never ceased to pursue him—the image of the injured girl, -reproaching him for the wrong he had done her, often haunted his -dreams—it weighed on his conscience as the most atrocious crime. -He had sought merely to shelter himself, and false shame prevented his -retracting the accusation once made; but the thought of his victim -driven to want and infamy by his lie made him often look on his after -sufferings as but the just retribution of his crime. This is one of the -laws of life. The shadows of our past actions stalk beside us during our -existence, and never cease to torment or to soothe, according as they -are ill or good, that mysterious portion of mind termed conscience. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau was now again thrown back upon independent poverty. His time -was not all lost: he frequented the society of an excellent man, a -Savoyard abbé, M. Gaime, who enlightened his mind as to his real -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{Pg 119}</a></span> -duties, instructed him in the better part of religion, and corrected his -false estimate of society. These lessons were often forgotten, at least, -inasmuch as they ought to have served as guides for conduct; but they -were as dew upon a field; in due time, the hidden seeds of thought, then -sown, sprang up. While thus unemployed, and not looking beyond the hour, -the nephew of his late mistress sent for him, and told him that he had -found a situation: he was to become a domestic in a noble family of -Turin: this was a fall for the youth's pride, but he had no other -resource against want. -</p> - -<p> -He was treated with infinite kindness by the various members of the -family: he distinguished himself by his intelligence; and the younger -son, who was destined for clerical honours, became interested for him: -he questioned him as to his acquirements; and, finding that he had -received the rudiments of education, undertook to teach him Latin. He -might now have been happy: had he shown himself steady, he would have -been advanced by his protectors. The Italians, satisfied with the -acknowledged distinctions of rank, have no ridiculous pride, and are -ready to treat inferiors on an equality, if their education raises them -to their mental level. Many careers, closed against the ignoble in -France, were open in Italy; and these were offered to Rousseau's view as -spurs to his ambition. He was won for a brief period; but, though he -dreamt of climbing, he did not like going up the ladder—and a caprice -ruined all. He fell in with a merry fellow, who had been his fellow -apprentice in Geneva, and who was about to return to that city. -Rousseau, charmed by his wild gay spirits—allured by the attractions -of a mountain journey made on foot, with the idea of madame de Warens in -the misty distance—threw up his situation with a careless show of -ingratitude that disgusted his protectors, and set out again a beggar, -but rendered wildly happy by the project of travelling among the valleys -and over the mountains of Savoy, with a little toy fountain as all his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{Pg 120}</a></span> -treasure; round which he believed the peasants would gather, and pay for -their amusement by their hospitality. The fountain was soon spoiled; but -they had a little money, and enjoyed their rambles till the sight of -Annecy recalled Rousseau to the realities of life. -</p> - -<p> -Madame de Warens had, however, none of that rigid uprightness which -thrusts the young into misery because their untaught impulses lead them -astray. She received the wanderer with simple kindness. "I feared you -were too young," she said, "for this journey; I am glad, however, that -it has not turned out as ill as I expected." She received him into her -house, and with maternal care sought to find some permanent occupation -for which he was fitted. For some time her endeavours were vain. He was -pronounced to be incapable of being able even to learn Latin enough for -a country curate. Her heart must have been indeed warm with natural -charity, not to have been chilled by these rebukes of any vanity she -might have felt in patronising the outcast. A taste which Rousseau -developed for music at length afforded her some hope. She placed him -with M. le Maître, music master to the cathedral choir. -<span class="sidenote2">1729.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -17.</span> -Here he remained for a year studying the art. M. le Maître, however, -had a quarrel with a canon of the cathedral; and, to revenge himself, -absconded with his case of music on the eve of the holy week, when his -services were most wanted. Unable to dissuade him from this folly, -madame de Warens permitted Rousseau to aid and accompany him in his -flight. He did not go far: at Lyons poor Le Maître fell into an -epileptic fit; and Rousseau, frightened, hastily gave him in charge to -the bystanders, made his own escape, and returned to Annecy. This, he -says, is his "second painful confession." It is here mentioned, as well as -his first, to show—as in the more heinous one that follows—that -Rousseau's real defect was a want of moral courage to meet any menacing -and uncertain evil, and absence of fixed principle to enable him to -conquer this defect, and to recognise the omnipotent claims of duty. He -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{Pg 121}</a></span> -returned to Annecy, and found that madame de Warens had departed for -Paris. Thrown on his own resources, he felt uncertain as to the means of -gaining his bread. He was asked by madame de Warens' maid-servant to -accompany her to Fribourg, her native place; she also being left without -explanation by her mistress. A wandering life of some years commenced -with this journey. In writing this portion of Rousseau's biography, we -labour under the disadvantage, that we but abridge details, which he -gives with all the glow and charm of romance and the interest of -reality—while, limited in space, we can scarcely do more than mark -epochs;—we pass over, therefore, the history of his adventure at -Lausanne, where he pretended to furnish a concert of musicians with a -piece of music of his own composition, although ignorant of the first -principles of the art. Still he had studied music for some time, and had -a taste for it,—and this led him to endeavour to earn his livelihood -by teaching it. He remained for nearly two years at Neufchâtel, exercising -the calling of music master: the temptation held out by a sort of Greek -swindler led him to give up his career: he engaged himself to this man -as interpreter, but was rescued out of his hands by M. de Bonac, the -French ambassador, who treated him with great kindness, and gave him an -introduction at Paris to be tutor to a young gentleman who had just -entered the army. This scheme did not succeed. Rousseau was disgusted by -the treatment he met; he left his employer, and returned to Savoy on -foot: he had reached Paris in a similar manner. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1733.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -21.</span></p> - -<p> -Arriving at Chambery, he found madame de Warens returned. She presented -him on the instant to the intendant-general of the province, who gave -him employment as clerk, or, as he was styled, secretary, in an office -instituted to make a census of the estates of the nobles of the country. -And thus, he says, after five years, which had elapsed since his flight -from Geneva—after many follies and many sufferings, for the first -time he began to earn his livelihood in a creditable situation. He was -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{Pg 122}</a></span> -still a mere boy—or rather, had just arrived at that age where -boyhood ceases and manhood begins.—He had led a precarious life. The -kindness of madame de Warens was all in which he could put his trust; and -that had failed him during the space of nearly two years. Want had -frequently stared him in the face. He could gain bare necessaries only by -his own exertions. Of a romantic unsteady disposition, any stable position, -holding out positive remuneration and demanding regular conduct, was -swiftly abandoned; while he also, through some strange conformation of -mind, appeared incapable of using the genius then in embryo within him, -for the acquirement of such knowledge as would have insured him an -honourable position. Thus the precious years of youth wasted away -imperceptibly, and all that he gained, apparently, as of account for -future years, was a knowledge of music. It may be that this wandering, -desultory, precarious existence, fed by romantic dreams and burning -affections, was best adapted to develope his peculiar talents—but it -certainly was not such as to form habits of mind conducive to happiness. -It engendered a sort of bold and restless self-confidence, founded -rather on that which he could do without, than on that which he could -attain it inspired mistrust or disdain for the assistance of others as -being of no ultimate avail to his welfare; he acquired through it a -capacity of living for the present day, without care for the coming one; -and an inability to endure restraint, even when restraint was an -imperious duty;—in short, a restless sense of unused liberty. -Independence is assuredly the basis of true genius—but then it is -that which holds fast by duty;—this last better portion was not -developed in Rousseau till a later day—and then in so imperfect a -manner, and tainted by so much, first of whim, and lastly of madness, that -he reaped little benefit from the lessons of experience. -</p> - -<p> -He continued to fulfil his duties as secretary for two years; and showed -his aptitude for things beyond, by making a study at the same time of -arithmetic and geometry. But his steady course of life was suddenly -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{Pg 123}</a></span> -interrupted. An illness confined him to his chamber, and during this -time Rameau's treatise on harmony fell into his hands. It served still -more to develope a passion for music of which he had already given many -tokens. He prevailed on madame de Warens to give a weekly concert; he -became absorbed in the art—neglected his office—and at length -proposed to his protectress to give up his situation, that he might devote -himself entirely to the study of composition. She struggled against a -scheme which offered little prospect of future good, and was to be -followed by the immediate sacrifice of a respectable position and habits -of sober industry. -<span class="sidenote1">1735.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -23.</span> -Rousseau's ardour caused him to prevail; and he became music master at -Chambery, that he might earn a livelihood while he prosecuted his -studies. He was thus thrown among the best society of the town; and -found it far more agreeable to teach well-born and agreeable young -ladies, than to spend eight hours a day in a close dark office, in -company with under-bred uncombed clerks. Fortunately, where the salt of -intellect prevails, nothing but absolute slavery of mind to an absorbing -and uninstructive pursuit can prevent a man of talent from turning the -various events of life to profit. Among his pupils was a M. de -Conzié—a man of some talent, but with no real taste for the art which -Rousseau was to teach: conversation was therefore usually substituted -for the lesson; and Rousseau, led by him to read Voltaire's works, -acquired something of the tone of the literature of the day, and felt -himself rapidly carried away into the very heart of philosophical -discussions;—he himself began to desire to write with elegance, -charmed by the brilliant style of his great contemporary. -</p> - -<p> -It is impossible to dwell upon the minutia of his life for the five -following years; they were important—they led him through early -manhood, and during their course he developed his taste for the -acquirement of knowledge—educating himself intellectually and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{Pg 124}</a></span> -morally, as well as he could, by the light of little else than his own -natural reason. -</p> - -<p> -At first, his head was perpetually full of projects for advancement. He -made many little journeys to Lyons, Geneva, and Niort, for the sake of -prosecuting schemes, which he believed to be fraught with advantages; -but which failing each in turn, he returned penniless to his home with -madame de Warens. By degrees, however, he fell into a bad state of -health. Feeling an inexplicable weakness pervade his frame, he believed -he had but a short time to live, and lost his desire for advancement in -the languor and bodily inaction produced by disease. His protectress, -for the sake of securing a friend at the court of Savoy, rented a house -of a Piedmontese noble at Chambery, which no one else would take, being -close and damp. In the summer, she escaped from this species of prison -to a small country house. Les Charmettes, near Chambery. There, in -solitude and tranquillity, Rousseau gave himself up to study. -Mathematics and Latin were his principal occupations: he worked hard: -there was an inaptitude to remember in him which made knowledge -difficult to acquire; but he acquired the power of reflection—he -learnt to distinguish his ideas—he recognised moral principles and -philosophical truths—he penetrated deeply into the secret springs -of human action. Man's nature was often exposed as a map before -him—and he knew its various bearings and powers—although he -was ill able then, as ever, to control its impulses as they existed -within himself. -</p> - -<p> -The confidential domestic of madame de Warens died; and Rousseau, in -some sort fulfilling his avocations, discovered the ruin into which his -protectress was plunged, through her love of scheming, and the ready ear -she gave to every quack and swindler who sought her for the sake of -plunder. It became his desire to save her; and, if that were impossible, -to make such a fortune as would enable him to be of use to her in his -turn. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{Pg 125}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -It is not our intention to enter into the details of Rousseau's -connection with this lady. To any one who loves to make a study of human -nature, the "Confessions" are an invaluable book, and disclose the -secret of many hearts to those who have courage to penetrate into the -recesses of their own. But, to be useful, they must be read as they are, -with the author's observations and minute anatomy of motive; and a mere -abridgment would disgust without advantage. It is not to-day that we -have learnt, that it is not true, that when a woman loses one virtue she -loses all. The true distinctive virtue of woman's nature is her -promptitude to self-sacrifice, and a capacity to bind up her existence -in the happiness and well-being of the objects of her attachment. -Experience shows us, that as far as a woman does this, and is neither -worldly nor depraved, she preserves, in spite of error, the more lovely -qualities of her nature. Personal fidelity is the purifier and preserver -of the affections; and whoso fails in this, either man or woman, -degrades human nature—the glory of which is to ally the sensations of -love to the emotions of the heart and the passions of the soul. If we -examine the conduct of madame de Warens by this rule, we find her -wanting; and whether she be a real personage, and did and felt as -Rousseau describes, or an imaginary being, we may pass judgment on her, -and assert that the event proves that depravity of conduct led her to -fail in fulfilling the duties which the affections impose. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau, having somewhat recovered his health, returned to his projects -for worldly advancement, and his journeys that carried him hither and -thither in search of it. On one occasion he visited Montpellier for the -sake of consulting a physician; he returned—his hopes of renovated -health gone, his resolve to dedicate himself to his benefactress -strengthened. He returned, to find another in his place—his friend's -heart changed—the paradise he cherished desecrated. He did not the -less resolve to serve her. "Reduced," he writes, "to form a fate for myself -independent of her, and not being able even to imagine such, I sought it -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{Pg 126}</a></span> -wholly in herself—and I did this so entirely, that I succeeded in -almost forgetting myself. The ardent desire of seeing her happy absorbed -all my affections. In vain did she separate her happiness from mine; I -saw it in hers, in spite of her. Thus the virtues whose seed were in my -soul, and which study had matured, began to germinate with my -misfortunes, and waited but for the operation of adversity to bud -forth." This exalted state of mind, however, could not last. Finding his -rival totally unworthy of his attempts to educate him, and that he was -plunging the unfortunate madame de Warens deeper in inevitable ruin, he -hurried from the scene. The employment of tutor to the children of M. de -Mabli, at Lyons, was offered him; he undertook it; but soon became -disgusted. At a distance, the tranquil happiness of Les Charmettes -recurred to his memory; he began to fancy that he was in fault—that -he had but to return to find love and peace. He did return, and the -illusion was dispelled for ever. For a short time he gave himself up to -study, while he revolved a thousand projects for his future life. Music -was still a favourite pursuit. He had invented a method of noting music -which he considered more facile and perfect than the one in use. He -believed that, if known, it would be generally adopted; and that, if he -took it to Paris and showed it to the professors, they would at once -perceive its advantages, and his fortune would be made. His imagination -speedily warmed with the idea, and he hurried to execute it. "I had -brought," he writes, "some money with me from Lyons; I sold my books to -acquire a sum sufficient for my journey. My design was taken and -executed within the space of fifteen days. In short, full of magnificent -ideas—and ever the same in all times—I left Savoy with my -system of music, as before I had quitted Turin with my toy fountain." -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau pauses—his biographers usually pause—at this epoch, -when he was about to enter on a new life,—leaving the country and -solitude for the busy capital of France. He was nine and twenty; his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{Pg 127}</a></span> -character was formed. The love of adventure, which had first caused his -flight from Geneva, had turned into a love of scheming. While -censuring madame de Warens for this turn of mind; he little felt how -entirely—he participated in it. His life was made up of schemes; -which his ardent disposition exalted into passions. The genuine impulses -of his soul were; his genius, developed in authorship; his passionate -heart; which wasted its fondest impulses on one (madame d'Houdetot) who -loved another. These were not schemes; but his stoicism—his -hermitism (if this word he allowed)—his independence carried to an -extravagant pitch; were all schemes; and succeeded; consequently; as ill -as possible. "With this scheming head; a heart yet full of romance; and -a mind stored beyond his own knowledge with observation and sagacity; he -left every old friend; every old association; and plunged; poor and -unknown; into a new life, in the most civilised and most profligate city -in the world. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1741.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -29.</span></p> - -<p> -Rousseau entered Paris this time, as it appeared to him, under good -auspices. He found a friendly and cordial welcome from several French -ladies, to whom he had letters of introduction. His system of noting -music was examined, eulogised, and neglected by the Academy; and Rameau -detecting a radical defect, its inventor cast it aside; but he found -employment as secretary to madame Dupin and M. Franceuil; and better -prospects opened themselves when he was appointed secretary to M. de -Montaigu, ambassador to Venice. -<span class="sidenote1">1743.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -31.</span> -Here the influence of an evil destiny was manifest. Had the ambassador -been a man of honour and sense, Rousseau might have passed a happy life, -fulfilling an honourable career; but M. de Montaigu was avaricious to a -degree that made him sacrifice propriety as well as dignity to his -saving propensities. "The character of this ambassador," says Bernardin -de Saint Pierre, "is well known. I have heard from good authority -several traits of his avarice. 'Three shoes,' he often said, 'are -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{Pg 128}</a></span> -equivalent to two pair, because one is sooner worn out than the other;' -and he therefore always had three shoes made at a time." This man, -silly, insolent, and grasping, crushed the last ambition of Rousseau. He -treated him with such indignity that he was forced to leave him. -Plundered and ill treated, while every one at Venice at the time was -eager to furnish testimonials of his excellent conduct—and his -dispatches had merited high praise—he received no compensation from -the court he served. The iniquitous maxim of the French government, never -publicly to acknowledge the misconduct of those whom it employed, joined -to the circumstance that Rousseau was not a Frenchman, sufficed to -render his representations of no avail. This thoroughly, and with -reason, disgusted him from seeking employment under a system where all -worth was trampled on by rank and wealth. -</p> - -<p> -He returned to Paris, and was kindly received by all his friends, with -one exception only, of a highborn lady, who could not imagine that a -<i>roturier</i> had any right to quarrel with a noble. His friends madame -Dupin and M. Franceuil continued their employment; the latter -subsequently endeavoured to place him advantageously as cashier in his -office, he being farmer-general; but Rousseau could neither rest nor -sleep while the money-chest was under his care; and falling ill in -consequence, gave up his situation. M. de Franceuil was somewhat -alienated by this act; he began to think that there were no means of -befriending a man who shrunk from a lucrative and easy employment. -</p> - -<p> -On his first arrival from Venice, Rousseau enjoyed the intimate -friendship of an enlightened Spaniard, a man of noble nature and great -powers of mind. They agreed to live under the same roof, and allied -themselves in the closest friendship. D'Alcuna was recalled to his -native country, and Rousseau felt the void. He had been accustomed to -domestic society, and in addition he felt that he needed the kind -attentions of a woman, and this want led to the fatal act from which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{Pg 129}</a></span> -sprung so many of his misfortunes. -</p> - -<p> -In his native country, or in England, Rousseau would, under the -influence of public opinion, probably have married. He would not have -been content in forming so solemn a tie without being satisfied with the -connections of her who hereafter was to share his life; he would have -desired still more to assure himself of the qualities of her heart and -mind. Unfortunately his residence in Savoy and in Paris had deprived him -of all primitive simplicity in his principles of moral conduct; and he -had none of that fastidious taste that made him shrink from the society -of the vicious. For purposes of economy he dined at a sort of -table-d'hôte frequented by persons lost to all sense of decency; -refinement was out of the question. He found a poor girl there, who was -too modest for the depraved and brutalised men who frequented the house. -Rousseau took her part, ties of kindness were formed between them, and -it appearing a matter of convenience to himself, he induced her to -become his mistress. -</p> - -<p> -Therese le Vasseur was not an ill-conducted girl on certain points; she -was always faithful, as far as is known, to her tie to Rousseau; but she -was not only ignorant and illiterate, but wanting in common -understanding. Rousseau boasts that she could give excellent advice on -emergencies; but this common sense did not lead her to resist the -influence of her mother, a low cunning woman; while Rousseau, not liking -to have the burden of her destiny, future as well as present, thrown -wholly on himself, felt no inclination, at the commencement of their -intercourse, when alone it was possible, to separate her from -association with her family, which tended to keep her vulgar-minded and -artful. -</p> - -<p> -Even in his Confessions, where Rousseau discloses his secret errors, he -by no means appreciates the real extent of his misconduct on this -occasion. He allied himself to a girl whom he despised too much to allow -her at first even to share his home; he took her as a sort of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{Pg 130}</a></span> -convenience, and when inconveniences arose from the connection, he was -disposed to get rid of them on the easiest possible terms. Theresa was -about to become a mother. According to the profligate code of French -morals, this fact would dishonour her; though the illicit intercourse, -if not openly acknowledged, did not. Rousseau did not like to multiply -ties between himself and his mistress and her family: he was needy: he -had heard young men of rank and fortune allude vauntingly to the -recourse they had had on such occasions to the Foundling Hospital. He -followed their criminal example. -</p> - -<p> -He at first acted, he says, without serious examination of the morality -of his conduct; but when he commenced author, he gave attentive -consideration to the point, and satisfied himself that he did right, and -continued his course of conduct. Five of his children were thus sent to -a receptacle where few survive; and those who do go through life are -brutified by their situation, or depressed by the burden, ever weighing -at the heart, that they have not inherited the commonest right of -humanity, a parent's care. -</p> - -<p> -It is insulting the reader to dwell on the flagrancy of this act. But it -is a lesson that ought to teach us humility. That a man as full of -genius and aspiration after virtue as Rousseau, should have failed in -the plainest dictates of nature and conscience, through the force of -example and circumstances, shows us how little we can rely on our own -judgment. It shows too, that a father is not to be trusted for natural -instincts towards his offspring; for the mother wept, and it needed the -control of her own mother, and strong necessity, to induce the -weak-minded and misguided girl to consent to part with her offspring. -</p> - -<p> -We say little of Rousseau's vain excuses as to the probable destiny of -his children. They were better, he says, brought up by the public, than -rendered rogues by madame le Vasseur, or led into evil courses as -dependants on madame d'Epinay and the maréchale de Luxembourg. This -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{Pg 131}</a></span> -futile reasoning does not need elaborate refutation. Rousseau talks of -public care, as if that were, in such a place as a Parisian foundling -hospital, aught else but public desertion. The poor children in all -probability died in their infancy. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau was indeed short-sighted. Brought up in virtue and honour, as a -man of his talents ought to have brought up his offspring,—or genius -were a vainer gift even than it is,—these children might have -clustered round him in his days of desolation, have cheered his house with -smiles, and been a help and support in his age. He would not have felt -friendless, nor been driven to suicide by the sense of abandonment and -treachery. He indeed sowed the wind, and reaped the whirlwind. France -was on the eve of a sanguinary revolution. The social state of things -was about wholly to change. Who knows of what use Rousseau's sons might -have been to check barbarous outrages, to teach justice, or display -fortitude? Such ideas are vain, but will present themselves. Our first -duty is to render those to whom we give birth, wise, virtuous, and -happy, as far as in us lies. Rousseau failed in this,—can we wonder -that his after course was replete with sorrow? The distortion of -intellect that blinded him to the first duties of life, we are inclined -to believe to be allied to that vein of insanity, that made him an -example among men for self-inflicted sufferings. We now dismiss this -subject. It was necessary to bring it so far forward as to show the evil -effects of so bad a cause; it is too painful to dwell further upon. -</p> - -<p> -By degrees Rousseau overcame his dislike to its being known to his -friends that he had formed this sort of connection with Theresa, and he -made common household with her. This species of intercourse was looked -upon in a different light in France than in England. She was regarded as -Rousseau's housekeeper, and respected as such; and no one thought that -they had a right to scrutinise their real relations, or to censure them. -This had been praiseworthy as a proceeding founded on tolerant and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{Pg 132}</a></span> -charitable principles; but when we find that this kindly-seeming society -was a Moloch, whom to pacify, little children were ruthlessly -sacrificed, the whole system takes a revolting and criminal aspect from -which we turn with loathing. -</p> - -<p> -However, to go back to narrative. Rousseau instituted Theresa his -housekeeper, assisted in the maintenance of her relatives, and found, in -the convenience and attention which these domestic arrangements brought -with them, a great alleviation to his physical sufferings. -<span class="sidenote2">1749.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -37.</span> -This same year was memorable on another and important score. Among his -Parisian friends, there was none to whom he was more attached than -Diderot, a man of an amiable disposition, and possessed of greater -abilities in the eyes of those who personally knew him, than he has -developed in his writings. Some people in power were displeased at -certain personal allusions in his "Letter on the Blind." According to -the nefarious system of the old regime, the result was, a <i>lettre de -cachet</i>, and his being imprisoned in the keep of the castle of -Vincennes. Rousseau was penetrated by indignation and anguish. He -fancied that his friend would never be liberated; he figured to himself -all that a man of ardent and yet feeble temperament would suffer in -solitary confinement. He wrote to implore madame de Pompadour to exert -her influence, either to procure his liberation, or to admit of him, -Rousseau, being shut up with him. On all occasions he was energetic in -representing the unmerited sufferings to which his friend was exposed. -After a period, the confinement of Diderot was mitigated. The castle and -park of Vincennes, on parole, were given him for a prison, with liberty -to see his friends. Rousseau hastened to avail himself of this -permission, and frequently walked to Vincennes to pass the afternoons in -relieving the solitude of his friend. The way was long, the summer -sultry, his pace slow. He read as he walked along; and once took with -him the "Mercure de France" to beguile the way; as he looked it over, he -fell upon the question proposed by the Academy of Dijon, as the subject -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{Pg 133}</a></span> -for the prize of the following year—"Whether the progress of the arts -and sciences had tended to corrupt or purify the manners of men." The -words touched a chord that revealed a power, latent in his heart, -undreamt of before. The scroll of society unrolled itself before him, -such as he found it, blotted and tainted, in the city of the earth that -boasted to be the most advanced in the cultivation of the arts and -sciences. And beside it he placed a picture of pristine innocence,—of -man enjoying the full development of his physical powers; living for the -day as it rose, untouched by care, unbewildered by intellectual -speculations,—by vanity, emulation, or pride;—man liberated -from the control of opinion and the tyranny of his own unreasonable -desires. Words descriptive of such a state poured into his mind; -expressions of burning eloquence seemed to cluster on his lips, and to -demand a voice. Before he could transfer his thoughts to paper, much was -lost; but enough remained to gain for him the reputation of being one of -the most eloquent authors that ever lived.<a name="NoteRef_8_8" id="NoteRef_8_8"></a><a href="#Note_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> -</p> - -<p> -The eloquence with which he represented the evils of civilisation, and -the blessings of a state of nature, as he called it, fascinated every -reader. The freshness and energy of his style charmed; the heart he put -into his arguments served instead of reason, and convinced. The -opponents of his system were sufficiently in the wrong, to make him appear -absolutely in the right. Yet, in point of fact, nothing can be more -unnatural than his natural man. The most characteristic part of man's -nature is his affections. The protection he affords to woman—the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{Pg 134}</a></span> -cares required by children; yet Rousseau describes his natural man as -satisfying his desires by chance,—leaving the woman on the instant; -while she, on her side, goes through child-bearing, child-birth, and -child-nurture alone. Much may be granted to the strength that human -beings enjoy in savage life; much to the little needed by the -inhabitants of those happy isles where food grows beneath their feet; -but, in all, man has ever been found (except in one or two cases, where -the human animal descends below brutes), the protector of women, and the -source of his children's subsistence; and among all societies, however -barbarously constituted, the gentler and nobler individuals among them -have loved their wives and their offspring with constant and -self-sacrificing passion. Let us advance civilisation to its highest -pitch, or retrograde to its origin,—and let both bring freedom from -political and social slavery; but in all let us hold fast by the -affections: the cultivation of these ought to be the scope of every -teacher of morality, every well-wisher to the improvement of the human -race. Poor Rousseau, who had thrust his offspring from parental care to -the niggard benevolence of a public charity, found some balm to the -remorse that now and then stung him, by rejecting the affections out of -his scheme of the state of natural man. -</p> - -<p> -His work had a sudden and prodigious success; and as the ideas that -inspired it disclosed a new and intellectual world to him, so did the -favour of the public open a new scene of life. It was soon after writing -this essay, that M. de Franceuil offered him the place of cashier. The -uneasiness he felt, and other circumstances, combined to give him a fit -of illness. During the delirium of fever, and during the reveries of -convalescence, he formed a plan for securing his independence. He -believed that he had but a few years to live; and he saw no prudence in -working for a fortune he could never enjoy. He resolved therefore to -renounce his place of cashier, to give up that of secretary to madame -Dupin, and to gain his subsistence by copying music. In Paris, men of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{Pg 135}</a></span> -letters, frequenting the highest society, often live in the most frugal -manner, and need only the wherewithal to buy their daily bread. Rousseau -determined to reduce himself to this situation, to limit his expenses to -bare necessities, and to guard the independence he coveted, by -decreasing his wants. His friends heard of his resolution with -incredulity, surprise, and subsequent disapprobation. The family of -Therese le Vasseur were dependent on him, and he thus condemned them -also to indigence. Rousseau was not to be moved. His new reputation as -an author caused him to be sought by the most chosen societies of Paris; -his idea of adapting his manners and life to his theories gave piquancé -to his appearance and society. "I avow," he says, in his second letter -to M. de Malesherbes, "that the name I acquired by my writings greatly -facilitated the plan I adopted. It was necessary that I should be -thought a good author, to become with impunity a bad copyist, and to -find work notwithstanding; without the first title, I might have been -disregarded in the other; and though I can easily brave ridicule, I -should have supported contempt with difficulty." As it was, all he did -seemed to increase his reputation. He was considered eccentric,—but -he was sought as a man of genius. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1750.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -38.</span></p> - -<p> -Another circumstance concurred to raise him to the pinacle of fashion. -This was the success of the "Divin du Village." He had before composed -an opera; but the envy of Rameau had robbed him of the fame: the "Divin -du Village" was all his own. It was represented at Versailles before the -king and assembled court, and received with enthusiasm. It became the -topic of conversation in Paris; he was invited to be presented to Louis -XV.; and it was supposed that a pension would be conferred on him. -Independence, pride, false shame, all concurred to make him renounce the -intended honour and emolument: his friends reproved him severely, but he -was not to be shaken. Still he made a few hundred louis by the piece, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{Pg 136}</a></span> -and was thus, with his frugal habits, placed above want for several -years to come. -</p> - -<p> -The academy of Dijon proposing another question—the Origin of -Inequality among Men. Rousseau seized the opportunity of further -developing his opinions, and of asserting still more boldly the -superiority of what he termed the natural man over the nurslings of -civilisation. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1754.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -42.</span></p> - -<p> -He soon after visited his native town. He dwells slightly on the motives -of this journey: a wish to revisit the scenes which he had quitted a -penniless adventurer, and to enter Geneva attended by the celebrity he -had already gained, were no doubt principal motives. Theresa and his -friend Gauffecourt accompanied him. He saw madame de Warens sunk in a -low abyss of poverty; he implored her to leave Savoy, and to take up her -abode with him in Paris; she refused, and he left her, never to see her -more. While at Geneva he abjured the Roman catholic religion, and -entered again the protestant church. The pedantic clergy of Geneva were -very desirous that he should make a speech on the occasion; Rousseau -would not have been sorry to comply, but he broke down at the outset. He -was treated with great distinction by the most distinguished of his -fellow citizens, and the design soon suggested itself of his -establishing himself entirely among them; a place of librarian, worth -about 50<i>l</i>, a year, was offered him, to secure the respectability of -his situation. -</p> - -<p> -After some time spent in revisiting scenes dear through youthful -association, and of entrancing beauty in themselves, he returned to -Paris; and here he was assailed by many doubts as to his plans for the -future. The idea of residing an honoured and distinguished citizen in -his native town, so flattering at first, began to lose its charm. In his -heart he doubtless felt that the sort of inquisitorial and pedantic tone -that reigned in Geneva, clothed in the garb of virtue and reason, was -more likely to shackle the free expression of his genius than the -versatile society of Paris. Voltaire also had just taken up his -residence at les Delices. Without any taint of envy, Rousseau might -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{Pg 137}</a></span> -naturally shrink from living under his shadow. Older than him, rich, of -established reputation, arrogant beneath all his playfulness, and so -mischievously meddling, that even the king of Prussia found him a -troublesome inmate, a very little knowledge of the world would have told -Rousseau that they could only agree, when in vicinity, through continual -deference on his part; and the views they took of the social system were -so different, and both were by disposition so eager to disseminate their -respective opinions, that deference was out of the question, and open -hostilities must have been the consequence. -</p> - -<p> -Still Rousseau doubted, and was disturbed. Madame d'Epinay relates the -nature of his deliberations, which betray great foresight and prudence. -"Rousseau is perplexed," she says; "nor am I less, with regard to the -advice that he asks of me. He has received letters pressing him warmly -to return and live in his native country. 'What ought I to do?' he said, -'I neither can nor will reside in Paris, I am too miserable. I should be -glad to visit and to pass several months in my republic; but the -propositions made me are of a nature to fix me there; and if I accept -them, I must remain. I have some acquaintance, but no friends. These -people scarcely know me, and they write to me as a brother; this I am -aware is the result of the republican spirit, but I distrust such warm -friends. On the other hand, my heart warms at the idea, that my country -invites me; but how quit Grimm, Diderot, and yourself?'" -</p> - -<p> -Madame d'Epinay was, when left to herself, a woman of generous impulses -and an affectionate heart. She conceived a method of cutting the gordian -knot, and acted on it at once. At the entrance of the forest of -Montmorenci, there was a small house belonging to M. d'Epinay, called -the Hermitage. M. d'Epinay was adding a new wing to the chateau; his -wife persuaded him to allow some of the workmen to enlarge and fit up -this house: all was executed with zealous speed. She then offered -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{Pg 138}</a></span> -Rousseau the dwelling with all the grace a woman puts into an obligation -she confers; she was desirous, at the same time, of adding to his -income; but he at once refused the latter proposition, while he accepted -the first. He could not help being deeply touched by so kind and tender -a mark of affection. The active attention she paid to the details of his -removal, when all was arranged, taking him and his two gouvernantes in -her carriage, and herself giving them possession, were marks of real -attachment and sympathy. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1756.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -44.</span></p> - -<p> -Rousseau found the spot exactly calculated to please him: however much -the society of Paris might be necessary at times to entertain, he had -been bred in the country; his young and happy days had been passed -there, and he could not view a secluded abode in the midst of forest -glades, and the advance of spring, as it clothed the landscape with -verdure, without a burst of transport. The house was small, but neat and -comfortable; and that all was the gift of friendship rendered it -inestimable in his eyes. -</p> - -<p> -It is difficult not to dwell, as he has done, on the delight he -experienced during the commencement of his abode at the Hermitage. At -first he could only enjoy the woodland walks; the budding of the trees; -the balmy winds of opening spring; the aspect of nature. He deliberated -as to his occupations; he arranged his papers. He still considered -copying music as the calling by which he was to gain his bread; but he -revolved many literary projects. The editing the manuscripts of the -Abbé de Saint Pierre; an original work he named "Les Institutions -Politiques;" a metaphysical discussion on the effects of external -circumstances on the human mind; and, to crown all, a system of -education, on which he had been requested to occupy himself, by a lady -to whose sons he had at one time acted as tutor;—such were his -schemes—the subject of his meditations during his walks. These -meditations were, however, soon merged into reveries and day-dreams, -that absorbed his heart and soul. The long summer days passed beneath -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{Pg 139}</a></span> -the shades of the forest, recalled the wanderings of his youth, and the -passions that had warmed his young heart.—A settled life with -Theresa; the cares and discontents he had endured in Paris, his literary -occupations and theories, engrossing his thoughts, had banished love. -Now, in his solitary rambles, as his memory reverted to the illusions of -bygone years, his imagination fired, his heart swelled, his being became -absorbed. No real object presenting itself, he created chimerical -beings, on whom he exhausted the most passionate sentiments, the most -brilliant imaginations. His day-dreams became extatic: he was drunk with -an abstract love for one who lived only as he painted her, in the form -most delightful to his thoughts: he charmed himself by figuring various -situations—by addressing letters to her—by fancying those he -received in return. He checked himself in his vague reveries, and gave a -form and place, a name and a habitation to his creations: the lover and -beloved, and the friend dear to both, were imaged and placed in a spot -carefully selected as beautiful in itself, and associated with his fondest -recollections. Julie, Claire, and Saint Preux, lived and loved at Vevay, -beside his native lake, in the midst of the most majestic and lovely -scenes that exist on earth. -</p> - -<p> -The winter was passed tranquilly; he occupied himself by completing and -copying the first two parts of the "Nouvelle Heloise." When spring -returned he again delivered himself up to his entrancing reveries, and -wandered in the woods, as he composed the latter parts of his work. In -these there reigns a sort of paradisaical peace—a voluptuous yet -innocent transport of acknowledged bliss, that charms the reader, as it -inspired the writer. That to be thus engrossed by ideas of passionate -love, however we may imagine that we can restrain them within proper -bounds, leads at last to the errors of passion, cannot be doubted. -Rousseau instinctively felt this truth when he made death the -catastrophe of his novel; not so much to mar the scene, as to prevent -sin and remorse from defacing it still more; he felt it in his own -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{Pg 140}</a></span> -person, when his unguarded and softened heart was suddenly possessed by -a passion the most vehement and unfortunate that ever caused a frail -human being to thrill and mourn. -</p> - -<p> -The countess d'Houdetot was the sister of M. d'Epinay, and was married -to a young noble, who had been given her as a husband in her youth, in -the way marriages were made in France, neither knowing nor caring for -the other. He was an insignificant person, very fond of money, and -totally neglectful of his wife. The usual course in such marriages was, -that the wife should have a lover, and if the husband were content to -shut his eyes, and she continued constant to one person, she was looked -on as living respectably. Madame d'Houdetot was not even pretty; but she -had a look of youth, preserved by the ingenuousness of her mind and the -kindness of her heart. Every one loved her. Gay, gentle, full of -tenderness, and admirably true and sincere; she added to these qualities -a giddiness of disposition—a childish but bewitching -frankness—a wit that never hurt, but always charmed, as springing -from the natural gladness of an innocent heart; and, protected by these -genuine virtues, she escaped the contamination of Parisian society. Her -lover, M. de Saint Lambert, was a man distinguished for his talents, -moving in the highest society, a gallant soldier, an admired poet, a -handsome man; his attachment, according to the code of morals of the -society to which they belonged, reflected honour on its object. -</p> - -<p> -She came several times, at the desire of Saint Lambert, to visit -Rousseau at the Hermitage. He had desired her to go, believing that the -ties of friendship established between the three would be of mutual -benefit; and Rousseau being aware of their attachment, the openness of -heart that reigned in the intercourse was another attraction. She spoke -of her lover with enthusiasm: Rousseau listened, and before he was -aware, felt for her all that she expressed for another. When, after her -departure, he turned his thoughts to Julie, hitherto the idol of his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{Pg 141}</a></span> -imagination, he found her image displaced by that of madame d'Houdetot, -and with a pang recognised the new power that possessed him. -</p> - -<p> -Sophist, as on many occasions Rousseau undoubtedly was, he reasoned on -his feelings till the very causes that ought to have made him resolve to -crush the nascent passion, were changed by him into motives for -fostering it. He had enounced a severe code of morality, and called the -permitted liaisons of Parisian society by the harsh name of adultery; -and it would have been base indeed to have been tempted into forming -such himself. There was no danger of this. Madame d'Houdetot loved -another, superior to himself in all qualities that attract, with warmth -and truth. He duped himself, therefore, by the vain sophism, that he -only injured himself by nourishing an unreturned passion. -</p> - -<p> -Could he have confined it to his own heart, the injury would have been -great enough; disturbing his peace, wrecking the little of proud -consolatory thoughts which he preserved. But from the first he avowed -his love to its object, and continued to pour the fervent expressions it -inspired into her ear; secure in the mistaken notion, that as he did not -seek to win her, but only to unburden his heart, the indulgence was -innocent. He says that he should blame madame d'Houdetot for listening, -had he been young and good-looking: still he was not so very old; -perhaps suffering added years to his appearance; but at all events the -lady acted with great imprudence. Her artless noble character lifts her -far above unworthy suspicion; but she was thoughtless and inexperienced; -the dupe of mistaken compassion. She allowed Rousseau to visit her -frequently; to write to her; to pour out the declarations of his love; -never feeling inclined to participate in his sentiments, she yet wished -to preserve his friendship and to enjoy his society. For four months -they were continually together. He walked over to her house at -Eaubonne—they met half-way—they rambled together in the -neighbouring country. Such unguarded conduct excited remark. Madame -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{Pg 142}</a></span> -d'Epinay, to say the least, was exceedingly annoyed that her -sister-in-law should thus expose herself to calumny. We have two -accounts of these unfortunate events, one by Rousseau, the other from -her pen. She passes rather slightly over them, but expresses even -disgust; she was aware, she says, of her sister's innocence, but pained -by her imprudent conduct. Theresa became violently jealous; and while -she tried to pacify her, she blamed those who so needlessly excited her -jealousy. Rousseau, on the contrary, accuses her of the utmost baseness; -of fostering remark; of writing to Saint Lambert a garbled and false -statement of facts; of exciting Theresa's jealousy, and even instigating -her to steal any letters she might find, and betray them to her. There -is, probably, exaggeration in this; at the same time it is plain that -the intercourse between Rousseau and madame d'Houdetot was the chief -topic of conversation at the chateau of her sister-in-law; that they -were greatly blamed; and it is certain that Saint Lambert received an -anonymous letter, informing him of what was going on. Probably Therese -or her mother wrote it; we can hardly suspect madame d'Epinay of so base -and vulgar a proceeding. It is remarkable that these accounts not only -differ materially in circumstances, but that the notes of madame -d'Epinay, as given by her, are written in quite another tone from those -quoted in the Confessions. As whenever Rousseau's copies have been -collated with the originals, they have been found faithful, we suspect -the lady of falsifying hers. In fact, while Rousseau gains our -confidence, even while we perceive that he acted a highly blameable -part, there is a studied, though apparently negligent, glozing of facts -in madame d'Epinay's which excites suspicion. -</p> - -<p> -Saint Lambert did not suspect madame d'Houdetot; but he thought that -Rousseau was highly blameable for declaring love for her; and that she -was very unwise in listening to him. He interfered, though with kindness -and consideration for his unhappy rival; the intercourse was broken off. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{Pg 143}</a></span> -Rousseau, with a heart worn by passion, and bursting with the struggles -that tormented it, was thrown back on himself, to find his friends -alienated, his home disquieted, and sympathy nowhere. -</p> - -<p> -Many other circumstances contributed to his unhappiness; circumstances -which would scarcely enter into the history of any other man as eminent -as Rousseau; apparently trifling, but rendered important through his -sensitive and umbrageous disposition. He had two intimate male friends: -Diderot, whom he had known many years, and to whom he was sincerely -attached; and Grimm. Diderot was a singular man, and enjoyed during life -more reputation than has afterwards fallen to his lot. He had great -talents, joined to a sensibility, which was real in him, but which -produced a style in France, that may be termed the ejaculatory, the most -affected and tiresome in the world. His opinions became feelings; these -feelings engrossed him; he was in a perpetual state of exaltation and -enthusiasm about trifles. As an instance, we are told, that at one time -he could not sleep at nights, because Virgil had not praised Lucretius, -till at length he found a verse in the Georgies— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Felix qui potuit rerum cognosccre causas;"</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -and interpreting it into an encomium on the great metaphysical poet of -antiquity, he regained his tranquillity. He had a tender heart, but -though he possessed some genius, he had not understanding enough to -serve as an equilibrium. Rousseau was in very bad hands as regarded the -<i>gouverneuses</i>, as he called them. The mother of Theresa was a -grasping, artful, gossiping, selfish old woman. Rousseau was poor; she -complained to his friends, and Diderot and Grimm thought it right to make -her a small allowance. They did this unknown to their friend, and were -certainly wrong; for there is nothing more improper than to interfere -secretly with the household of others. Giving this money, they thought -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{Pg 144}</a></span> -they had a right to interfere further. The le Vasseurs, mother and -daughter, had no desire to pass the winter, away from their Parisian -acquaintance, in the forest of Montmorenci. They complained bitterly, -and Diderot wrote to remonstrate with Rousseau. To read his letter, you -would imagine that his friend thought of wintering at the North Pole; -his earnestness on stilts on such a petty occasion ought to have excited -a smile; it gave birth to a storm in the breast of the sensitive -philosopher—this was at last appeased—but still the thunder -growled. The unfortunate passion of Rousseau for madame d'Houdetot at first -made him solitary and abstracted—then miserable. Every demonstration -of suffering was interpreted as springing from melancholy engendered by -solitude. -</p> - -<p> -His other friend, Grimm, was German, who had appeared in Paris in an -obscure situation, as tutor to the children of the count de Schomberg. -Rousseau was one of his first acquaintance; their common love of music -brought them together. Grimm was a man of ambition as far as society -went. His personal affectations did not stop at brushing his nails,—a -mark of effeminacy indignantly related by Rousseau,—but by painting -his cheeks white and red, which gained for him the nickname of Tyran le -Blanc. Rousseau introduced him to madame d'Epinay. This lady was -suffering bitterly from the infidelity of her lover Franceuil;—she -permitted herself to be consoled by Grimm; who, while he became <i>l'ami -de maison</i>, seems to have determined that he should be single in that -character. He did all he could to undermine Rousseau with madame -d'Epinay, inducing her to resent his faults, his sensitiveness, his -imperious calls for sympathy and service, which she had hitherto -regarded with affectionate indulgence. She was slow to submit to the -law, and placed him in the Hermitage against Grimm's will;—to eject -him from this abode was the aim of his false friend. -</p> - -<p> -Of course, there are a thousand contradictions in the various accounts -given of these quarrels; and we seek the truth rather from the letters -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{Pg 145}</a></span> -written at the time, if these be not falsified. Grimm accused Rousseau -of being in love with madame d'Epinay: he denies this; and at least, -when he loved madame d'Houdetot, he no longer cared for her -sister-in-law. Was she piqued by his coldness, as Rousseau insinuates; -or was it merely that she yielded more and more to Grimm's -representations that he was a dangerous person? The final cause of her -quarrel, as she relates, was his speaking of her detractingly to -Diderot, who refused to be acquainted with her. There seems some -foundation for this accusation. She accuses him of speaking falsely; and -there are certainly traces of his having spoken unreservedly. This was -inexcusable, admitted as he was familiarly, and covered with benefits -and kindness;—especially to one to whom she was a stranger. Grimm -pushed things to extremities: he kept madame d'Epinay firm in her -resentment; he embittered Diderot's feelings. The latter acted with his -usual exaggerated and absurd sentimentality. Madame d'Epinay was very -ill, and resolved on going to Geneva to consult the famous Tronchin. -Diderot wrote a violent letter to Rousseau, insisting on his -accompanying her, and saying, that, if his health did not allow him to -bear the motion of a carriage, he ought to take his staff and follow her -on foot. There is no trace that madame d'Epinay wished him to accompany -her; on the contrary, she was doing all she could to throw him off. -Rousseau felt himself outraged by this letter—he fell into a -transport of rage—he complained to every body, and took the -resolution of quitting the Hermitage. When it came to the point, winter -setting in, he found this inconvenient; and wrote to madame d'Epinay, -then at Geneva, to mention his intention of staying till spring. In her -answer, she very decidedly tells him that he ought not to delay his -departure so long. Why this abrupt and rude dismissal? Did it spring -from Grimm's advice; or did she really feel resentment arising from the -knowledge that he had either traduced her, or revealed her secrets to -Diderot? On careful examination, we own, we incline to the latter -opinion, and cannot exculpate Rousseau. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{Pg 146}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -What a pitiful and wretched picture of society does all this present! -People of refinement, of education, and genius,—Rousseau, a man so -richly gifted with talent—Diderot, enthusiastic on the subject of -every social duty—Grimm, a man of sense—madame d'Epinay, a -woman of talent, whose disposition was injured by the state and opinions -of society, but who was naturally generous, confiding, and -friendly,—yet each and all acting with intolerance and bitterness. -The passions were the sources of these dissensions,—Rousseau's for -madame d'Houdetot—Grimm's for madame d'Epinay;—but why -should not these feelings have inspired toleration and kindness? They -were fostered unfortunately by temper and vanity. Each had microscopic -eyes for the faults of the other—neither could perceive his own. -Had they at once dismissed their mutual cavillings, reproaches, and -explanations, and gone their own way in silence and toleration, they -might have been unhappy,—for such must be the result of illicit -love,—but they had not presented to all the world, and to -posterity, so humbling a proof of the worthlessness of talent in -directing the common concerns of life. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau, of course, at once quitted the Hermitage. He had a horror of -entering Paris: he was greatly embarrassed as to where to go, when M. -Mathas, procureur-fiscal to the prince of Condé, hearing of his -uncomfortable situation, offered him a small house in his garden of Mont -Louis, at Montmorenci: he accepted it at once, and removed thither. But -his soul was still in tumults; still passion convulsed his heart, which -would not be at peace. He desired to establish a friendship between -himself, St. Lambert, and madame d'Houdetot; but they drew back—from -the alleged motive that "Rousseau's attachment was the talk of Paris, -and that therefore she could not have any intercourse with him." It was -likely enough that the old woman, le Vasseur, or twenty others, might -have been the cause of this gossip; but Rousseau chose to fix the blame -on Diderot, and to quarrel with him outright. Strange that these -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{Pg 147}</a></span> -sensitive men should have so little real affection in their nature that, -for the sake of personal offences, real or imagined, they could at once -throw off those whom they had loved, as they pretended, so well and so -long; showing how much more deeply rooted and engrossing was <i>self</i>, -than the interests and intercourse of their friends. A few years after, -Diderot sought to be reconciled to his former friend; he engaged a mutual -acquaintance to mediate between them. Rousseau declined his advances. He -replied:—"I do not see what M. Diderot, after seven years' -silence, all at once demands of me. I ask nothing of him—I have no -disavowal to make. I am far from wishing him ill—and am yet further -from doing or saying aught to injure him. I know how to respect the ties -of an even extinguished friendship to the end; but I never renew -it—that is my inviolable maxim." Rousseau was in exile and misfortune -when Diderot made this advance, which was honourable to him; he was -doubtless piqued by the refusal; but we cannot excuse him when, many -years afterwards, after the death of his friend, he attacked him in one -of his works. It would have been better to forget. And gladly would we, -in spite of the publicity given, have passed over these details—but -that they formed an intrinsic portion of the picture of Rousseau's life; -and were the cause why, in after times, he became suspicious even to -madness—miserable even to death. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1758.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -46.</span></p> - -<p> -With the new year, Rousseau, quitting the Hermitage, began a new life; -as much as an entire casting away of old friends, and seeking fresh -ones, can change the tenor of existence. But Rousseau was ever the same. -His passions, masked even to himself by their intensity, ruled his -destiny; and it was a miserable one. The semblance of tranquillity, -however, awaited him at first; and he gave himself to study and -authorship uninterruptedly. The "Encyclopædia" undertaken by d'Alembert -and Diderot engaged the attention of the literary world: it was made the -vehicle of their opinions, and the engine for propagating them. Voltaire -was residing at the Délices. He was disgusted by the pedantic, austere, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{Pg 148}</a></span> -puritanic tone of society at Geneva: he considered the drama as an -admirable means of enlightening and refining a people; and, in concert -with him, D'Alembert, in his article on "Geneva," wrote in favour of the -establishment of a theatre in that city, where hitherto it had been -forbidden. Rousseau, in his dreams of primitive innocence, considered -this as an innovation on the simple manners of his country-people; and -he took up his pen in opposition. He wrote with fervour and eloquence: -he detailed the miseries resulting from a sophisticated state of -society; and argued that the drama, by treating concerning, nourished -the passions, and weakened the principles of morality. In the state in -which society was in Paris, he had many arguments in his favour; and he -might well consider the introduction of libertinism and luxury as -pernicious, contrasted even with the narrow, bigoted spirit reigning at -Geneva. The eloquence of his letter gave it vogue. In a note appended, -he announced his rupture with Diderot,—accusing him at the same time -of betraying him. This was fairly regarded as an unwarrantable attack, -though he imagined it to be an act of heroism. It was an error, to make -the public a confidant in their quarrel; and the doing so arose from the -belief that all the world was occupied with him: but it was worse -publicly to accuse a former friend. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau does his best, in the "Confessions," to show how contented and -happy he was in his new abode—the number of friends he still -retained—and his delight at being still at a distance from Paris. He, -with proper pride, boasts of his contempt for party spirit, and the -formation of cabals in literature, in which Paris was rife. Nothing -debases literary men more than owning dependence, for praise or blame, -on aught but the public at large. -</p> - -<p> -Not far from his abode of Mont Louis was the chateau of Montmorenci, -where the marshal duke de Luxembourg, with his family, usually passed -the summer. On their first visit after his arrival, they seem courteous -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{Pg 149}</a></span> -messages and invitations; but Rousseau, with proper pride, shunned -advances, the nature of which he did not fully comprehend. This -occasioned further demonstrations. The duke visited him—he became an -habitual guest at the château—rooms were furnished for him in a sort -of pleasure-house, or smaller château, in the grounds—and he was -treated by the whole family with all that cordial and winning grace -peculiar to French persons of rank in those days. He read the "Nouvelle -Heloïse" and "Emile" to the duchess, who paid him the most flattering -attentions. Both she and her husband displayed warm interest in his -fortunes; and the noble, amiable character of the marshal was a pledge -that such would prove neither treacherous nor evanescent. They were -serviceable, without impertinent interference—kind, without -pretension. -</p> - -<p> -This may be considered a happy period in Rousseau's life. The works on -which his fame is chiefly founded were finished or composed during these -years. The "Nouvelle Heloïse" was published at the end of 1760. With -all its errors, this novel is full of noble sentiments and elevated -morality—of true and admirable views of life—and an eloquence -burning and absorbing. Its success was unparalleled. Parisian society, -engrossed by intrigues and follies, yet felt at its core that passion was -the root even of these—depraved and distorted as passion was by their -social laws and opinions; and, thus brought back to its natural expression, -they were carried away by enthusiastic admiration. The women in -particular, who are always the losers in a system of heartless -gallantry,—since they seldom, if ever, cultivate a love of pleasure -destitute of sentiment—as is the case with a number of -men,—were charmed by a book which increased their influence by -exalting love. Another interest was excited by the notion generally spread, -that the book contained the history of the author's early life. Rousseau -was identified with St. Preux, and gained by the idea. This work was -followed by the "Emile,"—a book that deserves higher praise. That he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{Pg 150}</a></span> -adopted certain views from Locke and others, who had previously written -on education, does not in the least deteriorate from its merit; that, as -a system, it is full of faults and impracticability takes little from -its utility. He shows the true end of education; and he first explained -how children ought to be treated like younger men, not as slaves or -automata. His success in casting an odium on the habit of putting infants -out to nurse—his admirable aphorism, that children ought to be -rendered happy, since childhood is all of life they may ever know—his -exhortations to prepare the pupil to be a man in the first place, -instead of considering him as a noble or gentleman in embryo—are -among the most admirable of his principles. Others may regard the work -disparagingly; but every parent who in any degree superintends the -education of his offspring—every mother who watches over the health -and welfare of her babes—will readily acknowledge the deepest -obligations to the author of "Emile." -</p> - -<p> -It fills the soul with bitterness to think that this admirable work, -whence generations of men derive wisdom and happiness, was the origin of -violent persecution against the author; and, by expelling him from his -home, and exposing him bare to the assaults of his enemies, drove him -into a state of mind allied to madness, and devoted him to poverty and -sorrow to the end of his life. -</p> - -<p> -The printing and publishing of the work had been greatly assisted, not -only by the duke and duchess de Luxembourg, but by M. de Malesherbes, a -man of known probity and kindness of disposition. Rousseau had a -quality, belonging to the warm of heart, and unknown to the cold and -dull,—that of desiring to confide in, and to be fully known to, those -whom he respected and loved. The benevolent attentions of M. de -Malesherbes, even to the whims and groundless suspicions of a man who, -from his state of health, believed himself to be dying, and feared to -leave his unpublished works in the hands of enemies, evinced that warmth -and truth of sympathy which is the golden treasure of human nature, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{Pg 151}</a></span> -wherever it be found. Won by his benevolence, Rousseau addressed four -letters to him, explaining and describing his opinions, motives, and -conduct. These letters are, as it were, an introduction to the -"Confessions." They are written with the same persuasive eloquence, and -passionate love for the good and beautiful, that reigns in the last -parts of the "Nouvelle Heloïse," and forms their charm. -</p> - -<p> -He had been ill during the publication of the "Emile," and rendered -vehemently anxious by delays of the press. At length the book -appeared;—but it bore a stamp to intimidate his admirers and silence -their public applause; and it was therefore received more silently than -any other of his works. The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy is a -declaration of pure deism; and, in particular, is levelled against -various pernicious errors of Catholicism. The great foundation stone of -papacy is auricular confession, which enables the clergy to put all sins -against the ordinances of the church in the first class; and to look on -falsehood, treachery, and intolerance, as virtues, when exercised for -its sake. The Confession allies religion and morals—makes the Gospel -a rule of conduct; and, though it doubts the mysteries of the Christian -faith, it speaks of them with reverence, but in a protestant spirit, -totally at variance with Catholicism. This portion of his book excited -remark, and exposed the author to the persecutions of the French -priesthood. -</p> - -<p> -But Rousseau felt perfectly secure. There was nothing said in the -Confession of the Vicar of Savoy that had not appeared before in the -last part of the "Nouvelle Heloïse." He had himself, notwithstanding -these considerations, been exceedingly averse to publishing his work in -France: the method then, with any book bringing forward forbidden -opinions, being to publish it at Brussels, which sheltered the author -from the French laws. But the duchess of Luxembourg and M. de -Malesherbes persuaded him to let them undertake an edition in France; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{Pg 152}</a></span> -and it was brought out at their instigation, against his own conviction: -they, therefore, were responsible for his security; and he did not -entertain the slightest doubt but that they would provide against his -incurring any evil consequences. -</p> - -<p> -It was as the shock of an earthquake, therefore, when, a few days after -the publication of the "Emile," he was disturbed in the middle of the -night by a message from the duchess of Luxembourg, saying that a decree -of arrest of his person would be executed on the following morning, at -seven o'clock, if he remained, but that, if he fled, he would not be -pursued; and begging him to come to her immediately. It was greatly to -the interest of the duchess to get Rousseau away, that the whole affair -might be hushed up; since any examinations would betray her connivance -in the publication. Rousseau was aware of this. -<span class="sidenote2">June.<br /> -15.<br /> -1762.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -50.</span> -He saw the duchess agitated;—he felt that, however much -he might wish to shield her during his examination, any mistake on his -part might compromise her; and he knew his habitual want of presence -of mind. He consented at once to fly—he was not allowed to -deliberate; the morning was given to preparations and adieus; at four -o'clock in the afternoon he departed. His friends were safe—he -alone the sufferer. -</p> - -<p> -His first idea was to establish himself in his native town; but this -plan was speedily deranged. Nine days after the decree of the parliament -of Paris, the council of Geneva, instigated by the French government, -sentenced the "Emile" to be burnt, and its author to be imprisoned if he -entered their territory. Rousseau might well feel disdain and -indignation for the folly and intolerance of his country-people; nor was -it in human nature for his heart not to ferment with resentment and -scorn at the universal attack levelled against him from all sects, all -parties, all countries, on account of a book whose chief pretension was -to bear the stamp of impartial truth, and to become (and he succeeded in -his attempt) highly beneficial to the human race. Its fault is that it -is anti-christian; but the most devout follower of our Saviour, if -charitable, must be impressed by the sincerity of the author, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{Pg 153}</a></span> -respect the love of truth that dictated his declarations. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau had arrived at Iverdun, in the canton of Berne. Exiled from -Geneva, he resolved to remain there. He had friends; and a house was -offered him, which he had accepted—when he heard that the council of -Berne had sent an order desiring him to quit their state. Thus -persecuted, he had but one resource. Neufchâtel and its territory -belongs to the kingdom of Prussia: he believed that he should find -toleration at the hands of Frederic the Great. -</p> - -<p> -He found far more in the governor of Neufchâtel—marshal lord Keith, a -man eminent for his virtue. Marshal Keith had entertained many false -notions with regard to Rousseau; but he was filled with sentiments of -benevolence towards him; and the king of Prussia, influenced by him, was -desirous of rendering his residence in his stated agreeable. Rousseau -refused the offers of a house, and of supplies of wood, corn, wine, -&c., which were offered him in lieu of money, as likely to be more -readily accepted; indeed, in his "Confessions," he speaks with contempt of -these offers, as coming from Frederic: but he acquired the -friendship—the affection—of the amiable and benevolent lord -Keith; and found in it, while it was spared to him, the consolation of his -life. -</p> - -<p> -He took up his residence in the village of Motiers, in the -Val-de-Travers, in the comté of Neufchâtel. If we read the -correspondence of Voltaire, and other writings of his enemies, we should -believe that he lived in a state of habitual warfare;—that his soul, -ever in tumults, continually exhaled itself in vituperation and -philippics; that he was perpetually engaged in underhand cabals and -petty manœuvres. Rousseau disdained to be of any party. He admired -Voltaire, as a man of vast genius—but refused to bow before the -literary throne on which he had seated himself. This was his crime; and -his punishment was the insolent sarcasms and brutal railleries of the -great master of wit. -</p> - -<p> -We may turn in all security from such false pictures to the reality, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{Pg 154}</a></span> -depicted not only in his "Confessions," in his letters, and in his -"Promenades d'un Solitaire"—these, as written by himself, might be -open to suspicion—but to accounts afforded by impartial persons. -Among these, the comte d'Escherney gives an interesting narration of his -intercourse. A little distrust was shown on one occasion by the -persecuted philosopher, but their friendship, except on this one -occasion, was unclouded. The comte habitually dined with Rousseau: he -praises his simple table, and the excellent cooking of Thérèse; whom, -at the same time, he blames severely for the mischief she did by her -unbridled and malicious tongue,—exciting against herself, and -consequently against Rousseau, a spirit of dislike in the neighbourhood. -He felt this—and at one time wished to remove; but did not put his -desire in execution. While at Motiers he addicted himself sedulously to -botany. In his herborising expeditions, he was accompanied by M. du -Peyrou, an American settled at Bié—an excellent and respectable man, -who became his fast friend; by the colonel De Puri, father-in-law of M. -du Peyrou—both good botanists; and by the comte—who was obliged -to learn the science, not to be thrown out entirely in conversation. Some -of these expeditions were extensive; and the comte, after the lapse of -years, speaks of them with pleasure, and dwells on the charm thrown over -them by the conversation, the genius, the kind heart of Rousseau. The -latter had many other friends in the neighbourhood, whom he tenderly -loved. He remained at Motiers-Travers three years: he might have spent -his life there, honoured, happy, and independent. When we relate the -circumstances that drove him from it, we leave to impartial judges to -decide whether he were in fault or his persecutors—who, for the most -part, <i>soi-disant</i> philosophers and free thinkers, excited the spirit -of bigotry against him, and did not hesitate hypocritically to assume the -language of religion to destroy him. -</p> - -<p> -Of what was he guilty? The accusations against him are few. The first, -that he desired to attain notoriety by assuming the Armenian dress. All -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{Pg 155}</a></span> -singularity in externals is foolish; and, though he excuses himself on -the score of convenience, it was certainly unwise in him to dress so as -to attract universal observation—especially in a country where the -ignorant are easily taught to hate and fear that which they do not -understand. But this fault is trivial. His second crime was his -participating in the communion. He had re-entered the protestant church, -some years before, at Geneva. He announced the greatest respect for the -religion of the Gospel; but, as his Confession of a Savoyard Vicar -argues against the divine nature of our Saviour, he had better have -abstained from making this outward manifestation of orthodox belief. -</p> - -<p> -The fault most urged against him was his renunciation of the citizenship -of Geneva. No further attack on him had been made by the government of -that city during the space of a year; and, considering the spirit of -persecution abroad against him, it had been more prudent to have -remained tranquil: but this very spirit, manifested in all writings, in -all societies, roused him to assert himself. He had committed no crime, -and he was sentenced as guilty. He had endeavoured to persuade his -fellow citizens to rescind their decree; various representations were -made to the council, not only by himself, but by the citizens and -burgesses of Geneva. There could be no evil motive in his desire, or in -the attempts he made to be reinstated in his rights in his native city; -but this justice was refused him; and with anger and disdain he -renounced his claims as citizen, and thus withdrew from their -jurisdiction. This act can scarcely be deemed blameable; he, however, -was attacked, and the council was defended, in several pamphlets, with -acrimony and violence. The chief among these were "Lettres écrites de -la Campagne," by M. Tronchin. The talent of the author gained the field -fora moment. "Siluit terra!" Rousseau exclaims: no defender rose for -him; it was deemed that he alone was able to reply. For a time he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{Pg 156}</a></span> -refused; but at last yielded to the representations of his friends, and, -parodying the title of the attack, brought out his "Lettres écrites de -la Montagne." This had no influence over the council: they persisted in -their refusal—and even reiterated their decree. From that moment -Rousseau declared that he would mingle no more in public affairs;—and -he kept his word. -</p> - -<p> -But the mischief was already done. The quarrel between the citizens and -council of Geneva, on the subject of the right of the latter to enact -decrees without consulting the former, was attended with disturbances -and bloodshed. The whole country was in tumults. The "Letters from the -Mountain" were more anti-christian than any of his preceding works. The -clergy were enraged: the peasantry of Neufchâtel were taught to regard -him as a monster; from execration they proceeded to personal attack; -stones were thrown at him during his walks—and at last, the ferment -arriving at its height, his house was attacked in the night by the -country people: it appeared certain that his life was in the utmost -danger; the officers of government were disquieted by the apprehension -of more fatal disturbances, and the probability of his being -assassinated: he himself was sick at heart at finding himself the object -of open and loud execration. Resolving to leave Motiers, he felt -uncertain whither to go. His Parisian friends had interested David Hume -in his behalf, and exhorted him to take up his abode in England. -Frederic invited him to Berlin, where the friendship of lord Keith -assured him a cordial welcome from at least one friend. He was inclined -to a far wilder scheme;—the Corsicans had asked him to frame a code -of laws, and he entertained the idea of establishing himself in their -island. The sudden necessity of instant removal drove this idea from his -mind; and another presented itself that accorded with his tastes. During -his botanical rambles he had visited the island of St. Pierre situated -in the lake of Bienne, and dependent on the canton of Berne. The aspect -of the isle had enchanted him. A difficulty arose, from his having been -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{Pg 157}</a></span> -ordered to quit the state of Berne on first arriving in Switzerland; -but, on sounding the chiefs of the state, he was told that they were -ashamed of their past conduct, and very willing that he should establish -himself at St. Pierre. -<span class="sidenote1">1765.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -53.</span> -Here, then, in the month of September, he took up his abode: Theresa -joined him: they boarded with the receiver of the island, who was its -only inhabitant: the profits of his works, and a slight pension allowed -him by lord Keith, assured him a frugal subsistence. Recurring, in after -years, to his brief residence in this island, he fondly dilates on his -excursions on the water—on his botanical studies—on the calm -that possessed his soul, and his total indifference to all intercourse -with the world. As an excuse for the persecutions he suffered, he is -accused of intriguing and creating disturbances even in his solitude; -but no facts are mentioned—no proofs are advanced. We cannot, -indeed, believe that the morbid spirit of distrust so fatal to his -peace, which soon afterwards manifested itself, did not in any degree -exist; but there are no letters, no documents, to support the -accusations—made principally, indeed, by the <i>soi-disant</i> -philosophers—and, above all, by Voltaire, who could not endure -that any other than himself should be a subject of interest; and who, -more than an infidel—a blasphemer—joined with the most -bigoted religionists in persecuting Rousseau. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau was not permitted long to enjoy the tranquil pleasures of his -island residence. Suddenly, without preparation, he received an order -from the state of Berne to quit their territory in three days. It was a -clap of thunder—he could but obey—again he was a wanderer: some -friends implored him to take up his residence at Bienne, an independent -town; he almost consented, when a popular tumult, of which he was the -object, drove him away. -</p> - -<p> -He quitted Switzerland on the 29th of October. His first idea was to -repair to Berlin. On arriving at Strasbourg he changed his mind: he -gives no reason for this, except that he did not think that he could -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{Pg 158}</a></span> -support the journey; and that the kindness of the Strasburghers made him -meditate passing the winter in their city. He was, in fact, deliberating -between Prussia and England. He feared the influence of the Parisian -philosophers on Frederic's mind; he knew that the king preferred the -writings of Voltaire to his; he felt that they would not suit—that -Frederic would neither take pleasure in his society, nor reverence him: -he would fall into a subordinate position and humble obscurity—not as -a private man, whose independence repays him for all, but as a neglected -courtier and pensioner of royalty. These natural struggles, founded on -common sense and knowledge of the world, were misinterpreted by his -enemies.—Horace Walpole, who did not appreciate his genius, wrote a -burlesque letter, as if from the king of Prussia—the point of which -was, that Rousseau could not be happy unless persecuted: the sorrowful -truth, and the miserable effects of persecution which were subverting -even his reason, found no pity at the hands of these men. -</p> - -<p> -But he had friends. The duchess of Luxembourg (the duke had died in the -interim) and the countess de Boufflers, who were aware of the generosity -of his conduct when he fled from France, exerted themselves to procure -him an asylum. David Hume offered to escort him to England, and to -establish him respectably there. Rousseau did not like the English; but -the plan offered many advantages, and he consented. He took Paris in his -way, where the prince of Conti received him with princely hospitality. -"The prince," Rousseau writes, "chooses that I should be lodged and -entertained with a magnificence which he well knows does not suit my -tastes; but I comprehend that, under the circumstances, he wishes to -give public testimony of the esteem with which he honours me." He -received a great many visits; crowds followed him when he walked in the -streets;—it is no wonder that he loved a people and a country where -he received such flattering tokens of kindness and admiration. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{Pg 159}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -Yet he was eager to quit Paris; he was in France on sufferance; he even -received intimation from the duke de Choiseul not to prolong his stay. -<span class="sidenote1">1766.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -54.</span> -On the 2d of January, he departed with Hume and a M. de Luze, a Genevese -and a friend of his. There was great difficulty in knowing where to -place the exile, when he arrived in England: his scanty income was far -too slight to afford mere necessaries in this country: many plans were -discussed; Rousseau rejected several. Thérèse le Vasseur was the great -obstacle to his comfort. It was with difficulty that the prejudice -against her as Rousseau's mistress could be got over; but worse remained -in her own character. De Luze represents her as ignorant, mischievous, -and quarrelsome; add to this, that heretofore Rousseau had treated her -as a mere housekeeper, and she did not dine at table with his -guests—now he insisted that she should be placed on an equality with -himself. -</p> - -<p> -Still he and Hume continued on friendly terms; and the latter -entertained a sincere esteem for him. He wrote: "He is mild, gentle, -modest, affectionate, disinterested, and, above all, endowed in a -supreme degree with sensibility of heart." Rousseau insisted on -establishing himself in solitude at a distance from London: an eligible -residence was at last found for him. He passed two months in London and -Chiswick. He was visited by all persons of distinction. "English -manners," he wrote to a friend, "suit my taste; they can testify esteem, -without cajolery." He then repaired to Wotton in Derbyshire—a house -belonging to Mr. Davenport, but seldom inhabited by him: his host, to -satisfy his delicacy, received nominal payment for his board and -lodging; and here Rousseau and Thérèse took up their abode. -</p> - -<p> -Here he wrote the first portion of his "Confessions;" and for a short -time he appeared to take pleasure in his retreat, and to feel grateful -to the friend who had procured it for him. A few weeks altered his -feelings. He became acquainted with the pretended letter of the king of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{Pg 160}</a></span> -Prussia, fabricated by Horace Walpole: he began to suspect that Hume -allied himself to his detractors and enemies, and he renounced all -commerce with him. So far indeed were his suspicions founded, that Hume -had changed his opinion with regard to him. He still spoke of him as the -most delightful man in the world, when in good humour, but found his -distrust and suspicions, and accesses of melancholy, detract from the -pleasure which his society afforded. He had joined also in the laugh -raised by Walpole's letter, which, considering that Rousseau was his -peculiar guest and friend, was indelicate and insulting. Brooding in -loneliness, with only the ignorant, mischief-making Thérèse for a -companion, during a dreary English winter, Rousseau's mind, ever -distrustful, at once became fraught with suspicion. He felt himself -deserted by Hume,—he believed himself to be betrayed. Living in -obscurity and neglect in a country of the language of which he was -ignorant, his imagination suggested that his enemies had entered into a -combination to keep him there, so to gain an opportunity, undetected, of -falsifying his writings and calumniating his character. These thoughts -fermented in his brain till a species of insanity ensued. He fancied -that all his letters were opened; that he was, in a manner, imprisoned -at Wotton; and that the object of his enemies was to seize on his -"Confessions;" the knowledge of their existence having excited this -persecution. A pension of 100<i>l</i>. a year, which was conferred on him -by George III. in honourable terms, did not appease his anxieties nor calm -the fever of his mind. Under the dominion of these false -ideas,—suddenly, after a year's residence, during which he had been -treated with singular consideration and kindness, he left Wotton, -traversed England, embarked; and when he arrived at Calais congratulated -himself on his escape, as if honour and life had depended on it. The -letter he left behind addressed to Mr. Davenport, and those he wrote to -his friends, accusing his English protectors of treachery, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{Pg 161}</a></span> -denouncing an universal conspiracy against his reputation and writings, -by proving that he was possessed by insanity, ought to have excited -pity;—he met with none. An indignant cry was raised by Hume and -echoed by his enemies, accusing him of base ingratitude, and a wicked -intention to vilify his friends. This conduct served to excite his -monomania to its highest pitch, by giving some colour to his suspicions; -and he appeared to himself most calm and reasonable while he was the most -entirely under the dominion of the species of insanity that had come -over him. We must not, however, be misunderstood. Rousseau was very -ill-treated; Voltaire and his sect spared no ridicule, no opprobrium; -his friends, even Hume, would join in the laugh excited by Horace -Walpole's fabrication; Baron d'Holbach and his coterie, reigned over by -Grimm, never spoke of him except as a mixture of impostor and madman. -Here was much for Rousseau to resent. But his madness consisted in the -idea that there was an organised combination formed against him, which -was to destroy his reputation while living, falsify his writings, and -hand him down to posterity in the darkest colours. Such combinations are -never formed; and those who fancy themselves the object of such are -decidedly insane.<a name="NoteRef_9_9" id="NoteRef_9_9"></a><a href="#Note_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1767.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -55.</span></p> - -<p> -The consequence was that his personal friends continued to treat him -with consideration. The prince of Conti offered him an asylum in his -chateau de Trie, near Amiens. He remained there about a year. The -unfortunate disposition of Thérèse soon turned all the servants and -dependants of the place into enemies. He quickly felt the effects of the -mischief she excited, and fancying that the cause existed not in her, -but others, was glad to get away. -</p> - -<p> -An exile and a wanderer, he could not tell where to take up his abode. -At one time he appears to have become aware of the bad disposition of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{Pg 162}</a></span> -Thérèse, and to have resolved to separate from her. It would appear -that at this time he was married to her; but this act did not satisfy -her discontent. She deserves blame certainly; but he deserves more for -having chosen, in the first place, an ignorant woman, who had no -qualities of heart to compensate for stupidity; and, secondly, for -having injured instead of improving her disposition by causing her to -abandon her children, and taking from her the occupations and interests -that attend maternity. Dragging about with him this companion, he -resided for some time in Dauphiné. His time was chiefly spent in -herborising. He seemed -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"The world forgetting, by the world forgot;"</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -but he was not satisfied. His restless dissatisfaction, and the -unfortunate notion that an universal conspiracy was formed against him, -caused him to renounce the pension which the king of England had -conferred. The same passions engendered a thousand varying plans. He -contemplated returning to Paris. As a first step, he remained for a -short time at Lyons, and here satisfied his vanity as well as his better -feelings by subscribing to the erection of a statue of Voltaire. The -subscription, and the letter accompanying it, were applauded, much to -the mortification of the latter, who tried vainly to have his name -erased. Soon after, he repaired to the capital. As a preliminary, he -quitted the Armenian dress which he had worn nearly ten years, being -told officially that he would not be allowed to remain in Paris, if he -attracted public attention by his singular costume. The permission he -received to inhabit that city was, indeed, only tacit, and burdened with -the condition that he should not publish any work,—a condition that -displays in its most odious light the intolerance and tyranny of the old -regime of France, -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1770.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -58.</span></p> - -<p> -His arrival in Paris created a sensation; he was welcomed with -enthusiasm. Madame du Deffand, who did not know him, and who dared not -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{Pg 163}</a></span> -like him, since Horace Walpole spoke of him with contempt, and who only -saw through the eyes of the high society she frequented, speaks -slightingly of his reception by what she calls "the populace of <i>beaux -esprits</i>;" but she mentions also that he will have nothing to do with -the great ladies of her acquaintance, nor their friends, and courtiers. -Grimm (and we must remark that, though Grimm often speaks disparagingly -of Rousseau, there is nothing absolutely false in his accounts in his -Correspondence) writes that his return was the subject of conversation -for many days. The people followed him in crowds in the street; he was -invited out to dinner every day; and it only rested with him to frequent -Parisian society most distinguished for talent and rank. -</p> - -<p> -His object in returning to Paris appears to have been, in the first -place, to give publicity to his "Confessions." Soon after his arrival he -read them aloud before the count and countess d'Egmont, prince -Pignatelli, the marquise de Mesmes, and the marquis de Juigné. We -cannot justify his thus dragging the private life of his existent -friends before the world: it is the most flagrant dishonesty in -civilised society, and ought to be put on a par with picking pockets. We -excuse Rousseau in a slight degree, since his act sprung from insanity. -He believed that his enemies coalesced to defame him; that he could -exculpate himself only by these "Confessions;" which, unless rendered -public during life, would be falsified after he was dead; and he -endeavoured to keep the secrets of his friends; though he limited his -complaisance in this to hinting how much he could tell, if he liked. -Madame d'Epinay was justly annoyed, and even alarmed, at the idea of -being made the fable of the day. This lady had no excess of delicacy, -since she left behind her memoirs that unveil the secrets of her life; -but she could not endure that her name and actions should be made topics -of public conversation during her life. She applied to M. de Sartine, -lieutenant of police, to suppress any future readings; and apparently he -complied with the wish, as there is only trace of one more, before seven -auditors, which took place at the instigation of a man who sought to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{Pg 164}</a></span> -establish an intimate friendship with their author. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau now established himself at Paris. Several persons have detailed -their recollections of him during this latter part of his life; and -there is something touching in the mixture of friendliness and distrust, -of gloom and gaiety, of frugality and hospitality, which the various -details record. Every word we read stamps the "Confessions" with truth, -and animates them with a living image; for when we find how eloquent, -agreeable, and warm-hearted he was, even when oppressed by long physical -suffering and heavy mental disquietudes, we may believe that he was -fascinating in his younger days. -</p> - -<p> -He lived in Paris, in Rue Platiere, in a fourth story. His one room was -furnished with mere necessaries—two little beds, a chest of drawers, -a table, a spinnet, and some chairs; and he was triumphantly happy when, -having paid for these few things, he could call them his own. Some boxes -and pots filled with plants stood in his window, where he often -scattered crumbs for the sparrow's: all was neat and clean; and the -simplicity and peace that reigned in the little chamber imparted the -most agreeable impressions. He occupied himself by copying music, which -he did with exquisite neatness and correctness: the only use he made of -his celebrity was to ask rather a high price for his work. Many persons -employed him, so to find a pretence for intruding on his solitude and -staring at him. He did not scruple to be rude to those whom he saw were -attracted by mere impertinent curiosity—to all others he was civil if -not complaisant. The sole real blot on his household was Thérèse, whom -every one mentions with dislike and disrespect. -</p> - -<p> -The prince de Ligne describes the visit he paid: he went under the -pretence of seeking a M. Rousseau of Thoulouse, and contrived, while -excusing himself for the mistake, to slide into conversation. Rousseau -submitted to be drawn out by an utter and unnamed stranger, without the -slightest appearance of distrust. The prince asked him about his music, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{Pg 165}</a></span> -and then alluded to literature, and quoted one of the opinions Rousseau -had himself advanced, of the danger of certain literary acquirements: in -a moment he was on the alert to reply, entering into the argument with -more eloquence than he had ever showed in his writings, and developing -his ideas with delicacy and precision; for it is remarkable that the -embarrassment and confusion of ideas, of which Rousseau complains as -habitual to him in conversation, never occurred, except when he fancied -that something was expected, and his extreme shyness interfered to -perplex his ideas, and even his utterance. But in the common course of -conversation all agree in describing him as more than entertaining, as -fascinating, through his eloquence, his perspicuity, and the vivacity -and energy of his imagery and ideas; but these were not to be exercised -on the trivial topics of the day, but on the high moral and -philosophical sentiments and opinions that warmed his soul. On leaving -him, the prince wrote him a letter, telling him who he was, and offering -him an asylum in his states. His letter is a singular one; he tells him -that no one knew how to read in his country, and that he would neither -be admired nor persecuted. He continues: "You shall have the key of my -books and my gardens; you shall see me or not as you please; you shall -have a small country-house a mile from mine, where you can sow and plant -just as you like; as, like you, I dislike thrones and dominations, you -shall rule no one, and no one will rule you. If you accept my offers. I -will lead you myself to the Temple of Virtue—such shall be the name -of your abode, though we will not call it thus; I will spare your modesty -all the triumphs you have well deserved." -</p> - -<p> -The prince declares that this letter was written in the sincerity of his -heart; afterwards it was spread through Paris as a bad imitation of -Horace Walpole's fabrication, and Rousseau himself believed that it was -a trick. However, at first he took it as sincere, and called on the -prince: he described his misfortunes, his enemies, the conspiracy of all -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{Pg 166}</a></span> -Europe against him, with an eloquence that charmed while it inspired -pity. "His eyes were two stars," the prince writes: "his genius shone in -his face and electrified me; he was touched by the effect he produced, -and, convinced of my enthusiasm, he showed gratitude for the interest I -took in his welfare." -</p> - -<p> -Madame de Genlis made acquaintance with him soon after his return to -Paris. She says she never met a literary man with less pretension, and -more amiable: he spoke of himself with simplicity, and of his enemies -without bitterness; he did entire justice to the talents of Voltaire; he -had a most agreeable smile, full of delicacy and gentleness; he was -communicative, and often very gay. He talked extremely well on music, in -which he was a real connoisseur. Rousseau dined with this lady and her -husband frequently. Their first quarrel arose from M. de Genlis sending -him two dozen bottles of a wine he had praised, instead of two, which he -had consented to accept. Nothing could be in worse taste than the -pleasure which all the rich acquaintance of Rousseau took in making him -presents, after he had declared he would not receive any. He always sent -them back; and they reaped the pleasure of at once displaying their -generosity without expense, and of railing at his misanthropy. The -quarrel which put an end to his acquaintance with madame de Genlis is -somewhat unintelligible. Rousseau took offence at something that passed -at a theatre; and, instead of supping with his friends as he had agreed, -walked sullenly away. Madame de Genlis was offended in her turn, and -their intercourse was never renewed. -</p> - -<p> -Bernardin de Saint Pierre, author of "Paul and Virginia," has left -delightful details of his visits to the recluse. They are far too long -to quote: we can only mention that they impress the reader with love and -esteem for Rousseau. Sometimes Saint Pierre was hurt by outbursts of -Rousseau's umbrageous temper, and on one occasion complained of his -morose manner and unjust suspicions, and asked whether he desired to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{Pg 167}</a></span> -quarrel with him. Rousseau replied, with emotion, "I should be sorry to -see you too often, but still more sorry not to see you at all. I fear -intimacies, and have closed my heart against them; my temper masters me, -do you not perceive it? I suppress it for a time, but at last it -overcomes me, and bursts forth in spite of my endeavours. I have my -faults; but, when we value the friendship of any one, we must take the -benefit with all its burdens." Saint Pierre adds, "that these fits of -distrust were rare, that he was usually gay, confiding, and frank; when -I saw him gloomy, I knew some sad thought perplexed him: I began talking -of Plutarch, and he came to himself as if awakening from a dream." -</p> - -<p> -Saint Pierre gives a pleasing account of the respect in which the -Parisians held him. They went together to hear the "Iphigenia" of Gluck: -the crowd and pressure were great; Rousseau was old; Saint Pierre felt -desirous to name him, and so to obtain protection: he hesitated, fearful -to offend; at length he whispered it to one or two, begging them to keep -the secret. Scarcely was the word uttered than a deep silence ensued, -the crowd looked respectfully on him, and emulated each other in -shielding him from pressure, without any one repeating the name that had -been revealed. At one time he suspected Saint Pierre of being in league -with his enemies; his friend insisted on an explanation, and succeeded -in convincing him of his innocence, though he still believed that his -enemies had endeavoured to make a cat's-paw of him. -</p> - -<p> -He thus lived for some years in Paris, occupied by copying music, and -sometimes seized with a desire for composing it; herborising in the -environs of the capital, seeing a few friends, and too often brooding in -solitude over the combination he believed formed against him throughout -Europe. As his health grew worse, these last fatal ideas became more and -more engrossing. He quarrelled with Gluck for writing music to French -words, saying that his only object was to give him the lie, because he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{Pg 168}</a></span> -had declared the French language to be unfit for music. He was angry -when he heard that the "Divin du Village" was represented and applauded; -saying that it was done under the pretence that the music was stolen. He -occupied himself on his unfortunate work of "Rousseau Juge de Jean -Jaques," which is a monument of the frenzy which it served to confirm; -yet at the same time he wrote his "Promenades d'un Solitaire," which, -with the exception of some of the letters of the "Nouvelle Heloise," and -a few passages in the "Confessions," are the most finished, the most -interesting, and eloquent of his works: the peculiar charm of Rousseau -reigns throughout; a mixture of lofty enthusiasm, of calm repose, and of -the most delicate taste. -</p> - -<p> -The friends about him saw traces of attacks of absolute madness: he -could no longer apply himself to his task of copying music, and the -miseries of poverty began to be felt in his household. M. de Corancez -tried to bring a remedy, by offering him a house at Sceaux, in which to -live: Rousseau refused, yet hesitated. M. de Girardin offered his house -at Ermenonville, where the superb gardens, of which he was proprietor, -might well tempt a lover of nature. Thérèse favoured this -offer—Rousseau consented to accept it, and his removal was effected -with some precipitancy. It might have been supposed that the charm of -his new abode would have calmed his mind and restored his health. It was -not so. Great obscurity hangs over the last scene of his life. -<span class="sidenote2">1778.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -66.</span> -He died suddenly at Ermenonville, on the 2d of July, two months after -his departure from Paris. The surgeons who examined his body pronounced, -at their examination, that he died of a serous apoplexy. -</p> - -<p> -Many circumstances combine to engender the suspicion that this opinion -was given merely to prevent scandal, and that in reality he shot -himself. It is certain that, at the moment of death, instead of being -senseless, he was carried to the window, which he caused to be thrown -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{Pg 169}</a></span> -open; the weather was beautiful, and he contemplated the fair scene -spread around, the shady gardens and serene sky, while he bade a calm -adieu to life. -</p> - -<p> -The cause of his suicide, if he really committed it, must be found in -his perpetual physical sufferings, in his weariness of life, and in the -accesses of insanity with which he was certainly sometimes visited: to -this M. de Corancez adds a discovery of the worthless character of -Thérèse. The last is merely conjecture. She married a groom of M. -Girardin, a year after her husband's death; and he gives her credit for -a criminal intercourse with this man, discovered by Rousseau, during his -life. -</p> - -<p> -His existence had become a dream of bodily and mental suffering; and -whether the disease that preyed on him affected his brain with death, or -excited him to arm himself against his own life, is a secret difficult -to penetrate. The latter seems most probable. He died peacefully, and -the heart that had beat so wildly, and the brain pregnant with an ardent -love of truth, and with so many wild delusions, were delivered over to -the peace of the grave. -</p> - -<p> -As a protestant he could not be buried in sacred ground, he was -therefore interred in the island of Poplars, in the gardens of -Ermenonville. The funeral took place in the evening. The solitary spot -shadowed over by trees, through whose foliage the moon shone, the calm -of the evening hour, and the lonely grave, were in accordance with the -singular but noble character of the man. -</p> - -<p> -On his tomb was inscribed— -</p> - -<blockquote><p class="center"> -ICI REPOSE<br /> -L'HOMME DE LA NATURE<br /> -ET DE LA VÉRITÉ.<br /> -<br /> -<i>Vitam impendere vero.</i></p></blockquote> - -<p> -These last words he had adopted as his device. His grave ought to have -been held sacred; but, in the rage for desecration that possessed the -French at the period of the revolution, the body was exhumed and placed -in the Pantheon. When the allies invaded France, out of respect for his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{Pg 170}</a></span> -memory, Ermenonville was exempted from contribution. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau has described himself; but, though sincere in an unexampled -degree, it is difficult to appreciate his character from the -"Confessions." A recent writer, Barante, founding his opinion on this -work, considers him a proud and envious egotist, full of vague -aspirations after virtue, incapable of a virtuous deed; yet we find -Saint Pierre, who knew him during the latter years of his life, when the -struggle between circumstances and his disposition had ceased, and his -character was formed, applaud his firm probity, his mild benevolence, -his frankness and natural gaiety of heart. One fact stamps Rousseau with -nobleness of soul. We turn to the pages of Voltaire's Correspondence, -and find it full of the most vilifying and insolent epithets applied to -his great contemporary—the opprobrium and insult with which he loads -his name bearing the stamp of the impurity and arrogance of his own -heart. Rousseau never spoke ill of Voltaire: when others dispraised, he -defended him; this might be the result of pride, but it was a noble and -generous pride. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau was proud; nourished in dreams of ancient virtue or chivalrous -romance, he respected himself, and he felt deeply aggrieved if he did -not meet respect in others. It is a strange anomaly to find this proud -man confessing the most degrading errors; but this arose from the -highest pride of all, and the most mistaken: he declared his faults, and -yet assumed himself to be better than other men. -</p> - -<p> -Was Rousseau envious? Grimm says, that anger at finding men of greater -genius preferred engendered most of his ill-humour against society. But -who were these superior men? not Voltaire, with whom, as older than -himself, he never competed: it was Helvetius, Thomas, and, above all, -Diderot. Whatever merits Diderot had in society and conversation, he is -so poor a writer that Rousseau could never have been really hurt by any -mistaken preference shown him. Envy, base as it is, does not stoop to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{Pg 171}</a></span> -envy that which is immeasurably inferior. Rousseau had certainly -sufficient cause to be displeased with Diderot, the tone of his letters -being arrogant and presumptuous; but his real displeasure was caused by -the belief that he had betrayed him, when he confided to him his -sentiments for madame d'Houdetot: balked and trampled on all sides, he -was stung to resent his disappointment somewhere, and he selected -Diderot for his victim. This was very wrong and self-deceptive: he -quotes good authority for proving the propriety of declaring to the -world that he and Diderot wore no longer friends, and there was no great -harm in so doing; but when he appended the quotation from Ecclesiastes -in a note, accusing Diderot of a great social crime, the betraying the -secret of a friend, he erred grossly, and cannot be defended. -</p> - -<p> -Rousseau had passed his existence in romantic reveries. This abstraction -of mind always engenders an indolence that concentrates the mind in -self, and hates to be intruded upon by outward circumstances. Pride and -indolence conjoined, created the independence of spirit for which he -took praise to himself. Independence is of two sorts. When we sacrifice -our pleasures and our tastes to preserve the dear privilege of not -deferring our principles and feelings to others, we foster an exalted -virtue; but the independence that finds duty an unwelcome clog—that -regards the just claims of our fellow-creatures as injurious and -intolerable, and that casts off the affections as troublesome -shackles—is one of the greatest errors that the human heart can -nourish; and such was the independence to which Rousseau aspired when he -neglected the first duty of man by abandoning his children. He often -dilates on simple pleasures—the charms of unsophisticated affections, -and the ecstasy to be derived from virtuous sympathy—he, who never -felt the noblest and most devoted passion of the human soul—the love -of a parent for his child! We cannot help thinking that even while Rousseau -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{Pg 172}</a></span> -defends himself by many baseless sophisms, that this crime, rankling at -his heart, engendered much of the misery that he charged upon his -fellow-creatures. Still Barante is unjust when he declares Rousseau's -life to have been devoid of virtuous actions. He was unpretendingly -charitable; and his fidelity to Thérèse, unworthy as she was, deserves -praise. It would have been easy to cast her off, and gain a more -suitable companion; but he bore her defects; and even to the last, when -it has been suspected that her worthlessness drove him to suicide, he -never complained. There was, with all his errors, great nobleness in -Rousseau's soul. The pride and envy of which he is accused led him to -cherish poverty, to repel benefits, to suspect his friends, but never to -cringe, or grasp, or lie. Distrust was his chief error—a mighty -one—but it did not injure others, while it destroyed himself. -</p> - -<p> -Of his works, the "Emile" stands in the first rank for its utility: his -theories however engendered some errors. The notion to which he was -attached, that entire independence, even of natural duties, was the -state congenial to man, mars many of his views. He would not allow a man -to be a father, scarcely a woman to be a mother; yet such are the -natural and imperative duties of life, even in the most primitive states -of society. We may add a further defect, gathered partly from the -continuation he projected. Sophie proves faithless; and Emile, -meditating on the conduct he ought to pursue, makes himself the centre -of his reflections, nor reverts to the claims which his unhappy wife and -blameless child have still on him. He leaves both to the mercy of a hard -world, and affords another proof of Rousseau's natural deficiency in a -sense of duty. Barante well observes that the "Emile" is the less -useful, because it gives no rules for public education; and public -education is doubtless the best fitted to form the character of social -man. Properly carried on, it prevents all need of having recourse to -those plans and impostures which deface Rousseau's system. The little -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{Pg 173}</a></span> -world of boys brings its own necessities and lessons with it: the chief -care devolving on the master, to prevent the elder and stronger from -domineering over the young and weak. -</p> - -<p> -He perverts virtue and vice in the "Heloïse" still more glaringly, and -clashes against the prejudices of every country. In France, the fault of -an unmarried girl was regarded as peculiarly degrading and even -ridiculous, and the early error of Julie therefore could find little -sympathy in that country. In ours we commiserate such; but we turn -disgusted from her wedding another man; and the marriage with the -elderly Wolmar, which Rousseau makes the crown of her virtue, is to us -the seal of her degradation. His ideas also of a perfect life are -singularly faulty. It includes no instruction, no endeavours to acquire -knowledge and refine the soul by study; but is contracted to mere -domestic avocations, and to association with servants and labourers, on -their own footing of ignorance, though such must lead to mean and -trivial occupations and thoughts. -</p> - -<p> -No author knows better than Rousseau how to spread a charm over the -internal movements of the mind, over the struggles of passion, over -romantic reveries that absorb the soul, abstracting it from real life -and our fellow-creatures, and causing it to find its joys in itself. No -author is more eloquent in paradox, and no man more sublime in -inculcating virtue. While Voltaire taints and degrades all that is -sacred and lovely by the grossness of his imagination, Rousseau -embellishes even the impure, by painting it in colours that hide its real -nature; and imparts to the emotions of sense all the elevation and -intensity of delicate and exalted passion. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{Pg 174}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_8_8" id="Note_8_8"></a><a href="#NoteRef_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>He describes this moment of spontaneous inspiration in one -of his letters to M. de Malesherbes, and in his Confessions, with -enthusiastic eloquence. Diderot denied the truth of the statement, -saying, that in fact Rousseau had shown him the question in the -newspaper, in the park of Vincennes, and said, that he meant to write in -favour of the arts and sciences; but, on the representation of Diderot, -he found that finer things might be said on the other side, and -consequently adopted it. We doubt all this. Our own experience has shown -us the great mistakes people can fall into, when they pretend to recount -the thoughts and actions of others. Rousseau would never have written -this detail to M. de Malesherbes, had he not believed it to be true; and -we think that he is more likely to have known the truth than -Diderot.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_9_9" id="Note_9_9"></a><a href="#NoteRef_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>There is an admirable letter addressed by the countess de -Boufflers to Hume, which proves the ill-treatment which Rousseau met, -and the general spirit of unkindness and treacherous ridicule in vogue -against him; while at the same time the writer does not defend -Rousseau's extravagant suspicions and conduct. The good sense and good -taste of the whole letter is remarkable. Unfortunately placid David Hume -had suffered himself to be led away by anger, and it was of no -avail.</p></div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="CONDORCET">CONDORCET</a></h4> - -<h4>1744-1794.</h4> - -<p> -Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, was born at Saint -Quentin, in Picardy, on the 17th of September, 1744. It is said that at -an early age he gave tokens of the talents that distinguished him. The -bent of his genius led him to the study of the exact sciences. It is the -distinction of these pursuits that they lead at once to celebrity. A -discovery in mathematics can neither be denied nor passed over. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet, at the age of twenty-one, was the author of a memoir on the -integral calculus, one of the highest branches of the pure mathematics, -in which at that time but small advances had been made, although it has -since become one of the most powerful instruments of physical -investigation. This essay gave him at once a title to be regarded as a -successor worthy of Newton and Leibnitz, whose discoveries in the -infinitesimal analysis he subsequently extended. This essay was -published in the <i>Mémoires des Savants Étrangers</i>, and he was elected -coadjutor of Grandjean de Fouchy, in the secretaryship of the Academy of -Sciences. Eager to justify the choice of the Academy, he continued -successfully to direct his labours to the higher mathematics. Among his -essays on these branches of science may be mentioned a general method of -finding the integral of an equation in finite terms whenever such an -integral exists, and the general solution of the problem of maxima and -minima. Had he continued to cultivate pure mathematics, there can be no -doubt that he would have attained the greatest celebrity in that -department of science. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet's mind was one of those in which reason preponderates to the -exclusion of the imagination, so that whatever could not be definitively -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{Pg 175}</a></span> -proved to his understanding he considered absurd. This texture of -intellect, at a time when philosophy was at work to discard, not only -the errors of Catholicism, but to subvert Christianity itself, led him -to ally himself with men who, while they exerted themselves to enlighten -and enfranchise their fellow-creatures from the miseries of -superstition, unfortunately went a step beyond, and overthrew, though -they knew it not, the boundaries of morals as well as of religion. These -men, for the most part, benevolent, studious, and virtuous, believed it -easy to lead their fellow-creatures into the same road which they -themselves trod; and that, bigotry and superstition being overthrown, -persecution would vanish, and mankind live in a brotherhood of peace. -Their passions being under their control, they supposed that, could -reason be equally developed in all men, they would become, like -themselves, dispassionate and tolerant. Condorcet was the intimate -friend of D'Alembert; he visited Voltaire with him at Ferney, and was -hailed as the youngest and most promising of his disciples. The latter -certainly did not possess the calmness and disciplined mind of -D'Alembert, but his genius and ardent benevolence brought excuses for -the errors of his temper; and Condorcet, while he saw his faults, paid -the tribute of flattery which the patriarch of French literature -considered his due. As he became intimate with these philosophers, and -participated in their views, he began to consider that there were truths -of more importance than mathematical demonstrations,—truths that -would subvert the impostures of priests, and give men nobler and higher -rules of action than those instituted by the papal church. It is the -misfortune of Catholicism that, by entangling the absurd and the true, -those who throw off its errors are too apt, without examination, to cast -away the truths which it has overgrown and distorted; but which minds of -truer discernment can see and acknowledge. Condorcet, on first engaging -in the labours of moral philosophy, took the easier path of refuting -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{Pg 176}</a></span> -others, rather than developing novel ideas of his own. His application -and his memory had caused his mind to be richly stored with every kind -of knowledge—add to this he was a profound logician. His first work -of polemical philosophy was a refutation of the "Dictionnaire des Trois -Siècles," by Sabathier de Castres. He assumed the epistolary form of -argument, which is at once the easiest, and affords the fairest scope -for the various arms of ridicule and reasoning. Voltaire hailed his work -with delight, and bestowed a degree of praise highly encouraging to the -young author. -</p> - -<p> -His next labour was the arrangement and examination of the "Pensées" of -Pascal. That illustrious Christian founded his system on the original -weakness and sin of man. He represented him as a miserable, feeble, -suffering being; spawned, as it were, by eternity, and cast on a narrow -shoal of time; unknowing of the past, terrified by the future, helpless -and lost in the present; and showed that the knowledge and the promises -of the Redeemer were the only stay and the only consolation of his -trembling, painful, and yet sinful existence. Condorcet took an opposite -view of human nature. He regarded it as a power that by its laws -assimilated all reason, all good, all knowledge, to its essence, but -that tyranny and error stepped between; and the frauds of priests and -the oppression of political institutions, taking from this being leisure -and freedom of thought, reduced him to the feeble, ignorant, erring -state in which most men are sunk. Casting the blame of the faults and -ignorance of man on governments, he declared that these ought to be the -objects of improvement and enlightenment to the philosopher; for, if -these were in the advance of human knowledge, instead of lagging so far -behind, mankind would speedily rise to a higher level, and grow, like -the laws they obeyed, wise, just, and equal. This work appeared of such -importance to Voltaire that he reprinted it himself, adding a preface, -in which he said, "This true philosopher holds Pascal in the scales, and -is the weightier of the two." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{Pg 177}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet was the friend of Turgot, a minister whose virtues and genius -attached to him all the more enlightened men of the day. His ministry, -however, was stormy, since he was among the first who endeavoured to -bring a remedy to the ruined finances of France, without being permitted -to strike at the root of the evil—unequal taxation and extravagant -expenditure. His edict touching the sale of corn excited popular -commotions, and was attacked by Necker. Condorcet undertook to answer -Necker's book, but was on the unpopular side, and therefore not read. He -wrote a series of laudatory biographical essays on various academicians, -and men of science and celebrity, Euler, Franklin, D'Alembert, and -others. In these he, at the same time, developed his scientific -knowledge and his theory of the perfectibility of the human species. -Every useful and liberal cause found him its partisan. He was one among -the opponents of negro slavery; and, feeling that diatribes against the -cruelty and wickedness of the slave trade would not avail with those who -regarded it as advantageous to the country, he argued to prove its -political and commercial inexpediency. He was a laborious and prolific -writer, urged on by a strong sense of duty; for, firmly believing that -the wisdom of philosophers was of vast influence in improving the moral -condition of mankind, he believed it to be the primal duty of thinking -men to propagate their opinions. In his life of Turgot he details his -theories of the perfectibility of his species, which the minister had -also entertained. He undertook an edition of the works of Voltaire, and -wrote the life of that great wit, one of the best and most elegant of -his works. To escape persecution, or to give greater force to his -writings, he published several of his writings under fictitious names. -In this manner, he brought out his "Reflections on Negro Slavery" under -the name of Swartz, a pastor of Bienne. A biographer observes on this -work, that "the simplicity, elegance, and precision of the style; the -forcible arguments, respect for misfortune, and indignation at crime; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{Pg 178}</a></span> -the tone which inviolable probity inspires, and which art cannot -imitate, obtained signal success for this work. Those who were fortunate -enough to be intimate with Condorcet easily raised the veil under which -he concealed himself." In the same way, he adopted the name of a citizen -of Newhaven, when he wrote to refute a book by De Lolme, in praise of -the English constitution, insisting, in particular, on the benefits -arising from two legislative chambers. Condorcet argued that all just -government ought to be founded on giving preponderance to the majority; -and he brought all his logic to prove that to confide the task of -legislation to two chambers, one of which should propose and the other -sanction laws, was to give to the minority a power superior to that -enjoyed by the majority; since that which had been proposed unanimously -in one chamber might be rejected by a slight majority in the other. He -went on to establish maxims and legal fictions by which it would be -possible to ascertain the desires of the majority in a state,—a -question that occupied his serious consideration in other works. -Condorcet, in these writings, showed his attachment to all that should -ameliorate the social condition, and enlarge the sphere of intellect -among his fellow-creatures. He did not, in his reasonings, give -sufficient force to the influence of passion, especially when exerted -over masses, nor the vast power which the many have when they assert -themselves, nor the facility with which the interested few can lead -assembled numbers into error and crime. D'Alembert called Condorcet a -volcano covered by snow. There are men of great personal susceptibility, -uncontrollable passions, and excitable imaginations, who have the same -power over their fellow-creatures that fire has over materials cast upon -it—they impart their energy, even though it be for self-destruction, -to all around. There are others, and among such was Condorcet, of great but -regulated enthusiasm of soul;—which enthusiasm, derived from abstract -principles and founded on severe reason, is more steady, more -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{Pg 179}</a></span> -disinterested, and more enduring than that springing from passion; but -it exercises little immediate influence over others, and is acknowledged -and appreciated only in hours of calm. Amidst the tempest of political -struggles it is passed by as timid, cold, and impotent. -</p> - -<p> -A philosopher of this sort was destined to have great influence at the -commencement of the French Revolution, while men acted from a sense of -right and a virtuous desire to found the changes they brought about on -reason, justice, and the good of mankind. His integrity caused him to be -respected, and his powers of mind to receive attention. -</p> - -<p> -He anticipated change, and had contributed to it by spreading abroad his -opinions for the enfranchisement of the French people from the laws and -customs that ground them to the earth. When the ferment began he -assisted in directing it by his writings, and assembled at his house the -most distinguished men of the liberal party. He was now no longer a -young man. Habit had confirmed all his opinions, while mature years -imparted that calm which caused him to see clearly and act firmly, but -without precipitation or violence. On the convocation of the states -general, he wrote a declaration of the rights of man, to serve as a -guide and model to the future legislators of his country. He caused it -to be translated into English by Dr. Gems, and brought it out as the -work of an American. -<span class="sidenote1">1788.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -44.</span> -When the states general met, he became more and more absorbed by the -political state of his country. He did not make one of the assembly; but -the influence from without was of vast importance, not only to inspire -the members with energy and constancy, but to daunt the court and the -nobles, who scarcely understood and longed to spurn the claimants of a -power of which they had long held possession, while they misused it to -the ruin first of their country and then of themselves. Condorcet wrote -a refutation of an address presented in favour of the court and the -privileged orders, and demanded a partial confiscation of church -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{Pg 180}</a></span> -property to pay the national debt. He published a pamphlet, entitled "On -what has been done, and what remains to do," full of clear and useful -views for the future. He thus became a portion of the revolution, and -allied himself with its more illustrious chiefs, who afterwards formed -the girondist party,—a sect which was republican in heart, but which -would have been satisfied with a limited monarchy, could they have -depended on the fidelity of the king to the constitution. The chief -object of Condorcet's attacks was the church. He was an infidel, and -believed philosophy to be a better guide than religion both for states -and individuals; besides this, he looked on the French clergy as a -peculiarly obnoxious priesthood. The quarrels of the molinists and -jansenists,—the extermination of the huguenots,—the war they -carried on against all knowledge and freedom,—made him ardently -desire to limit their power within strict bounds, and he was eager to -lessen their wealth, as the first sure step towards decreasing their -influence. -</p> - -<p> -On every occasion he came forward to enlighten and guide the decisions -of the assembly by his published arguments. He discussed the injury to -arise from a division of the legislative power into two chambers, and -showed great sagacity when he demonstrated the evils attendant on the -system of assignats. -</p> - -<p> -The weakness of the unfortunate king, who yielded to the new state of -things only on compulsion, and turned his eyes towards the emigrants and -foreign potentates as deliverers, still hoping for a restoration to -absolute power, caused the moderate party of girondists to abandon the -cause of royalty altogether, and to believe that there was no -possibility of confirming the blessings which they believed that their -country reaped from the revolution, nor of protecting the nation from -invasion, and the re-establishment of absolutism armed with foreign -soldiers for the execution of vengeance, except in the dethronement of -the king and erection of a republic. The flight of Louis to Varennes put -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{Pg 181}</a></span> -the seal of conviction on these opinions. It was believed that he fled -only to return with the Austrians and the emigrants, armed to -exterminate the friends of liberty. Condorcet pronounced on this -occasion a violent speech against monarchy, and followed up his attack -by a series of bitter articles in a paper called "The Republican." His -popularity increased greatly through this course. He was designated by -the jacobins as governor of the dauphin, but Louis refused to ratify the -nomination. -<span class="sidenote1">1791.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -47.</span> -He was also appointed commissioner of the treasury; which, at his -desire, changed its name to the national instead of the royal treasury; -and he was elected member of the new representative assembly by the -electors of the city of Paris itself. He drew up the article of "The -National Assembly" in the "Chronicle," on this occasion, to enlighten -his colleagues on the state of the nation, and the measures proper to be -taken for its security. -</p> - -<p> -In all his speeches and projected decrees he mingled the most determined -opposition to such acts and establishments as he believed to be hostile -to the liberty of his country, with mildness and justice towards -individuals. Thus, on the 25th of October, he made a speech on the -subject of emigration, which at the time that it was delivered excited -the warmest applause, and the printing of it was voted. In this -discourse, he drew a line between the emigrants who left their country -for the sake merely of withdrawing from the political disturbances, and -those who entertained the nefarious project of exciting foreign powers -to invade France, and meditated carrying arms themselves against their -countrymen. He denounced the connivance of the court with the intrigues -at Coblentz. He showed the necessity of firm measures, and asserted that -an unasked pardon held out to the emigrants gave birth to contempt -merely among the haughty nobles who expected a speedy triumph over a -class of men whom they despised. A few days after, the mountain party -attacked his purposed decree as insufficient and feeble, and it was -abandoned. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{Pg 182}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -This alliance with foreign governments and the complicity of the court -with the emigrants, roused a spirit in France, at first noble and -heroic, till, led away by base and sanguinary men, grandeur of purpose -merged into ferocity, and heroism became a thirst of blood such as -mankind had never displayed before towards men of the same colour and -language as themselves, and can be compared only to the conduct of the -Spaniards in the newly discovered world. -</p> - -<p> -But the first burst of generous indignation against the traitors who -carried arms against their country, and the crowned foes who denounced -the actual government of France as rebellious, to be punished by the -devastation and subjection of the nation, found an echo in every -patriotic heart not misled by enthusiasm for royalty. On the 27th of -December Vergniaud proposed an address to the French people, which was -greatly applauded though not adopted. Two days after Condorcet presented -his declaration, which was received with triumphant and unanimous -acclamations. This declaration is dignified and firm, and shows the just -as well as generous spirit which animated the greater portion of the -assembly, till the panic engendered by the advance of the armies threw -the power into the hands of the ferocious minority. "At the moment when, -for the first time since the acquirement of liberty,"—thus ran his -manifesto,—"the French people may find themselves reduced to exercise -the terrible right of war, her representatives owe to Europe and to all -humanity a declaration of the motives that have guided the resolutions -of France, and an exposition of the principles that will rule their -conduct. The French nation renounces the entering on any war with a view -of making conquests, and will never employ her force against the liberty -of any country. Such is the sacred vow by which we have allied our -welfare to the welfare of every other nation, and to which we will be -faithful. France will take up arms with regret but with ardour, to -insure her own safety, her internal tranquillity; and will lay them down -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{Pg 183}</a></span> -with joy when she no longer fears for that liberty and equality which -are become the only elements in which Frenchmen can live." When, soon -after, the country seemed menaced by civil war, the departments -regarding with fear and jealousy the proceedings in Paris, Condorcet -again ascended the tribune to propose an exposition of their conduct, as -due, not to the calumniators of the revolution, but to those timid and -mistaken men, who, at a great distance, were led away by false and -fabricated accounts. He then read an address which contained the history -of the labours of the assembly and an exposition of its principles. The -address was voted by acclamation, and ordered to be printed and -distributed in the departments. -</p> - -<p> -The integrity of Condorcet raised him high in the esteem of his -countrymen; as springing from the class of nobles, his disinterestedness -could not be doubted. He loved his country, he loved reason and -knowledge, and virtuous conduct and benevolent sentiments. He was, with -all this, a determined republican. His favourite theory being the -perfectibility of mankind, he rejected that view of human nature which -inculcates the necessity of ruling the many by the few, and sinking the -majority of his fellow-creatures in ignorance and hard labour; he wished -all to be enlightened as to their duties, and all to tend equally to the -improvement of their intellectual and moral nature. These theories, if -they be mistaken, emanate from benevolent and just feelings. They made -him a democrat, because the very corner-stone of royalty and aristocracy -is the setting apart a class of men to possess the better gifts of -fortune and education, and the reduction of the rest to a state of -intellectual dependence and physical necessity. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1792.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -48.</span></p> - -<p> -When the king exercised his veto, and put a stop to the measures -considered necessary by the assembly for the safety of France, -Condorcet, even as early as the month of March, represented the -monarchical power as at open war with the nation, and proposed that the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{Pg 184}</a></span> -king should be considered as having abdicated. His view met with few -co-operators at that crisis, and was set aside. He busied himself, at -the same time, in forming a plan of national education, and brought -forward a system on a more philosophical and comprehensive scale than -had hitherto been meditated. It was his design to secure to the human -race, to use his own expressions, the means of satisfying their -necessities, and securing their welfare; of knowing and exercising their -rights, and of understanding and fulfilling their duties; giving scope -to all to carry their industry to a state of perfection, and to render -themselves capable of the social functions which they were called upon -to exert; to develope to their extent the talents given them by nature; -and thus to establish in the nation a real equality, so to meet the -political equality established by law. -</p> - -<p> -The system of instruction which was to realise so blessed a state of -society he considered as properly placed in the hands of government. He -looked forward, indeed, to the time when public establishments for -education would become superfluous and even detrimental; but this would -only be when right reason prevailed, and it was no longer necessary for -the wiser few to labour to destroy the prejudices and mistakes of the -ignorant many; when superstition should be no more; and when each man -should find in his own knowledge, and in the rectitude of his mind, arms -sufficient to combat every species of imposition. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet looked on virtue as capable of exact demonstration, as -conducive to public and individual happiness, and on man as a -sufficiently reasonable being to follow its dictates, if sufficiently -enlightened, without the aid of religion or the coercion of punishment. -He regarded the passions as capable of being controlled by the -understanding. He, benevolent and conscientious, practising no vice, -carefully extirpating from his mind all that he believed to be error, -was to himself a mirror in which the whole human race was reflected. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{Pg 185}</a></span> -Also, like all the French politicians of that day, he wished to treat -mankind like puppets, and fancied that it was only necessary to pull -particular strings to draw them within the circle of order and reason. -We none of us know the laws of our nature; and there can be little doubt -that, if philosophers like Condorcet did educate their fellows into some -approximation to their rule of right, the ardent feelings and burning -imaginations of man would create something now un thought of, but not -less different from the results he expected, than the series of sin and -sorrow which now desolates the world. It is not for this that we would -throw a slur over the upright endeavours of the pious and the good to -improve their fellows; but we do over any endeavour of government to -bind the intellect in chains. It was, therefore, in some degree, for the -best, that his views were not followed out. When his plan for national -education and a national society of arts and sciences, charged with the -duty of overlooking and directing public instruction,—for the purpose -not only of enlightening the present generation, but of preparing the -human species for an indefinite advance in wisdom and virtue,—when -this plan was presented by the chief Girondists to the court, a friend of -Condorcet, struck with dismay at the degree of power that would accrue -to the rulers, said, "If they adopt your plan, our freedom is -destroyed." "Fear nothing," replied Condorcet, "ignorance and vanity -will make them reject it." Unfortunately, the treaty carried on by the -Girondists with the court on this occasion injured their popularity. The -French were at a crisis that demanded that their rulers should think -only of measures and acts adapted to it. The mountain party felt this, -and acted for the day, and thus succeeded in overthrowing their rivals, -who philosophically and calmly legislated for future generations, while -their single object ought to have been to save the living one from the -foreign foe and their own evil passions. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{Pg 186}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -The manifesto of the duke of Brunswick was the first cause of the -madness which was soon to make France an example of the crimes that may -be committed by a people in the name of liberty. When first this -manifesto spread indignation and fear through France, Condorcet made -himself conspicuous by a speech proposing an address to the king to -express the discontent of the assembly at his lukewarm disapprobation of -the actions of the emigrants, and his want of energy in repulsing the -offers of foreign potentates to deliver him from the hands of his -subjects and the shackles of the constitution which he had accepted. The -subsequent dethronement of the king and establishment of a republic were -events after his own heart. -<span class="sidenote2">1792.</span> -A commission had been named, during the first days of August, to examine -the question of the abolition of monarchy, and Condorcet was named -reporter. He considered it, in the first place, necessary to explain to -the people the grounds on which he went, and drew up a paper which he -called "Instruction préparatoire sur l'Exercise du Droit de -Souveraineté;" in which he expounded, that as foreign potentates had -denounced every Frenchman who defended the liberties of his country as -rebels to be punished by death, and as the monarch treacherously -weakened their powers of defence against the foe, so was it right and -necessary that the nation should take the sovereignty into their own -hands. When the events of the 10th of August had sealed the fate of the -unhappy Louis, Condorcet proposed a declaration of the motives that led -to his being set aside, which, while it strongly accused the monarch and -his court of betraying the cause of the people, was animated by a spirit -of fairness, moderation, and dignity, that did honour to the cause which -he espoused. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet's popularity was now at its height and he was courted even by -the jacobins and the mountain party. He was invited by several -departments to represent them in the new convention. Madame Roland -accuses him of pusillanimity: perhaps her accusation is partly founded -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{Pg 187}</a></span> -on the fact that at this moment of fierce rivalship and strife between -the Girondists and Mountain, he rather strove to conciliate the latter -than to drive the struggle to extremities. He had a high esteem for the -talents of Danton, and often remarked, with regard to the jacobins, that -it were better to moderate than to quarrel with them. He was named at -this time one of the committee to draw up a constitution, and his -labours were chiefly employed on this object. -</p> - -<p> -Looking upon the king as the treacherous enemy of the new state of -things in France, and therefore, according to his reasoning, of France -itself, he did not hesitate to name Louis a traitor during the debate -that followed the monarch's trial; but he did not vote for his death. -"All different degrees of punishment for the same offence," he argued, -"was an offence against equality. The punishment of conspirators is -death; but this punishment is contrary to my principles, and I will -never vote it. I cannot vote for imprisonment, for no law gives me the -power; I vote for the heaviest punishment established in the penal code -that is not death." He afterwards voted for the reprieve for the king -until the peace; but the struggle of the Girondists to save the -monarch's life was, as is known, useless. -</p> - -<p> -In drawing up a constitution the philosopher thought more of future -generations than the present: he considered France as ground cleared of -all encumbrance, on which to raise an edifice of government designed in -strict accordance to justice and the permanent welfare of mankind: to -continue the metaphor, he gave no heed to the more than inequalities of -soil,—the gulfs and chasms produced by the earthquake-revolution. His -report of the labours of the committee, together with the speech he made -on presenting it, was, however, received at first with acclamation, and -ordered to be printed. The jacobins disapproved tacitly in the -commencement, but by degrees they raised accusations against Condorcet -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{Pg 188}</a></span> -on account of the limited power which he committed to the people. -Underhand disapprobation was spread abroad, but did not become so -current, but that the committee of public safety applied to him to draw -up a manifesto, which the convention wished to address to every nation -and government, with regard to the violation of the law of nations in -the persons of four deputies delivered up by Dumouriez to the Austrians: -they admired him as a writer, and believed that their cause would be -eloquently and well defended by his pen. He wrote with great fervour -both against Lafayette and Dumouriez, as having betrayed the cause of -their country, and appealed against the conduct of Austria to the -interests and sense of justice of every free country. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1793.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -49.</span></p> - -<p> -Even on the approach of the 31st of May, notwithstanding his intimacy -with Roland and other Girondists on whom the Mountain party were about -to seize, Condorcet continued to be consulted and employed by the -committee of public safety. Those of the girondists who, foreseeing the -anarchy that must ensue from the triumph of the jacobins, considered -their overthrow of more immediate importance than the repulsing the foe -from the soil of France, disapproved of Condorcet's working for their -enemies: he kept apart from both, while he laboured for the cause of the -republic, and remarked that his friends were offended because he did not -break with the committee of public safety; and the committee, on the -other hand, desired that he should refrain from all intercourse with his -friends. "I endeavour," he added, "that each party shall think less of -itself and a great deal more of the commonwealth." He began to perceive, -however, that it was impossible any longer to use measures of -conciliation with Robespierre, but he hoped to restrain him by fear: the -latter, however, triumphed. The 31st of May brought with it the decree -of arrest of twenty-two Girondists: Condorcet was not among them. He -might by silence and prudence have continued for some time longer to sit -in the convention; but he saw with indignation the empty benches on -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{Pg 189}</a></span> -which his friends used to appear, and the growing power of a ferocious -oligarchy. He denounced the weakness of the convention, and the tyranny -exercised over it by a few ambitious and resolute men, in a letter to -his constituents, which was denounced and sent for examination to the -committee of public safety. From this moment the jacobins marked him out -also for a victim; and the ex-capuchin Chabot denounced him for having -written against the new constitution of 1793; which superseded the one -he had drawn up: he was summoned to the bar, and a decree of arrest -passed against him. -</p> - -<p> -The sanguinary characters and tenets of the leading jacobins had already -made him say that no one was sure of six months of life, and he -considered the decree of arrest synonymous to a sentence of death. He -escaped pursuit, and concealed himself. A generous woman, before unknown -to him, and who has never revealed her name to the world, gave him -refuge in her house. Denounced on the 3d of October, as Brissot's -accomplice, there was no doubt that had he been taken he had shared the -fate of the deputies who were guillotined in the month of November; but -his place of concealment was not suspected, and he remained in safety -till the August of the following year. -<span class="sidenote1">1794.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -50.</span> -During this long seclusion, he projected occupation in writing. At -first, he meditated detailing the history of his political career; but -he reflected that his many labours for his country were irrefragable -documents; and, more attached to opinions which he considered pregnant -with the welfare of mankind, than to facts which were but the evanescent -forms of change, he applied himself to developing his theories in an -"Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind." This is his most -celebrated work. It is full of error and even of intolerance; still the -clearness of the views, the enthusiasm with which he developes them, the -order, precision, and the originality of his theories, render it -remarkable. He glances over the past, and argues that each succeeding -epoch in the history of mankind has brought moral improvement and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{Pg 190}</a></span> -increase of knowledge. There are two views to be taken of human nature. -Condorcet insists that the moderns have more knowledge and wisdom and -moral power than the ancients. He founds this opinion on the great -progress made in scientific truths, and does not hesitate also to oppose -French literature to the Greek, as demonstrating the advance of the -human intellect in every branch. He compares also the states, wars, and -crimes of antiquity with modern society and institutions, and deduces -that we are more virtuous, more humane, and more reasonable than -preceding generations. -</p> - -<p> -No greater poet has appeared since Homer composed the Iliad,—no more -acute philosopher than Aristotle,—no more virtuous character than -Socrates, nor sublimer hero than Regulus. By standing on ground reached -by the ancients, the mass may climb higher than the masses that went -before; but, in making progress, we do not develope more genius and -sagacity, but rather less, than those who prepared our way. It is to be -doubted, therefore, whether mankind can progress so as to produce -specimens superior to Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, Regulus, and many -others who adorned antiquity. -</p> - -<p> -But it cannot be doubted, on the other hand, that progress has been made -in the general diffusion of knowledge and in the amelioration of the -state of society. Philosophers ought, therefore, not to dream of -removing the bounds of human perfection, such as we find it among the -best, but in bringing the many up to the standard of the few, and -causing nations to understand and aim at wisdom and justice with the -same ardour as individuals among them have been found to do. -</p> - -<p> -Condorcet developed his views of human perfection while the principle of -evil was making giant inroads in France, and blood and terror were the -order of the day. Separated from all dear to him, his wife and child, -and not daring himself to see the light of heaven, he did not lose the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{Pg 191}</a></span> -cheerfulness of his temper, nor mourn vainly over his disasters. In this -situation, he wrote an epistle to his wife in the character of a Pole -exiled to Siberia in 1768. In this are to be found a couplet since often -quoted relative to political victims,— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Ils m'ont dit, 'Choisis d'être oppresseur ou victime:'</span><br /> -<span class="i2">J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime."</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -A couplet peculiarly applicable to him who would have been gladly -received by the violent party, and had the way open to him to rule, -instead of being sacrificed as a victim. He declares in this poem that -the anticipation of a violent death did not alter the serenity of his -soul, and speaks of the occupations that banished ennui from his -solitary place of refuge. -</p> - -<p> -He was soon to lose this shelter: a newspaper fell into his hands in -which he read the decree that outlawed him, and denounced the pain of -death against any one who should harbour one of the proscribed. He -instantly resolved no longer to endanger his generous hostess,—she -endeavoured to dissuade him from this fatal step, but in vain: he -disguised himself as a countryman, and passed the barriers without a -passport. He directed his steps to Sceaux, where he hoped to find refuge -in the house of a friend; but he was absent in Paris, nor expected back -for three days, and Condorcet was obliged to hide in the neighbouring -quarries. After several days spent miserably in this spot, hunger forced -him to enter the little inn of Chamont. The avidity with, which he ate -the food placed before him, and his squalid appearance, drew the -attention of a member of the committee of public safety of Sceaux, who -happened to be present. He was asked for his passport, and, not having -one, was arrested and interrogated. No ready he hung on the lips of the -worshipper of truth, and his unsatisfactory answers, and a Horace found -in his pocket with marginal notes in pencil, contributed to reveal his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{Pg 192}</a></span> -name. He was taken to Bourg-la-Reine. Such was his state of exhaustion -that he fainted at Châtillon, and it was found necessary to mount him on -a vine-dresser's horse. On his arrival at Bourg, he was thrown into a -dungeon, and forgotten by the jailor for the space of twenty-four hours, -when he was found dead; some suppose from the effects of poison; but the -probabilities are that he died of exhaustion, hunger, and cold. -</p> - -<p> -The accusation against Condorcet, found in madame Roland's memoirs, -where she speaks of his cowardice, cannot be passed over, though we do -not give it absolute credence. Her asperity is not measured, though she -speaks highly of his intellect. "It may be said," she remarks, "of his -understanding and his person that it is a fine essence absorbed in -cotton. The timidity that forms the basis of his character, and which he -displays even in society, in his countenance and attitudes, does not -result from his frame alone, but seems inherent in his soul, and his -talents have furnished him with no means of subduing it." There must be -both misapprehension and exaggeration in this picture. We find no -pusillanimity in his last acts or writings. When he might have saved -himself among the Mountain party, he chose to share the fate of the -proscribed Girondists. This conduct could spring only from conscientious -and noble motives, and a courageous spirit. His numerous political -labours give no sign of lukewarmness or tergiversation. They are clear, -fervent, and bold with regard to those principles which he held dear. If -not profound, nor endowed with the highest order of genius, yet his -erudition, ready talent for argument, and admirable memory, give him a -high place among men of talent. As a politician, his unflinching war -against royalty and aristocracy place him among those politicians who -look on mankind as a species, and legislate for them as an equal whole, -instead of dividing them into ranks and tribes. His benevolence made him -the enemy of oppression, and he expressed this when he exclaimed, "Peace -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{Pg 193}</a></span> -with cottages, war on castles!" which, had it comprised the history of -revolution, the history of France were not stained with its darkest -pages. The <i>sans-culottes</i> did not spare cottages: they made war on -all who were not as ferocious as themselves: Condorcet was among the -victims. Benevolence, justice, and attachment to the cause of freedom, -remained warm in his heart to the end. Not long before his death, -anticipating the speedy close of his existence, he put on paper his last -wishes with regard to his daughter. He desired that she should be -educated in republican simplicity, and taught to crush every feeling of -vengeance towards his destroyers. "Let her know," he wrote, "that none -ever entered my heart." -</p> - -<p> -His wife was a woman of great beauty, merit, and talent, and was the -author of some philosophical works. She was thrown into prison by -Robespierre, but escaped the guillotine, and did not die till 1822, -having lived many years in Paris, surrounded by the remnants of the -French republicans and philosophers of 1793. His daughter was -distinguished for her unpretending virtues and accomplished mind. She -became the wife of the celebrated Arthur O'Connor. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{Pg 194}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="MIRABEAU">MIRABEAU</a></h4> - -<h4>1749-1791.</h4> - -<p> -It is impossible to imagine a greater contrast of character than that -between the subject of the preceding memoir and the present. Condorcet -was a man of warm affections, well regulated mind, and clear precise -understanding; his enthusiasm was lighted up by benevolence, and the -love of that which he considered truth. He was timid, yet firm; mild, -yet resolute. Mirabeau resembled his Italian ancestors, rather than the -usual French character. His violent passions governed him, and caused -him to govern others through his earnestness and vehemence. His -intellect showed itself rather in eloquent bursts than in works of -reason, and yet he could apply himself more sedulously than almost any -other man when he had an object in view. Profligate, extravagant, and -proud, ardent and ambitious, with a warm kind heart, and a mind which -erred only under the influence of passion, he passed a life of adversity -and oppression, to die at the moment he reached a degree of power which -is allotted to few men not born to its inheritance. -</p> - -<p> -The family and progenitors of Mirabeau were all remarkable. He left, in -manuscript, a sketch of the family history, and a more detailed life of -his grandfather, in which we find singularly displayed the energy, iron -will, and pride of the race. The name they originally bore was -Arrighetti; the family was Florentine, and driven from that city in -1268, during one of the revolutions occasioned by the quarrels of the -Guelphs and Ghibelines. A sentence of perpetual exile was pronounced -against Azzo Arrighetti and his descendants, and Azzo took refuge, as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{Pg 195}</a></span> -many other ghibelines had done, in Provence; and the name of Riquetti is -found on various occasions in the history of Marseilles. Those who bore -it played at all times a foremost and bold part: they were eagle-eyed -men, fierce and headstrong, yet discerning. During the war of the fronde -the family was royalist, and was rewarded by a patent of Louis XIV., -which erected their estate of Mirabeau into a marquisate. Jean Antoine, -grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was one of five sons, who all -ran an eccentric, bold, and active career. He passed his younger days in -the army, and went through many hairbreadth perils and incredible -adventures. The last campaign in which he served was that of the duke de -Vendôme, in Italy. He performed prodigies of valour in the battle of -Cassano, and was left for dead on the field. Found by the enemy with -some slight signs of life, prince Eugene, who knew and esteemed him, -sent him, without ransom, to the French camp, that the operation -necessary for his preservation might not be delayed. His life was saved, -but he survived frightfully mutilated, and a martyr to severe physical -suffering to the end of his life. He returned home to find his fortune -dilapidated, but never to lose that intrepidity and pride that formed -the foundation of the family character. He married, and found in the -admirable character of his wife the reward and solace of his sufferings: -she had been struck by the heroism of his character; and it is related -of her, that some expressions of pity for her being the wife of a -cripple, and of a man of a haughty, imperious character, having met her -ear, she exclaimed, "Ah! if you knew how happy one is to be able to -respect one's husband." He was an admirable landlord and a careful -father; and his family flourished under his superintendence, till -implicated, through the imprudence of his wife's brother, in the system -of Law, he was ruined on the breaking of the bubble. From that time he -lived in retirement, bending all his efforts to the paying his debts and -repairing his fortune. He died in 1737, at the age of seventy-one, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{Pg 196}</a></span> -feared yet beloved by all in connexion with him. -</p> - -<p> -He left three sons: Victor, the eldest, succeeded to the honours and -possessions of the house. This man was a strange mixture of good -intention and evil doing;—a general philanthropist, and yet the -persecutor and enemy of his own family; against various members of which -he obtained, at different times, fifty-seven lettres de cachet, nearly a -score of which were levelled against his eldest son. He had more vanity -than pride, and his haughtiness was unaccompanied by a spirit of -justice, yet joined to a perfect conviction that he was always in the -right. Implacable towards others, indulgent with regard to himself: -hence spring the contradictions observable in his character; we find -displayed a mixture of sternness and softness, rancour and good humour. -Had he been as severe with himself as others, his whole character had -been rigid, but he would have been more just and virtuous: as it was, we -find him plastic to the influence of his own passions or vanity, and -become gentle and even playful under their influence: whatever jarred -with these found him despotic and unforgiving. Thus he grew into a -domestic tyrant, and while he ran after popularity in his own person, he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{Pg 197}</a></span> -disdained and crushed the talents of his son. His literary reputation -did not begin till he had passed mid-life; it was founded on "L'Ami des -Hommes," a work in five volumes, which, in the midst of great -diffuseness and confusion, is yet remarkable for the knowledge it -displays in agriculture and statistics, and for many clear and liberal -views. His "Théorie de l'Impôt," published in 1760, caused him, -through his attack on the financiers of the day, to be imprisoned in the -fortress of Vincennes. He wrote many other works on the same species of -subjects. It is a curious circumstance that, while he adopted in his -publications a bad, inflated, and obscure style, his private letters are -witty, gay, and flowing. He had, of course, served in his youth; but -disappointment with regard to promotion, combined with his desire to -acquire a literary reputation, caused him to quit the army. He married a -young widow of good birth and fortune, Marie Geneviève de Vassam, who -had been previously married to the marquis de Saulvebeuf. His desire of -shining in literature made him approach Paris, and he bought the estate -of Bignon, not far from Nemours, and gave himself up to what he -considered his vocation. For many years the disturbances of his domestic -life were confined under his own roof. He had a family of eleven -children: he was passionately attached to his mother, whom he regarded -with a filial veneration that belonged to the old school of manners and -piety. Fifteen years changed the scene; quarrels and litigations arose -between him and his wife. She was violent and indiscreet; he was -tyrannical and unjust; and conjugal infidelity rendered their separation -final. Madame de Pailly, a young woman of great beauty, to whom he was -attached, installed herself at Bignon, and exercised a most powerful and -sinister influence over his conduct towards his family. His wife was -indignant: he replied to her resentful representations by the most -odious acts of despotism, and conceived a violent hatred against the -mother of his children. A scandalous lawsuit was the result; the -fortunes of both parties were irreparably injured; and the unfortunate -offspring were in a worse situation than orphans;—hated by their -father,—not daring to see their mother, who was shut up in a -convent,—treated with the utmost severity on one hand, and without -resource in maternal affection on the other. Added to his matrimonial -dissensions were the attacks made on him in his quality of author. -"L'Ami des Hommes," as the marquis de Mirabeau was commonly called from -his book, carried all the impetuosity, self-sufficiency, and haughtiness -of his race into his literary career; and it may be supposed that -became as stormy as his father's had been on the field of battle. His -confidence in his own talents and powers was unbounded: he never -attributed the misfortunes that pursued him to any error or rashness of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{Pg 198}</a></span> -his own; he looked on them as the dispensation of Providence, or as -arising from the folly and injustice of his fellow-creatures. No -hesitation, no doubt with regard to himself, ever entered his mind; -every thing was sacrificed to his opinions, his convictions, his -mistaken sense of his duties. He was blinded, as a French biographer -observes, by the most deceptive of all fanaticisms—that of his own -infallibility. The passions that in another he would have regarded as -crimes, he looked on as virtues in himself: he could never perceive the -shadow of right or justice in any cause or views at variance with his -own. Such was the father who became the bitter enemy and persecutor of a -son, endowed with all the genius, passions, and faults of his race. -</p> - -<p> -Gabriel Honoré was the fifth child of the marquis: through the previous -death of a brother in the cradle, he was, at the time of his birth, the -only son. He was born at Bignon. He came into the world with teeth, and -was an enormously large infant. It was remarked of him, that, destined -to become the most turbulent and active of men, he was born with a -twisted foot; and, gifted with extraordinary eloquence, he was -tongue-tied. At three years of age he had the small-pox, and his mother, -who dabbled in medicine, making some experiments on the pustules, the -result was that he remained frightfully seared and marked. His father -was evidently deeply mortified, and wrote to his brother, "Your nephew -is as ugly as if he were Satan's." His other children being remarkably -handsome, this circumstance became more disastrous to the sufferer. The -boy, however, early showed talent, which was nurtured by an excellent -tutor, and less judiciously overlooked by his father, who resolved to -give him an education of unequalled excellence—that is, one of -perpetual restraint, reprimand, and chastisement. We have interesting -details of his infancy and youth, in extracts from a series of letters -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{Pg 199}</a></span> -which passed between the marquis and his brother.<a name="NoteRef_10_10" id="NoteRef_10_10"></a><a href="#Note_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The bailli de -Mirabeau was entered by his father into the order of knights of Malta in -his infancy. He served in the French navy for the space of thirty-one -years, when he retired without recompence, except such as he derived -from a high reputation. He was a proud, austere, and resolute man, -possessing at the same time extreme piety, great goodness, and -unblemished integrity of character, together with a foundation of good -sense that contrasts with his brother's intemperate sallies. -Uncompromising even to roughness, he was ill suited to a court, while -his bravery and sound understanding fitted him for public service. Proud -of the antiquity of his race; openly disdainful of the new-created -noblesse; frank, upright, but somewhat discontented, as he well might -be, at the small reward his services received; yet at the same time too -haughty to wait obsequiously on the great, or even to take the measures -necessary to refresh their memory, he passed the latter part of his life -in retirement. He devoted his fortune to his brother's service, whom he -respected as the head of the family, and regarded with warm fraternal -affection. A correspondence subsisted between the one, living either at -Paris or Bignon, and the other, who was serving his country at a -distance, or established at Mirabeau, which discloses the secrets of the -family, and unveils the motives and passions that swayed the conduct of -the marquis. The bailli was deeply interested in the child who was to -transmit the family name, and, being at the time of the boy's birth -governor of Guadaloupe, wrote earnestly home for information with regard -to him. The child early developed quickness of intellect and turbulence -of temper, joined to kindness of heart. Poisson, his tutor, was a -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{Pg 200}</a></span> -careful but severe guide, and if ever he was softened, the marquis -stepped in to chastise. Soon, too soon, the paternal scoldings and -punishments became angry reprimands and constant disapprobation, which -verged into hatred. These feelings were increased by the imprudences and -vivacity of the boy, the misjudged quarrels of the mother, the artful -manœuvres of madame de Pailly, and the bitter hatred conceived by an -old servant named Gervin, who, from some unknown cause, exercised -extraordinary influence over the marquis. The chief fault particularised -by the father was the boy's habitual untruths. A love of or indifference -to truth is one of the characteristics with which human beings are born. -The former may be cultivated, the latter checked, but the propensities -do not the less remain; and it is the most painful discovery that a -parent can make, to find that his child is not by natural instinct -incapable of falsehood. This innate and unfortunate vice, joined to the -boy's wildness and heedlessness, caused the father to write of him in -severe terms, scarcely suited to his' childish years. "He seems to me," -he writes, "in addition to all the baseness of his natural character, a -mere fool, an unconquerable maniac. He attends a number of excellent -masters; and as every one, from his confessor to his playmate, are so -many watchers, who tell me every thing, I discern the nature of the -heart, and do not believe that he can come to any good." The first -master, Poisson, set over him, however, took a liking to the boy, and -praised his prodigious memory and good heart. The father, instead of -being pleased, grew angry. He declared that he would now be utterly -spoilt, and took him out of his hands to place him in those of an abbé -Choquart, a severe disciplinarian, who was bid not to spare punishment. -The severity of the marquis may be judged by this one circumstance, that -taking his son from a tutor whom he loved, and placing him in a school -to which he was sent as to a prison, he insisted that he should go by -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{Pg 201}</a></span> -another name. "I did not choose," he writes, "that an illustrious name -should be disgraced on the benches of a school of correction, and I -caused him to be entered as Pierre Buffière. -<span class="sidenote1">1764.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -15.</span> -My gentleman struggled, wept, argued in vain. I bid him win my name, -which I would only restore when he deserved it." Had the father been -just the youth would soon have regained his affections and name. The -abbé Choquart, at first severe with his pupil, soon became attached to -and proud of him. His progress was astonishing, his memory prodigious. -The dead and living languages, mathematics, drawing, and music, and -various manly exercises, occupied him by turns, and he distinguished -himself in all. In the midst of the marquis's vituperations we find no -absolute facts. He calls his son lying by nature, base, and so vicious -that the worst consequences are to be apprehended: this is carried so -far that, when he mentions that his masters applaud and his comrades -love him, he adds that the boy ought to be smothered, if it were only -for his powers of cajolery and fascination. -</p> - -<p> -This severity frightened but did not conquer the youth. He worked hard -to obtain his father's approbation; but indiscretions came between to -widen the breach. Perpetually in expectation of some degrading or -excessive punishment, he lived in a state of excitement, and even -terror, ill fitted to inspire the gentleness and repose of spirit which -is the best ingredient of honour and virtue. As he grew older his -turbulence became more dangerous; and his father, considering it -necessary to tame him by increased hardships, placed him in the army. "I -am going to send him," he writes, "as volunteer, to the strictest and -most laborious military school. A man, a chip of the old times, the -marquis de Lambert, has founded one in his regiment. He pretends that -the exclusive atmosphere of honour, and a hard and cold moral regimen, -can restore beings the most vitiated even by nature. I have requested -him to name as Mentor an officer who, not from reason and deduction, but -from instinct, should have a disgust and natural scorn for all baseness. -I have named Gervin as his other Mentor, and the only servant-master of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{Pg 202}</a></span> -this young man. Severity will cost me nothing, for with him it is my -right and my duty." The perpetual recurrence to the accusation of -baseness affords some excuse for the father's inveteracy; yet it was -certainly ill judged to set a servant over a proud aspiring youth as -master, and this servant, who hated him, was one of the chief engines of -perpetuating the marquis's bad opinion. -<span class="sidenote2">1767.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -18.</span> -However, by placing him beyond the paternal control, under the impartial -jurisdiction of a regiment, the young man had a chance of being fairly -treated, and the consequence was that his good conduct was acknowledged -and a brevet rank promised him. He was not allowed to reap any -advantage: his father kept him so wholly without money that he incurred -a few debts; he lost, also, four louis in play, a vice to which he -showed no predilection in after life, and we may therefore judge that -this trifling loss was accidental. His father's wrath flamed out. "He is -cast," he wrote to his brother, "in the mould of his maternal race, and -would devour twenty inheritances and twelve kingdoms if he could lay his -hands on them. But I can endure as little as I like of that species of -evil, and a close and cool prison will soon moderate his appetite and -thin him down." -</p> - -<p> -Added to this error was the unfortunate circumstance of an amour, the -first outbreak of his passionate nature on emerging from boyhood, in -which he was the successful rival of his superior officer, who thus -became his enemy, and joined with the father to crush the young man's -spirit. Mirabeau, in after years, always spoke with great bitterness of -M. de Lambert's discipline. He escaped from it on this occasion, and -took refuge in Paris with his father's intimate friend, the duke de -Nivernois. His brother-in-law, husband of his sister, the marquis du -Saillant, mediated between him and his father: he defended himself -against accumulated accusations. His father speaks of his defence as a -mass of falsehood and ingratitude: he meditated, or, rather, was -instigated, to send him to the Dutch colonies in India, but milder -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{Pg 203}</a></span> -thoughts prevailed;—he would not kill, but only tame, as with blows, -the fiery-spirited boy; so he caused him to be imprisoned in the -fortress of the Isle de Rhé; and the youth felt that all the world was -his enemy, and the chief his harsh implacable parent. In his eloquent -letter to the marquis, written some years after, in the prison of -Vincennes, he alludes with bitterness to this period of his existence. -</p> - -<p> -"I may say," he writes, "that from my earliest years, and on my first -entrance into life, I enjoyed few marks of your kindness; that you -treated me with rigour before I could have merited it; and yet that you -might have soon perceived that my natural impetuosity was excited, -instead of repressed, by such treatment; that it was as easy to soften -as to irritate me; that I yielded to the former, and rebelled against -the latter. I was not born to be a slave; and, in a word, that, while -Lambert ruined, Vioménil would have preserved me. Allow me also to -remind you, that, before you restored me to your favour, you confessed -in one of your letters that you had been on the point of sending me to -one of the Dutch colonies. This made a profound impression, and -influenced prodigiously the rest of my life. What had I done at eighteen -to merit a fate the thought of which makes me tremble even now?—I had -loved." -</p> - -<p> -In his prison, Mirabeau acquired the friendship of the governor, whose -mediation only added to his father's irritation. He was, however, -induced to liberate him, and permit him to join an expedition to -Corsica. He was entered as sub-lieutenant of foot in the regiment of -Lorraine. The same mixture of wild passion, unwearied study, and eager -aspiration for distinction, marked this period. He wrote a history of -Corsica; he fabricated an itinerary of the island, founded on his -personal inquiries and perambulations; the manuscript, the -voluminousness of which testified his industry, were deemed of such -value by the Corsicans themselves, that they desired its publication; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{Pg 204}</a></span> -but it was destroyed by the marquis. In addition, he studied his -profession—he felt a vocation for a military life—the aspect -of danger calmed his fiery spirit, and he was ambitious of -glory—he dedicated all his time to the study of tactics, and -declares that there was no book in any language, living or dead, that -treated of the art of war that he had not read at this period, making, -as he went on, voluminous extracts. In after times he wrote to his -sister—"I deceive myself greatly, or I was born for a military -life; for in war alone I feel cool, calm, gay, and without impetuosity, -and I am sensible that my character grows exalted." -</p> - -<p> -On returning from Corsica, he was allowed to visit his uncle, the -bailli, at Mirabeau, and soon acquired the favour of this unprejudiced -man, who was astonished by his talents, his industry, and his genius. -His heart warmed, and the praises that overflowed had some effect on his -father, still distrustful, still fearful of showing favour. The first -mark of kindness which he gave was to insist that his son should throw -aside all his favourite pursuits, and dedicate himself to political and -agricultural economy, studying them in the works which he had himself -written. Mirabeau, per force, obeyed, and thus somewhat propitiated his -parent, so that he consented to see him during a visit he paid to -Provence. He put the young man to hard trials, and made him labour -indefatigably, preaching to him the while, and forcing political economy -down his throat. The marquis was averse to his following the military -profession, and by turning him from it plunged him in adversity. The -excessive activity of Mirabeau's mind, and his physical vigour, could be -satisfied in no other career: his exuberance of spirits and unwearied -strength rendered every other vocation tame and trivial; however, he -laboured at various occupations devised for him by his father, and was -rewarded, at the earnest solicitation of all the relations, by being -restored to his name—he having for some years gone by that of Pierre -Buffière. His father was so far won by his manifestations of talent as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{Pg 205}</a></span> -to permit him to visit Paris, and pay his court at Versailles:—"He -behaves very well," the marquis writes; "his manners are respectful -without servility—easy, but not familiar. -<span class="sidenote1">1771.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -22.</span> -The courtiers look on him as half mad, but say that he is cleverer than -any of them, which is not discreet on his part. I do not intend that he -shall live there, nor follow, like others, the trade of robbing or -cheating the king: he shall neither haunt the dirty paths of intrigue, -nor slide on the ice of favour; but he must learn what is going on: and -if I am asked why I, who never would frequent Versailles, allow him to -go so young, I reply that 'he is made of other clay.' For the rest, as, -for 500 years, Mirabeau, who were never like the rest of the world, -have been tolerated, he also will be endured, and he will not alter the -reputation of the race." -</p> - -<p> -This gleam of paternal favour was soon clouded over. Mirabeau himself -accuses those around his father of inspiring him with distrust; but -there was something in the young man's character that jarred with the -father's, and produced a perpetual state of irritation and -dissatisfaction. The self-will, pedantry, economy, and self-sufficiency -of the marquis were in perpetual contradiction with the genius, -activity, recklessness, the winning frankness and plausible fascinations -of his son. In vain the youth transacted some troublesome business for -his father with diligence and success—in vain he entered into his -agricultural projects—the father writes bitterly, "His infancy was -monstrous, his adolescence turbulent, and both seem the worthy exordium -of his life, which is now a mixture of indiscretion, misconduct, and -garrulity; and at the same time so turbulent, so presumptuous, and so -heedless, that the enterprise of saving him from the dangers which his -years and his character present, is enough to fatigue and deter thirty -Mentors, instead of one." At length, tired of the young man's society, -and urged by those about him, he sent him (December, 1771) to Mirabeau, -to endeavour to pacify and regulate the dissensions subsisting among the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{Pg 206}</a></span> -tenants of the marquis, which his usual agents were incapable of -rectifying. The young man fulfilled his task with zeal and ability: he -became known and liked in Provence, and his success inspired the idea of -settling him in marriage—so to calm down his turbulence in domestic -life: his father had before entertained this project, believing that a -woman of good sense would exercise the happiest influence over his mind. -</p> - -<p> -The young lady pointed out was an heiress. A number of men of higher -pretensions than himself on the score of fortune aspired to her hand. -This circumstance, and the avarice of his father, who acted with his -usual parsimony, at first deterred Mirabeau; but, urged on by the -marquis's sarcasms, he exerted himself to overcome all difficulties and -succeeded, though the measures he took, which compromised the reputation -of the young lady, were highly reprehensible, and naturally excited the -disgust and disapprobation of his father. -<span class="sidenote2">1772.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -23.</span> -Marie Emilie de Covet, only daughter of the marquis de Marignane, was -then eighteen: she was a lively brunette, scarcely to be called pretty, -but agreeable, witty, and superficially clever. Although an heiress, she -enjoyed a very slender fortune during the life of her father; and the -marquis, while he entailed the family estate on his son, allowed him -scarcely any income, and advanced him nothing for the expences of his -nuptials. This was the worst sort of marriage that Mirabeau could have -made. Marrying in his own province a girl of good family, and surrounded -by the <i>éclat</i> that attends an heiress, he was led to desire to make -an appearance suitable to his name and his father's fortune. He incurred -debts. Madame de Sévigné remarks that there is nothing so expensive as -want of money. Debt always begets debt. Mirabeau was constitutionally -careless with regard to expense. His father lent him the chateau of -Mirabeau to live in: he found the ancestral residence as furnished by -his progenitors; and, obliged to make some repairs, he went to the other -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{Pg 207}</a></span> -extreme, and fitted up the apartments destined for his wife with -splendour. False pride caused him to load her with presents, and to -dress her richly, in spite of her remonstrances. At the same time he had -projects for the improvement of the culture of the estate, the proceeds -of which, he believed, would cover all his expenses. His father still -pursued the degrading plan of employing hirelings as spies over him. -These men, to cover their own peculations, represented that he was -selling the furniture of the chateau and injuring the property. Every -plan Mirabeau formed to pay his debts, as the best foundation of -retrenchment, was opposed by his father. Feeling the storm about to -break, and resolved to proceed no further on the road to ruin, he -commenced a system of rigid economy; but his father, deaf to all -explanations, excited by the representations of his servants, and -exasperated in the highest degree, obtained a lettre de cachet, and used -it to order his son to quit the chateau, and to confine himself in the -little town of Manosque. This sort of confinement was ill calculated to -appease the spirit of Mirabeau, who ought rather to have been thrown -into an arduous career, so to fill and occupy his mind. At Manosque he -was reduced to a scanty income of about 50<i>l</i>. a year, to support -himself, his wife, and child; his only employment was study, to which he -gave himself up with ardour, but it was not sufficient to tame and -engross him. He wrote here his "Essay on Despotism," a work full of -passion and vigour, into which he poured his own impatience of control. -He left behind him no good reputation among the people of Manosque; and, -if his wife afterwards refused to join him, she had the excuse that his -behaviour as a husband was such as to disgust any young lady of feeling -and delicacy. His own conduct did not, however, prevent him from being -jealous himself, and this passion, awakened toward his wife, renewed, by -the actions it occasioned, the persecutions of his father. -</p> - -<p> -A girlish and innocent correspondence had been carried on by his wife -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{Pg 208}</a></span> -before her marriage with the chevalier de Gassaud. This, and other -circumstances, combined to excite jealousy in the mind of the husband; a -duel became imminent; till, pacified by the representations of the young -man's family, and consideration for the reputation of Madame de -Mirabeau, he became willing to listen to an explanation. The previous -scandal, however, threatened to break an advantageous marriage, on foot -between the chevalier and the daughter of the marquis de Tourette. -Mirabeau, resolving not to be generous by halves, left Manosque -secretly, and repaired with all possible speed to the town of Grasse: he -pleaded the cause of the chevalier with such earnest eloquence that the -family dismissed their objections, and he hastened to return to his -place of exile. -</p> - -<p> -Most unfortunately he met on his way back the baron de Villeneuve-Moans. -This man had, a short time before, grossly insulted his sister, the -marquise de Cabris. The brother demanded satisfaction, which being -refused, he now, meeting him by accident, struck him. The baron -proceeded legally against him, and thus his evasion from his place of -exile came to light. -<span class="sidenote2">1774.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -25.</span> -The implacable father demanded a stricter imprisonment; and Mirabeau, -taken from his wife and his infant son, then dangerously ill, was -conducted to the chateau of If, a dismal fortress, built on a naked rock -by the sea-shore, near Marseilles. He was here at the demand of his -father, interdicted all visits and correspondence; and the marquis also -took the pains to write to the commander of the castle, Dallegre, -exaggerating the faults of his son, and blackening his character; but -here, as before in the Isle de Rhé, the commander was won by the -frankness, courage, and fascinating qualities of his prisoner, and wrote -to the marquis to entreat his liberation. "All the province knows," he -wrote, "that you have made the freedom of the count de Mirabeau depend -on the report I shall make of his good conduct. Receive, then, the most -authentic attestation that, since the count has been confined at the -chateau d'If, he has not given me, nor any other person, the slightest -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{Pg 209}</a></span> -cause of complaint, and has always conducted himself admirably. He has -sustained with extreme moderation the altercations I have sometimes -entered into for the purpose of trying his temper, and he will carry -away with him the esteem, friendship, and consideration of every one -here." Madame de Mirabeau made a journey to Bignon to intercede with his -father, who at length explained that his purpose was to try his son; -that he meant to keep him yet longer in the chateau of If; and if, by a -miracle, he committed no new fault, he should be transferred to some -other fortress where his perseverance in a good course should continue -to be put to the test, till by degrees he should be restored to his -privileges of husband and father. When we consider that Mirabeau really -filled these sacred functions, and that his sole crime towards his -father was debt,—a crime the consequences of which visited him only, -and visited him severely,—we revolt from the insolent tyranny -exercised against him. -<span class="sidenote1">1775.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -26.</span> -In pursuance of this plan, he was transferred to the fortress of Joux, -near Pontarlier, and placed in the hands of the governor, count -Saint-Mauris. He submitted to this new exile among the mountains of -Jura, away from his wife and child, from every friend and connection, -with entire resignation; still hoping, by patience and good conduct, to -vanquish the prejudices and gain the good will of his father. -</p> - -<p> -Until now we appear to detail a series of cruel and causeless -persecutions. The conduct of Mirabeau, tried by the laws of morality, -had been vicious, but not criminal, and was punished as the latter. He -had, to a certain degree, redeemed his extravagance, by living for a -considerable period within the limits of an income scarcely sufficient -to afford the necessaries of life. He had obtained the favourable -attestation of the man under whose guard he was placed: it was evident -to every one, except his inexorable father, that the husband ought to be -restored to the young wife, already suspected of indiscretion—the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{Pg 210}</a></span> -father to his child; a young man of ambition and talents, to the -enjoyment of liberty and of the privileges of his birth. -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau painted his feelings eloquently in a letter to his uncle, dated -from the fortress of Joux, 22d of August, 1775. "Ought I," he writes, -"to be for ever excluded from a career in which my conduct and -endeavours, aided by your counsels, might give me the means of one day -becoming useful and known. Times are mending, and ambition is permitted. -Do you believe that the emulation that animates me ought to remain -sterile, and that, at the age of twenty-six, your nephew is incapable of -any good? Do not believe it; deliver me; deign to deliver me: save me -from the frightful agitation in which I live, and which may destroy the -effects produced on me by reflection and adversity. Believe me, that -there are men whom it is necessary to occupy, and that I am of that -number. The activity which accomplishes all things, and without which -nothing is achieved, becomes turbulent, and may become dangerous, if -left without object or employment." His father was insensible to these -representations, and, although the pretence of his continued -imprisonment was, that he should regain by degrees the paternal favour, -the marquis's letters prove that it was his heartfelt wish to drive his -son to extremities; and he too fatally succeeded. -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau had hitherto wasted his ardent nature on vulgar amours; he had -never felt real love. Had he been allowed to follow an active career, it -is probable that love, in an absorbing and despotic form, had never -governed him. Driven into solitude, separated from all the ties of -nature, friendless and persecuted, his heart in an unfortunate hour -became inflamed by a passion that sealed his ruin. The fortress of Joux -is situated in the neighbourhood of Pontarlier; the only family of note -resident in that town was that of De Monnier. Madame de Monnier belonged -to a family of the name of Ruffey, distinguished for a piety carried to -bigotry, and a parental severity, that caused them to devote several -children to a monastic life. Sophie was married at eighteen to M. de -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{Pg 211}</a></span> -Monnier, who was more than fifty years her senior. She joined to -gentleness of disposition and sweetness of temper great decision and -ardour of character. The young people became acquainted. She saw only -the bright side of Mirabeau's character; and, while she consoled him in -his misfortunes, she became entangled by the fascinations of passion. It -is impossible to conceive a more unnatural position, than that of a girl -sacrificed according to the old customs of France. Sophie de Ruffey was -taken from the nursery, and given, even without her consent being asked, -to a morose, avaricious, decrepit old man; who only married to annoy his -daughter. He was unamiable in all the relations of life; and the home of -the ardent girl was dull, and yet full of harassing cares. She had no -children; none of the sweet hopes and expectations that ought to attend -opening life; and, while she devoted herself to an existence full of -ennui and annoyance, she reaped no reward in the kindness and confidence -of her husband. It is not strange that, placed in this position, her -heart should be open to impression, and before she knew her danger she -was in love. The enthusiasm and fervour of her disposition caused her to -exalt her lover into the idol of her imagination. Misled by passion, she -began to regard her tie to her septuagenarian husband as -criminal—fidelity and devotion to her lover as a paramount duty. -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau knew better what life was. He felt love for the first time in -all its truth and intensity, and he trembled at the prospect. According -to a wise poet, -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"Love is too young to know what conscience is;</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Yet who knows not that conscience is born of love?"</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -and thus he, who hitherto had looked on love as a mere sensual -enjoyment, and who, accustomed to occupy himself in arduous study for -the third of each day, had little leisure to employ in pursuits of empty -gallantry, became aware of the absorbing nature of real passion, and to -fear the misery that must ensue from its indulgence. He wrote letters of -eloquent supplication, imploring to be removed from a neighbourhood -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{Pg 212}</a></span> -which he found so dangerous: his father treated his appeals with -contempt; he then wrote to his wife a long letter, entreating her to -join him with their child, feeling that the presence of those who were -united to him by such sacred ties would check his pursuit, and at once -crush the affection of her he loved. Madame de Mirabeau was a frivolous -and weak woman: a separation of more than a year had alienated her from -her husband, whose conduct had been far from irreproachable, and she -replied to his supplications by a dry note of a few lines, in which she -treated him as out of his wits. Still Mirabeau struggled against the -seductions of love, and had the unfortunate pair been treated, not to -say with kindness, but with prudence, all had been well. It so happened -that the governor, count de Saint-Mauris, who was nearly seventy years -of age, was also in love with madame de Monnier, who had received his -declarations with the disdain which they deserved. His rage knew no -bounds, when he perceived the success of his prisoner. He roused the -suspicions of the husband, and, the better to wreak his revenge, took -advantage of his knowledge of a promissory note for a small sum, which -Mirabeau, left in a state of destitution by his father, had been obliged -to grant to procure necessary raiment, to report him to the implacable -marquis as incurring new debts, and so obtained a fresh order to confine -him strictly in the fortress of Joux. Mirabeau learnt the fate awaiting -him, and finding that his system of resignation had availed him nothing, -and shuddering at the prospect of a dungeon guarded by a malignant -rival, escaped from his surveillance, and secreted himself at -Pontarlier. -</p> - -<p> -His position demanded the most careful reflection. His angry father -spared no pains to discover his place of refuge: he wrote to -Saint-Mauris, telling him to prepare a "healthy and dry, but well barred -and bolted dungeon for his son; and not to permit him the slightest -communication by writing or in person with any one." Hopeless of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{Pg 213}</a></span> -softening the marquis, Mirabeau wrote to Malesherbes, the minister so -distinguished in France for benevolence and liberality; but Malesherbes -mediated in vain with his father, and, at length, told Mirabeau that he -had but one resource, which was to withdraw from his country, to enter -foreign service, and pursue the career of arms, for which his birth, -talents, and bravery, fitted him. Mirabeau was averse to renouncing his -country; again and again he applied by letters, written either by -himself or mediating friends, to his father, who at last replied, that -he renounced having any thing to do with him—told him that no country -was so foreign to him as his own; and, banishing him for ever from his -family, dissolved all natural and social ties that still held his son to -France. -</p> - -<p> -Treated with this haughty cruelty, Mirabeau could not avoid contrasting -the marks of hatred and scorn, which he received from every other, with -the devoted love of her who was ready to sacrifice all to him. But, -though conjugal fidelity was held in slight regard and little practised -in France in those days, the carrying off a married woman was treated as -a crime to be punished by death or perpetual imprisonment, and Mirabeau -could not yet consent to lose himself or his mistress utterly. M. de -Monnier, informed by Saint-Mauris of the attachment of his wife, -surrounded her by spies, and treated her with the utmost severity. By -the advice of Mirabeau she left her husband, and took refuge with her -own family at Dijon. She found no kindness there; her angry father -refused to see her—her mourning mother caused her to be strictly -watched—her brother and sister taunted and insulted her. She was -driven to despair, and declared to her lover that she would destroy -herself, if by no other means she could escape the cruelty shown by all -around. For several months Mirabeau combated the passion rooted in his own -heart, and that which drove madame de Monnier to desperation. He had -escaped from France and gained the frontier: he might easily have now -entered on a military career in a foreign state, but devoted love bound him -to Sophie, who was on the eve of being imprisoned in a convent, and who, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{Pg 214}</a></span> -revolting from such tyranny, believed that every genuine duty and -affection of life bound her to him she loved, and had become resolved to -devote her life to him. After much hesitation, many months spent in -wanderings in Switzerland, dogged close the while by emissaries of his -father, whose pursuit he baffled, and whose strength and patience he -wearied out; after many fruitless endeavours to avoid the catastrophe, -the hour at last arrived, when Mirabeau, cast off by father, wife, and -country, doomed to exile and a career dependent on his industry, and -feeling in the affection of his mistress his only solace in this -accumulation of disaster, and assured also that, if he deserted her, -Sophie, driven to desperation, would destroy herself, consented to their -flight. -<span class="sidenote2">1777.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -27.</span> -She escaped from her husband's house and joined him at Verrières -Suisses, whence, after a fortnight's delay, they proceeded to Holland. -On the 7th of October they arrived at Amsterdam, and took a lodging at -the house of a tailor, where, destitute and friendless, Mirabeau was at -once forced to earn their daily bread, and to conceal his name and -identity, so to escape further persecution. He sought for occupation in -translating for a bookseller. After some delay he obtained work from -Rey, and was able to earn a louis a-day by means of extreme hard labour. -From six in the morning till nine in the evening he was at his desk: his -only recreation was an hour of music: but the lovers were happy -together. Sophie, fallen from a life of ease to one of privation, yet -regarded it no sacrifice to exchange annoyance and ennui, though -surrounded by luxury, for seclusion with one whose ardent affection, -brilliant imagination, and entire confidence, could easily supply every -void, and fill her existence with interest and delight. -</p> - -<p> -The social law that bound Sophie to her husband was nefarious and -unnatural; but in breaking it she devoted herself to all the misfortunes -which attend an attachment not sanctioned by society: for a time love -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{Pg 215}</a></span> -may gild the scene, and, as was the case with Sophie, conscience be -satisfied that she had a right to exchange her forced ties with a -decrepit old husband, to whom she owed nothing, for a union with the man -of her choice. But the world and its laws dog the heels of a felicity -they condemn, and are sure at last to hunt down their prey. M. de -Monnier proceeded against his wife and her lover in a court of law, and -on the 10th May, 1777, sentence was passed on Mirabeau for rape and -seduction. He was condemned to be decapitated in effigy and to pay -40,000 livres as damages to the husband; while Sophie was condemned to -be confined for life in a house of refuge established at Besançon, to -be shaven and branded in common with the other prisoners, who were girls -of depraved life, and to lose all the advantages of her marriage -settlement. Such was the severity of the old French laws against -matrimonial infidelity—laws which permitted the most depraved state -of society ever known, and only made themselves felt in eases of exception, -when the most severe moralist would find excuses for, and be inclined to -pardon the errors of passion, which society punished only because the -victims refused to practise the hypocrisy which would have been accepted -as atonement. -</p> - -<p> -The marquis de Mirabeau at first rejoiced in the catastrophe which -exiled his son for ever from the soil of France, and was willing to -forget his existence. Not so the family of Sophie: her mother, induced -by mixed feelings of religion, resentment, and even affection, was eager -to obtain possession of the person of her daughter, to separate her from -her lover, and induce her by severity or persuasion to return to her -husband. Through an imprudence the place of their retreat was -discovered, and the marquis writes to his brother, "He is in Holland, -and lives on the earnings of his pen. De Brugnierres is setting out to -fulfil a bargain made with madame de Ruffey, to seize her mad daughter, -for which he is to be paid 100 louis. I have profited by the occasion -and made the same arrangement—to be paid only if the man is taken to -his destination." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{Pg 216}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1777.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -28.</span></p> - -<p> -Mirabeau and his companion had lived eight months at Amsterdam: they had -made friends; and some among these told them that their retreat was -discovered, and an arrest impending. At first a treaty had been -commenced to induce Mirabeau to place madame de Monnier in the hands of -the French authorities, offering money and liberty as his reward: he -spurned these propositions and prepared to fly with her to America; yet -still the lovers were too secure, and delayed for the sake of obtaining -a sum of money. The very night on which they were to depart they were -arrested. Sophie, who, till the crisis arrived, was calm and serene, -though serious and resolved, was seized by despair: she resolved to -destroy herself. Mirabeau was her stay: he gained the goodwill of the -men about them, revealed his fears, and obtained the consent of M. le -Noir, lieutenant-general of police, to see her once, and afterwards to -correspond with her. His persuasions were all powerful, and she -consented to live. She was taken to Paris and imprisoned in a sort of -asylum for women, while Mirabeau was shut up in the donjon of Vincennes. -At first no gleam of hope lighted on the prisoners: all that bound them -to existence was the correspondence they kept up with each other, and -the fact that Sophie was about to give birth to a child. The letters -that Mirabeau wrote to his mistress from his prison fell afterwards into -the hands of a man who published them: certainly Mirabeau would have -been the last person in the world to have permitted the publication of -letters intended for the eye of his mistress alone, and drawn from a -nature whose paramount vice was excess of passion, now wrought to -intensity by close imprisonment and enforced separation from her whom he -ardently loved. These letters are in parts grossly indelicate and unfit -for perusal; but they display the burning ardour of his nature, and the -excess of his attachment for the unhappy woman whom he had drawn into -participation in his wretched destiny. For nearly two years these -letters are stamped with a hopelessness, often carried to desperation. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{Pg 217}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -"There is no peace with my implacable enemies," he writes, at one time; -"there will be none except in the tomb. No pity can enter their souls of -gall: as barbarous as they are unjust, their commiseration will never -yield that which their iniquity denies. It is too much! I know not -whether, proscribed by that destiny which permits guilt to triumph, and -innocence to suffer, I am destined to die of despair, or to merit my -fate by the perpetration of crime, but the agony that precedes the -catastrophe endures too long, and I feel transports of indignation and -hatred, such as never before had influence over my soul." Again he -writes, "The rules of this house are so excessively, I had almost said -so atrociously severe, that I must perish if I remain longer. No species -of society is permitted: the turnkeys who wait on us are forbidden to -remain in our cells, or to speak to us—we have but one hour of -exercise out of the twenty-four. Alone with sorrow—no literary -occupation—few and bad books—interminable delays in the -fulfilment of our most innocent wishes and our simplest wants—no -musical instruments—in a word, no recreation—every -consolation denied by a barbarous tyranny, such is but a feeble sketch -of our situation. A man who has any soul or mind cannot resist such a -mode of life, in which his talents, his acquirements, and his most -praiseworthy sentiments, instead of solacing, must produce his ruin." -</p> - -<p> -As a proof of the energy and fortitude of Mirabeau's soul, it must be -mentioned, that frequent opportunities of escape presented themselves, -but he declared that he would not desert Sophie and unlink his fate from -hers; nor renounce all hope of being restored to his station and rights -in his country. While he strung his soul to endure, his very strength of -purpose gave additional force to his hatred of tyranny. He, as being the -victim of his family, and not a state prisoner, was in the sequel -permitted many indulgences not allowed to any other. Books materials for -writing—connivance at his correspondence—more time allowed to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{Pg 218}</a></span> -his walks—the visits of some of the superiors, who became his -friends—such were the licences permitted him; but we find him -complaining that he was forbidden to sing in his cell, and detailing the -frightful physical sufferings, to which he was the victim through -confinement. A state prisoner would have been treated with yet greater -rigour; and the sense of this, and the knowledge that others whose -crimes were often their virtues, were his fellow-sufferers, lighted up a -horror of despotism in his heart, which made him ever after its -determined and bitter enemy. -</p> - -<p> -With all his energy and fortitude, Mirabeau bore up with difficulty -under the hardships of his dungeon: at one time, he resolved on suicide, -and was saved only by the remonstrances of M. le Noir, whose kindness to -his prisoner was zealous and unalterable. Consenting to live, he found -study his sole resource, and he dedicated himself with ardour, and to -the injury of his health, to his pen. His works during his imprisonment -were numerous. He translated the "Kisses" of Johannes Secundus, with -abundant notes, containing extracts from all the erotic poets of -antiquity. He wrote a treatise on mythology; an essay on the French -language; another on ancient and modern literature; works undertaken for -the instruction and amusement of madame de Monnier. His "Essay on -Lettres-de-cachet and State Prisons" belongs also to this period. -</p> - -<p> -His father, meanwhile, felt no compunction, no doubt as to the justice -of his conduct; no pity softened his heart, nor did he by any notice of -his son answer his many supplications. He declared that, having searched -and purified his heart each day before God, he is only the more -determined to persist; and the resolution in which he was to persist was -that of suffering his son to languish and perish in his dungeon. -<span class="sidenote2">Oct.<br /> -8.<br /> -1778.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -29.</span> -A circumstance happened, however, to change this resolve. His grandson, -the only son of Gabriel-Honoré, died. The mother resided with her child -at her father's chateau. She was surrounded by relations, collateral -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{Pg 219}</a></span> -heirs to her fortune if she died childless: some suspicion arose that -these persons had poisoned the boy; he was five years old, and of great -promise from the sweetness and docility of his disposition. The -grandfather was deeply afflicted: he could not doubt the uprightness of -his conduct nor the purity of his motives, so blinded was he by the -passions that urged him to persecute his family; but he was led to doubt -the support of Providence on which he had heretofore relied. From this -moment he began to meditate the liberation of his son. He was not -induced by justice nor compassion, but by pride: he could not endure -that the name of Mirabeau should be extinguished. "I reflected," he -wrote afterwards to his brother, "for a long time. It is certain that, -if my grandson had not died, I had insisted on the maintenance of the -promise made me, to keep the father in prison, and even to destroy all -trace of him. But, after the death of our poor little Victor, I found -that you felt as I did with regard to the extinction of our race; for, -however one may argue, however one may submit and resign one's self, a -feeling once entertained cannot be effaced." The marquis, however, -proceeded fair and softly in his design. Resolved both to punish and to -tame his son, he issued fresh orders, that he should be allowed no -indulgences; but he put several persons in action, through whose -suggestions Mirabeau commenced a correspondence with his uncle: the -letters were shown to his father, and some were addressed to the latter; -but he was not moved either by the protestations or representations they -contained to move faster or to alter his plan. In pursuance of this, he -declared that the liberation of his son depended on the intercession of -his wife. The countess de Mirabeau accordingly wrote to her -father-in-law, requesting that her husband should be set free; and -Mirabeau, hearing this, was touched by the generosity of her act. From -the moment, indeed, that hope gleamed on him of softening his father's -resolves, he became much more humble, and very ready to acknowledge his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{Pg 220}</a></span> -faults. Sophie, also, with that generous ardour of disposition that was -at once the cause and excuse of her actions, wrote to the marquis, -taking all the fault of their attachment and flight on herself. Even the -old economist felt the nobleness of her conduct. -</p> - -<p> -The affair, however, still lagged. M. de Marignane detested his -son-in-law. It was the interest of the relations around to prevent the -reunion of husband and wife: the countess was a weak and timid woman; -she resolved never to disobey, she feared to offend her father; and -besides, living as she did, in the midst of ease, luxury, pleasure, and -freedom, she had no wish to return to a life of penury with a husband -whom she no longer loved. Often, therefore, while receiving harsh -letters from his uncle, Mirabeau was ready to sink under multiplied -delays. He tried to cheat time by occupation; he gave himself up to -study—he learnt Greek, English, Italian, Spanish—translated a -portion of Tacitus—and this, in spite of failing eyes and ruined -health. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">May,<br /> -1780.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -31.</span></p> - -<p> -Another event, sad to a parent's heart, and deeply lamented by Mirabeau, -happened to facilitate his freedom. His child, the daughter of Sophie, -died of a fever of dentition: this event acted as a spur to the marquis. -He permitted his only child with whom he was on friendly terms, madame -du Saillant, to correspond with her brother, dictating her letters, and -reading the replies—he allowed (for no step was taken except by his -permission, and even suggestion,) his son-in-law, M. du Saillant, to -offer to become his surety. And, at last, after many disappointments and -delays, he gave the signal, and the prison gates were opened. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">Dec.<br /> -13.<br /> -1780.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -31.</span></p> - -<p> -It was impossible to avoid giving the details of this unfortunate -portion of Mirabeau's life. Forty-one months spent in a dungeon forms -too important an epoch in a man's existence for a biographer to pass it -over; or to shun the detail of the causes and effects. Forty-one months -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{Pg 221}</a></span> -of solitude and privation—of alternate hopes and fears wound to their -highest pitch—of arduous study—of excessive physical -suffering—must colour a human being's whole after-existence. The -devoted love of Sophie ennobled his sufferings. She erred—but her -error was redeemed by her heroism and self-abnegation. Resolved in her own -thoughts that she was not the wife of the poor old man to whom her parents -had forced her to give her hand, but of him who possessed her heart, she -believed it to be her duty to bear all rather than concede. That her too -ardent nature required the stay of religion cannot be denied, but her -generosity and heroism are undoubted, and shed a grace over details which -would otherwise he revolting.<a name="NoteRef_11_11" id="NoteRef_11_11"></a><a href="#Note_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau quitted his prison, eager to gain his father's good will, and -redeem himself in the eyes of the world. He stept out, from so long a -series of suffering and imprisonment, with a spirit as vigorous and free -as in boyhood. All were astonished by his mingled gentleness and -vivacity; his submission to his father, joined to reliance in his own -powers. Some months passed before the marquis would see him, but, when -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{Pg 222}</a></span> -he did, he expressed himself to his brother in more favourable terms -than he had ever before done. Occupied in the task of reforming, he even -began to praise him. It is to be remarked, that the interloper in the -family, madame du Pailly, was absent at this time, and the son was -allowed to make his own way with his father. -</p> - -<p> -The end of all the marquis's actions was to reunite his son to his wife. -This was a matter of difficulty, and the greater on account of the -sentence pronounced against Mirabeau at Pontarlier, on occasion of his -flight with madame de Monnier. Many plans were projected to get rid of -this sentence; the readiest was, to obtain letters of abolition from the -king. But Mirabeau refused a line of conduct which would have saved him -only; he was determined that his cause should not be separated from that -of Sophie. -<span class="sidenote2">1782.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -33.</span> -With a resolution worthy of his impetuous and energetic nature, he -surrendered, and constituted himself prisoner at Pontarlier while the -cause was again tried. He was counselled to take the line of a timid -defence, but he refused. Convinced of the irregularity of his trial, and -the want of all judicial proof against him, he met the most imminent -danger calmly and resolutely. His father writes:—"His conduct is -firm, and his position as advantageous as possible. He is praised for his -nobleness and audacity in the singular tone of his appeal against a -capital sentence. Now that I see him in saddle, he holds himself well, -and has this real advantage with the public, of entirely exculpating his -accomplice, on which he is resolved at all events. You have no idea of -what your nephew is on great occasions." Nor did the imprisonment of -months in an unhealthy and narrow dungeon move him. When his father -desired to attempt measures of conciliation with the adversary, he -declared that the view of the scaffold under his window would not make -him accept any propositions while in prison. "I have said to my father," -he wrote to his brother-in-law, M. du Saillant, "and I repeat to you, -that, before God and man, no one has a right to interfere in my affairs -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{Pg 223}</a></span> -against my will, my consent, my opinion; and with this firm conviction -I declare, that I will consent to no accommodation until former -proceedings are reversed; and I will sign nothing in which my simple and -entire acquittal, that of madame de Monnier, the restitution of her -dowery, an annuity for her, and the payment of my own expenses, are not -comprised." His memoirs and defence are eloquent and resolute, and in -them first shone forth that brilliant genius which afterwards ruled -France. -</p> - -<p> -At length an accommodation on his own terms, with the exception of the -pecuniary condition that regarded himself, was completed. Mirabeau left -his prison on the 14th of August, 1782. He left it, indeed, a beggar and -in debt; his father denied him every assistance, and refused, in -opprobrious terms, to become his surety. His courage sank under these -misfortunes; he wrote to his sister, "I am free, but to what use shall I -put my liberty? Disowned by my father; forgotten, hated perhaps by my -mother, for having desired to serve her; avoided by my uncle; watched -for by my creditors, not one of whom has been paid, though I have been -deprived of the means of subsistence under the pretence of satisfying -them; menaced by my wife, or those who govern her; destitute of every -thing—income, career, credit—O! that it pleased God that my -enemies were not as cowardly as they are malicious, and a thrust of a sword -would end all!" -</p> - -<p> -To please his family and obtain an income, Mirabeau next entered into a -law-suit to force his wife to become reconciled with him. This was an -unworthy act. In the pleadings, where he stood forth as his own -advocate, he exerted an overwhelming eloquence, that silenced his -adversaries, and drew an immense audience of gentry belonging to -Provence to the hall where the trial was carried on. He however failed, -and a decree of separation was passed in the law courts of Provence, and -confirmed in Paris.<a name="NoteRef_12_12" id="NoteRef_12_12"></a><a href="#Note_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> By this time the marquis had become as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{Pg 224}</a></span> -inveterate as ever against his son: he did not imprison him, but he kept -the royal order, permitting him to assign him his place of residence, -hanging over his head, so to be able to remove him from his own vicinity -if he became troublesome. -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau felt the necessity of forming a career for himself, and earning -a subsistence. He failed in his first attempts in Paris, and, as a last -resource, turned his eyes towards England. -<span class="sidenote2">1784.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -35.</span> -His visit to London, however, was full of mortification and -disappointment. He found no path open by which a French author could -maintain himself. His letters are full of bitterness at this period; his -father refused him the slightest provision, and, he says, used all his -address to cause him to die of hunger, since he could not hope to make -him rob on the highway. It is difficult for those who live in the -sunshine of life, as well as for those who are brought up to earn their -bread in a profession, or by trade, to understand the degree of -exasperation engendered in the heart of a rich man's son, reduced to -penury by the injustice of his parent. He finds it impossible to make -money of his talents, and indignities, unknown to the merest labourer, -swarm around him. It is much if he can earn a bare and precarious -subsistence, eaten into by previous debts, and dependent on the -selfishness and caprice of others. Mirabeau tasted of the dregs of -poverty; his natural inaptitude to calculation increased his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{Pg 225}</a></span> -difficulties; he was generous and profuse, even when what he gave or -spent reduced him to absolute want. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1785.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -36.</span></p> - -<p> -On his return to France, he found the public mind engrossed by questions -of political finance. Mirabeau entered on the discussion with his -accustomed eagerness. He published several pamphlets, which attracted -general attention and added to his notoriety. The minister Calonne at -first made use of his pen, but they afterwards disagreed. Under his -patronage, Mirabeau endeavoured to get diplomatic employment in Germany. -He visited Berlin at the period of Frederic the Great's death, and -several times subsequently. His correspondence from Berlin is not, -however, worthy of his character or genius. It was not published at this -time; he kept it back till 1789, when, under the necessity of acquiring -money to carry on the expenses of his election in Provence, he had no -other resource except bringing out a book, sure to acquire notoriety -from the scandalous anecdotes it contained, but not adapted to sustain -the credit of the author. His pamphlets on finance, which attacked that -system of gambling in the public funds, called, in France, <i>agiotage</i>, -which, while it enriches individuals, is ruinous to the country, deserve -the highest praise for their utility. They, however, attacked powerful -interests; and one of them was suppressed by a decree of government, and -even his personal liberty was menaced. -<span class="sidenote1">1787.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -38.</span> -He saved himself by a timely retreat to Liege. He here entered into a -financial controversy with Necker, which was rendered the more -conspicuous by the allusions made by Mirabeau to the necessity of -assembling the states-general and establishing a constitution. The -convocation of notables, which occurred during this year, was a sort of -commentary on his views. He expected to be named secretary to the -assembly, but that place was given to Dupont de Nemours; and, when he -returned to Paris in September, the notables were already dismissed. -Mirabeau, in his letters at this period, displays that deep interest in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{Pg 226}</a></span> -politics which afterwards was to engross his life, and led to his -success and triumph. "It is impossible," he writes, "to witness the -excess of shame and folly which combine to engulf my country without -consternation. It is not given to human wisdom to guess where all this -will find a term." Meanwhile his pen was never idle; and in the midst of -various journeys, and multiplied occupations, he published a variety of -political works, which drew public observation on him; though now for -the most part they are forgotten, as belonging to a state of things sunk -in perpetual oblivion. In these he never ceased to attack the abuses of -government; to urge the necessity of framing a constitution for his -country; and to announce with enthusiasm his love of political liberty -and independence. -</p> - -<p> -In the history of Mirabeau, so far, we find his life divided into two -parts. The first, up to the age of two and thirty, was stormy and -disastrous; but the accidents that marked it did not take him from -private life. Proud of his station and name, and ambitious of -distinction, yet the vices of youth wrecked him at the very outset, and -the conduct of his father, who acted the part of Cornish wrecker, rather -than taking his natural post of pilot, threatened his perpetual -submersion. As lord Brougham observes, in his observations on his -character, "There is, perhaps, no second instance of an individual whose -faults have been committed under such a pressure of ill-treatment, to -besiege and force his virtue, rather than of temptation, to seduce and -betray it." The extraordinary energy of his character alone saved him; -and he merited the praise, not only of delivering himself, through his -resolute and unwearied exertions, from the dungeon in which, had he been -a weaker man, he had been left to perish, but also of making good use of -the leisure which the sad and solitary hours of imprisonment afforded, -to store his mind with knowledge. -</p> - -<p> -In the second portion of his life, till the election of deputies for the -states-general, he was no longer pursued by private enemies; and his -passions, though they were not sobered, yet, not being violently -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{Pg 227}</a></span> -opposed, no longer afforded a topic for public scandal. At first, he -chiefly endeavoured to obtain a maintenance, since his father's -parsimony reduced him to indigence. His pride and fortitude continued to -support him in so hard a trial. We have no instance of any application -of his for help from the rich and powerful—he was extravagant, but -never mean; and he could labour industriously without stooping to any -dishonourable shifts. By degrees he acquired such name and esteem among -men in power as induced them to employ him in public services. Then, as -the political atmosphere of France became overcast, and the howlings of -the coming tempest audible, Mirabeau felt within himself that the hour -was approaching when he should acquire greatness. He had displayed his -wonderful power of public speaking, during his law-suit with his wife, -some years before: the recollection of the effects produced by his -forcible and impetuous eloquence, which almost gained his cause against -reason and justice, gave foundation to his hopes of distinction, if he -should be allowed to speak for the public cause. These feelings did not -make him weakly eager to put himself forward; he was calm in the -knowledge of his power. "Leave me, then, in my obscurity," he wrote, in -1787, to the satellite of a minister,—"I say, in my obscurity, for it -is really my design to remain unalterably in it, until a regular order -of things arises from the present state of tumult, and till some great -revolution, either for good or ill, enjoins a good citizen, who is -always accountable for his suffrage and even his talents, to raise his -voice. This revolution cannot be long delayed. The public vessel is in a -strait, equally short and difficult. An able pilot could doubtless guide -it into the open sea; but he cannot, without the consent of the crew, -and at this moment no one sailor can be despised." -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau deserves the praise of keeping at this season far above all -petty traffic of his influence and pen. He saw the safety and glory of -France, and the rise of a national constitution, in the opposition of -the parliament to the court, and in the consequent necessity of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{Pg 228}</a></span> -assembling the states-general. He represented these convictions to the -minister Montmorin, but without avail; on the contrary, Montmorin -earnestly requested him to undertake his defence, and to attack the -parliament. Mirabeau, in reply, set before the minister the errors of -his views, and refused, with dignity, the task offered him. "Do not," he -concludes, "compromise a zealous servant, who will despise danger when -called upon to devote himself for his country, but who would not, even -for the price of all earthly crowns, prostitute himself in an equivocal -cause, the aim of which is uncertain, the principle doubtful, and the -progress fearful and dark. Should I not lose all the little talent of -which you exaggerate the influence, if I renounced that inflexible -independence which alone gains me success, and which only can render me -useful to my country and my king? When the day arrives, when, animated -by my conscience, and strong in my conviction, an honourable citizen, a -faithful subject, an honest writer, I cast myself into the <i>melée</i>, I -shall be able to say, 'Listen to a man who has never varied in his -principles, nor deserted the public cause.'" -</p> - -<p> -And it must be remarked, in honour of Mirabeau, when doubts are cast -upon his subsequent career, that, at the moment that he refused the aid -of his pen to a powerful minister, he was suffering the extreme of -penury, aggravated by its being shared by a dear friend. When, -therefore, he afterwards accepted the pay of the court, we may believe, -unworthy as was the act, that he compromised no principle; but, though a -reformer, not being a republican, the support he engaged to give to the -king had the suffrage of his conscience. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1788.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -39.</span></p> - -<p> -The reputation of Mirabeau was now at its height; but, though his genius -was acknowledged, he was not esteemed a good member of society. It is -strange on what reputation depends: it may seem a paradox to say, that -it often depends on modesty. Notoriety, and even success, may follow the -unblushing man; but the good word of our fellow-creatures clings rather -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{Pg 229}</a></span> -to him whose worth is crowned by the graceful and conciliating virtue of -modesty. Mirabeau had been oppressed—he had suffered much; his -ostensible errors were venial, and such as many a man might have -committed without entire condemnation; but the publicity that attended -them, and the readiness with which he exposed his faults, and his family -persecution, to public view, displeased and offended. He was feared as a -false friend, as well as a dangerous enemy. Yet, wherever he appeared, -he gained the hearts of those whom he addressed. He had the art of -rendering himself agreeable and fascinating to all. The truth is that, -though in theory and absence, we may approve the unblameable, the -torpid, and the coldly good, our nature forces us to prefer what is -vivacious, exhilarating, and original. This is the secret of the -influence exercised by men, whose biographers labour to excuse and to -account for the spontaneous ebullitions of sympathy and affection that -follow their steps. Mirabeau was easy, complaisant, gay, and full of -animation and variety in his conversation; he had, in a supreme degree, -what his father named the dangerous gift of familiarity. It was his -delight to cast aside all etiquette, and to reduce his intercourse to -the interchange of the real emotions of the heart and expression of -ideas, unaccompanied by any disguise or conventional refinements;—for -this, he did not scruple to appear at times rude and even vulgar; but -also by this he inspired confidence, as being frank and true. -</p> - -<p> -At length, the hour long expected, long desired, came, when the -states-general were convoked by a royal decree of the 27th December, -1788. Mirabeau passionately desired to belong to the assembly; and, -relying on the popularity which he enjoyed in his native province, -departed for Aix early in the following month. -<span class="sidenote1">1789.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -40.</span> -The nobles and high clergy of Provence were vehemently opposed to the -changes they apprehended in government, and were zealously wedded to the -privileges of their order. They entered a protest against certain -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{Pg 230}</a></span> -portions of the royal decree which threw power into the hands of the -people. When Mirabeau arrived among them as the partisan of the dawning -liberty of his country, he was received as an enemy. He raised his voice -against the protest, and naturally took his place at the head of the -liberal party. The nobles commenced their attack against him by -excluding him from among them, on the pretext that he did not (as an -elder son merely) possess any fief. Mirabeau protested against this -exclusion, as well in his own name as in those of every other in a -similar situation with himself; but in vain. On the 8th of the following -February, in an assembly of the nobles, on the proposition of the -marquis de Fare, his exclusion was pronounced, as not possessing either -estate or fief in Provence. Mirabeau spared neither pamphlets nor -speeches on the occasion; though, occupied by the calls made on him by -his party during the day, he could only give the hours of night to -composing and publishing. "I do not write a line," he says, in one of -his letters, of the date of the 8th February, "that I am not interrupted -thirty times, and to such a degree, that I can only labour at public -affairs by night. You know what cardinal de Retz said:—'<i>The chief -hinderance of the head of a party is his party.</i>' A thousand minor -annoyances, a thousand important arrangements, a thousand inevitable -interruptions, deprive me, during the day, of all presence of mind to -compose, and of all coherence of ideas and style." -</p> - -<p> -Besides these labours, he had the more difficult task of keeping clear -of brawls and duels among a class of men whose dearest wish was to -provoke him to the committal of an outrage. Proud and arrogant -themselves, they hoped to taunt one yet prouder into some deed of -violence that would give them the advantage over him. But haughty as -Mirabeau was, he was yet wiser; the peculiarity of his genius was a -quick perception of the proper line of conduct, and he preserved his -dignity, while he showed himself forbearing. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{Pg 231}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -He had to meet yet another difficulty. He published his correspondence -from Berlin at this moment, for the purpose of acquiring the funds -necessary for his election: this work was condemned to be burnt, by the -parliament. It had been published anonymously; but, as the name of the -author was well known, Mirabeau saw himself forced to make a journey to -Paris, for the purpose of silencing his enemies, and giving courage to -his friends, who quailed under the attacks made against him. This -journey and short absence served but to raise to enthusiasm the favour -with which he was regarded by the population of Provence. Deputations of -the <i>bourgeoisie</i> of Marseilles and Aix met him on his return, with -all the manifestations of affection and joy which the people of the south -render so cordial and demonstrative. The road he traversed was strewn -with flowers; fireworks were let off; a crowd of 50,000 persons -assembled round his carriage, while cries of "Vive Mirabeau!" rent the -air. No noble dared show himself in the streets. "If you hate oppression -as much as you love your friends," Mirabeau said to the assembled -citizens, "you will never be oppressed." He was, within a few days -after, received with similar demonstrations at Marseilles: 120,000 -inhabitants filled the streets to welcome him; two louis were paid for a -window to look on him—his carriage was covered with laurels—the -people kissed the wheels—the women brought their children to him. -Mirabeau, who saw, in his elevation in the public favour, the stepping -stone to success, beheld these demonstrations with proud delight; they were -the signals of his triumph over the party who trampled on him—over -that series of adversity which, from his cradle to that hour, had never -ceased to crush him. The report, carefully spread, that this triumph had -been got up by his friends, vanished before the fact that the whole -population were his friends, and that the getting up was merely his -assent to receive the marks of their enthusiastic favour. That he had -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{Pg 232}</a></span> -done his best to curry favour with the people is true: that fault abides -with him, if it be one. -</p> - -<p> -Among other manœuvres he had, it is said, opened a clothier's shop at -Marseilles. There is no foundation for this story, although Marat, and -other partisans of equality of his own day, asserted it. He had been -obliged, indeed, to make himself free of the town, when candidate for -the deputyship. His only chance was to make friends with the people. He -was treated with contumely by the nobles; and even now his triumph was -not devoid of drawback, occasioned by the indignities cast on him by the -class to which he properly belonged: their insults did not fail to sting -his pride, and rouse him to revenge, even while he successfully -preserved himself from open quarrelling. -</p> - -<p> -The popularity he acquired he was soon called upon to exert. M. Caraman, -military commander in Provence, applied to him to allay the disturbances -occasioned by a scarcity. The nobles regarded the pending famine as a -means of taming the people; and the same marquis de Fare, who had -originated the exclusion of Mirabeau from the assembly, insolently -exclaimed,—"Do the people hunger?—let them eat the dung of my -horses." Such a speech, and such a spirit, manifested by the wealthy, -naturally exasperated the poor. The weakness of the magistrates, who -decreed so great a reduction in the price of food that the traders could no -longer afford to sell it, only augmented the public peril: the granaries -were pillaged,—blood was spilt in the streets. At the request of M. -de Caraman, Mirabeau stept forward,—he persuaded the governor to -withdraw the soldiery,—he induced the bourgeois youth to take arms to -keep the peace. His eloquence, the credit given to his sincerity and good -intentions, pacified the people, and first at Marseilles, and afterwards -at Aix, he restored peace and security. At this period, while he -fulfilled the noble part of pacificator and of a citizen, powerful only -through the influence of his genius and patriotism, he was elected, both -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{Pg 233}</a></span> -by Marseilles and Aix, deputy of the <i>tiers état</i> in the approaching -assembly of the states-general. He gave the preference to the latter, as -circumstances rendered it doubtful whether his election for Marseilles -would be admitted by his colleagues. -</p> - -<p> -We now arrive at the epoch when he developed the whole force of his -genius, and acquired immortality, as the great leader of a revolution -which, at its first outbreak, commanded the sympathy and respect of the -world which looked on; beholding with gladness and hope the overthrow of -feudal abuses, and the restoration of the oppressed majority of the -French nation to the rights of men and citizens. -</p> - -<p> -The first steps that Mirabeau trod towards greatness were taken on -slippery ground. The eyes of the crowd sought for him with avidity, -during the procession of the king and states-general to the church of -St. Louis, on the 4th May. He appeared, with his dark shaggy hair, his -beetling brows, and luminous eyes, stepping proudly on. A murmur of -disapprobation was raised;—he looked round, and all was silent; yet -in that moment he felt the struggle, the combat that would ensue: his fiery -nature made him also, perhaps, rely on victory. When the names of the -deputies were called over, and those of other popular men were -applauded, hisses of disapprobation followed his. They did not daunt -him: he walked across the chamber to his place with an air of resolution -and haughtiness that spoke of perseverance and vigour in the coming -struggle. -</p> - -<p> -To give himself notoriety and weight, he commenced by publishing a -journal of the proceedings of the chambers. This publication was seized -by government, and he then changed its title to that of letters to his -constituents. He excited animosity by this publication in the chamber -itself, but it added to his weight and influence. -</p> - -<p> -The first combat of the <i>tiers état</i> with the two other chambers is -well known. They demanded that their consultations should be held in -common, while the noblesse and clergy desired each their chamber, secure -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{Pg 234}</a></span> -that the lower one would be crushed by the union of the two higher with -the king. Mirabeau, at first, recommended that system of passive -resistance which is all powerful when resorted to resolutely by numbers. -During the interval that succeeded, Mirabeau had an interview with -Necker, by the desire of his friend Duroverai; but it availed nothing. -Mirabeau regarded Necker as a weak man, though he acknowledged his -unimpeachable honesty; and he was soon after carried far beyond any -necessity of recurring to his patronage for advancement, when, by -echoing the voices of many men, and giving expression and direction to -their passions, his eloquence filled France with the cry of liberty, and -gave power and authority to the hesitating deputies. -</p> - -<p> -He met with a check, when the name he wished the assembly of <i>tiers -état</i> to assume (deputies of the people) was rejected, with ill-founded -indignation. The term people was regarded as disgraceful and -humiliating. "The nation," he wrote on this occasion, "is not ripe; the -folly and frightful disorder of the government have forced the -revolution as in a hotbed; it has outgrown our aptitude and knowledge. -When I defended the word people, I had nearly been torn to pieces. It -was circulated that I had gone over to the government:—truly I am -said to have sold myself to so many, that I wonder I have not acquired a -universal monarchy with the money paid for me." -</p> - -<p> -The resolution of the <i>tiers état</i>, now naming themselves the national -assembly, excited mingled contempt and alarm. The nobility protested -against their assumption, and the king was counselled to oppose their -resolves by a royal decree; the hall of the deputies was closed, under -pretence of preparing for the royal visit; the deputies adjourned to a -neighbouring tennis court, and took a solemn oath to stand by each other -to the last. On the following day, the 23d of June, the <i>seance -royale</i> had place, and the decree promulgated that the three orders -should vote separately. Satisfied that this exertion of royal power would -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{Pg 235}</a></span> -tame at once the rebellious deputies, the royal cortege—the -ministers, the nobles, and the clergy—left the chamber; the -<i>tiers état</i>, the self-constituted national assembly, remained. A -gloomy silence ensued, broken by Mirabeau, who rose, and, warning them -of the danger to be apprehended, added, "I demand of you to seek shelter -in your dignity and legislative powers, and that you take refuge in the -faith of your oath, which does not allow you to separate till you have -formed a constitution." The grand master of ceremonies, de Brézé, now -entered, for the purpose of dispersing the deputies, saying, that they -had heard the orders of the king. The president, Bailly, replied that he -would take those of the assembly. At that moment, on which the public -cause hung,—for on the boldness and perseverance of the deputies -depended their success,—at that moment of hesitation, Mirabeau -rose, and with a manner full of majesty, and a calm voice, he replied, -"The commons of France intend to deliberate. We have heard what your -king has been advised to say, but you, sir, cannot be his interpreter to -the national assembly; you have neither place, nor voice, nor right to -speak here. But, to prevent delay, go tell your master, that we are here -by the power of the people; and that the power of the bayonet alone -shall drive us out." -</p> - -<p> -Victor Hugo, in his essay on the character of Mirabeau, remarks, that -these words sealed the fate of the monarchy of France. "They drew a line -between the throne and the people; it was the cry of the revolution. No -one before Mirabeau dared give it voice. Great men only pronounce the -words that decide an epoch. Louis XVI. was afterwards more cruelly -insulted, but no expression was used so fatal and so fearful as that of -Mirabeau. When he was called Louis Capet, royalty received a disgraceful -blow; but, when Mirabeau spoke, it was struck to the heart."<a name="NoteRef_13_13" id="NoteRef_13_13"></a><a href="#Note_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{Pg 236}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -The immediate effect of this outburst was, first, that de Brézé, -losing all presence of mind, backed out of the chamber, and the -deputies, electrified by the audacity of their self-constituted leader, -arose with acclamations, and passed a decree to confirm his words. -</p> - -<p> -The national assembly, which by law was attached to the person of the -king, sat at Versailles; the distance from Paris was short, and the -capital regarded with growing interest the actions of the deputies. -Crowds assembled in the streets, and various tumults ensued: these have -been variously attributed to different factions, which excited the -people for the purpose of carrying on their own designs. There does not -seem much foundation for that opinion; the public cause, the natural -turbulence of the Parisians, which had been manifested during every -reign of past times; the heat and agitation of the crisis, easily -account for the alarming tumults in the metropolis. The chief suspicion -at the time rested on the party of the duke of Orléans. Mirabeau did not -belong to this; he had no connection with the leaders of the mob; his -impracticable and vehement character kept him aloof from coalition with -others. He was not sufficiently trusted to be selected as chief, he -disdained any other post; feeling that, without descending to manœuvre -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{Pg 237}</a></span> -and consultations, his energy, eloquence, and presence of mind, would -place him in the van of war. He remained, therefore, independent; uneasy -when others obtained influence in the assembly, visiting Paris as a -looker on, and waiting his time, which soon came. For it must be -remembered, that, at this period, notwithstanding the distinguished part -he had acted, Mirabeau's supremacy was by no means acknowledged. There -was a large party against him, and Barnave was held up by it as the more -eloquent and greater man. The errors of his youth were remembered, and a -thousand calumnies spread abroad against him; the people were even -influenced by them, and though, at one time they were ready to carry him -in triumph, a moment after the hawkers cried about <i>the great treason of -count de Mirabeau.</i> When his private conduct was attacked, Mirabeau was -silent; "Because," he says, with graceful dignity, "a strict silence is -the expiation of faults purely personal, however excusable they may be; -and because I waited till time, and my services, should win for me the -esteem of the worthy; because, also, the rod of censure has always -seemed respectable to me, even in the hands of my enemies; and, above -all, because I have never seen any thing but narrow egotism and -ridiculous impropriety in occupying one's fellow citizens in affairs not -belonging to them." But when his public conduct was attacked, he -defended it with an energy and truth that bore down all attack, and -raised him higher than ever in the general esteem. -</p> - -<p> -To return to the epoch at which we are arrived. To quell the capital and -subdue the deputies, the king and his counsellors summoned troops to -surround Paris. Fifteen regiments, composed chiefly of foreigners, -advanced. It became evident that the design was formed of using the -bayonet, to which Mirabeau had referred, as the only power to which they -would submit. He now again came forward to stop the progress of the -evil. He proposed an address to the king, demanding that the march of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{Pg 238}</a></span> -the troops should be countermanded. He still preserved a respectful -style towards the monarch, but he did not spare the measures of -government, and exposed in open day the direct approach of war and -massacre. His speech was covered with applause, and he was commissioned -to draw up an address to the king. It was short and forcible: it -prophesied, with sagacity, the dangers that must ensue from the presence -of the military; it protested with dignity against the force about to be -exercised against the assembly, and declared the resolution of the -deputies, in spite of snares, difficulties, and terror, to prosecute -their task and regenerate the kingdom. "For the first time," says madame -de Staël, "France heard that popular eloquence whose natural power is -augmented by the importance of events." "It was by Mirabeau," Brougham -observes, "that the people were first made to feel the force of the -orator, first taught what it was to hear spoken reason and spoken -passion; and the silence of ages in those halls was first broken by the -thunder of his voice, echoing through the lofty vaults now covering -multitudes of excited men." -</p> - -<p> -Dumont, in his "Souvenirs de Mirabeau," asserts that he drew up this -address. On several other occasions, he assumes the merit either of -writing for Mirabeau or suggesting his speeches. He speaks of him as a -great plagiarist, putting all his associates to use in collecting -materials for him, and contenting himself with giving them form, or -sometimes only voice. This sort of accusation is exceedingly futile. The -capacity of gathering materials, lying barren but for the life he puts -into them, is the great attribute of genius: it hews an Apollo out of -the marble block; places the colours of Raphael on the bare canvass; -collects, in one focus, the thoughts of many men inspired by passion and -nature: it, as with Mirabeau, takes the spirit of the times, the -thoughts and words excited during a crisis; and, by giving to them a -voice of command or persuasion, rules the minds of all. In this manner, -Mirabeau was a plagiarist, but none but he could use, to govern and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">{Pg 239}</a></span> -subdue, the weapons fabricated, it might be, by other hands. To quote -the apt metaphor of Carlisle, he might gather the fuel from others, but -the fire was his own. He was not a man formed of shreds and patches -taken from other men, nor was Dumont endowed with creative powers to -call such a being into life. Mirabeau was a man of God's own making, -full of wild passion and remorseful error, but true to the touch of -nature; fraught with genius and power; a natural king among those whom -he used as his subjects to pay tribute to, and extend the sphere of, his -greatness. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1789.<br /> -July<br /> -11.</span></p> - -<p> -The death of the marquis de Mirabeau, at the age of seventy-three, took -place at this period. From the time that his son figured in the -assembly, he became deeply interested in his career; declaring that his -success was "glory, true glory." He was suffering by a chronic pulmonary -catarrh, and evidently declining. Mirabeau frequently visited him, and -was well received, though they never discussed politics during these -short visits. But the marquis caused the speeches of his son to be read -to him, as well as the papers that recounted the sittings of the -assembly in which he figured. On the 11th of July, while he was -listening to his grand-daughter reading, he closed his eyes—his -breathing failed—and when she looked up he was dead, with a smile on -his face. -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau, who venerated his father, in spite of the injuries he had -sustained from him, was deeply affected by this loss: perhaps pride -added to his demonstrations of affliction. He wrote to his constituents, -that all the citizens in the world ought to mourn; he scarcely appeared -in the assembly, and for a few days gave himself up to sorrow. -</p> - -<p> -It was not a period when a great political character could withdraw -himself for more than a few days. The crisis was at hand. -<span class="sidenote2">July<br /> -14.</span> -The king had returned a cold answer to the address drawn up by Mirabeau, -and presented by the most distinguished deputies; the court still -pursued the plan of assembling troops; Necker was dismissed from the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{Pg 240}</a></span> -ministry; the investment of the capital by the military became -imminent,—when the people, animated by mixed fear and indignation, -rose: they seized on all the arms they could obtain; the bastille was -demolished; for the first time the Parisians felt their power, and -tasted of the triumph of shedding the blood of those who resisted them. -</p> - -<p> -The terror of these acts spread to Versailles. The assembly sent -deputation after deputation to the king, imploring him to pacify Paris -by countermanding the troops. When the destruction of the bastille was -known, a fifth deputation was prepared to be presented to the monarch. -It was composed of twenty-four members: they were about to leave the -chamber on this errand, when Mirabeau stopped them, and with increased -vehemence exclaimed,—"Tell the king, that the hordes of foreigners -that surround us were yesterday visited by the princes, the princesses, and -their favourites, who caressed and exhorted them, and covered them with -presents. Tell him that, during the night, these foreign satellites, -gorged with gold and wine, predicted, in their impious songs, the -servitude of France, and brutally invoked the destruction of the -national assembly. Tell him that, in his own palace, his courtiers -mingled in the dance to the sound of such music, and that similar to -these were the preparations of Saint Bartholomew. Tell him, that -Henry IV., whose memory the whole world blesses, he, who ought to be his -model among his ancestors, sent provisions to Paris when it revolted, -and he was besieging it in person; while, on the contrary, his ferocious -advisers keep the corn, brought by trade, from his starving and faithful -capital." The deputation was about to carry his words to the king, when -the arrival of Louis, without guards or escort, was announced. A murmur -of glad welcome ran through the assembly. "Wait," said Mirabeau gravely, -"till the king has announced his good intentions. Let a serious respect -receive the monarch in this moment of sorrow. The silence of the people -is the lesson of kings." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{Pg 241}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -Thus did this wonderful man, by means of the fire and impetuosity of his -character, enter at once into the spirit of the hour, while his genius -suggested the expressions and the tone that gave it direction and voice. -</p> - -<p> -It is impossible to enter into the detail of all Mirabeau's speeches and -acts. A rapid glance at his votes and declarations during this period -must suffice. Mirabeau detested despotism, whose iron hand had fallen so -heavily on himself. The aid given by the government of his country to -his father's tyranny,—the ban placed on him by the nobility who -were his equals,—the burning desire for distinction that consumed -him,—his contempt for his inferiors in talent,—his faith in -the revolution,—such were the passions that gave force to his -genius. But his genius showed itself omnipotent nowhere except in the -tribune. When he wrote, he but half expressed his thoughts; his passions -were but half excited; and Mirabeau's power lay in the union of his -passions and his genius. Apart, the former degenerated into vice, and -the latter showed itself either exaggerated, sophistical, or inert. In -the tribune, their union was complete. When he began to speak he was at -first confused,—his breast heaved,—his words were -broken,—but the sight of his opponents,—the knowledge of the -sympathy he should find in the galleries,—the inspiration of the -moment,—suddenly dispersed all mistiness; his eloquence became -clear, fervid, sublime,—the truth conjured up images at once -striking and appalling. When he was farther excited by the difficulties -of a crisis, his courage rose to meet it,—he stept forward with -grandeur; a word or a look, which his talent and ugliness at once -combined to render imposing, shone out on the -assembly,—electrified and commanded it. -</p> - -<p> -This power of seizing on the spirit of the question, clearing the view -of the assembly, and leading it onward in the right road, he exerted -memorably on the 24th September, when Necker, to remedy the disastrous -state of the finances, proposed a patriotic contribution of a fourth of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{Pg 242}</a></span> -the incomes. A committee, after three days spent in examination, -approved the plan. Mirabeau, the known enemy of Necker, spoke, to engage -the assembly to adopt it at once, on the recommendation of the minister, -without taking any responsibility on itself. The friends of Necker saw -the snare, and accused him of injuring the plan of the minister, while -he pretended to support it. Mirabeau replied, that he was not the -partisan, but, were he the dearest friend of the minister, he should not -hesitate to compromise him rather than the assembly. Necker might -deceive himself, and the kingdom receive no detriment; but that the -public weal were compromised, if the assembly lost its credit. These -words had some effect, but still the discussion went on, and still the -deputies hesitated to adopt Necker's proposition, till Mirabeau, again -ascending the tribune, burst forth with a torrent of overwhelming -eloquence in its favour: he painted the horrors of a national -bankruptcy, and the consequent guilt of incurring it; he expatiated on -the wide-spread misery that must ensue. He continued,—"Two centuries -of robbery and depredation have opened a gulf in which the kingdom is -nearly swallowed; this gulf must be filled up. Here is a list of French -proprietors; select among the richest, so to lessen the number of -victims; but still select—for must not a few perish to save the many? -Two thousand notables possess enough to fill up the deficit, to bring -back order into your finances, and peace and prosperity to the kingdom. -Strike! immolate without pity these hapless victims—precipitate them -into the abyss;—it will close! Ha! you draw back with horror. -Inconsistent pusillanimous men! Do you not see that when you decree -bankruptcy, or, what is still more odious, when you render it inevitable -without decreeing it, you stain yourselves with a still greater and yet -a gratuitous crime? for this sacrifice will at least fill up the -deficit. But do you think, because you do not pay, you will no longer be -in debt? Do you believe that the thousands, the millions of men, who in -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">{Pg 243}</a></span> -one moment will lose by the explosion, or by its reaction, all that made -the comfort of their lives, and, perhaps, their only means of support, -will allow you to reap the fruits of your crime in peace? Stoical -contemplators of the incalculable ills which this catastrophe will bring -on France! Insensible egotists! who think that the convulsions of -despair and misery will pass away like every other, and the more quickly -as they are more violent;—are you sure that so many men, without -bread, will tranquilly permit you to taste the viands whose quantity and -delicacy you will not suffer to be diminished? No!—you will perish in -the universal conflagration that you do not tremble to set a-light, and -the loss of your honour will not preserve one of your detestable -enjoyments. -</p> - -<p class="center"> -* * * * * -</p> - -<p> -Vote, then, for this extraordinary subsidy;—may it suffice! Vote it; -because, if you have any doubts with regard to the means (vague and -uncertain doubts), you have none on its necessity, and our want of power -to replace this proposition by any other—at least for the present. -Vote it; for public affairs will not endure procrastination, and we are -accountable for all delay. Beware of asking for time. Ruin never gives -that. Some days ago, gentlemen, in reference to a ridiculous tumult in -the Palais Royal—a laughable insurrection which had no importance -except in feeble minds—you heard the violent cry uttered, 'Cataline -is at the gates of Rome, and you deliberate!' and then certainly we had -near us neither Cataline, nor danger, nor faction, nor Rome. But now -bankruptcy, hideous bankruptcy is before us; she menaces to consume -you,—your possessions and your honour,—and you deliberate!" -</p> - -<p> -These words raised a tumult of enthusiasm in the assembly. A deputy rose -to reply, but the cries overbore him; and, frightened by his task, he -remained motionless and mute. "I was near Mirabeau," writes madame de -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">{Pg 244}</a></span> -Staël, "when he thus delivered himself. Nothing could be more -impressive than his voice; his gestures and words were pregnant with an -animation, the power of which was prodigious. The assembly at once -received the report of the committee, and adopted the plan of the -minister." "This," remarks Thiers, "is the triumph of eloquence; but he -alone could obtain it who was animated by the passions and just views of -Mirabeau." -</p> - -<p> -Mirabeau hated the assumptions of the aristocracy, but he looked upon -royalty as a necessary defence between the lower and the higher orders; -at the same time he believed that the welfare of his country demanded -that the people should have a voice in the state. -<span class="sidenote2">Oct.<br /> -25.</span> -He expressed his opinion on this subject in a letter to his uncle the -bailli. He says,—"I have always thought, and now more than ever -think, that royalty is the only anchor of safety which can preserve us from -shipwreck. And how many efforts I have made, and make each day, to -support the executive power, and combat the distrust which induces the -national assembly to go beyond the mark! For the rest, we must judge of -the revolution by the good and evil of its result, not by the license -which prevails at present, which forms a state too violent to be -durable. I am reassured with regard to the future, by the consideration, -that the revolution, be it injurious or beneficial, is, in fact, -consummated. The most enlightened men feel that they must assist the -change, to lessen its violence; that resistance is as useless as it must -be disastrous; and that every citizen, whether zealous or indifferent, must -tend to the same end,—facilitate the consolidation of the empire, -and give the machine that movement which will allow us to judge of its -excellence or its defects. You recommend me to support the executive -power; but you will easily discern that the obstinate resistance of one -order of the state, by exciting fresh causes of revenge, and producing -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">{Pg 245}</a></span> -new commotions, would destroy that power round which the supreme law of -the state commands us now to rally." -</p> - -<p> -It was in this spirit that he spoke for the veto, though fear, perhaps, -of compromising his popularity made him abstain from voting. The veto -had become a sort of bugbear. When Mirabeau visited Paris, the mob -thronged round his carriage, imploring him to prevent the king from -having the veto. They were slaves, they said, if the king had the -veto;—the national assembly was useless. "Mirabeau," says Dumont, -"carried it off very well: he appeased the people; and, using only vague -expressions, dismissed the mob with patrician affability." -</p> - -<p> -At the period of the revolution, when the passions of men were excited -to bandy calumny with eager voices and pens dipt in gall, Mirabeau was -accused of being an Orleanist. It is difficult to say what an Orleanist -was. The duke himself, weak but ambitious, never made one step forward -but he made two back; so that it became a saying that the duke of -Orléans did not belong to the Orleanists. His name, meanwhile, and money -were employed to form a party rather inimical to Louis XIV. than -favourable to himself. It added to the tumult and tempest of the times, -but was of no real influence in the direction of events. Dumont declares -that, living intimately with Mirabeau, the most indiscreet and confiding -of men, he saw no trace of his complicity in any plot against the court: -but that, familiar with the duke as with every one, his manner gave -colour to a report which had no other foundation. That he was at this -time the enemy of the court is, however, undoubted. When the fatal feast -of the <i>gardes du corps</i>, at Versailles, was denounced in the -assembly, and the cry of calumny was raised by the royalists, Mirabeau -burst out with impetuosity, and declared that he was ready to accuse by -name the principal actors in this sacrilegious orgie, on condition that it -were first decreed that the person of the king only was inviolable. This -expression, pointing at and criminating the queen, silenced the -discussion. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">{Pg 246}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -During the days of the 5th and 6th October, Mirabeau sought to -tranquillise, without any attempt at leading, the multitude. When he first -heard of the approach of the rabble rout of <i>poissardes</i> and their -followers from the capital, for the purpose of forcing the acceptance of -the constitution on the king, Mirabeau addressed the president Mounier, -saying, "Paris is marching on us: make an excuse; and go to the castle -and tell the king to accept the constitution purely and simply." "Paris -marches," replied Mounier; "so much the better: let them kill us -all—all, without exception—the nation will be the gainer." When -the crowd had invaded Versailles, Mirabeau was not seen. Dumont found him -in bed before eleven o'clock in the evening. He rose, and they went -together to the national assembly, where he displayed his accustomed -dignity by calling on the president to cause the assembly to be -respected, and to order the chamber to be cleared of the strangers who -filled it. It required all his popularity to succeed. The <i>poissardes</i> -in the gallery, with their usual familiarity, cried out, "Mother -Mirabeau must speak—we must hear mother Mirabeau!" but he was not a -man to make a show on these occasions. -</p> - -<p> -The king humiliated—the court, driven to extremities, yet still -struggling, looked round for agents and supporters. The talents and -influence of Mirabeau would render his accession to their party -invaluable; Necker had named him "Tribun par calcul, et aristocrate par -goût;" and this character, joined to his debts, his bad reputation, his -known vices, and the very report that he acted for the duke of Orléans, -inspired the notion that he was venal. -<span class="sidenote2">Nov.</span> -There can be no doubt that, at this period, a thousand different schemes -and hopes agitated this strange and powerful man. He detested the -aristocracy and despotism; but he was attached to royalty and the image -of the English constitution; and various advances made him by the court -led him to believe that a conscientious support of royalty might be -combined with his personal interests. Dumont mentions a conversation he -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">{Pg 247}</a></span> -had with him, in which he showed him a plan for the retreat of the king -to Metz—the necessity the assembly would find itself under of -following him there, and the consequent quelling of the anarchical power in -France. Dumont, foreseeing that civil war and massacre would follow such -attempts, argued strongly against it. Mirabeau replied that the court -was resolved, and that he thought it right to combine to ensure its -success, and cause them to act so as to preserve the liberty of the -country. His purpose was, however, shaken by the arguments of Dumont, -and the whole plan was subsequently given up. Thiers gives a somewhat -different account. He narrates that in an interview with a friend, in -the park of Versailles, that lasted the whole night, Mirabeau declared -that he was resolved for the sake of his glory, for the good of his -country, and the advancement of his own fortune, to remain immovable -between the throne and the disorganisers, and to consolidate the -monarchy while he participated in its power. His pride, however, stood -in the way of any debasing steps. When the court made him offers, it was -informed that he would make no sacrifice of principles; but that, if the -king would be faithful to the constitution, he was ready to become his -staunch supporter. His conditions were, that his debts should be paid, and -that he should have a place in the ministry. According to law, the -ministers could neither speak nor vote in the assembly—before -accepting place, Mirabeau endeavoured to get this law repealed. He failed; -and during the discussion Lanjuinais proposed that the actual deputies -should be forbidden to accept place. Mirabeau angrily replied, that so -baneful a decree ought not to be passed for the sake of one man; but -that he would vote for it with the amendment, that a place in the -ministry should not be forbidden all the deputies, but only to M. de -Mirabeau, deputy for Aix. This outburst of frank audacity had no effect; -Lanjuinais' motion passed; and Mirabeau felt exceedingly indignant -towards the assembly, and often spoke of the members with bitter -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">{Pg 248}</a></span> -contempt; yet his letters bear the impress of generous forbearance, -inspired by enlarged views of the duties of a citizen. "I do not say," -he writes, "that the assembly is not somewhat severe towards me; with -all that, nothing can prevent, when the occasion presents, this -struggling, tumultuous, and, above all, ostracising assembly, from -returning under my influence: that results from the firmness of my -principles, and the support given by my talent. It was from the bottom -of my heart that I once wrote, 'Malheur aux peuples reconnaissants!' One -is never quit towards one's country. One gains glory, at least, by -serving it in whatever state. No element of public servitude ought to -exist—and gratitude is a very active one." -</p> - -<p> -There is generosity, but not absolute wisdom in this dictum. In -republics, more evil arises from want of accord and stability of purpose -than from leaning on one man, especially among the French, who, vain by -nature, are more apt each to believe in his own capacity than rely on -that of another. Unfortunately, this distrust of public servants took -firm root during the revolution. First, no deputy was allowed to be -minister, so that no man of business could be deputy. Afterwards, the -members of one assembly were not allowed to be elected in the succeeding -one, so that inexperience, crude views, and want of mutual reliance, -became the characteristic of the French legislators. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1790.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -41.</span></p> - -<p> -Mirabeau's negotiations with the court meanwhile went on; he even -received for a short time a pension from Monsieur, the king's eldest -brother; the queen treated him with winning condescension—and she was -won also by the charm of his superiority and frankness. Thus he did not -sell his principles, which remained unchanged, yet he made a mart of -them; and, in the eye of history, falls from the high position of a man -above the reach of gold. His want of docility, meanwhile, often -displeased the court—he refused to compromise his popularity at its -beck, and despised the men who wished at once to make use of him and yet -to render him useless. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">{Pg 249}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -His position, though it seem dubious, was plain enough. He wished to -lead a moderately royal party, and give stability to the monarchy. He -desired to oppose the jacobins and disorganisers; but his views did not -meet the sanguine and senseless hopes and wishes of the court—which -aimed at nothing less than a return to the <i>ancien régime.</i> He stood -therefore companionless—seizing at times on and thundering from the -tribune—making his power felt whenever he was roused, but walking in -darkness, uncertain of the means which yet he grappled at, whereby to -confirm his greatness. -</p> - -<p> -In the assembly he continued to extend his influence by means of his -enthusiasm, and his power of expressing it. Various methods had been -made use of to get rid of the constituent assembly, and elect -another—under the pretence that, the work of forming a constitution -being accomplished, their task was at an end, and that the continuation -of their power was illegal and a usurpation over the throne. In the -midst of the cries which these words called forth, Mirabeau rose. "We -are asked," he said "when the deputies of the people, became a national -convention? I reply, on that day when, finding the entrance to their -chamber surrounded by soldiers, they hastened to assemble in the first -place they could find, and swore to perish rather than to betray or -abandon the rights of the nation. Our powers on that day changed their -nature. Whatever these powers may be which we have exerted, our efforts -and our labours have legitimated them, and the adhesion of the whole -nation has sanctified them. Do you remember the heroic words of the -great man of antiquity, who had neglected the legal forms in saving his -country? Summoned by a factious tribune to swear whether he had observed -the laws, he replied, f I swear that I have saved my country!' -Gentlemen, I swear that you have saved France!" At this grand oath, the -whole assembly, carried away by a sudden impulse, closed the discussion -and dismissed the question. -</p> - -<p> -The same power gave him the victory, when he was accused of conspiring -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">{Pg 250}</a></span> -with the duke of Orléans to produce the commotions of the 5th and 6th of -October, and caused the accusation to be cast aside as devoid of -credit.<a name="NoteRef_14_14" id="NoteRef_14_14"></a><a href="#Note_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1791.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -42.</span></p> - -<p> -We have an interesting picture of his position at the commencement of -the year 1791 from Dumont—who though his friend, and at times his -secretary, or rather, as he affirms, the composer of some of his most -successful speeches, gives no signs of partiality. "I dined several -times at the house of Mirabeau, who told me that he was on terms with -the court, and directed its counsels; and that his hopes were well -founded—as the royal personages had begun to see the necessity of -attaching him to their cause, and of no longer listening to the advice -of the emigrants and princes. He now lived in good style, and his house -was handsomely fitted up: he was better off than he had ever been, and -showed no discretion in the use of his money. I was surprised to see him -show off, after dinner, a case in which were several jewels. This was -proclaiming his being on the civil list, and I wondered that his -popularity did not suffer by it. His table was splendid, and his company -numerous. His house was filled early in the morning, and it was a -perpetual <i>levée</i> from seven o'clock till the hour of his repairing to -the assembly; and a great crowd frequently assembled at that time to -enjoy the felicity of seeing him pass. Although titles were abolished, -he was still the comte de Mirabeau, not only with his servants and -visiters, but also the people, who love to decorate their idols. I could -have learnt from him the secret of his intercourse with the court, his -views, means, and intrigues, for he was well disposed to open himself to -me; but I neither wished to be censor nor flatterer. He insinuated -twenty times that his only object was to save the monarchy, if it were -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">{Pg 251}</a></span> -possible. That means were necessary to accomplish this end; that trivial -morality was hostile to that on a large scale; that disinterested -services were rare; and that hitherto the court had wasted its money on -traitors.<a name="NoteRef_15_15" id="NoteRef_15_15"></a><a href="#Note_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> -</p> - -<p> -"During the last week of my stay in Paris, I saw him in a new -situation, which he had often pretended to despise, but more from -mortification than indifference. He was president of the -assembly,—never was the place so well filled. He displayed new -talents. He put an order and clearness into the work, of which no idea had -hitherto been formed. By a word, he threw light on a question; by a -word, he appeased a tumult. His deference to all parties, the respect he -always testified for the assembly, the conciseness of his speeches, his -answers to the various deputations that came to the bar,—which, -whether spontaneous or prepared, were always delivered with dignity and -grace, and gave satisfaction even in refusals,—in a word, his -activity, impartiality, and presence of mind added to his reputation -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">{Pg 252}</a></span> -and success in a place which had been a stumbling block to his -predecessors. He had the art of putting himself foremost, and drawing the -general attention on himself, even when, not being allowed to speak from -the tribune, he appeared to have fallen from his best prerogative. Several -of his enemies and rivals, who had chosen him for the sake of putting him -in eclipse, had the chagrin of finding that they had added to his glory. -</p> - -<p> -"He was far from being in good health, and told me that he felt himself -perishing away. I observed that his style of life would long ago have -killed a man less robust than himself. He had no repose from seven in -the morning till ten or eleven at night. He was in continual -conversation and agitation both of thought and feeling. When we parted, he -embraced me with an emotion he had never before displayed.—'I shall -die at the oar,' he said, 'and we probably shall never meet again. When -I am gone my worth will be acknowledged. The evils that I have arrested -will burst over France, and the criminal faction that trembles before me -will no longer be bridled. I have only prophecies of evil before my -eyes. Ah! my friend, how right we were when we desired at the beginning -to prevent the commons from declaring themselves a national -assembly,—that was the origin of our evils. Since they were -victorious, they have not ceased to show themselves unworthy; they have -desired to govern the king, instead of governing through him. Now neither -they nor he will have authority; a vile faction will domineer over them, -and fill France with terror." -</p> - -<p> -He lived for three months after saying these words, and lived still to -triumph, and to add to his glory. The last scene of moment in which he -displayed his mighty influence was during the discussion of the law -against emigration. Mirabeau opposed it as tyrannical and unjust: the -popular voice went the other way, and cries were uttered against him. -His thunder silenced their more feeble demonstrations. "The popularity," -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">{Pg 253}</a></span> -he exclaimed, "which I desired is but a feeble reed; but I will force it -into the earth, and it shall take root in the soil of reason and -justice!" Applause followed this burst. "I swear," he continued, "if a -law of emigration passes, I swear to disobey you." He descended from the -tribune, having silenced his enemies, and astonished the assembly. The -discussion went on, and the adjournment was moved, to give time to -prepare a law different from the one under discussion, and so to calm -the people. The tumult continued, and cries of applause or -disapprobation drowned every other sound, till Mirabeau demanded -attention. A deputy, M. Goupil, who some time ago had attacked Mirabeau -with the cry that Cataline was at their doors, now exclaimed,—"By -what right does M. de Mirabeau exercise a dictatorship?" At these words -the orator threw himself into the tribune. The president -remarked,—"I have not accorded the right to speak; let the -assembly decide." The assembly listened.—"I beg my interruptors," -said Mirabeau, "to remember that through life I have combated against -tyranny, and I will combat it wherever it is to be found." Speaking -thus, he turned his eyes from right to left, while applause followed his -words;—he continued:—"I beg M. Goupil to remember that not -long ago he was mistaken as to the Cataline whose dictatorship he now -resists. I beg the assembly to remark that the question of adjournment, -simple in appearance, comprehends others, since it supposes that there -is a law to form." Murmurs rose from the left; the orator fixed his eyes -on the inimical party, and its leaders, Barnave and Lameth. "Silence -those thirty voices," he cried: "I am content also to vote for the -adjournment, but on condition that no sedition follows." -</p> - -<p> -This was the greatest, and it was the last struggle that Mirabeau had -with the jacobins,—his last attempt to stop the progress of that -revolution to which he had given form and dignity during its primal -struggles. "I would not," he wrote, in a letter meant for the eye of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">{Pg 254}</a></span> -king,—"I would not have laboured only at a vast destruction." Thus -pledged by his principles and his promises to the court to prop the -monarchy, his task was becoming one that demanded more force than, even -giant as he was, he possessed. The shades of death cover the -probabilities of the future; but it can scarcely be doubted that he must -have modified his views, animated the king to a more resolute and -popular course, or been swept away in the torrent of blood so soon about -to flow. -</p> - -<p> -For some time, incessant labour and excitement undermined his life. The -ophthalmias, which had first attacked him in his prison, in Vincennes, -were renewed, and he Was often obliged to apply leeches to his eyes -during the intervals of one day's sitting of the assembly. The sense of -disease at work within seemed to him to resemble the effects of poison; -and the medicines he took added to, instead of diminishing, his -conviction that he was perishing. His last and fatal seizure was -accompanied by intense pain and agonising spasms; and the only physician -he admitted, who was his friend, began to lose hope. As soon as his -illness became publicly known, his house was surrounded by an anxious -and mute multitude. In the hour of danger they remembered him as their -leader, their preserver, their hope. The bulletins of his progress were -seized on with avidity. Louis XVI. sent ostensibly twice a day, and much -oftener in secret, to hear how he went on. For a moment, the king and -the people appeared united by a common interest, and had a desire of -currying favour with the revolutionary party animated the monarch, and -induced him to visit the dying man, he had acquired a popularity never -to be forgotten. The demagogues feared that he might have been led to -such an act; but it was out of character with Louis, who clung longer to -the etiquettes than to the reality of royalty. -</p> - -<p> -The last days of Mirabeau were divided between agonising pain and calm -and affectionate conversation with his friends. While he hoped to -recover, he gave up all his thoughts to his cure; and even refused to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">{Pg 255}</a></span> -receive his friends, that the remedies might have a fairer chance. But, -when he felt the sure approach of death, he was eager to have them -around, and talking with them, holding their hands, and looking -affectionately on them, found deep enjoyment in the consciousness of their -sympathy and love. Already he spoke of himself as dead—with great -reluctance he allowed another medical man to be called in, whose -remedies proving ineffectual, Mirabeau said, "You are a great physician, -but there is one greater than you; he who created the wind that destroys -all—the water that penetrates and produces all—the fire that -vivifies or decomposes all." He heard with emotion of the demonstrations of -affection made by the people. His last hours were marked by mingled -philosophy and gaiety: he called his friends about him, and discoursed -of himself and public affairs, with a view to futurity after he was -gone; he made his will—the legacies of which the count de Lamark, who -had been his means of communication with the court, promised should be -paid. The visit of his enemy, Barnave, who came in the name of the -jacobins to inquire concerning him, afforded him pleasure. He gave M. de -Talleyrand a discourse he had prepared for the tribune; and, speaking of -Pitt, he said "he is a minister of preparations, and governs by threats: -I should have given him some trouble had I lived." He felt the approach -of his last hour. "I shall die to-day, my friend," he said, to Cabanis; -"no more remains than to crown one's self with flowers, and surround -one's self with music, so to pass peacefully into eternal sleep." -Hearing the report of cannon, fired for some ceremony, he exclaimed, -"Hark! the funeral rites of Achilles are begun!" As he lost his speech, -he yet smiled softly and serenely on his friends. The spasms returned -with renewed violence. Unable to speak, he wrote, asking, that opium -might be given him to appease them; but, before he could take it, he was -no more. His death took place on the 20th of April, 1791, at the age of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">{Pg 256}</a></span> -forty-two. The news quickly spread through the court, the town, the -assembly. Every party had placed their hopes in him, and he was mourned -by all except such as might envy his fame. On hearing the fatal -intelligence, the assembly interrupted its sitting; a general mourning -was ordered, and a public funeral. -</p> - -<p> -He was buried in the Pantheon (formerly church of Sainte Geneviève), -which had been dedicated "Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante;" -and Mirabeau was the first buried there. His funeral took place on the -morrow of his death. The ministers and magistrates, the assembly, the -army, the municipalities, in short, the members of every public -institution, accompanied the procession. He was more numerously and -honourably attended, and he was more sincerely mourned, than kings and -princes had been, or than any other great man of his own times. During -the reign of terror his remains were torn from the tomb, and scattered -to the winds, as those of a traitor to the nation. -</p> - -<p> -The peculiarity of Mirabeau, as we before remarked, was the union of -great genius with impetuous passions. The last, manifesting themselves -in boyhood, in a family which, while the members were remarkable for -vehemence in themselves, exacted the most entire filial obedience from -their offspring, caused him to be opposed, persecuted, and oppressed. -Seventeen <i>lettres de cachet</i> had been issued against him, while he -felt that his crimes were rather errors in which the public or the state -had no concern. Shut up in a narrow fortress or narrower cell, his hatred -of tyranny was strongly excited, and he sought in his writings to express -it; and, when the occasion offered, he combated it with impetuous -eloquence and determined resistance. At that time, aware how much his -influence was lessened by the errors of his youth, he had been known, -when he felt his progress checked by the disrepute in which his private -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">{Pg 257}</a></span> -character was held, to weep, and to exclaim, "I cruelly expiate the -errors of my youth!" -</p> - -<p> -With all his errors he was a warm and kind-hearted man, and gifted with -undaunted courage. During his political career, his enemies were -perpetually endeavouring to embroil him in duels, which he avoided -without the most distant suspicion of cowardice being attached to him. -He was a man of wit, and many of his sayings are recorded. They are -often bitter epigrams on his enemies, and inspired by hatred rather than -truth. He called the virtuous La Fayette Grandison-Cromwell; and said of -him that he had <i>bien sauté pour reculer</i>, as his latter conduct did -not come up to his first entrance on life when he went to America. He -was the implacable enemy of Necker, who, he says, was "a clock always -too slow." While speaking in the national assembly, he pointed to a -picture, emblemising Time, with his scythe and his hour-glass always -full, exclaiming, "We have taken his scythe, but we have forgotten his -time-piece." Of the national assembly he said, "It has Hannibals in -plenty, and needs a Fabius." It was the fashion to call -Clermont-Tonnerre the Pitt of France: "As you please," said Mirabeau; -"but how would Pitt like to be called the Clermont-Tonnerre of England?" -His faculty of wit rose sometimes into grandeur. When he spoke of the -convulsions that would ensue on the entire overthrow of the monarchy, he -cried, "You will have assassinations and massacres; but you will never -rise to the execrable height of a civil war." Talleyrand said that he -dramatised his death. It is a strange moment for vanity to become -paramount; and the chief trait of his death-bed was his gentleness and -serenity, and the affection he showed to his friends. Politics occupied -him at times; and he said to those about him, "Après ma mort, les -factieux se partageront les lambeaux de la monarchie." -</p> - -<p> -The great quality of his mind was the power of seizing on any word or -idea presented to him, and reproducing it at the right moment, with such -vigour and fire as made it omnipotent. It was the eagle eye that enabled -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">{Pg 258}</a></span> -him on the instant to discern the right path, or the commanding idea, -and to express it with force and majesty. With a lion heart, untiring -perseverance, and the strength of a giant, he swept away opposition, -inspired confidence, and fixed his standard far within the ranks of the -enemy, where none dared touch it. -</p> - -<p> -So well could he adapt his very ugliness, his flashing eyes, abundant -hair, and marks of physical power, to the sentiments which he expressed, -that an actor on hearing him speak in the tribune exclaimed, "Ah! what a -pity he was born a gentleman; he has missed his vocation!" He was -greater as an orator than a leader. But each day he lived he advanced in -the science of party strife. At the last, when he contemplated an -organised opposition to the jacobins, he became expert; but it may be -believed that he would have found an insuperable obstacle to success in -the passions of the people. -</p> - -<p> -In early life his misfortunes arose from not having embarked in a -fitting career. As a military man, a century before, as a marshal under -Louis XIV., he had replaced Turenne; a few years later, he might have -emulated Napoleon. As it was, had he been allowed to seek active service -in the army, his turbulence had found vent in the midst of hardship and -danger—a general would have been given to his country. Another school -was needed to form the leader of the revolution: the exasperation -engendered by tyranny, the resolution born in the solitude of a dungeon, -the ambition nurtured by contempt of inferior men—all that had -quelled a feebler man—gave force and direction to his passions, -perception and enthusiasm to his genius, and made that Mirabeau, whom his -countrymen regard as one of the greatest of their leaders, and whose name -is a light that burns inextinguishably amidst the glory that illustrated -the commencement of the French revolution. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">{Pg 259}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_10_10" id="Note_10_10"></a><a href="#NoteRef_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>These extracts form the best part of the "Memoirs of -Mirabeau," by M. Lucas Montigny, his adopted, or, rather, his natural -son,—a work of zeal and labour, but undigested, diffuse, and -ill-judged. Had the author published a selection from these letters, -which were placed in his hands by the family, we should have an -invaluable work. As it is, we are often as much tantalised by what is -omitted, as edified by what is given, of the correspondence. When the -extracts from it cease, the pages of the memoirs lose all their charm -and value: they degenerate into little else than extracts from -newspapers, and vapid discussions by the author.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_11_11" id="Note_11_11"></a><a href="#NoteRef_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>The subsequent history of this hapless victim of a -depraved state of society which set the seal of guilt on her attachment, -may be briefly stated. After the birth of her child, Sophie was taken -from the asylum in which she was first placed, and confined in the -convent of Saintes-Claires, at Gien. By degrees many indulgences were -allowed her, and she received visits. Mirabeau became jealous, and -angrily expressed his jealousy, both in letters, and in a single -interview which they had after his liberation from Vincennes. Had -Mirabeau come to this interview with a candid mind and a constant heart, -he had at once have acknowledged Sophie's innocence. But his attachment -had waned, and he was intent on completing his reconciliation with his -father, and contriving one with his wife. He played the part of the wolf -with the lamb in the fable; and, to the utter destruction of the nobler -portion of his nature, the ties of love and affection, the knitting of -which had occasioned misery and ruin to both, were broken for ever. Soon -after, the death of her husband restored Sophie to her liberty, but she -chose to continue to reside within the precincts of the convent, though -she used her liberty to make visits and excursions. She was greatly -loved by all who knew her. Her sweetness and gentleness attached many -friends: her charity and kind sympathy caused her to be beloved by the -poor, by whom her memory was long gratefully preserved. She formed a -second attachment for a gentleman to whom she was about to be married, -but his death prevented their union. Sophie resolved not to survive him. -Immediately on receiving his last sigh, she prepared to die. She shut -herself up with two braziers of burning charcoal; and was found on the -morrow dead. She died on the 8th September, 1789, in the 37th year of -her age.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_12_12" id="Note_12_12"></a><a href="#NoteRef_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>The subsequent life of Madame de Mirabeau was singular. -For some years she continued under her father's guidance, and, at his -wish, to live a life of pleasure; theatricals and every sort of -dissipation being the order of the day. A reconciliation was set on -foot, and had nearly been accomplished between her and her husband at -the period of his death. She emigrated with her father during the -revolution, and suffered a good deal of poverty. She subsequently -married a count de Rocca, and visited Paris, to endeavour to recover -some portion of her property. Her husband died soon after, and she -resumed the name of Mirabeau, of which she became proud, reviving the -recollections of past times, surrounding herself with every object that -could remind her of the husband of her youth. She lived in intimacy with -his sister, madame du Saillant, and extended her kindness to the young -man whom Mirabeau had adopted. Though frivolous, she had never been ill -conducted, and her faults, being those of timidity, are chiefly to be -attributed to her father, who, loving ease and pleasure, and glad to -have his daughter with him, prevented her by every means in his power -from fulfilling her duties towards her husband. She passed her last -years in the hotel de Mirabeau, and died in the year 1800, in the same -room where her husband had expired.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_13_13" id="Note_13_13"></a><a href="#NoteRef_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>There is a fragment preserved of Mirabeau, remarkable for -its know, ledge of human motives, which shows the stress he laid on a -resolute line of conduct. It deserves to be quoted:—</p> - -<p> -"If I wrote a book on the military art, the chapter on enthusiasm should -not be the shortest. If I wrote a treatise on politics, I would treat -largely of the <i>art of daring</i>, which is not less necessary for the -success of civil enterprises than of military operations; and also to -try the strength of the man who leads; for it is the further or nearer -boundary-line of the possible that marks the difference of men. -</p> - -<p> -"In reading history, I find that almost all the faults committed by the -chiefs, of whatever party, arise from indecision in their principles, -and obliquity of conduct. They revolt by halves; they are faithful by -halves: they dare not entirely cast aside duty, nor entirely sacrifice -their passions. The first steps, which ought to be full of confidence, -are vacillating and ill-assumed: they arrange a retreat, and take -several roads to reach the goal. Artifices, that favourite resource of -ordinary politicians, are the effect of this timidity of the -understanding or the heart. They negotiate to disguise themselves, to -attract partisans, while they ought to walk straight to the object in -view by the shortest line. What is the invariable result? He who wishes -to deceive is deceived; they have failed in seizing the decisive moment, -and have persuaded no one. As much as extremes are unwise in the course -of daily life, so much are half measures insufficient in critical -events; and the most dangerous, as well as the most inconsistent -conduct, is to get half rid of prejudices. But there are nearly as few -resolute bad men as decided honest ones; and most men want character."</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_14_14" id="Note_14_14"></a><a href="#NoteRef_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>The compiler of the memoirs and correspondence of La -Fayette makes no doubt that Mirabeau belonged to the Orleanist faction -till after the 6th of October, when he began to treat with the court. -This was evidently La Fayette's own conviction, apparently founded on -the evidence laid before the assembly, August 7th, 1790, which Mirabeau -refuted, as mentioned in the text.</p></div> - -<div class="footnote"> - -<p><a name="Note_15_15" id="Note_15_15"></a><a href="#NoteRef_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>Copy of a treaty with M. de Mirabeau.—"First, The king -gives M. de Mirabeau the promise of an embassy: this promise shall be -announced by Monsieur himself to M. de Mirabeau. Second, The king will -immediately, until that promise be fulfilled, grant a private -appointment to M. de Mirabeau of 50,000 livres a month, which -appointment will continue at least for the space of four months. M. de -Mirabeau pledges himself to aid the king with his knowledge, influence, -and eloquence, in all that he may judge useful to the welfare of the -state and the interest of the king—two things that all good citizens -undoubtedly look upon as inseparable; and, in case M. de Mirabeau should -not be convinced of the solidity of the reasons that may be given him, -he will abstain from speaking on the subject.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 50%;">(Approved) LOUIS.</p> - -<p style="margin-left: 50%;">(Signed) LE COMTE DE MIRABEAU."</p> - -<p> -"<i>Note.</i>—The original of this article is in the handwriting of -Monsieur, at present Louis XVIII." -</p> - -<p> -This paper is published in vol. II. appendix, no. V. of the memoirs of -Lafayette. It was found in the iron closet, discovered in the Tuileries -on the 10th of August, 1792, containing secret papers. In the same -receptacle is an autograph letter from Louis XVI. to La Fayette, begging -him to concert with Mirabeau respecting the subjects most important to -the welfare of the state and the king's service and person. This letter -La Fayette suspects to have been dictated by Mirabeau himself, and was -never received by him. It is dated June 29th, 1790. The treaty first -quoted is printed without a date. This alliance of the court with -Mirabeau was first brought about by Monsieur, the king's eldest brother. -Afterwards, it would seem that some other was entered into, negotiated -by the count de la Mark, afterwards prince d'Aremberg, which was -mentioned to Bouille, Feb. 6th, 1791. The prince d'Aremberg lived in -Brussels till 1833, and said to La Fayette, that Mirabeau only made -himself be paid to be of his own opinion; yet the stipulation of -silence, when not convinced by the court, in the above treaty, looks -like a still more entire sale of his influence.</p></div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="MADAME_ROLAND">MADAME ROLAND</a></h4> - -<h4>1754-1793.</h4> - -<p> -Madame Roland, strictly speaking, can scarcely be classed among persons -of literary reputation. Her fame rests even on higher and nobler grounds -than that of those who toil with the brain for the instruction of their -fellow creatures. She acted. What she wrote is more the emanation of the -active principle, which, pent in a prison, betook itself to the only -implement, the pen, left to wield, than an exertion of the reflective -portion of the mind. The composition of her memoirs was the last deed of -her life, save the leaving it—and it was a noble one—disclosing -the nature of the soil that gave birth to so much virtue; teaching women -how to be great, without foregoing either the duties or charms of their -sex; and exhibiting to men an example of feminine excellence, from which -they may gather confidence, that if they dedicate themselves to useful and -heroic tasks, they will find helpmates in the other sex to sustain them -in their labours and share their fate. -</p> - -<p> -In giving the life of this admirable woman, we have at once the -advantage and disadvantage of drawing the details of her early years -from her autobiography. We are thus secure from false statements and -meagre conjecture; but our pages must appear cold and vapid, as -containing only an abridgment of details which she recounts with a -glowing pen. Under these circumstances, it is better to refer the reader -to her work for minutia, and to confine ourselves to results; and -instead of lingering over a dry statement of facts, to seek for the -formation of character, and to give a rapid view of the causes of her -greatness; and to find what was the position and education of a woman -who, in a country usually noted for frivolity and display, exhibited -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">{Pg 260}</a></span> -simplicity joined to elevation of character and strength of mind, of -which few examples can be found in the history of the world. -</p> - -<p> -Manon Phlipon was of bourgeoise, and even humble, though respectable -birth. Her father was an engraver; he had a slight knowledge of the fine -arts, and wished to become an enamel painter: he failed in this as well -as in an after attempt to enrich himself by trading in jewels, which -brought on his ruin. During the early years of his daughter he was well -to do, and employed several workmen under him. His wife was refined in -character, and might have hoped for a partner of a more delicate and -enlightened mind; but her sense of duty and sweetness of temper -reconciled her to her lot. Manon was the second of seven children, but -the only one who survived infancy. She was put out to be nursed by a -peasant in the country, as was the practice in those days, and returned -home when two years old, to pass the remainder of her girlhood beneath -the parental roof, under the care of her gentle and excellent mother, -who found it an easy task to regulate the disposition of one whose -earliest characteristic was sensibility. "While I remained in my -peaceful home," she writes of herself, "my natural sensibility so engrossed -every quality, that no other displayed itself—my first desire -was to please and to do good." Naturally serious and fond of occupation, -she loved reading from infancy; books and flowers were her earliest -passion; and as she records this in her prison, torn from all she loved, -expecting the death to which those about her were being led by turns, -"still," she says, "I can forget the injustice of men and my sufferings -among books and flowers." -</p> - -<p> -Every sort of master was given her by her fond parents, and she applied -herself with an ardour and a delight that led her instructors to prolong -her lessons, and to take deep interest in teaching her. Her father, who -had no idea of education except by reprimand and punishment, was soon -led to cease to interfere in the guidance of her conduct; he caressed -her, taught her to paint, and showed her every kindness; while the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">{Pg 261}</a></span> -cultivation of her mind and heart was left to her mother, who found it -easy to lead her by appeals to her reason or her feelings. Passionately -fond of reading, she seized on hooks wherever she could find them: there -were not many in her father's house, but Plutarch fell into her hands at -nine years old, and more delighted her than all the fairy tales she had -ever read; she drank in republicanism even then. Her imagination and her -heart were warmed meanwhile by reading Fénélon and Tasso. As she -remarks, had she had indiscreet companions, this early development of -feeling might have led to an untimely awakening of passion; but under -the shelter of her mother, with her only for a companion, her heart -sympathised with the emotions of others, without any reference to -herself—occupation and innocence protected her. -</p> - -<p> -She lived in all the simplicity that belonged to a tradesman easy in his -means. The bourgeoisie of Paris of those days were a remarkable class. -They detested and despised the debauchery of the noblesse, and the -servility of their parasites; while they held themselves far above the -brutal ignorance and licentiousness of the populace. The women of this -class passed laborious and secluded lives, enlivened only by the -enjoyments their vanity might gather on days of festivals, when they -showed off their fine clothes and pretty faces in the public promenades. -The habits of this class, as madame Roland describes them from -experience, were remarkable for frugality. She accompanied her mother to -market—occasionally she was sent alone, which she thought somewhat -derogatory—but did not complain. There was but one servant, and -sometimes she assisted in the kitchen; at the same time, the fondness of -her mother displayed itself by dressing her elegantly and richly on -Sundays and visiting days. Dancing, in which she excelled, was among her -accomplishments. Her mother was pious: by degrees the sensibility of her -character found a vent for itself in religion. The first time she left -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">{Pg 262}</a></span> -her mother's roof was, at her own request, to prepare herself in a -convent to receive her first communion. During her retreat she formed a -friendship with a young companion. After leaving the convent, their -intercourse continued by letters; and this, she tells us, was the origin -of her love of writing, and caused her, by exercise, to acquire -facility. -</p> - -<p> -After passing a year in the convent, she passed another with her -paternal grandmother, and then she returned to her father's roof. Her -days were chiefly passed in study; her meditative mind speculated on all -she read; her mother permitted her to read every book that fell in her -way, and the self-taught girl preferred philosophical works to every -other; she thus enlarged the sphere of her ideas; formed opinions, and -erected rigid rules of morality as her guide. The severe principles of -Pascal and the writers of the Port-Royal had a great attraction for her -ardent mind; and when she sought in philosophy for principles of equal -self-denial, she endeavoured to adopt the system of the stoics. All that -ennobled the soul and exalted the moral feeling attracted her. She was -dispirited when she turned to the pages of modern French philosophy. The -theories of Helvetius saddened her, till she was relieved by the -consideration that his narrow and derogatory view of human motive and -action was applicable only to the corrupt state of society such as he -found it in France. She believed that she ought to study this author as -a guide in the depraved world of Paris; but she rejected his doctrines -as explanatory of the movements of the human soul in a virtuous simple -state of society; she felt herself superior to the principle of self -which he made the law of our nature; she contrasted it with the heroic -acts of antiquity, and thus she became enthusiastically attached to -those republics in which virtue flourished; she became persuaded that -freedom was the parent of heroes; she regretted that her lot had not -been cast among such, and disdained the idea of associating with the -corrupt race of her day. The aspirations after the examples set by the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">{Pg 263}</a></span> -great, the virtuous, the generous, and the wise, which she thus -nourished, gave a charm to her solitary life; but her studies excited -far other feelings when she was led to remark how little they accorded -with the state of society in France. -</p> - -<p> -Sometimes she was taken to visit certain ladies who claimed to be noble, -and who, looking upon her as an inferior, sent her to dine with their -servants. Once she paid a visit of eight days at Versailles, and -witnessed the routine of a court. How different were the impertinent -pretensions of these silly women, and the paltry pomp of royalty, from -the majesty of the solitary reveries in which she associated with the -heroes and philosophers of old! Her soul rejected distinctions of rank -such as she found them in her own country,—empty in themselves, as -far as regarded real excellence, and degrading to her in her -position,—and she hurried back to take her proper place in -creation, not the humble daughter of an obscure mechanic, but one whose -mind was refined by philosophy, enlarged by knowledge; whose heart beat -with generous impulses, and who already felt her bosom swell with the -heroism which her future actions displayed. "I sighed," she writes, "as -I thought of Athens, where I could have equally admired the fine arts, -without being wounded by the spectacle of despotism; I transported -myself in thought to Greece—I was present at the Olympic games, -and I grew angry at finding myself French. Thus, struck by all of grand -which is offered by the republics of antiquity, I forgot the death of -Socrates, the exile of Aristides, the sentence of Phocion; I did not -know that heaven had reserved it to me to witness errors similar to -those of which they were the victims, and to participate in a similar -persecution, after having professed similar principles." -</p> - -<p> -She regarded the position she held in society with bitterness. Vain of -her accomplishments and knowledge, proud in the consciousness of her -integrity and of the lofty meditations in which she indulged, the -condescension of the petty noblesse towards the daughter of an artisan -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">{Pg 264}</a></span> -made her bosom swell with haughty emotion. She does not disguise that -this feeling caused her to hail the revolution with greater transport. -</p> - -<p> -It is usual to accuse the lowly of envy, so to cast a slur over their -motives when they espouse with enthusiasm the cause of freedom. In all -societies there must be difference of position, arising from the -distribution of property, and no passion is more mean than that which -causes the poor to view with envy the luxuries and ease of the rich. But -the disdain which springs from knowing that others assume superiority -from mere adventitious circumstances—that there is an impassable -barrier, on the outer side of which the ignobly born must remain, vainly -desiring a career in which to distinguish themselves—is a noble -feeling, and is implanted in the human heart as the source of the -highest virtues. Human weakness mingled, probably, some-pettiness in the -pride of the beautiful and studious bourgeoise, but she knew how to rise -above it; and when she sealed her ambition with her blood, she proved -that it was honourable, and that her desire of distinction was founded -on a generous love of the good of her species. -</p> - -<p> -The only child of a prosperous artisan, it was supposed that she was an -heiress: this idea, joined to her personal attractions, elicited -numerous pretensions to her hand, and her indulgent parents conceded to -her the privilege of replying to them. Her sensibility was great, and -she looked on wedded life as the source of every felicity; but this very -notion made her scrupulous in her choice. The young men of the quarter -passed in review before her, and were, one after the other, rejected. A -little hesitation ensued when a physician proposed—she hoped for more -refinement and knowledge in one of the learned professions. In the end, he -also was refused,—her heart continued untouched; she would have been -glad if any one had appeared whom she could have looked upon as worthy -of her; but, as this did not happen, she rejoiced to escape the proposed -shackles, and turned to her peaceful studious home, the affection of her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">{Pg 265}</a></span> -mother, and the attachment of her friends, with renewed delight. The -account she gives of the many proposals she received, and the way in -which they were finally dismissed, is one of the most amusing portions -of her book, and affords a pleasant and vivid picture of the French -system with regard to marriages. -</p> - -<p> -Her mother's health became enfeebled, and this excellent parent regarded -her daughter's future prospects with anxiety. Phlipon had become -careless in his business; his customers deserted him, his speculations -failed; he grew fond of pleasure, and habits of industry were thrown -aside. His wife was aware of the advances of poverty, and of the slight -confidence she could place in her husband; she reasoned with her -daughter, and tried to persuade her to accept the offer of a young -jeweller, who had youth and good habits to recommend him; but Manon -shrunk from uniting herself with one whom she could not regard as the -sharer of her studies nor the guide of her conduct. -</p> - -<p> -Her mother died suddenly of paralysis. Madame Roland gives a vivid -picture of the affliction she felt on this event, which conducted her to -the brink of the grave. It was long before she could be roused from the -intense grief that overwhelmed both mind and body. She became incapable -of application, and struggled in vain to cast off the melancholy that -made her a burden to herself and others. By degrees, her regrets grew -less passionate and more tender. At this moment a friend, abbé Legrand, -put the "Nouvelle Heloise" into her hands,—it succeeded in exciting -her attention, and in calling her thoughts from her loss. "I was -twenty-one," she says, "and Rousseau made the same impression on me then -as Plutarch had done when I was eight. Plutarch had disposed me to -republicanism,—he had awakened the energy and pride which are its -characteristics; he inspired me with a true enthusiasm for public virtue -and freedom. Rousseau showed me domestic happiness and the ineffable -felicity I was capable of tasting." From this time, she returned to her -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">{Pg 266}</a></span> -quiet routine of life, her studies, and her habits of observation. "I -was placed," she says, "in solitude, but on the borders of society, and -could remark much without being intruded on." Several men of letters -interested themselves in her, and delighted in her society. Finding that -she was in the habit of writing her remarks, some among them -prognosticated that she would become an author; but she had no -inclination to seek publicity in that manner. "I soon saw," she says, -"that an authoress loses more than she gains. My chief object was my own -happiness, and I never knew the public interfere with that for any one -without spoiling it. There is nothing more delightful than to be -appreciated by those with whom one lives, and nothing so empty as the -admiration of those whom we are never to meet." Other cares, however, -intruded themselves; she saw that her father's fortune was wasting away, -and anticipated ruin for him and poverty for herself. He was -young—and dissipated, and might marry again. Meanwhile, he was -never at home, and interfered in her life only to annoy her, without -affording the paternal protection or domestic society that she needed. -She felt that her situation grew precarious, and the energy of her -character determined her to meet rather than await the evil. She secured -to herself a scanty income of about 25<i>l</i>. a year from the wreck of -her father's fortune, and retired on it to a convent. She rented a small -room in the congregation, and established herself in her retreat, -determined to limit her wants to her means. Her plan demanded -unflinching resolution, and this she displayed. Her food was simple, and -prepared by herself. She only went out to visit her relations, and cast -a careful eye over her father's household. The rest of her time was -spent in her little solitary chamber. She gave herself up to study, and -fortified her heart against adversity; determined to deserve the -happiness which fate denied her. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">{Pg 267}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -She at this time by no means foresaw the course of life she was destined -to pursue, although she was already acquainted with her future husband. -M. Roland de la Platiere, belonged to a family of Lyons, distinguished -in what the French call the robe; that is, by having filled with credit -legal employments. As the youngest of five sons, he was destined for the -ecclesiastical profession; to avoid which, he left the paternal roof at -the age of nineteen, and, alone and almost penniless, traversed France -to Nantes, with the intention of embarking for India. He was dissuaded -by a stranger to whom he had applied for information with regard to his -projected voyage, who interested himself in his fate, and saw that he -was too weakly in health to encounter the hardships of emigration. He -found employment in the administration of manufactures at Rouen and -Amiens. He possessed great simplicity and integrity of character; he -loved study, and applied himself sedulously to gathering knowledge with -regard to the manufactories of which he had the superintendence. He -wrote several works that treated of such subjects. He was a man -generally esteemed for his sound plain sense; his austere and simple -manners inspired confidence, though he was more respected than loved on -account of a certain coldness of character that repelled. He was known -to Sophie, Mlle. Phlipon's convent friend; he heard her speak of her -correspondent with admiration, and often asked to be allowed to make -acquaintance with her during his yearly visit to Paris. At length, -Sophie gave him an introduction. -<span class="sidenote1">1775.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -23.</span> -"This letter," she wrote, will be delivered to you by the philosopher I -have often mentioned, M. Roland de la Platiere, an enlightened and -excellent man, who can only be reproached for his great admiration of -the ancients at the expense of the moderns, whom he despises, and his -weakness in liking to talk too much about himself." Mlle. Phlipon liked -him better than this sketch promised. His manners were a little cold and -stiff; he was careless in dress, and no longer youthful either in years -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">{Pg 268}</a></span> -or appearance; but she discerned and appreciated his simplicity and -benevolence of character. He took pleasure in the society of the serious -and reflective recluse, and paid her long though not frequent visits. -His age prevented any idea of impropriety on the score of his being an -admirer, add to which her father, while he ran after pleasure himself, -left his daughter to pursue her way without interference. Roland was -about to make a tour in Italy. He chose his new friend as the depositary -of his manuscripts, and, before he departed, introduced to her his -brother, a benedictine, prior of the college of Clugny at Paris. Through -the intervention of this brother she saw the letters and observations -that Roland sent from Italy. On his return, they continued friends; his -conversation was a great resource to her, while the habit he indulged of -seeing her often, at last rendered her society necessary to him, and -love—slow and chill, but of deep growth—arose in his heart. -Five years after the commencement of their acquaintance he disclosed his -sentiments. She was flattered by the proposal—his good birth -during the old regime was a tangible good, to which she was by no means -insensible, but her pride led her to represent to him that she was a bad -match—her family ignoble, and she herself, instead of being an -heiress, ruined through her father's imprudence. Roland persisted in his -address, and she permitted him to apply to her only surviving parent, -which he did by letter from Amiens. Phlipon did not like his austerity, -and was not pleased by the tone of his letter; thinking only of his own -feelings, and without consulting his daughter, he sent a rejection -couched in rude and even impertinent terms. -</p> - -<p> -His daughter, when informed of what he had done, was a good deal -shocked; for the last few months she had looked on Roland as her future -husband, and attached herself to him. She wrote to him saying, that the -event had justified her fears with regard to her father, and that he had -better abandon his pursuit. At the same time she resolved to render -herself independent—that if Roland persisted, he should not again be -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">{Pg 269}</a></span> -annoyed. It was on this occasion that she retired to a convent, and -bound herself to subsist on the scanty income which was all that she -possessed. At first Roland wrote to complain of her father's treatment, -and though still expressing attachment, appeared to regard the paternal -rejection as putting an end to his hopes. Six months afterwards he -visited Paris; the sight of his friend at the convent grate renewed the -feelings which absence and disappointment had blunted; he pressed his -offer, and sent his brother, the benedictine, to persuade her. I -reflected deeply," she writes, "on what I ought to do. I could not -conceal from myself that a younger man would not have delayed, for -several months, entreating me to change my resolution, and I confess -that this circumstance had deprived my feelings of every illusion. I -considered, on the other hand, that this deliberation was an assurance -that I was appreciated; and that if he had overcome his pride, which -shrunk from the disagreeable circumstances that accompanied his marrying -me, I was the more secure of an esteem I could not fail to preserve. In -short, if marriage was, as I thought, an austere union, an association -in which the woman usually burdens herself with the happiness of two -individuals, it were better that I should exert my abilities and my -courage in so honourable a task, than in the solitude in which I lived." -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1780.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -26.</span></p> - -<p> -With these feelings she married. Of a passionate and ardent disposition, -she devoted herself to a life of self-control; and, resolved to find her -happiness in the fulfilment of her duty, she delivered herself up with -enthusiasm and without reserve to the task she undertook. She was her -husband's friend, companion, amanuensis; fearful of the temptations of -the world, she gave herself up to labour; she soon became absolutely -necessary to him at every moment, and in all the incidents of his life; -her servitude was thus sealed; now and then it caused a sigh; but the -holy sense of duty reconciled her to every inconvenience. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">{Pg 270}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -She visited Switzerland and England. In this country her husband's -connection with the scientific world led her to the society she best -liked. They then took up their abode at the family residence of Clos la -Platière near Lyons, with her husband's mother and elder brother. -Madame Roland had one child, a little girl;—to educate her; to render -her husband happy; to spread the charm of peace and love around, and in -the midst of this to cultivate in her own pure mind the most elevated as -well as the gentle virtues; to be useful to their peasantry, and -mitigate as well as she could the many hardships to which the poor in -France were exposed;—this was the scope of her life, and the entire -prospect spread out before her. Her husband had so little expectation of -change, that he endeavoured to get his right to letters of nobility -acknowledged, as, madame Roland observes, "who would not have done the -same in those days?" The time was apparently far off when it could be of -general good to reject the privileges of class; and these privileges -were so great that the sphere of usefulness was considerably extended to -any one who possessed them. Failing in this attempt, the republican pair -sometimes deliberated emigrating to America, that they might there enjoy -equal institutions, and the sight of public happiness and prosperity. -The age of M. Roland was an insurmountable obstacle, however, to this -plan. -</p> - -<p> -Her letters, during this period, afford a picture of her mind; showing -her love of duty and of study; her enjoyment of the beauties of nature, -and, above all, the warm affectionateness of her disposition, which made -her supremely happy in the happiness of others, and caused her to share, -with tender sympathy, all the joys or sorrows of those she loved. Her -husband's relations were disagreeable, but she bore the interference -that prevented her living exactly in the manner she preferred with an -unruffled temper. -<span class="sidenote2">1786.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -32.</span> -She tolerated every fault in others, and secluded herself to secure her -liberty: she never repines. "Seated in my chimney corner," she writes to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">{Pg 271}</a></span> -M. Bose, "at eleven before noon, after a peaceful night and my morning -tasks—my husband at his desk, and my little girl knitting—I am -conversing with the former, and overlooking the work of the latter; -enjoying the happiness of being warmly sheltered in the bosom of my dear -little family, and writing to a friend, while the snow is falling on so -many poor wretches overwhelmed by sorrow and penury. I grieve over their -fate, I repose on my own, and make no account of those family annoyances -which appeared formerly to tarnish my felicity.—I am delighted at -being restored to my accustomed way of existence." This country life was -alternated by visits to Lyons, where Roland had employment, where she -mingled in society; but the provincial tone that reigned was little -consonant with her taste. -</p> - -<p> -The revolution came in the midst of this peaceful existence, to give new -life and expression to opinions which she had hitherto considered as -merely theoretical, and for which no scope for practice had been -afforded in the state of society before that epoch. All at once, from -out of ancient wrong and tyranny, from the midst of the great miseries -and intolerable oppressions which her country groaned under, the spirit -of justice, of redress, and of freedom, sprung up. It seemed, at first, -to every strong and honest mind, that France would throw off outworn, -yet still subsisting and oppressive, abuses, and grow wise, virtuous, -and happy, under the fosterage of liberty and equality. -</p> - -<p> -How gladly her soul hailed these hopes! Soon she found that they were -accompanied by fears, and that the popular party grew insolent and -despotic in prosperity. "Is the question to be whether we have one -tyrant or a hundred," she writes, and she became eager to ally herself -to the liberal, but constitutional, party, by which freedom would be -secured, without anarchy or public convulsion. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1789.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -35.</span></p> - -<p> -Almost immediately on the breaking out of the revolution, her husband -was elected into the municipality of Lyons. His integrity and firmness, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">{Pg 272}</a></span> -and his attachment to the popular party, of course excited many enemies; -but he was immovable in his course, and denounced all the abuses which -had multiplied in the administration of the finances of the city. It was -discovered that Lyons had 40,000,000 of livres of debt; the -manufactories, meanwhile, were suffering, during a period of popular -ferment, and 20,000 workmen were thrown out of employ. It was necessary -to represent these things to the national assembly, and to ask for aid. -Roland was charged with this mission. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1791.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -37.</span></p> - -<p> -Madame Roland had not visited Paris for five years. She was familiar -with the names of the heads of the various parties, and a commerce of -letters and civilities had had place between her husband and Brissot, -chief of the girondists. He visited them, and her house became the -rendezvous of his party. Her talents, beauty, and enthusiasm, produced -an effect of which she was scarcely aware herself, and which the party -itself rather felt than acknowledged. "Roland," writes Thiers, in his -"History of the French Revolution," "was known for his clever writings -on manufactures and mechanics. This man, of austere life, inflexible -principles, and cold repulsive manners, yielded, without being aware, to -the superior ascendancy of his wife. Madame Roland was young and -beautiful. Nourished in seclusion by philosophical and republican -sentiments, she had conceived ideas superior to her sex, and had erected -a strict religion from the then reigning opinions. Living in intimate -friendship with her husband, she wrote for him, communicated her -vivacity and ardour, not only to him but to all the girondists, who, -enthusiastic in the cause of liberty and philosophy, adored beauty, and -talent, and their own opinions, in her." She, meanwhile, did all she -could to render her influence covert. She might converse with energy and -freedom with the different members of the party during their chance -visits; but when they assembled in her house to discuss present -proceedings and future prospects, she was present, but maintained -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">{Pg 273}</a></span> -silence. Apart from the deliberators, occupied by needlework, or writing -letters, she listened, nor interfered till, the conference breaking up, -she could in privacy, and without ostentation, express her sentiments to -them individually. This reserve caused all her friends to speak of her -with respect, and yet to discuss their opinions eagerly with her. She -had the fault, in which those who are wedded to opinions are apt to -indulge, of preferring the men who agreed with her, who hated royalty -and courts, and aimed at equality and republicanism, to those of -superior endowments and virtues, but who differed from her. Discontented -at the same time with the talents of the former, she found most of the -men thus collected about her far below the estimate she had formed at a -distance: they talked at random; they had no fixed plan; theoretical -rather than practical, they could make paper constitutions, but knew -little how to deal with their fellow men during the clash of interests, -and the tempest of revolutionary passions. She had none of the vanity -that seeks to shine in conversation, and grew impatient when witty -sallies and argumentative discussions, instead of serious resolves and -heroic acts, occupied her friends. -</p> - -<p> -Roland's mission retained them at Paris for seven months. They were -months crowded with events pregnant with the fate of France. Madame -Roland, in her letters to her friend, Henri Brancal, then in London, -paints the various events, and the sentiments they inspired. She was a -warm partisan of liberty and equality, and mourned over the lukewarmness -of the national assembly on these great questions; or, rather, the -number of the moderate party who wished to assimilate the government of -France to the English constitution. To prevent the extension of these -views, the jacobins agitated and excited the people. Madame Roland at -first approved their measures: she saw no safety for the newly acquired -freedom of her country, except in the enthusiasm by which it was -defended by the many. She had to learn, through tragical experience, how -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">{Pg 274}</a></span> -much more difficult it is to restrain than to excite the French. Her -letters breathe impatience and disapprobation with regard to the actual -state of things. "Represent to yourself," she writes, "a number of good -citizens carrying on a perpetual, active, painful, and often fruitless -struggle with the mass of the ambitious, the discontented, and the -ignorant." The flight of the king filled her with alarm, mingled with -enthusiasm, as she saw danger approach herself and her friends; danger -to proceed from the triumph of despotism—she could not then imagine -that any would arise from freedom. "While we were at peace," she writes, -"I kept in the back ground, and exercised only the sort of influence -suited to my sex; but, when the departure of the king declared war, it -appeared to me that every one ought to devote himself without reserve. I -caused myself to be received in fraternal associations, persuaded that -the zeal and intelligence of any member of society must be useful in -critical moments." The arrest and return of the king and his family -kindled a thousand hopes. "It would be a folly, an absurdity, almost a -horror," she writes, "to replace the king on the throne. To bring Louis -XVI. to trial would doubtless be the greatest and most just of measures; -but we are incapable of adopting it." Little did she anticipate the -progress of events. -</p> - -<p> -Meanwhile the project of her party was to suspend the king from -exercising the royal functions. It must be remembered that we, from a -distance, judge Louis from facts, as history records them: then, when -events were passing, no one could fairly judge the other; and while the -French expected invasion, and saw in the flight of their king the -infraction of the oath he had taken to maintain the constitution, those -attached to it regarded him as a traitor. Madame Roland sided with those -who regarded his dethronement as the safety of France, and the erection -of a republic as the promise of its welfare. She thought that both were -imminent. "I have seen," she writes, "the flame of liberty lit up in my -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">{Pg 275}</a></span> -country; it cannot be quenched, and late events have served as fuel; -knowledge and reason are united to instinct to maintain and augment it; -it must devour the last remains of despotism, and subvert thrones. I -shall die when nature pleases, and my last sigh will be a breathing of -joy and hope for the generations to come." The tumults, however, that -succeeded seemed to crush these hopes. Brissot fell into disrepute: -there was an endeavour to crush the republican party, which, in the -moment of danger, had been willing to ally itself to the most violent -jacobins. In the midst of this agitation and tumult the mission of -Roland came to a close, and he prepared to leave Paris. The elections -were about to commence, and he was candidate for Lyons, but was not -elected. The autumn, therefore, was spent in the country. Madame Roland -was evidently dispirited by the obscurity of her life and absence from -the scene of action. "I see with regret," she writes, "that my husband -is cast back on silence and obscurity. He is habituated to public life: -it is more necessary to him than he is himself aware; his energy and -activity injure his health when not exercised according to his -inclinations: in addition, I had hoped for great advantages for my child -in a residence at Paris. Occupied there by her education, I should have -excited and developed some sort of talent. The recluse life I must lead -here makes me tremble for her. From the moment that my husband has no -occupation but his desk, I must remain near to amuse him, and diversify -his daily labours, according to a duty and a habit which may not be -eluded. This existence is in exact contradiction to that suitable to a -child of ten years of age. My heart is saddened by this opposition of -duties, already too deeply felt. I find myself fallen into the nullity -of a provincial life, where no exterior circumstances supply that which -I cannot do myself, and a dark veil falls over the future. If I believed -that my husband were satisfied, it would be otherwise; hope would -embellish the prospect. However, our destiny is fixed, and I must try to -render it as happy as I can." -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">{Pg 276}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -The discontent of madame Roland was natural to her ardent disposition. -She desired to be great, not for the sake of riches, or even power; but -to have scope afforded her to exercise those virtues which, nourished in -solitude, and excited by important events, inflamed her heart to -enthusiasm. She wished to be great as her favourites in Plutarch were -great: she did not look forward to actual peril, but to a life of -activity and usefulness on a grand scale, and to be numbered among those -whose names were to be recorded in future history as the parents of the -liberty of her country. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1792.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -38.</span></p> - -<p> -In the December of the same year they returned to Paris, and in the -following March, a new ministry being formed from the girondist party, -Roland was named minister for the interior. It was a post of honour, but -heavily burdened with responsibility. Dumouriez, then fluctuating, -attracted by a court that flattered, yet desirous of conciliating his -own party, was minister for foreign affairs. At first Roland felt -assured of the good dispositions of the king towards the new state of -things. "I could not believe," writes his wife, "in the constitutional -vocation of a monarch born under a despotism, brought up for it, and -accustomed to exercise it; and I never saw my husband leave me to attend -council, full of reliance on the good intentions of the king, but I -exclaimed, in my heart, 'What new folly will now be committed!'" She -goes on pleasantly to relate the surprise excited at court, when Roland -appeared in his quaker-like costume, his round hat, and his shoes tied -with riband. The master of the ceremonies pointed him out to Dumouriez, -with an angry and agitated mien, exclaiming—"Ah! sir,—no -buckles to his shoes!" "Ah! sir," replied Dumouriez, with mock solemnity, -"all is lost!" -</p> - -<p> -We have no space for the details of Roland's ministry, nor the events -then passing. The king had undertaken the difficult game of satisfying -his enemies by slight concessions and apparent good humour; but he -refused to sanction a severe decree against the clergy, which their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">{Pg 277}</a></span> -inveterate opposition to the party in power rendered necessary in the -eyes of the lovers of liberty; and another to establish a camp of 20,000 -volunteers to protect the assembly and the capital, during a grand -federative assembly to be held during the summer. It was projected to -address a letter to the king, on this refusal, in the name of all the -ministers: but they declined presenting it. Madame Roland insisted that -her husband should singly remonstrate with the monarch, and he resolved -on so doing. She wrote the letter. It was one calculated to irritate -rather than to persuade Louis; but she liked bold measures, and Roland, -once persuaded, was obstinate. The girondists wished, in fact, to bring -the king to an explanation, and preferred a rupture to uncertainty. Some -obstacles arising to Roland's reading his letter to the king, he sent it -to him; but this was not enough; and he took a speedy occasion to read -it aloud in full council, and to force the king to hear the rebukes and -remonstrances it contained. Louis listened with admirable patience, and, -on retiring, said he would make known his intentions. On the following -day, Roland and two of his more zealous colleagues were dismissed, while -Dumouriez took on himself to reform the ministry. -</p> - -<p> -It was certainly a bold, and, if not beneficial, a presumptuous act in a -woman thus to put herself forward during these political agitations. -Madame Roland hated monarchical institutions, and her desire to subvert -them in her own country partook of the vehemence with which women too -usually follow up their ideas. She had always been accustomed to copy -and arrange her husband's writings. At first she did this servilely: by -degrees she emancipated herself from the task of being a mere copyist. -The pair were agreed in views, opinions, and plans of action. There was -a driness and hardness in Roland's writings that did not please her more -demonstrative nature. When he became minister, they conferred together -as to the spirit of any proposed writing, and then she, who could better -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">{Pg 278}</a></span> -command leisure, took up the pen. "I could not express any thing," she -writes, "that regarded reason or justice, which he was not capable of -realising or maintaining by his character and conduct; while I expressed -better than he could whatever he had done or promised to do. Without my -intervention Roland had been an equally good agent: his activity and -knowledge, as well as his probity, were all his own; but he produced a -greater sensation through me, since I put into his writings that mixture -of energy and gentleness, of authority and persuasion, which is peculiar -to a woman of a warm heart and a clear head. I wrote with delight such -pieces as I thought would be useful, and I took greater pleasure in them -than I should have done had I been their acknowledged author." -</p> - -<p> -Of the letter itself, we may say that it is eloquent, but very ill -judged, if it was meant to conciliate the king; but it was not. It was -written in a spirit of contempt for Louis's conduct; of menace, if he -did not pass the decrees; and of sturdy independence and republicanism -as far as regarded the minister himself. It naturally alienated the -monarch; but Roland and his wife were too enthusiastically attached to -the cause of liberty and equality, not to glory in expressing their -sentiments openly and boldly at the foot of the throne, even at the -expense of loss of office. On this event they secluded themselves in -private life, living in an obscure and modest abode in Rue St. Jaques. -They mingled in no intrigues, while they deplored the misfortunes of -their country, being persuaded that the king and his friends were about -to call in foreign troops to destroy its new-born liberty. -</p> - -<p> -After the events of the 10th of August, Roland was recalled to the -ministry. He and his wife, both hating monarchy, could not understand -why the ruins of it in France should not at once be cast aside, and a -republic erected on the vacant space. Hitherto they had feared -monarchical reaction; add to which many of the tumults in the preceding -months had been fomented by the court party under the idea that popular -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">{Pg 279}</a></span> -outrage would cause a return to loyal feeling among the moderate party. -The fear of the success of the court had made them, together with -Barbaroux and Servan, consult how far it would be possible to found a -republic in the south of France, if monarchy triumphed in the north. -There was no fear of this now: Louis XVI. was dethroned and imprisoned; -and the lovers of their country witnessed a more frightful scene than -any that had yet stained its annals, when the more violent jacobins, who -went by the name of the Mountain, excited the people to fury, so to -maintain their own power. Marat, Robespierre, and Danton were beginning -their reign of terror. -</p> - -<p> -At the beginning of September, during the massacres in the prisons, -madame Roland wrote to Brancal, "We are under the knife of Robespierre -and Marat, These men agitate the people, and endeavour to turn them -against the national assembly and the council: they have a little army, -which they pay with money stolen from the Tuileries, or which is given -them by Danton, who, underhand, is the chief. Would you believe that -they meditated the arrest of Brissot and Roland? Had the arrest been -executed, these two excellent citizens had been taken to the abbey and -massacred with the rest. We are not yet secure; and, if the departments -do not send a guard for the assembly and the council, both will be -lost." Again she wrote, "My friend, Danton leads all; Robespierre is his -puppet; Marat holds his torch and dagger: this ferocious tribune reigns, -and we are his slaves until the moment when we shall become his victims. -If you only knew the frightful details of what is going on. You are -aware of my enthusiasm for the revolution; well, I am ashamed of it: it -is deformed by monsters, and become hideous. "What may happen within a -week? it is degrading to remain, but we are not allowed to quit Paris: -they shut us in to murder us when occasion serves." From this moment -madame Roland struggled unflinchingly to overthrow the power of the -jacobins. Her ill success conducted her to the scaffold. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">{Pg 280}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -The moderation and opposition of the girondists rendered them hateful to -the mountain, and every endeavour was made to excite the Parisians -against them. They cast on Roland the stigma of being governed by his -wife. When it was proposed in the national assembly to invite him to -resume the ministry, Garat said, "We had better invite madame; she is -the real minister." They accused her of using every feminine art to -secure partisans. These were the mere calumnies of the day, powerful for -her ruin, but not tarnishing her after-glory. Every impartial pen -describes her as carrying her simplicity and grace into her political -enthusiasm, and charming even those whom she did not convince. -</p> - -<p> -Le Montey writes of her—"I met madame Roland several times in former -days: her eyes, her figure, and hair were of remarkable beauty; her -delicate complexion had a freshness and colour which, joined to her -reserved yet ingenuous appearance, imparted a singular air of youth. She -spoke, too, well, yet there was no affectation in what she said; it was -merely nature carried to a great degree of perfection. Wit, good sense, -propriety of expression, keen reasoning, naïve grace, all flowed -without effort from her roseate lips. I saw madame Roland once again at -the commencement of her husband's first ministry. She had lost nothing -of her air of freshness, youth, and simplicity: her husband resembled a -quaker, and she looked like his daughter. Her child flitted about her -with ringlets reaching to her waist. Madame Roland spoke of public -affairs only, and I perceived that my moderation inspired pity. Her mind -was highly excited, but her heart remained gentle and inoffensive. -Although the monarchy was not yet overthrown, she did not conceal that -symptoms of anarchy began to appear, and she declared herself ready to -resist them to the death. I remember the calm and resolute tone in which -she declared that she was ready, if need were, to place her head on the -block. I confess that the image of that charming head delivered over to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">{Pg 281}</a></span> -the axe of the executioner made an ineffaceable impression—for party -excesses had not yet accustomed us to such frightful ideas. Thus, in the -sequel, the prodigious firmness of madame Roland and her heroic death -did not surprise me. All was in harmony, nor was there any affectation -in this celebrated woman: she had not only the strongest but the truest -mind of our revolution." -</p> - -<p> -Dumont writes of her—"Madame Roland had every personal attraction, -joined to excellence of character and understanding. I saw many -assemblies of ministers, and the principal girondists, held at her -house. A woman seemed somewhat out of place among them; but she did not -mingle in the discussions: she usually sat at her desk, writing letters, -and appeared to be occupied by other things, while she did not lose a -word. Her modest style of dress did not lessen her attractions, and, -though her occupations were those of a man, she was really adorned by -all the grace and exterior accomplishments of her sex. I reproach myself -now that I did not perceive then the full extent of her merit; but I was -rather prejudiced against female politicians; and I found in her a too -great tendency to mistrust, which springs from want of knowledge of the -world." -</p> - -<p> -The influence of earnestness, sincerity, and clear views were great over -her husband and his party. If she had, from a rooted disapprobation of -royalty, urged him to any extremities with Louis, not less did she abhor -anarchy, and fearlessly incite him to oppose it. -</p> - -<p> -During the frightful massacres of the 2d and 3d of September Roland -displayed an energy and heroism worthy of the woman who was said to be -the soul of his counsels. On the 3d, while terror still reigned, he -wrote to the mayor, Petion, who was in ignorance of the atrocities that -were going on, and to Santerre, who remained in ignominious inaction, -pressing them earnestly to come forward. He addressed a letter also to -the assembly, in which he fearlessly denounced the crimes of the people; -offering his own head as the sacrifice, but calling on the authorities -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">{Pg 282}</a></span> -to suppress the massacres. The assembly applauded the letter; while -Marat and his partisans denounced him as a traitor, and issued an arrest -against him. Danton, whose views were more systematic, intervened, and -prevented an act which at that time had injured the jacobins more than -the party against whom it was directed. -</p> - -<p> -Roland was not awed by the danger he incurred. When, on the 23d of -September, he gave in a report on the state of the capital and of -France, he described the disorders of Paris with energy, and insisted on -their causes, and the means of preventing a recurrence of them. His -character gained with his own party, and still more with posterity, by -this unflinching and persevering struggle with the jacobins; but he was -not seconded by men of sufficient vigour, and, wearied at length by an -anarchy so opposed to his probity and inflexible love of order, he -offered his resignation. The girondists, in reply, proposed that the -assembly should invite him to remain in office, while the mountain, of -whom Danton was the mouthpiece, complained of his feebleness and of his -being governed by his wife. His letter of the 3d of September was cited -as sufficient exculpation from the charge of weakness. The assembly, -without expressing an opinion, passed to the order of the day. The -girondists, and every worthy member, entreated Roland to remain in the -ministry; and he wrote to the assembly—"Since I am calumniated, since -I am threatened by dangers, and since the convention appear to desire it, -I remain. It is too glorious," he continued, alluding to his wife, "that -my alliance with courage and virtue is the only reproach made -against me." -</p> - -<p> -These accusations against madame Roland, and the hatred borne her by the -mountain, were increased by the influence she continued to exercise. -Society, such as the Parisians had once gloried in—assemblies of the -wise, the witty, and the fair—were at an end. The drawing-room of -madame Roland was the only one in which elegance, and sense, and good -breeding reigned. Barbaroux, named, from his beauty, the Antinöus of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">{Pg 283}</a></span> -France, Louvet, Guadet, and others, met there, and added to the elegance -of the coteries of past times, the serious and deeper spirit of the -present hour. Too soon they were swept away by the torrent of the -revolution. -</p> - -<p> -On the 24th of October Roland again came forward with a report on the -state of the capital, which was written with dignity, but with a strict -adherence to truth: he described with energy, and strongly reprobated, -the crimes committed on the 2d September. He cast the accusation of -sanguinary outrage on a few; but he blamed the many for their culpable -weakness in permitting such crimes. Robespierre rose to answer him; but -his known complicity with the Septembriseurs excited abhorrence and -confusion in the chamber. It was on this occasion when Robespierre, -relying on the terror felt by his enemies, defied them to accuse him, -that Louvet crossed the chamber to the tribune and exclaimed with -energy—"Yes; I accuse you!" The rest of the girondists supported him. -The speech that followed this denunciation was full of energy, daring -truths, and resolute measures. Had they been followed up on the instant, -France had been spared the reign of terror. Robespierre, confused, -overwhelmed, ghastly with terror, could only ask a delay to prepare his -defence. A disinterested but mistaken love of order and justice caused -his adversaries to assent to his request. -</p> - -<p> -Marat had also been attacked by Louvet; Danton was enveloped more -remotely in the accusation; and these men, together with Robespierre, -saw safety only in the extirpation of the girondists. They spared no -pains to calumniate the party, and madame Roland shared in the odium -they cast upon her husband. They were accused of forming a society for -the purpose of corrupting the public mind, and of conspiring to separate -France, founded on the idea already mentioned, of establishing a -republic in the south, if the king should subjugate the north. Vague -charges were magnified into crimes, and punished by death, when the -people were above law, and anarchy prevailed. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">{Pg 284}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1793.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -39.</span></p> - -<p> -Roland continued to struggle with the mountain party which each day -gained ascendency. The execution of Louis XVI. showed him that these -struggles were vain. He looked on the death of the monarch as a signal -for a course of sanguinary measures which he had no power to avert. -Roland had hitherto resolved to resist the men who steeped their country -in blood and crime; but he was now discouraged, not by the dangers which -he felt gather round himself, but by the impossibility of stemming the -tide of evil, and he sent in his resignation on the 23d of January. The -moderate party in the convention dared not utter a remonstrance, so -completely were they under the domination of the mountain. Roland -published his accounts, which exonerated him from the calumnies cast -upon him, but his enemies refused to sanction them by a report. He made -no other effort, but remained in seclusion, seeing only his intimate -friends, the girondists, and often discussing with them the possibility -of awing the capital through the influence of the southern departments. -Meanwhile the advance of the foreign armies plunged the nation in -terror, and induced it to place yet more entire confidence in the -demagogues who promised victory at the cost of the lives of all the -citizens who opposed them. The struggle between the girondists and -mountain party thus continued for several months, till the latter -completely triumphed, and passed a decree of arrest against twenty-two -of the opposite party. Some among them surrendered, to display their -obedience to the law. Others fled, for the purpose of exciting the -departments to resist the tyrants of the capital. -</p> - -<p> -For some time madame Roland had expected arrest and imprisonment. She -had feared the entry of the mob into her house, and had slept with a -pistol under her pillow, that, if laid hands on by ruffians, she might -deliver herself by death from outrage. Latterly, finding her husband and -herself quite powerless for good, she had made preparations for -returning to the country, whither strong personal motives caused her to -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">{Pg 285}</a></span> -wish to retire; she was delayed by illness, and before she recovered -strength, danger thickened. When the men came, on the 31st of May, to -execute the order of arrest on Roland, she resolved to announce this -circumstance, and his refusal to obey the order, herself, to the -convention. She hurried alone, and veiled, to execute her purpose. Her -entrance was opposed by the sentinels—she persisted, and sent in a -letter she had prepared, for the president, soliciting to be heard. The -disturbance that reigned in the assembly, and want of resolution on the -part of her friends who still sat there, prevented its being read. She -waited some time; penetrated by indignation, by compassion for her -country, while all she loved were exposed to peril, she was far above -personal fear; and earnestly desired to be permitted to speak, feeling -that she should command attention. Failing in her attempt, she returned -home. Roland was absent—he had already taken measures for -flight—she sought and found him, related her ill success, and again -returned to the assembly. It was now ten at night. When she arrived at the -Place du Carrousel, she saw an armed force around; cannon were placed -before the gate of the national palace; the assembly itself was no longer -sitting. -</p> - -<p> -She returned home. Roland was safe—she resolved to remain and await -the event, indifferent to her own fate. Since the resignation of Roland she -had lived in great retirement. There is a belief, more a tradition than -an asserted fact, that this noble-hearted woman, whose soul was devoted -to the fulfilment of her duties, to whom life was matter of indifference -compared to her affections and her sense of virtue, had felt for the -first time, now in mature life, the agitations and misery of passion. It -is supposed that Barbaroux, deputy from the commune of Marseilles, was the -object of her attachment,—Barbaroux, who was called. Antinöus from -his beauty: he was full of courage, ardour, and those republican dreams -so dear to madame Roland. In her portraits of various chiefs of the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">{Pg 286}</a></span> -revolution, she says of him that he was active, laborious, frank, and -brave, with all the vivacity of a Marsellais: full of attachment to -freedom, and proud of the revolution, he was one of those whom an -enlightened party would wish to attach, and who would have enjoyed great -reputation in a republic. She adds that when Roland resigned they saw -more of him: his open character and ardent patriotism inspired them with -confidence. No word she writes shows that he was regarded by her in any -light except that of her friend; but, in other portions of her memoirs, -she alludes darkly to the struggles of love; and it is evident that her -project of retiring into the country originated in her resolution to -conquer her own heart. And now this passion was there, with its -hopelessness and misery, to elevate her far above fear of prison or -death. -</p> - -<p> -Emissaries came to inquire vainly for Roland. Disappointed in their -purpose they left a sentinel at her door. She at last retired to rest; -but, after an hour's sleep, she was awakened by her servant who -announced that the officers of the section demanded to see her. She -guessed at once their errand, nor was she deceived. For a moment she -deliberated whether she should resist an arrest, which, as being made in -the night, was illegal. But she saw that would be useless. Seals were -put on her effects: the house was filled by above 100 men. At seven -o'clock she left her home, amidst the tears and cries of her child and -servants. Outside she was hailed by the sanguinary cries of the mob. "Do -you wish the windows to be closed," said one of the men seated beside -her in the carriage. "No, gentlemen," she replied; "innocence, however -oppressed, will never assume the appearance of guilt. I fear the eyes of -no one, and will not hide myself." "You have more firmness than most -men," replied her guard. -</p> - -<p> -Shut up in the prison of the abbey, she delayed only till the next day -to arrange her room, and make plans for her prison life. She asked for -books—Plutarch's Lives, Thomson's Seasons, in French, and a few -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">{Pg 287}</a></span> -English books, were those she chose. She turned her mind from her sorrows, -to occupy herself by her mode of life and duties. She resolved to limit her -wants to mere necessities. A whim seized her to try on how little she -could subsist. She retrenched the number of her meals, and gave up -coffee, and chocolate, and wine: the money she saved by these privations -she distributed among the poorer prisoners. -</p> - -<p> -At first, at the instigation of friends, she addressed letters to the -convention, and to the ministers, appealing against her imprisonment: -they met with no notice. She then occupied herself by drawing up notes -concerning the revolution, her views and conduct, and the characters of -the chiefs—wishing to leave behind a full exculpation of her opinions -and actions. -</p> - -<p> -On the 24th of June she was exposed to a most cruel deception. She was -told that she was free—she left the abbey—but, on alighting at -her home, she was again arrested, and carried to the prison of St. Pélagie. -The change was greatly for the worse; the prisoners were of the lowest -and most infamous class of both sexes. She roused her courage to meet -this fresh indignity, for she felt keenly the insolent play exercised on -her feelings. Some hours' reflection restored calm to her firm soul. She -resolved again to cheat time and anxiety by occupation. "Had I not my -books and leisure?" she writes: "was I no longer myself? I was almost -angry at having felt disturbed; and thought only of making use of life, -and employing my faculties with that independence which a strong mind -preserves even in chains, and which disappoints one's most cruel -enemies." "Firmness," she continues, "does not only consist in rising -above circumstances by an effort of will, but by maintaining the tone of -mind by regulations that govern it." And thus, in the midst of terror -and death, she schooled herself to fortitude and peace. She portioned -out her days in various studies. She never left her cell, for her -immediate neighbours were women of that class which is lost to decency -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">{Pg 288}</a></span> -and shame; she could not shut her ears to the conversation they held -from their windows with the men in the opposite cells. After a time this -shocking state of things was altered. The wife of the goaler, -compassionating her situation, gave her another room above her own; and -she was thus delivered from her unhappy neighbours, the sight of -turnkeys, and the depressing routine of prison rules. Madame Bouchaud -waited on her herself, and surrounded her with all that could soften -imprisonment. Jasmine was trailed round the bars of her window; she had -a piano in her room, and every comfort that the narrow space would -admit. She could almost forget her captivity, and began to indulge hope. -Roland was in a place of safety; her daughter under safe guardianship; -her fugitive friends were at Caen, assembling partisans, and she fancied -that political events were tending towards amelioration. Resigned for -the present, she was almost happy. She saw a few friends; Bose brought -her flowers from the Jardin des Plantes; and her occupations filled up -the intervals of the day. -</p> - -<p> -Seeing no speedy termination to her imprisonment, it became eligible to -choose an occupation that would carry her forward from day to day, -imparting interest to their course. She began her own memoirs; at first -she almost forgot sorrow as she wrote; but the horrors that were -happening, the massacres, guillotinings, and sufferings of her country -grew thick and dark around, and often she interrupted herself, in -pictures of domestic peace, to lament the fate of lost friends, and the -ghastly ruin that overwhelmed all France. Nor could she always keep calm -the tenour of her personal cares and feelings. Separated from her child -and all she loved best, hearing only of distress and tyranny, she was -sometimes overpowered by grief. In spite of the kindness of the gaoler -and his wife, she saw and heard too much of vice and misery, such as is -ever found within a prison, more especially at a period when so many -innocent were victims, not to be frequently dispirited. The brutality of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">{Pg 289}</a></span> -a prison visitor in authority disturbed the little peace she had -acquired. He saw with anger the comforts of her room; and, saying that -equality must be maintained, ordered that she should be transferred to a -cell. A hard lesson on equality was this to the republican heroine; -equality between the guilty and the innocent, which mingled in revolting -association the victim of injustice with the votaries of vice. -</p> - -<p> -The reign of terror had begun. A decree was passed to bring the -twenty-two accused deputies to trial. Her prison became filled with her -friends, and, as one after the other they were led to the guillotine, -they were replaced by fresh victims. She made some struggles, by letters -to men in power, to be liberated, since, as yet, she was accused of no -crime: these failing, she meditated suicide. At the beginning of October -she writes, in the journal of her last thoughts, "Two months ago I -aspired to the honour of ascending the scaffold. Victims were still -allowed to speak, and the energy of great courage might have been of -service to truth. Now all is lost: to live is basely to submit to a -ferocious rule, and to give it the opportunity of committing fresh -atrocities." She bade adieu to her husband, her child, her faithful -servant, her friends; to the sun, to the solitary country where she had -lived in peace, to hours of meditation and serene thoughts; and she -exclaims, "God! supreme being! soul of the world! source of all I feel -of great, good, and happy! thou in whose existence I believe, for I must -have emanated from something better than what I see, I am about to -re-unite myself to thy essence." With these thoughts she wrote -directions for the education of her Eudora, and a letter, in which she -bids her child "remember her mother." -</p> - -<p> -The act of accusation against the chief girondists, among whom she was -included, and her expected examination before the revolutionary -tribunal, caused her to dismiss this purpose: she hoped to do some good -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">{Pg 290}</a></span> -by speaking the truth courageously to her assassins. One after the -other, her friends underwent the mockery of a trial, while her turn was -delayed from day to day. The tenderness, the greatness of her mind -displayed itself in the most touching manner during this suspense. She -wrote to her friends, but her thoughts chiefly lingered round her child; -and again she wrote to] the person who had the charge of her in few, and -simple, but strong words, conceived in all the energy of maternal love. -</p> - -<p> -On the 31st of October, the day of the execution of her revered friend -Brissot, she was transferred to the <i>conciergerie</i>, and placed in a -squalid cell amidst all the filth of a crowded prison. Her examination -took place on the following day, and continued for several days after. -Her crime was her intercourse with her friends, the deputies of the -gironde, now proscribed. She was scarcely permitted to answer, but her -courage enforced attention. She was bid choose an advocate for her -trial: she named Marceau, and retired with serene and even cheerful -dignity, saying to her accusers, "I wish, in return for all the ill you -bring on me, peace equal to that which I preserve, whatever may be the -value attached to it." -</p> - -<p> -The following night she occupied herself by writing her defence. It is -eloquent and full of feeling, and concludes by a wish that she may be -the last victim immolated to party frenzy, and a declaration that she -shall joyfully quit an unhappy land drowned in the blood of the just. -</p> - -<p> -This defence was not spoken. After her examination some witnesses were -examined; the act of accusation was drawn up, and judgment delivered, -which pronounced that "There existed a horrible conspiracy against the -unity and indivisibility of the republic, the liberty and safety of the -French people; that madame Roland was proved to have been an accomplice -in this conspiracy, and was therefore condemned to death; and that the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">{Pg 291}</a></span> -judgment was to be put in execution within twenty-four hours." -</p> - -<p> -During the few eventful and miserable days which this courageous woman -passed in the <i>conciergerie</i>, she often forgot herself in endeavours -to console her companions in adversity. Riouffe, in his "Mémoires d'un -Détenu," who was confined in the same prison, writes, "The blood of the -twenty-two victims was yet warm when madame Roland arrived at the -<i>conciergerie.</i> Perfectly aware of the fate that awaited her, her -tranquillity was not disturbed. Though past the bloom of life, she was -yet full of attractions: tall, and of an elegant figure, her physiognomy -was animated; but sorrow and long imprisonment had left traces of -melancholy in her face that tempered her natural vivacity. Something -more than is usually found in the eyes of woman beamed in her large dark -eyes, full of sweetness and expression. She often spoke to me at the -grate with the freedom and courage of a great man. This republican -language falling from the lips of a pretty French woman, for whom the -scaffold was prepared, was a miracle of the revolution. We gathered -attentively round her in a species of admiration and stupor. Her -conversation was serious without being cold. She spoke with a purity, a -melody, and a measure, which rendered her language a sort of music, of -which the ear was never tired. She spoke of the deputies, who had just -perished, with respect, but without effeminate pity; reproaching them, -even, for not having taken sufficiently strong measures. Sometimes her -sex had the mastery, and we perceived that she had wept over the -recollection of her daughter and her husband. The woman who waited on -her said to me one day—'Before you she calls up all her courage; but -in her room she remains sometimes for hours together leaning against the -window, weeping.'" -</p> - -<p> -On the 10th of November she was led to die. She went to the scaffold -dressed in white. As she went, she exerted herself to inspire another -victim who accompanied her, whose fortitude failed him, with resolution -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">{Pg 292}</a></span> -similar to her own. Twice, it is said, she won him to smile. Arriving at -the place of execution, she bowed before the statue of Liberty, saying, -"Oh, Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!" She then bade -her companion ascend first, that he might not have the pain of seeing -her die. Her turn followed; and to the last she preserved her courage, -and her calm and gentle dignity of manner. -</p> - -<p> -She perished at the age of thirty-nine. Her death crowned her life, and -has bequeathed her name to an illustrious immortality. -</p> - -<p> -Her husband was in safety at Rouen when he heard of her death. He -resolved not to survive her. He consulted with his friends whether he -should deliver himself up to the revolutionary tribunal, or destroy -himself. The interests of his child made him determine on the latter, as -his legalised execution would have caused his fortune to be confiscated. -He left the house where he had taken refuge, to prevent the friends who -sheltered him from suffering persecution. He stabbed himself with the -blade of a sword-stick, on the 15th of November, on a high road near -Rouen. In his pocket was found a paper, declaring the cause of his -death. "The blood that flows in torrents in my country," he wrote, -"dictates my resolve: indignation caused me to quit my retreat. As soon -as I heard of the murder of my wife, I determined no longer to remain on -an earth tainted by crime." -</p> - -<p> -The grandeur, courage, and sincerity of madame Roland's character fill -us with admiration; her sweetness, and tenderness, and virtue add charms -to the impression. How easy it is in all that is human to spy defects! -Her autobiography is full of traits that betray considerable vanity; and -her husband, it is said, would have been spared much ridicule had she -not put herself so forward during his ministry. It does not appear, -however, that Roland wished to be spared his share of the ridicule which -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">{Pg 293}</a></span> -low-minded men delight in affixing on superior beings of the other sex. -We entertain a conviction that, if her husband had wished her to mingle -less in his deliberations and labours, she would at once have yielded; -but her enthusiasm and her aid was in his eyes the reward of his upright -and manly conduct, and he gave token by his death that life was -valueless when he was deprived of her sympathy and affection. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">{Pg 294}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="MADAME_DE_STAEL">MADAME DE STAËL</a></h4> - -<h4>1766-1817.</h4> - -<p> -According to the custom of the people of Geneva, which is to throw their -children on their own resources very early in life, the parents of -Necker sent him to Paris at the age of fifteen, as clerk in the -banking-house of Vernet. He quickly displayed talents for business, and, -becoming a partner in the house of Thellusson, laid the foundation of his -fortune. He quitted the bank, as better speculations opened, when he was -named resident for the republic of Geneva at the French court. The duke -de Choiseul liked and advanced him. He named him administrator of the -French East Indian company; and at this post, and by speculations in the -English funds, he made a large private fortune. -</p> - -<p> -His early years were devoted to these pursuits, and he was so absorbed -by them that he enjoyed few of the pleasures of youth. He, meanwhile, -acquired both experience and knowledge in finance. Wishing to bring -himself into notice, he wrote the "Eloge de Colbert" in 1773, which -gained the prize in the French academy. His essay on the corn laws -increased his reputation. Maurepas consulted him when alarmed by the -disastrous state of the finances; and, by degrees, all eyes turned -towards him as the man who alone could save France from bankruptcy, -through his knowledge of business, and the great resources which his -plans opened in the regulation of the taxation and expenditure of the -country. As difficulty, distress, and alarm gathered thick and dark -round the government, and the expectation of a war rendered it necessary -to supply the requisite expenses, the hopes placed in Necker caused him, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">{Pg 295}</a></span> -in 1777, to be raised to the office of director-general. -</p> - -<p> -Soon after his appointment as minister from the republic of Geneva, he -had married mademoiselle Churchod. The name of this lady is familiar to -the English reader as being that of the object of the first and only -love of the historian Gibbon. On the mother's side she was descended -from a high French protestant family of Provence, which had been driven -into exile by the edict of Nantes. Her father was a clergyman, and -exercised the function of minister in a Swiss village. He had spared no -pains in the education of his daughter. She was versed in several dead -and living languages; her understanding was sedulously cultivated, and -her beauty and amiable disposition combined to render her an -extraordinary woman. She was devotedly attached to her husband, and he -regarded her with a mixture of admiration, reverence, and love. The -object of her life was to make him happy. She gathered the beaux esprits -of Paris round their table to divert him after the fatigues of the day. -Their house became the resort of the best society. They were considered -exemplary and clever, yet dull and pedantic. The talents of Necker, -however, were respected; and madame Necker, though she was adorned by -none of the light and trifling, yet winning and elegant, manners and -conversation of a Parisian lady, yet pleased by her beauty, and a -certain ingenuousness and purity of mind, that gave sweetness to her -countenance and a native grace to her manners. -</p> - -<p> -This exemplary pair had an only daughter. She was born in Paris on the -22d April, 1766. Her mother was desirous of bestowing on her a perfect -education. Madame Necker possessed great firmness of character, and a -strong understanding. She submitted every feeling and action of her life -to the control of reason. She carried her love of logical inference into -the smallest as well as the most important events of life; and fulfilled -to the letter every the slightest duty of daily and hourly occurrence. -Finding her young daughter apt and willing to learn, she thought she -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">{Pg 296}</a></span> -could not teach her too much, nor store her mind with too many facts and -words. This was not done as an English mother would have practised in -the seclusion of the schoolroom, but in the midst of society, in which -the young lady soon learnt to shine by her eloquent sallies and -vivacious spirits. We have a sketch of what mademoiselle Necker was at -eleven years of age, which presents a singular picture of the diversity -of the objects and modes of education on the continent from our quiet -and reserved notions of what is becoming in childhood. Madame Necker was -desirous of establishing a friendship between her daughter and a -mademoiselle Huber, the child of an old friend of the family. The young -people were introduced to each other, and mademoiselle Necker showed -transports of delight at the idea of having a companion, and promised -her, on the instant, to love her for ever. "She spoke," mademoiselle -Huber writes, "with a warmth and facility which were already eloquence, -and which made a great impression on me. We did not play like children. -She immediately asked me what my lessons were, if I knew any foreign -languages, and if I went often to the play. When I said I had only been -three or four times, she exclaimed, and promised that we should often go -together, and when we came home write down an account of the piece. It -was her habit, she said; and, in short, we were to write to each other -every day. -</p> - -<p> -"We entered the drawing-room. Near the arm-chair of madame Necker was -the stool of her daughter, who was obliged to sit very upright. As soon -as she had taken her accustomed place, three or four old gentlemen came -up and spoke to her with the utmost kindness. One of them, in a little -round wig, took her hands in his, held them a long time, and entered -into conversation with her as if she had been twenty. This was the abbé -Raynal; the others were Messrs. Thomas, Marmontel, the marquis de Pesay, -and the baron de Grimm. We sat down to table. It was a picture to see -how mademoiselle Necker listened. She did not speak herself; but so -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">{Pg 297}</a></span> -animated was her face that she appeared to converse with all. Her eyes -followed the looks and movements of those who talked: it seemed as if -she guessed their ideas before they were expressed. She entered into -every subject; even politics, which at this epoch was one of the most -engrossing topics of conversation. After dinner, a good deal of company -arrived. Each guest, as he approached madame Necker, addressed her -daughter with some compliment or pleasantry: she replied to all with -ease and grace. They delighted to attack and embarrass her, and to -excite her childish imagination, which was already brilliant. The -cleverest men were those who took greatest pleasure in making her talk. -They asked her what she was reading, recommended new books, and gave her -a taste for study by conversing concerning what she knew, or on what she -was ignorant." -</p> - -<p> -Thus this extraordinary woman imbibed, as it were with her mother's -milk, a taste for society and display. She learnt to take intense -pleasure in the communication of ideas with intelligent men, and in -sharing in the sparkling wit that gathered round her. She enjoyed the -excitement of spirits that results from the sense of expressing her -thoughts, and at the same time having the sphere enlarged by the instant -interchange with others. The sensations of success in society, of praise -and reputation, were familiar to her in childhood, and no wonder they -became as necessary as her daily bread in after years. -</p> - -<p> -It was her mother's plan to tax her intellects to their height. She was -incited to study diligently, to listen to conversation on subjects -beyond her years, to frequent the theatre; her pleasures and occupations -alike were so many exertions of mind. She wrote a great deal. Her -writings were read in society, and applauded. The praises she received -developed also the feelings of her heart. She passionately loved her -parents and her friends; she read with an enthusiasm and interest that -made books a portion of her existence. She was accustomed to say, that -the fate of Clarissa Harlowe was one of the events of her youth. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">{Pg 298}</a></span> -Susceptible of impression, serious in the midst of her vivacity, she -rather loved what made her weep rather than laugh. -</p> - -<p> -The species of perpetual excitement in which she lived, and the -excessive application and attention required of her by her mother, had -at length a bad effect on her health. At the age of fourteen it became -apparent that she was declining. The advice of Tronchin was asked; he -was alarmed by the symptoms, and ordered her to be removed into the -country, to spend her life in the open air, and to abandon all serious -study. Madame Necker was deeply mortified. She saw all the materials for -a prodigy of learning and knowledge in her daughter, and was almost -angry that her frame was injured by the work she required from her to -bring her to the perfection she meditated. Unable to continue to its -height her system of education, she abandoned it altogether. Henceforth -no longer looking on her as her own work, she ceased to take interest in -her talents, which she regarded as superficial and slight; when she -heard her praised, she replied, "Oh! it is nothing, absolutely nothing, -in comparison to what I intended to make her." -</p> - -<p> -The young lady meanwhile enjoyed the leisure she obtained: no longer -called upon to store her mind with words and facts, she gave herself up -to her imagination. She and her friend passed the summer at St. Ouen, a -country-house of Necker, two leagues from Paris; they dressed themselves -like muses; they composed poetry, and declaimed it; they wrote and acted -plays. Giving the rein to her fancy, and impelled by natural vivacity, -she became poetess, tragedian, actress, thus, almost in childhood. The -carelessness that her mother showed, after her disappointment with -regard to her education, had the effect of developing in the young girl -the chief passion of her heart—filial affection towards her father: -she had now leisure to seek his society; and his great goodness, his -admiration of herself, and the perfect friendship and openness of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">{Pg 299}</a></span> -communication that subsisted between them, gave rise to the passionate -attachment towards him which she dwells upon in her writings with so -much fervour. She seized every opportunity of enjoying his society; and -he perceived and delighted in her talents, which displayed themselves -with peculiar advantage when with him. She saw that, overwhelmed as he -was by public cares and engrossing business, he needed to be amused in -his moments of leisure. He adored his wife, but no one was ever less -amusing; his daughter, on the other hand, exerted herself to divert him: -she tried a thousand ways and risked any sally or pleasantry so to win -him to smile, and smiles quickly came at her bidding. He was not -prodigal of his approbation; his eyes were more flattering than his -words; and he believed it to be more necessary and even more amusing to -rally her for her defects, than to praise her for her excellences. She -saw that his gay reproofs were just, and modelled herself by them. She -often said to her friends, "I owe to the inconceivable penetration of my -father the frankness of my character and the sincerity of my mind: he -unmasked every affectation or pretension, and when near him I got into -the habit of thinking that every feeling of my heart could be read." -Madame Necker grew a little jealous of the superior power her daughter -possessed of amusing her husband; besides, although she had ardently -wished her to shine in society, yet she had desired her to be remarkable -for her attainments and knowledge, not for her wit and imagination. She -looked coldly therefore on the admiration she excited, and even -protested against it. The young girl turned from her chilling and prim -rebuffs to the encouragement she found in her father's sympathy and -gladdening smiles. In the drawing-room she escaped from the side of -Madame Necker, who regarded the mistakes which her giddiness and -vivacity caused her to make with severe and correcting eyes. She -listened with respect when reproved, but gladly sheltered herself behind -her father's chair; at first silently, then throwing in a word, till at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">{Pg 300}</a></span> -last, one after the other, the cleverest men in the room gathered round -to listen to her sallies and to be charmed by her eloquence. -</p> - -<p> -The position that her parents held was exceedingly calculated to enchain -the affections and raise the enthusiasm of the ardent girl. Her father -was looked up to as the man whose exertions and talents were saving -France. When named director-general of finances, he had refused the -salary appended to the situation, that he might feel more free to -diminish that of others, and benefit France by his economy with a -clearer reputation. Her mother used his power for the most admirable -purposes. She ameliorated the condition of the hospitals in the capital; -and established near Paris, at her own expense, a charitable -institution, so well directed that it became the model of every other. -The young are apt to think their parents superior to the rest of the -world. The claims which M. and Madame Necker possessed to real -superiority, from their virtues and talents, naturally added to the -warmth of their daughter's affection. The distinction in which they were -held made the path of her life bright; and even the first check that -occurred in her father's career tended to excite still more her -admiration for him, as opposition gives form and strength to every power -exerted to overcome it. Necker was too conscientious and too firm in his -schemes of reform not to have enemies: he was too vain also not to -desire to have his plans universally known and approved. Publicity is -indeed the proper aim of every honest public man; but it was in utter -variance with the policy of the old French government. -<span class="sidenote2">1781.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -15.</span> -For the purpose of making his system known to the nation, Necker -published his "Compte Rendu," which was a statement of the past and -present condition of the finances, addressed to the king. It occasioned -a great clamour. His daughter read his pamphlet, and heard the -discussions concerning it. She addressed an anonymous letter to her -father on the subject: he recognised the style; and his affection was -increased by this testimony of her talents and filial affection. The -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">{Pg 301}</a></span> -"Compte Rendu," however, increased the number and importance of his -enemies; the impropriety of the act was urged upon the king: Maurepas -had already become hostile to him. Necker was attacked and calumniated. -He, and his wife still more, were very susceptible to public blame: they -wished to silence the libellers, who grew the more bitter and active the -more they perceived that their stings were felt. Necker then demanded a -sign of favour from the king, necessary, he thought, for the support of -his influence: he asked for the <i>entrée au conseil</i> (a seat in the -cabinet), which was refused on the score of his being a protestant. On -this he committed an act which he ever after regretted, an act that -showed that he preferred his own private feelings to the good of the -country which he had promised to save,—he resigned his office. -</p> - -<p> -His daughter gathered pleasure rather than mortification from his -resignation. It was acknowledged that by so doing he had plunged the -royal family in distress. He had repaired, on the first moment of his -returning to a private station, to St. Ouen: all France, as she calls -it—that is, all the nobility and all the best society of the capital, -the magistrates, the clergy, the merchants and men of letters—came to -see him, to express their regrets, their fears for France, their hopes -that he would return to office. She heard that Paris was in commotion. -At the theatre, every verse in the play of the night ("Henri IV." was -acted, and the mention of Sully afforded wide scope) that could be -converted into an allusion to the favourite minister was applauded with -acclamations; the public walks, the <i>cafés</i>, every public place, were -filled by an eager yet silent crowd. Consternation was painted on every -face—ruin was anticipated for the country which Necker had abandoned. -From St. Ouen the ex-minister proceeded to Switzerland. He bought the -mansion and estate of Coppet; on the lake of Geneva, and varied his -residence between that place and visits to Paris. He was addressed by -various sovereigns—Catherine II., Joseph, emperor of Austria, and the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">{Pg 302}</a></span> -king of Naples, to undertake their affairs as minister of finance; but -he preferred literary leisure and domestic peace, with a wife whom he -adored, and a daughter who was becoming each day dearer and more -interesting. -</p> - -<p> -In the retreat at Coppet he published a work on finance, of which 80,000 -copies were sold in one day. Mdlle. Necker shared the triumph; she was -his companion, his friend. On her part she was not idle; and, even at an -early age, began the career of authorship in which in after life she -became so distinguished. It was the custom in French society to meet to -hear an author read his productions. In this country, such a style of -amusement would be considered very dull and tiresome; but it was -otherwise in Paris. The audience was easily pleased. The women wept at -the right moment—the men were ready to start from their chairs: -enthusiasm became contagious. If the subject were pathetic, the room -resounded with sobs and suppressed cries; if comic, with bursts of -laughter. Mediocre authors reaped easy but animating success; and many -works, like the "Saisons" of St. Lambert, were vaunted to the skies by -listening friends, which were acknowledged to be poor and wearisome when -published. In the same way, the plays and tales of Mdlle. Necker were -read by her in numerous companies. These productions were afterwards -printed, and possess slight merit. The plays are flat, and what in -common parlance is called maudlin; the tales inflated, and without -originality: when read in society, they were applauded with transport. -It cannot be doubted that this sort of encouragement must rouse to its -height the power of an author of real genius. In this country, writers -receive little praise except that which results from the number of -copies that are sold; and must rely entirely on the spirit of -inspiration to carry them through the toils of authorship. How seldom, -how very seldom, does an English author hear one word of real sympathy -or admiration! Over reserve, over fear of compromising our opinions, and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">{Pg 303}</a></span> -being laughed at for being in the wrong, holds us in. Madame de Staël, -animated by the fervour of her French friends, believed in her own -genius, even before it was developed; and self-confidence gave it a -strength of wing that enabled her to soar to the extreme height that her -abilities permitted. -</p> - -<p> -The were stirring days in which she lived. Calonne succeeded to Necker -as minister, and, having thrown every thing into confusion, was obliged -to yield his place; he was succeeded by Fouquereux and Villedeuil, men -of nothing, who abandoned the state of finances as hopeless. Lomenie de -Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, replaced them; and he caused the king -to engage to assemble the states-general, and plunged the finances in a -worse state than ever. Necker looked on with anxiety, partly for France, -and partly for himself; for he felt sure that he would be summoned to -save the country at the last gasp, and trembled to lose his reputation -if called in too late. "Why have they not given me the archbishop's -fifteen months?" he exclaimed, when at the end of that time he was -called in to repair Brienne's faults. Calonne had attacked his "Compte -Rendu." He wrote a memoir, addressed and sent to the king, to defend -himself, which the king requested him not to publish. But Necker laid -great store by the public voice, and did not hesitate to act in -opposition to the king's wish, and, in consequence, was exiled by a -<i>lettre de cachet</i> to forty leagues from Paris; but four months after -he was recalled and named minister. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1788.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -22.</span></p> - -<p> -We dwell upon these circumstances of Necker's life, as they were the -events that chiefly interested his daughter. She had been struck with -dismay at the moment of his exile. She was married at this time; but it -is a singular circumstance that in her life her marriage is a very -secondary event, and her husband's name seldom mentioned. As the only -daughter of a millionaire, Mdlle. Necker's hand had been asked by many -French nobles; but it was determined not to marry her to a Catholic, at -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">{Pg 304}</a></span> -the same time that she and her parents were anxious to make a marriage -that should enable her to reside in France, and to appear at court. It -is told of the childhood of madame de Staël, that, at the age of -eleven, she offered to marry Gibbon. He being a favourite friend of her -parents, she hoped to please them by giving them a son-in-law of whom -they were fond, with little regard to his strange repulsive figure and -ugly face. And now she thought of station and convenience, and not at -all of finding a friend or companion—far less a lover—in her -husband. The baron de Staël Holstein, chamberlain to the queen of Sweden, -had resided in Paris for some years, first as counsellor to the Swedish -embassy, and afterwards as ambassador. He frequented the society of the -French liberals, was a friend of Necker, and entered the lists of his -daughter's admirers. He was a protestant and a noble, and he was also an -amiable honourable man. The only objection to the union was the -likelihood of his being recalled to his own country. The king of Sweden, -Gustavus III., with whom he was a favourite, favoured the match, and -promised that he should continue for several years to be ambassador at -the French court. In addition, M. de Staël promised never to take her -to Sweden without her own consent. On these considerations the marriage -took place in the year 1786, when she was just twenty. Madame de Staël -appeared at court. It is related that, desirous as she had been of -acquiring this privilege, yet Parisian society was ill-naturedly amused -by the numerous mistakes in etiquette which the young ambassadress had -made on her presentation. She gaily related them herself, so to disarm -her enemies. At this time, also, she appeared as an authoress in print, -publishing her letters on the writings of Rousseau. We find in this work -all the traits that distinguished madame de Staël's writings to the -end,—great enthusiasm and eloquence, a pleasure in divining the -mysteries of existence, and dwelling on the melancholy that attends -it,—considerable power of expressing her thoughts, and much beauty -and delicacy in the thoughts themselves, but an absence of strength and of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">{Pg 305}</a></span> -the highest elevation both of talent and moral feeling. -</p> - -<p> -We have a "portrait" of madame de Staël at this epoch, such as it was -the fashion for friends to write of friends in Paris at that time. It is -a favourable description, yet marked by distinctive features and -characteristic touches. "Zulma advances; her large dark eyes sparkle -with genius; her hair, black as ebony, falls on her shoulders in waving -ringlets; her features are more marked than delicate, yet they express -something superior to the destiny of her sex. There she is! every one -cried, when she appeared, and all became breathless. When she sang, she -extemporised the words of her song; the celestial brightness of -composition animated her face, and held the audience in serious -attention; at once astonished and delighted, we knew not which most to -admire, her facility or perfection. When her music ceased, she talked of -the great truths of nature, the immortality of the soul,—love of -liberty—of the fascination and the danger of the passions; her -features meanwhile have an expression superior to beauty, her physiognomy -is full of play and variety, the accents of her voice have a thousand -modulations, and there is perfect harmony between her thoughts and their -expression. Without hearing her words, the inflections of her tones, her -gestures, her look, cause her meaning to be understood. When she ceased, -a murmur of approbation ran round the room; she looked down modestly, -her long eyelashes covered her flashing eyes, and the sun was clouded -over." There were many people in Paris, who, of course, were willing to -turn the pretensions of the young and brilliant improvisatrice into -ridicule; but though her want of beauty, her heedlessness, which often -led her into mistakes, her vivacity, which over-stept the mark of -feminine grace, opened a field for sarcasm, no one could listen to her -in public without admiration, no one could associate with her in private -without love. She stept, as on to a stage, in the first brilliancy of -youth, to be admired and to enjoy; but public events were swelling and -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">{Pg 306}</a></span> -disturbing the stream of time, and it became a tempestuous flood, that -wrecked her dearest hopes, and consigned her at last to that domestic -retirement and peace, for which her outset in life had not formed her, -and which, instead of being a haven of rest and enjoyment, was as a dead -sea on which she weltered in misery and despair. -</p> - -<p> -Necker was restored to the ministry in August, 1788; public credit -revived under favour of his name, and famine and alarm were exchanged -for plenty and security. He found the king pledged to assemble the -states-general, and he did not hesitate in advising him to redeem his -word; yet he met the questions and difficulties that arose with regard -to the details of the measure with an irresolution that showed that, -however clever he might be in matters of finance, he was ill fitted for -weightier questions of general politics. -</p> - -<p> -The convocation of the states excited the national enthusiasm to its -height; and Necker, giving the weight of his influence to the liberal -party, augmented his own popularity. He admired greatly the English -constitution, and wished it to be imitated in France. Madame de Staël -coincided in his views, and viewed the assemblage of the different -orders with sentiments resembling rapture. According to her views, the -horrors of approaching famine and the perils of bankruptcy were to be -averted by this measure, and the future welfare of France, individual -liberty, and national prosperity, were to be placed on durable -foundations. The first struggles of the <i>tiers état</i> with the king and -privileged orders excited her sympathy. Yet her father wished to act a -moderate part, while even his moderation seemed treason to the blinded -royalists. He thus incurred the distrust of both parties. Though -minister, he was not permitted to direct the counsels of the king; and, -at the same time, by only partially upholding the pretensions of the -commons, he began to excite the mixed contempt and aversion of the more -democratic leaders. During the struggle of the <i>tiers état</i> to obtain -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">{Pg 307}</a></span> -a voice in the direction of affairs, he advised the king to meet their -demands half way; but the court resolved to crush them altogether, and -so fell itself into the pit. Necker saw with terror the purpose of the -king in collecting troops round the capital to overawe both the -Parisians and the deputies, and his remonstrances showed that he would -be no party in the scenes of massacre that must ensue. He offered -several times to resign; but the court party felt that it risked too -much in the odium which his dismissal would excite. Driven on, however, -by evil counsellors, who saw no good to arise in the constitutional -liberty of their country, and weighed the blood of their countrymen as -nothing in the opposite scale to their power and privileges, the king -assembled troops, and the moment drew near when the people and their -representatives were to feel the power of the bayonet, and to be reduced -to obedience under the bolts of the artillery. The temporising spirit of -Necker was more hated by the royal than the popular party, since the -former saw injury, and the latter benefit, in any the least infraction -of the old state of things. But the king well knew that Necker would -never consent to the measures which he had in view, and that, before the -military were called on to destroy his subjects, it was necessary to -remove a minister round whom the popular party would rally with -confidence. Necker continued to attend the king each day, but no affair -of importance was discussed before him. This silence filled him with -disquiet; he expected to be arrested, and communicated his suspicion to -his wife and daughter. Madame de Staël wished him to go a step -further in enouncing his opinions, and so to confirm the popular favour; -but Necker considered his obligations as servant to the king as -paramount. On the 11th of July, as he was about to sit down to dinner, -he received a letter from Louis XVI., ordering him to send in his -resignation, and to quit France without exciting observation. <i>Sans -bruit</i> were the words that signified the fears of the court that his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">{Pg 308}</a></span> -dismissal should become the signal of popular commotion. Necker obeyed -to the letter and the spirit of the command. No one person was informed. -He and his wife stept into the carriage prepared for their usual evening -airing, and, without change of dress or attendant, travelled day and -night till they reached Brussels. On the morning of the 12th of July -madame de Staël received a letter from her father, announcing his -departure, and bidding her retire into the country, lest the Parisians, -for his sake, should pay her public homage. She obeyed, and, a new -courier having brought her intelligence of his route, she set out on the -15th July to join him. "When I reached them," madame de Staël writes, -"three days after, they still wore the full dress which they had on -when, after a large dinner party, and while no one suspected the -agitating position in which they were placed, they silently quitted -France, their friends, their home, and the power which they enjoyed. -This dress, covered with dust, the name assumed by my father for the -sake of avoiding recognition in France, and so detention through the -favour in which he was still held,—all these circumstances filled me -with feelings of reverence that caused me to throw myself at his feet as -I entered the room of the inn where I found him." Necker had chosen -Brussels as his way to Switzerland, as not being the direct road, and so -less likely to betray him to the population. To this mark of obedience -to the king, he added a testimony of love for France, which, in the days -of mammon, was an act of heroism in a moneyed man. Necker had borrowed -two millions of livres for the royal treasury, for the purpose of -purchasing corn for starving Paris. He had secured this loan on his -private fortune. The transaction was not completed when he was -dismissed; and he feared that the news of his exile would retard the -supply. He wrote, therefore, to confirm his guarantee. These -circumstances find place in the biography of madame de Staël, because, -the ruling passion of her heart being love and veneration of her father, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">{Pg 309}</a></span> -we mark the acts that naturally, by their virtue, excited to their -height her filial feelings. -</p> - -<p> -True to his resolve of avoiding his partizans in France, Necker -proceeded to Basle through Germany. He was accompanied by M. de Staël. -His wife and daughter followed more slowly by a different route. At -Frankfort, the latter were overtaken by the king's courier that recalled -Necker for the third time to the ministry. The commotions in Paris, the -destruction of the Bastille, frightened the court into submission to the -people. The recall of Necker was a necessary mark of acquiescence in the -wishes of the nation. At Basle the family met together, and Necker -resolved to return. He was not dazzled by his triumph; he felt the -perils he was about to encounter. He wished to serve France as a -constitutional minister, but he apprehended a further system of -innovation; and he felt he should lose the favour of the people by -opposing it, as he had lost the king's by refusing to support his -arbitrary measures. He felt, as Burke afterwards expressed it, that he -was recalled, like Pompey, for his misfortune; and, like Marius, that he -sat among ruins; but he thought that his return at the present crisis -would be serviceable to the sovereign and his adherents, and he resolved -on it at once. "What a moment of happiness, notwithstanding," Madame de -Staël writes, "was our journey from Basle to Paris, when my father -decided to return! I do not think that the like ever occurred to any man -who was not sovereign of the country. The French nation, ever so -animated in the demonstration of its sentiments, gave itself up, for the -first time, to hopes, the boundaries of which experience had not yet -taught them. Liberty was then only known to the enlightened classes by -the noble emotions with which it was associated; and, to the people, by -ideas analogous to their necessities and sufferings. Necker appeared as -the precursor of the expected good. The liveliest acclamations -accompanied every step: the women threw themselves on their knees afar -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">{Pg 310}</a></span> -off in the fields when they saw his carriage pass: the first citizens of -the different places we traversed acted as postilions; and in the towns -the inhabitants took off the horses to drag the carriage themselves. It -was I that enjoyed for him—I was carried away by delight, and must -not feel ungrateful for those happy days, however sad were the ones that -followed." Various circumstances occurred to display to the returning -exiles the overthrow of the royalists and the triumph of the people. -Madame de Polignac had already arrived at Basle, on her way to -emigration. At ten leagues from Paris, they heard of the arrest of the -baron de Besenval, who was being led back prisoner to the capital, where -he would infallibly have been massacred in the streets. Necker -interfered to keep him where he was till further orders. He, as his -first act, went to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, to obtain the pardon -of M. de Besenval, and a universal amnesty. He was followed and welcomed -by joyful acclamations; delight at his restoration to power calmed, for -the moment, all party spirit, all political hatred; the assembled people -granted all he asked with transport. Madame de Staël and her mother -accompanied him. "Oh! nothing," she writes, "can equal the emotion that -a woman feels when she has the happiness of hearing the name of one -beloved repeated by a whole people. All those faces, which appear for -the time animated by the same sentiment as one's self; those innumerable -voices, which echo to the heart the name that rises in the air, and -which appears to return from heaven after having received the homage of -earth; the inconceivable electricity which men communicate to -each other when they share the same emotions; all those mysteries of -nature and social feeling are added to the greatest mystery of -all—love—filial or maternal, but still love; and the soul sinks -under emotions stronger than itself. When I came to myself, I felt that I -had reached the extreme boundary of happiness." -</p> - -<p> -She had reached it, and the recoil soon came. The popular party, each -hour rising in power, disdained the half measures and weak concessions -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">{Pg 311}</a></span> -of the minister:—from that hour, in spite of his feeble, though -virtuous, endeavours to restrain popular violence, and, at the same -time, to supply the wants of the people, and mitigate their sufferings -by great and unwearied exertions and personal sacrifices, the popularity -of Necker declined. His propositions were weak and inconsistent; the -king had no confidence in him; the people withdrew their favour. His -daughter could not perceive that his want of energy, and total -incapacity to cope with the necessities of the times, were the occasion -of this change; she saw only ingratitude, perversity, and ignorance. Her -father still continued, in her eyes, the first of men; when he triumphed -he was a hero, when he fell he was a martyr. -</p> - -<p> -Madame de Staël witnessed nearly all the more deplorable events of the -revolution. On the 5th October, when she heard of the march of the -people to Versailles to bring the king and queen to Paris, she hastened -to join her parents, who were in attendance at court. When she arrived, -Necker hastened to the castle to join the council, and madame Necker and -her daughter repaired to the hall preceding the one where the king -remained, that they might share Necker's fate. The tumult, the -inquietude, the various projects, and the trembling expectation of the -hour agitated all, and augmented as night approached. A noble arrived -from Paris with the latest news. He appeared in the royal presence in a -common dress. It was the first time that any man had entered the king's -apartment, except in court dress. His recital of the furious armed -multitude, which was gathering and approaching, increased the general -terror. On the morrow the storm burst. Murder assailed the gates of the -palace, and the royal personages, for the first time, were attacked by -those outrages, at once sanguinary and insulting, which, thus beginning, -never stayed till their destruction was accomplished. -</p> - -<p> -Madame de Staël was present during the whole scene. She stood near when -the crowd forced the queen to appear before them, and when at their -demand the royal family were carried to Paris. Such scenes could never -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">{Pg 312}</a></span> -be forgotten. When the king and queen set off to the capital, the family -of Necker repaired by another route. "We crossed," madame de Staël -writes, "the Bois de Boulogne; the weather was beautiful, the breeze -scarcely stirred the trees, and the sun was bright enough to dispel alt -gloom from the scenery. No exterior object replied to our sadness." When -they arrived at the Tuileries, the Parisian palace of the kings of -France, which had not been inhabited for many years, they found that the -beds of the royal children were put up in the room where the queen -received them; Marie Antoinette apologised. "You know," she said, "that -I did not expect to come here." Her beautiful face expressed anger as -she spoke; and madame de Staël must have felt that her father, as -popular minister, and herself, as a lover of liberty, were included in -the sentiments of resentment which filled the queen's heart. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1790.<br /> -Sept.<br /> -8.</span></p> - -<p> -The resignation and departure of Necker, some months after, was a -circumstance full of mortification for his daughter. He traversed the -France which had hailed him with such transport on his return from -Basle, and found himself surrounded by enemies. Execrations followed his -steps, and he was arrested at Arcis-sur-Aube, and obliged to wait for a -decree, of the national assembly before he was suffered to proceed; his -name was held in detestation—his acts reviled. He did not deserve -this; for, though weak as a politician, his acts were those of an -honourable and generous man. The immediate cause of his resignation of -office was the issue of the assignats, which he looked on as the ruin of -the public credit; yet he left 2,000,000 of francs, the half of his -fortune, in the funds, to run a risk of loss, which he himself deemed, -as indeed it proved, inevitable. He retired to Coppet, while his -daughter was detained in Paris by illness. -<span class="sidenote2">1791.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -25.</span> -She continued to remain there, and, according to French manners, mingled -deeply in various political intrigues. Her friend M. de Narbonne was -named minister of war, and many of his projects were discussed in her -drawing-room. She shared in the project set afoot by Lafayette, of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">{Pg 313}</a></span> -facilitating the escape of the king to the army at Metz. Narbonne, at -the head of the royal guard, and several thousand national guards -belonging to the department of Jura, were to carry off Louis by force -from the Tuileries. Talleyrand was informed of the plan, and approved, -but the king rejected it; he was averse to any project that needed the -co-operation of Lafayette, whom he hated. Soon after Narbonne was -dismissed, and the nomination of Dumouriez and Roland placed the power -in the hands of the girondists. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1792.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -26.</span></p> - -<p> -Madame de Staël was in Paris during the fatal August that decided the -fate of the French monarchy. On the 9th of that month she stood at her -window with some friends, and heard the forty-eight tocsins of Paris -sound the alarm, which continued all night their monotonous, frequent, -and lugubrious tolling. The volunteer patrole sent her intelligence of -all that passed, but no one knew what the morrow would bring forth. The -attack on the Tuileries began early in the morning; madame de Staël was -told that three of her friends, who guarded the outside of the palace, -had been seized and massacred. She instantly, with all the intrepidity -of a French woman, hurried out to learn the truth. Her carriage was -stopped on the bridge. She was told that the work of slaughter was going -on the other side. Still she persisted, and, after a delay of two -hours, crossed the bridge, and learnt that her friends were alive, and -hiding from the enraged multitude. In the evening she went to see them -in the obscure houses in which they had taken refuge; drunken men were -lying about on the steps of doors, who roused themselves only to -vociferate oaths and execrations. Many women were in the same state; -their howlings were still more frightful. She fled when the patrole -approached; for they maintained order by protecting the assassins, and -assisting them in the work of murder. The interval between the 10th of -August and the 2d of September was one of horror; arrests were frequent, -and it became known that the massacre of the prisoners was meditated. -The outlawed friends of madame de Staël went from house to house as -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">{Pg 314}</a></span> -danger menaced; she received two in her own, hoping that, though her -husband was absent, the name she bore, of Swedish ambassadress, would -protect her from a domiciliary visit. She was mistaken; the -commissioners of police, men named from among the lowest class, -accompanied by the soldiery, who guarded the outlets of the house to -prevent escape, demanded to search. She resolved to dispute their right, -as the only means of saving her friends. She talked to the men; told -them that the laws of nations declared an ambassador's house inviolable, -and assured them that Sweden was a country on the frontiers of France, -and that it would declare war at once if its ambassadress were insulted. -She perceived that her arguments made some impression; and, while her -heart sank within her, she roused herself to joke them on the folly of -their suspicions, and dismissed them with every appearance of politeness -and gaiety. -</p> - -<p> -She had already prepared to leave France, and obtained passports. She -delayed a few days, anxious to be re-assured with regard to her friends, -before she placed herself in safety. During this interval she exerted -herself to save M. de Lally-Tollendal, and succeeded, by applying to -Manuel, a member of the commune of Paris: he who published Mirabeau's -letters, written in the prison of Vincennes, and who, six months -afterwards, during the reign of terror, died on the scaffold. On the 2d -of September, when the news of the taking of Longwy and Verdun had -roused the ferocity of the Parisians to the utmost, and those massacres -of helpless prisoners began which remain a perpetual sanguinary stain on -the French character, she prepared to set out. Her passports were all -regular; and, fancying that the title of wife of a foreign ambassador -would be her safeguard, she set out in her carriage, drawn by six -horses, and her servants in full livery. Her calculations failed; -scarcely had her carriage advanced a few steps when it was surrounded by -a crowd of furious women, who seized the horses, and, with ferocious -cries, ordered the postilions to drive to the assembly of the section of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">{Pg 315}</a></span> -St. Germain, to which she belonged. She entered the chamber of the -assembly, which was in full deliberation, and by it she was ordered to -proceed to the Hôtel de Ville. To reach this latter place she was -obliged to traverse Paris; and on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville -several men had been assassinated on the 10th of August. She trembled to -obey, and yet had no resource. She was three hours on her way, as she -was slowly drawn through a crowd who threatened death with hideous -shouts and unremitting cries. She addressed several gendarmes who passed -near, asking protection; they replied by disdainful and menacing -gestures. At length, one gendarme, who had been put in the carriage with -her, was touched by her situation (she was with child), and promised to -defend her at the peril of his life. She alighted from the carriage at -the Hôtel de Ville, in the midst of an armed multitude, and advanced -under an avenue of pikes. As she went up the steps a man pointed one -against her; the gendarme protected her with his sabre, and she reached -the chamber of the commune, where Robespierre presided. Collet d'Herbois -and Billaud Varennes acted as his secretaries. The hall was full of -people—men, women, and children, shouting <i>Vive la nation!</i> She -was taken to the raised platform where the president sat, and told to sit -down. While she was representing her right, as ambassadress from Sweden, -to depart, Manuel, whom she had persuaded to liberate Lally-Tollendal, -entered: he was astonished to see her in such a miserable position, and, -answering for her, withdrew her from the dreadful hall, and shut her up -in his cabinet with her maid. They remained for six hours, oppressed by -hunger, thirst, and terror. The windows of the room looked on the Place -de Grève, and assassins passed from the prisons, their arms bare and -covered with blood, uttering horrible shouts. Her carriage remained in -the square. The crowd wished to pillage it: it was defended by Santerre. -He respected the daughter of Necker, whose exertions to victual Paris -during the scarcity he had witnessed; and besides he made this task his -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">{Pg 316}</a></span> -pretext for not doing his duty in protecting the prisoners. He boasted -to Madame de Staël of the service he rendered her; but she could not -help reminding him of the manner in which he ought to have been -employed. Manuel exclaimed, as he entered, "Ah! how glad I am I set your -two friends at liberty yesterday!" When night came on he conveyed her -home in his carriage. The lamps were not lighted in the streets, but men -passed with torches, whose flare occasioned more terror than darkness -itself. The following day she was allowed to depart with her maid only, -and a gendarme to conduct her as far as the frontier, so to make sure -that she should take with her none of the unfortunate outlaws doomed to -death. Tallien conducted her to the barrier. After some difficulties it -was passed. "Leaving the capital," she writes, "the tempestuous waves -grew calmer, and the mountains of Jura gave no token of the frightful -tumults of which Paris was the theatre." And there she found calm refuge -beneath her father's roof. Such were the scenes that awaited the early -womanhood of madame de Staël:—the sight of every cruel and horrible -passion in action in others,—pity, fear, and generous self-devotion -excited to their height in her own heart,—harrowing grief, when those -whom she loved were butchered,—throbs of transport, when she felt -that she had secured their safety. Had she been of a concentrated -disposition, such scenes and emotions must have given sublimity to her -character. As it was, it confirmed the active generosity and warm -benevolence of her disposition; it gave animation to her expression of -every sad and heart-moving feeling; while to her credit it must be said, -that, even in the midst of such iniquitous and cruel scenes, she -gathered no misanthropy, no gall, no hatred, and no revenge. -</p> - -<p> -She paid at this period a short visit to England, and then returning to -Geneva, found personal safety and peace with her parents at Coppet; but -the political events passing in France, and the horrors of the reign of -terror, spread darkness and dismay even to Switzerland. Her father -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">{Pg 317}</a></span> -published a pamphlet, the object of which was to save Louis XVI.; and -she wrote an eloquent appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette. Soon even -the impression made by the fate of these illustrious victims was almost -lost in that of the death of added thousands immolated by Robespierre. -Madame de Staël by turns feared for the lives and deplored the death of -beloved friends, who day after day died under the axe of the guillotine. -She concealed in her house many of the friends of liberty outlawed by -the revolutionary tribunal. They assumed Swedish names, under the -sanction of M. de Staël. Scaffolds were erected for them on the -frontier by their countrymen, as enemies of freedom; foreign nations -held them in detestation, as accomplices of the butchers of Paris; but -Necker and his daughter, with sounder views and more humane hearts, -befriended and saved virtue, whatever might be the opinions which it -assumed as the guise in which to manifest its spirit to the world. "One -of the reflections that struck us most," madame de Staël writes, "in -our long walks on the shores of the lake of Geneva, was the contrast of -the beautiful nature by which we were surrounded with the desolation of -mankind." In these walks she conversed with her father: his benevolence; -the pain he expressed at the idea of being hated by the French, to serve -whom he had sacrificed so much; the interchange of intimate and virtuous -thought, filled her heart with still more ardent affection towards him, -and made him, in her eyes, the greatest as well as the best of men. -<span class="sidenote1">1794.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -28.</span> -It was at this time of comparative retirement that she wrote -"Reflections on the Peace," which Fox quoted as full of sound political -views and just argument. -</p> - -<p> -This period was checkered by the illness, and finally the death, of -madame Necker. She died of a lingering nervous disorder. Her husband was -unwearied in his attentions and watchful tenderness, and madame de -Staël shared his fatigues, and sympathised with and consoled him in his -grief. The warmer kindness testified by her father caused her to prefer -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">{Pg 318}</a></span> -him; and madame Necker herself, looking on her daughter as a rival in -her husband's affections, had repelled her. But death obliterated these -passions, and madame de Staël acknowledged her mother's talents and -virtues; she lamented her death, and respected her memory. -</p> - -<p> -It might be thought that madame de Staël, escaped from the sanguinary -scenes of the reign of terror, would have been averse to returning to -that Paris which had been the theatre of such harrowing tragedies. Far -from it. Accustomed to the society of the French, the pedantic, precise, -and presumptuous tone of the Genevese was particularly disagreeable to -her. While considering herself a French woman, she was eager to mix in -the busy scenes that followed the death of Robespierre—to be of use -to her friends, and even to influence the choice of a system of government -which was to be established in France. She had some remorse in quitting -her father; but he encouraged her to go. He felt for her struggle -between her dislike to leaving him and her tastes, her friends, her -hopes of glory, which called her to France; and, with the truest -feelings of sympathy, persuaded her to seek her own happiness, promising -to find his in her letters from the scene of action. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1795.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -29.</span></p> - -<p> -M. de Staël being sent by the king of Sweden as minister to Paris, she -repaired thither. Her arrival formed an epoch in society. She threw open -her drawing-rooms, and all foreigners of distinction, ambassadors, and -literary men were charmed to meet in them. It attracted universal -attention, and became the signal of the revival of refinement in the -capital. Her chief exertions tended to getting the names of various -friends erased from the list of emigrants, which, while party spirit ran -so high, and the name of monarch and Bourbon was still held in -detestation and terror, was matter at once of difficulty and odium. -Legendre, a man who had figured during the reign of terror, denounced -her in the tribune of the convention, while the newspapers complained of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">{Pg 319}</a></span> -the influence exercised by women in their <i>salons dorés</i>, as they were -vulgarly called, and by the society that gathered there. She succeeded -in benefiting several of her friends, and this happiness counterbalanced -the attacks made against her. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1797.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -31.</span></p> - -<p> -During the whole of the reign of the directory, the influence of madame -de Staël was great. The expectation of a civil war became more imminent -as the royalists rested their hopes on the armies of la Vendée, and the -victories of the republican troops on the eastern frontiers, supporting -the new state of things, gave energy to the men in power. Moderate and -enlightened lovers of freedom desired to reconcile the two parties, and -prevent a struggle. Madame de Staël attempted to effect this -reconciliation. She had no desire for the return of the Bourbons; for -such a change could only have been operated through the subjugation of -France by foreign troops, a circumstance to be looked upon as the lowest -fall in its political greatness. She was the centre of a brilliant -society, which, while it regarded the chiefs of the republic as vulgar, -was attached to a form of government full of promise of distinction and -power to able and daring men. In France the influence of women is one of -the engines used by the other sex for their advancement. Madame de -Staël had already placed one of her friends in an elevated post; she -exerted herself for others. She was generous and active. No gall—no -bad feelings of hatred, or love of mischief, mingled in her desire to be -influential. But passionately loving glory, and eager to take a part in -the busier scenes of life, she made her house the rendezvous of all -parties, and sought her own elevation in trying to reconcile them all, -and to diffuse abroad a spirit of moderation and mutual toleration, and -was often exposed to the danger of imprisonment and exile from the -preponderance of the more popular party. Her mind was active, her -imagination lively; but she was without prudence. Her father said of -her, that she was like the savages, who sell their cabin in the morning -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">{Pg 320}</a></span> -and find themselves without shelter at night. Ardent but without -forethought, ambitious of distinction without selfishness, she looked on -danger as a crown of laurel, and, as far as she was personally -concerned, cared more for the excitement of the combat than the repose -of success. Thus, though she failed in her attempts to reconcile -contending factions, she felt neither despondency nor sorrow. Meanwhile, -the struggle of parties—the violence of each occasioning the weakness -of all—became the stepping-stone to the man who, raising himself by -the sword, and establishing and increasing his power by the same method, -fell, when his weapon failed to be able to deal with all the enemies -from the extremities of the earth whom he challenged to the contest. -</p> - -<p> -Bonaparte and madame de Staël were neither impressed favourably by the -other when first they met. He saw in her a factitious but a not the less -powerful influence with which he could only cope by trampling it in the -dust; and she found in him a man unimpressible by words or sentiments, -aiming at one goal, and wholly indifferent to the thousands to be mowed -down or the one tortured by the methods he used for his success. In -their encounter she felt her existence strike against a rock which, -while it wrecked whole fleets, did not disdain to swamp a skiff which -had every right to expect shelter beneath its shadow. When, after the -treaty of Campo-Formio, Bonaparte arrived in Paris, he and madame de -Staël often met in society. She declared that a feeling of fear always -overcame her in his presence. She was struck by his superiority, but -repelled by a certain coldness that remained as a wall between them. -When, for the sake of amassing funds for his expedition to Egypt, -Bonaparte proposed the invasion of Switzerland to the directory, madame -de Staël regarded the cause of the independence of that country as so -sacred, that she sought a conference with the general for the purpose of -turning him from his design. Nothing can better show the difference of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">{Pg 321}</a></span> -French manners from ours than this circumstance; and Bonaparte, a child -of the army, little conversant with the spirit of French society, -regarded a woman's interference on such a subject as impertinent and out -of character with her sex; but, although he was not to be moved by her, -such was her acknowledged influence that he did not disdain to discuss -the question with her with an appearance of candour, till, having -pronounced certain words which he considered sufficient to refute her -arguments, declaring that men must have political rights, and advancing -the falsehood that the Swiss would have more as a portion of France than -as an independent insignificant state, he turned the conversation, and -talked of his love of retirement,—of the country and the fine -arts,—expressing himself as sharing many of the lady's own tastes. -Madame de Staël felt the influence of his power of pleasing, but was -mortified to be treated like a mere woman. He, on the other hand, -perceiving that she had talents sufficient to persuade and influence -men, and that she was likely to exert this power against himself, -conceived a dislike, which he afterwards showed in a series of -persecutions. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1798.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -32.</span></p> - -<p> -The invasion of Switzerland being resolved on, madame de Staël quitted -Paris to rejoin her father at Coppet. His name was still on the list of -emigrants, which, as he was a Genevese, was altogether unjust. His -daughter implored him not to risk the danger of being condemned to death -when the country he inhabited should be occupied by a French army; but -he refused to stir: he would not in his old age wander over the earth, -nor would he quit the neighbourhood of the tomb of his wife, which had -been erected under her own directions, with the fervent hope that her -husband's remains would repose near hers. When the day came, fixed for -the violation of the Swiss territory by the French armies, Necker and -his daughter, with her infant children, remained alone at Coppet. Their -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">{Pg 322}</a></span> -servants assembled in the avenue to see the passage of the troops, while -they themselves stood in a balcony which commanded the high road. It was -mid winter, but the weather was clear: the alps were reflected in the -lake at their feet, while the sound of military music alone broke the -silence of the scene. Madame de Staël's heart beat with fear for her -father's sake. Her vivid imagination painted, her impetuous heart -anticipated, a thousand horrors which transported her with terror. She -perceived an officer quit a troop on its way, and direct his steps -towards the château,—it was Suchet. He came charged by the directory -to offer a safeguard to her father. Thus re-assured with regard to the -dearest interest of her life, she began to feel fresh anguish for the -Swiss, attacked thus against the law of nations. She heard at Coppet the -cannon of the battle between the Bernese and French;—her heart, for -the first time, was against the latter. As soon as the triumph of France -united Geneva to its own territory, it became necessary that Necker's -name should be erased from the list of emigrants. Madame de Staël -visited Paris, and presented a memorial from her father to the -directory. His request was accorded instantly and unanimously; and his -daughter, so much more easily moved to kindly than angry emotions, felt -grateful for this act of simple justice. She endeavoured also to treat -with the French government for the payment of the two millions of francs -which Necker had deposited in the public treasury. The directory -acknowledged the debt, and were ready to defray it from the property of -the church. Necker refused so to be repaid, from the noble motive of not -choosing to mingle his worldly interests in the great question of the -revolution, and so to forfeit the reputation for impartiality by which -he laid store. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1799.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -33.</span></p> - -<p> -Madame de Staël witnessed, in Paris, the 18th Brumaire, when Bonaparte -overthrew the power of the directory and established his own supremacy. -Her feelings were much divided: if the jacobins triumphed, sanguinary -scenes might be renewed; but she anticipated with prophetic grief the -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">{Pg 323}</a></span> -result of Bonaparte's success. As she always lived in a numerous circle, -and openly discussed her opinions, the first consul soon heard of the -dissatisfaction that she expressed with regard to his rising power. -Joseph Bonaparte, to whom she was partial, came to her and said, "My -brother complains of you. 'Why,' he said yesterday, 'does not madame de -Staël attach herself to my government? What does she want? The payment -of her father's deposit? I will order it to be made. To remain in Paris? -I will permit it. In short, what does she want?'" "The question," she -replied, "is not what I want, but what I think." -</p> - -<p> -A tribunate made a portion of the constitution instituted in the first -instance by Bonaparte. The tribunes were to have the right to speak. The -first consul was aware that he must please the French at first by a -shadow of freedom; but a few men were found among the tribunes who -wished to turn the shadow into substance, and then Bonaparte put forth -his power, and claimed the lion's share. Benjamin Constant, on the eve -of attacking a measure proposed by the first consul, consulted madame de -Staël. She encouraged him, through noble and conscientious motives, -while she felt in her heart the injury that might redound to herself. -The possibility of being forced to quit Paris filled her with alarm and -wretchedness: her love for its society, her horror of retirement, had -been implanted, as we have seen, in her breast from her earliest -infancy; her brilliant powers of conversation fostered the taste, and -she well knew also that Bonaparte was aware of her weakness, and would -wound her through it. "He joined," she writes, "to the power by which he -could threaten, and the wealth by which he could entice, the -dispensation of ennui, which is held in terror by the French." Her -drawing-room on this occasion was crowded by men ready to give in their -adherence to the new government. Benjamin Constant drew near, and said, -"your room is filled with persons whose society is pleasing to you: if I -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">{Pg 324}</a></span> -speak, to-morrow it will be a desert. Think of this." "One must follow -one's conviction," she replied. In narrating this anecdote, she frankly -adds that she spoke on the impulse of the moment; but that, if she could -then have foreseen the sufferings in store, she should not have had -strength to refuse the offer Constant made to remain silent. He proved a -true prophet. On the following day she received multiplied excuses for a -party she gave. As they came she felt disturbed, and she began to find -fault with her courage of the preceding day. To add to her inquietude, -the minister of police, Fouché, sent for her to say, that the first -consul suspected that she had excited her friends to speak against him. -She replied that Constant was a man of too superior talents to need the -interference of a woman in his political conduct. The result was that -Fouché advised her to go into the country for a few days, saying that -all would be well on her return. Such is the account that she gives of -the commencement of Bonaparte's persecution. Other writers vary. The -flatterers of Napoleon insinuate that she wished to gain an interest in -his heart. Napoleon himself, when at St. Helena, says, that she became -his enemy because he would not become her pupil. It were, perhaps, a -fairer statement to assert, that he oppressed her because she refused to -be his tool. At the same time it must be remembered, in exculpation of -Bonaparte's arbitrary acts with regard to her, that he was then making -difficult way up the slippery path of power; that she opposed his -progress not only by epigrams and repartees, but by political intrigues. -It was necessary to reduce her to silence and inaction. But this does -not excuse his after persecution, which was wanton and unmanly. -</p> - -<p> -Soon after, when Bonaparte passed through Switzerland on his way to -Italy, having expressed a wish to see Necker, the latter waited on him, -and spent two hours in conversation. The fallen and aged minister was -gratified by this mark of interest on the part of the first consul, and -pleased with his conversation. He did not mention, as a meaner minded -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">{Pg 325}</a></span> -man would have done, the debt owed him by the French government; but he -alluded to his daughter's position, and spoke of her as one whose name -and talents would adorn the society of the capital. The first consul -replied with courtesy; and the result was that she was hereafter to be -permitted to reside in Paris. -</p> - -<p> -Bonaparte felt that his present power needed the prop of opinion. -Perhaps he hoped to gain the daughter by his civility and apparent -respect for the father. But neither were to be bent from their -convictions. This became apparent when, towards the end of the same -year, she published her work on literature. Her talents had now reached -their full development, and this book is one of the most masterly that -has emanated from her pen. It is full of liberal opinions; it restored -her to popularity; her salons again became thronged. Her society was -chiefly composed of foreigners and the <i>corps diplomatique.</i> Fouché -granted various requests made by her with regard to emigrants, and she -had thus the pleasure of being useful to, and moreover became popular -among, a class distinguished for urbane manners and the various charms -that attend refinement. But her book added to the irritation nourished -against her by the first consul. He wished the world to be filled with -his name; and, in this point of view, the influence possessed by -literary persons was of value in his eyes. Madame de Staël had not -mentioned him, nor alluded to his achievements, in her work; and he -looked on the omission as a wilful and galling insult. She never -appeared at his court; he said of her that every one left her house less -attached to him than when they went in; the rebel tribunes were among -her friends; and all tended to nourish his discontent. One day she was -asked to dinner by general Berthier, in company with Bonaparte. As she -heard that he often expressed himself sarcastically with regard to her, -she conjectured that he might address her with some of those rude -speeches which were so much feared by the courtiers; and, afraid of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">{Pg 326}</a></span> -losing her presence of mind, she went prepared with various studied -repartees. But he scarcely spoke to her, and she had the comfort of -believing that he feared to sting a dangerous enemy. -</p> - -<p> -She spent her summers at Coppet with her father. In 1799, M. de Staël -had been recalled to Sweden. His extravagance had occasioned a -separation from his wife, who feared that the fortunes of her children -might be injured. -<span class="sidenote2">1802.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -36.</span> -A reconciliation was, however, set on foot, and it was agreed that the -whole family should take up their residence at Coppet. On their way -thither M. de Staël fell ill and died, his wife attending on his last -moments. -</p> - -<p> -Her novel of "Delphine" appeared about this time. It was attacked by the -French critics as immoral. Madame de Staël was indignant. "They dared -blame a book approved by Necker!" she exclaims. "Delphine" affords -scope, however, for such criticism. She allows that it displays too -eager a desire for happiness, the result of young and ardent feelings; -but, worse than this, it inculcates no spirit of courage under disaster. -Balwer speaks of "fortitude, the virtue of the ancients, and -resignation, the duty of Christians," as the chief aim of a philosophic -or pious mind: madame de Staël—and in this she is the founder of the -Byronic school—made the chief feeling of her work impatience of life -under sorrow, suicide in despair. This at once blights existence. To -feel that adversity and prosperity are both lessons to teach us a higher -wisdom, the fruition of which we hope hereafter to inherit, and which at -the same time is the ornament and crown of good men during life, ought -to be the aim of every writer. Sorrow is rife with desperation; we fly -to the pages of the sage to learn to bear; and a writer fails in his -duty when he presents poison instead Of medicine. With all this, -"Delphine" is a beautiful book. The character of the heroine is full of -charm: the hero is delineated with a truth, a fervour, and a reality, -that reaches home. The characters of madame de Valmont and her daughter -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">{Pg 327}</a></span> -are finely portrayed. "Delphine," it was said, was an ideal of the -authoress herself; and the false friend was drawn from Talleyrand. "They -tell me," he said to her, "that you have put us both in your novel in -the character of women." Madame de Staël could well bear this sarcasm: -she was truly feminine; her very faults belonged to her sex. -</p> - -<p> -Her father published a book at this time which greatly irritated -Bonaparte, and added to his dislike of the daughter. In his "Last View -of Politics and Finance" Necker unveiled the progress which the first -consul of the republic was making towards a throne. This untimely -disclosure of his secret ways injured Bonaparte: he spoke bitterly of -Necker, and said of madame de Staël that she should not visit Paris -again, since she conveyed such false impressions to her father. -</p> - -<p> -Love for this father was the master passion of madame de Staël's life. -She looked on him as the wisest and best of men; but, more than this, -his kindness and sympathy gifted him with something angelic in her eyes. -He was her dearest friend—the prop of her fortunes; her adviser, her -shelter, her teacher, her approver—the seal of her prosperity and her -glory. He was an old man, and this imparted unspeakable tenderness to -her attachment. Her very love of Paris, and her consequent absences from -him, added force to her feelings. While away she gathered anecdotes and -knowledge for his amusement. Their correspondence was regular and full. -It contained a thousand narrations and sallies, observations on events -and persons full of piquancy, a gaiety adopted for the purpose of -diverting him; and over all was spread a tone of tenderness and -reverence, which accompanied the very idea of her father. When she -returned to him, she checked a little the demonstrations of her delight, -but it overflowed in her conversation. Things, men, and politics, the -effect she had herself produced, were all related with an effusion of -joy, accompanied by caresses, by tears of gladness, and laughter full of -love. Necker listened with proud delight. He loved her fondly. Her very -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">{Pg 328}</a></span> -faults, her want of forethought, which made his cares necessary; her -uncertainty and doubts with regard to all the minor affairs of life, -which she joyfully submitted to his direction; her exuberant yet -uncertain spirits; her imagination that often plunged her in gloom, were -so many ties to unite father and daughter in bonds of the fondest -affection. -</p> - -<p> -Yet she could not contentedly remain with him long. She disliked -Genevese society; she was wrapt up in that of Paris. Her parents had -planted the seeds of this love of display and eager desire for the -arena, where wit and all that is the salt of life is to be met in -perfection, and it was but fair that her father should reap the fruits -of the education he had bestowed. He felt for her, and was deeply -grieved that his publication had augmented the annoyances of her -position. -<span class="sidenote2">1803.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -37.</span> -When the peace of Amiens was broken, and Bonaparte and all France were -occupied by the meditated descent on England, she hoped to be forgotten. -She drew near Paris, and established herself at the distance of thirty -miles. The first consul was told that the road to her retreat was -crowded by people paying her visits. This was not true, but it alarmed -his jealousy; she heard that she should receive an order to depart. -Hoping to escape by leaving her home, she went from house to house of -her friends, but in vain. She was at that of madame Recamier when she -received the fatal order to leave France in twenty-four hours. She would -not at once yield; she asked for day after day of reprieve. Junot and -Joseph Bonaparte interceded with the first consul for her; she pleaded -as for life; but the petty resentment of the great man could not be -mollified. He has done worse deeds during his reign, but take the worst -said of madame de Staël, by his chief flatterers, and still no revenge -could be meaner, no act of tyranny more flagrant, than that which exiled -from his capital, and the country he ruled over, a woman, whatever -offence she had committed against him, who promised silence; who asked -but for the society of a few friends; whose crime was that she would not -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">{Pg 329}</a></span> -celebrate the liberticide in her writings. -</p> - -<p> -Forced to go, she could not persuade herself to appear disgraced and -driven away among the Genevese. She hoped, and her father hoped for her, -that new scenes, and the welcome afforded her among strangers, would -blunt the blow she had received, and revive her spirits. She determined -to visit Germany, with the intention of seeing its great writers, -studying their productions, and of afterwards presenting the French with -an account of the, to them, sealed book of German literature. Joseph -Bonaparte gave her letters of introduction for Berlin, and she set out. -Benjamin Constant accompanied her; yet this very kindness was the source -of pain, as he also was partial to a residence in Paris. "Every step of -the horses," she writes, "was a pang; and, when the postilions boasted -that they had driven fast, I could not help smiling at the sad service -they did me. I travelled forty leagues before I recovered possession of -myself. At length we stopt at Chalons, and Benjamin Constant rousing him -self, through his wonderful powers of conversation, lightened, at least -for a few moments, the burden that weighed me down." -</p> - -<p> -Constant continued to accompany her. She was well received at Weimar and -Berlin. She was at Berlin at the time of the assassination of the duke -d'Enghien, and shared the horror that this unnecessary act of cruelty -excited. This circumstance added to her detestation of Napoleon. -Meanwhile she greatly enjoyed the kindness she found, and the vast field -of knowledge opened before her. -<span class="sidenote1">1804.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -38.</span> -A fatal event put an end to her pleasure. She received tidings of the -dangerous illness of her father—the intelligence of his death quickly -followed. She left Germany. She returned to Coppet overwhelmed with -grief. Generally speaking, there is exaggeration and traces of false -sentiment in her writings. Her best work for style and simplicity of -narration is her "Dix Années d'Exil;" and the best portion of this book -describes her feelings during her journey from Weimar to Coppet. All who -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">{Pg 330}</a></span> -have suffered the worst of sorrows—the death of one dearly -loved—will find the echo of their inmost thoughts in that passage. -</p> - -<p> -The death of Necker changed the course of her existence, as far as -internal feelings operate on the exterior of life. Her father had looked -on her as incorrigibly thoughtless in all worldly and pecuniary -concerns; but she was no longer in the heyday of youth; experience -taught her prudence; and, being thrown entirely on herself, her -conscience bade her preserve the fortunes of her children. She was a -good mother. Having obeyed and reverenced her father—she exacted the -same towards herself from her offspring; nor did she ever regard them -with the exuberant trembling tenderness she had lavished on her beloved -parent. But was kind—ever ready to serve them, and eager for their -well-being. Her notions on education were sensible and just: she did not -give trust to extraordinary systems; she contented herself by inspiring -them with piety and generous sentiments; and was perfectly open and true -in her conduct. They sincerely loved, while they a little feared her. -</p> - -<p> -The society of her children and her friends could not console her for -the loss of her father and exile from the country she loved. Her first -occupation was to publish the writings of Necker, accompanied by a -biographical memoir, in which she pours forth, with touching -earnestness, all the ardour of her filial affection. Her health sunk -beneath her sorrow. -<span class="sidenote2">1805.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -39.</span> -To revive her spirits and change the scene she visited Italy. There, as -everywhere, her astonishing powers of conversation gathered an admiring -audience round her. She enjoyed, with all the warmth of her disposition, -the delights afforded by that enchanting country; and, impelled to -express on paper the overflowing of her thoughts, she embodied her -enthusiasm, her pleasure, and the knowledge she gained, in her novel of -"Corinne." There is a charm in that work that stamps it as coming from -the hand of genius. The personages live, breathe, and speak before you. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">{Pg 331}</a></span> -We hope or fear for, admire or censure them, as if they were our -friends. She speaks of love with heartfelt knowledge of the mighty -powers of passion, and of all those delicate, so to speak, fibres and -evanescent tints that foster and adorn it. The faults of such a book are -a very secondary consideration. The Italians will not allow that it is -by any means a true representation of society in their country; and any -one who has lived there can perceive that she had but a superficial -knowledge of Italy and the Italians; still she gives a true picture of -the surface such as she saw it. Her account of Corinne's life in England -is admirable. The English, with all their pride, are less vain than the -Italians, and readily acknowledge their faults. Every English person is -at once astonished and delighted with the wonderful truth of her sketch -of county society in England. In this novel, as in "Delphine," the -heroine dies broken-hearted. Her lover proving false, she lives -miserably a few years, and then closes her eyes on a world grown dark -and solitary. Madame de Staël was naturally led to portray death as the -result of sorrow; for when we are miserable, we are apt to dwell on such -as the dearest relief; yet we do not die. The authoress also might wish -to impress on men an idea of the misery which their falsehood produces. -That is a story as ancient as Dido, and told by Virgil more impressively -and beautifully than by any other writer. For the dignity of womanhood, -it were better to teach how one, as highly gifted as Corinne, could find -resignation or fortitude enough to endure a too common lot, and rise -wiser and better from the trial. -</p> - -<p> -Madame de Staël was exiled to forty leagues from Paris; her love of -France caused her to approach so near to its capital. She established -herself first at Auxerre and afterwards at Rouen. Here she terminated -and brought out "Corinne." She exercised the utmost caution in her -conduct, saw but few friends, and observed that silence with regard to -politics which Napoleon rigorously exacted throughout his empire. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">{Pg 332}</a></span> -Fouché, who had no love of wanton mischief, allowed her to settle -herself within twelve leagues of Paris. But the publication of her novel -put an end to this indulgence, and redoubled the oppression in force -against her. She continued to refuse to advert to Napoleon's victories -and Napoleon's power; and the great man, than whom no hero was ever less -a hero in all magnanimous sentiments, ordered her to quit the country. -She returned to Coppet half broken-hearted. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote2">1807.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -41.</span></p> - -<p> -The visits she received from her friends and illustrious foreigners -somewhat relieved the tedium of her life. She was occupied by her work -on Germany, and visited Vienna to gather additional materials for it. On -her return, she devoted two years to its completion. She tried to make -an existence for herself at Coppet, but did not succeed. Alas! for her. -Goldsmith's lines on French society are but too applicable to her state -of mind:— -</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i2">"For praise too warmly loved, or dearly sought,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Enfeebles all internal strength of thought;</span><br /> -<span class="i2">And the weak soul, within itself unblest,</span><br /> -<span class="i2">Leans for all pleasure on another's breast."</span> -</div></div> - -<p> -She was, with all her vivacity, naturally melancholy. The <i>society of -nature</i>, as she termed it, nursed her darkest reveries, and she turned -from her own thoughts as from a spring of bitterness. As existence -became stagnant, <i>ennui</i> generated a thousand imaginary monsters of -mind; she felt lost and miserable. Death and solitude were, in her mind, -closely allied. Take away the animation of conversation; the -intercommunication of ideas among the many; the struggle, the applause, -the stirring interest in events; the busy crowd that gave variety to -every impression; and the rest of life was, in her eyes, a fearful vigil -near the grave. It is beautifully said, that God tempers the wind to the -shorn lamb. Sometimes, however, the exact contrary has place, and our -weak and sore points are sought out to be roughly handled. Thus madame -de Staël, brought up to act a foremost part on the brilliant theatre of -the civilised world, was cast back on herself, and found there only -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">{Pg 333}</a></span> -discontent and misery. To us sober English, indeed, her life at Coppet -seems busy enough. She assembled all travellers about her; her domestic -circle was large; she acted plays; she declaimed; but it would not do: -Paris was interdicted, and she was cut off from happiness. -</p> - -<p><span class="sidenote1">1810.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -44.</span></p> - -<p> -Having finished her "Germany," she desired to overlook its progress -through the press at the permitted distance of forty leagues from Paris. -She established herself near Blois, in the old château of -Chammont-sur-Loire, erst inhabited by cardinal d'Amboise, Diane de -Poitiers, Catherine de Medicis, and Nostradamus. A few friends gathering -round her, she enjoyed the amusements and occupations she shared with -them. Madame Recamier was chief among them, and very dear to her. Her -plan was, as soon as her book was printed, to reach England by America, -that being the only path left open to our island by Napoleon. She had -submitted her work to the censor, and, having made all the alterations -exacted, she felt herself safe. But the storm gathered, and broke -unexpectedly. She had not praised Napoleon; she had not mentioned the -success of the French armies in Germany; she had tried even to enlarge -the sphere of French literature, by introducing a knowledge of and taste -for the German—an attempt anti-national in the emperor's eyes. He did -not hesitate to condemn such a work. The duke de Rovigo, minister of -police, sent to seize on the edition, to demand the manuscript, and to -order her to quit France in three days. She was proud of her book, and -had every right to be so; and she gladly anticipated the applause and -increased reputation that would follow it. The loss of this could be -borne, but the renewed sentence of exile struck her to the heart. She -was forced to obey. Her first idea was to embark for America; but her -purpose in so doing was to get on board an English ship, and reach -England. Her plans were disturbed by an intimation from Savary that she -must embark only at the ports of France furthest from her desired goal. -The minister wrote to her with flippancy, that her book was not French, -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">{Pg 334}</a></span> -and that her exile was the consequence of the course she had followed -for years. The air of France evidently disagreed with her; but the -French were not reduced to seek for models in the countries which she -admired. Savary was still more frank when speaking on the subject. He -asked why she had made no mention of the emperor or his armies? He was -told that such allusions were out of place in a book that treated solely -of literature. "Do you think," he replied, "that we have carried on a -war in Germany for eighteen years for so well-known an author to omit -all mention of us? The book shall be destroyed, and we should do well to -send the writer to Vincennes." -</p> - -<p> -Her plans disturbed, hope dead within her, she returned to Coppet, -almost resigned to pass her life in the château; but the hour had -passed away when she was allowed to enjoy the tribute of visits from -foreigners of distinction, and to gather round her such friends as she -best loved. A series of the most tormenting and cruel persecutions were -instituted, that acting on an imagination easily disquieted, and on a -temperament that needed the atmosphere of joy to feel at ease, drove her -into a state of intense and uninterrupted suffering. She gave up all -idea, which must always be agreeable to an author, of publishing; she -scarcely dared write. All her acquaintance as well as friends were -looked on with unfavourable eyes. She could not venture to ask a guest -to dinner; she was so afraid of compromising the whole family of any one -who came near her. The prefect of Geneva was changed as being too -favourably disposed. The new magistrate urged her to eulogise Napoleon -as the sure means of putting an end to all her annoyances: would she -only celebrate the birth of the king of Rome? She replied that she did -not know how to do so: she could only express her hopes that he would -have a good nurse. The prefect took his leave, and never came near her -again. Her children were forbidden to enter France. She went to Aix, in -Savoy, for the benefit of the health of her youngest son; she was -ordered to return; she was advised never to go further than two leagues -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">{Pg 335}</a></span> -from Coppet. William Schlegel, whom she had engaged to live with her to -assist in the education of her children, was ordered to quit her -château. He had published a work, in which he showed a preference to -the Phædra of Euripides over that of Racine; he was judged -anti-Gallican; and she was told that his society was injurious to her. A -thousand terrors seized her. Confined within narrow precincts, deprived -of her friends, she began to fear a prison, where she would have been left -to perish, miserable and forgotten. She resolved to escape—it was -difficult to choose a route. She was told that she would be arrested on -her way through any country under the dominion of the French. She passed -her life, she says, in studying a map of Europe, to find how she could -escape beyond the wide-spread poison tree of Napoleon's power. She -traced a route through the Tyrol on her way to Russia and Sweden, and -thence to England. A thousand difficulties presented themselves for the -execution of this plan, but it was her best. -</p> - -<p> -"There is physical pleasure," she writes, "in resisting unjust power;" -the act of resistance was animating, but when the hour of defeat came -all was stagnant, fearful, and oppressive. The worst blow dealt her was -when she found that any friend who visited her was involved in the same -oppression. An old friend, M. de Montmorency, visited Coppet; the -delight of seeing him made her blind to danger. She made a tour through -Switzerland with him in spite of the advice given her not to go further -than two leagues from Coppet. They afterwards returned to her château, -where M. de Montmorency speedily received an order of exile. This news -plunged her in agony—that her friends should be wounded through her -was worse than her own misfortunes. While still suffering from this -disaster, she received a letter from madame Recamier, saying that she -was on her road to Aix, in Savoy, and announcing her intention of -visiting Coppet in her way. Madame de Staël implored her not to come; -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">{Pg 336}</a></span> -but her generous friend could not pass so near without spending a few -hours with her;—a few hours only, but they sufficed to call down -banishment on her head: henceforth she was driven from her home and -friends, and forced to take up her residence at Lyons in solitude and -exile. All this was done to drive her to dishonour herself by praising -him whose tyranny made him every day more odious, as the persecutor of -herself and the oppressor of France. The prefect of Geneva was ordered -to annul her, and he took pains to impress every one with the dangers -that would accrue from any intercourse with her. He waylaid every -stranger, and turned them aside from the path to her house; her -correspondents in Paris were exiled; she felt that she ought to refrain -from seeing any one. By a natural struggle of feeling she was disquieted -when her friends generously sought, and still more miserable when they -selfishly abandoned her. -</p> - -<p> -She never saw the day return, she says, that she did not repine at being -obliged to live to its end. She was married again at this time. This -event, which was kept secret till after her death, is one of the most -singular of her history. -</p> - -<p> -In the year 1810 there came to Geneva a young Spaniard of the name of -Rocca. He was an officer in the French army, and had been wounded -dangerously in Spain. He inspired great interest through the reputation -he enjoyed for brilliant courage and for talent. He was young and very -handsome; but his wounds had reduced him to a state of great weakness -and suffering; and the contrast was striking and interesting between his -youth and noble physiognomy, and his extreme pallor and attenuated -figure. He heard madame de Staël talk, and was seized with enthusiastic -admiration. Necker said of his daughter that her conversation imparted -an idea of the beautiful; and thus, though twenty years older than -himself, and, except for her eyes, with no beauty of face, the young -Rocca was attracted by that of her mind, and said, "I shall love her so -much that at last she will marry me." These words were soon fulfilled. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">{Pg 337}</a></span> -But she refused to acknowledge a marriage which, from disparity of age, -might have excited ridicule; and in all things of that sort madame de -Staël was singularly timid. She was averse also to change her name. -"Mon nom est à l'Europe," she replied to Rocca, when they were in -England, and he jestingly asked her to marry him. She does not in her -narratives advert to this marriage; but the fear must have haunted her -that Napoleon would exile Rocca from Coppet; while, on the other hand, -she found it difficult to leave an infant child, the offspring of their -union, uncertain when again she could rejoin it. -</p> - -<p> -These terrors and doubts threw her into a nervous state of the most -painful kind. Now, she thought it wrong and foolish to leave her house, -where she enjoyed every bodily comfort and the society of her -children,—again, the fear of prison, the terror of who next among her -friends would be the tyrant's victim, distracted her. At length she -resolved to depart, and ultimately to reach England; whether by Russia -and Sweden, or Greece and Constantinople, was to be decided by -circumstances that might occur during her progress. -</p> - -<p> -Her account of her journey is full of interest. An abridgment can give -little idea of its difficulties,—the petty yet stinging annoyances by -which she was beset,—the delays, the terror, the disappointments. Now -she feared for her daughter's health,—and then still more for the -safety of M. Rocca. The order for his arrest as a French officer had -been forwarded through Germany. It is true he had sent in his -resignation, his wounds preventing him from active service; but, if he -had been taken, there is no doubt that he would have been treated with -the utmost rigour. They were often obliged to separate, and he rejoined -her once or twice in moments full of peril to himself. She traversed -Germany and Poland in this way; and even in Russia she was not sure of -escape from Napoleon. His armies had entered that vast empire, and were -close behind her. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">{Pg 338}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -It was matter of joy to her when at last, after passing through Moscow, -she arrived at St. Petersburg, to find the emperor Alexander full of -resolution and ardour to resist the despot. He treated her with great -distinction; and she proceeded on her way to her old friend Bernadotte, -at that time crown prince of Sweden. She remained eight months at -Stockholm. She had begun a portion of her "Dix Années d'Exil" at -Coppet, it being copied as fast as written by her friends, feigned -English names and old dates being substituted for the real; since under -Napoleon's police regulations it was not safe to preserve a page of -manuscript in which he was blamed. -</p> - -<p> -From Sweden she passed over to England, where she occupied herself in -publishing her "Germany." She was courted as a <i>lion</i> in English -fashionable society; and, though her style of life and conversation were -very opposite to our manners, still she impressed every one with high -ideas of her talents and genius. The Whig party were a little surprised -at her tone in politics. They were not yet accustomed to regard Napoleon -as the tyrant and oppressor, and they thought that madame de Staël had -changed her principles when she warmly advocated war against the -emperor. She was intimate with all the English of distinction. Her -compliments seemed a little <i>outré</i> to us, and she made a few mistakes -that excited smiles; still she was liked. Lord Byron was among her -favourites,—his genius possessed fascination for her. There was a -notion at one time that he would marry her daughter, whom he admired; -but Albertine was reserved for a better fate. -</p> - -<p> -All her patriotism as a Frenchwoman was painfully roused when the allies -entered France; still she hailed the overthrow of Napoleon, and the -restoration of the Bourbons, with delight, hoping that the latter would -deserve well of their country. She was liked by Louis XVIII., who repaid -her the two millions which Necker had lent the state. The return of -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">{Pg 339}</a></span> -Napoleon from Elba filled her with terror, and she instantly left Paris -for Coppet. He, who now appeared with a professed attachment to -constitutional liberty, invited her to return and assist him in -modelling a constitution. She replied, "He did without me or a -constitution for twelve years, and has no liking for either of us." The -occupation of France by the allies filled her with grief; that her -"belle France" should be held in these degrading chains seemed -desecration, and she retreated to Coppet not to witness the humiliating -spectacle. -<span class="sidenote1">1816.<br /> -Ætat.<br /> -50.</span> -She was there when lord Byron resided at Diodati in 1816. He visited -her, and she gave him a good deal of advice to which he listened, and -was induced to make an attempt to be reconciled to his wife. When she -preached lessons of worldly wisdom, he quoted the motto to -"Delphine"—"Un homme doit savoir braver l'opinion, une femme s'y -soummettre." But she replied that she feared that both sexes would reap -evil only from resistance. -</p> - -<p> -The marriage of her daughter to the duke de Broglie, and the admirable -character of this lady, formed the chief happiness of her latter life. -Her children were all dutiful and affectionate. Her chief sorrow -resulted from the ill health of M. Rocca, who tottered on the brink of -the grave. He deserved the affection he inspired. His tenderness towards -her was extreme, and his admiration never waned. His chivalrous -sentiments, his wit, and his poetic imagination, varied and filled her -life. His ill state of health, while it disquieted her, yet annihilated -their difference of age. At one time she visited Pisa, that he might be -benefited by a milder climate. He was there at the point of death: she -compared herself to marshal Ney, who was then expecting at each moment -to receive his sentence. Endowed by an imagination which never blunted -any sorrow, but which exaggerated all, she said afterwards that she had -composed a book, with the title, "The only Misfortune of Life, the Loss -of a Person beloved." -</p> - -<p> -Her character softened as she advanced in life, and she appreciated its -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">{Pg 340}</a></span> -real blessings and disasters more rationally, at the same time that she -acquired greater truth and energy in her writings. This may often be -observed with women. When young, they are open to such cruel attacks, -every step they take in public may bring with it irreparable injury to -their private affections, to their delicacy, to their dearest prospects. -As years are added they gather courage; they feel the earth grow -steadier under their steps; they depend less on others, and their moral -worth increases. She was an affectionate and constant friend, and the -sentiments of her heart replaced the appetite she formerly had for the -display of talent: she placed a true value on courage and resignation, -when before she had reserved her esteem for sensibility. She grew -calmer, and ceased to fabricate imaginary woes for herself, happy when -she escaped real ones. She grew pious. From her earliest years she had -strong feelings of religion, resulting from dependence on Providence, -from adoration for the Supreme Being, and hope of a future life. The -Christian principles mingled more entirely with these sentiments in her -latter years. As her health declined, her sleepless hours were spent in -prayer, and existence lost, as it often does to those about to leave it, -its gay and deceptive colours. "Life," she said, "resembles Gobelin -tapestry: you do not see the canvass on the right side; but when you -turn it the threads are visible. The mystery of existence is the -connection between our faults and our misfortunes. I never committed an -error that was not the cause of a disaster." And thus, while the idea of -death was infinitely painful, the hope of another life sustained her. -"My father waits for me on the other side," she said, and indulged the -hope of hereafter being rejoined by her daughter. -</p> - -<p> -She perished gradually: the use of opium, from which she could not wean -herself, increased her danger; nor could medicine aid her. She died in -Paris on the 14th July, 1817, in her fifty-second year. Rocca survived -her but a few months. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">{Pg 341}</a></span> -</p> - -<p> -She possessed too much merit not to have many enemies during her life, -and these were increased by her passion for display, and the jealous -spirit with which she competed with those whom she looked on as rivals. -The eagerness with which during the days of the republic she mingled in -politics, and her attempts to acquire influence over Napoleon, were arms -that she put into the hands of her enemies to injure her. They accused -her of an intriguing meddling disposition, saying of her, that to make a -revolution she would throw all her friends into the river, content with -fishing them out the next day, and so showing the kindness of her heart. -But her faults were more than compensated among her friends by the truth -and constancy of her attachment. Her temper was equable, though her mind -was often tempest-tost, clouded by dark imaginations, torn by unreal but -deeply felt anxieties and sorrows. "I am now," she said, in her last -days, "what I have ever been,—sad, yet vivacious." To repair wrong, -to impress on the minds of princes benevolence and justice, were in her -latter years the scope of, so to speak, her public life. She loved -France with passion. Lord Brougham records the alarm and indignation -which caused her to pant for breath, as she exclaimed, "Quoi donc, cette -belle France!" when lord Dudley, half in jest half seriously, wished the -Cossacks, in revenge for Moscow burnt, to nail a horse-shoe on the gates -of the Tuileries. -</p> - -<p> -Our memoir has extended to so great a length that we can only advert -cursorily to her writings. M. Anneé, a French critic, observes of her, -that her understanding had more brilliance than profundity; and yet that -no writer of her epoch had left such luminous ideas on her route. -Chateaubriand, while he deplores the party spirit which gave irritation -to her sentiments and bitterness to her style, pronounces her to be a -woman of rare merit, and who would add another name to the list of those -destined to become immortal. She wrote on a vast variety of subjects, -and threw light on all. Yet she gathered her knowledge, not by profound -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">{Pg 342}</a></span> -study, but by rapid dipping into books and by conversation with learned -men; thus her opinions are often wrongly grounded, and her learning is -superficial. Still her conclusions are often admirable, granting that -the ground on which she founds them is true. She has great felicity of -illustration, and her style is varied and eloquent, the fault being that -it sometimes abounds in words, and wants the merit of concentration and -conciseness; often, too, she is satisfied with a sentiment for a reason. -Her wit is not pleasantry, but it is pointed and happy. She neither -understood nor liked humour; but she enjoyed repartee: many are recorded -as falling from her, and they are distinguished by their point and -delicacy. Her "Dix Années d'Exil" is the most simple and interesting of -her works; but her "Germany," perhaps, deserves the highest rank, from -its research, and the great beauty of its concluding chapters. Of her -novels we have already spoken. They do not teach the most needful -lesson—moral courage; but they are admirable as pictures of life and -vivid representations of character, for subtle remark and vivid detail -of what in youth forms our joys and sorrows. She puts much of herself in -all; and thus adds to the charm and truth of her sentiments and ideas. -Her "Considerations on the French Revolution" is valuable, from its -affording us a personal picture of the impressions made by that epoch; -but the great preponderance of praise which she gives to Necker renders -it a work of prejudice. Like him, she had no strong republican -sentiments. She desired an English constitution; she disliked the -girondists as well as the mountain, and attempted the impossible task of -reconciling the interests of the nation as established by the revolution -with that of the <i>ancienne régime.</i> Her feelings are praiseworthy, but -her views are narrow. -</p> - -<p> -Such is the defect of human nature that we have no right to demand -perfection from any individual of the species. We may sum up by saying -that, though the character and writings of madame de Staël, in some -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">{Pg 343}</a></span> -respects, display weaknesses, and though she committed errors, her -virtues and genius raise her high; and the country that gave her birth, -and which she truly loved, may, with honest pride, rank her among its -most illustrious names. -<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">{Pg 344}</a></span> -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - - -<h4><a id="INDEX_I">INDEX</a></h4> - - -<p>A.</p> - -<p>Abbeville, condemnation of the<br /> -chevalier de la Barre at, II. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Academy, the French, its judgment<br /> -on the "Cid," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Cardinal de<br /> -Richelieu's marginal observations<br /> -on that critique, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Question of<br /> -electing Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>. La Fontaine,<br /> -academician, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Boileau's<br /> -election, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. The "Dictionary"<br /> -of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. Furetière's Dictionary<br /> -in competition to it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Academy of Sciences, the French<br /> -Royal, II. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Æschylus, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40718 -</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alembert, <i>see</i> <a href="#DAlembert">D'Alembert</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Amelot, M., secretary of state, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Angennes, Mlle. Julie d', deity of<br /> -the Hôtel Rambouillet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br /> -Duchess of Montauzier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Angennes, Angélique, married to<br /> -the chevalier de Grignan, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Anne of Austria, regent during the<br /> -minority of Louis XIV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br /> -She withdraws from Paris, with<br /> -the young king and Mazarin, to<br /> -St. Germain, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. The capital<br /> -blockaded by Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. A short<br /> -peace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Antoine, Faubourg St., battle<br /> -between Condé and Turenne near<br /> -the gates of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Turenne<br /> -victorious, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arbuthnot, Dr., character of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Argenson, M. d', anecdote relative<br /> -to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Argental, count d', II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ariosto, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Imitated by La Fontaine,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aristotle, controversy respecting,<br /> -excited by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Ramus's<br /> -Anti-Stagyrite, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arlechino, or Harlequin, Italian<br /> -actor, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arnaud, Antony, the abbé, controversialist,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arnaud d'Andilli, brother of Antony,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arnaud, Angélique, abbess of Port<br /> -Royal, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Arouet, M., father of Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_7">7</a>. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Artagnan, M. d', I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Assoucy, d', musician and poet,<br /> -kindly entertained during his<br /> -peregrinations by Molière and his<br /> -brother comedians, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Atmospheric air, properties of, I. -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>B.</p> - -<p>Bacon, Francis lord, his opinion of<br /> -Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ballads, Spanish and Moorish, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Balzac, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barante, M., his "Literature of the<br /> -Eighteenth Century," II. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Bardou, French poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Baron, excellent comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>.<br /> - -Barre, chevalier de la, execution of<br /> -the, II. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Beauvilliers, duke de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Béjart, brothers, comedians in Molière's<br /> -troop, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. Facetiousness<br /> -of the younger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Béjart, Madeleine, actress, her<br /> -beauty, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Béjart, Armande, is married by<br /> -Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. Their union infelicitous,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Implores<br /> -Louis XIV. that her deceased<br /> -husband should be buried in holy<br /> -ground, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. She marries M.<br /> -Guérin, comedian, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bellay, du, archbishop of Paris,<br /> -friendly to Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -Ambassador from Francis I. to<br /> -Paul III., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. He receives Rabelais<br /> -in his household at Paris,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. Supposed dying message by<br /> -Rabelais to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bellerose, Pierre le Meslier named,<br /> -tragedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benedictine order, claims of for<br /> -respect, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benserade, court poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bergerac, Cyrano de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bernier, traveller in the East, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bible, English, an example for<br /> -language, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boccaccio, his works acknowledged<br /> -to be diverting by La Fontaine, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boétie, Etienne de la, friendship of<br /> -Montaigne for, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Latin poem<br /> -by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Death-bed of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boileau Despréaux, Nicholas, epigram<br /> -on Corneille by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His<br /> -high estimate of Molière's genius,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. His regret for the<br /> -loss of Molière's early farces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -He criticises "Les Fourberies de<br /> -Scapin," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. His advice to Molière,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. His poetry remarkable<br /> -for wit, but without humour,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. His observations on La<br /> -Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. In favour<br /> -with Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Is elected<br /> -of the French Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -His admiration of the "Lettres<br /> -Provinciales" of Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br /> -His father, Giles Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>.<br /> -Birth of Nicholas in 1636, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>.<br /> -At school he commenced writing<br /> -poetry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. Studies law, and<br /> -named advocate, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Attacks<br /> -Chapelain and Cotin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -Substitutes fresh victims of his<br /> -satire in place of such as had<br /> -surrendered at discretion, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -His friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. He speaks of<br /> -his own success, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>, n. His "Art<br /> -Poétique," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. The "Lutrin,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. Passages from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br /> -Leigh Hunt's parallel of Boileau<br /> -and Pope, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>, n. Boileau eulogises<br /> -Louis XIV., and is favourably<br /> -received at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Is<br /> -named historiographer conjointly<br /> -with Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. These poets<br /> -accompany Louis to Ghent, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>.<br /> -Is liable in camp to alarms,<br /> -his phlegmatic disposition, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>.<br /> -His conversations with madame<br /> -de Maintenon and Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br /> -Desires a seat in the French<br /> -Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Repairs to<br /> -the baths of Bourbon for health,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>. His correspondence by<br /> -letter of much interest, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. Is indignant as to Perrault's<br /> -"Siècle de Louis Quatorze,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His Satire on Women,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>. His pension, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. His<br /> -tender regard for Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>.<br /> -He loses his valued friend, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>.<br /> -His interview with Louis as sole<br /> -historiographer, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. His retirement,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. His amusements in<br /> -old age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. Sells his house at<br /> -Auteuil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. His piety, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br /> -Completes an edition of his works,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Account of several of his<br /> -works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. <i>et passim.</i> Dies of<br /> -dropsy on the chest at seventy-five<br /> -years of age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. His superior<br /> -wit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. His verses highly<br /> -finished and regular, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>. The<br /> -"Lutrin" his best poem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>.<br /> -Teaches Racine that easy versification<br /> -is the result of painstaking,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. He reconciles Antoine<br /> -Arnaud, and Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. His<br /> -enduring kindness for Racine,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. His name of Despréaux, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boisrobert, French poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bonaparte, general, his first interview<br /> -with madame de Staël, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_322">322</a>. Appointed first consul, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br /> -Surmises as to the causes of Bonaparte's<br /> -enmity, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>. His interview<br /> -with M. Necker, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>. He<br /> -permits madame de Staël to reside<br /> -in Paris, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>. Not being lauded<br /> -by her, he seizes her "Germany,"<br /> -and exiles her from France, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br /> -On his return from Elba, invites<br /> -her to assist him in forming a<br /> -constitution; her answer, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bonnecorse, French writer, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bordeaux, the father of Montaigne<br /> -mayor of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Michel Montaigne<br /> -(the Essayist) mayor, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Re-election<br /> -of Montaigne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Warfare<br /> -of the Fronde against the<br /> -royal party, at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. The prince of<br /> -Condé joyfully received by the<br /> -Bordelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Molière patronised<br /> -by the duke d'Epernon at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bose, M., letter from madame Roland<br /> -to, II. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>. He visits her in<br /> -prison, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, witnesses<br /> -the death of the duke of Rochefoucauld,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. His intended marriage,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. Abandons it for the<br /> -church, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. Appointed preceptor<br /> -to the dauphin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. His<br /> -funeral oration on Henrietta, duchess<br /> -of Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>, n. His "Discours<br /> -sur l'Histoire Universelle,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. He causes the misfortunes<br /> -of Fénélon by his zeal against the<br /> -doctrines of quietisme, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>. No<br /> -reconciliation takes place between<br /> -Bossuet and Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bonhours, le père, jesuit, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Bouillon, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His death<br /> -of typhus fever, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bouillon, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Niece<br /> -of Mazarin, 158. She conducts La<br /> -Fontaine to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bouillon, M., his "Joconde," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bourdaloue, le père, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>, n.<br /> -Said to surpass his instructor,<br /> -Bossuet, in pulpit eloquence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boursault, French dramatic author,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>. His visit to Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bretons, character of this race, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Their loyalty romantic and<br /> -excessive, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brissot, M., and the Girondists, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_273">273</a>. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>. He falls into disrepute,<br /> -<a href="#Page_276">276</a>. Their known moderation,<br /> -<a href="#Page_281">281</a>. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>. Louvet accuses Robespierre,<br /> -but is ill supported except<br /> -by the Gironde deputies, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>. Act<br /> -of accusation against them, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> -Execution of Brissot, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brittany, province of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -Affairs of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Broglie, duke de, espouses Albertine,<br /> -daughter of madame de<br /> -Staël, II. <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bruyère, <i>see</i> <a href="#La_Bruyere">La Bruyère</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Buchanan, George, applauds the<br /> -early teaching Latin to Montaigne,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Budæus, referred to as to Rabelais,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burke, right hon. Edmund, his opinion<br /> -of Oliver Goldsmith, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burgundy, duke of, grandson of<br /> -Louis XIV., his preceptors, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_359" class="ext">359</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="Bussy_Rabutin">Bussy-Rabutin</a>, Roger, count de,<br /> -cousin of madame de Sévigné, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Her letters to the count,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His letters to madame de<br /> -Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Particulars of<br /> -his career, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>, n. His licentious<br /> -works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>C.</p> - -<p>Cailhava, his "Art de la Comédie,"<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Calas, Jean, inquiry into the injustice<br /> -of the condemnation of, II. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Calonne, administration of this financier,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Calvin, John, his reproof of Rabelais,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Castro, Guillen de, the "Cid" of, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Catherine II., her correspondence<br /> -with M. de Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caumartin, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cavoie, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chamfort, his éloge of Molière, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Champmélé, mademoiselle de, celebrated<br /> -actress, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charles VI., the emperor, death of,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chapelain, French poet and critic,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Character of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His<br /> -poem of "La Pucelle d'Orléans,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n. Other allusions to,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chapelle, poet, education of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -His good-fellowship, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>.<br /> -Allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chateauneuf, the abbé de, II. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chateauneuf, marquis de, II. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Châteauroux, duchess of, II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Châtelet, marquis du, his castle of<br /> -Cirey affords a refuge to Voltaire,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Châtelet, madame du, Voltaire's<br /> -intimacy with, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. She learns<br /> -English of Voltaire, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. Her<br /> -literary taste, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>. She revisits<br /> -Paris with Voltaire, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. Visits<br /> -Sceaux, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. Her death, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Châtillon, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chaulnes, duke of, governor of Britany,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chaulnes, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chavigni, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chevreuse, duchess de, favourite of<br /> -Anne, regent of France, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is banished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chimène, or Ximena, part of, critique,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Choiseul, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Cid," the, of Guillen de Castro, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Cinna," tragedy of, by Corneille,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cirey, château of the marquis du<br /> -Châtelet in Champagne, II. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br /> -Voltaire's mode of life there, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Clairon, mademoiselle, actress, II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Clement VII., pope, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Clement XI., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colletet, French author, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Comedy, French: Corneille's "Mélite,"<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. His "Illusion," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br /> -His "Le Menteur," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. Racine's<br /> -"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Theatre">Theatre</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Condé, the great prince of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br /> -Defeats the Spaniards at Rocroi,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Blockades Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Is imprisoned,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. And liberated by de<br /> -Retz and the Frondeurs, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br /> -Joined by the Spaniards in the<br /> -south of France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Quits Guienne<br /> -to join the forces of the duke of<br /> -Nemours, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Perilous journey,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Is opposed by Turenne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>.<br /> -Contest between these great commanders<br /> -near Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. The Parisians<br /> -show great regard for him,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. On occasion of a tumult and<br /> -partial massacre, he incurs their<br /> -hatred, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. His admiration of<br /> -Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. Further allusions<br /> -to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine de<br /> -Caritat, marquis de, born in Picardy,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. His scientific works,<br /> -<a href="#Page_172">172</a>. <i>et seq.</i> His examination of<br /> -the "Pensées de Pascal," <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> -Intimacy with men of science, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> -Replies to Necker's book, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>. His<br /> -edition of Voltaire, and a life of<br /> -that author, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>. Replies to<br /> -De Lolme on the English Constitution,<br /> -<a href="#Page_179">179</a>. Character of Condorcet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_179">179</a>. What share he had in the<br /> -French revolution, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. Violent<br /> -speech of against monarchy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_184">184</a>. His political writings, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_184">184</a>. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>. Supports in his speeches<br /> -the cause of liberty, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br /> -Esteemed for his integrity, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br /> -His metaphysical deductions, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br /> -His enlarged views regarding<br /> -national education, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>. His vote<br /> -went to save Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br /> -Denounced by Chabot, as an<br /> -accomplice of Brissot, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>. His<br /> -"Historical Sketch of the Progress<br /> -of the Human Mind," <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br /> -His views of human perfection,<br /> -<a href="#Page_191">191</a>. His epistle in verse<br /> -to his wife, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. He retires to<br /> -Chamont, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. Is discovered, and<br /> -imprisoned at Bourg-la-Reine,<br /> -<a href="#Page_193">193</a>. Dies of cold and hunger in<br /> -jail, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. His character as given<br /> -by madame Roland, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. His wife<br /> -escaped the dangers of the revolution,<br /> -<a href="#Page_194">194</a>. She wrote some philosophical<br /> -works, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.; and died<br /> -in 1822, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. Mademoiselle de<br /> -Condorcet married Arthur<br /> -O'Connor, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Conti, Armand de Bourbon, prince<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Engaged in the civil<br /> -war on the side of the Fronde,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Holds out in Bordeaux<br /> -and Guienne for several years,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>, n. Educated in the college<br /> -of Clermont, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. He patronizes<br /> -Molière at Pezenas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. Allusions<br /> -to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Conti, the princess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Conti, the prince of, entertains<br /> -J. J. Rousseau, II. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Affords<br /> -him a refuge, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Corbinelli, M., account of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>.<br /> -His wit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. His letters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Corneille, Pierre, the father of<br /> -French tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. His parents,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. His brother, Thomas<br /> -Corneille, also a dramatist of celebrity,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His sister Marthe,<br /> -mother of Fontenelle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Taught<br /> -at Rouen by Jesuits, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His first<br /> -work, "Mélite," a comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>.<br /> -Mediocrity of his first dramas,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Corrects the plays of Richelieu,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His associates in that<br /> -task, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. He retires from Paris<br /> -to Rouen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His poems to madame<br /> -Du Pont, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His "Medée"<br /> -unsuccessful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. "Illusion," a<br /> -comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. His genius fires with<br /> -the study of Spanish dramas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br /> -Reads the "Cid" of Guillen de<br /> -Castro, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Corneille's drama of<br /> -the "Cid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Its plot<br /> -and action, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Its renown, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br /> -Critique of the "Cid," by the Académie<br /> -Française, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Richelieu's<br /> -observations thereon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>.<br /> -Corneille's tragedy of "Horace,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. His tragedy of "Cinna,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. "Polyeucte," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>. His<br /> -comedy of "Le Menteur," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br /> -"Rodogune," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Ill success of<br /> -"Don Sancho," "Theodore,"<br /> -and "Pertharite," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. His "Essays<br /> -on the Theatre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br /> -translation of the "Imitation of<br /> -Jesus Christ," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Tragedy of<br /> -"Œdipe," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Its success, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br /> -genius afterwards unequal to his<br /> -former fame, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Pension granted<br /> -him by Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Character<br /> -of the great dramatist, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br /> -His fruitless attempts in later<br /> -tragedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. His "Agesilas<br /> -and Attila," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His wife and<br /> -sister described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Is established<br /> -in Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Parallel of Racine<br /> -and Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. "Berenice,"<br /> -a subject treated by both poets,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Corneille less successful than<br /> -his rival, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. "Pulchérie," and<br /> -"Suréna," his last plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>.<br /> -Death of Corneille, aged seventy-nine,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Unison of his character<br /> -with his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Public applause<br /> -of the poet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Eloge of,<br /> -by Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. A great-niece of,<br /> -adopted by Voltaire, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>, n. II. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br /> -His sons, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Corneille, Thomas, dramatic author,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Success of his "Timocrates,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. "Le Comte d'Essex"<br /> -popular, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. He and his<br /> -brother Pierre marry the demoiselles<br /> -de Lamperière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Harmony<br /> -of the Corneille family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br /> -Some quotations from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>, n.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Corneille, Marthe, the mother of<br /> -Fontenelle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cotin, l'Abbé, his death hastened<br /> -by critics and satirists, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -Molière's attack on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Boileau's<br /> -satire on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Coulanges, Marie de, baronne de<br /> -Chantal, mother of madame de<br /> -Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Coulanges, Christophe de, abbé de<br /> -Livry, takes charge of his orphan<br /> -niece, madame de Sévigné, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His consolations afforded her<br /> -on the death of the marquis her<br /> -husband, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Coulanges, M. de, cousin of madame<br /> -de Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Lawsuit<br /> -of, pleaded by himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Dialogue<br /> -in verse by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>, n. Impromptu<br /> -by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>. His death,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Coulanges, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Celebrated<br /> -for wit and beauty, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Couvreur, mademoiselle, death and<br /> -mode of sepulture of this actress,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Crébillon, dramatic poet, II. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br /> -A rival of Voltaire, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cuspidius, Lucius, will of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>D.</p> - -<p><a id="DAlembert">D'Alembert</a>, M., proverbial saying<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Remarks of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br /> -His éloge of Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. The Encyclopédie, II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br /> -His friendship with Condorcet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br /> -<br /> -D'Angeau, marquis do, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His<br /> -fortune at play, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Dauphin, the, son of Louis XIV.,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Davenport, Mr., permits Rousseau<br /> -to occupy his house at Wotton in<br /> -Derbyshire, II. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Denis, madame, niece of Voltaire,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Descartes, his celebrity for science,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Desfontaines, the abbé, II. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Deshoulières, madame, her sonnet<br /> -on Racine's "Phèdre," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Des Marais, bishop of Chartres, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Des Marets, French academician, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Devaux, M., II. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Diderot, M., writes a large portion<br /> -of the Encyclopédie, II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. That<br /> -work was condemned by the parliament<br /> -and clergy, and suppressed,<br /> -<a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Is confined at Vincennes<br /> -for publishing a pamphlet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_133">133</a>. Visited by J. J. Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_133">133</a>. High reputation of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Drama, the: France indebted to<br /> -Spanish tragic authors, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br /> -In comedy to Lope di Vega, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br /> -The Greek drama not suitable to<br /> -modern times, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>. Voltaire's critique<br /> -on the tragedies of Sophocles,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Theatre">Theatre</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dubois, cardinal, II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Du Deffand, la marquise, letter<br /> -from Voltaire to, II. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dumouriez, general, minister for<br /> -foreign affairs, II. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dupin, madame, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Duprat, chancellor, invades the<br /> -privileges of the faculty at Montpellier,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. The gift of tongues<br /> -an introduction of Rabelais to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dupuis, M. and madame, II. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Duverdier, the Bibliothèque Française<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His Prosographie,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>E.</p> - -<p>Encyclopédie, by MM. Diderot,<br /> -d'Alembert, Voltaire, and others,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Enville, duchess d', II. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Epinay, madame d', II. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Etallonde, the chevalier d', II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Euripides, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>F.</p> - -<p>Fables of La Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br /> -180. Gay's, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>. Anonymous<br /> -English fables imitated from La<br /> -Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fayette, countess de la, her novel<br /> -of "La Princesse de Clèves," I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Her taste and erudition, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br /> -Friendship of the duke of Rochefoucauld<br /> -for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her mansion<br /> -the resort of French literati, &c.,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Her portrait or character of<br /> -de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fénélon, François de Salignac de<br /> -la Mothe, born in 1651, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His<br /> -ancestry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His education, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br /> -Takes his degree at Cahors, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br /> -The abbé Fénélon's sermons at<br /> -nineteen applauded, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. His strict<br /> -attention to the sacerdotal duties,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. His purpose of becoming missionary,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. Louis XIV. desires<br /> -him to convert the Huguenots,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. Is the pupil and friend of Bossuet,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>. Writes on female education,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>. His "Telemachus,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. Appointed archbishop<br /> -of Cambrai, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. Is deceived<br /> -by the zeal and pretended<br /> -visions of madame Guyon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a>.<br /> -Declines approval of Bossuet's<br /> -condemnation of her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>. Louis<br /> -XIV. did not like Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n.<br /> -Exiled to his diocese, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>.<br /> -His "Exposition des Maximes<br /> -des Saints sur la vie intérieure,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a>. The pope condemns the<br /> -book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_352" class="ext">352</a>. Controversy on this<br /> -subject among the great prelates,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>. Fénélon's letters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>.<br /> -His religious principles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. <i>et<br /> -passim.</i> Is visited by the duke of<br /> -Burgundy at Cambrai, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His<br /> -active charity, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Louis XIV.<br /> -becomes sensible of his unjust<br /> -treatment of this great prelate,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>. The archbishop's sickness<br /> -and death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>. His character,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>. His conversation, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>.<br /> -Ramsay, a Scottish baronet, describes<br /> -his habits and disposition,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>. His dialogues on eloquence,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>. Political views in<br /> -his "Telemachus," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fénélon, marquis de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferney, château of, Voltaire's seclusion<br /> -at the, II. <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. Visitors to,<br /> -<a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Marmontel, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>. Countess de<br /> -Genlis, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferney, village of, II. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fleuri, cardinal de, II. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. <a href="#Page_42">44</a>.<br /> -His death.<br /> -<br /> -Fleury, abbé de, sous-précepteur<br /> -of the princes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fontaine, <i>see</i> <a href="#La_Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>.<br /> -&c.<br /> -<br /> -Fontenelle, nephew of Corneille, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Observations by, on La Fontaine,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fouquet, minister of finance, incites<br /> -Pierre Corneille to write<br /> -"Œdipe," a tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br /> -mistake in entertaining his monarch<br /> -too sumptuously, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Offends<br /> -mademoiselle de la Vallière.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Louis XIV. restrains his<br /> -anger during the fête given by<br /> -the financier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. His disgrace,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Is brought to trial, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br /> -Imprisoned in Pignerol until his<br /> -death in 1680, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His correspondence<br /> -seized, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>.<br /> -<br /> -France, the civil war between Catholics<br /> -and Huguenots, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -Consequences of civil war, the<br /> -rise of statesmen and warriors,<br /> -and next of poets and authors,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Events on the death of Louis<br /> -XIII., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Corruption of manners,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Condé and Turenne<br /> -defeat the Spaniards, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Broils<br /> -and adventures in the contest of<br /> -the Fronde against Mazarin and<br /> -the court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>. The kingdom<br /> -suffers in commerce, learning,<br /> -arts and sciences; and demoralization<br /> -a further consequence of<br /> -civil war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Licentiousness<br /> -resulting from the war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br /> -French manners liable to ridiculous<br /> -interpretation, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. Molière<br /> -lashes these foibles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>.<br /> -Anecdotes descriptive of the state<br /> -of society, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> -Literature not good at the commencement<br /> -of Louis XIV.'s<br /> -reign, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. War of the Spanish<br /> -succession, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Invasion of<br /> -Flanders, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. The nation vain,<br /> -and fond of glory, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. Intolerance<br /> -of the clergy of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Franceuil, M., his friendship for<br /> -J. J. Rousseau, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Francis I., court of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. He<br /> -protects Rabelais against the Sorbonne,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Franciscan order, the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Frederic the Great, king of Prussia,<br /> -his correspondence with Voltaire,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. He visits Strasbourg,<br /> -<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. Voltaire's interview with<br /> -Frederic at the castle of Clèves,<br /> -<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. Description of the monarch,<br /> -<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. He attacks the principles<br /> -of Machiavelli, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. He seizes on<br /> -Silesia, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. Concludes peace with<br /> -the empress Maria Theresa, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br /> -Negotiations with France, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br /> -The king welcomes Voltaire to<br /> -Potsdam, and grants him a place<br /> -and a pension, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>. Appoints<br /> -Maupertuis, president of the Royal<br /> -Academy, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Refuses permission<br /> -to Voltaire to quit his service,<br /> -<a href="#Page_67">67</a>. Their interview, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -Reconciliation effected, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. Frederic<br /> -sends to Voltaire at Frankfort<br /> -for a volume of the king's<br /> -poems, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Voltaire's arrest until<br /> -he can receive the volume left<br /> -at Leipsic, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Frederic defeated<br /> -in battle, addresses an epistle in<br /> -verse to Voltaire, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. He gains<br /> -two victories, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. His opinion of<br /> -Voltaire's powers of conversation,<br /> -<a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Invites J. J. Rousseau to<br /> -Berlin, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> -<br /> -French language: affected and extravagant<br /> -style of Mlle. de Scudéri<br /> -and others of the Hôtel<br /> -Rambouillet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fronde, civil war of the, described,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. &c. Great men of this party<br /> -enumerated, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>. The new and<br /> -old Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Character of<br /> -the times of the Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br /> -<i>See</i> Life of <a href="#Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Furetière, abbé, his Dictionary, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. Anger of against the French<br /> -Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>G.</p> - -<p>Galen, edition of, by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. "Ars Medicinalis" of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Galileo, his investigation of atmospheric<br /> -laws, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gallanous, Peter, controversy of<br /> -respecting Aristotle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gamache, viscountess de (Eléanore<br /> -de Montaigne), I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Gargantua, the Giant, and Pantagruel,"<br /> -of Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Supposed<br /> -personages pourtrayed in,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. Editions thereof, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gascony and Guienne, character of<br /> -the people of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gassendi, astronomer and mathematician,<br /> -instructs Chapelle and<br /> -Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gaussin, Mademoiselle, celebrated<br /> -and beautiful actress, II. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gauthier Garguille, excellent comedian,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gay's Fables, comparison of La<br /> -Fontaine's with, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Geneva, residence of "Les Délices"<br /> -acquired by Voltaire near to,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.362 - <a href="#Page_75">75</a>. Quits it for the<br /> -château de Ferney, on the adjacent<br /> -French territory, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. Rousseau's<br /> -early years passed at<br /> -Geneva, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. Kind reception of<br /> -him at a later period by his<br /> -countrymen, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. Voltaire and<br /> -d'Alembert desirous of softening<br /> -the tone of society in, by establishing<br /> -dramatic, representations,<br /> -<a href="#Page_149">149</a>. Rousseau replies to<br /> -their article for that object in the<br /> -Encyclopédie, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>. Ferment at,<br /> -in which the writings of Rousseau<br /> -were concerned, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Genlis, countess de, narrates her<br /> -visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. <a href="#Page_194">94</a>.<br /> -Rousseau offended by, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gex, town of, II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gibbon, Edward, esq. the historian,<br /> -an admirer of mademoiselle<br /> -Churchod, the mother of madame<br /> -de Staël, II. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gilbert, tragedy of "Rodogune" by,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ginguené, M., criticisms of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Goldsmith, Oliver, opinions relative<br /> -to his conversation, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gournay le Jars, Marie de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>.<br /> -Publishes the Essays of Montaigne,<br /> -who had treated her as a<br /> -daughter by adoption, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gourville, secretary to de la Rochefoucauld,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. His<br /> -Memoirs referred to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Graffigny, madame de, II. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grammont, count de, espouses<br /> -miss Hamilton, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Greek, Rabelais familiar with, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Greek tragedy, unities of the,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grignan, count de, his marriage,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Praise of him by madame<br /> -de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. He repairs to<br /> -Provence as lieutenant-governor,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grignan, countess de, daughter of<br /> -madame, de Sévigné, educated<br /> -by her mother, II. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>. Is presented<br /> -at court, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>. Appeared at the<br /> -fêtes of Versailles, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>. Her<br /> -beauty celebrated by Benserade,<br /> -<a href="#Page_226">226</a>. Accepts the hand of the<br /> -count de Grignan, a widower,<br /> -<a href="#Page_227">227</a>. Accompanies her husband<br /> -to Provence, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. Portraiture of<br /> -the countess, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>. Visits of madame<br /> -de Sévigné to her in Provence,<br /> -<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>. Madame de<br /> -Grignan attends her mother in<br /> -Paris when ill, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. But returns<br /> -to Provence herself in ill health,<br /> -<a href="#Page_246">246</a>. Renewed journeys to see<br /> -her mother, and to Provence, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_247">247</a>. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>. Her children, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>. Is<br /> -on terms of affection with her<br /> -mother, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. Attended in sickness<br /> -by her mother, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grignan, marquis de, their son, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grignan, chevalier de, an uncle,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grignan, Pauline de, daughter of<br /> -the countess, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. She<br /> -marries the marquis de Simiane,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grimm, baron de. Correspondence<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. II. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. J. J. Rousseau's<br /> -friendship for, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. Account of<br /> -the baron, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. His report as to<br /> -Rousseau, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gros Guillaume, comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gros René, comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gros René, madame, actress, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guibert, count de, II. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guise, duke of, assassinated at Blois,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guyon, madame, enthusiasm or<br /> -mysticism of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a>. <i>et seq.</i> Her<br /> -fervour occasions the disgrace of<br /> -Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>. He speaks in her<br /> -cause to Bossuet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>. Her party<br /> -punished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>H.</p> - -<p>Hamilton, la belle, countess of<br /> -Grammont, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hardy, early French dramatic author,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Harlay de, archbishop of Paris, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Harpe, La, M., critical remarks of<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. II. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Helvetius, M., II. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. Madame<br /> -Roland's opinion as to, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="Henrietta">Henrietta</a> of England, duchess of<br /> -Orléans, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Her death,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Henry, king of Navarre, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Henry IV. king of France, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -Character of his court warlike and<br /> -unlettered, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. The "Henriade"<br /> -a history of this great monarch<br /> -and his times, II. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Herbault, Puits d', monk of Fontevrault,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hippocrates, edited or translated by<br /> -Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. His system,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Holland, lord, on the Spanish<br /> -Drama, &c., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Houdetot, countess d', II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Her<br /> -visit to J. J. Rousseau at the Hermitage,<br /> -<a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Huguenots, blame attached by<br /> -Montaigne to their party, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -Oppression of the, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Bourdaloue<br /> -sent into the south to<br /> -convert protestants, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>, n. Fénélon<br /> -commissioned to convert<br /> -the Huguenots, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. Out of the<br /> -pale of the Romish church, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. The <i>dragonnades</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hume, David, persuades Rousseau<br /> -to visit England, II. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Is indignant<br /> -at the folly and jealousies<br /> -of Jean Jacques, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>I.</p> - -<p>Innocent X., condemns the five propositions<br /> -on grace and election,<br /> -said to be from the book on Augustin<br /> -by Jansenius, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Intolerance, cases of, II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>J.</p> - -<p>James II., arrival of, in France, I.<br /> -<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jansenius, Cornelius, bishop of<br /> -Ypres, five propositions selected<br /> -by the Jesuits from his work on<br /> -St. Augustin, and condemned by<br /> -the Sorbonne, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jansenists, origin of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -Controversies respecting the abbé<br /> -Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.; and the Lettres<br /> -Provinciales, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Praise of<br /> -education by the Jansenists, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>.<br /> -Their spirit of controversy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br /> -Fénélon opposed to Jansenism,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Persecution of the, II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jesuits, order of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. They<br /> -employ themselves particularly in<br /> -education, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Polemical spirit<br /> -infused by the religious orders,<br /> -and an apathy for the affairs of<br /> -this world, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Banishment of<br /> -the, II. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jordan, Mrs., her excellent taste,<br /> -and vivacity in comedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jura Mountains, peasants of the,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>K.</p> - -<p>Keith, lord, his regard for Rousseau,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Kœnig, Prussian mathematician,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>L.</p> - -<p>La Beaumelle, his attack on Voltaire<br /> -in Prussia, II. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="La_Bruyere">La Bruyère</a>, his critique on Rabelais,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Describes Corneille's<br /> -conversation and manner, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. His<br /> -portrait of La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br /> -<br /> -La Fare, anacreontic poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="La_Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, Jean de, versifier of<br /> -Rabelais' Tales, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. His life<br /> -peaceful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. Born in 1621 at<br /> -Château Thierry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. His father,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. He enters the community<br /> -of the Pères de l'Oratoire,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Renounces the cloister, and<br /> -espouses Mlle. Marie d'Héricart,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Becomes master of the royal<br /> -domains in his district, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br /> -Hears Malherbe's ode on the assassination<br /> -of Henri IV., and<br /> -commences poet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. Studies<br /> -the Roman poets, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. Verses by,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. His "Adonis" in heroic<br /> -verse, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. His character indolent<br /> -and <i>insouciant</i>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. Resides<br /> -long at Château Thierry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -Fights M. Poignan, on account<br /> -of madame de la Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br /> -That officer disarms the poet both<br /> -of sword and jealousy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Divers<br /> -reports as to the placid temper<br /> -of his wife, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. Visits Paris,<br /> -but neglects business, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. Becomes<br /> -domiciled with the duke<br /> -and duchess of Bouillon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br /> -His intimacy with Racine, Molière,<br /> -and Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. Comfortable<br /> -amid Parisian society, he<br /> -forgets his wife and his home, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br /> -Fouquet grants him a pension,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. He solicits that finance<br /> -minister's pardon from Louis<br /> -XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His "Contes et<br /> -Merveilles en vers," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. Tale<br /> -of "Pysche and Cupid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>.<br /> -Noticed by Henrietta duchess of<br /> -Orléans. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. His tale of "Joconde,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. His "Fables," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. Is elected of the French<br /> -Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Anecdote on that<br /> -subject, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. He has the ill luck<br /> -to displease the abbé Furetière<br /> -by an inadvertence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. La Fontaine<br /> -incorrigibly forgetful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br /> -Forgets that he has a son, and<br /> -admires him as a stranger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br /> -Anecdotes exhibiting him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>,<br /> -&c. Resides in the house of madame<br /> -d'Hervart, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>. Decline<br /> -of his health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. The<br /> -priests constrain him to destroy<br /> -some of his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. And to<br /> -make public reparation for the<br /> -evil influence of his "Fables,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. He recovers and writes<br /> -more tales, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Dies, aged<br /> -seventy-four, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Criticism on<br /> -his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>. His dramatic<br /> -pieces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. His tables and tales,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. English fables compared<br /> -with, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>. Opinions by his<br /> -contemporaries of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. Epitaph<br /> -by himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br /> -<br /> -La Harpe, M., criticisms of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. II. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lally-Tolendal, M. de, saved by<br /> -madame de Staël, II. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>. <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lamb, Miss, pretty song by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -La Metrie, physician at Potzdam,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lamoignon, M. de, premier président,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Langeron, the abbé de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>.<br /> -"Langey, Chevalier de, Military<br /> -Stratagems and Prowess of," by<br /> -Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -La Noue, tragedian, II. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Leibnitz, letter of the celebrated,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Le Kain, tragedian, II. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. He resides<br /> -with Voltaire, and performs<br /> -on his stage, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Le Nôtre, architect, &c., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lettres Provinciales of Pascal, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Object of this work explained,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Condemnation of<br /> -the book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Misfortunes resulting<br /> -therefrom at Port Royal,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br /> -<br /> -L'Huilier, M., engages Gassendi to<br /> -educate Chapelle the poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ligne, prince de, visits Rousseau<br /> -incognito, II. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. Declares himself<br /> -by letter, and kindly offers<br /> -a home to J. J. Rousseau, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Locke, John, works of, II. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> -His "Treatise on Education,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Longueville, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Longueville, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Her<br /> -beauty, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Various allusions to<br /> -this princess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Her character<br /> -and religious sentiments,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Louis XIII., accession of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br /> -Death of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. M. Poquelin and<br /> -his son Molière his deputy, valet-de-chambre<br /> -to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. The king<br /> -causes M. de Cinq-Mars and De<br /> -Thou to be beheaded, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Allusions<br /> -to this monarch, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Louis XIV., grants a pension to<br /> -Pierre Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. His attachment<br /> -to Henrietta duchess of<br /> -Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Splendour of his<br /> -court begins to be remarkable,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Takes a part in the ballets at<br /> -court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Discontinues to<br /> -do so, from a passage in "Britannicus"<br /> -alluding to Nero, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>,<br /> -n. His journeys, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. Flattery<br /> -of by the poets and savants, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br /> -Did not comprehend La Fontaine,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. And delays his ratification<br /> -of his being received in the French<br /> -Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Trial of Fouquet,<br /> -finance minister, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. The king refuses to pardon<br /> -him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. The fêtes at Versailles,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>. Tournament at, Louis<br /> -representing count Roger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br /> -His affection for the beautiful<br /> -La Vallière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. His court described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n.<br /> -His queen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. Secret marriage<br /> -with madame de Maintenon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. His reign, animadversions<br /> -on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Age of<br /> -Louis XIV. described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. Louis<br /> -XIV. conceives a dislike for Fénélon,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a>. Perceives his injustice,<br /> -but burns his papers, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>.<br /> -Anecdotes of the king, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br /> -Preceptors to his son and grand-sons,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>, n. The Gallican<br /> -church, its state in the reign of<br /> -Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. References<br /> -to Louis XIV., in the life<br /> -of Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Louis XV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>. II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_57">57</a>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. His inglorious old age,<br /> -<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Louis XVI., II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>. <i>For<br /> -the historical events of his reign<br /> -and fall, see the Lives of Condorcet,<br /> -Mirabeau, &c.</i> in Vol. II.<br /> -<br /> -Love and gallantry, novels breathing<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Ill taste of<br /> -language relating to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Purity<br /> -of sentiment aimed at nevertheless,<br /> -108.<br /> -<br /> -Lucian, by whom imitated, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lucretius, II. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lulli, musical composer, solicits<br /> -La Fontaine to write the opera of<br /> -"Daphne," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. His death<br /> -described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Luxembourg, maréchal duc de, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_149">149</a>. His kind attentions to his<br /> -neighbour Jean Jacques Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Luxembourg, duchess of, II. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_152">152</a>. Her conduct with regard to<br /> -Rousseau, when he was danger of<br /> -arrest, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lyons, almanacs calculated under<br /> -the meridian of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>M.</p> - -<p>Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Frederic the Great's<br /> -work against the principles of, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence<br /> -of Rabelais with the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. "Letters from Italy" to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maine, duchess du, festivities at her<br /> -château of Sceaux, II. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maintenon, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her<br /> -portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Her friendship for<br /> -madame de Coulanges, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>.<br /> -Anecdotes of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Her estate of<br /> -Maintenon, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe,"<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence<br /> -with, II. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. His<br /> -benevolent attentions to Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_151">151</a>. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire<br /> -at Ferney, II. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marot, Clément, admired by La<br /> -Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marsillac, prince de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His advice<br /> -to the duchess de Chevreuse,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. <i>See</i> Duke de la <a href="#Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marsillac, prince de, son of the<br /> -above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld<br /> -in the battle of St. Antoine,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Espouses his cousin,<br /> -Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br /> -Attends the duke his father in<br /> -his last illness, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to<br /> -Montaigne, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maupertuis, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. His<br /> -dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam,<br /> -<a href="#Page_66">66</a>. "Akakia," a satire by<br /> -Voltaire on, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>. He challenges<br /> -Voltaire, who laughs at<br /> -him, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maurepas, count de, II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mauroy, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is minister in the<br /> -regency of Anne of Austria, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br /> -Imprisons the princes Condé,<br /> -Conti, and Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Is<br /> -obliged to fly, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Successes of,<br /> -in the royal cause, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Is displaced<br /> -for a time, for the sake of<br /> -an accommodation of the civil<br /> -dissensions, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. On his return to<br /> -power he permits de la Rochefoucauld<br /> -to appear at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mazarin, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis<br /> -of, descended from an Italian<br /> -family named Arrighetti, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_195">195</a>. His grandfather, Jean Antoine,<br /> -<a href="#Page_196">196</a>. His father, comte Victor<br /> -de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami<br /> -des Hommes," <a href="#Page_197">197</a>. The comté's<br /> -marriage, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>. His lady's domestic<br /> -happiness obstructed by a madame<br /> -de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who<br /> -chose to reside with them, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br /> -The marquis's idea of his own<br /> -infallibility, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. He became a<br /> -persecutor of his son, Gabriel<br /> -Honoré, the fifth child, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.; who<br /> -was born with teeth, and suffered<br /> -severely from the small-pox, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br /> -His early talent, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. Memoirs<br /> -of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny,<br /> -noticed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, n. Madame<br /> -de Pailly cruel to this boy, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br /> -His early education, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>. Severity<br /> -of his father, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. The abbé<br /> -Choquart, his preceptor, proud<br /> -of him, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. Is sent to join the<br /> -marquis de Lambert's regiment,<br /> -<a href="#Page_202">202</a>. His subsequent expostulations<br /> -with his hard-hearted parent,<br /> -who had imprisoned him in<br /> -the fortress of the Isle of Rhé,<br /> -<a href="#Page_204">204</a>. The governor sends him on<br /> -the expedition to Corsica, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br /> -His history of that island, and an<br /> -Itinerary from personal observation,<br /> -<a href="#Page_204">204</a>. He avows his liking<br /> -for the military profession, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br /> -His father praises him on his return,<br /> -<a href="#Page_206">206</a>. Marries the daughter<br /> -of the marquis de Marignane,<br /> -<a href="#Page_207">207</a>. He incurs debts, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>. His<br /> -father procures a lettre-de-cachet<br /> -to confine him, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>. He writes<br /> -an "Essay on Despotism," <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br /> -Becomes jealous of the chevalier<br /> -de Gassaud, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>. On hearing his<br /> -explanation, he escapes to forward<br /> -his projected marriage by<br /> -pleading for him, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>. Meets a<br /> -nobleman who had insulted his<br /> -sister, and gives him a blow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br /> -His father hearing of his evasion,<br /> -shuts him up in a dismal castle,<br /> -<a href="#Page_209">209</a>. His love adventures, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br /> -He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey<br /> -de Monnier, to Holland, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br /> -Translates for the booksellers of<br /> -Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. M. de Monnier<br /> -proceeds against the fugitives,<br /> -who are condemned to<br /> -punishment, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>. He is imprisoned<br /> -at Vincennes, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. His<br /> -letters, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. Fate of Sophie<br /> -de Monnier, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, n. He quits<br /> -prison on coming to terms with<br /> -his father, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>. He tries by law<br /> -to oblige his wife to live with<br /> -him, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>. Fails in his suit,<br /> -<a href="#Page_224">224</a>. Is no longer injured by<br /> -private enemies, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>. Is esteemed,<br /> -and employed in public services,<br /> -<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. His impetuous eloquence,<br /> -<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. He foresees the<br /> -revolution, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. Desires to be<br /> -elected a representative to the<br /> -states-general, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>. The nobles<br /> -of Provence exclude him<br /> -by a vote from their body,<br /> -<a href="#Page_231">231</a>. The people greet him on<br /> -his return towards Paris, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br /> -Allays some outbreaks of the<br /> -people of Marseilles and of Aix,<br /> -<a href="#Page_233">233</a>. Is elected deputy from both<br /> -those places, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. Takes his seat<br /> -in the tiers-état, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. He declares<br /> -the power of the people to<br /> -be independent of the crown,<br /> -<a href="#Page_236">236</a>. His eloquence in the debates,<br /> -<a href="#Page_239">239</a>. Death of his father,<br /> -<a href="#Page_240">240</a>. His speeches all-powerful<br /> -with the assembly, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>. Supports<br /> -the financial proposition of<br /> -Necker for a tax on property, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br /> -His influence preponderates over<br /> -every other, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. Accused of<br /> -being an Orleanist, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>. His<br /> -negotiations with the court, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_249">249</a>. His speech on the question<br /> -of the National Convention,<br /> -<a href="#Page_250">250</a>. His hôtel sumptuously<br /> -provided, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>. His <i>treaty</i> with<br /> -the court, in the handwriting of<br /> -Louis XVIII., <a href="#Page_252">252</a>. He declines<br /> -in health, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>. His right to stand<br /> -up as a dictator in the assembly<br /> -questioned, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. His policy was<br /> -to head a moderate party of royalists,<br /> -and to repress the Jacobins,<br /> -<a href="#Page_248">248</a>. <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. The king and<br /> -the people alike anxious for his<br /> -recovery, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>. His opinion of<br /> -William Pitt, 256. His death,<br /> -aged forty-two, in 1791, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br /> -He was the first buried in the<br /> -Pantheon, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>. Courageous and<br /> -warm-hearted, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>. His sayings<br /> -and bon-mots are on record, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br /> -His style of oratory, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>. His<br /> -military talents, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin,<br /> -considered by Boileau as the first<br /> -writer of his day, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. His parentage<br /> -respectable, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Education<br /> -of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. Taught by Gassendi,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre<br /> -to Louis XIII. for his<br /> -father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Studies the law at<br /> -Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Private theatricals<br /> -with some young friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -Makes the stage his profession,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. His company of actors, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents<br /> -his writing tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br /> -His early comedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Performs<br /> -in the provinces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -On the restoration of tranquillity<br /> -at Paris, his company perform in<br /> -presence of Louis XIV. and the<br /> -queen-mother, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. They are<br /> -styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. His success in dramatic<br /> -satire, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. His "Ecole des<br /> -Maris," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Account of<br /> -"Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Louis XIV. commands Molière<br /> -to introduce a sporting character,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. Anecdotes of the rebuffs<br /> -experienced by the dramatist<br /> -as royal valet-de-chambre, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -Louis protects him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>. Scandal<br /> -relative to Molière refuted, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>, n.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. His marriage, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>. Not<br /> -productive of Felicity, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br /> -Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole<br /> -des Femmes" in reply to his detractors,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His "Impromptu<br /> -de Versailles," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Louis XIV. is<br /> -godfather to Molière's eldest child,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. Molière performs "Sganarelle,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. His "Tartuffe,"<br /> -anecdotes as to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. Tumult<br /> -of soldiers at his theatre,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>. The "Misanthrope," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br /> -"Amphitryon," scene from the,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. "George Dandin," scene<br /> -from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. "L'Avare," criticised<br /> -by Schlegel, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Success of "Le<br /> -Tartuffe" on its representation,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Molière a favourite of Parisian<br /> -society, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Anecdotes of<br /> -his circle of friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His<br /> -house at Auteuil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His portraiture<br /> -of himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>, n. His<br /> -"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"<br /> -approved by Louis XIV.,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. "Fourberies de Scapin,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. "Les Femmes Savantes,"<br /> -scene from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a>. His "Malade<br /> -Imaginaire," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. His own malady<br /> -unfeigned, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Death of<br /> -Molière, aged fifty-one, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -Mode of his burial because a<br /> -player, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>. His generosity,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism<br /> -of his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Eloge<br /> -of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. Marriage of his widow,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.; and of his daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br /> -His prediction as to "le bon homme"<br /> -La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. Molière<br /> -willing to employ Racine as a<br /> -young dramatic writer of promise,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His quarrel with Racine on<br /> -the ill-success of "Andromaque,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His admiration of Racine's<br /> -"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>. Further<br /> -allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Molina, the jesuit, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Molinists, their controversy with<br /> -the Jansenists, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Louis XIV.'s<br /> -predilection for their doctrine,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mondorge, comedian, relieved by<br /> -Molière when in need, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8.<br /> -1533, in Périgord, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Pierre<br /> -Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne,<br /> -his father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Education of Michel,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. Taught to speak Latin<br /> -from his cradle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Tardiness<br /> -of his mind in infancy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. He<br /> -loses at school the power of<br /> -speaking good Latin acquired as<br /> -a child, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Reads Virgil, Terence,<br /> -and Plautus, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Memory<br /> -defective, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. His cheerful temper,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>, n. Lively imagination, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>, n.<br /> -Pourtrays the character of Etienne<br /> -de la Boétie, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Poem of<br /> -the latter on their friendship, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>.<br /> -Death of Boétie, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. He marries,<br /> -and is a good husband and tender<br /> -father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. He loses his father<br /> -Pierre Eyquem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. Is careful of<br /> -his paternal inheritance, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Domestic<br /> -habits, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Writes his Essays,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. 10. His travels in France,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Visits the court and capital,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. His moderation in politics,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. He complains of the religious<br /> -feuds, and of his being pillaged,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. Takes no measures for<br /> -defence of his château of Montaigne,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. Is surprised by an<br /> -officer and his party, who refrain<br /> -from injuring him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. His calm<br /> -composure again preserves him<br /> -from danger when taken prisoner,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Afflicted by painful disorders<br /> -he resorts to Plombières for the<br /> -waters, and proceeds to Munich,<br /> -&c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. He visits Venice and<br /> -Rome, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Is well received by<br /> -the pope, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Familiar with Roman<br /> -history, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. He prints two<br /> -books of his Essays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Mode<br /> -of treating the papal censures,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His pleasure on being declared<br /> -a citizen of Rome by a<br /> -bull for that purpose, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. He<br /> -offers a silver sculptured tablet,<br /> -at the shrine of Loretto, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br /> -His wife, and daughter Eléanore,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Sojourns at Lucca, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Is<br /> -elected mayor of Bordeaux,<br /> -crosses Mont Cénis and arrives<br /> -at his château of Montaigne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br /> -Is commanded by the king to till<br /> -the office of mayor, and is re-elected<br /> -to the same, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. His decline<br /> -and bad state of health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br /> -His friendship for mademoiselle<br /> -Marie de Gournay le Jars, and<br /> -portrait of that lady, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>, n. His<br /> -resignation when attacked with a<br /> -fatal quinsy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. His devout behavioural.<br /> -Dies 13th Sept. 1592.,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. His disposition and vivacity,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Descendants of, by his daughter<br /> -Eléanore, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>, n. Edition of<br /> -his Essays dedicated to Richelieu,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Instructive and entertaining<br /> -character of the Essays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Their<br /> -originality, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice,<br /> -his character, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montauzier, duke of, husband of<br /> -Julie d'Angennes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montespan, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his<br /> -death, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montpellier, the faculty at, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -Duprat, chancélier, deprives the<br /> -physicians of their privileges, who<br /> -are defended by Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montpensier, mademoiselle de,<br /> -daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Her spirit in the contest before<br /> -the walls of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. Her<br /> -intercourse with madame de Sévigné,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>N.</p> - -<p>Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI.<br /> -<i>See</i> <a href="#Stael">Staël</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nemours, duke of, joined by the<br /> -great Condé, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Is wounded<br /> -in the battle of St. Antoine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law<br /> -the duke of Beaufort, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nevers, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin<br /> -Marplot" an imitation of<br /> -"L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Newton, sir Isaac, II. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nicole, M., theologian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided<br /> -to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>, n. Molière reads his<br /> -"Tartuffe" to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. The marquis<br /> -de Sévigné her admirer, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>.<br /> -The marquis de Grignan, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>, n.<br /> -Ladies of the court friendly to<br /> -her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris<br /> -and cardinal, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Noyer, madame du, II. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration<br /> -of Voltaire for, II. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. She marries<br /> -the baron de Winterfeld, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>O.</p> - -<p>"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La<br /> -Fontaine by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -<i>See</i> <a href="#Henrietta">Henrietta</a>, duchess of.<br /> -<br /> -Orléans, duke of, regent, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_10">10</a>. Voltaire suspected of writing<br /> -the "Philippiques," a satire on<br /> -the regent, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ormesson, M. d', I, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>P.</p> - -<p>"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Editions of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Pantagruelian<br /> -caricatures, wood-cuts,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. "Pantagrueline Prognostication,<br /> -the," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Paris, day of the barricades, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -Blockade of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. The troops<br /> -of the capital despised, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Riot<br /> -and licentiousness, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. The prince<br /> -of Condé defeated by Turenne<br /> -under the walls of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Paris not<br /> -favourable to stage representations<br /> -during the civil war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -Parisian society ridiculed by Molière<br /> -in his plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Parisian<br /> -society in the time of Voltaire, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_6">6</a>. <i>et seq.</i> Reception of Voltaire<br /> -at Paris in 1788, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. Paris during<br /> -the Revolution, see vol. II., lives<br /> -of Mirabeau, &c.<br /> -<br /> -Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>. His family noble, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>. His<br /> -parents, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>. Education as proposed<br /> -by his father Etienne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br /> -His companions, men of science,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. His untutored exertions in<br /> -mathematics, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. His father's<br /> -delight on discovering his studies,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. Reads Euclid by himself,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Writes on conic sections,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. His sisters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Jacqueline<br /> -Pascal assists in obtaining their<br /> -father's recal by Richelieu, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br /> -He studies languages and metaphysics,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Chronical ill-health<br /> -the result of excessive application,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His arithmetical<br /> -computator, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His investigation<br /> -of the properties of atmospheric<br /> -air, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. "On the Equilibrium<br /> -of Liquids," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. "On<br /> -the Weight of the Atmosphere."<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. His early piety, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. His<br /> -loss of health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. And of his<br /> -father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. An accident in a<br /> -coach influences his mind, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -His seclusion from worldly intercourse,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. His visits to Port<br /> -Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. "Lettres Provinciales"<br /> -by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Success of Pascal,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Reputation of his work<br /> -among the learned for style and<br /> -eloquence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>. His adherence<br /> -to rules of privation, &c. causes<br /> -chronical maladies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His solution<br /> -of the problem of the cycloid,<br /> -and other questions in<br /> -geometry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His challenge to<br /> -furnish a solution of these problems<br /> -accepted by Wallis and<br /> -Huygens, &c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. Pascal's triumph<br /> -therein, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His self-denial<br /> -and consequent debility,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a>. His "Lettres Provinciales"<br /> -condemned by the parliament<br /> -of Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. His<br /> -communications on his death-bed,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. His death at thirty-nine<br /> -years of age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. Consideration<br /> -of his virtues and piety,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. His "Pensées," 211. His argument<br /> -against atheism, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His<br /> -genius, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. Fénélon's opinion of,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. His "Pensées" arranged<br /> -and attacked by Condorcet, II. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his<br /> -children's talent for his recal from<br /> -exile, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Made intendant at<br /> -Rouen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His decease, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pascal, Jacqueline, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -Particulars relative to her death<br /> -when sub-prioress of the convent<br /> -of Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Paul III., pope, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Rabelais<br /> -requests his holiness to excommunicate<br /> -him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pelletier, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's<br /> -cenotaph, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal),<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. Alleged miraculous<br /> -cure of her daughter, a nun, at<br /> -Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>. Her life of her<br /> -brother, Blaise Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>, n. She<br /> -blames him for the moroseness<br /> -of his seclusion and rules of life,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de<br /> -Louis XIV.," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. Boileau<br /> -directs his satire against him,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. his "Mother Goose's Tales,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Perrin, translator of the "Æneid,"<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> -50.<br /> -<br /> -Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -"Plutarch's Lives," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Poison, when innocent, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>.<br /> -"Polyeucte," tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pompadour, madame de, II. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pomponius Lætus, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pont, madame du, poems addressed<br /> -by Corneille to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais<br /> -in his romance, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pontverre, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pope, Alexander, quotation from<br /> -his works, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Port Royal, abbey of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Angelica<br /> -Arnaud, abbess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br /> -Learned men who lived in retirement<br /> -near this cloister, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Controversy<br /> -of the abbé Arnaud with<br /> -the Sorbonne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Alleged miracle<br /> -at, regarding the cure of a<br /> -niece of Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Dispersion<br /> -of the nuns, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -His "Phèdre," brought out in<br /> -opposition to Racine's tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of<br /> -Boileau Despréaux, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br /> -"Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical<br /> -comedy of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. A<br /> -satire of French manners, affected<br /> -language, and of the clique of<br /> -l'Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>.<br /> -"Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br /> -"Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment<br /> -on atmospheric pressure, on the,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>O.</p> - -<p>Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Quesnel, le Père, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Quietism, account of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>. II. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br /> -"Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine<br /> -on bark or, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>R.</p> - -<p>Rabelais, Francis, designated a<br /> -great jester by lord Bacon, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -Born about 1483 at Chinon, in<br /> -Touraine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Parentage of, and<br /> -reputed propensity to wine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -Educated in a monastery, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br /> -Takes the habit of the order of<br /> -St. Francis, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Envy at his<br /> -preaching, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Malice of the<br /> -Franciscans at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Budæus laments<br /> -it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Alleged reasons for<br /> -confining him on short commons,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Personates St. Francis and<br /> -laughs at devotees, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. For which<br /> -he is whipt, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Relieved by<br /> -gaiety and learning, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Joins the<br /> -order of St. Benedict, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. He<br /> -next studies medicine at Montpellier,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Lectures on Hippocrates<br /> -and Galen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Defends<br /> -the privileges of the faculty of<br /> -Montpellier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. His scarlet gown,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. How diminished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. He<br /> -practises at Lyons, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Accompanies<br /> -cardinal du Bellay to<br /> -Rome, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. In what character,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. His epistolary correspondence,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Interview with<br /> -Paul III., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His notion as to<br /> -excommunication, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. <i>Bruits</i> as<br /> -to the method of his return to<br /> -Lyons and journey to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br /> -Takes his own supposititious poison,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. Is librarian, &c. to Du<br /> -Bellay, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His "Lives of the<br /> -Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Privilege of publication<br /> -by king Francis, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Aristotelian<br /> -controversy ensuing<br /> -thereon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. His work condemned<br /> -by the Sorbonne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. He<br /> -attacked the popes and clergy of<br /> -Rome, and the monastic orders,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Account of his book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br /> -And of his religious principles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br /> -De Thou's account of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. La<br /> -Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable<br /> -opinions of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Bayle and Voltaire<br /> -contemn him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Exposition<br /> -of his views, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Imitators<br /> -of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. Various writings of specified,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. "Letters from Italy,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Poetry of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Parallel of<br /> -Swift and Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Editions<br /> -of his "Giants Gargantua<br /> -and Pantagruel," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. The<br /> -"Rabelæsiana," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His acquisitions<br /> -as an universal linguist,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Also in science, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His noble<br /> -carriage and expressive physiognomy,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His fulfilment of duties<br /> -as curé de Meudon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Death<br /> -aged seventy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His death-bed,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Epitaphs for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Further<br /> -allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rabutin, family of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of<br /> -madame de Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <i>See</i><br /> -<a href="#Bussy_Rabutin">Bussy-Rabutin</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Racine, Jean, a rival of the great<br /> -Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His comedy of<br /> -"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Pathos of<br /> -his tragedy of "Bérénice," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br /> -His "Britannicus," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. His<br /> -daughter describes the demeanour<br /> -of La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. Is received<br /> -at the court of Louis XIV.,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. Historiographer together<br /> -with Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>. They accompany<br /> -the king to the siege of<br /> -Gaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Racine makes several<br /> -campaigns, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>. They<br /> -read their history to the king,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Affair of his and Boileau's<br /> -pensions, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. His parents respectable;<br /> -left Racine and his<br /> -sister, orphans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His education<br /> -at Beauvais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His predilection<br /> -for the Greek tragedy,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. His studies at Port Royal,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. Removes to the university<br /> -of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a>. His ode entitled<br /> -"Nymphes de la Seine," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br /> -Colbert rewards his early genius.<br /> -301. His ambition excited, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br /> -Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin,<br /> -at Uzès in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>. His<br /> -letters at that time, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>. His dislike<br /> -of the patois of Provence,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. His study of Virgil and St.<br /> -Thomas Aquinas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. His "Bath<br /> -of Venus," a poem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Begins<br /> -a play of "Theagines and Charicles,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. He returns to Paris,<br /> -occupied with poetry and the<br /> -drama, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. He writes for Molière,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His "Alexandre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>.<br /> -It occasions a quarrel betwixt<br /> -Molière and the aspirant for fame,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. Racine teaches la Champmélé<br /> -to recite, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Critics attack<br /> -him keenly, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. His reply to M.<br /> -Nicole of Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>.<br /> -Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus,"<br /> -"Bajazet," "Iphigénie,"<br /> -"Mithridates," "Phèdre,"<br /> -&c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Writes "Bérénice"<br /> -in rivalry with Corneille's<br /> -tragedy of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. His comedy of<br /> -"Les Plaideurs" the result of a<br /> -lawsuit in which he had been<br /> -tired out and foiled, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Humour<br /> -of this comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br /> -Takes his seat in the French Academy,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. His "Phèdre" brings<br /> -him into disputes, which produce<br /> -desire to lay down his pen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His religious principles,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His marriage, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>. Madame<br /> -Racine's ignorance of poetry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br /> -His daughters take the veil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br /> -His new mode of life induces him<br /> -to seek reconciliation with the<br /> -abbé Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Succeeds<br /> -therein, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Writes "Athalie,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. His "Esther," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. His<br /> -conversations with Louis XIV.<br /> -and madame de Maintenon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. Dies of an abscess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>.<br /> -Displayed the force of friendship<br /> -in his last parting with Boileau,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. Critique, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. "Phèdre"<br /> -and "Athalie," his best tragedies;<br /> -"Bérénice" and "Britannicus"<br /> -the most pleasing,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Racine, Louis, son of the tragic<br /> -poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rambonet, Prussian councillor of<br /> -state, II. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society<br /> -of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Celebrated<br /> -authors who frequented it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules"<br /> -designed as a satire on,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rameau, musical composer, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy<br /> -on Aristotle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rennes, in Britany, political affairs<br /> -at, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Severe example made,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -His projects and partisans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br /> -Temporary success of the Fronde,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His affray with Rochefoucauld<br /> -in the palace of justice, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br /> -In danger of violence from the<br /> -mob of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His intrigues<br /> -and artifices, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. A relation<br /> -of the marquis de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br /> -His disgrace and imprisonment,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. He escapes from the citadel<br /> -of Nantes, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. He repairs to<br /> -Spain, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. Esteem of madame<br /> -de Sévigné for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. His death,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's<br /> -Essays dedicated to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Policy<br /> -of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His dramas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -The "Comédie des Tuileries,"<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His theatre, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. He invites<br /> -the French Academy to criticise<br /> -the "Cid" of Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. He<br /> -represses the powerful nobles of<br /> -France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. His great authority,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His expedition<br /> -into Rousillon when his<br /> -death was approaching, with<br /> -Louis XIII. in the same condition,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Execution of Cinq-Mars,<br /> -and of de Thou, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. He<br /> -revived the arts in France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Richelieu, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>, de la, François,<br /> -duke, his experience at court, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. His Maxims declare self-love<br /> -the chief motive principle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br /> -Dignity and ancient power of his<br /> -family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. Obliged to quit the<br /> -court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Was at first called<br /> -Prince de Marsillac, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His return<br /> -on the death of Richelieu,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse<br /> -on her way to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is<br /> -wounded at the siege of Mardike,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Is governor of Poitou, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br /> -His attachment for the duchess<br /> -de Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>. His gallantry<br /> -and wounds, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Is desirous of<br /> -the restoration of peace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Succeeds<br /> -his father as duke de la<br /> -Rochefoucauld, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Raises troops<br /> -in Guienne, and endeavours to<br /> -defend Bordeaux, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Seizes de<br /> -Retz in the palace of justice, but<br /> -refrains from slaying him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br /> -Is wounded by an arquebuse in<br /> -the action of St. Antoine at Paris,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. He retires to Danvilliers to<br /> -recover from his wounds, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. He<br /> -quits the party of Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. His<br /> -active life concludes with the<br /> -pacification, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. He gives Gourville<br /> -an honourable employment<br /> -in his family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Is an ornament<br /> -of the literary coterie<br /> -of the Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br /> -His friendship for the countess de<br /> -la Fayette, a celebrated novelist,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. De Retz's character of the<br /> -duke, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>, n. Rochefoucauld's<br /> -couplet for the picture of the<br /> -duchess of Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His<br /> -portrait of cardinal de Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>, n.<br /> -Personal and moral qualities of<br /> -Rochefoucauld, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Character of,<br /> -by his contemporaries, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>.<br /> -His sons, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Madame de Sévigné's<br /> -account of his last illness,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. His "Maxims"<br /> -reviewed, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. His<br /> -"Memoirs of the Regency of<br /> -Anne of Austria," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>. Some quotations<br /> -from his Memoirs, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>, &c.<br /> -<br /> -Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage<br /> -with the prince de Marsillac,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rochelle, siege of La, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. English<br /> -descent on the Isle of Rhé<br /> -for relief of the town, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Gilbert's tragedy of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of<br /> -Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. Does not choose<br /> -to fight the poet, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon),<br /> -her opinion of the marquis of<br /> -Condorcet, II. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. Her<br /> -literary reputation, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>. Her<br /> -Memoirs, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>. Condition of<br /> -her parents, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>. Receives a<br /> -careful education, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>. Her<br /> -early habits, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>. Her admiration<br /> -of Pascal and the Port-Royal,<br /> -<a href="#Page_263">263</a>. Vain of her intellectual<br /> -powers and acquired<br /> -talents, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>. Her suitors, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>. Impressions<br /> -on reading the "Nouvelle<br /> -Héloise," <a href="#Page_266">266</a>. Her habit of<br /> -writing her remarks, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>. She<br /> -lives in a convent on a scanty<br /> -income, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>. M. Roland de la<br /> -Platière, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>. His high character,<br /> -<a href="#Page_268">268</a>. Sues for her hand,<br /> -and is referred to her father,<br /> -who rejects him, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>. Conduct<br /> -on this event, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>. Their<br /> -union takes place, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>. They<br /> -travel through Switzerland and<br /> -England, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. Wish to go to<br /> -America, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. Her letters, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br /> -She gladly hails the revolution,<br /> -<a href="#Page_272">272</a>. Her fears as to its nature,<br /> -<a href="#Page_272">272</a>. Monsieur Roland deputed<br /> -on financial affairs from Lyons to<br /> -the National Assembly, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. She<br /> -returns to Paris, and is greatly<br /> -admired, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. Her husband consorts<br /> -with the Girondists and<br /> -Brissot, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. Her political sentiments<br /> -on the crisis, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>. Her<br /> -republican love of liberty, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br /> -Roland appointed minister of the<br /> -interior, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. His costume at<br /> -court, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. Is dismissed, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br /> -Recalled by Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_279">279</a>. Her<br /> -dread of Robespierre, Marat, and<br /> -Danton, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>. Description of madame<br /> -Roland by Le Montey, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br /> -Dumont's testimony of her modesty<br /> -of demeanour, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>. Energy<br /> -of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs,<br /> -<a href="#Page_282">282</a>. He is the chief<br /> -hope of the Girondist party, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br /> -He endeavours to repress the<br /> -Mountain party, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Execution<br /> -of Louis XVI., whereupon M.<br /> -Roland resigns his office, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br /> -Madame Roland in danger of arrest,<br /> -<a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Prepares to leave Paris,<br /> -<a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Prevented by sickness, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br /> -On the order to arrest her husband<br /> -she determines to appear before<br /> -the Convention to expostulate,<br /> -<a href="#Page_286">286</a>. Escape of her husband<br /> -and fortitude with regard her own<br /> -peril, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>. She was said to ad.<br /> -mire the handsome Barbaroux,<br /> -deputy for Marseilles, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>. Her<br /> -calmness on being arrested, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br /> -Arranges a systematic mode of<br /> -life in the Abbaie, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>. Commits<br /> -her observations on the leaders<br /> -of the revolution to writing,<br /> -<a href="#Page_288">288</a>. Deceptive assurance of her<br /> -being at liberty, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>. But carried<br /> -to Ste. Pélagie, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>. She<br /> -names Marceau to be her advocate,<br /> -<a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Her defence written<br /> -by her over-night, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Her sentence,<br /> -<a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Is guillotined, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br /> -Her dying address to the statue<br /> -of Liberty, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>. M. Roland, in<br /> -safety at Rouen, stabs himself,<br /> -not to outlive his wife, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>. Her<br /> -courage and sweetness of character<br /> -recorded, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Romance, Spanish, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. He attacks the vices of the<br /> -high clergy and ignorance of the<br /> -monks, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rotrou, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished<br /> -on his dispute with M. Saurin,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. His quarrel with Voltaire,<br /> -<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed<br /> -by Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>. Born at Geneva<br /> -in 1712, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. His studies in<br /> -that town, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. Early life of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br /> -His "Confessions," <a href="#Page_113">113</a>. <i>et passim.</i><br /> -His rambles, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>. Visits the curé<br /> -Pontverre, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>. Visits madame de<br /> -Warens at Annecy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Is sent as<br /> -a proselyte to an hospital at Turin,<br /> -<a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Errors and consequent remorse,<br /> -<a href="#Page_119">119</a>. Leads a vagabond<br /> -life, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. Returns to madame de<br /> -Warens, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. His want of moral<br /> -courage, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. She departs for<br /> -Paris, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. Becomes a music-master<br /> -at Neufchâtel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. And<br /> -at Chambery, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. His projects,<br /> -<a href="#Page_125">125</a>. Resides with madame de<br /> -Warens at Les Charmettes, near<br /> -Chambery, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>. His new method<br /> -of noting music, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>. Arrives<br /> -in Paris, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Accompanies<br /> -M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice,<br /> -<a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Returns to Paris, and<br /> -is kindly received by his former<br /> -friends, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. His mistress, Thérèse<br /> -le Vasseur, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>. He<br /> -sends their children to the Foundling<br /> -Hospital, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>. His account of<br /> -this act in his "Confessions,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_130">130</a>. Remissness of his moral sentiments,<br /> -<a href="#Page_132">132</a>. His friendship for<br /> -Diderot, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. Laments his<br /> -friend's imprisonment, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. The<br /> -academy of Dijon having proposed<br /> -a question as to the influence of<br /> -the progress of arts and sciences on<br /> -the happiness and virtue of man,<br /> -Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts,<br /> -it to be of evil tendency, and so<br /> -eloquently as to bear off the palm<br /> -<a href="#Page_134">134</a>. This success acquires him<br /> -consideration, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. He refuses<br /> -the offer of a place with a farmer-general,<br /> -although a road to fortune,<br /> -<a href="#Page_129">129</a>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. Earns a livelihood<br /> -by copying music, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. His "Devin<br /> -du Village," <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. It becomes<br /> -the fashion with the great to encourage<br /> -and soothe him, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. Revisits<br /> -Geneva, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. Abjures the<br /> -Romish faith, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. He inhabits<br /> -the Hermitage, near the wood of<br /> -Montmorenci, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. His writings,<br /> -<a href="#Page_139">139</a>. His meditations and day<br /> -dreams, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. His "System of<br /> -Education," <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. Writes the<br /> -"Nouvelle Héloise," <a href="#Page_140">140</a>. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. His<br /> -declarations to madame d'Houdetot,<br /> -<a href="#Page_142">142</a>. His mental sufferings<br /> -nurtured by this hopeless passion,<br /> -<a href="#Page_145">145</a>. Accusation against Grimm's<br /> -loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_145">145</a>. Diderot's letter to<br /> -Rousseau respecting madame<br /> -d'Epinay, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. Indecision of Jean<br /> -Jacques, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. Removes to Montmorenci,<br /> -<a href="#Page_147">147</a>. Diderot having offended<br /> -him, seeks a reconciliation,<br /> -and is repulsed, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. The<br /> -nobility court him with compassionate<br /> -regard, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. His religious<br /> -principles unsettled, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>. "The<br /> -Confession of the Vicar of Savoy,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_152">152</a>. Consequences of the publication<br /> -of "Emile," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. The<br /> -"Emile" of Rousseau condemned<br /> -to the flames at Geneva, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br /> -Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun,<br /> -in the territory of Bern, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br /> -Exiled by the states of Bern<br /> -and Geneva, he settles at Motiers,<br /> -near Neufchâtel, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>. Engages<br /> -in a controversy of the Genevans,<br /> -<a href="#Page_157">157</a>. His "Lettres écrites de la<br /> -Montagne," <a href="#Page_157">157</a>. Resides in the<br /> -island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne,<br /> -<a href="#Page_158">158</a>. Accompanies David<br /> -Hume to England, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Writes<br /> -the first portion of his "Confessions"<br /> -at Wotton, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. George<br /> -III. grants him a pension of 100<i>l.</i><br /> -per annum, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. Being half deranged,<br /> -he flies to France, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br /> -Is protected by the prince of Conti,<br /> -<a href="#Page_162">162</a>. He quits the Armenian<br /> -dress he had worn for ten years,<br /> -<a href="#Page_163">163</a>. Is welcomed in Paris, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br /> -Reads his "Confessions" to a<br /> -circle of acquaintance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. His<br /> -mode of life, and diligence in<br /> -earning a subsistence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. The<br /> -prince de Ligne takes an interest<br /> -in his welfare, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. His objection<br /> -to receive presents, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> -Respect shown for him by a<br /> -Parisian audience at a theatre,<br /> -<a href="#Page_168">168</a>. His death, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. Inquiry<br /> -into his state of mind, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. <i>et<br /> -passim.</i> Inscription on his tomb,<br /> -<a href="#Page_170">170</a>. His character, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. His reveries,<br /> -<a href="#Page_172">172</a>. Critique on the<br /> -"Emile," <a href="#Page_173">173</a>. On the "Nouvelle<br /> -Héloise," <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>S.</p> - -<p>Sablière, madame de la, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Her<br /> -society of poets, philosophers, &c.,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Her husband, the marquis<br /> -de la Sablière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. His<br /> -fate, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. And of Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's<br /> -impassioned mysteries, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sainte Helène, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Saint Lambert, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs<br /> -Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais<br /> -in facetiousness, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. Allusions<br /> -to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Schomberg, count de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Created<br /> -marshal, 215. II. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on<br /> -Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>, n. Allusion<br /> -to his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Schlegel, William, not permitted by<br /> -Buonaparte to reside at madame<br /> -de Staël's at Coppet, II. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scudéri, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. His attack<br /> -upon Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Their extravagant style<br /> -in language and argument, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br /> -Allusions to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Séguier, chancellor of France, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Segur, count de, descended in the<br /> -female line from Montaigne, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Seneca, tragedies of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sévigné, madame de, compares the<br /> -genius of Corneille with Racine,<br /> -and prefers the former, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. Her<br /> -delightful style, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her character<br /> -of the duke of Rochefoucauld,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Her life narrated,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Her maiden name<br /> -Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>.<br /> -Her father, the baron de Chantal,<br /> -slain at La Rochelle in an engagement<br /> -with the English, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His<br /> -laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His family the elder<br /> -branch of the Rabutins, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -His wife was Marie de Coulanges,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Their daughter, Marie<br /> -de Rabutin-Chantal, born in<br /> -1626, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Is left an orphan, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -Taught Italian and Latin by<br /> -Ménage and Chapelle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Is<br /> -married to Henri, marquis de<br /> -Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Her children, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -The marquise a zealous Frondeuse,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Her friendship with<br /> -mademoiselle de Montpensier<br /> -and the duchess de Châtillon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br /> -Loss of her husband, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Educates<br /> -her children, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Her<br /> -widowhood exemplary, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Her<br /> -grief on the loss of the abbé de<br /> -Coulanges, her uncle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. She frequents<br /> -the Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>.<br /> -Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his<br /> -fair cousin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Reconciliation,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. He reproaches her with<br /> -avarice, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Her sorrow for the<br /> -imprisonment and exile of de<br /> -Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Her sympathy with the<br /> -misfortunes of Fouquet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>,<br /> -n. She retires from Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br /> -Returns and presents her daughter<br /> -at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Her journeys<br /> -to her estate of Les Rochers in<br /> -Brittany, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>.; and to see<br /> -her daughter in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. Her separation from her<br /> -daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Her son accompanies<br /> -an expedition to Candia,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. His attachment for Ninon<br /> -de l'Enclos, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. He marries and<br /> -retires to his estates in Brittany,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. Madame de<br /> -la Fayette and other friends of<br /> -madame de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Her<br /> -life in Brittany described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br /> -Seized with rheumatism, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>.<br /> -She is out of favour at court,<br /> -as being a Jansenist, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br /> -She spends her latter years with<br /> -her daughter in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a>.<br /> -Final visit to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. She<br /> -dies at Grignan, aged 70. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>.<br /> -Opinions on her character and<br /> -literary merit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Her<br /> -family now extinct, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Remark<br /> -of madame de Sévigné, II. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br /> -Her correspondence:—Letters<br /> -to her daughter, madame de<br /> -Grignan, I, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>.<br /> -Her letters to her cousin the<br /> -count de Bussy-Rabutin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. Her letters<br /> -to various friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br /> -Letters from count de Bussy to<br /> -madame de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal<br /> -at first happy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -Their son and daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -His relationship to the cardinal<br /> -de Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. The marquis and<br /> -his celebrated lady join the<br /> -Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His affection for<br /> -Ninon de l'Enclos, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Killed<br /> -by the chevalier d'Albret in a<br /> -duel, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's<br /> -remarks on, II. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sirven family, case of the, II. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -"Songes Drolatiques," to whom<br /> -ascribed, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sophocles, I. 40. II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. His "Œdipus<br /> -Tyrannus," <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais'<br /> -"Pantagruel," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. The "Philosophical<br /> -Cream," a burlesque<br /> -on the schoolmen of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Condemns<br /> -the book on St. Augustin,<br /> -by Antony Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Spain, the modern drama takes its<br /> -rise in, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Guillen de Castro,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Lope de Vega, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. War of<br /> -with France during the minority<br /> -of Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="Stael">Staël</a> Holstein, baronne de, her<br /> -father, M. Necker, placed in the<br /> -banking-house of Thelusson, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_295">295</a>. His essay on corn-laws,<br /> -<a href="#Page_295">295</a>. Marries mademoiselle<br /> -Churchod, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. Their only<br /> -daughter, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. Early instructions<br /> -and habits of madame de Staël,<br /> -<a href="#Page_297">297</a>. Attention paid her in society<br /> -by men of letters, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>. Her<br /> -attention to their discourse, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br /> -Her taste for society thus acquired,<br /> -<a href="#Page_298">298</a>. Fears with regard to<br /> -her health, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>. She attributes her<br /> -frankness, to her father's quick<br /> -perception of her faults, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>. His<br /> -high repute in France, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>. His<br /> -"Compte Rendu," <a href="#Page_301">301</a>. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>. Retires<br /> -to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva,<br /> -<a href="#Page_302">302</a>. His work on finance, its<br /> -enormous sale, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Mlle. Necker<br /> -begins to write at an early age,<br /> -<a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Her Plays and Tales printed,<br /> -<a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Her suitors, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>. Mr. Gibbon<br /> -a visitor at Necker's, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br /> -She espouses the baron de Staël<br /> -Holstein, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>. Her letters on the<br /> -writings of Rousseau, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>. Portrait<br /> -or character of her at this<br /> -period, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>. Her father restored<br /> -to the ministry by Louis XVI.,<br /> -<a href="#Page_307">307</a>. His moderation, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>. Is<br /> -again exiled, and ordered to depart<br /> -silently, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>. Necker and<br /> -his wife repair to Brussels. <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br /> -Madame de Staël's remarks on<br /> -joining him there, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>. His<br /> -generosity in financial matters<br /> -toward the nation, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>. The Bastille<br /> -being destroyed, Louis again<br /> -sends for him, and he returns to<br /> -Paris, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>. The baroness describes<br /> -their journey, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>. She<br /> -witnesses many events of the revolution,<br /> -<a href="#Page_312">312</a>. Interview with<br /> -Marie Antoinette, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. Necker<br /> -resigns on account of the issue<br /> -of assignats, which he disapproved,<br /> -<a href="#Page_313">313</a>. Madame de Staël<br /> -shares in Lafayette's plan for<br /> -effecting the escape of the king,<br /> -<a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Her carriage stopped by<br /> -the republicans, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Her courage,<br /> -<a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Sets out from Paris,<br /> -<a href="#Page_315">315</a>. Carried before the section<br /> -of St. Germain, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. She pleads<br /> -before Robespierre's tribunal her<br /> -being the ambassadress from<br /> -Sweden, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. Is saved by the<br /> -interposition of Manuel, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. Is<br /> -allowed to leave Paris with her<br /> -maid only, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Her joy on traversing<br /> -Mount Jura and arriving<br /> -at her father's at Coppet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Visits England, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Her<br /> -father's pamphlet in favour of<br /> -Louis XVI., and her appeal for<br /> -the queen, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>. Death of madame<br /> -Necker, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>. M. de Staël<br /> -repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador,<br /> -accompanied by the<br /> -baroness, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>. Although denounced<br /> -in the reign of terror,<br /> -her influence was still great, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br /> -Her feelings and character depicted,<br /> -<a href="#Page_320">320</a>. Her first meeting<br /> -with Buonaparte unpropitious,<br /> -<a href="#Page_321">321</a>. Invasion of Switzerland,<br /> -<a href="#Page_322">322</a>. She repairs to Coppet to M.<br /> -Necker, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>. Witnesses the revolution<br /> -which established Buonaparte,<br /> -<a href="#Page_323">323</a>. Her conversation<br /> -with Joseph Buonaparte, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br /> -Benjamin Constant her friend,<br /> -<a href="#Page_324">324</a>. Enmity of Napoleon on account<br /> -of Constant's opposition,<br /> -<a href="#Page_325">325</a>. Her loss of her husband in<br /> -1799, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Her novel of "Delphine,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Its charm, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Her<br /> -love of her father, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>. On the expiration<br /> -of the peace of Amiens she<br /> -is exiled from Paris, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>. She is<br /> -accompanied by Benjamin Constant<br /> -to Weimar and Berlin, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br /> -Her "Années d'Exil" one of her<br /> -best writings, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Death of<br /> -her father, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Her affection<br /> -for her children, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Her society,<br /> -<a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Publishes the writings<br /> -of M. Necker, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Visits<br /> -Rome and writes "Corinne,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Opinion of that work in<br /> -Italy, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>. Publishes "Corinne"<br /> -at Rouen, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>. Her perception of<br /> -ennui, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>. Her sentiments, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br /> -Intends publishing her "Germany"<br /> -at Blois, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. The impression<br /> -is seized, and she is ordered to<br /> -quit France, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Persecution of<br /> -her unabated, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>. She accompanies<br /> -M. de Montmorency in a<br /> -tour through Switzerland, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br /> -Madame Recamier banished for<br /> -having spent a few hours with<br /> -her, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>. M. Rocca, a young<br /> -Spanish officer in the French<br /> -army, wounded, visits Geneva,<br /> -<a href="#Page_337">337</a>. Falls in love, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>. Madame<br /> -de Staël marries him, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> -She escapes from Coppet, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br /> -Journey through Austria, Poland,<br /> -Russia, and Sweden, to England,<br /> -<a href="#Page_338">338</a>. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Admired by the English,<br /> -<a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Louis XVIII. repays to her<br /> -two millions which her father had<br /> -generously advanced to Louis<br /> -XVI., <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Lord Byron thought<br /> -likely to marry Albertine de<br /> -Staël, her daughter, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Byron<br /> -living at Diodati visits at Coppet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_310">310</a>. Her daughter marries the<br /> -duke de Broglie, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>. Madame de<br /> -Staël's piety, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her remark<br /> -upon life, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her resignation in<br /> -sickness, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her death in Paris,<br /> -aged nearly fifty-two, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. M.<br /> -Rocca survived his wife but a few<br /> -months, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. She had many enemies,<br /> -the result sometimes of envy<br /> -of merit, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>. Her love of France,<br /> -<a href="#Page_342">342</a>. Chateaubriand's opinion of<br /> -her, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>. Interest of her works,<br /> -<a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stanislas, king of Poland, II. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram<br /> -Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -St. Evremond, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br /> -His account of J. J. Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sully, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His administration,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sully, duke of, a warm friend of<br /> -Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and<br /> -"Tale of a Tub," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>T.</p> - -<p>"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br /> -Application of the character to<br /> -the bishop of Autun, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tellier, archbishop of Rheims,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>, n.<br /> -<br /> -Tencin, cardinal, II. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Terence, comedies of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -<br /> -<a id="Theatre">Theatre</a>, French, mysteries and<br /> -moralities preceded the regular<br /> -drama, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Indebted to Spanish<br /> -dramatists, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. "Mélite," by<br /> -Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Dramas of Hardy,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Of cardinal de Richelieu,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. Theatre in the cardinal's<br /> -palace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. "Sophonisba" of<br /> -Mairet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. Plays of Corneille<br /> -critically examined, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. His<br /> -"Essais sur le Théâtre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Voltaire's<br /> -rules for French diction in<br /> -tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Corneille's style,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Molière's first comedy of<br /> -"L'Etourdi," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. His "Le Dépit<br /> -Amoureux," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Farcical interludes<br /> -of merit by Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -These form the groundwork of his<br /> -best comedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Theatres of<br /> -Paris in the time of Molière,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Racine's comedy of<br /> -"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Voltaire's<br /> -"Œdipe" and numerous dramas,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <i>et seq.</i><br /> -<br /> -Thianges, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thiers, M., his "History of the<br /> -French Revolution," II. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thiriot, M., early companion of<br /> -Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thomas, M., French writer and<br /> -poet, II. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Thou, De; president, his opinion of<br /> -Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate,<br /> -letter of Rabelais to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Torricelli, mathematician, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury"<br /> -of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Toulouse, judgments by the parliament<br /> -of, II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille,<br /> -the father of. I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Thomas<br /> -Corneille's plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Racine's<br /> -tragedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Voltaire's Commentary<br /> -on Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -Voltaire's tragedies, II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, &c.<br /> -<br /> -Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_81">81</a>. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction<br /> -with Condé at Rocroi, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Gives battle to the prince of<br /> -Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.; and defeats him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Turgot, M., finance minister, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_100">100</a>. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Turlupin, French comedian in<br /> -Molière's time, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>U.</p> - -<p>Unity of time in dramatic works,<br /> -critique on the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>V.</p> - -<p>Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite<br /> -of Louis XIV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa,"<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vendôme, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Versoi, village of, II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen<br /> -de Parvenir," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Victoire, the abbé de la, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villars, maréchale, de, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villars, duchess de, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villette, M. and madame de, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Virgil, extraordinary commentary<br /> -on a line of, II. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I.<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Voiture, his poetry addressed to<br /> -Julie d'Angennes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Fabulous<br /> -adventure in punishment of<br /> -his insolence towards her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br /> -Is styled <i>Alcovist</i>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. His conceits,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. Anecdote relative to,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet<br /> -de, observations of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His<br /> -pillage of Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. His Commentary<br /> -on the "Cid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -Patronises a lady descended from<br /> -the daughter of Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -His observation on the duke of<br /> -Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br /> -His opinion of Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. On<br /> -Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>, n. Of madame de Sévigné,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>. His censure of Boileau,<br /> -<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>, n. His "Siècle de<br /> -Louis XIV.," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n. His letters,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>. His infidel principles,<br /> -<a href="#Page_2">2</a>. Distinction between Christianity<br /> -and that religion known as<br /> -the church of Rome, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>. His<br /> -birth in 1694, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>. Educated in the<br /> -college of Louis-le-Grand, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>. Introduced<br /> -to Parisian society, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br /> -His love for mademoiselle du<br /> -Noyer, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. His reconciliation<br /> -with his father, M. Arouet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. Is<br /> -placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney,<br /> -<a href="#Page_9">9</a>. Is enamoured with<br /> -madame de Villars, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. He visits<br /> -M. de Caumartin, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>. His return<br /> -to Paris, the duke of Orléans<br /> -being regent, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Is sent to the<br /> -Bastille for verses imputed to him,<br /> -<a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Liberated on the mistake<br /> -being proved, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Writes the<br /> -"Henriade," <a href="#Page_12">12</a>. Its interest, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br /> -His tragedy of "Œdipus." <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> -His mode of life, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Visits the<br /> -châteaux of the nobility, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Has<br /> -the small-pox, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. His tragedy of<br /> -"Mariamne," <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Visits Holland,<br /> -<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. Is insulted by Chev. de<br /> -Rohan, challenges him; but is sent<br /> -to the Bastille, banished, and<br /> -visits England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. Studies Locke<br /> -and Newton, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. An edition of<br /> -the "Henriade," in London, enriches<br /> -him, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. Returns to<br /> -Paris, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. Success of his tragedies,<br /> -<a href="#Page_19">19</a>. The priests detest him, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br /> -Acquires some wealth by his pen<br /> -and by inheritance, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. Purchases<br /> -the estate of Voltaire, and<br /> -assumes that name, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. His attachment<br /> -for madame du Châtelet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_21">21</a>. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile"<br /> -unsuccessful tragedies, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> -Pathos of his "Zaire," <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. Rapidly<br /> -composed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. Its success, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br /> -Increase of his fame, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. His<br /> -"Charles XII.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. "Siècle de<br /> -Louis XIV.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. Is<br /> -constrained to withdraw into<br /> -Normandy, having offended the<br /> -clergy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. His "Lettres sur les<br /> -Anglais," <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. Lettre de cachet<br /> -issued against him for that publication,<br /> -<a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. Conceals himself<br /> -at the marquis du Châtelet's in<br /> -Champagne, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. His "Mérope,"<br /> -"Mahomet," &c., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. He acts<br /> -in a private theatre, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. Writes<br /> -the "Pucelle d'Orléans," <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Revisits Cirey and the marquis<br /> -du Châtelet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>. His<br /> -conduct towards madame de<br /> -Graffigny, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. His "Correspondence"<br /> -with Frederic the Great,<br /> -<a href="#Page_35">35</a>. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. The poet and king flatter<br /> -and quarrel, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>. Visits Frederic<br /> -in Germany, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. "Mahomet"<br /> -performed at Lille, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. Desires a<br /> -seat in the French Academy, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_56">56</a>. Cabal to oppose him, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> -Success of his "Mérope," <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br /> -Is sent to the Hague and to<br /> -Berlin as an envoy from Louis<br /> -XV., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. He returns to France,<br /> -<a href="#Page_47">47</a>. Visits the duchess du Maine,<br /> -and writes "Zadig," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. Acts<br /> -at Sceaux the part of Cicero in<br /> -his "Rome Sauvée," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. He<br /> -visits king Stanislas at Luneville,<br /> -<a href="#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. His "Semiramis," <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br /> -Ill of fever at Chalons, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>. "Catiline,"<br /> -<a href="#Page_51">51</a>. He settles in Paris,<br /> -and receives his niece madame<br /> -Denis to preside in his house, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br /> -<a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Private theatre in his house,<br /> -<a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Account of Voltaire by Le<br /> -Kain, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Visits Frederic at<br /> -Potsdam, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. Is appointed chamberlain<br /> -by that monarch, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. A<br /> -pension granted him, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. Discontents,<br /> -<a href="#Page_61">61</a>. Frederic requiring<br /> -a strict attention to his injunctions,<br /> -<a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Voltaire rendered suspicious,<br /> -<a href="#Page_63">63</a>. Becomes indignant,<br /> -<a href="#Page_66">66</a>. Satirizes Maupertuis, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br /> -His amicable interview with the<br /> -monarch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. He repairs to Saxe<br /> -Gotha, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Meets madame Denis<br /> -at Frankfort, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Is arrested, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br /> -Letter of the king, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, n. His<br /> -journey to Lyons, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. Consults Dr.<br /> -Tronchin at Geneva on his health,<br /> -<a href="#Page_72">72</a>. Purchases a house near Geneva<br /> -named "Les Delices," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br /> -Composes tragedies, and writes<br /> -"Candide," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. His "Manners<br /> -and Spirit of Nations," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. Some<br /> -dangers impend over him, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br /> -Force of his satire, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>. His château<br /> -of Ferney on the borders of<br /> -France and Geneva, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. The<br /> -"Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot<br /> -and d'Alembert, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Voltaire<br /> -writes some literary articles<br /> -for it, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Case of Jean Calas,<br /> -broken on the wheel on a false<br /> -accusation, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. Voltaire succeeds<br /> -in proving his innocence, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br /> -Exculpation and relief of the<br /> -surviving family, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. Case of<br /> -the Sirven family, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>. Case of<br /> -the chevalier de la Barre, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br /> -Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques<br /> -Rousseau, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>. His conversation<br /> -delightful, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Visited by Marmontel,<br /> -<a href="#Page_91">91</a>. By the countess de<br /> -Genlis, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>. Attempted persecution<br /> -of, by the bishop of the<br /> -diocese, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. Residence of Voltaire,<br /> -through his active spirit of<br /> -charity and improvement, a blessing<br /> -to the district, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. He repairs<br /> -to Paris in 1788, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. His<br /> -tragedy of "Irene," <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. Honourable<br /> -reception of the poet,<br /> -<a href="#Page_103">103</a>. His profession of faith, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. His friendly and<br /> -forgiving nature, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>. Criticism<br /> -on his works, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>. His plays,<br /> -<a href="#Page_109">109</a>. Was visited at Ferney by<br /> -Condorcet and d'Alembert, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>W.</p> - -<p>Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire,<br /> -II. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter<br /> -on the subject of Rousseau, II.<br /> -<a href="#Page_159">159</a>. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. His contempt of Rousseau,<br /> -<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Warens, countess de, II. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Her<br /> -history told by Jean Jacques<br /> -Rousseau, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Winterfeld, baron de, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly<br /> -Mlle. du Noyer, II. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country<br /> -Girl," imitated from Molière,<br /> -I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4>THE END.</h4> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="TABLE_III">TABLE,<br /> -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br /> -TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br /> -LIVES OF<br /> -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4> - - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">DANTE ALEGHIERI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div> -</div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Descent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1265.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Mother's Dream</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Brunetto Latini</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Story of his early Love for Beatrice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1290.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Vita Nuova" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage with Madonna Gemma</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Guelfs and Ghibelines </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Battle of Campaldino </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1289.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante serves in the Cavalry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">this Conflict</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI. </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is chosen chief Prior of his native City</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div> - <div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Cerchi and the Donati</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bianchi</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He vindicates himself</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Entrance of Charles into Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Recal of the Neri </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Embassy of Dante to Rome </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> - <div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">others</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Confiscation of Dante's Property</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Banishment </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pietro Petracco </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante quits the Confederacy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His personal Humiliation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Purgatorio" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1308.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante professes himself a Ghibeline</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Henry of Luxembourg poisoned</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1313.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He wanders from one petty Court to another</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him while at Verona</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mental Sufferings of Dante</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to his Country</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his "Paradiso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence at Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1321.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Angelo</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dante—his Tomb at Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Restoration of his Property to his Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pope</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Dante by Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Musical Talents of Dante</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Purgatorio"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His two Sons the first Commentators</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lyrics of Dante</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the "Divina Commedia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from the "Inferno"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Strictures on it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">And on the "Inferno"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div> - - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">PETRARCH.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Progenitors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1302.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Banishment from Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1305.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They remove to Pisa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1312.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They proceed to Avignon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acquainted with Settimo</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1315.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Montpellier</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1319.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father destines him for the Law</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Aversion to it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Bologna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1323.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandons the Law</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Favourite with the Nobles</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for John of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1327.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Devotion to her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His poetic Life commences</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Patriotism </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies him to his Bishoprick</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1330.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Lello and Louis</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1331.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(August 6th.) He returns to Avignon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Excursion to Mont Ventoux</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Description of it </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Petrarch</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1340.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1341.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(April 17th.) His Coronation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He meets Azzo Correggio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Giacomo Colonna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Early Death of Thomas of Messina</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pope Clement VI.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He meets Laura at Avignon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Confidants</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Robert, King of Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1343.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the Name of Tribune</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1345.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Change produced by him in the State of the Country</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1347.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Downfal of Rienzi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Plague in Italy </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1348.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(January 25th.) An Earthquake</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(April 6th.) Death of Laura</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Account of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1350.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1351.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He revisits Vaucluse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pope Clement VI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1352.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Treatise "On Solitary Life"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1353.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1354.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch at Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1355.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent on two Missions—one to Venice, the other to Prague</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of France by the English</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1360.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imprisonment</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Settimo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Italy again visited by the Plague</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1361.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Petrarch's Son</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"The Triumph of Death"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1363.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Leonzio Pilato's Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1367.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reply </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch suffers from Fever</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1369.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he was"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1372.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1374.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Will</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOCCACCIO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1313.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1329.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Dislike for this Study</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1333.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits the Tomb of Virgil</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1338.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Description of it </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio—his Admiration of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for Literature</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1341.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Some Account of her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Book, "Filocopo"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Story of it </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1342.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Ameto"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1344.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of King Robert</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Queen Jane and her Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Filostrato," of Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "The Decameron"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1348.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Preface</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Plague in Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on the "Decameron"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Burning of the "Decameron"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1497.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Decameron" published</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Boccaccio to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1350.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His various Embassies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Petrarch at Padua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1351.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Again sent on a Mission to Avignon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1354.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His violent Party Feelings </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Answer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio—his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His celebrated Copy of Dante</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Petrarch at Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Moral Change in him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1361.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Letter in Answer </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1363.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He invites Boccaccio to his Palace</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He removes from his Palace in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence at Certaldo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Pope Urban V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1355.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He projects a Visit to Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1370.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1372.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1373. </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commedie" conferred on him</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Death </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1374.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Grief of Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1375.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LORENZO DE' MEDICI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &c.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Platonic Doctrines in Italy </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1438.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gemisthus Pletho</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1464.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Pazzi Conspiracy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1478.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1479.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici—his Firmness and Talents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1480.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici—his Commentary on his first Sonnet</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Nencia da Barbarino" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His descriptive Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MARSIGLIO FICINO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1433.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Platonic Institutions"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Treatise on the Origin of the World"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He assumes the Clerical Profession</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1468.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1475.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(October 1st.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1499.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1463.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His 900 Propositions published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Persecution and Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ANGELO POLIZIANO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(July 24th.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1454.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He engages him as Tutor to his Children</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of Florence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disasters which befell the Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Politian's Monody on Lorenzo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(September 24th.) Politian.—His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BERNARDO PULCI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUCA FULCI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUIGI PULCI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Author of the "Morgante Maggiore"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on "Morgante Maggiore"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Family of the Heroes of Romance</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of the Poem</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CIECO DA FERRARA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Author of "Mambriano"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1509.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BURCHIELLO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1448.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOJARDO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1434.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III.<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Ferrara</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1469.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1471.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1472.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1473.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Governor of Reggio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1478.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Lyrical Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Classical Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BERNI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Francesco Berni</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Rome plundered by the Colonna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1526.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(July 26th.) Death of Berni</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1536.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of his "Rifacimento"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Disposition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernese Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ARIOSTO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1474.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Lineage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Latin the universal Language of Writers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">into modern Tongues</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Ariosto's Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His filial and paternal Affection</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sisters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Bagatelles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Orlando Furioso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Latin</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vatican</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">River Po</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Embassy to Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julius</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">And the perfidious Treatment he receives</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The singular Manner in which he retaliates</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1515.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The last Edition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their consequent Estrangement</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct of the Cardinal</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Independence of Ariosto</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reasons for not taking Orders</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.?</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Satires</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Government of Graffagnana</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Satires</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Release from his Government</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A curious Anecdote of him when a Child</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on his Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto, his last Illness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Apocryphal Traditions of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of one of his Sonnets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Difficulty of translating his Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Recitation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reveries</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His last Hours</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Monument</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critical Remarks on it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Sequel and Imitation of it </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MACHIAVELLI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">850.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(February 3d.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1469.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Nothing known of his Childhood and Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Paul Jovius</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1497.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1498.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is Secretary of the Council of Ten</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Missions to various Sovereigns and States</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1493.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Italy overrun by Charles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Italian System of Warfare</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Charles VIII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1498.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">implore Charles to restore their Independence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1501.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa besieged by the Florentines</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They fail in their Object, and return to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander VI.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes to be waylaid and murdered</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valence in France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to form the Principality in Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Attack on Bologna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Revolt of his chief Condottieri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Conspiracy of Magione</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1502.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Interview with Caesar Borgia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Policy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Admiration of Borgia's Talents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli solicits to be recalled</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Borgia leaves Imola</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He again writes from Cesena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1503.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Decenal"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poison</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Pope Pius III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Julius II.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">board a French Galley</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortress of Medina del Campo</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Escape and Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1506.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1504.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Peace between France and Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Formation of a native Militia in Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1506.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Julius II., his Projects</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rome; his Letters</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trent</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1507.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trent</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1508.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa besieged by the Florentines</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1509.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent to assist them</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1510.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Audience with the King at Blois</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1511.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for it</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recal this Offer</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disastrous War, the Consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Diet of Mantua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1512.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Restoration of the Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli deprived of his Place</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Conspiracy against the Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in consequence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1513.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter in Reply</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelian Policy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Art of War"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Belfegor" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Vettori</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1514.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1519.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Reply</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1521.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machiavelli, his Reply</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1524.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machiavelli his Historiographer</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1526.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Deplorable State of Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Constable Bourbon at Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(6th of May.) Sack of Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife and Children</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Complete Edition of his Works published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Descendants</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="TABLE_IV">TABLE<br /> -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br /> -TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br /> -LIVES OF<br /> -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4> - - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GALILEO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(15th of February.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1564.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Ancestors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Years</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of solid Bodies</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Giordano Bruno burnt</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1600.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laws of Gravity</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Don Giovanni de' Medici</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Padua</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1592.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1593.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with an Accident </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He completes his first Engagement at Padua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is re-elected other six Years</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His increasing Popularity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1603.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urging them</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dutch Telescopes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo constructs his first Telescope</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Examination of the fixed Stars</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Simon Mayer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Discovery of new Satellites</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">First Enigma of Galileo published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Observations on Saturn and Venus</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garden</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1611.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spots</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">These Letters answered by Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Observations on Saturn</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of floating Bridges discussed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo "On Floating Bodies"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to the Abbé Castelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1613.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces his Opinions</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Negotiations of Galileo with Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Three Comets appear</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1619.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro"> Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1624.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Cosmo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1629.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1630.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1632.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Influence of this Work on the public Mind</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1633.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Trial of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(22d of June.) His Sentence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Abjuration</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Imprisonment of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Arcetri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Daughter</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Indisposition and Melancholy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1638.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Dialogues on Local Motion"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Discovery of the Moon's Libration</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Blindness of Galileo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is visited by a Number of Strangers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(8th of January.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Epitaph and Monument </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His House</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His domestic Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His scientific Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GUICCIARDINI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(6th of March.) His Birth </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1482.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aragon</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns home</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Leo X. visits Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Leo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Made President of Romagna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Administration</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their united Arms turned against Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Second Restoration of the Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Office of Gonfaloniere established</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alessandro de' Medici named Duke</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His disgraceful Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Vices</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cosmo raised to the supreme Power</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(27th of May.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1540.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VITTORIA COLONNA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1465.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1490.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Testimony of Affection to his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Answer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pescara</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GUARINI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1537.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Little known of his early Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loredano</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Accession</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1573.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Visit to Poland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1575.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pastor Fido"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with Tasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villa</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1582.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1586.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Missions to Umbria and Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with his Son</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He loses his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1591.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Urbino</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Usur</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1608.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of October.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1612.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Ancestors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1493.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage with Portia Rossi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1544.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Infancy of Torquato</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Bernardo from the War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo, his Exile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by him on this Occasion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He and Cowper compared</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Mother</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1556.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is implicated in his reputed Treason</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelia</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo flies to Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to Pesaro</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso, his Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Joan of Arc"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Curiosities of Literature"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Amadigi"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Rinaldo"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Epic Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Gerusalemme Liberata"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits his Father at Mantua</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1564.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso, his Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal D'Este</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Zoilus</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pope Pius IV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Este</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A quotation from his "Aminta"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guise</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1568.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Court of France</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Two or three Anecdotes related of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Tasso at Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception by Pope Pius V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Aminta"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Ferrara</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Malady</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Love for the Princess Leonora</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits his Sister</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Princess Leonora</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Its Effect on Tasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Liberation of Tasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1586.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His last Work, "Sette Giornate"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He recovers his Mother's Dowry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Pope grants him a Pension</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of April.) Death of Tasso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CHIABRERA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His disastrous Residence at Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Elegiac Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He refuses</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">TASSONI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bologna</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1597.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1622.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MARINI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(18th of October.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turns him out in consequence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1589.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Concerned in some youthful Scrapes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His literary Quarrels</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death before his Arrival</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is received by Mary de' Medici</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Adone"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of March.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1625.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FILICAJA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(30th of December.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Odes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is appointed Governor of Volterra</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Virgin"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1717.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">METASTASIO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His obscure Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(13th of January.) His Birth; his Name</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1698.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Adoption by Vincenzo Gravina</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Tragedy, "Giustino"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Algarotti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Don Saverio Mattei</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his adopted Father Gravina</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprudence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Commences the Study of the Law at Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Orti Esperidi"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He quits his Legal Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">And resides at the House of the Prima Donna Marianna<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulgarelli</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies Music</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Operatic Dramas first introduced at Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio composes his "Didone Abbandonato;" also his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Siroe"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1724.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies the Prima Donna to Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He writes his Drama of "Cato"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1727.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to become the Court Poet of Vienna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1729.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Apostolo Zeno</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio fulfils his Engagement to the Roman Theatre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1730.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters on his Employments at Vienna; Success of his Dramas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes Treasurer of the Province of Cosenza, in Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters to Marianna Bulgarelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio's Letters to his Brother on her Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Attilio Regulo"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Themistocles" and "Olimpiade:" his Dramas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Canzonetti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Emperor Charles VI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1740.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Francis I. elected Emperor</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1745.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Several European Sovereigns invite Metastasio to their Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Malady</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to his Brother on the Death of his Father</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Brother Leopold</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1770.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Farinelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1737.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Philip V. of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1746.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Charles III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1763.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Physical Sufferings of Metastasio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Empress Maria Theresa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Doctor Burney's Account of Metastasio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(12th of April.) Death of Metastasio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GOLDONI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1707.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Grandfather; Pecuniary Difficulties of his Family</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1712.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Education of Goldoni</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Departure with his Family from Perugia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Carlo Goldoni studies at Rimini</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parents embark for Chiozza</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Chiozza</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni escapes from Rimini</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He arrives at Chiozza</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Law under his Uncle, at Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Success at the University of Pavia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1723.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Expulsion, and the Cause of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to his Parents</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He pursues his Legal Studies at Modena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to become a Monk</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Prudent Conduct of his Parents on this Occasion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni becomes Coadjutor to the Chancellor of Feltri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He falls in Love</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He joins his Father at Ravenna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1731.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the elder Goldoni</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni enters the Profession of Barrister, at Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Incident occurs which destroys his Prospects</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Amalasunta"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Its Fate</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Buonafede Vitali</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Siege of Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Journey of Goldoni to Modena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disasters which he met with</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Belisarius" acted at Vienna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1734.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Good Fortune which he meets with at Genoa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He attempts to reform the Italian Theatre</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The old Comedy of Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni obtains the Genoese Consulship at Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with a Ragusan Adventurer</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Play on the Subject</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1741.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Life at Rimini</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Cattolica, and the Misfortune that befell him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes a Pleader at the Pisan Bar</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Plot of his "Donne Puntigliose"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Story of the "Donna Prudente"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pettegollezzi"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of "Villeggiatura" and the "Smanie della<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villeggiatura"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His other Comedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He receives an Offer from the French Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1760.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Debût as an Author in the French Capital</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1761.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ALFIERI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Italian Poets of the early Ages</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(17th of January.) Birth of Vittorio Alfieri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1749.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Academy of Turin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">System of Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Effect of Music on the Mind of Alfieri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Circumstances of his Life altered by the Death of his Uncle</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Change of his Situation in College</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1763.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Effect of this on his Conduct</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Extravagance</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Confinement</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation on the Marriage of his Sister Julia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1764.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to College</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Genoa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Provincial Army of Asti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His dislike of Military Discipline; he obtains Leave of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Absence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Leave of Absence; his second Tour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Entrance into Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His enthusiastic Feelings on visiting England</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Turin, and resides with his Sister</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He takes another Tour</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1769.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Visit to England; his Love Adventure</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with his Servant</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Turin, and becomes a Cavaliere Servente</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to break off this disgraceful Intercourse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1774.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Attempt at Composition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters into an Engagement with the Public to write<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tragedies</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1777.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Siena; his Friendship with Francesco Gori</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Attachment for Louisa de Stolberg, Countess of Albany </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He makes a Donation of his Property to his Sister Julia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The distinguishing Marks of his Dramas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Distinction between Shakspeare and other Dramatic Writers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri, his Tragedy of "Philip," its Subject</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He continues the _Amico di Casa_ of the Countess of Albany</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cruel Conduct of her Husband</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She is separated from him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri at Rome with the Countess</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He completes his fourteen Tragedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Intercourse with the Countess of Albany begins to excite<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Censure</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He goes into voluntary Exile in consequence of his Sufferings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits England to purchase Horses</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1783.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to the Countess of Albany at Alsatia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Agis," "Sofonisba," and "Mirra"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Friend Gori</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Siena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Countess of Albany visits Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">She goes to Baden, where she is joined by Alfieri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Residence of Alfieri at Colmar</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness; visited by his Friend the Abbate Caluso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess at Paris; Alfieri joins her</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of her Husband</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Corrected Editions of Alfieri's Tragedies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Translation of the Comedies of Terence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1790.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Treatise on "Princes and Literature;" Critique on his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Style</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies the Countess of Albany to England</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They return to Paris</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(10th of August.) The French Revolution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Imprisonment of Louis XVI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Departure of the Countess and Alfieri from Paris; their<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furniture, Horses, and Books confiscated</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">They return to Florence </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Tragedy of "Saul" acted, Alfieri performing the Part of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the King</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Greek Language</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of Italy by the French</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri and the Countess leave Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">French driven from Tuscany</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Second Invasion of the French; Effect of these political Events<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Mind of Alfieri</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(8th of October.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tomb</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MONTI.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arcadian Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(19th of February.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1754.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Italian Farmers</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Early Boyhood of Monti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies at Faenza</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Destined by his Father to Agricultural Labour; his Dislike of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">this Occupation</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ineffectual Attempts of his Father to overcome this</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Italian Poem; he adopts Alighieri as his Model</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Vision of Ezekiel"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Borghese takes Monti under his Protection; he<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies the Cardinal to Rome</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Arcadians of the Bosco Parrasio celebrate the Quinquenalli<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pius VI.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti made Secretary to the Duke of Braschi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His want of political Integrity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Ode on the Marriage of the Duke of Braschi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Ambition excited by the Emulation inspired by Alfieri</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1779.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Aristodemo" acted at Rome with great Success</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Plot of this Tragedy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Monti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Hugh Basseville</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sent by the French to spread their Revolutionary Tenets<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Alps</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His History of the French Revolution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Assassination</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(January 19th.) Louis XVI. beheaded</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Poem, the "Basvilliana"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem on the French Revolution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Plagiarism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Spread of French Republicanism</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Defeat of the Austrians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(January 3d.) Cisalpine Republic erected</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1797.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti meets General Marmont at Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He proceeds with him to Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Admiration of Napoleon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Made Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He suffers Persecution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Law passed by the Cisalpine Republic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti loses his Situation in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Musogonia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Subject of his Poem entitled "Prometeo"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professor's Chair of Belles Lettres in Brera</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Suvaroff and the Austrians drive the French from Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">End of the Italian Republics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Deplorable Destitution of Monti during his Exile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goes to Pans on the Invitation of Mareschalchi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes a Hymn and an Ode on the Victory of Marengo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem, the "Mascheroniana"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy, "Caius Gracchus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Cisalpine Congress meet at Lyons</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bonaparte made President</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Ode to Napoleon in the Name of the Congress</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains a Professorship at Pavia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Goes to Milan, where a Number of Offices are conferred on him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Napoleon crowned King of Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti commanded to celebrate the Event</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Il Benificio"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Spada di Federico"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Palingenesi"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Jerogamia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on "the Winged Horse of Arsinoe"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of the Iliad</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Visconti, his Praise of Monti's Iliad</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of Napoleon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1814.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti loses all his public Employments</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pensions bestowed on him by the Emperor of Austria</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes the "Mistico Omaggio"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His other Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of his Daughter</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1812.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Her Poem "On a Rose"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Della Crusca Controversy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Different Dialects of Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bocca Romana</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Florentine Dialect</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dispute of Monti with the Tuscans</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_338" class="ext">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Letters to his Friend Mustoxidi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_338" class="ext">338</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti resides at Milan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty of his Recitation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract of his Letters to a Friend on the Classic and Romantic<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schools</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti resides with his Daughter and Son-in-law, at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pesaro</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1821-1822.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Letter to his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1821.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Another Letter to his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter, giving a Picture of Italian Manners</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1822.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Pesaro on the Death of his Son-in-law</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to his Friend Mustoxidi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1823.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(13th of October.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1828.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_351" class="ext">351</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">UGO FOSCOLO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Ionian Islands</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo studies at Padua under Cesarotti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Thyestes" represented at Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1797.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo becomes a voluntary Exile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Letters of Jacopo Ortis"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of Bonaparte</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_359" class="ext">359</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Tuscany</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">And Florence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Milan; Description of the Cisalpine Republic</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo becomes acquainted with Monti</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Likeness between him and his imaginary Hero, Ortis</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His unfortunate Attachment for a Pisan Lady</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He joins the Lombard Legion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of the Austrio-Russians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1800.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo joins the French Army at Genoa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Siege of Genoa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his Letter to Bonaparte</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(June 4th.) Surrender of Genoa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Conveyance of the Garrison to France by the English Fleet;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foscolo accompanies them</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Ortis"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Comparison between Goethe's "Werter" and "Ortis"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Person and Manners of Foscolo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Meeting of a Congress at Lyons to reform the Cisalpine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Oration to Bonaparte"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo holds a Commission in the Italian Legion</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Translation of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes intimate with General Caffarelli</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Brescians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Ode on Sepulchres"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Professor of Eloquence in the University of Pavia;<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Introductory Oration</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1808.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He incurs the Displeasure of Bonaparte</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Loses his Professorship, and retires to the Lake of Como</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Lake</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Ajax"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_379" class="ext">379</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Its Politics found fault with; he is persecuted in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is exiled from Milan, and visits Tuscany</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Manifesto of Lord William Bentinek</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1813.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Treaty of Fontainebleau</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his Adherence to the Cause of Liberty</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_384" class="ext">384</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation with Pecchio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He resides in Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Castlereagh</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Foscolo in England</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Retreat at St. John's Wood</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pecchio visits him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1822.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Ricciarda"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Story on which it is founded</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dedicated to Lord William Russell</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lady Dacre interests herself in behalf of Foscolo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1823.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Foscolo's House at South Bank</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Imprudence of Foscolo; his pecuniary Difficulties</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(October 10th.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1827.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_393" class="ext">393</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="TABLE_V">TABLE,<br /> -ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br /> -TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF<br /> -LIVES OF<br /> -EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br /> -OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4> - - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">INTRODUCTION.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro"> </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Aborigines of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Silius Italicus</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lucan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Senecas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Roman Power in Spain annihilated by the Visigoths</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes of the Goths</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Conquest of Spain by the Moors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The University of Cordova founded by Abdorhaman III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Settlement of the Jews in Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arabic Authors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Romances Moriscos</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Troubadours</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mosen Jordi de Sant Jordi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Redondillas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Cancionero general and the Romancero general</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Redondillas</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Romances of Chivalry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco Lobeira</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1325.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Cultivation which he bestowed on the Castilian Language</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Alphonsine Tables</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso XI.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Spain desolated by Civil Wars</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Juan Ruiz</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">John II., his disastrous Reign</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1407.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Marquis of Villena institutes Floral Games</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1434.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis of Santillana</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marcias, his melancholy Fate</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro"> Juan de Mena, the Ennius of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1412.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies at the University of Salamanca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1456.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quintano, his Opinion of the "Labyrinto"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Juan de Enzina, Author of the first Spanish Plays</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Songs and Lyrics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Name becomes proverbial in Spain by his Song of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contraries or Absurdities</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Union of the Crowns of Castile and Arragon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Castilian adopted as the classic Language of the Country</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOSCAN.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">The first Spanish Poet who introduced the Italian Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Descent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Chosen Governor to the Duke of Alva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Andrea Navagero, the Venetian Ambassador</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1525.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at the Court of Charles V. at Toledo; he meets<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Boscan and Garcilaso</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He induces them to quit their national Redondillas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">This Circumstance referred to by Boscan in the Dedication of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Poems to the Duchess of Soma</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of one of Garcilaso's Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of the Epistle of Boscan to Don Diego Hurtado de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendoza</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch and Boscan compared</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1543.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GARCILASO DE LA VEGA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His illustrious Descent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1503.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Charles V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Cardinal Ximenes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Election of Charles to the Imperial Crown, and his intended<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Departure for Germany</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Revolution in Spain in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso distinguishes himself at the Battle of Pavia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1528.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of Hungary by Solyman</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso falls into Disgrace at Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Exile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Ode in Commemoration of his Imprisonment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Muley Hassan driven out of Algiers by Barbarossa, who<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">possesses himself of it</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He fortifies the Citadel</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Algiers invested by the Emperor Charles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso serves in the Imperial Army; his Gallantry nearly<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proves fatal to him</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Charles to Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso, his Residence at Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from his Elegy to Boscan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(5th of August.) Cardinal Bembo, his Letter to a Friend in<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commendation of Garcilaso</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1535.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Garcilaso</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Charles V. enters France; he recals Garcilaso, and confers on<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him the Command over eleven Companies of Infantry</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Epistle of Garcilaso to Boscan from Vaucluse</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Garcilaso while attacking a Tower</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1536.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Children</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Eclogue</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of his Ode to the "Flower of Gnido"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MENDOZA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His numerous Titles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Extraction</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Originality of his Genius</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He studies Theology in the University of Salamanca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Clerical Profession</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Appointed Ambassador to Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Deputed to attend the Council of Trent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Governor and Captain General of Siena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Salvi</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A new Oligarchy erected in Siena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Revolt of Siena</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza, his Government; he leaves Siena; on the Death of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul III. he repairs to Rome to watch the Progress of the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conclave</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Sienese take Advantage of his Absence, and solicit the Aid<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the French King</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza applies to the Pope for Assistance; he evades his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Request</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Loss of Siena to the Emperor</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Recal of Mendoza to Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1554.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Battle of St. Quentin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1557.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza present at it; characteristic Adventure related of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his Work on "The History of the War of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moriscos in Granada"</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A complete Edition of his Works published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1776.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Mendoza; his Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1775.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUIS DE LEON.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes Doctor of Theology to the University of Salamanca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Election to the Chair of St. Thomas</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1561.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Enemies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He translates the Song of Solomon into Spanish, for which he is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisoned by the Inquisition at Valladolid</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Odes to the Virgin written during his Imprisonment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1576.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected Vicar-General of his Province</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1591.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(23d of August.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Theological Works</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Translations</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from one of his Odes, and a Translation of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FERNANDO HERRERA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Account of him by Rodrigo Caro</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Opinions of different Spanish Writers on his Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Ode to Sleep"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">SAA DE MIRANDA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Style of his Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1520.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Name</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He emigrates to Castile</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Work "Diana," critical Remarks on it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Supposed Time of his Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1661.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CASTILLEJO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Fernando de Acuna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gil Polo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1550.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cetina</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cristoval Castillejo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1596.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Satires</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">THE DRAMATISTS.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">"Celestina, Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Plot of this Play</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of the Amphitryon of Plautus, printed, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Electra of Sophocles</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1515.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Perez de Oliva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Obscurity of the earliest regular Dramas written in Spanish</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bartolomé Torres Naharro, his Dramatic Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lope de Rueda, his Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Account of him by Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Plays</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">State of Literature under Charles V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Originality the Distinctive of the Spanish Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ERCILLA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of March.) Don Alonso de Ercilla; his Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1533.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Ancestors</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Page of Honour to Prince Philip</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ambition of Charles V.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Insurrection of the Araucanos in South America</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Charge of subduing them committed to Geronimo de<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alderete</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla leaves the personal Service of the Prince, and follows<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Adelantado to the East</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Expedition of Don Garcia against the Araucanos</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla distinguishes himself in the Indian War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Philip II. succeeds to the Throne of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla escapes an early and disastrous End</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cruelties committed by Lope de Aguirre on the Indians at<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venezuela</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla returns to Spain; his Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1562.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is appointed Chamberlain to Maximilian II.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Destitution and Abandonment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The supposed Time of his Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1595.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Araucana;" Analysis and partial Translation of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CERVANTES.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(9th of October.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Studies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Isabella of Valois, Wife of Philip II.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lopez de Hoyos</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes quits Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Service of the Cardinal Acquaviva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1568.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enlists under General Antonio Colonna in the Campaign<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">against the Turks</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The combined Fleets of Venice, Spain, and the Pope assemble<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Messina</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of October.) Battle of Lepanto</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gallant Conduct of Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is wounded, and remains in the Hospital at Messina six<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Months</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Don John of Austria</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Second Campaign against the Turks</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Spaniards alone prosecute the War</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Attempted and unsuccessful Assault on the Castle of Navarino</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Venetians sign a Peace with Selim</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1573.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes enters Tunis with the Marquis de Santa Cruz, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Palermo with the Fleet</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes obtains leave to return to Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Galley he embarked in attacked by an Algerine<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Squadron</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is taken Prisoner by the Arnaout Captain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Piracies carried on by the Algerine Corsairs</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their System</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Interesting Details of the Captivity of Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tale of the "Captive"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His first Attempt at Escape with some of his Companions</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1576.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Its Failure</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gabrièl de Castañeda ransomed; he brings Letters from<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes to his Father</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Father unable to procure Money to ransom both him and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Brother; Cervantes gives up his Share to secure the</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freedom of his Brother</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1577.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He arranges another Plan of Escape</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is purchased by Hassan Aga</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1578.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He concerts a new Plan of Escape with the Renegade<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abd-al-Rhamen</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is again betrayed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He refutes certain Calumnies, of which he was the Object</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Landing of Cervantes in Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He again enters the Army; he embarks in the Squadron of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Don Pedro</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He serves in a naval Battle under Santa Cruz</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1582.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Also at the Taking of Terceira</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1583.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Galatea"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1584.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He accepts the Situation of Commissary to the Invincible<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armada</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1588.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Office abolished</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1593.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He manages the Affairs, and becomes the Friend, of Don<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hernando de Toledo</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His two Sonnets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of the first</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A magnificent Catafalque erected in the Cathedral of Seville<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Death of Philip II.</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sonnet of Cervantes to the Monument of the King at Seville</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of a mercantile Casualty which happened to<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes; financial Annoyance</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Another Anecdote</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1597.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He removes to Valladolid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1603.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes the Victim of litigious Proceedings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Don Quixote"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Story respecting the Dedication of "Don Quixote" to the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bejar</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disputes respecting the Existence of the "Buscapié" </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1605.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Satires against "Don Quixote"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">James I. of England sends Lord Howard to present a Treaty of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peace to Philip III., and to congratulate him on the Birth of</span><br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Son</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Account of these Festivities, written by Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Event occurs by which Cervantes is greatly distressed</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He follows the Court to Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Despotism and Bigotry extend their Influence over Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Kindness of Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Archbishop of Toledo,<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Cervantes</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Count of Lemos made Viceroy of Naples</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Argensolas, surnamed the Horaces of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Disappointment of Cervantes at their Neglect</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of Philip III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Censorship of "Don Quixote" intrusted to Francisco<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquez Torres</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Account of the Neglect with which the Spaniards treated<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preface to the "Twelve Tales" of Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1608.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1614.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Preface to his Work, "Comedias y Entremeses"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Poetic Games</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Don Quixote" of Avellanada</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Indignation of Cervantes on its Publication</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Illness of Cervantes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Excursion from Esquivias to Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Adieu to the World</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Dedication to his Protector, the Count of Lemos</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(23d of April.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Will</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Galatea"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Numantia;" the Plot of this Play</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedy of "A Life in Algiers"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Godwin's Opinion of "Don Quixote"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on "Don Quixote"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from "Voyage to Parnassus"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LOPE DE VEGA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Career and that of Cervantes compared</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Epithets of Praise heaped on him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1562.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Boyhood</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An Adventure related of him while at School</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes the Protégé of Geronimo Manrique, the Grand<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inquisitor</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Alcala</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Service of the Duke of Alva</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Arcadia;" a Detail of the Story</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of the "Arcadia"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lope de Vega leaves the Duke's Service</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is engaged in a Duel, which causes him to go to Valencia</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Madrid; Death of his Wife</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes a Soldier, and joins the Invincible Armada</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1588.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Eclogue to Claudio</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Sonnets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of two of his Sonnets</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Some Account of his "Dorotea"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sanguine Expectations of the Invincible Armada</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Piratical Expeditions of Drake and Hawkins excite the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Animosity and Vengeance of the Spaniards</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">An animated Description of the setting forth of the Invincible<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armada, by Lope de Vega</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes "The Beauty of Angelica"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He returns from the Armada, and enters the Service of Count<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemos</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His second Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Work, "The True Lover"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Epistles</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Uncertain Dates of the various Events of his Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Canonisation of St. Isidro</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Reputation of Lope de Vega awakens the Enmity of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rivals and Critics</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His War with Gongora</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His unexampled Popularity</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Novel</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1621.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Soliloquies on God"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem on the Death of Mary Queen of Scots</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Exaggerated Account of the Quantity of his Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him and Montalvan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Poems</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Presentiments of his approaching Dissolution</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(18th of August) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Funeral</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Dragon tea"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Jerusalem"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Difficulties of establishing the Theatre in Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Spanish Theatres</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Analysis of the "Star of Seville," by Lord Holland</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Sacred Dramas and Autos Sacramentales of Lope de Vega</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Incongruities of his Plots</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VICENTE ESPINEL. ESTEVAN DE VILLEGAS.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Vicente Espinel</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1544.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Estévan Manuel de Villégas, named the Anacreon of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1595.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His original Anacreontics published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro"> His Marriage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of one of his Sapphics</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GONGORA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">(11th of July.) His Birth</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1561.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A cursory Review of his Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(24th of May.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1627.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Disposition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His early Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Song of Catherine of Arragon"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Songs</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His System</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quotations from Lope de Vega, showing the Absurdity of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gongora's Style</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Polyphemus" of Gongora</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Solitudes"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">QUEVEDO.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Talent and Genius of the Spaniards during the fourteenth<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and fifteenth Centuries</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Their Energies and Genius blighted by the Infamy of the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Political Institutions</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(September.) Birth of Quevedo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Alcalà</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Circumstance occurs which obliges him to quit the Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He takes refuge in Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Don Pedro Giron Duke of Osuna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Court of Philip III.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo sent as Ambassador to Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Success; a Pension bestowed on him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Osuna advanced to the Viceroyalty of Naples; his<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victories over the Turks</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Spanish Power threatens to become omnipotent in Italy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Charles Emanuel endeavours to make head against it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Osuna opposes the Venetians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The lawless and dishonourable Means he takes</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He protects the Uscocchi against the Venetians</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Merchants of Naples and the French make Representations<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Court of Madrid in consequence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Osuna ordered to suspend Hostilities</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Bedmar Conspiracy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo and Osuna supposed to be implicated in the Plot</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo escapes from Venice</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Osuna continues Viceroy of Naples; he is suspected of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intending to arrogate Power independent of the King</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is ordered to return to Madrid</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cautious proceedings of the Court with respect to him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Don Gaspar de Borgia is named his Successor</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Osuna to Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprisonment and Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1624.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo, his attachment to Osuna</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is suspected of participating in his treasonable Designs</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprisonment in consequence</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Secretary to the King</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1632.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Church, and marries</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife dies</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His own Words, alluding to his evil Fate</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is suspected of being the Author of certain Libels; is<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrested and imprisoned in Consequence</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Two Letters of his</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Memorial to Count Olivarez</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(September 8th.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1647.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A singular Circumstance appertaining to his literary Career</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his Prose Writings</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Vision of Calvary"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His "Alguazil possessed"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CALDERON.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Misrule and Oppression destroy the Spirit and Intellect of Spain</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Luzan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Moratin</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Calderon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1601.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His illustrious Descent</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Salamanca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Salamanca</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Military Service</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He serves in the Milanese and Flanders</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He is recalled to Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Innumerable Dramas appear under the patronage of Philip IV.</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He summons Calderon to his Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Philip VI. with Maria Ana of Austria</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1650.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Calderon quits the military Career, and becomes a Priest</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes Chaplain to the Royal Chapel at Toledo</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1654.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">(May 29th.) His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1687.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Characteristics of his Plays</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Character of his Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">THE EARLY POETS OF PORTUGAL<br /> -RIBEYRO—GIL VICENTE—SAA DE MIRANDA—FERREIRA.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Original Portuguese Tongue</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso Henriquez, Founder of the Portuguese Monarchy</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Portuguese Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bartolomeo Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1487.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco de Gama visits the Shores of India</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Portuguese Kingdom founded in Hindostan</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardim Ribeyro, the Ennius of Portugal</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Saa de Miranda, Founder of Portuguese Poetry</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Gil Vicente, the Portuguese Plautus</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Antonio Ferreira, the Portuguese Horace</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /></p> - -<div class="cabecalho"> -<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CAMOENS.</div> -</div> -<div class="tabela"> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lusiad," Translation of it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1817.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the Family of Camoens</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Derivation of his Name</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portugal</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1370.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Camoens</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1524.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz </div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1308.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens enters the University of Coimbra</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1537.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his fourth Canzone</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Another Extract from another</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Coimbra</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at Court</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Occasion</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Exile of Camoens from the Palace</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1550.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibraltar</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He embarks for India</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1553.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cochin</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Goa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Antonio de Noronha</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Death</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Goa</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1554.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens joins this Expedition</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1555.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1556.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Is appointed Commissary</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He composes the "Lusiad"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Lusiad"</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens pursues his military Career in India</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mozambique</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens accompanies him</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His dependent State</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Quarrels with Barreto</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invite him to accompany them</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies his Friends home</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Arrives at Lisbon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The Plague at Lisbon</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lusiad" published</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of<br /> -<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Camoens</span></div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Defeat of Sebastian in Africa</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1578.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Its Effect on Camoens</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Last Scene of Camoens' Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Tomb</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">A Review of his Life</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a></div> -<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it</div> -<div class="coluna-esquerda"> </div> -<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div> -</div> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4><a id="INDEX_II">INDEX</a></h4> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>A.</p> - -<p>ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for<br /> -the advancement of literature,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Abreu, Duarte de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Acquaviva, cardinal, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aguirre, Lope de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>. His early education;<br /> -placed at a public school<br /> -at Turin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a>. System of education<br /> -pursued at the academy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a>.<br /> -Progress of his education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>.<br /> -Circumstances of his life greatly<br /> -altered, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br /> -of the obstinacy of his<br /> -disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Visits his mother<br /> -at Genoa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Admitted<br /> -as ensign into the provincial<br /> -regiment of Asti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. Visits<br /> -Rome and Naples under the care<br /> -of an English catholic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Regards<br /> -coldly those objects which<br /> -render Rome a city of absolute<br /> -enchantment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. Visits France<br /> -and England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. Singularities<br /> -of his character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Circumstances<br /> -of his entrance into Paris,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>. His enthusiasm on visiting<br /> -London, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. Becomes really in<br /> -love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. Disappointed in a<br /> -matrimonial project proposed to<br /> -him by his brother-in-law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>.<br /> -Comes of age, according to the<br /> -laws of his country, and sets out<br /> -on his travels with an income of<br /> -1200<i>l</i>. a-year, and a large sum<br /> -in ready money, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. Visits<br /> -England; his attachment to a<br /> -lady of rank, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. Is challenged<br /> -by her husband, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. Leaves his<br /> -unworthy mistress, and pursues<br /> -his travels, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br /> -of the violence of his<br /> -temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. Becomes a cavalier<br /> -servente to a lady of rank, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>.<br /> -Determines to break off the disgraceful<br /> -intercourse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. Gives<br /> -the first token of the spirit of<br /> -composition, in a sonnet in commemoration<br /> -of the freedom he<br /> -had acquired, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. At the age<br /> -of seven and twenty, enters into<br /> -the difficult engagement with the<br /> -public and himself, to become the<br /> -writer of tragedies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a>. Difficulties<br /> -which he had to overcome,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a>. Resolves to pass six months<br /> -in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and<br /> -feel Tuscan only, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a>. His labours<br /> -in literature confined<br /> -chiefly to formation of style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br /> -Commencement of his friendship<br /> -with Gori, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. Commencement<br /> -of his attachment to Louisa<br /> -Stolberg, countess of Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>.<br /> -Energy and conciseness the distinguishing<br /> -marks of his dramas,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Outline of his tragedy,<br /> -entitled "Philip," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Takes<br /> -up his residence at Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>.<br /> -Remarks on his sacred dramas,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His continued intimacy<br /> -with the countess of Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br /> -Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent<br /> -any actual measures of prohibition<br /> -and banishment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>.<br /> -Returns to Italy after two years,<br /> -absence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. Outline of his<br /> -tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>.<br /> -Accompanies the countess of<br /> -Albany to Paris, and establishes<br /> -himself there, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Betakes<br /> -himself to writing the memoirs<br /> -of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. Remarks on his<br /> -translation of the Æneid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>.<br /> -Driven from France by the revolution<br /> -of 1791, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>. Returns<br /> -to Florence with the countess of<br /> -Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His translation of<br /> -"Sallust," an excellent specimen<br /> -of style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. At the age of forty-six,<br /> -applies himself with ardour<br /> -to the study of the Greek language,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. His melancholy increased<br /> -by the irritation caused<br /> -by political events, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a>. His last<br /> -illness and death, in the fifty-sixth<br /> -year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>. Translation<br /> -from a sonnet, in which he describes<br /> -his own person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Allegri, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alphonso X., his zeal for literature;<br /> -his poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Alphonso XI., his poems, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of<br /> -Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Andrea, prince of Hungary, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Angelo, Michael, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Antiquário, Jacopo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aquinas, Thomas, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Archimedes, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aretino, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage,<br /> -and early education, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. Composes a drama on the<br /> -story of Pyramus and Thisbe,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. Becomes eminent among his<br /> -contemporaries for the critical<br /> -skill with which he elucidated<br /> -obscure passages in Horace and<br /> -Ovid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. The golden age of his<br /> -life shortened by the death of his<br /> -father, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Obliged, at the age<br /> -of four and twenty, to turn from<br /> -quiet to active duties, and exchange<br /> -Homer for waste books<br /> -and ledgers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Remarks on<br /> -his satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Courted, admired,<br /> -applauded, and of course envied,<br /> -in the first circle of Italian<br /> -society, both for his conversation,<br /> -his learning, and his poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br /> -Remarks on his work, entitled<br /> -"Astolpho's Journey to the<br /> -Moon," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>. Remarks on his<br /> -"Orlando Furioso," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. Sent by<br /> -the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador<br /> -to Rome, to pacify the wrath of<br /> -Julius II., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His second embassy<br /> -to Rome, and uncourteous reception<br /> -from the pontiff, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a>. Singular<br /> -manner in which the duke<br /> -retaliates for the indignity shown<br /> -to himself and his representative,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Causes for the principal<br /> -interruptions in his literary labours,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. Refuses to accompany<br /> -the cardinal Hippolito to<br /> -visit his archbishopric in Segovia,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>. His whimsical letter to his<br /> -brother Alessandro on the subject,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. Persuaded to enter<br /> -into the service of the duke of<br /> -Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His literary pursuits<br /> -retarded by his struggles<br /> -against the solicitudes, discomforts,<br /> -and mortifications of narrow<br /> -and precarious circumstances,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. His curious reasons<br /> -for not taking priest's orders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>.<br /> -Is patronised by Leo X., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. His<br /> -own account of Leo's ingratitude,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Extracts from his satires,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His description of his visit<br /> -to Rome, and his specious reception<br /> -by Leo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Further extracts<br /> -from his satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. Simple,<br /> -yet facetious, style of his<br /> -fables, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Appointed to the<br /> -government of Graffagnana, a<br /> -mountainous district, lying between<br /> -Modena and Lucca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br /> -Story of a rencontre with some<br /> -of his uncouth neighbours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br /> -Extract from his Fifth Satire, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a>.<br /> -Invited to accept a third embassy<br /> -to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. His reason for<br /> -refusing, as given in the Seventh<br /> -Satire, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. After three years,<br /> -being released from the cares of<br /> -his government, he returns with<br /> -entire devotion of his time and<br /> -talents to the "Sacred College of<br /> -the Muses," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Anecdote,<br /> -characteristic at once of his<br /> -phlegm and his acuteness in his<br /> -art, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. Critique on his Seven<br /> -Satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. His last illness and<br /> -death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>. His person and character,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. No poet of any age<br /> -has more inseparably identified<br /> -his conception with his language,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>. Impossibility of translating<br /> -them, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br /> -Whimsical peculiarities of his<br /> -personal habits, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. His last<br /> -hours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Monuments to his<br /> -memory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. Remarks on his<br /> -works in general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>. Review<br /> -of his "Orlando Furioso," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>.<br /> -Immoral tendency of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Aristotle, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Attila the Hun, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Audibert de Noves, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ayala, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>B.</p> - -<p>Barbariccia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barbato, the chancellor of the king<br /> -of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bardi, cavalier de, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barlaam, Bernardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Barrili, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Basseville, Hugh, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Beatrice Portinari, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bella, the mother of Dante, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bellarmine, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bembo, Bernardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bembo, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benavides, don Diego de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bene, Sennucio del, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Benedict XII., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of<br /> -the order of St. Dominic, author<br /> -of the first original tragedy published<br /> -in Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Berni, Francesco, his birth and<br /> -early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Notice of his<br /> -writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bianchi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bibbiena, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth<br /> -and parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>. His early<br /> -education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. His sensations<br /> -on visiting the tomb of Virgil,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. His first meeting with Petrarch,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. His own account of<br /> -his attachment to the lady Mary,<br /> -natural daughter of Robert, king<br /> -of Naples, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>. Description of<br /> -her person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. Outline of his<br /> -poem, entitled "Filocopo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br /> -The first to render the <i>ottava</i><br /> -<i>rima</i> familiar to the Italians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>.<br /> -Obliged to return to Florence,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. The "Decameron," a<br /> -model of the Tuscan dialect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br /> -Writes his "Ameto," a composition<br /> -of mingled prose and verse,<br /> -the first of the kind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. Returns<br /> -to Naples on his father's<br /> -second marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. His description<br /> -of the plague in Florence,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. His works preached<br /> -against and prohibited by Salvanorola,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Returns to Florence<br /> -on the death of his father.<br /> -Commencement of his intimacy<br /> -with Petrarch, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Sent on<br /> -various embassies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. His political<br /> -negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. His<br /> -letter to Petrarch, expressing his<br /> -regret and disappointment on his<br /> -having taken up his abode at<br /> -Milan, under the protection of<br /> -Giovanni Visconti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. Petrarch's<br /> -moderate answer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br /> -Popularity of the "Decameron,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. His disinterested love of<br /> -letters, and extraordinary efforts<br /> -to create and diffuse a knowledge<br /> -of the Greek language and<br /> -writers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a>. Spends large sums<br /> -of money in the acquisition of<br /> -ancient manuscripts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. Anecdote<br /> -illustrative of his anxiety<br /> -for the possession of them, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>.<br /> -His unwearied and successful<br /> -labour in the cause of Hellenic<br /> -literature, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>. Obtains a decree<br /> -from the Florentine government<br /> -for the erection of a Greek professorship<br /> -in their university, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -Beneficial change in moral habits<br /> -brought about by the admonitions<br /> -and example of Petrarch,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. The work begun by Petrarch,<br /> -achieved by a singular<br /> -circumstance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. His letter to<br /> -Petrarch on the subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br /> -Adopts the clerical dress, and<br /> -endeavours to suppress those<br /> -writings which scandalised the<br /> -pious, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. Retreats from Florence,<br /> -and takes up his abode at<br /> -the castle of Certaldo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. Brief<br /> -review of his later works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>.<br /> -Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador<br /> -to pope Urban V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br /> -His letter to Petrarch, describing<br /> -his visit to the daughter and son-in-law<br /> -of that poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Retires<br /> -to the quiet of Certaldo, where<br /> -he busies himself in the publication<br /> -of his work of the "Genealogy<br /> -of the Gods," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. Appointed<br /> -by the Florentine government<br /> -to the professorship for<br /> -the public explanation of the<br /> -"Divina Commedia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. His<br /> -last illness and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth,<br /> -parentage, and early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br /> -His marriage and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br /> -Abstract of the story of his<br /> -"Orlando Innamorato," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -His remorseless cruelty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>.<br /> -His conversations with Machiavelli,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br /> -of his system of government,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br /> -His downfal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. His<br /> -imprisonment and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan,<br /> -the first Spanish poet who introduced<br /> -the Italian style, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -Outline of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Circumstances<br /> -which induced him to introduce<br /> -the Italian style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -His translation of Castiglione's<br /> -"Libro del Cortigiano," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Commencement<br /> -of his friendship with<br /> -Diego de Mendoza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Translation<br /> -of his epistles in imitation<br /> -of Horace, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br /> -His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. Review of his<br /> -writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Boutervek, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bowring, Dr. his translation of the<br /> -Spanish Cancionero, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bozzole, Federigo da, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bracciolini, Poggio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Brossana, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bruni, Leonardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bruno, Giordano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima<br /> -donna, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Her friendship<br /> -for Metastasio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. Her death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burchiello, the word "burlesque"<br /> -derived from his name and the<br /> -style of his writings, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Burney, Dr., his account of his<br /> -visit to Metastasio in 1772, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>.<br /> -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>C.</p> - -<p>Cabassoles, Philip de, bishop of<br /> -Cavaillon, his intimacy with Petrarch,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cabral, Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cabral, Fernando Alvares, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cacciaguida, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caccini, his personal attack upon<br /> -Galileo from the pulpit, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cassalpinus, Andrew, the celebrated<br /> -botanist, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cæsarini, Virginio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caffarelli, general, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Calderon, don Pedro, his birth,<br /> -parentage, and early education,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. His fame established as a<br /> -poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Enters the military service<br /> -at the age of five and twenty,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Summoned to court by a<br /> -royal order, for the sake of writing<br /> -a drama for a palace festival,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. Quits the army, and becomes<br /> -a priest, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. His death<br /> -and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Review of<br /> -his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Calistus II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caloria, Tommaso, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caluso, the abatte, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Camara, Ruy Diaz de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Camerlingo, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Camoens, Vasco Perez de, his birth<br /> -and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>. Extract<br /> -from his "Lusiad," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. Translation<br /> -of a sonnet in commemoration<br /> -of that attachment which<br /> -shed a disastrous influence over<br /> -the rest of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. Compared<br /> -with Petrarch, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Dr.<br /> -Southey's translation of one of<br /> -his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His exile, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br /> -Mutilated in the wars of his<br /> -country, but receives neither reward<br /> -nor preferment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. His<br /> -pathetic description of his friend<br /> -Noronha's exile, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Offers to<br /> -serve as a volunteer, and accompanies<br /> -Vasconcellos in his expedition<br /> -against the Mahometans,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Suspected of composing another<br /> -satire; arrested, and banished<br /> -to China, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>. Retires<br /> -from the details of business, to<br /> -pursue his poetical occupations,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>. Obtains leave to return to<br /> -Goa; is wrecked at the mouth<br /> -of the Mecon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Pursues his<br /> -voyage to Goa, where he is received<br /> -by the viceroy with kindness<br /> -and distinction, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. Extracts<br /> -from the seventh canto of<br /> -the "Lusiad," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>. His poem commemorating<br /> -the death of Caterina<br /> -d'Atayde, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. Accompanies<br /> -Baretto, when he was appointed<br /> -governor of Sofala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Returns<br /> -to Portugal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>. Political<br /> -state of the country disadvantageous<br /> -to him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. Writes the<br /> -"Parnasso de Luis Camoens,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. A pension of 15,000 reis<br /> -granted to him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. His illness<br /> -and poverty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. His interview<br /> -with the cavalier Camara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His person, -<a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br /> -Review of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a>. Review<br /> -of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Campaldino, the battle of, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Camporese, the renowned philosopher,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cancionero, the, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Canigiani, Eletta, the mother of<br /> -Petrarch, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caprona, the siege of, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Carafa, Federigo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Carnescecchi, Pietro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caro, Rodrigo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Casavecchia, Filippo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Castañeda, Gabrièl de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Castelli, Benedetti, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Castillano, Diego, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Castillejo, Cristoval, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>. Specimen<br /> -of his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cavalcanti, Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cavalcanti, Mainardo de', I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Caza, Francesco della, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Celsi, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cervantes, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. His birth and<br /> -parentage; little known of his<br /> -early life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>. Enters a student<br /> -in the university of Salamanca,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. His poems published at<br /> -Madrid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. Leaves Madrid in<br /> -the service of cardinal Acquaviva,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. Visits Rome; changes<br /> -the whole course of his life; and<br /> -volunteers to be a soldier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>.<br /> -His services during the Turkish<br /> -war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Wounded in the battle<br /> -of Lepanto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Receives an<br /> -increase of pay, and is passed<br /> -into a company of the tercio of<br /> -Figueroa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Visits Rome, Florence,<br /> -Venice, Bologna, Naples,<br /> -and Palermo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Taken prisoner<br /> -by an Algerine squadron<br /> -on his return to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Interesting<br /> -details of his captivity,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Makes several attempts to<br /> -regain his liberty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. Detected<br /> -in planning his escape; is sentenced<br /> -to the bastinado, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>.<br /> -His courage and heroism excite<br /> -the respect of the friars of the<br /> -Order of Mercy, who resided at<br /> -Algiers for the purpose of treating<br /> -for the ransom of the Christian<br /> -captives, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Ransomed for<br /> -500 golden ducats, and left free<br /> -to return to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. Determines<br /> -to refute certain calumnies<br /> -of which he was the object, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br /> -Returns to his native land depressed<br /> -by poverty, and obscured<br /> -by want, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. Becomes again a<br /> -soldier by profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. First<br /> -appears as an author in the year<br /> -1584, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>. His marriage with<br /> -donna Catilina de Palacios y<br /> -Salazar, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. Commences writing<br /> -for the theatre; endeavours to<br /> -rectify the deficiencies of the<br /> -stage and scenery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Accepts<br /> -the situation of commissary, and<br /> -sets out with his family for Seville,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. His office abolished;<br /> -he becomes the agent to various<br /> -municipalities, corporations, and<br /> -wealthy individuals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. During<br /> -his distasteful employment at<br /> -Seville, acquires the bitter view<br /> -of human affairs displayed in<br /> -Don Quixote, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>. Translation<br /> -of his verses to the monument of<br /> -the kings at Seville, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. Various<br /> -annoyances which he suffered<br /> -in his financial occupations<br /> -at Seville, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Anecdote, displaying<br /> -the style in which justice<br /> -was carried on in Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br /> -Removes with his family to Valladolid,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His poverty the great<br /> -and clinging evil of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br /> -His letter to his uncle during his<br /> -imprisonment at La Mancha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br /> -Writes "Don Quixote" during his<br /> -imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. Fails in his<br /> -attempt to introduce himself to<br /> -the duke of Lerma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Difficulties<br /> -which he encounters in<br /> -publishing "Don Quixote," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>.<br /> -The "Buscapié" attributed to<br /> -him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a>. Success of "Don Quixote"<br /> -excites the enmity of the<br /> -men of letters of his day, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br /> -Suspected of murder, and thrown<br /> -with his entire family into prison,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Is set at liberty, -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br /> -Publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. Anecdote, showing<br /> -the high esteem in which "Don<br /> -Quixote" was held, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Brings<br /> -cut his "Twelve Tales," which<br /> -raises yet higher his character<br /> -as an author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. His portrait<br /> -of himself, in his preface to the<br /> -"Twelve Tales," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. His account<br /> -of the origin of the Spanish<br /> -drama, and the amelioration<br /> -that he in his younger days introduced,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>. Publishes his<br /> -"Persiles and Sigismunda," and<br /> -the second part of "Don Quixote,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>. His dedication of it<br /> -to the count of Lemos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. His<br /> -last illness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. His interview<br /> -with the student of Toledo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>.<br /> -His farewell letter to the count<br /> -of Lemos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. His death, in the<br /> -sixty-ninth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>.<br /> -His character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Brief review<br /> -of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. Extract<br /> -from his "Numantia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Extract<br /> -from the comedy of "Life<br /> -in Algiers," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. Extract from<br /> -his "Voyage to Parnassus," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Cetina, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charlemagne, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Charles of Valois, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chiabrera, Gabbriello, his birth,<br /> -parentage, and early education,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. -Enters into the service<br /> -of cardinal Camerlingo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br /> -Writes some odes in imitation of<br /> -Pindar; makes the Greek lyrical<br /> -poets his models, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br /> -Wishes to transfuse the spirit of<br /> -the Greeks into the Italian language,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Style of his poetry,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. Specimen of his serious<br /> -style, as translated by Wordsworth,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. His death and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chiaramonte, Scipio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Chrysoloras, Emanuel, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ciani, a Carthusian monk; his visit<br /> -to Boccaccio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Clement VI., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colombe, Lodovico delle, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colonna, Giacomo, commencement<br /> -of his friendship with Petrarch,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colonna, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Colonna, Vittoria, her birth, parentage,<br /> -and marriage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br /> -Her letter to her husband during<br /> -his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Her grief<br /> -at his death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Extracts from<br /> -her poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. Her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Conrad III., emperor, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Consalvo, the Spanish general, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Convennole, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Copernicus, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Correggio, Azzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Coutinho, Miguel Rodriguez, III.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Couto, Diogo de III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>D.</p> - -<p>Dante Alighieri, his parentage, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Born in the spring of 1265, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -Fable concerning his birth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br /> -Extracts from his "Paradiso,"<br /> -and his "Inferno," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. His early<br /> -education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Enters upon his<br /> -noviciate at a convent of the<br /> -Minor Friars, but withdraws before<br /> -the term of probation was<br /> -ended, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. Story of his early love<br /> -for Beatrice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Pursues his<br /> -studies in the universities of<br /> -Padua, Bologna, and Paris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br /> -Supposed to have visited Oxford,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>. High estimation in which<br /> -his works were held in England,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. His progress in the schools<br /> -of divinity and philosophy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -His marriage with Madonna<br /> -Gemma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Style of his poetry,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. His domestic discomforts,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. His character as a citizen, a<br /> -soldier, and a magistrate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -Serves among the cavalry in the<br /> -battle of Campaldino, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. His<br /> -extraordinary valour during that<br /> -engagement; his allusion to it<br /> -in Canto XII. of the "Inferno,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Is again in the field<br /> -at the siege of Caprona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Extract<br /> -from Canto XXI. of the<br /> -"Inferno," alluding to this action,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Traditional account of<br /> -his embassies to the courts of<br /> -Hungary, Naples, and France,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Chosen in the year 1300, by<br /> -the suffrages of the people, chief<br /> -prior of his native city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His<br /> -endeavours to put down the factions<br /> -of the Bianchi and Neri,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. Appeals to the people at<br /> -large to support the executive<br /> -government, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Accused of partiality<br /> -to the Bianchi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. Undertakes<br /> -an embassy to Rome, to<br /> -solicit the good offices of the<br /> -pope towards pacifying his fellow<br /> -citizens without foreign interference,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -During his absence, his dwelling<br /> -demolished by the Neri, his property<br /> -confiscated, and a fine of<br /> -8000 lire decreed against him,<br /> -with banishment for two years,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Joins himself with the<br /> -Bianchi, who transfer their affections<br /> -to the Ghibelines, deeming<br /> -the adherents of the emperor<br /> -less the enemies of their country<br /> -than their adversaries, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -Withdraws<br /> -from the confederacy in<br /> -disgust, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Extract from his<br /> -"Del Paradiso," in allusion to<br /> -this subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Extract from<br /> -his "Purgatorio," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Endeavours<br /> -to obtain a reversal of his<br /> -unrighteous sentence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Appeals<br /> -to Henry of Luxemburgh;<br /> -dedicates his political treatise,<br /> -entitled "De Monarchia," to<br /> -that prince, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. A third decree<br /> -passed against him; he retires to<br /> -France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. Anecdotes of his<br /> -caustic humour, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Compared<br /> -with Marius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His mental<br /> -sufferings during his nineteen<br /> -years' banishment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His letter,<br /> -refusing the conditions offered<br /> -by the Florentine government,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. His death, on the 14th<br /> -of September, 1321, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. His<br /> -splendid funeral, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Monuments<br /> -raised to his memory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -His confiscated property restored<br /> -to his family, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. His memory<br /> -execrated, and his writings proscribed<br /> -by pope John XXII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -His person, as described by Boccaccio,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His<br /> -family, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Notice of his writings,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Origin of the "Divina<br /> -Commedia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Dramatic character<br /> -of the work, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. Extract<br /> -from Canto X. of the "Inferno,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. His character as a man and<br /> -a poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Character of his<br /> -poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Demisiano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Demourier, General, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Digby, Sir Kenelm, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Donati, Corso, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Donati Lucretia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Dramatists, the, of Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>E.</p> - -<p>Elia, the faithful servant of Alfieri,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Enriquez, Feliciano, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Enzina, Juan, style of his writing,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Translation of one of his<br /> -songs, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ercilla, don Alonzo de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br /> -His birth, parentage, and early<br /> -education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Appointed page<br /> -to prince Philip, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. Leaves the<br /> -personal service of the prince to<br /> -join the expedition sent against<br /> -the Araucanos, an Indian tribe,<br /> -in South America, which had<br /> -risen against Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. His<br /> -account of the expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br /> -Narrowly escapes an early and<br /> -disastrous end, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Leaves Chili<br /> -in disgust, without having been<br /> -duly rewarded for his services,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. Proceeds to the Terceiras,<br /> -and thence to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. His<br /> -marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Appointed chamberlain<br /> -to Maximilian, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br /> -Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Only known in<br /> -the literary world by his poem,<br /> -"La Araucana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. Critique<br /> -on his poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Espinel, Vicente, his birth and<br /> -parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. His death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Este, cardinal Hippolito d', I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>.<br /> -Anecdote illustrative of his cruelty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Esto, Bianca d', II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Exarch, Onofrio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ezpeleta, don Gaspar de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>F.</p> - -<p>Fabricius, John, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fabbroni, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Faggiuolo, signori della, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Falucci, the conti, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fantoni, Sebastian, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Farinelli, the singer, his friendship<br /> -for Metastasio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Farnese, Orazio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fedele, Cassandra, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. Her<br /> -death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Feliciana de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fermo, Oliverotto da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferranti, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferrara, Cieco da, his writings, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ferreira, Antonio, mentioned as<br /> -the classic poet of Portugal, III.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. His death and character,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Style of his writings, -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ficino, Marsiglio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. His birth<br /> -and early education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. Brief<br /> -review of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. His<br /> -death, in the sixty-sixth year of<br /> -his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Figueroa, don Lope, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Filicaja, Vincenzo da; his birth,<br /> -parentage, and early education,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. His marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. His<br /> -enthusiastic piety, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. His characteristics,<br /> -facil dignity, and<br /> -clearness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>. Fills several law<br /> -offices of great power and emolument,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>. His death, in the<br /> -sixty-fifth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Foscarinus, Paul Anthony, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Foscolo, Ugo, his birth and parentage,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a>. His early education,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a>. Resolves to follow the steps<br /> -of Alfieri, and to acquire fame as<br /> -a tragedian; produces his drama<br /> -of "Thyestes" at the early age<br /> -of nineteen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>. Political allusions<br /> -that gave it its chief interest,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a>. Extracts from his<br /> -work, entitled "Letters of Jacopo<br /> -Ortis," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a>. Leaves Venice,<br /> -and takes the road to Tuscany,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>. Pursues his way to Milan,<br /> -the then capital of the Cisalpine<br /> -republic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a>. His indignation at<br /> -the sentence passed by the great<br /> -council against the Latin language,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Falls in love with a<br /> -young lady of Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. His attachment<br /> -not fortunate; he suffers<br /> -all the throes of disappointment<br /> -and grief, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. Becomes an<br /> -officer in the Lombard legion,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. His bravery during the<br /> -siege of Geneva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His letter<br /> -to Napoleon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. Returns to Milan<br /> -after the battle of Marengo,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Increases his fame by the<br /> -publication of his "Last Letters<br /> -of Jacopo Ortis," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Outline<br /> -of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>. Its success<br /> -immediate and striking, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>.<br /> -His person, as described by Pecchio,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>. Anecdotes of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>.<br /> -Publishes an oration to Bonaparte,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. Its style forcible and<br /> -rhetorical, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>. Enters on the<br /> -study of the Greek language;<br /> -undertakes the translation of<br /> -Sterne's "Sentimental Journey,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a>. His egotistical account of<br /> -his own singularities, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_374" class="ext">374</a>. Undertakes<br /> -to make a new edition<br /> -of the military works of Montecucoli,<br /> -with notes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a>. Writes<br /> -his "Ode on Sepulchres;" outline<br /> -of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_376" class="ext">376</a>. Publishes<br /> -his translation of the first book of<br /> -the Iliad, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a>. Installed professor<br /> -in the university of Pavia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a>.<br /> -His introductory oration on the<br /> -origin and use of letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a>.<br /> -Retreats from the university, to<br /> -the seclusion of the Lake of<br /> -Como, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a>. Commences his<br /> -"Ode to the Graces," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_379" class="ext">379</a>. Political<br /> -tendency of his writings,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a>. Submits to an exile from<br /> -Milan, and again visits Tuscany,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_381" class="ext">381</a>. Style of his writings in<br /> -general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a>. Resumes his military<br /> -duties; promoted to the<br /> -rank of colonel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_384" class="ext">384</a>. His conversation<br /> -with Pecchio; leaves<br /> -Italy in disguise, and takes refuge<br /> -in Switzerland, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a>. Repairs<br /> -to England, and is received<br /> -with open arms by the Whig<br /> -party, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a>. Ceases to be a lion,<br /> -and retires to the neighbourhood<br /> -of St. John's Wood, near the Regent's<br /> -Park, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a>. Supports himself<br /> -chiefly by writing for the Quarterly<br /> -Review, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a>. Outline of<br /> -his tragedy of "Ricciarda," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a>.<br /> -Delivers a course of lectures on<br /> -Italian literature, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a>. Obliged<br /> -to provide for daily necessity, by<br /> -writing for various reviews and<br /> -magazines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_390" class="ext">390</a>. His illness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_391" class="ext">391</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a>. His character<br /> -and literary merits, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_393" class="ext">393</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Francesca, daughter of Petrarch,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Frangipani, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Franzesi, don Juan, III, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Fuccarius, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>G.</p> - -<p>Gærtner, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gassendi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Galileo, the history of his life and<br /> -labours, pregnant with a peculiar<br /> -interest to the general reader, as<br /> -well as the philosopher, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br /> -His birth and parentage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. His<br /> -early years spent in the construction<br /> -of instruments and pieces of<br /> -machinery, which were calculated<br /> -chiefly to amuse himself and his<br /> -schoolfellows, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. Music, drawing,<br /> -and painting, the occupations<br /> -of his leisure hours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Papers<br /> -from the elementary works of<br /> -geometry to the writings of Archimedes,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Writes an essay on<br /> -the hydrostatical balance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Engaged<br /> -to investigate the centre<br /> -of gravity in solid bodies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -Appointed lecturer on mathematics<br /> -at Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. His reiterated<br /> -and successful attacks against the<br /> -followers and doctrines of Aristotle,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Resigns his professorship<br /> -at Pisa, and is appointed to<br /> -fill the chair of mathematics in<br /> -the university of Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br /> -Obliged to add to his income by<br /> -the labours of his pen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. His<br /> -own account of his conversion to<br /> -the Copernican system of philosophy,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Teaches the Ptolemaic<br /> -out of compliance with the popular<br /> -feeling, after he had convinced<br /> -himself of the truth of<br /> -the Copernican doctrines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>. His<br /> -reputation widely extended over<br /> -Europe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. Completes the first<br /> -period of his engagement at<br /> -Padua, and is re-elected for other<br /> -six years with an increased<br /> -salary of 320 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. His observations<br /> -on the new star, which<br /> -attracted the notice of astronomers<br /> -in 1604, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Again appointed<br /> -to the professorship at<br /> -Padua, with an augmented stipend<br /> -of 520 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. His attention<br /> -occupied with the examination<br /> -of the properties of the<br /> -loadstone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. In 1607, he first<br /> -directs his telescope to the heavens,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. Solicited by Cosmo de'<br /> -Medici to return to Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -The professorship conferred on<br /> -him for life, and his salary raised<br /> -to 1000 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>. Invents that<br /> -form of telescope which still<br /> -bears his name, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Interest<br /> -which the exhibition of the<br /> -telescope excited at Venice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -The first celestial object to which<br /> -he applied it, was the moon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -His observations on the moon,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. His examination of the fixed<br /> -stars and the planets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His<br /> -discovery of the Medicean stars,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. Dedicated his work, entitled<br /> -the "Sidereal Messenger," to<br /> -Cosmo de' Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Reception<br /> -which his discoveries met<br /> -with, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. Resigns his professorship<br /> -at Padua, and takes up his<br /> -residence at Florence as philosopher<br /> -and principal mathematician<br /> -to the grand duke of Tuscany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -The first and sole discoverer of<br /> -Jupiter and satellites, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Excites<br /> -the curiosity of astronomers by<br /> -the publication of his first<br /> -enigma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Visits Rome, where<br /> -he is received with honour by<br /> -princes, cardinals, and prelates,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Erects his telescope in the<br /> -Quirinal Gardens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. His solar<br /> -observations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Publishes his<br /> -discourse on floating bodies,<br /> -chiefly remarkable as a specimen<br /> -of the sagacity and intellectual<br /> -power of its author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. His<br /> -discoveries place him at the<br /> -head of the great men of his age,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His letter to his friend and<br /> -pupil, the abbé Castelli, to prove<br /> -that the Scriptures were not<br /> -intended to teach us science<br /> -and philosophy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Publishes a<br /> -longer letter, of seventy pages, defending<br /> -and illustrating his former<br /> -views respecting the influence<br /> -of scriptural language on<br /> -the two contending systems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br /> -Summoned before the inquisition,<br /> -to answer for the heretical<br /> -doctrines which he published, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br /> -Acquitted on condition that he<br /> -renounced the obnoxious doctrines,<br /> -and pledged himself that<br /> -he would neither teach, defend,<br /> -nor publish them in future, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br /> -His controversial discussion at<br /> -Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Discovers a method<br /> -of finding the longitude at sea,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. Unable, from illness, to partake<br /> -in the general interest excited<br /> -by the three comets, which<br /> -visited our system in 1618, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.<br /> -Replies to the attack of Oratio<br /> -Grassi, in a volume entitled "Il<br /> -Saggiatore," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Undertakes a<br /> -journey to Rome, to congratulate<br /> -his friend Barberini upon his<br /> -elevation to the papal chair, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -Endeavours to bespeak the good<br /> -will of the cardinal towards the<br /> -Copernican system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His<br /> -theory of the tides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Ties<br /> -which bound him to the Romish<br /> -hierarchy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Publishes a work,<br /> -demonstrating the Copernican<br /> -system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Influence of this<br /> -work on the public mind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br /> -Summoned a second time before<br /> -the inquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. His trial, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>.<br /> -His defence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Sentence of the<br /> -court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. His abjuration of his<br /> -doctrines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>. The sentence of<br /> -abjuration read at several universities,<br /> -and his friends and his<br /> -disciples summoned to witness<br /> -the public degradation of their<br /> -master, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Returns to Tuscany,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His melancholy and indisposition,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. Obtains leave from<br /> -the pope to return to Florence,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Publishes his "Dialogues on<br /> -Local Motion," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. Discovers<br /> -the moon's diurnal liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>.<br /> -Becomes totally blind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Renieri<br /> -undertakes to arrange and<br /> -complete his observations and<br /> -calculations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br /> -The inquisition disputes his<br /> -right of making a will, and of<br /> -being buried in consecrated<br /> -ground, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His character as a<br /> -man of science, and as a member<br /> -of the social circle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. His<br /> -person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gamba, Marina, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gano, of Mayence, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Garcia Sanchez, remarks on his<br /> -poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Garibay, Esteban de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gavasa, Alberto, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Geraldi, Cinthio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Giacomo, king of Majorca, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gil, Juan, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gilbert, Dr., II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Giovanni, queen of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Goldoni, Carlo, his birth and parentage,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a>. His predilection<br /> -for the drama, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Placed at<br /> -school at Perugia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Taken<br /> -by his father to Rimini, to pursue<br /> -his studies under a celebrated<br /> -professor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Leaves Rimini<br /> -with a company of strolling<br /> -comedians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Arrives at<br /> -Chiozza; his dislike to the medical<br /> -profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Repairs to<br /> -Venice to study law under his<br /> -uncle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Enters the university<br /> -of Pavia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Expelled the<br /> -college for writing a satire; accompanies<br /> -his father to Udine,<br /> -where he studies law under an<br /> -eminent advocate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Proceeds<br /> -to Modena to pursue his<br /> -legal studies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His letter to<br /> -his parents, declaring his resolve<br /> -of entering the order of Capuchin<br /> -monks, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Returns to Chiozza,<br /> -cured of every wish to shut himself<br /> -up in a cloister, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Appointed<br /> -to a situation under government,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His account of<br /> -his first love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. Enters the profession<br /> -of barrister at Venice,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Incident which occurred to<br /> -destroy his prospects, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. Leaves<br /> -Venice; obtains letters of introduction<br /> -at Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Failure<br /> -of his opera, entitled "Amalasunta,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Appointed gentleman<br /> -in the palace of signor<br /> -Bartolini, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a>. Dismissed from<br /> -his situation; sets out for Modena,<br /> -where his mother resided,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. Attacked by robbers on his<br /> -journey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Installed poet to<br /> -the theatrical company at Venice;<br /> -success of his "Belisarius," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>.<br /> -Accompanies the manager to<br /> -Genoa and Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. His<br /> -marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. Commences his<br /> -long meditated reform of the<br /> -Italian theatre, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>. Obtains the<br /> -Genoese consulship at Venice,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>. Embarks for Bologna; his<br /> -journey full of accidents by flood<br /> -and field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. Returns to Rimini,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. Becomes a pleader<br /> -once again, and for three years<br /> -practices at the Pisan bar, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>.<br /> -Outline of his tragedy, entitled<br /> -"La Donna di Garbo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. His<br /> -drama on the subject of Richardson's<br /> -novel of "Pamela," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>.<br /> -Writes sixteen comedies in the<br /> -course of one season, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. His<br /> -illness occasioned by his extraordinary<br /> -exertion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. Becomes<br /> -the censor of the manners and<br /> -satirist of the follies of his country,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. Outline of his comedies,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Invited to Rome during<br /> -the carnival, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. Receives an<br /> -offer from the French court of an<br /> -engagement for two years, on<br /> -very advantageous terms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>.<br /> -His debût as an author in the<br /> -French capital, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His death,<br /> -in the eighty-fifth year of his<br /> -age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gongora, don Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. His<br /> -birth, parentage, and early education,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. His death, in the<br /> -sixty-sixth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>.<br /> -His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>. Specimen of<br /> -his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. Lope de Vega,<br /> -essay upon him and his system,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gonzaga, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gori, Francesco, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grassi, Oratio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">37</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gravina, Vincenzo, the celebrated<br /> -jurisconsult, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Grazia, M. Vincenzo di, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gualdo, Paolo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guarini, Battista, his birth, parentage,<br /> -and early education, II.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. Named counsellor and secretary<br /> -of state by Alfonso, duke of<br /> -Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. Sent by him to negotiate<br /> -his election to the Polish<br /> -throne; his letter to his wife on<br /> -the subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His letter to a<br /> -friend on the subject of his "Pastor<br /> -Fido," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Extract from Fanshawe's<br /> -translation of the poem,<br /> -the "Pastor Fido," the principal<br /> -monument of his poetic genius,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Review of the poem looked<br /> -on as second only to Tasso among<br /> -the poets of the age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Returns<br /> -to his post at court; sent on a<br /> -mission to Umbria and Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br /> -His pecuniary difficulties and<br /> -domestic afflictions; leaves Ferrara<br /> -privately and in haste, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>.<br /> -Establishes himself at Florence,<br /> -where he is honourably received<br /> -by the grand duke Ferdinand, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>.<br /> -His irascible temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>. His<br /> -death, in the seventy-fifth year<br /> -of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Gubbio, Busone da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guevara, Antonio de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guicciardini, Francesco, his birth<br /> -and parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. At an<br /> -early age takes a doctor's degree<br /> -in law; and is appointed by the<br /> -government to read the Institute<br /> -in the university of Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br /> -His marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Sent by the<br /> -republic as ambassador to Ferdinand,<br /> -king of Aragon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br /> -Sent to receive the pope at Cortona,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Named by the pope<br /> -consistorial advocate, also governor<br /> -of Reggio and Modena,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Prudence, firmness, and<br /> -severity, the characteristics of<br /> -his administration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Named<br /> -lieutenant general of the pontifical<br /> -army in the ecclesiastical<br /> -states, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Enters, with all the<br /> -zeal of personal resentment, into<br /> -the cause of the Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br /> -Named by the pope governor of<br /> -Bologna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Retires from the<br /> -government on the death of Clement<br /> -VII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Withdraws himself<br /> -from public life, and retires<br /> -to his country seat at Montici,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Solicited by Paul III. to leave<br /> -his retreat, and to enter again on<br /> -public life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br /> -His person and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Guiducci, Marco, an astronomer of<br /> -Florence, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p >H.</p> - -<p>Halam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Harrington, Sir John, the first<br /> -English translator of Ariosto, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Harriot, Thomas, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Herrera, Fernando date of his birth<br /> -and family unknown, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. Critique<br /> -on his poetry; list of his<br /> -prose works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. His "Ode to<br /> -Sleep," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hohenzoller, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hoyos, Juan Lopez de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Hugh de Sâde, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Huygens, Constantine, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>I.</p> - -<p>Immola, Benvenuta da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Isotta of Padua, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Istria, count Capo d', II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Isunza, Pedro, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ivaldi, don, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>J.</p> - -<p>Jane, queen of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jansen, the inventor of the Dutch<br /> -telescope, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -John I. of Aragon, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -John of Florence, canon of Pisa, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br /> -<br /> -John II. of Aragon, his love of<br /> -poetry and learning secure him<br /> -the affections of his adherents;<br /> -and, in the midst of civil commotion,<br /> -despite his deficiency of<br /> -resolution, gathers round him a<br /> -court faithful to his cause, and<br /> -civilised by its love of letters, III.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -<br /> -John XXII., pope, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jordí, Mosen Jordi de Sant, the<br /> -first and best known of the Spanish<br /> -troubadours, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Jovius, Paul, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Julius II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>K.</p> - -<p>Kepler, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>L.</p> - -<p>Labadini, Lazzaro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Landino, Christofero, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br /> - -Latini, Brunetto, tutor to Dante, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Laura de Sâde, her first meeting<br /> -with Petrarch, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Her death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Leon, Luis Ponce de, his birth,<br /> -parentage, and education, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br /> -Style of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Made<br /> -doctor of theology by the university<br /> -of Salamanca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Elected<br /> -to chair of St. Thomas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Confined<br /> -in a dungeon of the inquisition<br /> -for translating the<br /> -Scriptures into the vulgar tongue,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Translation of his "Ode to<br /> -the Virgin," composed during<br /> -his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Liberated<br /> -at the end of five years, and<br /> -restored to all his honours and<br /> -employments, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His death, in<br /> -the sixty-fourth year of his age,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His amiable<br /> -character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Brief review of<br /> -his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Mr. Wiffen's<br /> -translation of his "Ode on the<br /> -Moorish Invasion," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lippa Ariosta, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lobeira, Vasco, author of the first<br /> -romance of chivalry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Louis of Bavaria, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Lima, Simon Freire de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Luna, don Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>M.</p> - -<p>Machiavelli, Niccolo, his birth and<br /> -parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Placed as<br /> -secretary under Marcellus Virgil,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Elected chancellor of the second<br /> -court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Named secretary<br /> -of the Council of Ten, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. His<br /> -missions to various sovereigns and<br /> -states, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Convulsed state of<br /> -Italy at this period, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. His mission<br /> -to Caterina Sforza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His<br /> -letters to the state during this<br /> -and all his other missions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br /> -The great doubt that clouds his<br /> -character, regards the spirit in<br /> -which he wrote the "Prince,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. Accused of being the confidant<br /> -of Cæsar Borgia in his<br /> -plots, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>. Sent by the Florentine<br /> -government to the duke of<br /> -Imola, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. His letter to his<br /> -government on the subject of<br /> -his mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. His letter to<br /> -the signoria of Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>.<br /> -His minute details of his conversations<br /> -with Borgia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. His<br /> -unsuccessful solicitations to be<br /> -recalled, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>. His efforts to discover<br /> -Borgia's secret views, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>.<br /> -His letters to the government,<br /> -earnestly desiring to be recalled,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>. His letters, describing Borgia's<br /> -movements, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. His account<br /> -of Borgia's treacherous<br /> -and cruel act of revenge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a>.<br /> -Expressions in his letter, characteristic<br /> -of Italian policy and<br /> -morals at that period, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a>. Returns<br /> -to Florence, and is replaced<br /> -by an ambassador of more authority,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Outline of "The<br /> -Decenal," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Anecdote relating<br /> -to Borgia's system of government,<br /> -related in the "Prince," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br /> -Sent on a legation to Rome, just<br /> -at the time of the downfal of<br /> -Cæsar Borgia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. His frequent<br /> -interviews with the fallen<br /> -prince, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. His succeeding embassies,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Succeeds in persuading<br /> -the signoria of Florence<br /> -to form a native militia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>. His<br /> -embassy to the emperor Maximilian,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. His observations on<br /> -the state of Germany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. Employed<br /> -to convey to Mantua the<br /> -money composing a part of the<br /> -subsidy to the emperor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His<br /> -letters during this mission disclose<br /> -a curious system of bribery<br /> -with regard to the minister of<br /> -Louis XII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His interview<br /> -with the French king at Blois,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>. His letter, detailing the expedition<br /> -of the allies against the<br /> -republic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. Review of his<br /> -fourteen services, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>. His imprisonment,<br /> -and liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>.<br /> -His letter to the Florentine ambassador,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. Review of his<br /> -private correspondence, and his<br /> -other writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. His letter<br /> -to Vettori, the Florentine ambassador,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. Analysis of his<br /> -work, entitled the "Prince,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Review of his "Essay on<br /> -the First Decade of Livy," and<br /> -his other works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His despairing<br /> -letters to Vettori, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>.<br /> -His "Essay on the Reform of<br /> -the Government of Florence,"<br /> -written at the request of Leo X.,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His correspondence with<br /> -Francesco Guicciardini, the celebrated<br /> -historian, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Commences<br /> -his "History of Florence;"<br /> -receives a regular but<br /> -limited salary as historiographer,<br /> -from Clement VII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Employed<br /> -to inspect the progress of<br /> -the fortification of Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>.<br /> -Returns to Florence full of hope,<br /> -and is disappointed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. His<br /> -death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br /> -His person, <i>ib.</i><br /> -<br /> -Madonna Gemma, wife of Dante,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Malegucci, Sigismondo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Malespina, the marchese, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manrique, Jorge, remarks on his<br /> -poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manrique, don Geronimo, grand<br /> -inquisitor, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manso, marquess of Villa, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Manuel, don Juan, brief review of<br /> -his works, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Maraffi, Luigi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marcias, remarks on his poetry,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>. His melancholy death.<br /> -<br /> -Mariner, Vicente, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marini, Giambattista, his birth and<br /> -parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Encouraged<br /> -by Tasso to pursue his poetic<br /> -career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Publishes a volume<br /> -of lyrical poetry, which establishes<br /> -his fame, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. His literary<br /> -quarrels, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Publishes his<br /> -"Adone" while at Paris; outline<br /> -of the story, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>. Returns<br /> -to Italy; is again involved in<br /> -literary squabbles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. His death,<br /> -in the fifty-sixth year of his age,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marmont, general, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marotto, Domenico, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mary, natural daughter of Robert,<br /> -king of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Marzemedici, archbishop of Florence,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mascheroni, Lorenzo, a celebrated<br /> -mathematician, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mathew Corvino, king of Hungary,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Matrapillo, Morato Raez, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mayer, Simon, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Medici, Cosmo de', founder of the<br /> -Medicean library, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Medici, Lorenzo de', his early life,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. Devotes most of his time<br /> -and fortune to the cultivation of<br /> -literature and the fine arts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br /> -Institutes a yearly celebration of<br /> -the anniversary of Plato's birth<br /> -and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His chief merit<br /> -derived from the revival of his<br /> -native language, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Commentary<br /> -on his first sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -Extract of a translation of one of<br /> -his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Brief review of<br /> -his other poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. His death,<br /> -at the early age of forty-four, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Memmi, Simon, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mena, Juan de, the most renowned<br /> -of the early writers, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Review<br /> -of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. His death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Extracts from his poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>.<br /> -Analysis of the "Labyrinto," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mendoza, don Diego Hurtado de,<br /> -his birth and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br /> -His early education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. His<br /> -"Lazarillo de Tormes" declaratory<br /> -of the originality of his<br /> -genius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Deputed by Charles<br /> -V. to attend the council of Trent,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Confirms the opinion already<br /> -entertained of his talents by a<br /> -learned and elegant oration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br /> -Sent as ambassador to Rome;<br /> -named governor and captain-general<br /> -of Siena, and ordered to<br /> -introduce a Spanish garrison, and<br /> -to build a citadel for its protection,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Becomes the object of universal<br /> -hatred by his haughty and<br /> -unfeeling conduct, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Repairs<br /> -to Rome, to influence the election<br /> -of a new pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Named<br /> -gonfaloniere of the church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br /> -Recalled from the government of<br /> -Siena to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. His philosophical,<br /> -political, and poetical<br /> -works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Shows himself an enthusiastic<br /> -lover of learning, and<br /> -a liberal patron of learned men,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Anecdote of, characteristic<br /> -of the vehemence of his temper,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His "History of the War of<br /> -the Moriscos in Granada," the<br /> -most esteemed of his prose works,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. His character<br /> -and person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Brief review of<br /> -his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Metastasio, Pietro, his birth and obscure<br /> -origin, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>. At an early<br /> -age attracts by his talents as improvisatore,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>. Writes a tragedy,<br /> -entitled "Giustino," at the<br /> -early age of fourteen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a>. Continues<br /> -to improvisare verse in<br /> -company, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. Evils that result<br /> -to the intellect perpetually bent<br /> -on so exciting a proceeding, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br /> -Sent to study at Magna Græcia,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. Returns to Rome, and gives<br /> -himself up to the study of poetry,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. Removes to Naples; determines<br /> -to give up poetry, and<br /> -to study the law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Commanded<br /> -by the viceroy to write a<br /> -drama to celebrate the birthday<br /> -of the empress Elizabeth Christina;<br /> -success of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.<br /> -Quits the law, and again devotes<br /> -himself to the Muses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Receives<br /> -a commission to furnish<br /> -the Neapolitan theatre with an<br /> -opera for the carnival of 1724;<br /> -success of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. Receives<br /> -a letter from prince Pio of<br /> -Savoy, inviting him to become<br /> -the court poet of Vienna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br /> -Fulfils his engagement of supplying<br /> -the Roman theatre with<br /> -two pieces for the carnival,<br /> -and makes his appearance at<br /> -Vienna, surrounded by the halo<br /> -of a recent triumph, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. Appointed<br /> -treasurer to the province<br /> -of Cosenzo, worth annually<br /> -350 sequins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. His feelings<br /> -ingenuously expressed in his letters<br /> -to Marianna Bulgarelli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -His letters to his brother on<br /> -hearing of her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Peculiar<br /> -merits of his poetry, and excellencies<br /> -of his dramas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. The<br /> -"Grazie agli inganni tuoi," and<br /> -the "Partenza," among the best<br /> -of his productions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>. His ill<br /> -health attributed to change of<br /> -climate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His life only to be<br /> -found in his letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His<br /> -letters to his brother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. His<br /> -enthusiastic friendship for Farinelli,<br /> -the singer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. His manner<br /> -of living at Vienna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. His<br /> -letter to Farinelli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His<br /> -death, in the eighty-fourth year<br /> -of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Miranda, Saa de, a Portuguese<br /> -poet, born in 1494, and died in<br /> -1558; his connection with Spanish<br /> -poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della,<br /> -his birth and early education, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. Character of his writings,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. His death, in the thirty-second<br /> -year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Moneada, don Miguel de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mondejar, the marquis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montalvan, friend and disciple of<br /> -Lope de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Monte, cardinal del, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montefalcone, Niccolo di, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montemayor, Jorge de; his birth<br /> -and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. Establishes<br /> -his fame as an author, by<br /> -writing his "Diana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. Outline<br /> -and style of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Monti, Vincenzo, his birth and parentage,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>. Anecdote of his<br /> -childhood, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His early education,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Gives up every<br /> -other pursuit, and dedicates himself<br /> -wholly to the cultivation of<br /> -literature and poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Accompanies<br /> -cardinal Borghese to<br /> -Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>. Want of political<br /> -integrity, and ready worship of<br /> -ruling powers, the great blot of<br /> -his character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Continues<br /> -to cultivate his poetic tastes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br /> -Success of his tragedy entitled<br /> -"Aristodemo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Outline of<br /> -the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His marriage,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>. Celebrates the death of his<br /> -friend Basseville, in a poem entitled<br /> -"Basvilliana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Outline<br /> -and style of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>.<br /> -Leaves Rome for Tuscany; his<br /> -familiar intercourse with general<br /> -Marmont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a>. Becomes a revolutionary<br /> -poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a>. Appointed<br /> -to the survivorship of the professor's<br /> -chair at Brera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>. Falls<br /> -into a deplorable state of destitution,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. Celebrates his return<br /> -to his beloved Italy by a beautiful<br /> -hymn, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Outline of his<br /> -poem entitled "Mascheroniana,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>. Appointed to a professorship<br /> -in the university of Pavia;<br /> -named court poet and historiographer,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. Made cavalier of<br /> -the iron crown, member of the<br /> -Institute, and of the legion of<br /> -honour, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. Celebrates the<br /> -event of Napoleon being crowned<br /> -king of Italy in a poem, entitled<br /> -"Il Benificio," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>. His poem<br /> -in celebration of the attempted<br /> -usurpation of the Spanish throne,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. Remarks on his poem entitled<br /> -the "Sword of Frederic,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. His translation of Ceruti,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. Writes, by command, a<br /> -cantata entitled "Mistico Omaggio,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. The marriage of his<br /> -daughter, one of the most fortunate<br /> -incidents of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br /> -His observations on the subject<br /> -of a reform of the national dictionary,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. Extracts from his<br /> -letters to Mustoxidi on the subject,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. To another friend, on<br /> -the same subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. His<br /> -literary disputes with Mazza,<br /> -Cesarotti and Bettinelli terminate<br /> -in mutual friendship and<br /> -esteem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a>. His letter on the<br /> -subject of the classic and romantic<br /> -schools, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a>. His letter<br /> -to his wife, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>. His letter to<br /> -his friend Mustoxidi, on the<br /> -death of his son-in-law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a>.<br /> -Publishes the last volume of his<br /> -"Proposta," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a>. His last illness,<br /> -and death, in the seventy-fourth<br /> -year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a>. His<br /> -public and private character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>.<br /> -His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_351" class="ext">351</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Montoya, Luisa de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mora, Rodrigo de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mosti, Agostino, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Muñoz, Fernando, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Murtola, Gasparo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Mustoxidi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>N.</p> - -<p>Naharro, Bartolomé Torres, one of<br /> -the earliest Spanish dramatists,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Mentioned by the editor<br /> -of Cervantes' comedies, as the<br /> -real inventor of the Spanish<br /> -drama, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. His reforms in the<br /> -Spanish theatricals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Navagero, Andrea, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nasi, Alessandro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Negrete, doctor Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Neri, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Noronha, dom Alfonso de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Nozzolini, Ptolemy, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>O.</p> - -<p>Obizzo III., marquis of Este, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Oliva, Perez de, one of the earliest<br /> -Spanish dramatists, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Orsino, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>P.</p> - -<p>Pacheco, Francisco, the celebrated<br /> -painter, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pachione, Philippo. I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pajares, Alonso Diaz, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Panizzi, Dr., I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pastrengo, William da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Paul II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pedrosa, Luis, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pellicer, don Juan Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pellicer, don Joseph, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pepoli, Geronimo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Perticari, count, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Perugini, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Petracco, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Petrarch, Francesco, his birth and<br /> -parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. His early life,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Sent to study at the university<br /> -of Montpellier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. Sent to<br /> -Bologna; makes considerable<br /> -progress in the study of the law,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Recalled to France by the<br /> -death of his father, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Abandons<br /> -the law, and devotes himself to<br /> -the clerical profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His<br /> -sedulous attention to dress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br /> -Becomes the favourite and companion<br /> -of the ecclesiastical and<br /> -lay nobles who form the papal<br /> -court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Commencement of his<br /> -friendship with Giacomo Colonna,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. His description of<br /> -Colonna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. His character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br /> -His first meeting with Laura de<br /> -Side, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Endeavours to merge<br /> -the living passion of his soul into<br /> -the airy and unsubstantial devotion<br /> -of Platonic attachment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>.<br /> -His poetic life dated from the<br /> -time of his attachment to Laura,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. His predilection for travelling,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Becomes an inmate in<br /> -the house of cardinal Colonna;<br /> -his unbounded ardour for acquiring<br /> -knowledge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Visits<br /> -Paris; continues his travels<br /> -through Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Visits Rome; his sensations<br /> -on entering the eternal<br /> -city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>. Leaves Italy, and travels<br /> -through Spain to Cadiz, and<br /> -northward as far as the sea-coast<br /> -of England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. Makes an excursion<br /> -to Mont Ventoux, one of<br /> -the highest mountains in Europe,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His letter to father Dionisio<br /> -Robertis, giving an account of<br /> -the expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Retires to<br /> -Vaucluse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. His manner of life,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Extract from a translation of<br /> -one of the canzoni, as a specimen<br /> -of his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. Character of his<br /> -mistress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. His intimacy with<br /> -Philip de Cabassoles, bishop of<br /> -Cavaillon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His letter to Giacomo<br /> -Colonna, on his soliciting<br /> -him to go to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Receives<br /> -letters from the Roman senate<br /> -and the university of Paris, inviting<br /> -him to receive the laurel<br /> -crown of poetry; he decides in<br /> -favour of Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. Repairs to<br /> -Rome, and is crowned in the<br /> -capitol with great solemnity, in<br /> -presence of all the nobles and<br /> -high-born ladies of the city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>.<br /> -Returns to Avignon; takes on<br /> -himself the office of barrister, and<br /> -pleads the cause of the Correggio,<br /> -against their enemies the Rossi,<br /> -before the pope, and succeeds in<br /> -obtaining a decision in their favour,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. His grief on hearing<br /> -of the death of Thomas of Messina:<br /> -his extraordinary dream,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Named prior of Migliarino,<br /> -in the diocese of Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. His<br /> -unabated love for Laura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. Applies<br /> -himself to Greek, under<br /> -Bernardo Barlaam, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Writes<br /> -his work entitled "The Secret of<br /> -Francesco Petrarca," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Sent as<br /> -ambassador to Naples, to establish<br /> -the papal claim, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>. Writes letters<br /> -full of encouragement to<br /> -Rienzi, the tribune, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>. Repairs<br /> -to his house at Parma; his extraordinary<br /> -dream, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>. His grief<br /> -on hearing of the death of Laura,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. His record of her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br /> -Gives large sums in charity for<br /> -the sake of her soul, and causes<br /> -many masses to be said for the<br /> -same purpose, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Receives a<br /> -decree of the Florentine republic,<br /> -reinstating him in his paternal<br /> -inheritance, together with letters<br /> -inviting him to accept of a professor's<br /> -chair in their university,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. His letters to pope Clement<br /> -VI.; again solicited to accept the<br /> -lace of apostolic secretary, which<br /> -e again refuses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. His treatise<br /> -"On Solitary Life," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -Induced by the solicitations of<br /> -Giovanni Visconti to remain in<br /> -Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. His conversation<br /> -with the emperor Charles V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -Sent to Vienna to negotiate a<br /> -peace, and afterwards sent to<br /> -Paris to congratulate John, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br /> -His manner of life at Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br /> -His record of the death of his<br /> -son; takes up his abode at<br /> -Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. His writings compared<br /> -with those of Dante, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>.<br /> -His description of Laura's death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Continues to interest himself<br /> -deeply in the political state of<br /> -his country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. His letter to<br /> -Boccaccio; his congratulatory<br /> -letter to Pope Urban V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. Is<br /> -seized with a violent illness on<br /> -his way to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. His treatise,<br /> -entitled "On my own Ignorance<br /> -and that of others," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br /> -His opinion of the "Decameron"<br /> -of Boccaccio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. His death,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -His will, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Peraga, Bonaventura da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Petroni, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pickler, Giovanni, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pietro, Francesco Santo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pignoria, Lorenzo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pineda, don Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pio, prince of Savoy, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pistolfo, M. Bonaventura, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pistoia, Cina da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pletho, Gemisthus, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Polenta, Guido Novello da, lord of<br /> -Ravenna, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Politian, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Poliziano, Angelo, his birth and<br /> -parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Review of his<br /> -writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Appointed tutor<br /> -to the children of Lorenzo de'<br /> -Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. At the age of<br /> -twenty-nine appointed to the professorship<br /> -of Greek and Latin<br /> -eloquence in the university of<br /> -Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Porras, doctor Mathias, corregidor<br /> -of the province of Canta, in Peru,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Porta, Baptista, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Portugal, early poets of, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pulci, Bernardo, remarks on his<br /> -works, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pulci, Luca, his works, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Pulci, Luigi, style of his writings,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br /> -Extract from his "Morgante<br /> -Maggiore," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Outline of<br /> -the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>Q.</p> - -<p>Quarqualio, Luca, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Querenghi, his letter to cardinal<br /> -D'Este, giving an account of<br /> -Galileo's controversial discussions<br /> -at Rome, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Quevedo, don Francisco Gomez de,<br /> -his birth, parentage, and early<br /> -education, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His career<br /> -checked by a circumstance which<br /> -may be considered as fortunate,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Obliged to fly; takes refuge<br /> -in Italy, and thence, invited by<br /> -the viceroy, repairs to Naples, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br /> -Sent by him as his ambassador to<br /> -Madrid, to recount his exploits,<br /> -and explain his designs, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Accused<br /> -of joining in the Bedmar<br /> -conspiracy against Venice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>.<br /> -Continues to escape the vigilance<br /> -of the senate, and makes his escape<br /> -in the guise of a mendicant,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His political services, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>.<br /> -His literary productions; his imprisonment<br /> -and liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br /> -Several places offered to him, all<br /> -of which he declines, and gives<br /> -himself up to study and philosophy,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. Gives up his church<br /> -preferments, for the sake of marrying,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. His playful yet bitter<br /> -poem, alluding to his evil fate,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. Suspected of writing libels<br /> -against the court, arrested, and<br /> -imprisoned in a dungeon of the<br /> -Royal Casa de San Marcos de<br /> -Leon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. His letter, describing<br /> -the squalid wretchedness of his<br /> -dungeon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. His memorial to<br /> -the count duke Olivarez, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>.<br /> -His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. His person and<br /> -character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. Critique on his<br /> -writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>R.</p> - -<p>Real, Lorenzo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Renieri, the friend and pupil of<br /> -Galileo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ribeyro, Bernardim, one of the<br /> -earliest of the Portuguese poets,<br /> -III. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Riccardi, Nicolo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ricci, Giuliano, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ricci, Ostillo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Riego, the canon, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_391" class="ext">391</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rienzi, Nicola di, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rioja, Francisco de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rios, don Vicente de los, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Robert, king of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Robertis, Father Dionisio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Robertson, Dr., II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rollo, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Romena, count Alessandro da, I.<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Roxas, Fernando de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. Author<br /> -of the first genuine Spanish play,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rucellai, Cosimo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Rueda, Lope de, celebrated as an<br /> -actor and pastoral poet, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ruiz, Juan, arch-priest of Hita;<br /> -brief review of his works, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>S.</p> - -<p>Salvani, Provenzano, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Salvanorola, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Salvatico, conte Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Salvi, Giulio, III, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Santillana, the marquess of, remarks<br /> -on his poems, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scala, Can' Grande de la, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scala, Alessandro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scheiner, professor of mathematics<br /> -at Ingoldstadt, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Schlegel, III. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Scotus, Duns, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Serram, Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Serrano, señor Bachiller, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Serraville, Giovanni da, bishop of<br /> -Fermo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Settimo, Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sforza, Caterina, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sforza, Ippolita, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Signa, Martino da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sixtus IV., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Soderini Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sotomayor, don Alonzo Lopez de<br /> -Zuniga y, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Spain, early and anonymous poetry<br /> -of, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Spini Christofano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Stolberg, Louisa de, countess of<br /> -Albany, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Her attachment<br /> -to Alfieri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Strada, Giovanni da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Strozzi, Oberto, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Sylveira, Hector da, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>T.</p> - -<p>Talleyrand, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tasso, Bernardo, his birth and<br /> -parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. His early life<br /> -and ill-directed love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. At the<br /> -age of forty-one, appointed secretary<br /> -to Ferrante Sanseverino,<br /> -prince of Salerno, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. His marriage,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Commences his poem,<br /> -entitled "Amadigi," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. His letter<br /> -to his sister Afra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Summoned<br /> -away from the delightful<br /> -retirement of Sorrento to join his<br /> -patron in the war which had<br /> -broken out between the emperor<br /> -Charles V. and Francis I., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br /> -Returns from the army, and enjoys<br /> -a brief prolongation of his<br /> -domestic quiet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Declared a<br /> -rebel, and his estate confiscated,<br /> -along with the adherents of the<br /> -duke of Salerno, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. His letter<br /> -to his daughter, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Flies from<br /> -Rome to Ravenna; invited by<br /> -the duke of Urbino to Pesara,<br /> -where he affords a welcome but<br /> -temporary asylum from the persecution<br /> -of his enemies, and the<br /> -pressure of indigence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Repairs<br /> -to Venice to publish his<br /> -work entitled "Amadigi," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br /> -Failure of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Places<br /> -his son at Padua to study jurisprudence,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. His interview<br /> -with his son at Mantua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>.<br /> -His death, in the seventy-sixth<br /> -year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tasso, Torquato, review of his life,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>. His birth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Nursery<br /> -traditions of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. His progress<br /> -in the rudiments of knowledge,<br /> -under the superintendence of his<br /> -mother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. His beautiful and<br /> -touching lines on his separation<br /> -from her, when called away from<br /> -Naples to join his mother at<br /> -Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Compared with<br /> -Cowper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. His religious sentiments,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Prosecutes his<br /> -studies with indefatigable assiduity<br /> -at Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. His letter<br /> -to Vittoria Colonna, on the subject<br /> -of his sister's marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>.<br /> -Removes to Bergamo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Commencement<br /> -of his friendship with<br /> -the son of the duke d'Urbino,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Diversities of circumstances,<br /> -scene, and company,<br /> -calculated to cherish and confirm<br /> -all his natural aspirings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br /> -Remark upon a line of Boileau<br /> -which has done more injury to<br /> -his reputation than all the splenetic<br /> -criticisms of Sperone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>.<br /> -Critique on his Writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>.<br /> -Studies the works of his great<br /> -Italian predecessors, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. Employed<br /> -by his father in transcribing<br /> -his multitudinous poems and<br /> -letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. Sudden and passionate<br /> -admiration with which his<br /> -"Rinaldo" was hailed throughout<br /> -Italy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Placed at Padua<br /> -to study jurisprudence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. Gives<br /> -up the law, and devotes himself<br /> -to philosophy and the Muses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br /> -His reply to his father's remonstrance,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. The appearance of<br /> -his "Rinaldo" the dawn of a<br /> -new day in the literature of<br /> -his country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. All the characteristics<br /> -of his peculiar genius<br /> -perceptible in the incidents, style,<br /> -embellishments, and conduct of<br /> -this juvenile essay, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. Repairs<br /> -to Bologna to pursue his natural<br /> -studies, and indulge in his<br /> -poetical passion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Expelled<br /> -from Bologna for a literary squib,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Removes to Padua, where<br /> -he is inrolled member of the<br /> -Academy degli Eterei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Devotes<br /> -much of his attention to<br /> -the works of Aristotle and Plato,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Remarks on his "Discourse<br /> -on Heroic Poetry," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Nominated<br /> -one of the personal attendants<br /> -of the duke of Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br /> -Arrives at Ferrara, and is received<br /> -into the service of the duke's<br /> -brother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. Commencement of<br /> -his acquaintance with the princesses<br /> -Lucretia and Leonora of<br /> -Este, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. His description of<br /> -his own emotions during his first<br /> -visit and sojourn at Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br /> -Writes an epithalamium on the<br /> -marriage of the princess Lucretia,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. His attachment to the<br /> -princess Leonora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>. Accompanies<br /> -the cardinal Luigi to the<br /> -court of France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. Personal<br /> -anecdotes of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Accompanies<br /> -the embassy to Rome; his interview<br /> -with the pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. Prosecutes<br /> -that splendid crusade of<br /> -his Muse the poetical siege of<br /> -Jerusalem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. His "Aminta"<br /> -received with universal admiration<br /> -throughout all Italy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>.<br /> -Illness occasioned by his anxiety<br /> -about his "Gerusalemme Liberata,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>. Charged with heresy<br /> -against Aristotle and good taste<br /> -on one hand, and on the other<br /> -with heresy against the church<br /> -and good morals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. Escapes<br /> -from his splendid captivity to<br /> -Rome; appointed historiographer<br /> -to the house of Este, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Incident<br /> -which exhibits him not<br /> -less in the character of a hero than<br /> -he had hitherto figured in that of<br /> -the laureate of poets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. Growing<br /> -symptoms of a mind diseased, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br /> -His strange melancholy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br /> -Flies secretly to Ferrara to visit<br /> -his sister at Sorrento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>.<br /> -Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Committed to<br /> -St. Anne's Hospital as a lunatic;<br /> -his letter to Scipio Gonzaga<br /> -during his confinement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. His<br /> -representation of the treatment<br /> -which he experienced during his<br /> -confinement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His sonnets<br /> -to the cats of the hospital, imploring<br /> -them to lend him the<br /> -light of their eyes to write by,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Pursues his studies with<br /> -unabated ardour and intensity,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br /> -His wild imaginations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br /> -Liberated at the special intercession<br /> -of the prince of Mantua,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. His controversy with the<br /> -Della Cruscan Academy during<br /> -his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a>. Remarkable<br /> -circumstances of his last<br /> -days, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. Visits Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br /> -His death, in the fifty-first year<br /> -of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. His personal and<br /> -poetical character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tassoni, Alessandro, his birth, parentage,<br /> -and early education;<br /> -studies jurisprudence at Ferrara,<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>. Enters the service of<br /> -cardinal Colonna; publishes his<br /> -"Considerations on various Subjects,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Outline of the principal<br /> -episode of. "Secchia Rapita,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. His death, in the<br /> -seventy-first year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Timoneda, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tiraboschi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Torella, Damigella, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tormes, Lazarillo de, III. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Tornabuoni, Lucrezia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Torres, Balthazar de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Torricelli, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Turpin, archbishop, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>U.</p> - -<p>Ubaldi, Guido, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Ugo IV., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Urban V., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Urbino, Gentile d', bishop of Arezzo,<br /> -I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Urbino, captain Diego de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Urbino, donna Isabel de, her marriage<br /> -with Lope de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>.<br /> -Her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Usategui, Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>V.</p> - -<p>Vega, Garcilaso de la, his birth and<br /> -parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. His early predilection<br /> -for poetry and music,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Commences his career of<br /> -arms in the war declared against<br /> -France by Charles V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Incurs<br /> -the displeasure of the<br /> -emperor, and is exiled to an<br /> -island of the Danube, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His<br /> -ode in commemoration of his imprisonment<br /> -characteristic of his<br /> -disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Is recalled, and<br /> -attends the emperor in his expedition<br /> -against Tunis; is severely<br /> -wounded, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Extract from one<br /> -of his elegies to Boscan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Appointed<br /> -by the emperor to command<br /> -eleven companies of infantry,<br /> -in the expedition against<br /> -France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Killed in an engagement<br /> -at Muy, near Fréjus, in<br /> -the thirty-third year of his age,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. His person and character,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Review of his poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>.<br /> -Mr. Wiffen's translation of his<br /> -ode "To the Flower of Gnido,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vega, Lope de, compared with<br /> -Cervantes, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. His birth<br /> -and parentage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Early indications<br /> -of talent, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Anecdote<br /> -characteristic of his vivacious<br /> -disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. His intimacy<br /> -with the grand inquisitor; enters<br /> -the university of Alcala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br /> -Enters the service of the duke<br /> -of Alva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. Writes the "Arcadia"<br /> -at the request of the<br /> -duke of Alva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. Style and<br /> -story of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. His<br /> -marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Engaged in a<br /> -duel, which obliges him to leave<br /> -Madrid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Returns to Madrid,<br /> -becomes a soldier, and joins the<br /> -In vincible Armada, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Southey's<br /> -translation of his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br /> -Outline of his work entitled<br /> -"Dorotea," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His animated<br /> -description of the setting forth of<br /> -the Armada, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. Writes the<br /> -"Beauty of Angelica" on the<br /> -deck of the San Juan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. Story<br /> -of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His extravagance<br /> -and prodigality, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. His<br /> -advice to his son, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. His<br /> -domestic afflictions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Leaves<br /> -the gaieties of secular life, and<br /> -prepares for the priesthood, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br /> -Visits Toledo, and takes orders;<br /> -says his first mass in a Carmelite<br /> -church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Becomes a familiar<br /> -of the Inquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. His rising<br /> -character as an author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br /> -His amiable character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Rises<br /> -higher and higher in the estimation<br /> -of the public, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Writes a<br /> -poem on the death of Mary<br /> -queen of Scots, entitled "Corona<br /> -Tragica," which he dedicates to<br /> -the pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Exaggeration with<br /> -regard to the number of verses<br /> -written by him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Anecdote<br /> -of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. His epistles and other<br /> -poems a picture of the tranquillity<br /> -of his life as he advanced in age,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His amiable disposition and<br /> -placid temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His last illness,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. His<br /> -person and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Review<br /> -of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Analysis<br /> -of the "Star of Seville,"<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vella, Antonio de la, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Velser, Mark, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vettori, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Veyga, Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Viardôt, his exertions to discover<br /> -the yet hidden circumstances of<br /> -Cervantes' life, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vicente, Gil, styled the Portuguese<br /> -Plautus, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. Style of his<br /> -writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villalobos, physician of Charles V.,<br /> -one of the earliest of the Spanish<br /> -dramatists, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villégas, Estévan Manuel de,<br /> -named the Anacreon of Spain,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His birth and parentage,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His<br /> -translation<br /> -of Anacreon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. Translation<br /> -of his original Anacreontics,<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Villena, the Marquis of, so celebrated<br /> -for his acquirements in<br /> -natural and metaphysical knowledge,<br /> -that he was looked on as<br /> -a magician, also admired as a<br /> -poet, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Virgil, Marcellus, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Visconti, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Visconti, Galeazzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Vitelli, Vitellozzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Viviani, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Voss, Gerard, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>W.</p> - -<p>Wachenfels, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Wiffen, Mr., his translation of<br /> -Garcilaso de la Vega's poems,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. His translation of Luis<br /> -de Leon's ode on the Moorish<br /> -invasion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /></p> - -<p>Z.</p> - -<p>Zach, baron, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Zeno, Apostolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.;<br /> -II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Zenobio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br /> -<br /> -Zuniga, doña Elena de, her marriage<br /> -with Garcilaso de la Vega,<br /> -III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. -</p> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<h4>THE END.</h4> - -<p><br /><br /><br /></p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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