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+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65361 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65361)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives of the most eminent literary and
-scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2), by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France,
- Vol. 2 (of 2)
-
-Author: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley
-
-Editor: Dionysius Lardner
-
-Release Date: May 17, 2021 [eBook #65361]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Laura Natal Rodrigues at Free Literature (Images generously
- made available by The Internet Archive.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY
-AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***
-
-THE
-
-CABINET OF BIOGRAPHY.
-
-CONDUCTED BY THE
-
-REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L.& E.
-
-M.R.I. A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &c. &c.
-
-ASSISTED BY
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.
-
-BIOGRAPHY
-
-EMINENT
-
-LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-
-OF FRANCE.
-
-VOL. II.
-
-LONDON:
-
-PRINTED FOR
-
-LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, & LONGMANS,
-
-PATERNOSTER-ROW;
-
-AND JOHN TAYLOR,
-
-UPPER GOWER STREET.
-
-1839.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-TABLE,
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF
-LIVES OF
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF FRANCE.
-TABLE,
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF
-LIVES OF
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF FRANCE.
-VOLTAIRE
-ROUSSEAU
-CONDORCET
-MIRABEAU
-MADAME ROLAND
-MADAME DE STAËL
-INDEX
-TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF
-LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF
-LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF
-LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-INDEX
-
-
-
-
-_The Analytical and Chronological Tables and Index to the Series of
-Lives of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and
-Portugal, are given at the end of this volume._
-
-
-
-
-TABLE,
-
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-
-TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF
-
-LIVES OF
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF FRANCE.
-
-
-MONTAIGNE.
-
-1533-1592
-
-A.D.
-
-1533. Birth of Michel de Montaigne 1
-Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne 1
-Education of Montaigne and his five Brothers 2
-The Public School of Guienne 5
-1559. Ætat 26. Friendship with Etienne de la Boétie 7
-1563. Death of É. de la Boétie 9
-1566. Ætat 33. Marriage of Montaigne 9
-Death of his father Pierre 10, 11
-Troubles of France 10
-Duke of Guise 11
-Henry King of Navarre, afterwards Henri Quatre 11
-Anecdotes of the Civil War 13, 14
-1580. Ætat. 47. Montaigne's Journey through Switzerland to Munich,
-Venice, and Rome 17
-1581. Ætat. 48. Citizenship of Rome granted to Montaigne by a Bull
-of the Pope 18
-Description of Rome 18
-Devotion of Montaigne, and Offering at the Shrine of Loretto 19
-Montaigne elected Mayor by the Citizens of Bordeaux. His
-return home to fill that Office 19
-1585. Ætat 52. Friendship of Montaigne for Mlle. Marie de Gournay
-le Jars 20
-1592. Ætat. 60. Decease of this celebrated Author 21
-His Character 21
-Montaigne's Essays edited by Mlle. de Gournay, with a Preface
-by that Lady 21
-
-
-RABELAIS.
-
-1483-1553.
-
-Lord Bacon's Opinion of Rabelais 23
-Style of his Romance in Writings 23
-1483. Presumed Date of Birth of Rabelais 23
-His Education in a Monastery 24
-Rabelais assumes the Franciscan Habit, and preaches
-Envy of Monks 24
-His Condemnation to Bread and Water 25
-On his Release he turns to the Rule of Benedict 25
-Rabelais quits the Monks, and studies Medicine 26
-His Edition of Hippocrates 26
-His Visit to Cardinal du Bellay 27
-His scarlet Gown 27
-Established as Physician at Lyons 28
-Rabelais' Journey to Rome 28
-His Correspondence 28, 30
-Interview with Pope Paul III. 29
-His Journey to Lyons and Paris 29
-Rabelais, Abbot of St. Maur-des-Fosses, and Curé de Meudon 30
-His celebrated Work, or Romance 31
-Controversy resulting therefrom 31
-Rome, attack on, by Rabelais 31
-Francis I. protects him from the Sorbonne 31, 32
-Opinions of French Authors on Francis Rabelais 34
-His Imitators enumerated 36
-His various Works 37
-His Acquirements in Languages and Science 38
-Exemplary Conduct as a Minister of Religion 39
-1553. Ætat. 70. His Decease 39
-Epitaphs for Rabelais 39
-
-
-CORNEILLE.
-
-1606-1684.
-
-State of French Poetry and Literature 40
-1606. Birth of Corneille 40
-1590-1600. Consequences of the Civil War in France 41
-Rise of the French Drama 42
-1629. Ætat. 23. Corneille writes "Mélite," a Comedy 42
-1634. Ætat. 28. His early Tragedies, &c. 42
-Cardinal de Richelieu employs Corneille, Rotrou, Colletet,
-Bois-Robert, and L'Étoile on his own Dramatic Works 43
-Theatre of the Cardinal 43
-1635. Corneille retires to Rouen 43
-His Amatory Poems 43
-Ætat 29. His "Medea" acted 44
-Corneille's Genius excited by the Study of Guillen do Castro 45
-Unity, dramatic, considered as a Fetter on modern Talent 45
-He composed the "Cid" 45
-Unparalleled Success of this Drama 46
-1637. Critique of the "Cid" by the French Academy 47
-1639. Ætat. 33. Writes "Horace," a Tragedy 48
-1616. Ætat. 40. Corneille's Tragedy of "Rodogune" 52
-Success of his "Œdipus" 54
-1642. Is elected of the French Academy 55
-His Manners and Conversation 55
-Thomas Corneille's Tragedies 56
-1662. Ætat. 62. Pierre Corneille and his Family established in Paris 56
-Rivality of Corneille and Racine 57, 58
-Louis XIV.'s Court 58
-Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans 58
-1684. Ætat. 79. Death of Pierre Corneille 59
-Veneration for his Memory 60
-Eloge by Racine 61
-Account of his Sons and Daughter 61
-
-
-ROCHEFOUCAULD.
-
-1613-1680.
-
-The Duke de la Rochefoucauld's Maxims 63
-High Station of his House, and its ancient Power 63
-Reign of Henry IV. 64
-Reign of Louis XIII. 64
-Cardinal de Richelieu represses the Ambition of the French
-Nobles 64
-1643. Anne of Austria, Regent of France 64
-Five Years of Peace and Tranquillity 67
-1642. Ætat. 29. The Prince de Marsillac (afterwards Duc de la
-Rochefoucauld) returns to Paris 63
-1644. Battle of Rocroi gained by Condé over the Spaniards 67
-Civil War in France 68
-The Fronde 68
-Barricades of Paris 68
-De Retz, Cardinal, Coadjutor of the Archbishopric of Paris 68
-Account of the Princes de Condé, de Conti, and their Sister the
-Duchess de Longueville 68
-1650. Condé and his Brother imprisoned at Vincennes 72
-Liberated by the Frondeurs 73
-His Actions with Turenne 80
-Is defeated by Turenne near Paris 81
-Raises the Standard of Rebellion in Holland 82
-Peace concluded between the Court and the Fronde 83
-Louis XIV. assumes the Government of his Kingdom 83
-1653. War of the Fronde terminated, and the Party dissolved 83
-1653. Ætat. 40. Duke de la Rochefoucauld retires with his Family to
-Danvilliers to recover from his Wounds 83
-Recalled by Mazarin to Court 84
-Literati in Paris in the Reign of Louis XIV. 85
-1680. Ætat. 67. Death of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld 89, 90
-Critique on his "Maxims" 91
-Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria, Widow of
-Louis XIII. 96
-
-
-MOLIÈRE.
-
-1622-1673.
-
-Distinguished Writers of the Age of Louis XIV. 97
-Family of Poquelin 97
-1622. Birth of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, who assumed the Name of
-Molière 98
-His Studies at College 99
-His Fellow-Students under Gassendi 99
-1641. Ætat. 19. Attends on Louis XIII. as Royal Valet-de-Chambre 100
-Execution of Cinq-Mars 100
-Cardinal de Richelieu's Plays, and Encouragement of Actors 101
-1643. Ætat. 21. Molière studies the Law 101
-Molière's taking the Stage for his Profession offensive to his
-Relatives 101
-His Theatrical Company 102
-The Fronde and Civil War injurious to the Theatre 102
-Molière's Company perform at Bordeaux, where he produces an
-unsuccessful Tragedy 103
-His early Comedies 103
-His excellent Farcical Interludes performed at the Prince de
-Conti's Mansion of Pezenas 105
-Molière and his Comedians established in Paris 106
-They perform at Court 106
-"Les Précieuses Ridicules," a Satire on the Hôtel Rambouillet 107
-The Poet Voiture 108
-1659. Ætat. 37. Molière's Satire of the Affectation then in Fashion 109
-Fête given by the Finance Minister Fouquet to Louis XIV. 111
-Le grand Condé patronises Molière 113
-Molière decried for being an Actor, is protected in his duties as
-Royal Valet-de-Chambre by Louis XIV. 114
-Molière's Marriage 115
-He writes "l'Ecole des Femmes" 117
-The Court Ballets 118
-"Tartuffe" 119
-The Soldiers of the King's Body Guard, deprived of their free
-Admission to the Theatre, create a Riot 121
-1666. Ætat. 44. "Le Misanthrope" 122
-Scene from the "Amphitryon" 124
-Molière writes "l'Avare" 127
-Scene from the Comedy of "George Dandin" 127
-Unprecedented Success of "Tartuffe" 126
-Friendship of Molière with Boileau, Racine, and the Wits of his
-Time 131
-A Supper Party described 131
-"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac" 132
-Molière's Comedy of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme" 133
-Scene from "Les Femmes Savantes" 135
-1673. Molière writes "Le Malade Imaginaire" 138
-Ætat. 51. Is carried from the Stage in a dying State 139
-Funeral Rites denied him 140
-Character of Molière 141
-His Charity 143
-His Style 146
-His Troop of Comedians dispersed 148
-
-
-LA FONTAINE.
-
-1621-1695.
-
-1621. Birth of Jean de la Fontaine 150
-His Father a Keeper of the Royal Domains in his District 150
-La Fontaine enters the Oratoire, a religious Order 151
-He throws off the fetters of a monastic Life, and marries Marie
-d'Héricart 151
-The Keepership of the Royal Domain is devolved on him 151
-La Fontaine reads an Ode by Malherbe, and commences Poet 152
-He studies the Classics 153
-His Style simple, unaffected, and something antiquated 153
-His Study of the great Italian Writers, of Rabelais, and of Clement
-Marot 154
-Writes "Adonis" in Heroic Verse 155
-Is jealous of M. Poignan, a military Man, and fights him 156
-His Wife's Temper 157
-His own Forgetfulness, and Anecdotes explanatory of its
-intensity 157
-The Duchess de Bouillon notices him 158
-His Appointment in the Duke of Bouillon's House 159
-The Duchess takes him to Paris 159
-Account of the Mancinis, Duchesses of Mazarin, and of
-Bouillon 159
-La Fontaine's Parisian friends, Molière, Racine, and Boileau 160
-His Distractions, or Absences of Mind 160
-Forgets home and his Wife 161
-His Journeys to Château Thierry 161
-Receives a Pension from Fouquet 162
-Elegance of his fugitive Poetry 162
-Fouquet disgraced 162
-La Fontaine endeavours to soften Louis XIV. towards this
-unfortunate Minister 162
-"Contes et Merveilles, en Vers," of La Fontaine 163
-His "Psyche and Cupid" 163
-His Fables 164
-"Joconde," his most popular Tale 165
-He lives under the Roof of Madame de la Sablière 165
-La Fontaine writes "Daphne," an Opera, for Lulli, and takes
-just Offence at that Musician 166
-He is elected of the French Academy 167
-After some hesitation, Louis XIV. confirms his Election 167
-The Abbé Furetière, and Academic Disputes 168
-Anecdotes illustrative of La Fontaine's Mind and Simplicity, of
-Conduct 169
-Account of Madame de la Sablière and her Concerns 171
-La Fontaine invited to England, declines the Journey 172
-He resides with Madame d'Hervart, wife of a Financier 172
-Sickness of this celebrated Poet and Fabulist 173
-He is taxed as to his Indifference in Religion 173
-The Clergy exact a Reparation, or Testimony of his Penitence 173
-His Submissiveness 174
-Recovers from Illness, and publishes a few more Tales 176
-1695. His Death 176
-Criticism on his Works 177
-Beauty of his "Adonis" 177
-Nature of his Tale of "Psyche and Cupid" 177
-La Fontaine's Dramatic Pieces 178
-His Fables and Tales 178
-Comparison with Gay 179
-His Conversation and Habits 181
-
-
-PASCAL.
-
-1623-1662.
-
-Bayle's Praise of the Genius of Pascal's Works 183
-His Family 184
-1623. Birth of Blaise Pascal 184
-1631. Ætat. 9. His Father superintends his Studies 184
-Philosophy of Descartes 185
-1635. Ætat. 12. Pascal's Study of Physics 186
-Being restricted to the Study of Greek and Latin, he occupies his
-leisure Moments with the Study of Geometry 186
-His Father surprising him in his eager Pursuit of Mathematics,
-is overjoyed, and consults a Friend 187
-Blaise Pascal comprehends Euclid without a Master's
-Instructions 188
-Ætat. 16. His "Essay on Conic Sections" 188
-His Father Etienne, being compromised in some Political Affairs,
-flies from Paris to Auvergne 189
-Jaqueline Pascal's Performance at fourteen Years of Age in the
-Theatre of Cardinal de Richelieu; recites Verses declaratory of
-her Father's Innocence 189
-1639. Ætat. 16. Richelieu pardons M. Pascal, and Blaise is presented
-to him as a young Mathematician 189
-1641. Pascal studies Logic and Physics 190
-1642. Ætat. 19. He invents an Arithmetical Computing Machine 190
-Galileo's Investigations of the Atmosphere 191
-Torricelli pursues this Inquiry 192
-Father Mersenne explains this matter to Blaise Pascal 192
-1647. Ætat. 24. Account of Pascal's Discovery of the Atmospheric
-Pressure, and his Experiments made on the Puy de Dôme 193
-Descartes claims a Priority in this Invention 194
-1653. Ætat. 30. Pascal's Treatises "On the Weight of the Atmosphere,"
-and "On the Equilibrium of Liquids" 194
-He quits the Study of Mathematics to devote himself to
-Religion 195
-His Sister Jaqueline imitates his Devotion 195
-He falls into a State of general Debility 195
-1651. Death of Etienne Pascal 196
-Jaqueline takes the Veil in the Abbey of Port Royal aux
-Champs 196
-1654. Ætat. 37. Pascal meets with an alarming Accident, which injures
-his already feeble Health 196
-Is delirious, and makes a Record of some supposed Vision 197
-He renounces the World, and lives solitarily, using monastic
-Rules of Self-denial 197
-Description of the Abbey of Port Royal, and of the Arnauld
-Family 198
-Pascal frequents the Society of Abbé Arnauld and his Friends 199
-Controversy between the Jansenists and Molinists 200
-The Jesuit Molina 200
-Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres 200
-"Five Propositions" of Jansenius condemned by the Pope at
-the Desire of the Jesuits 200
-Antoine Arnauld's Defence of Jansenism 201
-1656. Ætat. 33. Pascal's "Lettres Provinciales" 202
-Jaqueline Pascal, a Nun of Port Royal, cured by Miracle of a
-Fistula of the Eye 203
-Pascal writes his "Pensées" 203
-He subjects himself to Privations and Mortifications, for
-Religion 204
-1658. Ætat. 35. Entails chronical sufferings thereby on his frame 204
-Pascal solved many difficult Problems in Mathematics 204
-1658. Ætat. 35. He challenged scientific Men to solve the same; and
-when Huygens, Wallis, and Wren were foiled, he published
-his Solutions 205
-New Persecution of the Jansenists 207
-1661. Ætat. 38. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned to be burnt 207
-The Nuns of Port Royal expelled from their Convent 207
-Jaqueline Pascal, the Sub-Prioress of Port Royal, dies in
-consequence of it 207
-Pascal declares the "Five Propositions" to be in accordance
-with St. Paul 208
-His dying Sentiments 209
-1662. Ætat. 39. His Death 210
-His admirable Character 210
-Eloquence of his Works 211
-His Address to Atheists 211
-
-
-MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ.
-
-1626-1696.
-
-1626. Birth of Marie de Rabutin-Chantal 214
-Account of this noble Family 214
-1627. Her Father, Baron de Chantal, slain at the Isle of Rhé 215
-Account of the De Coulanges Family 215
-The Breton Race described 216
-1644. Ætat. 18. Mademoiselle de Rabutin-Chantal marries Henry
-Marquis de Sévigné 216
-Cardinal de Retz and the Fronde 217
-Count de Bussy-Rabutin, Cousin of Madame de Sévigné 217
-Ninon de l'Enclos 217
-Marquis de Sévigné falls in a Duel with the Chevalier d'Albret 218
-The Prince de Conti 219
-Hôtel de Rambouillet 220
-Cardinal de Retz imprisoned, and escapes 220
-Disgrace and Trial of Fouquet, Minister of Finance 222
-Letters of Madame de Sévigné 224
-1664. Fêtes at Versailles 225
-Louis XIV. takes a Part in the Tournament and Jousts 225
-His Affection for Mademoiselle de la Vallière 225
-Benserade, the Court Poet 226
-Mademoiselle de Sévigné appears in the Ballets at Court 226
-1669. Her Marriage with the Count de Grignan 227
-Correspondence of the Marchioness de Sévigné addressed to her
-Daughter, Madame de Grignan 227
-Count and Countess de Grignan repair to Provence, of which he
-is Lieutenant-Governor 228
-Ninon de l'Enclos again the Cause of Affliction 230
-Countess de la Fayette 231
-Monsieur and Madame de Coulanges, Cousins of Madame de
-Sévigné 232
-Dialogue, Supposititious, of M. de Coulanges and M. de
-Bussy-Rabutin 232
-Celebrity for Talent of Madame de Coulanges 234
-Poetry of that Lady's Husband 235
-M. Corbinelli 236
-Madame de Maintenon 237
-D'Argenson and Corbinelli, amusing Anecdote of 237
-1675. Death of Turenne 238
-1676. Madame de Sévigné attacked with Rheumatism 244
-1677. Ætat 51. Visited by her Daughter, who falls ill also 245
-Their Residence in Paris 246
-Account of the Chevalier de Grignan 246
-1680. Ætat. 54. Madame de Sévigné visits her Estate of Aux Rochers,
-in Britany 248, 252
-Marriage of the Marquis de Sévigné, Son of Madame de
-Sévigné 249
-Further Letters to Madame de Grignan 251
-James II. established at St. Germain 251
-Duke and Duchess de Chaulnes 252
-1690. Ætat. 64. Marchioness of Sévigné resides with Madame de
-Grignan in Provence 254
-The Family of de Grignan 254
-1695. Pauline de Grignan married to the Marquis de Simiane 248, 254
-1696. Ætat. 70. Death of Madame de Sévigné 248, 254
-Count de Bussy-Rabutin's Character of his celebrated
-Cousin 248, 254
-Countess de la Fayette's Portrait of her 255
-Voltaire's opinion of her Taste 256
-Her Character 253
-Madame de Sévigné was a Jansenist 257
-The Dragonnades against the Protestants of France 257
-No Posterity existent of the Family of de Sévigné 258
-
-
-BOILEAU.
-
-1636-1711.
-
-Celebrated Era of Louis Quatorze 259
-1636. Birth of Nicholas Boileau, known also by the Name of M.
-Despréaux 259
-He displays a turn for Poetry at the College of Beauvais 260
-His first Ode 261
-1656. Ætat. 20. Boileau studies the Law 261
-He addicts himself to Letters 261
-Rise of Literature in France 262
-The Dramatic Poets 262
-Jean Chapelain's Poem of "La Pucelle" 262
-Colbert, Prime Minister 262
-Satire of Boileau 263
-French Poets 265
-Prince de Condé's Society of Literary Men at Chantilly 266
-Boileau's Learned Friends 267
-1666. Ætat. 30. He publishes his Satires 269
-1667. His Eighth Satire 270
-"L'Art Poétique" 270
-"Le Lutrin" 271-278
-Parallel of Boileau and Pope by Mr. Leigh Hunt 271-278
-1677. Ætat. 41. Is pensioned by Louis XIV. 279
-Friendship of Boileau for Racine 279
-They are appointed Historiographers 279
-1678. They attend Louis XIV. to the Siege of Ghent 280
-Campaign of these Poets 281
-Boileau, leaves the military duties to Racine 281
-Abbé Arnauld and the Jansenists 283
-Boileau joins the Jansenists 283
-He is elected of the French Academy 284
-1687. Ætat. 51. Visits the Baths of Bourbon for Health 285
-1692. Ætat. 56. His attack on Charles Perrault 287
-Boileau's Satire on Women 288
-Racine's explanations of his and Boileau's Pensions 289
-Boileau's great Regard for Jean Racine 289
-His House at Auteuil 290
-1698. Ætat. 62. Is named sole Historiographer on the Death of
-Racine 291
-Latter Years of the Satirist passed in Tranquillity and
-Happiness 291
-Louis Racine, Son of the Dramatic Poet 291
-Boileau sells his House at Auteuil 292
-His Piety and strict Observances 293
-Prepares a complete Edition of his Works 293
-His "Dialogue on the Romances" 293
-1711. Ætat. 75. His Death 293
-His Character for Wit 294
-The "Lutrin" his best Poem 295
-
-
-RACINE.
-
-1639-1699.
-
-1639. Birth of Jean Racine 297
-His Education at Beauvais 297
-1655. Ætat. 16. Received as a Pupil at Port Royal 298
-Rivalry of the Jesuits and Jansenists 298
-His Enthusiasm for the Tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides 299
-1660. Marriage of Louis XIV. 300
-Racine on this Occasion writes the Ode "Nymphes de la
-Seine" 301
-Chapelain recommends him to the Minister Colbert 301
-Racine resides with his Uncle le Père Sconin at Uzès, in
-Provence 302
-His Poem, "The Bath of Venus" 304
-Returned to Paris, and employed by Molière in Dramatic
-Composition 304
-1664. Ætat. 25. His "Alexandre" 305, 306
-He teaches the celebrated Champmélé to recite 307
-He replies to M. Nicole 307
-His Tragedies of "Andromach" and "Britannicus" 308
-He writes "Bérénice" in rivalry of Corneille on the same
-Subject 309
-Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans 309
-Partisans of Corneille 309
-Racine's Comedy of "Les Plaideurs" 310
-1673. He is admitted of the French Academy 312
-Duke of Montauzier 312
-Racine's "Iphigénie," "Bajazet," and "Mithridate" 312
-"Phèdre," and Madame des Houlières' Sonnet on that Tragedy 312
-Racine and Boileau, supposed to have written a Reply to Madame
-des Houlières, are threatened by the Duke of Nevers 313
-Racine resolves on renouncing the Tragic Muse 313
-1677. Ætat. 38. He meditates becoming Chartreux, but is counselled
-by his Confessor to marry 313
-Character of Madame Racine 314
-Their Sons, intended for monastic Life, are thrown into more
-active Pursuits 314
-Their Daughters take the Veil 314
-Racine reconciles himself with M. Nicole and the Abbé Arnauld
-of Port Royal 315
-He is named Historiographer conjointly with Boileau 316
-His Devotion 316
-His Fondnesss for Home, and Paternal Benevolence 317
-He attends Louis XIV. in his Campaigns 317
-1684. Ætat. 45. His Eloge of Corneille before the French Academy 317
-His "Idyl on Peace" 318
-His Attendance at Court 319
-His excellent Recitation 319
-"Esther" 320
-"Athalie," his best Tragedy 320
-Madame de Maintenon and Racine 321-325
-1699. Death of Racine 326
-Criticism on the Tragedies of Jean Racine 327
-
-
-FÉNÉLON.
-
-1651-1715.
-
-1651. Birth of François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon 329
-His charitable and devout heart 329
-His Father the Count de Fénélon 329
-His Mother of an illustrious Family 329
-His early Acquaintance with Greek and Latin Literature, and
-Powers of Composition 330
-1669. Ætat. 18. The Abbé de Fénélon takes his Degree in the
-University of Cahors 331
-Visits his Uncle, the Marquis de Fénélon, at Paris 331
-1670. Ætat. 19. His Success in Preaching 331
-1675. Ætat. 24. His Zeal in Ministerial Duties 332
-Wishes to go as Missionary to Canada 332
-His religious fervour 333
-Louis XIV. commissions him to preach to the Huguenots in
-Poitou 332
-Fame of Bossuet, then Bishop of Condom 334
-Le Père Bourdaloue surpasses in eloquent Discourses his Master
-Bossuet 334
-Bossuet, Governor of the Dauphin, writes his "Discours sur
-l'Histoire Universelle" 334
-Fénélon "on Female Education" 335
-1689. Ætat. 38. Duke de Beauvilliers appoints Fénélon a Preceptor to
-the Grandsons of Louis XIV. 336
-Celebrated Men employed as Preceptors to the Princes 336
-Fénélon appointed Archbishop of Cambrai 339
-Controversial Spirit of the Age 339
-Affair of Madame Guyon's Visions and Mysticism 340
-Bossuet and other Divines commissioned to inquire into her
-Doctrines 343
-Bossuet, now Bishop of Meaux, writes the "Instruction sur les
-États de l'Oraison," and desires Fénélon's Approval thereof 343
-The Archbishop of Cambrai refuses, and writes his "Explication
-des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Intérieure" 344
-The Controversy of the Two celebrated Divines has an unfortunate
-Result in the Division of the Gallican Church on the
-Doctrines in question 345
-Louis XIV. prejudiced against Fénélon 345
-Madame de Maintenon's Coldness to him 345
-1697. Ætat. 46. Fénélon exiled to his See 346
-The Dispute between MM. de Meaux and Cambrai referred to
-Rome 347
-Innocent XII. appoints a Commission, and calls upon those Prelates
-for a formal Statement of their Opinions 348
-Louis XIV. erases the Name of Fénélon from the List of Preceptors
-to the Princes 349
-Calmness and Charitable Sentiments of Fénélon under the indignities
-offered him 349
-1699. Ætat. 48. The Pope's Brief condemning the "Maximes des
-Saints" of Fénélon 352
-Exemplary Obedience of Fénélon, and his Pastoral Letter on the
-Occasion 353
-The Brief against him is registered, and Bossuet draws up a
-Report 355
-1714. Death of Bossuet, without any Reconciliation with Fénélon 356
-"Télémaque" 337, 356
-Admirable Deportment of Fénélon in the See of Cambrai 357
-His Sermons 358
-His Seminary for the Instruction of the younger Clergy 358, 360
-His Doctrine 360
-Fénélon an Opponent of Jansenism 362
-He explains the Mistakes of Pascal in the "Provincial Letters" 362
-The Campaigns in Flanders 362
-The Duke of Burgundy obtains Louis's permission to visit the
-Archbishop of Cambrai 364
-Famine the Result of War 365
-1709. Ætat. 58. Fénélon's active Charity to the Soldiery and the
-People 365
-1711. The Death of the Dauphin overwhelms Fénélon with grief as a
-national Misfortune 360
-Death of Fénélon's chief Friends 366
-1713. Louis XIV. relents as to this admirable Prelate 366
-1715. Death of Fénélon 367
-Demise of Louis XIV. 368
-Person, Manners, and Talent of de la Mothe Fénélon 368
-His Character given by Sir----Ramsay and other Writers 369
-Eloge of Fénélon by d'Alembert 369
-Criticism on "Télémaque" 372
-
-
-
-
-TABLE,
-
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-
-TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF
-
-LIVES OF
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF FRANCE.
-
-
-
-
-VOLTAIRE.
-
-1694-1778.
-
-A. D.
-
-Infidelity of Voltaire 2
-1694. Birth of François-Marie Arouet at Chatenay 4
-His Father, M. Arouet, a Notary 4
-1704. Ætat. 10. Is taught by the Jesuits in the College of
-Louis-le-Grand 5
-His Prejudice against the Jansenists 5
-The Abbé de Chateauneuf 5
-Precocious Genius of Arouet 5
-His introduction to Parisian Society 6
-Court of Louis XIV. 6
-The King ruled by Molinist Confessors 6
-Influence of Madame de Maintenon in religious Matters 6
-1714. Ætat. 20. Young Arouet sent to Holland with the Marquis de
-Chateauneuf 7
-His Affection for Mademoiselle du Noyer 8
-He is placed as pupil with M. Alain, Attorney in Paris 9
-M. de Caumartin invites him to his Château of St. Ange 10
-1715. State of public Affairs on the Demise of Louis XIV. 10
-The Regent d'Orléans, and Cardinal Dubois 10
-1716. Ætat. 22. Arouet imprisoned in the Bastille for a Satire of
-which he was not the Author 11
-On Epic Poetry 12
-Criticism on the Henriade of Voltaire 13
-Duke of Orléans liberates and compensates him 14
-1718. Ætat. 24. "Œdipe," Tragedy by Voltaire 15
-His Critique on the Tragedies of Sophocles 15
-His mode of Life and Habits 16
-His "Mariamne" successful 16
-1722. Dispute between the Poets Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Voltaire 17
-Insult offered Voltaire by the Chevalier de Rohan 17
-He challenges de Rohan, and is sent to the Bastille 18
-1728. Ætat. 34. He visits England and reads Locke and Newton 18
-His return to Paris 19
-The Clergy become suspicious of him, and aim at his Ruin 19
-Increase of his Fortune 20
-Reasons of his purchasing the Estate of Voltaire, and assuming
-that name 21
-Becomes attached to the Marchioness du Châtelet 21
-His "Brutus" and "Eriphyle" unsuccessful 22
-1732. Ætat. 38. Great success of "Zaire" 22
-"Histoire de Charles XII." 23
-"Siècle de Louis XIV." projected by Voltaire 23
-Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, an Actress, denied the Rites of
-Sepulture 23
-Voltaire's "Lettres sur les Anglais" publicly burnt 23
-He retires to the Château de Cirey with the Marquis and
-Marchioness du Châtelet 24
-Their philosophical Studies 25
-He writes "Alzire," "Mérope," "Mahomet," &c. 25
-"Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations" 25
-Madame de Graffigny's Visit to Madame du Châtelet at Cirey;
-her Letters 26
-1738. Ætat. 44. Voltaire writes "La Pucelle," the Maid of Orléans 28
-Is attacked by the Abbé des Fontaines and Jean Baptiste
-Rousseau 31
-Alarm as to the Printing of "La Pucelle" 33
-His Correspondence with Frederic II. 35
-1740. Letters of Frederic 37
-Interview of the King of Prussia and M. de Voltaire at the
-Castle of Meuse, near Clèves 39
-Maupertuis President of the Berlin Academy 39
-Frederic's former Work against the Principles of Machiavel, the
-"Anti-Machiavel" 40
-Character of Frederic 41
-1742. War against Maria Theresa, on the Death of Charles VI. her
-Father 42
-Administration of Cardinal de Fleuri 42
-Voltaire in constant Danger of the Bastille 43
-Crébillon refuses to license "Mahomet" 43
-It is acted at Lille in Flanders by La Noue and Mademoiselle
-Clairon 44
-1743. The Duke of Richelieu, a Favourite of Louis XV. 44
-Ætat. 49. Voltaire endeavours to obtain a Seat in the French
-Academy, but is rejected 45
-Great Success of his Tragedy of "Mérope" 45
-He is sent on a Mission to Berlin, and a Treaty between Prussia
-and France is the result 46
-Frederic invades Bohemia 47
-Voltaire is left unrewarded 47
-He resides in Paris with the Marquis and Marchioness du
-Châtelet 47
-His Visit to the Duchess du Maine at Sceaux, when he writes
-"Zadig," and other Tales 48
-He performs the Part of "Cicero" in his Play of "Rome
-Sauvée" 48
-M. Longchamp's Account of Voltaire's Journeys, and his Visit
-to King Stanislas at Luneville 48, 51
-1748. Ætat. 54. Tragedy of "Semiramis" 49
-Voltaire dangerously ill of Fever at Chalons 50
-His Friendship for Madame du Châtelet 51
-His Rapidity in Writing, and literary Enthusiasm 51
-His "Catiline" and "Elèctre" 51
-Death of the Marchioness du Châtelet 52
-Voltaire become sole Tenant of their Hôtel in Paris, appoints
-his Niece, Madame Denis, to preside over it 53
-Private Theatre in his House 53
-He patronises Le Kain, the Tragedian 54
-His Admiration of Corneille and Racine 55
-Madame de Pompadour for a Time patronises M. de Voltaire 55
-Louis XV. appoints him a Gentleman of the Bed-chamber, and
-Historiographer of France 56
-Voltaire becomes a French Academician 56
-Crébillon a successful Rival of Voltaire in dramatic
-Composition, and Court-favour 57
-Voltaire, jealous on that Account, repairs to the Court of
-Frederic at Potsdam 57
-Is pensioned by him, and appointed Chamberlain 58
-Frederic's Admiration and Kindness 58
-Voltaire's Admiration of the Prussian Monarch 59
-Madame Denis left in Paris 60
-Ætat. 57. His "Siècle de Louis Quatorze" 60
-Umbrage and Jealousies of the King and Poet 61
-1751. Offence given by M. de Voltaire to Frederic 63
-Maupertuis and the Berlin Academy; Contest respecting the
-mechanical Principle of the "least Power" 65
-La Beaumette and Maupertuis attack M. de Voltaire 66
-Voltaire's Satire of "Akakia" against Maupertuis 66
-His Reconciliation with Frederic the Great 67
-Their mutual Dissatisfaction renewed, and Voltaire takes leave
-of the Prussian Court 67
-He repairs to Leipsic and Saxe Gotha 68
-Is arrested at Francfort by Agents of Frederic 69
-Voltaire slighted at Lyons by Cardinal du Tencin 71
-1755. Ætat. 61. He purchases the Estate of "Les Délices" at Geneva 72
-1756. Renews a literary Correspondence with Frederic 73
-Despair of that Monarch on a Defeat 73
-Fresh Victories of Frederic 74
-M. de Voltaire's "Manners and Spirit of Nations" 74
-The Publication of "La Pucelle" occasions a
-against the Poet 75
-His Residence in the Genevese Territory becomes perilous 76
-1762. Ætat. 68. He purchases the Château de Ferney on the Frontier
-of France and Geneva, as a Residence affording him
-Security 76
-The "Encyclopédie" 77
-A great niece of Corneille received by Voltaire and Madame
-Denis at Ferney 79
-Arrival of the Family of Calas at Ferney 79
-1765. Ætat. 71. Voltaire obtains the Reversal of the Condemnation
-of Jean Calas, and the Restoration of his Family to civil Rights 81
-His Exertions in Favour of the Sirven Family 83
-Execution of the Chevalier de la Barre at Abbeville, and
-Indignation of Voltaire at the Spirit of religious Persecution 84
-The Jesuits banished from France 87
-Persecution of Jansenists and Quietists 87
-Bitter Quarrel and Satire between M. de Voltaire and Jean-Jacques
-Rousseau 88
-Security and happy Life of Voltaire at Ferney 88
-1766. Ætat. 72. He is deserted at Ferney by his Niece and former
-Inmates 89
-His Letters to the Marquise du Deffand 89
-Return of Madame Denis to Voltaire at Ferney 90
-Marmontel's Visit to him 91
-The Countess de Genlis' Visit to Voltaire 94
-Voltaire neglects the Count de Guibert and other Visitors 98
-His Improvements in his Village of Ferney 98
-His Humanity to Exiles, and charitable Character 99
-He founds the Town of Versoi 100
-Patronises the Town of Gex, and procures the Enfranchisement
-of Serfs of the Jura Mountains 100
-Disgraceful Close of the Reign of Louis XV. 101
-1788. Ætat. 81. After the Accession of Louis XVI. Voltaire,
-accompanied by his Niece and M. and Madame de Villette, arrives
-in Paris 102
-His Tragedy of "Irene" 102
-Condorcet's and Baron de Grimm's Description of his honourable
-Reception by the Parisians, with whom he had always
-been a Favourite 103
-Louis XVI. 104
-The Clergy endeavour to obtain from M. de Voltaire, in Sickness,
-a Declaration of his Faith 104
-On a temporary Recovery he attends the Academy and the
-Theatre, and is received enthusiastically 105
-Is prevented from returning to Ferney by Madame Denis 105
-1778. Death of M. de Voltaire 106
-Delineation of his Character 107
-His Infidelity, and Grossness, alluded to 108
-Critique of his Works 109
-
-
-ROUSSEAU.
-
-1712-1778.
-
-1712. Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau at Geneva 111
-His Studies when a Boy 112
-Placed under M. Lambercier, Minister of Bossey 113
-Lives with a M. Bernard, Engineer 114
-Is pupil to a Greffier 114
-His love of Reading 115
-He runs away from Geneva 115
-Visits M. de Pontverre at Confignon in Savoy 116
-The Countess de Warens, a Convert to the Romish Religion, is
-pensioned by the King of Sardinia, and resides at Annecy 117
-Rousseau is recommended to the Hospital of Turin for the
-Conversion of Protestants 117
-His Abjuration of the Calvinistic Creed 118
-Is Footman to the Countess Vercelli 119
-Also a domestic in a noble Family at Turin 120
-Whom he quits on a roving Expedition to revisit Madame de
-Warens 120
-1729. Ætat. 17. Kind reception of Jean-Jacques by that Lady 121
-His Genius in Music 121
-His Visit to Neufchâtel and Paris 122
-1733. Ætat. 21. Madame de Warens recommends him to Employment in
-a Bureau at Chambery 122
-1735. Ætat. 23. He is established at Chambery as Music-master 124
-Madame de Warens removes to Les Charmettes, where Rousseau
-prosecutes his Studies with Ardour 125
-The Confessions of Jean-Jacques with regard to this Period of
-his Career 126
-Ill-health of Rousseau 126
-His Method of Notation for Music 127
-Rousseau's Spirit of Independence 128
-1741. Ætat. 29. His Employments at Paris, where he is encouraged 128
-1743. Ætat. 31. Appointed Secretary to M. de Montague, Ambassador
-at Venice 128
-His Return to Paris 129
-His Friends interest themselves for him 129
-His Mistress Thérèse le Vasseur 130
-Rousseau consigns their Children to the "Enfants trouvés" 131
-Reflections on the Condition of Foundlings 131
-Rousseau eventually a Victim to his lax Principles from the
-Destitution of all social Ties 132
-1749. Ætat. 37. Visits M. Diderot, who was confined at Vincennes
-for a Pamphlet 133
-Rousseau's celebrated Essay on the proposed Question, "Whether
-the Progress of the Arts and Sciences had tended to corrupt or
-ameliorate the condition of Men" 134
-He renounces the Appointment of Cashier to a Farmer-general
-of the Taxes 135
-Copies Music for a Subsistence 135
-1750. Ætat. 38. Great Success of his "Devin du Village," an Opera 136
-His Essay on "The Origin of Inequality among Men" 137
-1754. Ætat. 42. He revisits Geneva 137
-Poverty of Madame de Warens 137
-Rousseau abjures the Romish Faith, and again embraces the
-Reformed Religion 137
-Is invited to reside in Geneva, his native City 138
-Madame d'Epinay 138
-She establishes him at the Hermitage near Montmorenci,
-belonging to M. d'Epinay 138
-Rousseau's "Les Institutions Politiques," and other literary
-employments 139
-Writes "La Nouvelle Héloïse" 140
-Rousseau's love for the Countess d'Houdetot 141
-M. de Saint Lambert 141
-Cause of the Coolness between J. J. Rousseau and MM.
-Diderot and Grimm 144
-Treachery of M. Grimm 145
-State of French Society under Louis XV. 147
-1758. Ætat. 46. Rousseau removes from the Hermitage to
-Montmorenci 148
-His Quarrel with Diderot 148
-He writes against the Establishment of a Theatre at Geneva 149
-Sentiments expressed in his "Confessions" 149
-Marshal the Duke of Luxembourg and the Duchess of Luxembourg
-friendly to Rousseau 149
-1760. Publication of "La Nouvelle Héloïse" 150
-The "Emile," or Rousseau on Education 150
-Some admirable Maxims of that celebrated Treatise 150
-M. de Malesherbes 151
-The "Confession of a Savoyard Vicar" 152
-1762. Ætat. 50. It is condemned, and Rousseau warned by the Duchess
-of Luxembourg to make his escape 153
-He arrives at Iverdun, but is exiled by the Council of Berne 154
-Is received at Neufchâtel by the Governor, Marshal Lord
-Keith 154
-His Study of Botany, and herborising Rambles 155
-His Controversy with Geneva 156
-Disturbances at Geneva 157
-Rousseau's "Lettres écrites de la Montagne" 157
-Rousseau quits Motiers through Fear of Assassination 157
-Resides in the Island of St. Pierre, Lake of Bienne, but is
-expelled by the Council of Berne 158
-His Dislike of Dependence prevents him from repairing to the
-Court of Frederic; Fictitious Letter in that King's Name by
-Horace Walpole 159
-Hospitably entertained by the Prince de Conti 159
-1766. Ætat. 54. He accompanies David Hume to England 160
-Resides at Wotton in Derbyshire, writes there his "Confessions,"
-receives a Pension from George III.; but his morbid Melancholy
-causes him to take some groundless Alarm and to fly to
-France 161
-1767. Ætat. 55. Is protected by the Prince de Conti at the Château of
-Trie 162
-1770. Ætat. 58. He is most kindly welcomed at Paris 163
-His Readings of the "Confessions" in Society interrupted by the
-Minister of Police 164
-Lives by copying Music 165
-Prince de Ligne visits him, and offers him a Home 167
-Countess de Genlis gives Testimony of his Benevolence of Heart
-and Modesty 167
-The Abbé Bernardin de Saint Pierre gives a very favourable
-Description of Rousseau 167
-Respect shown for Rousseau at the Theatre by the Parisians 168
-His morbid Sensibility verging on Madness 169
-1778. Ætat. 66. His Death at Ermenonville, and Rumour with relation
-to it 169
-Inscription on his Tomb 170
-Character of his "Confessions" 171
-His Jealousy of literary Competitors 171
-His Reveries; his Charity; Suspicion his characteristic 172
-The "Emile" one of his most important Works 173
-Criticism of his "Nouvelle Héloïse" 174
-Eloquence, Tenderness, and Nature, in his Writings 174
-
-
-CONDORCET.
-
-1744-1794.
-
-1744. Birth of Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet 175
-1765. Ætat. 21. His Essay on the Integral Calculus 175
-His scientific Works 175
-Is appointed joint Secretary of the Academy of Sciences 175
-His Friendship with D'Alembert 176
-Visits M. de Voltaire at Ferney 176
-Edits the "Pensées" of M. Pascal 177
-A Friend of the Minister Turgot 178
-His Reply to M. Necker on the Corn Question 178
-He writes the "Reflections on Negro Slavery" 178
-Refutation of De Lolme on the English Constitution 179
-Mental Qualities of Condorcet 179
-His Influence at the Commencement of the French Revolution 180
-1789. Ætat. 44. Writes a Declaration of the Rights of Man, on the
-Convocation of the States-General 180
-Flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes 181
-Marquis de Condorcet, a Deputy of the City of Paris in the
-National Assembly 182
-His Speech relating to the Emigration 182
-His "Declaration" adopted by that Body 183
-His Character for Integrity 184
-A vigorous Opponent to monarchical Government 184
-His Theories, and Idea of public Virtue 185
-The Girondists treat with the Court and lose Influence thereby 186
-Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick 187
-Marquis de Condorcet popular 187
-Did not vote for the Death of Louis XVI. 188
-1793. Ætat. 49. Denounced as Brissot's Accomplice, is obliged to
-conceal himself 190
-His "Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind" 190
-Is obliged to fly, but is seized at Chamont, and perishes of Hunger
-and Cold in a Prison 192
-His Character pourtrayed by Madame Roland 193
-Mademoiselle de Condorcet married to Arthur O'Connor 194
-
-
-MIRABEAU.
-
-1749-1791.
-
-Family of the Marquis de Mirabeau 195
-Originally Italian, and named Arrighetti 195
-Valour of the Marquis Jean Antoine de Mirabeau 196
-His high Character 196
-Victor, Marquis de Mirabeau, a tyrannical Father 197
-His literary Reputation founded on his "L'Ami des Hommes" 197
-Is imprisoned for writing the "Théorie de Impôt" 197
-Marries Marie Geneviève, Marchioness de Saulvebeuf, and has
-eleven Children 193
-Instals Madame de Pailly over his Household 198
-This occasions a Separation from his Marchioness 198
-His Prejudice against GABRIEL HONORÉ DE MIRABEAU, his fifth
-Child, the Subject of this Article 199
-Accuses him of an innate Depravity of Character 201
-The Father makes him undergo a severe Education 202
-Gabriel serves in the Regiment of the Marquis de Lambert, a
-strict Disciplinarian 203
-The Marquis Victor de Mirabeau obtains a Lettre-de-cachet and
-imprisons Gabriel 204
-Gabriel de Mirabeau declares his love of a military Life 205
-1772. Ætat. 23. He marries Marie Emilie de Covet, Daughter of the
-Marquis de Marignane 207
-Incurs Debts, and is confined by his Father by means of a
-Lettre-de-cachet 207
-Is jealous of the Chevalier de Gassaud 209
-His Quarrel with the Baron de Villeneuve-Moans 209
-Is imprisoned by his Father in the Castle of If, near Marseilles 209
-1775. Ætat. 26. Is transferred to the Fortress of Joux 210
-His amour with Madame de Monnier (Sophie de Ruffey) 212
-He escapes from Prison 213
-Is indignant at his Father's Severity 214
-1776. Ætat. 27. He flies with Madame de Monnier to Holland, and
-earns a Subsistence by his Pen 215
-M. de Monnier prosecutes him and Madame de Monnier, and
-they are condemned to ignominious Punishments in their
-Absence 216
-1777. Ætat. 28. They are arrested at Amsterdam, and Gabriel de
-Mirabeau is imprisoned at Vincennes 217
-His Complaints of the long Persecution of him 218
-His Writings during Imprisonment 219
-"Essay on Lettres-de-Cachet and State Prisons" 219
-Death of his Son 219
-Endeavours to persuade his Wife to live with him 221
-1780. Ætat. 31. Is enlarged after Forty-one Months'
-Imprisonment 221, 223
-Subsequent History of Madame de Monnier 222
-His Father conducts himself with Kindness towards him 223
-1782. Ætat. 33. Mirabeau's Sentence for the Seduction of Madame de
-Monnier reversed 223
-He fails in a Suit to compel Madame de Mirabeau to live with
-him 224
-1784. Ætat. 35. Visits London, but is not successful in the Profession
-of an Author 225
-Renewed Cruelty of his Father, who reduces him to a State of
-Destitution 225
-1785. Ætat. 36. Returned to France, writes on financial Subjects; and
-for a Pamphlet on the system of "Agiotage" is compelled to
-fly to Liege 226
-1787. Ætat. 38. Financial Controversy with Necker 226
-His early Exertions in favour of Revolution 226
-Occasional Display of his powerful Eloquence 228
-His Independence as a political Economist 228
-1788. Ætat. 39. His Reputation at its height 229
-1789. Ætat. 40. Convocation of the States-General 230
-Mirabeau excluded by the Nobility of Provence from his
-Privileges as a Noble 231
-His "Correspondence from Berlin" condemned to be burnt 232
-Becomes a popular Leader of the Provençeaux, and is
-enthusiastically received at Aix and Marseilles 232
-Disturbances in Provence, on account of Scarcity, allayed by
-Mirabeau 233
-Is elected Deputy for Marseilles and for Aix in the "Tiers Etat;"
-he sits for the latter Town 234
-He publishes a Journal of the Proceedings of the Chambers 234
-His political Writings 235
-The National Assembly 235
-He draws a Line between the royal and legislative Power, or
-between the Throne and the People 236
-His Energy and Eloquence in the Chamber 238
-Address to Louis XVI. 239
-1789. Death of the Marquis Victor de Mirabeau 240
-Mirabeau's genuine Sorrow on that Event, forgetful of his long
-Persecution by his Father 240
-Louis' Ministers draw Troops around the Capital 240
-Destruction of the Bastille 241
-Mirabeau's Speech against the Court Party, on the Scarcity of
-Grain 242
-He supports M. Necker's Proposal of a Subsidy of one-fourth of
-the Income of all Proprietors 242
-He maintains that the Royal Authority is essential to the Balance
-of Power between the Aristocracy and People 243
-The Orléans Party 237, 246
-Popularity of Mirabeau with the Parisians 247
-In what degree Mirabeau is to be considered the real Defender
-of the Monarchy 248
-He negociates with the Court 249
-His Enthusiasm nevertheless maintains his Influence over the
-National Assembly 250
-His Speech on the Establishment of the Convention 250
-1791. Ætat. 42. His splendid Style of Living 251
-Supposed to be supplied by the Court with Resources, as the chief
-Supporter of Royalty 251
-His Deference to the Assembly, and Conciseness of his energetic
-Speeches 252
-Original of his Treaty with the Court, in the Hand-writing of
-Monsieur [Louis XVIII.] 252
-Mirabeau's ill Health 253
-His last Struggle with the Jacobins, or "Mountain" 254
-Sickness of Mirabeau excites the Fears of both King and People 255
-His notion of the Character of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt 256
-Death of Mirabeau 256
-His Sepulture in the Pantheon at Paris 257
-His Misfortunes 257
-His wit 258
-His Character of La Fayette 258
-Allusion to his military Talents 259
-
-
-MADAME ROLAND.
-
-1754-1793.
-
-Mémoires of Madame Roland, and Considerations thereon 260
-1751. Birth of Manon Phlipon 261
-Care of her Education by her Father, an Engraver of some merit 261
-Domestic Economy of her parental Roof 262
-Madame Phlipon's Piety 262
-Mademoiselle Phlipon's Residence in a Convent 263
-Her Admiration of Blaise Pascal and Port Royal, or the
-Jansenist' Party 263
-She rejects the Theories of M. Helvetius 263
-Her Enthusiasm in the Cause of Liberty 264
-Her Rejection of many Suitors 265
-Death of Madame Phlipon 266
-Impression of the "Nouvelle Héloïse" on the ardent Mind of
-Manon Phlipon 267
-Her Habits of Economy and Seclusion from Society 267
-History of M. Roland de la Platière 268
-1779. Ætat. 25. His Offer to marry Mademoiselle Phlipon, and Refusal
-by her Father 268
-1780. Ætat. 26. Their Union takes place 270
-Madame Roland accompanies her Husband to Switzerland and
-England 271
-Her Letters 271, 274
-1785. Ætat. 32. Her placid Temper, and domestic Happiness 274
-1789. The French Revolution. M. Roland's Mission from the
-Municipality of Lyon to the National Assembly on financial Affairs 272
-1791. Ætat. 37. Madame Roland's Visit to, and Residence in, Paris 273
-Writings of M. Roland 273
-Beauty and political Influence of Madame Roland 273
-M. and Mdme. Roland form a Friendship with Brissot and the
-Gironde Party 273
-Madame Roland's Opinions anti-monarchical 275
-Position of Louis XVI. 275
-1792. M. Roland appointed Minister of the Interior 277
-General Dumouriez Minister for Foreign Affairs 277
-Roland's Letter to Louis XVI. written by his Wife, occasions his
-Dismission 278
-Recalled to the Ministry 279
-The Massacre of Prisoners in September alarms Madame Roland 280
-Robespierre, Danton, and Marat 280
-Description of Madame de Roland 281
-M. Roland exhibits considerable Intrepidity during the popular
-Agitations 282
-Madame Roland is hated by the "Mountain" Party 283
-Robespierre denounced by Louvet 284
-1793. Death of the King 285
-M. Roland resigns 286
-Arrest of Madame Roland 287
-Her calm Demeanour 288
-The Reign of Terror in Paris and France 290
-Condemnation of the Girondists 290
-Brissot and the Girondists executed 291
-Accusation and Defence of Madame Roland 291
-Ætat. 39. Her Execution 292
-Interesting Character of this celebrated Authoress 293
-
-
-MADAME DE STAËL.
-
-1765-1817.
-
-M. Necker of Geneva early in life placed in a Banking-house 295
-His Partnership in Thelusson's Firm 295
-1773. His "Éloge de Colbert" 295
-Minister from Geneva, and appointed Director-general of Finance
-in France 296
-He marries Mademoiselle Churchod 296
-Allusion to Gibbon the Historian 296
-1766. April 22. Birth of their only Daughter, afterwards Baronne de
-Staël 296
-Her Education under the parental Roof 296
-MM. Thomas, Marmontel, de Grimm, &c. form the literary
-Society at M. Necker's 297
-Talent of Conversation early acquired by Mlle. Necker 297
-Her Writings 298
-She delights M. Necker by her Talents and Wit 300
-Publication of M. Necker's "Compte Rendu," or Statement of
-French Finance 301
-His Retirement to his Estate of Saint-Ouen 302
-Purchase of Coppet on the Lake of Geneva 303
-Publication of his financial Work, written at Coppet 303
-Administration of M. Calonne 304
-1786. Ætat. 20. His Daughter's Marriage with the Baron de Staël
-Holstein, Swedish Ambassador to France 305
-Portrait given at that period of Madame de Staël 306
-1788. M. Necker Minister, Revival of public Credit 307
-1789. Convocation of the States-General 307
-Louis XVI. commands him to retire quietly from France 307
-Troops collected round Paris, by Louis, against the People 308
-M. Necker generously leaves two Millions of Livres in the
-National Treasury 309, 313
-Madame de Staël's Description of the Journeys to and from
-Switzerland 309, 313
-Destruction of the Bastille, and Recall of M. Necker 310
-His Popularity 311
-Sentiments of Madame de Staël 311
-1790. Necker again retires to Coppet 313
-1792. Madame de Staël witnesses the Tumults of the Capital in August,
-&c. 314
-Her Endeavour to save M. de Lally-Tolendal 314
-Her Carriage stopt by the Republicans; she claims Privilege as
-Wife of a foreign Minister 315
-She is carried before Robespierre, Collet d'Herbois, and the
-Revolutionary Tribunal 315
-Is saved by the Republican Manuel, who obtains Leave for her
-to quit France 317
-Her Emotion on the Journey across the Jura to Coppet 317
-1793. Her Appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette 318
-M. Necker's Pamphlet designed to save Louis XVI. 318
-1794. Madame de Staël's "Reflections on the Peace" 318
-Death of Madame Necker 318
-1795. M. de Staël resides at Paris as Swedish Minister 319
-Madame de Staël's Residence there considered as an Epoch
-in Society 319
-Reign of the Directory 320
-Napoleon Buonaparte, unfavourable to Madame de Staël 321
-Their Interviews 321
-His Attack on the Helvetian Republic 322
-1798. Madame de Staël retires to M. Necker's at Coppet 322
-She presents a Memorial at Paris in the Name of M. Necker,
-requiring to be erased from the List of Emigrants, and succeeds
-therein 323
-1799. Ætat. 33. She Witnesses the Overthrow of the Directory by
-Buonaparte 323
-Account of Benjamin Constant 324
-Jealousy of Buonaparte on Account of Madame de Staël's
-Influence in Parisian Society 324
-His Interview with M. Necker on his Route to Italy 325
-French Police, and Fouché, Minister 325
-1799. M. de Staël Holstein recalled to Sweden 327
-1802. Ætat. 36. His daughter joins M. Necker at Coppet, and the Baron
-de Staël dies 327
-Publication of her "Delphine" 327
-Critique of that Work 327
-M. Necker's "Last View of Politics and Finance" 328
-Madame de Staël's Affection for her Father 328
-1803. Ætat. 37. She returns to France on the Rupture of the Peace of
-Amiens 329
-Is ordered to quit France within twenty-four Hours 329
-Her Regret on being exiled 330
-1804. She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant, and receives Tidings
-of M. Necker's Decease 330
-She resides at Coppet 330
-Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 330
-Her Education of her Children 331
-1805. Ætat. 39. Her Visit to Italy 331
-Criticism on her "Corinne" 331
-She revisits France and repairs to Rouen 332
-Not having flattered Napoleon in her Writings, she is again
-exiled 333
-She visits Vienna 333
-At Coppet she writes her Work on "Germany" 333, 334
-1810. Ætat. 44. Attempts to publish her "Germany" at Blois; the
-Edition seized, anti she is again banished 334
-Forbidden to visit Aix in Savoy for the Recovery of her Son's
-Health 335
-William Schlegel ordered to quit Coppet by the Authorities 336
-Madame de Staël makes a Tour through Switzerland in company
-of M. de Montmorency 336
-M. de Montmorency exiled 336
-Persecution of Madame de Staël 337
-1810. M. Rocca, a Spanish Officer in the French service, visits Geneva 337
-He offers his Hand to Madame de Staël 338
-Their Marriage 338
-1812. Madame de Staël escapes from Coppet 338
-Travels through Germany and Poland to Russia 338
-Her Reception by the Emperor Alexander at St. Petersburg 339
-Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 339
-She visits Sweden and England 339
-Lord Byron 339, 340
-1814. Louis XVIII., repays to Madame de Staël the two Millions of
-Francs advanced by Necker to Louis XVI. 339
-The Duke de Broglie marries the Daughter of Madame de Staël 340
-Ill-health of M. Rocca 340
-Madame de Staël's Character and Sentiments 341
-1817. Ætat. 51. Her Death in Paris 341
-Death of M. Rocca 341
-Criticism on the Writings of Madame de Staël 342
-The Viscount de Chateaubriand's Opinion of her 343
-Her "Dix Années d'Exil" 343
-Her "Germany" 343
-Her political Sentiments 343
-
-
-
-
-LIVES
-
-OF
-
-EMINENT
-
-LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.
-
-
-
-
-VOLTAIRE
-
-1694-1778.
-
-
-It is impossible to commence the biography of this extraordinary man
-without feelings of apprehension as to our power of well executing the
-task. To write the life of Voltaire in a full and satisfactory manner,
-is to write not only the biography of an individual author, and the
-history of French literature during the course of nearly a century, but
-also of a revolution in the minds of men, in their opinions and rules of
-action, which, if not brought about entirely by him, was fostered and
-supported by his influence, in a manner the most singular and powerful.
-We are apt, as we read his letters, to laugh at the petulance which he
-evinced when attacked, and to reprove the vehemence with which he
-attacked others in return. But when we consider that an absolute monarch
-and a powerful hierarchy supported opinions which he and his friends
-struggled to subvert, we feel that it required all his dogmatic spirit,
-all his bitterness of sarcasm and vehemence of temper, to combat
-opposition, and to support both his own courage and that of his
-followers, in his attempt.
-
-Voltaire has been called the Apostle of Infidelity. He denied the truths
-of revealed religion--he desired to subvert Christianity. He disbelieved
-its divine origin; he was blind to the excellence of its
-morality--insensible to its sublime tenets. It is easy to make his life
-one diatribe against the wickedness and folly of such principles and
-intentions--to intersperse the pages that compose his history with
-various epithets of condemnation of a man so lost to the knowledge of
-truth. But we do not intend to do this. We consider that Voltaire had
-many excuses, and he had also his uses. We do not mean, on the other
-hand, to write an elaborate defence of a system that cannot be defended;
-but we will mention the heads of those topics which we consider
-available for his justification to a certain limited extent.
-
-In the first place, Catholicism is not Christianity. Voltaire's great
-war was against the church of Rome, and more particularly against the
-Gallican church, which was one of great persecution, bigotry, and
-misused power. We turn to the pages that record the history of his
-country, during the years that immediately preceded him, and of his own
-age, and we find them stained with brawls and cruelties, excited and
-exercised by the priesthood. The quarrels of the violinists, the
-Jansenists, the Quietists, and the disgraceful exhibitions of the
-convulsionaries, absorbed so much of the talent, and perverted so much
-the uprightness and charity, of men of first-rate genius, that we turn
-with pity and loathing from the history of the misuse of one of the best
-gifts of God. Voltaire had it deeply at heart to put an end to these
-discussions--to prevent such men as Bossuet and Fénélon from expending
-their vast talents on unworthy squabbles, and to prevent such men as
-Pascal and Racine from sacrificing their talents at the altars of
-superstition. He wished to redeem such of his countrymen as were slaves
-to the priests, from the miseries of bigotry and ignorance; and he most
-ardently desired to liberate those, whose piety was enlightened, from
-persecution at the hands of bigots. The cruelties exercised on the
-Huguenots raised a tumult of generous indignation in his benevolent
-heart; the insolence and barbarity with which the French priesthood
-endeavoured to quell all rebellion to their authority roused his anger
-and pointed his sarcasms. Liberty for the soul was the aim of his
-endeavours. It was a noble and a useful one.
-
-He went too far. There are two classes of minds among men of education.
-Those who live for the affections--for the elegances of literature--for
-moral and intellectual purposes; who are virtuous and enlightened, but
-devoid of enthusiasm for truth or the dissemination of opinion. There is
-another class, to whom what they consider truth is the great all in all.
-It is vain to talk to them of a falsehood or mistake that has its good
-uses; they consider truth, that most glorious attribute of God, as the
-best of all things--the reformer of abuses--the sustainer of the
-unfortunate--the advancer of human excellence--the rock in which we
-ought to put our trust. To them, truth, or what they consider truth, is
-light; falsehood, darkness. Such a mind was Voltaire. He did not
-distinguish the truths of the Gospel from the multifarious, sometimes
-ridiculous, but always pernicious, impostures of papacy. He read of, and
-his heart revolted from, the series of intolerable evils brought upon
-the world by the Roman Catholic religion; he forgot the civilisation
-produced by the Gospel, and even the uses of the system of the church of
-Rome during days of feudal barbarism: he saw only the evil, and visited
-the whole with his reprobation, his ridicule, his unflinching and
-unwearied opposition. He fell into great and mischievous mistakes. As is
-often the case, he destroyed, but he could not construct. France owed to
-his mighty labours and powerful influence a great and swift advance in
-civilisation, and enfranchisement from political and priestly thraldom.
-But he went beyond the useful and right in his struggle; and, not
-contented with warring against superstition, made inroads into the
-blessed fields of rational piety. This must be admitted and censured.
-Let some among us rise to drive him back and barricade him from his
-invasion on revealed religion; but let us do this without, rancour or
-scurrility, feeling grateful at the same time for the good he did
-achieve, and acknowledging our esteem for his motives and abilities. Let
-us, above all, in writing his life, show ourselves just and impartial.
-From the limited nature of this work, we can only present the reader
-with a sketch of his labours and their effects; it is our earnest desire
-that this sketch should be one drawn from undoubted sources, and prove
-itself to the minds of all, a fair, exact, and impartial account of so
-great a man.
-
-François-Marie Arouet was born at Chatenay, 20th of February, 1694. His
-enemies, in after life, displayed their spite by promulgating that his
-father was a peasant--an assertion without foundation. His father was a
-notary by profession, and filled the situation of treasurer of the
-chamber of accounts; a lucrative place, which he occupied with such
-integrity as to save but a small fortune, where others amassed great
-riches. His mother was named Marguerite d'Aumont, of a noble family of
-Poitou. The child was so feeble at the time of his birth that he was not
-expected to survive; he was hastily baptized in the house, nor
-considered sufficiently strong to be carried to church until he was nine
-months old, when he was baptized over again by the parish curate, from
-whom his age was concealed. Condorcet, in his life, remarks the
-singularity that two illustrious men of letters of that day, Voltaire
-and Fontenelle, were both born so feeble as not to be expected to
-survive, and yet lived to extreme age. He might have added the more
-curious instance of their contemporary, the marshal de Richelieu, a six
-months' child, fostered in cotton and reared artificially, who enjoyed
-strong and robust health, and lived till a still more advanced age.
-
-The child was quick and sprightly; he had an elder brother, who was dull
-and sombre. The elder, in progress of time, became a Jansenist, a
-convulsionary, and a bigot; the germ of his tendency to superstition
-existed even in childhood; and the brothers disputed, in prose and
-verse, to the amusement of the family. The abbé de Chateauneuf,
-godfather to François-Marie, took pleasure in educating him, and taught
-him some of La Fontaine's fables. The boy got hold also of a deistical
-ode, attributed to J. B. Rousseau, called the "Mosaide," a poem, which
-said--
-
-
-"Les hommes vains et fanatiques
-Reçoivent, sans difficulté,
-Les fables les plus chimériques;
-Un petit mot d'éternité
-Les rend bénins et pacifiques;
-Et l'on réduit ainsi le peuple hébété
-A baiser les liens dont il est garrotté."
-
-
-This was a singular production to put into a child's hand: it was more
-singular that a child should enter into its meaning. François-Marie
-quoted it against his brother in argument, and his father, frightened at
-the premature wit and freedom of speech his son betrayed, hastened to
-send him to school.
-
-[Sidenote: 1704.
-Ætat.
-10.]
-
-He entered the college of Louis-le-Grand, of which the Jesuits were the
-preceptors. Here the boy learned, not to take part with the Jesuits, but
-to despise the Jansenists, against whom, as an author, he showed himself
-hostile. The talents of the child rendered him a favourite with the
-greater number of his masters; father Porée, professor of rhetoric, saw
-the germ of remarkable talents, which he took great pleasure in
-developing; and, in after life, Voltaire always expressed gratitude for
-his master's encouragement and kindness. Encouragement of a far
-different and of a pernicious sort he received from another professor,
-father le Jay, who entered into arguments with his pupil; was irritated
-by his wit and sophistry; and on one occasion, angrily exclaimed that he
-would become the "Choryphæus of Deism,"--a prophecy which this very
-denunciation helped probably to fulfil. On all sides, the boy found
-admiration for his premature genius. His godfather introduced him to
-Ninon de L'Enclos, then advanced in years, but still full of that warmth
-of intellect and feeling that distinguished her whole career. She
-perceived and appreciated the child's genius, and no doubt her kindness
-and conversation tended to open his mind and refine his wit at a very
-early age. When she died, Ninon left him a legacy to buy books.
-
-On leaving college the abbé de Chateauneuf introduced his godson into
-Parisian society. There had been a time when Louis XIV. assembled the
-most distinguished men of the kingdom at his court, and wit and
-refinement were almost confined to the circles of Versailles. In his old
-age, under the tutelage of madame de Maintenon and his confessors, Louis
-disregarded every merit but that of piety which bore the Molinist stamp.
-Catinat was disgraced, notwithstanding his virtues and military talents,
-because he was suspected of freethinking; the duke de Vendôme was
-reproached bitterly for not going daily to mass: bigotry, hypocrisy, and
-dulness reigned at Versailles. But the king was old, and could no longer
-make his will the fashion of the day. Unfortunately, bigotry and
-hypocrisy are apt to beget their opposites. The society of Paris,
-throwing off the yoke of royal intolerance, gave itself up to pleasure
-and licence. The young Arouet was introduced to the circles whose
-members enjoyed pre-eminence for birth and talent; he became a
-favourite; he wrote verses; he meditated a tragedy: his whole heart was
-devoted to becoming a poet and man of letters. When, on occasion of the
-dispute between Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Saurin, the former was
-banished, the young Arouet took the part of the victim, and exerted
-himself to make a subscription in his favour. He was now known and
-admired by all the first people of Paris, though he failed when he
-wished to bring out a tragedy on the stage, and to be crowned by the
-academy. The actors rejected his play; the academicians preferred
-another poet. The disappointed youth revenged himself by writing a
-satire against his rival.
-
-M. Arouet was deeply pained by the course his son was taking; he
-considered the career of a literary man that of disgrace and ruin. He
-proposed to him to accept the office of counsellor to parliament; his
-son replied, that he would not buy, but earn, distinction. His attempt
-with the academy, and the literary quarrels that ensued, raised his
-father's inquietudes to the greatest height; he threatened his son with
-various marks of his severity, and the quarrel was becoming critical,
-when the marquis de Chateauneuf, ambassador to Holland, offered to take
-him with him to that country in the quality of page. His father readily
-consented to a plan which removed him from a scene where his literary
-ambition was excited by rivalship, and fostered by admiration.
-
-[Sidenote: 1714.
-Ætat.
-20.]
-
-It is, as it appears to us, a most interesting task to inquire into the
-early days of such a man as Voltaire; to find the exterior circumstances
-that influenced his mind, and the passions that were excited in his
-unformed character. The atmosphere of wit and gaiety which Voltaire
-carried with him wherever he went made him a favourite; and this favour
-again imparted zest to his desire for literary advancement. His father's
-opposition produced a thousand struggles in his mind, that tended, in
-the end, to give force to his inclinations: he became eager to exonerate
-himself, and to elevate the profession which he wished to adopt; and
-this gave dignity to his endeavours. Now, torn from his partial friends,
-and thrown on a new scene, his mind was yet further excited to gain
-strength. His curiosity, as to the manners and peculiarities of a
-strange country, was insatiable: he carried everywhere his keen
-observing spirit; and his early travels out of France tended to enlarge
-his understanding, and shake his prejudices.
-
-Youthful passion intruded to disturb his residence in Holland. Madame du
-Noyer was born a Protestant; she abjured her religion when she married;
-and then, desirous of separating from her husband, she made religion the
-pretext, and fled to Holland with her two daughters. She resided at the
-Hague, where she subsisted on a sort of traffic of libels. Fear of the
-Bastille, and the laws against the freedom of the press, restrained the
-busy Parisians from publishing the vast quantity of libels, epigrams,
-and satires, which were continually being manufactured in that
-metropolis: these made their way to Holland; and the collecting of such,
-and publishing them, became a sort of trade,--infamous indeed, but
-lucrative. Madame du Noyer was at once notorious and enriched, by being
-pre-eminent in the traffic. One of her daughters was married; with the
-other--a gentle, amiable girl--Voltaire fell in love. He wished to save
-her out of the hands of such a mother. Madame du Noyer discovered the
-intercourse, and complained to the ambassador, who put his page under
-arrest, and sent an account of his son's attachment to the father. Young
-Arouet meanwhile carried on his intercourse with the young lady by
-stealth, and was again denounced to the marquis by madame du Noyer; he,
-seeing himself in danger of being compromised by the malice of a woman
-whose great desire was to create scandal, and by the perseverance of his
-page, sent him back to Paris. His father, knowing the vehement and
-resolute disposition of his son, was prepared to prevent the continuance
-of his love affair by the severest measures: he obtained an order that
-permitted him either to imprison or to transport him to the isles. The
-poor lawyer, whose career had been one of routine and respectability,
-was rendered equally miserable by both his sons; the elder having
-immersed himself in the Jansenist quarrels: and the old man declared
-that he had two fools for children, one in prose, and the other in
-verse.
-
-On his return to Paris the young Arouet had two objects chiefly at his
-heart;--to take his mistress out of the hands of her infamous mother,
-and to reconcile himself to his father. For the sake of the first, he
-did not scruple to apply to the Jesuits, and to employ religion as the
-pretext. He applied also to M. du Noyer: he interested the court in the
-conversion. It was agreed that mademoiselle du Noyer should be carried
-off, and brought to the convent of New Converts in Paris; but the
-marquis de Chateauneuf opposed himself to so violent a proceeding, and
-the plan fell to the ground. In the sequel, the young lady married the
-baron de Winterfeld, and always preserved a great esteem and friendship
-for her early friend.
-
-The young man was not less earnest to be reconciled to his father. He
-was carried away by innate genius to cultivate literature; but his heart
-was good, and he revolted from the idea of living at variance with his
-parent. He wrote a pathetic letter to him, declaring that he was ready
-to emigrate to America, and to live on bread and water, if only, before
-he went, he were forgiven. M. Arouet was touched by this mark of
-submission; and, on receiving the further one of his son's consent to
-attend the office of a procureur, or attorney, he was reconciled to him.
-
-The young poet became the pupil of M. Alain, an attorney, residing in a
-dark, obscure quarter of Paris. Disagreeable as this change was, it had
-its advantages; it strengthened his habits of industry, and it taught
-him a knowledge of business. Voltaire became in after life a rich man,
-through his excellent management of his affairs: a legal education was
-the foundation of his prosperity. He lightened his labours, also, by
-forming a friendship with another pupil. Thiriot had not his friend's
-talents, but he shared in his youth his enthusiasm for literature: an
-intimacy was formed which lasted Thiriot's life. In spite of various
-acts of faithlessness on the part of the latter, Voltaire remained, to
-the end, constant to his early friend: However, the business of
-procureur became intolerable. He still frequented the society of Paris.
-He had become deeply in love with madame de Villars: he afterwards
-averred that this was the only passion he had ever felt that was
-stronger than his love of study, and caused him to lose time. Its ill
-success made him conquer it; but the society into which he was drawn
-rendered him still more averse to his legal studies. He implored his
-father to permit him to quit them; the old man asked him what other
-profession he would adopt: to this the son could not reply.
-
-He had a friend, M. de Caumartin, who was also acquainted with the
-father, and asked permission that François-Marie should visit him at
-his chateau of St. Ange, where he could deliberate at leisure on his
-future course, and where he would be separated from the connections
-deemed so dangerous. At St. Ange the young poet found a library; and,
-plunging into study, became more than ever eager for the acquisition of
-knowledge. The father of his host was a man of great age; he had been
-familiar with the nobles of the days of Henri IV., and with the friends
-of Sully: his enthusiasm for those times and men was warm and eloquent.
-Voltaire listened to his anecdotes and eulogies with deep interest; and
-began, without yet forming a plan, to write verses in their honour.
-
-The last years of the reign of Louis XIV. had been disastrous, through
-unfortunate wars and pernicious policy. Adversity in various forms
-visited the old age of that illustrious monarch. The generation
-immediately succeeding to him, brought up in his days of glory and
-power, died off; of the young race that remained, its hope and flower,
-the duke of Burgundy, died; he lost another of his grandsons also by
-death, and the third was removed to the throne of Spain. The successor
-to his crown was an infant only five years of age; the successor to his
-power was a prince whose dissolute character inspired the devout with
-hatred, and the thoughtful with sorrow and distrust.
-[Sidenote: 1715.
-Ætat.
-21.]
-It was a moment full of eager interest, when Louis died; the cord that
-held the faggot snapped; and it became doubtful by whom, and in what
-way, it would again be gathered together. The pupil of Dubois became
-regent; the kingdom rang with his intrigues, his debaucheries, and the
-misconduct of his children. But the duke of Orléans, perverted as he was
-as a moral character, was a man of talent, and an enlightened ruler. He
-maintained peace: and though the kingdom was convulsed during his
-regency by the system of Law, yet its general prosperity was increased;
-showing, however speculative and wild a people may be in their financial
-schemes, yet, as long as they are preserved from war, no event can
-materially injure their prosperity. The regent was, to a certain degree,
-king Log, with this exception,--that his libertinism offered a
-pernicious example, which plunged Parisian society in immorality, while
-his toleration gave encouragement to those men of talent whose aim was
-to disseminate knowledge and liberal opinions.
-
-On the death of Louis XIV., young Arouet left St. Ange, and came up to
-Paris to witness the effects of the change. He found the people in a
-delirium of joy; they celebrated the death of their sovereign by getting
-drunk with delight, and by manifesting their detestation of the Jesuits,
-who had so long tyrannised over them. Paris became inundated with
-satires and epigrams: the French, as in the days of the Fronde, were apt
-to signalise their aversions in witty and libellous verses. Voltaire was
-accused of writing a piece of this kind; it was entitled "Les J'ai vu,"
-in which the author enumerates all the abuses and evils he had
-witnessed, and concludes by saying,--
-
-
-J'ai vu ces maux, et je n'ai pas vingt ans.
-
-
-[Sidenote: 1716.
-Ætat.
-22.]
-
-Voltaire was two and twenty, but the difference was slight, and the
-verses were clever; he was accused of being their author, and thrown
-into the Bastille. The solicitations of his powerful friends were of no
-avail to liberate him. His father saw with grief the melancholy
-accomplishment of all his prognostics, and failed in his efforts to
-obtain his release. It was not till the true author of the verses,
-touched by remorse, confessed to having written them, that Voltaire was
-set free.
-
-He passed a whole year in his prison without society or books, or ink
-and paper. We find no mention in his works or letters of the extreme
-sufferings which solitary and unemployed confinement must have inflicted
-on a man as vivacious, sensitive, and restless--delicate in health, and
-vehement in temper--as Voltaire, except in the deep terror with which he
-regarded the possibility of a second imprisonment. Thrown back on the
-stores of his own mind, his latest impressions were those of the
-conversations at St. Ange with the elder Caumartin, and the enthusiasm
-excited for Henri IV. and his contemporaries. The idea of an epic on
-this subject suggested itself. It flattered his honest pride to raise a
-monument of glory to the French nation in the form of a national poem,
-while he was the victim of the government; his literary vanity was
-enticed by the idea of sending his name down to posterity as the author
-of a French epic, a work hitherto unattempted in verse. He composed the
-first two cantos in his dungeon, in his mind, committing them memory;
-and it was his boast that, in all his subsequent improvements, he never
-changed a word in the second canto. He was prouder, in after life, of
-being the author of the "Henriade" than of any other production. His
-contemporaries regarded it with admiration; even our own countryman,
-lord Chesterfield, declares it the best epic in any language, simply
-because, according to the reasons he gives, it is the most devoid of
-imagination.
-
-Epic poetry, in its essence, is the greatest achievement of the human
-intellect. It takes a subject of universal interest; it exalts it by
-solemn and sacred sentiments, and adorns it with sublime and beautiful
-imagery, thus lifting it above humanity into something divine. While the
-mind of man enjoys the attribute of being able to tincture its earthly
-ideas with the glory of something greater than itself in its every day
-guise, which it can only seize by snatches, and embody through the
-exertion of a power granted only to the favoured few, whom we name great
-poets,--and while it can exercise this power in giving grandeur to a
-narration of lofty and sublime incidents,--while this can be done by
-some, and appreciated by many, an epic must continue to rank as the
-crowning glory of literature. We find nothing of all this in the
-"Henriade." The very elevation of the sentiments is rendered commonplace
-by Voltaire's inability to mould language to his thoughts. During the
-whole poem he suffered language to be the shaper of his ideas--not the
-material which he forced to take a shape. In his letters, he quotes
-Fénélon's just opinion, that the French language might be adapted to
-lyrical poetry, but not to epic. He fancies that he disproves this
-assertion in the "Henriade;" while, in fact, he gives it entire
-support.[1] The second canto is the favourite of many French critics.
-They consider the account Henri IV. gives queen Elizabeth of the civil
-struggles of France a masterpiece. It consists of a rapid and forcible
-view of that disastrous period. But it contains no poetry. Voltaire's
-imagination was fertile, versatile, and gay; in some of his tragedies,
-he even rose to the passionate and energetic; but it wanted
-elevation--it wanted the fairy hue--the sublime transfusion of the
-material into the immaterial. It wanted, above all, a knowledge and love
-of nature. There is not a word in the "Henriade" descriptive of scenery,
-or storm, or calm, or night, or day, that is not commonplace, imitative,
-and without real imagery. Of imagery, indeed, he has no notion. Besides
-this, he always acted by his own verses as by those of others, and
-corrected them into tameness. In a word, the "Henriade" has no
-pretensions to success as an epic poem, and is, in whatever view we take
-of it, dull and tiresome. Even in his days it had not enjoyed the
-reputation it reached but for his admirable powers of reciting, by which
-he fascinated the circles of Paris, and the peculiar circumstances that
-rendered every other opinion in France an echo of those circles.[2]
-There is an amusing anecdote told, which shows, however, that the charm
-of his reading did not always suffice to gain unqualified approbation.
-One day so many petty criticisms were flung at him, that, irritated to
-the utmost, he exclaimed, "Then it is only fit to be burnt!" and threw
-the poem into the fire. The president Hainaut sprang forward, and saved
-it, saying, as he gave it back to the author, "You must not think that
-your poem is better than its hero. Yet, notwithstanding his faults, he
-was a great king, and the best of men." "Remember," the president
-afterwards wrote, "that it cost me a pair of lace ruffles to save it
-from the fire."
-
-The chief interest of the poem lies in the era of its conception, and in
-the fact that its composition alienated the horrors of his dungeon. At
-last he was set free. The duke of Orléans being informed of his
-innocence, he was liberated. The regent compensated for the mistake by a
-present of money. Voltaire, on thanking the regent, said, "I thank your
-royal highness for continuing to support me, but I entreat you not to
-burden yourself again with finding me a lodging." The genius and wit,
-however, of Voltaire, continued to expose him to calumny and danger. He
-was suspected of having written the "Philippiques," a clever, but most
-atrocious libel against the regent and his family. His frequent visits
-at Sceaux, the palace of the duchess de Maine, and his intimacy with
-Goerts, caused his name to be mingled in the intrigues which cardinal
-Alberoni excited in France. The regent, however, refused to credit his
-enemies, and limited his displeasure to an intimation that he had better
-absent himself from Paris for a time. Voltaire spent several months in
-going from one friend's chateau to another, being sedulously occupied,
-meanwhile, by the "Henriade" and other literary projects. The most
-important in his eyes was his tragedy of "Œdipus."
-[Sidenote: 1718.
-Ætat.
-24.]
-This piece, commenced at eighteen, altered and altered again, was at
-last brought out, and had the greatest success. This was not solely
-caused by its intrinsic merit. The reputation of the author, its being
-his first tragedy, and the discussions to which it gave rise with regard
-to the ancient and modern theatre, imparted a factitious interest; it was
-attacked and defended on all sides, and pamphlets were daily published
-and hawked about on the subject. To these legitimate sources of interest
-were added the unworthy one of the calumnies in vogue against the duke
-of Orléans, which made the odious subject of the tragedy peculiarly
-piquante.[3]
-
-Voltaire wrote several letters on the treatment of his subject. His
-critique on the tragedies of Sophocles gives us, at once, the measure of
-his taste and learning: nothing can be more contemptible than either.
-The French _soi-disant_ poet was utterly incapable of entering into the
-solemn spirit of the Athenian tragedian, and still less could he
-comprehend his sublime poetry, being even ignorant of the language in
-which it was written. The "Œdipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles is admirable
-as a work of art, and more admirable from a certain majesty that
-sustains the subject and characters to the end, and from the solemn,
-magnificent beauty of the choruses. All this was a dead letter to the
-sprightly Parisian, who admits that had Sophocles lived in his days, he
-had written better, but had never approached the greatness of Racine.
-
-The life of Voltaire was an alternation of pleasure and literary labour,
-which would have been infinitely delightful but for that system of
-caballing which existed in French society, more especially among
-authors. Voltaire had to struggle with the envious and the presumptuous.
-His method of warfare was bold; it was that of attack rather than of
-defence. He was unsparing towards his enemies, and this perpetuated
-hostilities that robbed him of peace and leisure. Add to this, his
-labours were often interrupted by bodily suffering; for, though his
-constitution was strong, he was afflicted by a painful disease. Still
-pleasure waited on his moments of ease and leisure. Sometimes he resided
-in Paris, but much of his time was spent in visiting, by turns, the
-chateaus of the chief nobility; private theatricals, in which his own
-plays were got up with care and splendour, were principal amusements at
-these country residences. While at Maisons, a chateau belonging to the
-president des Maisons, he was seized with the small-pox, on the very eve
-of a festival, during which a comedy was to be acted, and he, himself,
-was to read his tragedy of "Mariamne;" he was attended by Gervasi, who
-treated him in the, then, novel manner, of letting blood and lowering
-remedies, by means of which he recovered. His friend Thiriot came up
-from Normandy, and waited on him with anxious solicitude. When he
-recovered, "Mariamne" was brought out; it went through forty
-representations, though it nearly fell on the first, through the levity
-of a Parisian audience. When, in the fifth act, Mariamne put the cup of
-poison to her lips, a man in the pit called out, "La Reine boit!" On the
-succeeding night the mode of her death was changed. Restless, and on the
-alert for the ridiculous, the danger of saying anything that suggested
-a ludicrous or familiar idea continually hampered a French tragedian;
-yet, with all his vanity and eagerness for success, Voltaire's lively
-spirits made him sometimes jest with peril. When "Œdipus" was acted, he
-went on the stage himself, holding up the train of the high priest, and
-played such antics that the maréchal de Villars asked who the young
-man was who was desirous of getting the piece condemned. This very
-liveliness was, however, a great cause of his universal success. The
-Parisians, and especially the nobility, desired to be amused, and no man
-was ever born so fitted to afford excitement to the circles of the rich
-and gay, as the vain, witty, restless, eager poet, who made a jest of
-everything, yet rendered all instinct with the interest imparted by his
-good heart and versatile talents.
-
-His quarrel with Jean Baptiste Rousseau is characteristic. He visited
-Holland in 1722 with madame Rupelmonde. When passing through Brussels,
-he sought out the poet whom he had befriended in his need, and whose
-talents he admired. They met with delight. Voltaire called him his
-master and judge; he placed his "Henriade" in his hand, and read him
-various of his epistles. All went smilingly for a short time. Rousseau
-read some of his poetry in return. Voltaire did not approve. Rousseau
-was piqued. Various sarcasms were interchanged. Rousseau had composed an
-"Ode to Posterity." Voltaire told him that it would never reach its
-address. A violent quarrel ensued, and Rousseau became his bitter enemy.
-
-A more serious dissension interrupted the routine of his life. One day,
-dining at the table of the duke de Sully, one of his warmest friends, he
-was treated impertinently by the chevalier de Rohan, a man of high
-birth, but disreputable character. The chevalier asked. Who he was?
-Voltaire replied that he did not inherit a great name, but would never
-dishonour that which he bore. The chevalier angrily left the room, and
-took his revenge by causing him to be seized and struck with a cane by
-his servants. Such were the prejudices then existent in the minds of the
-French noblesse, that though the duke de Sully esteemed and even loved
-Voltaire, and held the chevalier de Rohan in contempt, yet the bourgeois
-birth of the former, and noble blood of the latter, caused him to show
-himself perfectly indifferent to the insult. Voltaire resolved to avenge
-himself. He secluded himself from all society, and practised fencing
-carefully. As soon as he considered himself a match for his enemy, he
-sought him out at the opera, and demanded satisfaction. The chevalier
-appointed time and place for a duel, and then acquainted his family. The
-consequence was, the instant arrest of his antagonist, and his
-imprisonment for six months in the Bastille; to which was added the
-further injustice of an order of exile after his liberation from prison.
-
-[Sidenote: 1728.
-Ætat.
-34.]
-
-Voltaire took this opportunity to visit England. He had been acquainted
-with lord and lady Bolingbroke in France. He appreciated the talents of
-the illustrious Englishman, admired his various knowledge, and was
-fascinated by the charms of his conversation. Although he never appears
-to have at all understood the real foundations of English liberty, yet
-he appreciated its effects, especially at a moment when he was suffering
-so grievously from an act of despotism. Liberty of thought was in his
-eyes a blessing superior to every other. He read the works of Locke with
-enthusiasm; and while he lamented that such disquisitions were not
-tolerated in France, he became eager to impart to his countrymen the new
-range of ideas he acquired from the perusal. The discoveries of Newton
-also attracted his attention. He exchanged the frivolities of Paris for
-serious philosophy. He became aware that freedom from prejudice and the
-acquirement of knowledge were not mere luxuries intended for the few,
-but a blessing for the many; to confer and extend which was the duty of
-the enlightened. From that moment he resolved to turn his chief
-endeavours to liberate his country from priestly thraldom and antique
-prejudices. He felt his powers; his industry was equal to his wit, and
-enabled him to use a vast variety of literary weapons. What his
-countrymen deemed poetry, the drama, history, philosophy, and all
-slighter compositions, animated by wit and fancy, were to be put in use
-by turns for this great end. He published his "Henriade" while in
-England. It was better received than it deserved; and the profits he
-gained were the foundation of his future opulence. He wrote the tragedy
-of "Brutus," in which he imagined that he developed a truly republican
-spirit, and a love of liberty worthy of the Romans.
-
-He spent three years in exile. He became eager to return to his country,
-to his friends, and to a public which naturally understood him better,
-and could sympathise more truly with him than the English. He ventured
-over to Paris. For a time his return was known only to a few friends,
-and he resided in an obscure quarter of the capital. By degrees he took
-courage; and the success of various tragedies which he brought out
-raised him high in public favour, and promised greater security for the
-future. He was regarded as the pride of France by the majority of his
-countrymen. The priesthood--accustomed to persecute on the most
-frivolous pretexts of difference of opinion--who had excited Louis XIV.
-to banish the Jansenists and suppress their convents--to exile the
-virtuous Fénélon--to massacre the Huguenots, who had long wielded
-religion as a weapon of offence and destruction, and had risen to a bad
-height of power by its misuse--held him in the sincerest hatred; while
-his attacks, excited by, and founded on, their crimes, unveiled to the
-world a scene which, had it not been rife with human suffering, had been
-worthy only of ridicule. A couplet in "Œdipus" first awakened their
-suspicion and hatred:--
-
-
-"Nos prêtres ne sont point ce qu'un vain peuple pense,
-Notre crédulité fait tout leur science."
-
-
-From that moment they lay in wait to crush him. It needed all his
-prudence to evade the effects of their enmity. There was a party in
-Paris, indeed, who went to the opposite extreme, by which he was
-idolised--a party which saw no medium between the superstition upheld by
-the clergy and direct disbelief, which it termed philosophy. This,
-indeed, is one of the chief mischiefs of Catholicism--by demanding too
-much of faith, it engenders entire infidelity; and by making men, sinful
-as ourselves, the directors of the conduct and thoughts, it injures the
-moral sense and deadens the conscience. The party in opposition had not
-yet risen to the height of talent it afterwards displayed; but it
-sufficed, through the rank, abilities, and number of the persons of whom
-it was composed, to encourage Voltaire in his career. Another chief
-support was derived from the liberal independence of means which he had
-attained. He inherited a competent fortune from his father and brother;
-the profits of "Œdipus" added to it; the duke of Orléans had made him
-presents; the queen of Louis XV. bestowed a pension on him; the edition
-of the "Henriade," brought out in London, augmented his means
-considerably: he was economical and careful. A fortunate speculation in
-a lottery instituted to pay the debts of the city of Paris, in which,
-from certain happy calculations, he was the chief winner, raised him to
-opulence. He was charitable and benevolent; and though, in his letters,
-we find allusions to his donations, this is never done ostentatiously,
-but with the plain speech of a man who, having fabricated his own
-fortune, knows the value of money, and keeps strict account of his
-expenditure. At this juncture we may also speak, of his change of name.
-It was the custom, as is well known, for the younger branches of noble
-families in France to assume the name of some estate, so to distinguish
-themselves from their relations. In the middling ranks the same custom
-was in a manner followed. Boileau took the name of Despréaux, and his
-younger brother that of Puy Morin, to distinguish themselves from the
-elder. People in this rank did not assume the _de_--distinctive of
-territorial possession. François-Marie Arouet thought it worth while,
-however, to purchase the estate of Voltaire (as Madame Searron, at Louis
-XIV.'s instigation, had that of Maintenon), as a means of elevating
-himself to a more respectable position in the eyes of his
-contemporaries. He succeeded; and though, to our ears, Arouet had
-sounded as well as Voltaire, did it stand in the title-page of his
-works; in his own day, in spite of various petty attacks from his
-enemies, the one he assumed was regarded by his countrymen with greater
-complacency.
-
-The heyday of youth was passing away with Voltaire; his vivacity was
-still the same: but, from the period of his return from his exile in
-England, he began to look differently on life; and while he still
-regarded literary labour as his vocation, literary glory as the aim of
-his existence, he grew indifferent to the pleasures of society. At one
-time he meditated expatriating himself; thus to acquire liberty of
-writing and publishing without fear of the Bastille. His attachment for
-madame du Châtelet caused him to alter this plan. This lady was
-distinguished for her learning, her love of philosophy, and talent for
-the abstruse sciences. She was witty, and endowed with qualities
-attractive in society; but she preferred study, and the acquisition of
-literary renown, in seclusion. This friend induced Voltaire to remain in
-France, but strengthened his purpose of retiring from Paris. Various
-persecutions were, however, in wait for him before he gained a tranquil
-retreat.
-
-Voltaire wrote his tragedies as a means of gaining public favour. He
-knew his countrymen. As a sovereign of the French must gather popularity
-by leading them to victory and military glory, so must an author, who
-would acquire their favour, achieve eminent success, at once to raise
-their enthusiasm, and to gratify their vanity, by making them
-participate in the greatness of his name. On his return from England,
-Voltaire determined to acquire the popular favour, by his triumphs in
-the drama. At first he was not as successful as he wished: his "Brutus"
-fell coldly on the gay, excitement-hunting Parisians; "Eryphile," on
-which he spent excessive pains,--remodelling and re-writing different
-portions again and again,--had faults that the author's quick eye
-discerned at once to be incurable, and he withdrew it after the first
-representation. "Zaire" repaid him for these disappointments;--"Zaire,"
-which, whatever its faults may be, is so fresh, so eloquent, so deeply
-and naturally pathetic. This play was written in twenty-two days. It was
-a happy thought.
-[Sidenote: 1732.
-Ætat.
-38.]
-Voltaire writes concerning it: "I never worked so fast; subject carried
-me on, and the piece wrote itself. I have tried to depict what has been
-long in my head,--Turkish manners contrasted with Christian manners; and
-to unite, in the same picture, all that our religion has of dignified,
-and even tender, with an affecting and passionate love." Two months
-afterwards, he writes: "I wish you had witnessed the success of 'Zaire;'
-allow me to enjoy freely, with you, the pleasure of succeeding. Never
-was piece played so well as 'Zaire' at the fourth representation. I wish
-you had been there; you would have seen that the public does not hate
-your friend. I appeared in a box, and the whole pit clapped. I blushed,
-and hid myself; but I should be deceitful did I not confess that I was
-deeply moved;--it is delightful not to be put to shame in one's own
-country." But, after this triumph, he laboured to correct his piece. He
-feared, he said, to have owed too much to the large dark eyes of
-mademoiselle Gaussin, and to the picturesque effect produced by the
-mingling of plumes and turbans on the stage. He felt, for the moment,
-that he had arrived at the height of literary renown, and that his task
-was nearly fulfilled. "What labour and pains I go through," he writes, "or
-this smoke of vain glory! Yet what should we do without the chimæra?
-it is as necessary to the soul as food to the body. I shall re-write
-'Eryphile,' and the 'Death of Cæsar,'--all for this smoke. Meanwhile I
-am correcting the 'History of Charles XII.' for an edition in Holland;
-and when this is done, I shall finish the 'Letters on England,' which
-you know of,--that will be a month's work; after which I must return to
-my dramas, and finish, at lastly the 'History of the Age of Louis XIV.'
-This, dear friend, is the plan of my life."
-
-New persecutions were in store for him, to disturb his schemes.
-Mademoiselle de Couvreur was the most eminent actress of the time; she
-was his friend, and had shown her generosity by attending on him at the
-dangerous moment of his attack of small pox. She was worthy of his good
-opinion; there was a dignity in her character which imparted the chief
-charm to her acting, and rendered her estimable in private life. When
-she died, according to the insulting practice of the French clergy,
-burial rites and holy ground were denied the corpse, and she was
-interred on the banks of the Seine. Voltaire could not restrain his
-indignation. Warmed by esteem for his friend, and contempt for the
-priesthood, he wrote her apotheosis, which drew on him the outcry of
-impiety, and forced him to conceal himself for some months in a village
-of Normandy.
-
-Scarcely had this storm passed off, than another broke over him. His
-exile in England occurred during the reign of George II., at a time when
-literature boasted of great and glorious names; and if the principles of
-political liberty were less well understood than now, they appeared in a
-highly flourishing condition to the Frenchman. He regarded with
-admiration the blessings derived from toleration in religion, a
-comparatively free government, a press unfettered by a censorship, and
-the general diffusion of knowledge. He wished to describe these things
-and their effects to his countrymen, and he wrote his "Lettres sur les
-Anglais." There is nothing--save a passing Voltairian sarcasm here and
-there--to shock our notions in this work. It begins with an account of
-the Quakers,--to demonstrate that dissent in religion, joined to
-independence of thought and action, could accord with a peaceable
-fulfilment of the duties of a subject. He commences with a humorous
-description of a Quaker, to whom he was introduced, who receives him
-with his hat on, and without making a bow; speaks to him with the thee
-and thou, and defends the peculiar tenets of his sect. He goes on to
-give the history of Fox and Penn. Other letters concern the parliament,
-the government, the encouragement given to literary men, and literature
-itself, of the introduction of inoculation; and then comes his main
-topic,--the discoveries of Newton, and the philosophy of Locke. It is a
-work that would have excited no censure in England; but he was well
-aware that both it and its author would be denounced in France. When he
-thought of publishing it, he at the same time entertained the plan of
-expatriation; when he relinquished this, he meant to suppress his book;
-but it was published through the treachery of a bookseller. A _lettre de
-cachet_ was granted against him, of which he received timely notice, and
-left Paris to conceal himself at Cirey, while he gave out that he was in
-England. The volume itself was publicly burnt. He obtained a cessation
-of the persecution by causing the edition to be given up; but he did not
-return to Paris, and continued to inhabit the chateau of Cirey, in
-Champagne, a property of the marquis du Châtelet, where he and his
-wife, and their illustrious friend, lived for the space of six years in
-seclusion and laborious study.
-
-We have, from various sources, descriptions of the life he led at Cirey;
-not a little instructive from the light they throw on human nature, and
-on Voltaire's own character. Voltaire tells us, himself, in his
-"Fragment of Memoirs," that, weary of the idle, turbulent life led at
-Paris, of the pretensions of the silly, the cabals of the wicked, and
-persecutions of bigots, he resolved to pass some years in the country at
-the chateau of madame du Châtelet. This lady had received a careful
-education, was perfectly mistress of the Latin language, but her
-inclination led her to prefer the study of metaphysics and mathematics.
-Her ardour for the acquisition of knowledge was unspeakably great, and
-she longed for retirement, where she might dedicate her whole time to
-study. Voltaire taught her English: she read Leibnitz and Newton. Both
-she and her friend aspired to the prize given by the Academy of Science,
-for a treatise on fire; and their essays were mentioned with praise,
-though the prize was gained by the celebrated Euler. Voltaire was told,
-however, by an enlightened friend, that he would never be great in
-science. He was glad of this. The arguments and taste of madame du
-Châtelet, and his own love of all that was absolutely and demonstrably
-true, led him to cultivate abstruse science; but the bent of his genius
-and imagination, fertile of plot, situation, and development of passion,
-made him turn with delight to the composition of tragedies, the
-investigation of the philosophy of history, and the writing lighter
-productions, in which he gave full scope to his sarcastic spirit, his
-wit, and, we grieve to add, the impurity of his imagination: for this
-was the great defect of Voltaire, arising from his inability to
-appreciate the sublime, and his contempt of what he considered monkish
-virtues, that he loved to indulge in jests, the point of which lay in
-the grossest indecency. Having broken loose from the fetters of
-mathematics, he wrote "Alzire," "Mérope," "The Prodigal Child," and
-"Mahomet." He laboured at his "Essay on the Manners and Spirit of
-Nations;" he collected materials for the "History of the Age of Louis
-XIV.;" and he relaxed from these labours by writing the "Pucelle
-d'Orléans." One of his chief amusements, also, was bringing out his
-tragedies at his private theatre. He was a good actor, and an admirable
-teacher of the art.
-
-Somewhat in contrast to the sort of fairy splendour and paradisaical
-happiness which, from his memoirs and letters, we might judge to have
-been the portion of the inhabitants of Cirey, we have another account,
-which does not indeed derogate from the character of Voltaire himself,
-but which casts gloomy and tempestuous shadows over the picture of his
-retirement. This account is worth quoting; though, as we shall
-afterwards mention, the fair writer, from private reasons, represented
-madame du Châtelet in darker colours than she merited.
-
-When the marquis and marchioness du Châtelet resolved on inhabiting
-Cirey, the chateau was in a state of dilapidation. A portion of it was
-repaired, and furnished with princely magnificence; partly at the
-expense of the owners, chiefly, it would seem, at Voltaire's, who built
-a gallery and bath rooms, decorated his apartments with inlaid works of
-marble, and adorned them with a variety of precious works of art.
-
-Usually the family party was nearly uninterrupted. Madame du Châtelet
-disliked receiving visitors who should intrude on her hours of study.
-How the marquis regarded the severe labours of his wife, and the
-permanent residence of his guest, we are not told; but he seems to have
-been easy and complaisant. When visitors arrived, Voltaire exerted
-himself to entertain them by acting plays, and by calling into
-requisition the stores of his own mind, which, various and prolific,
-never failed to enchant. There was a lady, madame de Graffigny, who had
-been very unfortunate through the ill conduct of her husband.
-[Sidenote: 1738.
-Ætat.
-44.]
-She at last obtained a divorce; but she was poor, and nearly friendless.
-She was asked to spend a few weeks at Cirey, and joyfully accepted the
-flattering invitation. She had been residing at Lunéville, at the court
-of the ex-king of Poland: she left there a friend, who had beep brought
-up with her as a brother; and to him she poured out, in her letters, her
-enthusiasm, her joy, and her subsequent disappointment and misery.
-
-From the beginning, Voltaire acquired all her kindness by the cordiality
-and friendliness of his reception, and the great and delicate attention
-he paid to her comfort; while madame du Châtelet lost it by her
-coldness and selfishness. Still the wit and talent of both made it at
-first enchanted ground. "Supper was announced to me," she writes, "and I
-was shown to an apartment which I recognised as Voltaire's. He came
-forward to receive me; we placed ourselves at table--I was indeed happy.
-We conversed on all subjects; poetry, the arts and sciences; and all in
-a light and witty tone. I wish I could give you an account of his
-charming, his enchanting conversation; but I cannot. The supper was not
-abundant, but it was recherché, delicate, and good, and served on a
-good deal of plate. Voltaire, placed next me, was as polite and
-attentive as he is amusing and learned. The marquis was on my other
-side--this is my place every evening; and thus my left ear is softly
-charmed, while the right is but very slightly ennuied, for the marquis
-speaks little, and retires as soon as we rise from table."
-
-She describes the apartments of madame du Châtelet and Voltaire as
-magnificent. His was hung with crimson velvet and gold fringe, the walls
-were covered with pictures and looking-glasses, and the room crowded
-with articles of luxury in worked silver. It opened into a small gallery
-wainscotted with yellow wood, adorned by statues, furnished with books,
-and filled with tables covered with curiosities and porcelain; opening
-on a grotto that led to the garden. The rooms of madame du Châtelet
-were far more elegant and rich; splendid with mirrors in silver frames,
-and adorned with pictures of the first French artists. Her boudoir, of
-which, in her vivacious style, the guest said, "you were ready to kneel
-and worship for its elegant magnificence," opened on a terrace
-commanding a beautiful prospect: the whole was a model of luxury, taste,
-and elegance. Unfortunately, however, in repairing and furnishing, no
-attention had been paid to any apartments but those occupied by madame
-du Châtelet and Voltaire. Discomfort reigned everywhere else. Poor
-madame de Graffigny was placed in an immense chamber, ill furnished--the
-wind entering at a thousand crevices--which it was impossible to warm,
-in spite of all the wood that was burnt. "In short," she says, "all that
-does not belong to the lady or Voltaire is in a most disgusting state of
-discomfort."
-
-However, talent spread its charm over the place, although madame du
-Châtelet, from the first, was no favourite with her guest, yet she
-allows that she talked well, sang divinely; was witty, eloquent, and,
-when she chose, pleasing; but, devoted to the study of abstruse
-mathematics, she gave up nearly her whole time, night and day, to these
-labours. Their way of life was regulated by their excessive industry. No
-one appeared till twelve o'clock, when coffee was announced in
-Voltaire's gallery for the chosen guests, while the marquis and others
-dined. At the end of half an hour Voltaire bowed his friends out; each
-retired to their room, and did not assemble again till nine for supper.
-This was the chosen season for conversation and enjoyment. He read to
-them passages from his works, he showed a magic lantern, and exerted all
-his wit, his buffoonery, and knowledge in the explanations. Froward as a
-child, amiable as a woman, always full of vivacity, his conversation was
-an exhaustless source of laughter and delight. When any guests were
-there whom they were peculiarly desirous of pleasing, everything was
-done for their amusement: plays were acted--no moment of repose
-allowed--all was gaiety and pleasure. "Voltaire," she writes, "is always
-charming, always occupied with amusing me; he is never weary of paying
-attention; he is uneasy if I seem the least ennuied. In short, I find,
-from experience, that agreeable occupation is the charm of life. The
-lady, at first a little cold, grows kinder, and we are become
-familiar."--"Voltaire read us two cantos of his Joan, and we had a
-delightful supper. Madame du Châtelet sang with her divine voice; we
-laughed, we knew not why--we sang canons--it was a supper during which
-gaiety made us say and do we knew not what; and we laughed at
-nothing."--"The Marionettes have greatly diverted me; they are
-delightful: the piece was played in which Punch's wife hopes to kill her
-husband by singing _fagnana fagnana._ It was delicious to hear Voltaire
-say, seriously, that the piece was excellent. It is silly, is it not, to
-laugh at such follies? Yet I laughed. Voltaire is as delightful a child
-as he is a wise philosopher."--"This morning we were to hear an epistle
-read; but the fair lady was still in the same merry humour of yesterday;
-and she began to joke Voltaire, who, holding his epistle in his hand,
-parodied it against her in the most delightful manner: in short, there
-was no reading. He laughed at first, but was a little annoyed at last.
-For myself, I was ashamed to laugh so much; but there was so much wit;
-each word came and shone like lightning, and all accompanied by such
-vivacity and pleasantry that Heraclitus himself must have laughed."--"We
-had the Marionettes again. Voltaire declared that he was jealous. Do you
-know that I think that Voltaire shows genius in laughing at these
-follies. I sat next him to-day; it was a delightful seat. Yesterday
-evening he read an epistle which the fair lady criticised most wittily."
-
-At other times, every hour was given to labour. Voltaire spent the
-entire day writing: "Does he leave his work for a quarter of an hour
-during the day," writes his guest, to pay me a visit, he does not sit
-down, saying that the time lost in talking is frightful--that no moment
-ought to be wasted, and loss of time is the greatest expense of all.
-This has gone on for a month. "When we come in to sup he is at his desk;
-we have half done before he joins us, and he is with difficulty
-prevented from returning immediately after. He exerts himself to amuse
-us during the meal; but evidently from sheer politeness: his thoughts
-are far away." Madame du Châtelet was even more industrious. "She
-spends her whole nights till five or six in the morning, writing; when
-she finds herself overcome by sleep, she puts her hands in iced water,
-and walks about the room to rouse herself. After this, instead of
-sleeping till the middle of the day, she rises at nine or ten. In short,
-she only gives two hours to sleep, and never leaves her desk except for
-coffee and supper." This hard labour was productive of great ennui to
-their guests, and considerable ill health to themselves; especially to
-Voltaire, whose constitution was feeble: but the result with him was,
-his voluminous works; and with her, a degree of scientific knowledge
-surpassing that attained by almost every other adept of the day. Her
-essays were full of most abstruse reasoning, and written in a clear and
-elegant style. Madame de Graffigny had the highest opinion of her
-understanding. "I have been reading her dissertation on fire; it is
-written with admirable clearness, precision, and force of argument. I
-beg Voltaire's pardon, but it is far superior to his. What a woman! How
-little do I feel beside her! If my body grew as small, I could pass
-through a key-hole. When women do write, they surpass men; but it
-requires centuries to form a woman like this." Unfortunately, all this
-talent was darkened by a vehement and irritable temper. By degrees the
-truth became manifest, that these sages quarrelled violently. In madame
-de Graffigny's account, some of these disputes are very whimsical. These
-are trifles; but they display the inner nature of the man better than
-more important events, and deserve record. Voltaire was writing the "Age
-of Louis XIV.," in which he took great pride and pleasure, although from
-the tyranny then existing in France, the publishing of it would have
-doomed him to the Bastille. Madame du Châtelet locked up the
-manuscript, and would not let him finish it. "He is dying to do so,"
-madame de Graffigny writes; "it is the work, of all his, which he
-prefers. She justifies herself by saying there is little pleasure in
-writing a book that cannot be printed. I exhort him to go on, and to be
-satisfied with the immortality he will gain. He said, yesterday, that
-assuredly he would finish it, but not here. She turns his head with her
-geometry; she likes nothing else."--"One day, being indisposed, the lady
-could not write; so she went to bed, and sent for me, saying that
-Voltaire would read his tragedy of 'Mérope.' When he came, she took it
-into her head that he should change his coat. He objected, on the score
-that he might catch cold, but at last had the complaisance to send for
-his valet to get another coat. The servant could not be found. Voltaire
-thought himself let off. Not at all: she recommenced her persecution
-till Voltaire got angry. He said a few words in English, and left the
-room. He was sent for; but replied he was taken ill. Adieu to
-'Mérope!'--I was furious. Presently a visitor came, and I said I would
-go to see Voltaire, and the lady told me to try to bring him back. I
-found him in excellent humour, quite forgetful of his illness; but it
-returned when we were sent for, and he was very sullen." Another time
-she writes: "I pity poor Voltaire, since he and his friend cannot agree.
-Ah, dear friend! where is there happiness on earth for mortals? We are
-always deceived by appearances: at a distance, we thought them the
-happiest people in the world; but, now that I am with them, I discern
-the truth."
-
-Nor was the lady always the peccant person. On one occasion madame de
-Graffigny writes: "Voltaire is in a state resembling madness. He
-torments his friend till I am forced to pity her. She has made me her
-confidant. Voltaire is really mad. One day we were about to act a
-comedy--every one was ready, when the post came in; he received
-unpleasant letters: he burst forth into exclamations of anguish, and
-fell into a species of convulsions. Madame du Châtelet came to me with
-tears in her eyes, and begged me to put off the play. Yesterday he had
-an interval of quiet, and we acted. How strange that, with all his
-genius, he should be so absurd!"
-
-Voltaire's disquiet arose from some defamatory attacks made on him by J.
-B. Rousseau and the abbé Desfontaines. We have seen the history of his
-intercourse with the former; it was unworthy the poet to revenge himself
-by libels. Voltaire had exerted his influence to save Desfontaines when
-accused of a capital offence: he was repaid by the publication of
-calumnies. The attacks deserved contempt only; but Voltaire could not be
-brought to this opinion: "I must have reparation," he writes to a
-friend, "or I die dishonoured. Facts and the most shocking impostures
-are in question. You know not to what a degree the abbé Desfontaines is
-the oracle of the provinces. I am told that he is despised in Paris; yet
-his 'Observations' sell better than any other work. My silence drives
-him to despair, you say. Ah, how little do you know him! He will take my
-silence as a mark of submission; and I shall be disgraced by the most
-despicable man alive, without the smallest act of revenge--without
-justifying myself."
-
-With these feelings he thought it necessary to write a defence. He
-proposed, at one time, entering on a lawsuit. And, to add to his
-troubles, his friend Thiriot acted a weak, tergiversating part. Weak in
-health, irritated in temper by excessive application, he was in a state
-of too great excitement to judge calmly and act with dignity. For six
-months every occupation was postponed to his desire of vengeance; a
-serious attack of illness was the consequence. With this unfortunate
-susceptibility when defamed, we must contrast his patience under every
-other species of annoyance, and his constant benevolence. He suffered
-various pecuniary losses at this time, but never complained, nor ceased
-to benefit several literary men who had no resource except in his
-generosity.
-
-To return to Cirey and its letter-writing guest. Madame de Graffigny's
-own turn for suffering came at last. The bigotry and severity of the
-French government with regard to the press, while cardinal Fleuri was
-minister, kept Voltaire and his friend in a continual state of
-uneasiness. Twice since his retirement to Cirey he had been obliged to
-fly to Holland to escape a _lettre de cachet_; and, meanwhile, he could
-not resist writing satires on religion and government, which he read to
-his friends; and, their existence becoming known, the cardinal was on
-the alert. He had declared that if his burlesque of the "Pucelle"
-appeared, the author should end his days in the Bastille. Madame du
-Châtelet was more cautious and more fearful than Voltaire himself; and
-the imprudence of the latter, and the frightful evils that impended, did
-any treacherous friend either lay hands on any portion of the
-manuscript, or have a memory retentive enough to write it after it was
-read aloud, is in some degree an excuse for the otherwise unpardonable
-liberty she took to waylay, open, and read the letters of her guests.
-Madame de Graffigny had been delighted with a canto of "Joan," and sent
-a sketch of its plan in a letter to her friend. M. Devaux, in answer,
-simply replied, "The canto of 'Joan' is charming." The letter containing
-these words was opened by madame du Châtelet. Her terror distorted the
-meaning of the phrase, and represented in frightful colours the evil
-that would ensue; for she fancied that madame de Graffigny had in some
-manner possessed herself of, and sent to Lunéville, a canto of a poem
-so forbidden and guarded, that she had prevented Voltaire from
-communicating any portion of it to the prince royal of Prussia, lest any
-accidental discovery should be made. The storm broke unexpectedly and
-frightfully. Voltaire learnt and shared his friend's apprehensions. As
-a means of discovering the extent of the mischief, he, unexpectedly, the
-same evening, after madame de Graffigny had retired to her room, and was
-occupied writing letters, visited her there, saying, that he was ruined,
-and that his life was in her hands; and in reply to her expressions of
-astonishment, informed her that a hundred copies of one of the cantos of
-"Joan" were about in the world, and that he must fly to Holland,--to the
-end of the world--for safety; that M. du Châtelet was to set out for
-Lunéville; and that she must write to her friend Devaux to collect all
-the copies. Madame de Graffigny, charmed that she had an opportunity of
-obliging her kind host, assured him of her zeal, and expressed her
-sorrow that such an accident should happen while she was his guest. On
-this, Voltaire became furious: "No tergiversation, madam," he cried.
-"You sent the canto!" Her counter-asseverations were of no avail--she
-believed herself the most unlucky person in the world that the suspicion
-should fall on her. In vain she protested. Voltaire at length asserted
-that Devaux had read the canto sent by her to various persons, and that
-madame du Châtelet had the proof in her pocket: her justification was
-not attended to by the angry poet, who declared that he was
-irretrievably ruined. In the midst of this frightful scene, which had
-lasted an hour, madame du Châtelet burst into the room: her violence,
-her abuse, and insulting expressions overwhelmed her poor guest.
-Voltaire in vain endeavoured to calm her. At length madame de Graffigny
-was informed of the cause of the tumult and accusation; she was shown
-the phrase in her correspondent's letter,--"The canto of 'Joan' is
-charming;"--she understood and explained its meaning. Voltaire believed
-her on the instant, and made a thousand apologies. His friend was less
-placable. Madame de Graffigny was obliged to promise to write for her
-own letter containing the account of the canto of the poem, to prove her
-innocence. She did this; and till it came all her letters were opened:
-she was treated with haughtiness by the lady, and remained shut up in
-her own room, solitary and sad; for, to crown her misfortunes, the poor
-woman had not a sous in the world, and could not escape from a place
-where she was exposed to so much insult. At length her letter was
-returned. Madame du Châtelet took care to waylay it, and satisfied
-herself by reading it; and then, a few days after, she apologised to her
-unfortunate guest; and, fearful, indeed, of her ill report on the
-subject, became remarkably civil and kind. Voltaire conducted himself
-much better. "I believe," madame de Graffigny writes, "that he was
-entirely ignorant of the practice of opening my letters; he appeared to
-believe my simple word, and saw the illness I suffered, in consequence,
-with regret. He often visited me in my room, shed tears, and said that
-he was miserable at being the cause of my suffering. He has never once
-entered my room without the humblest and most pathetic apologies; he
-redoubled his care that I should be well attended; he even said that
-madame du Châtelet was a terrible woman--that she had no flexibility of
-heart, though it was good. In short, I have every reason to be content
-with Voltaire."
-
-Such was the paradise of Cirey. The arduous study and ill health of
-Voltaire, the mental labours of his friend, their very accomplishments
-and wit, tended, probably, to irritate tempers, irritable in themselves.
-As to the poem, the cause of the storm, it had certainly better never
-have been written than occasion so much fear, and pain, and misconduct.
-We confess we have never read it. Its framework is indecency and
-ridicule of sacred things; chiefly, indeed, of the legends of the
-saints, which is more excusable; but still the whole is conceived in bad
-taste. We cannot understand the state of manners when such a poem could
-be read aloud to women; and we feel that we are scarcely fair judges of
-persons living in a system and actuated by motives so contrary to our
-own: so that, while we thank God we are not like them, we must be
-indulgent to faults which we have not any temptation to commit.
-
-Voltaire's residence at Cirey was marked by the commencement of his
-correspondence with Frederic the Great, then prince royal of Prussia. It
-is well known that this sovereign passed a youth of great
-suffering--that he was imprisoned for an endeavour to escape from the
-state of servitude to which his father reduced him. His dearest friend
-was executed before his eyes, and measures taken that he himself should
-be condemned to death. To avoid a recurrence of these misfortunes, he
-lived in a most retired manner during the remainder of his father's
-life; given up to the cultivation of poetry and the study of
-philosophy. He shared the universal admiration entertained of Voltaire's
-genius, and his noble daring in breaking down the obstacles which the
-government and clergy of France threw in the way of the diffusion of
-knowledge, and his resolution in devoting his life to authorship. He
-addressed a letter to him at Cirey, requesting a correspondence.
-Voltaire could not fail of being highly flattered by a prince, the heir
-to a throne, who wrote to him that "Cirey should be his Delphos, and his
-letters oracles." Voltaire was far from being behindhand in compliments.
-He writes: "I shed tears of joy on reading your letter--I recognise a
-prince who will assuredly be the delight of the human race. I am in
-every way astonished: you speak like Trajan, you write like Pliny, and
-you express yourself in French as well as our best writers. What a
-difference between men! Louis XIV. was a great king--I respect his
-memory; but he had not your humanity, nor spoke French as well. I have
-seen his letters; he did not know the orthography of his own language.
-Berlin will be, under your auspices, the Athens of Germany--perhaps of
-Europe." The compliments on both sides were to a great degree sincere.
-Frederic shared the enthusiastic, almost, worship in which Voltaire was
-then generally held--and Voltaire regarding sovereigns and princes as
-powerful enemies, or at best as mischievous animals, whom it was
-necessary to stroke into innocuousness, was carried away by his delight
-in finding one who adopted his own principles--looked up to him as a
-master, and added to the value of his admiration, the fact of being
-himself a man of genius. After Voltaire had quarrelled with him, he
-spoke in a jocular tone of their mutual flattery; but still in a way
-that shows how deeply it sank at the time. "The prince," he writes,
-"employed his leisure in writing to the literary men of France, and the
-principal burden of his correspondence fell on me. I received letters in
-verse, metaphysical, historical, and political. He treated me as a
-divine man; I called him Solomon; epithets which cost us nothing. Some
-of these follies have been printed among my works; but, fortunately, not
-the thirtieth part. I took the liberty to send him a very beautiful
-writing desk; he was kind enough to present me with some trifles in
-amber; and the coffee-house wits of Paris fancied, with horror, that my
-fortune was made. He sent a young Courlander, named Keyserling,--no bad
-writer of French verses himself,--from the confines of Pomerania, to us
-at Cirey. We gave him a fête, and a splendid illumination in which the
-cipher of the prince was hung with lamps, with the device, "The Hope of
-the Human Race." In his pique, Voltaire speaks too slightingly. Had he
-not been a prince, the correspondence of Frederic was worth having; it
-is full of good sense and philosophical remark. It was a more
-disagreeable task to correct his verses. Yet these are by no means had;
-they are nearly as good as Voltaire's own. There is less pretension, but
-often more spirit. The whole mass has no real claim to be called poetry;
-and in these days nobody reads either: but when they were written, and
-had the gloss of novelty, and the interest of passing events and living
-men appended, they were at least respectable specimens of a talent,
-which in its own sphere could attain much higher things.
-
-The residence at Cirey was broken up by the necessity of attending to a
-lawsuit of madame du Châtelet at Brussels, and she and her husband and
-Voltaire proceeded thither.
-[Sidenote: 1740.
-Ætat.
-46.]
-At this period Frederic succeeded to the throne of Prussia. The
-demonstrations of his friendship for Voltaire continued as fervent as
-ever. "See in me only, I entreat you," he writes, "a zealous citizen, a
-somewhat sceptical philosopher, but a truly faithful friend. For God's
-sake write to me simply as a man; join with me in despising titles,
-names, and all exterior splendour." Voltaire replied, "Your majesty
-orders me, when I write, to think of him less as a king than as a man.
-This is a command after my own heart. I know not how to treat a king;
-but I am quite at my ease with a man whose head and heart are full of
-love for the human race." Frederic, now that he was emancipated from his
-father's control, was most eager to see Voltaire. He asked him to visit
-him. Voltaire considered his friendship with madame du Châtelet as of
-more worth than the protection of a king; for although, through vivacity
-of temper and absence of self-control, they quarrelled, there was a deep
-feeling of mutual kindness and sympathy on both sides. The king had been
-ready to lavish compliments on the "divine Emily;" but his indifference
-to women, and his many and important occupations, made him shrink from
-receiving a French court lady, full of wit, caprice, and
-self-importance. He wrote: "If Emily must accompany Apollo, I consent;
-but if I can see you alone, I should prefer it." It ended in Frederic's
-forming the plan of including Brussels in a tour he made, and visiting
-his friend there. Voltaire's own account of their interview is full of
-spirit and pleasantry; showing how, in reality, a Frenchman, accustomed
-to the splendour and etiquette of his native court, could ill comprehend
-the simplicity and poverty of Prussia. He writes: "The king's ambassador
-extraordinary to France arrived at Brussels; as soon as he alighted at
-an inn, he sent me a young man, whom he had made his page, to say that
-he was too tired to pay me a visit, but begged me to come to him, and
-that he had a rich and magnificent present for me from the king, his
-master. 'Go quickly,' cried madame du Châtelet, 'I dare say he brings
-you the crown jewels.' I hurried off, and found the ambassador, who,
-instead of port-manteau, had behind his carriage a quarter of wine,
-belonging to the late king, which the reigning sovereign ordered me to
-drink. I exhausted myself in protestations of surprise and gratitude for
-this liquid mark of his majesty's goodness, substituted for the solid
-ones he had given me a right to expect, and I shared the wine with
-Camas. My Solomon was then at Strasbourg. The fancy had taken him while
-visiting his long and narrow dominions, which reached from Gueldres to
-the Baltic sea, to visit, incognito, the frontiers and troops of France.
-He took the name, at Strasbourg, of the count du Four, a rich Bohemian
-nobleman. He sent me, at Brussels, an account of his travels, half
-prose, half verse, in the style of Bachaumont and Chapelle; that is, as
-near the style as, a king of Prussia could attain; telling of had roads
-and the passport he was obliged to give himself, which, having with him
-a seal with the arms of Prussia, he easily fabricated; and the surprise
-his party excited--some taking them for sovereigns, others for
-swindlers. From Strasbourg he visited his states in Lower Germany, and
-sent word that he would visit me at Brussels incognito. We prepared a
-good residence for him; but falling ill at the little castle of Meuse,
-two leagues from Clèves, he wrote to beg that I would make the first
-advances. I went, therefore, to present my most profound homage.
-Maupertuis, who already had his own views, and was possessed by a mania
-to be president of an academy, had presented himself, and lodged with
-Algarotti and Keyserling in a loft of this palace. I found a single
-soldier as guard at the gate. The privy counsellor Rambonet, minister of
-state, was walking about the court, blowing his fingers; he had on large
-dirty linen ruffles, a hat full of holes, and an old judge's wig, which
-on one side reached to his pockets, and on the other scarcely touched
-his shoulder. I was told, and truly, that this man was charged with
-important state affairs. I was conducted to his majesty's apartment,
-where I saw only four walls. At length, by the light of a candle, I
-perceived, in a closet, a truckle bed, two feet and a half wide, on
-which was a little man, wrapped in a dressing-gown of coarse blue cloth.
-It was the king, trembling beneath an old counterpane, in a violent
-access of fever. I bowed to him, and began my acquaintance by feeling
-his pulse, as if I had been his first physician. When the access was
-over, he dressed and went to supper with me, Algarotti, Keyserling,
-Maupertuis, and his minister to the States General. We conversed on the
-immortality of the soul, free will, and Plato's "Androgynes." Counsellor
-Rambonet meanwhile mounted a hack, and, after riding all night, arrived
-at the gates of Liège, where he made a requisition in the name of the
-king, his master, which two thousand of his troops helped him to
-enforce. Frederic even charged me with writing a manifesto, which I did
-as well as I could, not doubting that a king with whom I supped, and who
-called me his friend, must be in the right. The affair was soon
-arranged, through the payment of a million, which he exacted in ducats,
-which served to indemnify him for the expense of his journey to
-Strasbourg, of which he had complained in his poetic letter. I grew
-attached to him, for he had talent and grace; and besides, he was a
-king, which, considering human weakness, is always a great fascination.
-Generally we literary men flatter kings; but he flattered me, while
-abbé Desfontaines and other rascals defamed me once a week at Paris.
-
-"The king of Prussia, before his father's death, had written a work
-against the principles of Machiavelli. If Machiavelli had had a prince
-for disciple, he would have recommended him, in the first place, to
-write against him; but the prince royal did not understand this sort of
-finesse. He had written in good faith at a time when he was not
-sovereign; and his father inspired him with no partiality for despotic
-power. He sincerely praised moderation and justice, and in his
-enthusiasm regarded every usurpation as a crime. He had sent me the
-manuscript to correct and publish. I now began to feel remorse at
-printing the "Anti-Machiavel," while the king of Prussia, with an
-hundred millions in his treasury, took one, by means of counsellor
-Rambonet, from the poor inhabitants of Liège. I suspected that my
-Solomon would not stop there. His father had left sixty-six thousand
-four hundred excellent soldiers. He augmented the number, and seemed
-eager to make use of them. I represented to him that it was not quite
-right to print his book at a time when he might be reproached for
-violating its precepts. He permitted me to stop the edition. I went to
-Holland entirely to do him this little service; but the bookseller asked
-so much money in compensation, that the king, who in his heart was not
-sorry to see himself in print, preferred being so for nothing, rather
-than to pay not to be."
-
-We have extracted this whole account as highly characteristic, and as
-explanatory of much that followed. Frederic loved and enjoyed talent,
-and was himself a man of genius; he was simple-minded as a German;
-unaccustomed to show and luxury; but he was a king and a soldier. He was
-young and ambitious. Voltaire laughed at his economy, ridiculed his
-plainness, saw through his pretensions to liberal opinions, and jested
-wittily on their friendship. Yet, withal, he was flattered by it. He saw
-a refuge and a support against the persecutions he feared in his own
-country; and though he would have preferred that a sovereign who called
-him friend had been more royal in outward show, he was forced to be
-satisfied that though badly dressed and meanly attended, yet he was
-really a king, with millions in his coffres, and thousands of soldiers
-at his command, and, above all, a man of genius. "He is the most
-delightful man in the world," he writes, "and would be sought by every
-one, even were he not a king: philosophical without austerity, full of
-gentleness, complaisance, and agreeable qualities; forgetting that he is
-a sovereign as soon as he is with his friends, and so forgetting, that
-it required an effort of memory to recollect that he was one." Such was
-the impression which the young king made on his older friend, who had
-been accustomed to courts and royalty. But still he felt that the friend
-of a king is not half as independent in the royal palace as in another
-kingdom. Probably madame du Châtelet's admirable understanding helped
-to keep him firm; at any rate, while she lived he declined all
-Frederic's invitations, and declared his tie of friendship with the
-"divine Emily" paramount to every other.
-
-Voltaire and madame du Châtelet had agreed to vary their solitude at
-Cirey by visits to the metropolis. The leisure afforded by the seclusion
-of the country was congenial to labour. Far from the society and
-interruptions of Paris, they could both devote their whole minds to the
-subjects on which they were occupied; but they found difficulty in
-getting books. It was impossible at a distance from the capital for
-Voltaire to have access to the state papers necessary for the historical
-works he had in hand, or for the lady to keep up that communication with
-men of letters which, in matters of science particularly, is necessary
-to any one ambitious of extending and confirming discoveries. Yet the
-change was to be regretted. The vivacity of Voltaire's temper had caused
-him to be disturbed by the attacks of his enemies in his retirement. In
-the thick of society these attacks were more multifarious and stinging;
-and added to this, his reputation in the capital for a wit, could only
-be kept up by a sort of small money of authorship, so to speak, which
-frittered away the treasures of his mind.
-
-The death of the emperor Charles VI. plunged Europe in war. France
-interfered to cause the elector of Bavaria to be chosen emperor, and
-attacked Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI. The king of
-Prussia, a potentate who had not yet figured in the wars of Europe,
-desirous of taking advantage of the distressed state of the empire,
-seized on Silesia. Twice Voltaire was employed by his court to sound the
-intentions of his royal correspondent, and to influence him to ally
-himself with France. The first mission of this sort that he undertook
-was at the request of cardinal Fleuri.
-
-Cardinal Fleuri had been the author's friend in his early days. Voltaire
-took great pleasure in conversing with him, and collecting his anecdotes
-on the reign of Louis XIV. The cardinal was a timid man; the scope of
-his policy as minister, was to keep France at peace and Paris tranquil;
-to prevent all movement in the public mind, and to suppress literary
-influence, whether it tended to enlarge the boundaries of human
-knowledge, or to remark upon the events and personages of the day. He
-kept a tight hand over Voltaire. Several _lettres de cachet_ had been
-issued against him, and he had declared imprisonment in the Bastille
-should punish any future literary imprudence. Voltaire could only keep
-up a semblance of kindness and toleration by giving every outward mark
-of submission. It was matter of pride to him when he was applied to by
-the minister to visit Frederic, and learn his real intentions with
-regard to his attack on Silesia. His mission was secret; so that it was
-supposed that he had taken refuge in Prussia from some new persecution;
-while Frederic himself, not well comprehending his sudden apparition,
-after his frequent refusals, guessed that it was connected with
-politics, and showed himself for a moment dubious of his integrity. But
-this cloud was soon dissipated. The king tried to tempt the poet to
-remain. He was firm in his refusal. "I have quitted a brilliant and
-advantageous establishment," he writes; "I received the most flattering
-offers, and great regret was expressed because I would not accept them;
-but how could courts and kings and emolument outweigh a ten years'
-friendship: they would scarcely console me, did this friendship fail
-me." Nor did friendship alone recal him; he was eager for the applause
-of a Parisian audience. Any one who reads his letters, will perceive how
-Voltaire was wrapt up in his writings; enthusiasm could alone sustain
-him through so much labour. He was desirous that the tragedy of f
-Mahomet' should be acted; he was allowed to choose his own censor: he
-selected Crebillon, but Crebillon refused the licence; and an intimacy
-of thirty years ended in a quarrel.
-
-To compensate for this disappointment, Voltaire brought out this tragedy
-at Lille. He found La Noue there, who was well fitted for the part of
-Mahomet; and Clairon in her youth, who took the part of Palmyre. During
-an interval between the acts, a letter was brought to Voltaire,
-announcing the gain of the battle of Molwitz; he rose and read it aloud
-from his box. The applause redoubled; and he afterwards said, jestingly,
-that the victory of Molwitz had insured the success of "Mahomet." The
-tragedy was approved even by the clergy at Lille, and Fleuri, when he
-read it, saw no objection to its being acted. It was brought out in
-Paris under brilliant auspices; but the clergy formed a cabal; it was
-declared to be a covert attack on the Christian religion, and Fleuri
-weakly begged the author to withdraw it after the second representation.
-
-[Sidenote: 1743.
-Ætat.
-49.]
-
-When cardinal Fleuri died, and Louis XV. declared he would have no other
-first minister, Voltaire hoped to establish his influence on surer
-foundations, through his long-established friendship with the duke de
-Richelieu. This libertine, but not unambitious, noble sought to lay the
-foundations of his power by any means, however disgraceful. By giving
-the king a mistress of his own choosing, he hoped to rule his sovereign;
-and while the duchess de Châteauroux lived, he possessed considerable
-power. One of the first advantages Voltaire wished to reap was, to
-succeed to the seat in the academy, vacant by the death of cardinal
-Fleuri.
-
-To understand the importance Voltaire attached to success in this
-endeavour, we must consider his views and his position. The chief aim of
-his life was to diffuse in France that knowledge and freedom of
-discussion which was permitted in England, but which was barred out of
-his country with a rigorous and persecuting spirit. At the same time,
-desirous of living in his native land, and to reap there the fruits of
-his labours in the applause of his countrymen, he wished to insure his
-personal security. As a chief means to this end, he believed it
-necessary to gain the favour of influential persons about the sovereign,
-and to make himself one of a powerful society, such as formed the French
-academy. Voltaire understood his countrymen. He knew how a word can
-sway--how a jest could rule them. His own temper was vivacious and
-irritable. He never spared an enemy. While accusing Boileau and Molière
-for holding up the poetasters of their day to ridicule, did any of the
-_literati_ attack him, he defended himself with acrimonious sarcasm and
-pertinacious abuse. He spared no epithet of contempt, no vehemence of
-condemnation, nor any artful manœuvre, so to obtain the advantage.
-While he thus sought to annihilate his foes, and to secure himself, the
-gates of the Bastille yawned in view, and by the tremour which the sight
-inspired, added that bitterness to his sensations which the fear of
-disaster inspires. These were the causes of the virulence of his
-diatribes--of the sting of his epigrams in which he devotes Piron and
-others to everlasting ridicule. It was on this account that he sought to
-be a member of the academy.
-
-The moment he began to canvass for the vacant seat in the academy, a
-violent cabal was formed to oppose him. Maurepas, secretary of state, an
-excellent man, but narrow-minded, was the moving spring of the
-opposition. He pat forward a Theatin monk, named Boyer, as his agent.
-This man declared that the deceased cardinal's empty chair could only be
-filled properly by a bishop. He found some difficulty in finding a
-prelate who chose to undertake the invidious part; one was at last
-found, and Voltaire lost his election. The same scene was renewed when
-another vacancy recurred, during the following year. In some degree the
-poet was consoled by the success of the tragedy of "Mérope." The
-audience were transported by enthusiasm; they perceived the author in a
-box--they insisted on his coming forward. The young and beautiful
-duchess de Villars was with him. She was called upon to embrace the
-poet; at first she was embarrassed by the singular part she was called
-on to act, but, recovering herself, obeyed the call of the pit with the
-grace that distinguished a high-born Frenchwoman. Voltaire might well
-desire to achieve success with an audience of his countrymen, when such
-were the tokens he received of triumph.
-
-The king of Prussia, meanwhile, having exhausted his finances by war,
-and gained two provinces, found it eligible to conclude a peace with
-Maria Theresa; a peace, detrimental to the interests of France, which
-was thus left to carry on the war single-handed. It became matter of
-policy to induce Frederic to infringe a treaty scarcely signed. The duke
-de Richelieu requested Voltaire to be the negotiator. Again his mission
-was secret. He pretended to renounce his country, disgusted by the cabal
-carried on by Boyer against him, and he had the appearance of applying
-to Frederic for refuge and defence against the injustice he met in his
-native country. Voltaire's own account of this negotiation is written in
-his usual jesting, sarcastic style; he made a joke of the bishop, his
-successful rival; and when Frederic answered by a deluge of pleasantries
-on the subject, he took care to make his letters public. The bishop of
-Mirepoix complained to the king that he was made to pass for a fool at
-foreign courts; but Louis XV. replied that it was a thing agreed upon,
-and that he must not mind it. Voltaire remarks that this reply was
-opposed to Louis's usual character, and that it appeared extraordinary.
-But the king probably spoke in the innocence of his heart, announcing a
-mere fact, that the bishop's reputation for talent was to be sacrificed
-for the good of the state. Indeed, there is a letter from Voltaire to
-his immediate employer, Amelot, secretary for foreign affairs, which
-shows that he by no means felt easy with regard to the light in which
-Louis might view his conduct, and excuses the style of his
-correspondence with Frederic. "There are in his notes and in mine," he
-writes, "some bold rhymes, which cannot hurt a king, though they may an
-individual. He hopes that I may be forced to accept his offers, which
-hitherto I have refused, and take up my abode at the court of Prussia.
-He hopes to gain me by losing me in France; but I swear to you I would
-rather live in a Swiss village than gain at this price the dangerous
-favour of a king."
-
-After some delay, occasioned by the journeys of the king of Prussia,
-during which time Voltaire did good service for his court at the Hague,
-he arrived at Berlin, and was warmly welcomed. Fêtes, operas,
-suppers--all the amusements that Frederic could command, were put in
-requisition to please the illustrious and favoured guest. In the midst
-of these, the secret negotiation advanced. Voltaire had infinite tact,
-and could, like many of his countrymen, mingle the most serious designs
-with frivolous amusements, and pursue undeviatingly his own interests,
-while apparently given up to philosophical disquisitions or witty
-discussions. In the midst, therefore, of easy and jocular conversation,
-Voltaire discovered the real state of things, which consisted in the
-king of Prussia's desire to embroil Louis XV. with England. "Let France
-declare war against England," said Frederic, "and I march." This
-sufficed for the subtle emissary. He returned to Paris, and negotiations
-ensued which terminated in a new treaty between France and Prussia, and
-the following spring Frederic invaded Bohemia with a hundred thousand
-men. Voltaire, however, reaped no benefit from his zeal. The king's
-mistress, the duchess de Châteauroux, was angry that she had not been
-consulted. She managed to obtain the dismission of M. Amelot, secretary
-for foreign affairs, under whose direction Voltaire had acted, and he
-was enveloped in the disgrace, that is to say, he gained no court
-smiles, nor any solid compensation, for his trouble.
-
-His life was now passed between Paris and Cirey--society and solitude.
-He and the du Châtelets shared the same house in the capital; their
-studies and their amusements were in common. We are told[4] that on one
-occasion, when madame du Châtelet went to court, and engaged in play,
-during which she lost a great deal of money, Voltaire told her in
-English that she was being cheated. The words were understood by others
-who were present, and the poet thought it prudent to absent himself for
-a time. He asked refuge from the duchess du Maine at Sceaux. Here he
-passed two months in the strictest retreat; and when danger was past, he
-repaid his hostess by remaining in her chateau, and contributing to her
-recreation by getting up plays, and writing for her. "Zadig" and others
-of his tales were composed on this occasion. Operas, plays, concerts,
-and balls varied the amusements. Madame du Châtelet and Voltaire took
-parts in these theatricals. The lady was an admirable actress, as well
-as musician: she shone in comedy, where her gaiety, grace, and vivacity
-had full play. Voltaire was also a good actor. The part of Cicero in his
-own tragedy of "Rome Sauvée" was his favourite part. At other times,
-leaving these pleasures, he and his friend retired to Cirey and to
-labour. We have an amusing account of several of their migrations, from
-the pen of Longchamp, who, from being the valet of madame du Châtelet,
-became elevated into the secretary of Voltaire. There is a great
-contrast between this man's account, and the letters before quoted of
-madame de Graffigny. In both descriptions, we find mentioned the
-vivacity and petulance both of the poet and his friend; but the darker
-shadows thrown by irritability and quarrelling, do not appear in the
-pages of Longchamp; and, above all, the fair disciple of Newton is
-delineated in far more agreeable colours. "Madame du Châtelet," he
-writes, "passed the greater part of the morning amidst her books and her
-writings, and she would never be interrupted. But when she left her
-study, she was no longer the same woman--her serious countenance changed
-into one expressive of gaiety, and she entered with ardour into all the
-pleasures of society. Although she was then forty, she was the first to
-set amusement on foot, and to enliven it by her wit and vivacity." Nor
-does he make any mention of the violence and ill-humour from which her
-guest suffered so piteously. "When not studying," he remarks, "she was
-always active, lively, and good-humoured." At Cirey, she was equally
-eager to afford amusement to her friends. "When the report of her
-arrival," writes Longchamp, "was spread through the neighbouring
-villages, the gentry of the country around came to pay their respects.
-They were all well received; those who came from a distance were kept
-for several weeks at the chateau. To amuse both herself and her guests,
-madame du Châtelet set on foot a theatre. She composed farces and
-proverbs; Voltaire did the same; and the parts were distributed among
-the guests. A sort of stage had been erected at the end of a gallery,
-formed by planks placed upon empty barrels, while the side scenes were
-hung with tapestry; a lustre and some branches lighted the gallery and
-the theatre; there were a few fiddles for an orchestra, and the evenings
-passed in a very gay and amusing manner. Often the actors, without
-knowing it, were made to turn their own characters into ridicule, for
-the greater gratification of the audience. Madame du Châtelet wrote
-parts for this purpose, nor did she spare herself, and often represented
-grotesque personages. She could lend herself to every division, and
-always succeeded."
-
-From this scene of gaiety, at once rustic and refined, the pair
-proceeded to the court of king Stanislaus at Luneville. Here Voltaire
-employed himself in writing during the morning, and, as usual, the
-evening was given up to amusement. The theatricals were renewed; all was
-gaiety and good humour. The marquis du Châtelet, passing through
-Luneville, on his way to join the army, was enchanted to find his wife
-in such high favour at king Stanislaus' court.
-
-[Sidenote: 1748.
-Ætat.
-54.]
-
-Voltaire left the gay scene to overlook the bringing out of his tragedy
-of "Semiramis." In this play he endeavoured to accustom his countrymen
-to greater boldness of situation and stage effect. It was necessary to
-banish that portion of the audience, the dandies of the day, who, seated
-on the stage itself, at once destroyed all scenic illusion, and afforded
-too narrow a space for the actors. A formidable cabal opposed these
-innovations, headed by Piron and Crebillon; and Voltaire, himself, was
-obliged to have recourse to means which had been unworthy of him under
-other circumstances, and to place a number of resolute friends in the
-pit, to oppose the adverse party. The piece was successful, and the poet
-eager to return to Luneville. He was suffering greatly in his health.
-During his stay in Paris, he had been attacked by low fever; and his
-busy life in the capital, where his days were given up to society, and
-his nights to authorship, exhausted the vital powers. Notwithstanding
-his suffering, he resolved to set out, and proceeded as far as Chalons,
-where he was obliged to give in, and take to his bed. The bishop and
-intendant of Chalons visited him; they sent him a physician; but,
-without showing outward opposition, Voltaire followed none of his
-prescriptions, and endeavoured to get rid of the intruders. He felt his
-danger; he entreated his confidential servant, Longchamps not to abandon
-him, and, as he said, to remain to cover his body with earth when he
-should expire. His fever and delirium increased, and his resolution not
-to take the remedies prescribed was firm: every one expected to see him
-die; he, himself, anticipated death, and gave his secretary instructions
-how to act. On the sixth day, though apparently as ill as ever, he
-resolved to proceed on his journey, declaring that he would not die at
-Chalons. He was lifted into his carriage; his secretary took his place
-beside him; he did not speak, and was so wan and feeble, that Longchamp
-feared that he would never arrive alive: but as they went on, he grew
-better; sleep and appetite returned; he was much recovered when they
-reached Luneville; the presence of madame du Châtelet reanimated him; a
-few days with her caused all his gaiety to return, and he forgot his
-sufferings and danger.
-
-This appears to have been a very happy portion of Voltaire's life. His
-friendship for madame du Châtelet was ardent and sincere. Her talents
-were the origin of their sympathy in tastes and pursuits; her gaiety
-animated his life with a succession of pleasures necessary to compose
-and amuse his mind after intense study; her good sense enabled her to be
-his adviser and support when calumny and scandal disturbed, as was
-easily done, his equanimity. Voltaire, when writing, was absorbed by his
-subject; this enthusiasm inspired and sustained him. It allowed him to
-labour hard, and made him put his whole soul into every word he penned.
-His friend participated in his eagerness; and by entering earnestly into
-all his literary plans, imparted to them a charm which he appreciated at
-its full value. This friend he was about to lose for ever; but he did
-not anticipate the misfortune.
-
-[Sidenote: 1749.
-Ætat.
-9.]
-
-A portion of the following year was spent at Paris and Cirey, and they
-again visited Luneville; for king Stanislaus had invited them again to
-join his court. Pleasure was once more the order of the day. Every one
-in the palace was eager to contribute to the king's amusement; and he
-was desirous that all round him should be happy. In the midst of this
-routine of gaiety, the industry of Voltaire surprises us. He wrote
-several tragedies at this period, and his letters are full of
-expressions marking the eagerness of authorship, and the many hours he
-devoted to composition. Emulation, joined to great disdain for his
-rival, spurred him on. He was mortified and indignant at the praise
-bestowed on Crebillon by the Parisians; and he took the very subjects
-treated by this tragedian, believing that, thus brought into immediate
-contrast, his grander conceptions and more classic style would at once
-crush the pretender. "I have written 'Catiline,'" he writes, "in eight
-days; and the moment I finished, I began 'Electra.' For the last twenty
-years I have been rendered indignant by seeing the finest subject of
-antiquity debased by a miserable love affair,--by two pair of lovers,
-and barbarous poetry; nor was I less afflicted by the cruel injustice
-done to Cicero. In a word, I believed that I was called upon by my
-vocation to avenge Cicero and Sophocles--Rome and Greece--from the
-attacks of a barbarian."
-
-This ardour for composition, and these pleasures, were suddenly arrested
-by the afflicting event of madame du Châtelet's death. She died soon
-after her confinement, unexpectedly, when all danger seemed past.
-Whatever might have been the disputes of the friends, these did not
-shake their friendship; and if they clouded, at intervals, the happiness
-they derived, they left no evil trace behind. Voltaire was plunged in
-the deepest affliction; the expressions he uses mark the truth of his
-regrets. "I do not fear my grief," he writes to his friend, the marquis
-d'Argental; "I do not fly from objects that speak to me of her. I love
-Cirey; and although I cannot bear Luneville, where I lost her in so
-frightful a manner, yet the places which she adorned are dear to me. I
-have not lost a mistress; I have lost the half of myself,--a soul for
-which mine was made,--a friend of twenty years. I feel as the most
-affectionate father would towards an only daughter. I love to find her
-image everywhere; to converse with her husband and her son."--"I have
-tried to return to 'Catiline;' but I have lost the ardour I felt when I
-could show her an act every two days. Ideas fly from me; I find myself,
-for hours together, unable to write; without a thought for my work: one
-idea occupies me day and night." To these laments he adds her eulogy, in
-another letter, with which we may conclude the subject. Her errors were
-the effect of the times in which she lived, and of an ardent temper. We
-would deprecate any return to a state of society that led the wisest
-into such grievous faults, but we will not defraud the victim of the
-system of the praise which, on other scores, she individually
-merited.[5] "A woman," writes Voltaire, "who translated and explained
-Newton, and translated Virgil, without betraying in her conversation
-that she had achieved these prodigies; a woman who never spoke ill of
-any one, and never uttered a falsehood; a friend, attentive and
-courageous in her friendship: in a word, a great woman, whom the common
-run of women only knew by her diamonds and dress. Such must I weep till
-the end of my life."
-
-After this sorrowful event Voltaire established himself in Paris. The
-house which he and Madame du Châtelet rented conjointly, he now took
-entirely himself. He invited his widowed niece, madame Denis, to preside
-over his establishment. At first he continued plunged in grief; he saw
-no one but count D'Argental and the duke of Richelieu, who were among
-his oldest friends. One or the other, or both, passed the evenings with
-him, and tried to distract his mind from its regrets. They sought to
-awaken in him his theatrical tastes, which were strong, and which, if
-once roused, would effectually draw him from solitude. Voltaire at last
-showed sparks of the old fire; other friends were brought about him; he
-was implored to bring out his newly written tragedies; he objected, on
-the score of the quarrel that subsisted between him and the actors of
-the Comédie Français,--he having endeavoured to improve their manner
-of acting, and they haughtily rejecting his instructions. This
-difficulty was got over by erecting a private theatre in his own house,
-and gathering together a number of actors chosen from various private
-companies; for, as in the time of Molière, the sons of the shopkeepers
-in Paris often formed companies together, and got up theatricals. It was
-thus that Voltaire became acquainted with Le Kain, who has left us an
-interesting account of his intercourse with the illustrious poet.
-
-Le Kain was the son of a goldsmith. Voltaire saw him act, and,
-perceiving his talent, begged him to call upon him. "The pleasure caused
-by this invitation," the actor writes, "was even greater than my
-surprise. I cannot describe what passed within me at the sight of this
-great man, whose eyes sparkled with fire, imagination, and genius. I
-felt penetrated with respect, enthusiasm, admiration, and fear; while M.
-de Voltaire, to put an end to my embarrassment, embraced me, thanking
-God for having created a being who could move him to tears by his
-declamation." He then asked the young man various questions; and when Le
-Kain mentioned his intention of giving himself entirely up to the stage,
-in spite of his enthusiasm for the theatre, Voltaire strongly dissuaded
-him from adopting a profession held disreputable in his native country.
-He asked him to recite, but would not hear any verses but those of
-Racine. Le Kain had once acted in "Athalie," and he declaimed the first
-scene, while Voltaire, in a transport of enthusiasm, exclaimed, "Oh!
-what exquisite verses! and it is surprising that the whole piece is
-written with the same fervour and purity, from first scene to last, and
-that, throughout, the poetry is inimitable." And then, turning to the
-actor, he said, "I predict that, with that touching voice, you will one
-day delight all Paris,--but never appear upon a public stage." At the
-second interview Voltaire engaged Le Kain and his whole company to act
-at his own theatre, Le Kain himself taking up his residence in the house
-of the generous poet. Le Kain owed his success to him, and felt the
-warmest gratitude. "He is a faithful friend," he writes; "his temper is
-vehement, but his heart is good, and his soul sensitive and
-compassionate. Modest, in spite of the praises lavished on him by kings,
-by literary men, and by the rest of the world. Profound and just in his
-judgment on the works of others; full of amenity, kindness, and grace,
-in the intercourse of daily life, he was inflexible in his aversion to
-those who had offended him. He was an admirable actor. I have seen him
-put new life into the part of Cicero, in the fourth act of 'Rome
-Sauvée,' when we brought out that piece at Sceaux, in the August of
-1750. Nothing could be more true, more pathetic, more enthusiastic, than
-he was in this part." Voltaire instructed the actors when they performed
-his own tragedies; his criticisms were just, and given with that
-earnestness and vividness of illustration that marked the liveliness of
-his sensations. "Remember," he said to an actor who whined out the part
-of Brutus, "remember that you are Brutus, the firmest of Romans, and
-that you must not make him address the god Mars as if you were saying,
-"O holy Virgin! grant that I may gain a prize of a hundred francs in the
-lottery." He insisted with mademoiselle Dumesnil that she should put
-more energy into the part of Mérope. "One must be possessed by the
-devil," said the actress, to declaim with such vehemence."--"You are
-right," said Voltaire; "and one must be possessed to succeed in any
-art."
-
-Voltaire passionately loved theatrical representations. The tragedies of
-Corneille, and, above all, of Racine, inspired him with sensations of
-the warmest delight. He wrote his own plays in transports of enthusiasm,
-and corrected them with intense labour. But he had a further intention
-in erecting his theatre; he aimed at popularity and at court favour, as
-a safeguard from persecution, and as insuring his personal safety if he
-should excite ministerial displeasure by any philosophical works. It was
-for this cause that he endeavoured to propitiate the new mistress of
-Louis XV., madame de Pompadour. He had known her before she attracted
-the king's attention; and after she became the royal mistress, she
-continued for a time on a familiar footing with her old friend. Eager to
-form a party, and to insure her own popularity, madame de Pompadour
-patronised literature and the arts, and at first showed partiality for
-Voltaire; the courtiers followed her example with eager emulation, and
-the sovereign himself was induced to regard him with some show of
-favour. He named him gentleman in ordinary to his chamber, and
-historiographer of France,--places which Voltaire eagerly accepted, and
-regarded as so many bulwarks to resist the attacks of his enemies. The
-duties of the first-named place were, however, onerous, as they
-necessitated a frequent attendance at court; he was permitted to dispose
-of it, and he sold it for 30,000 francs; while, as a peculiar mark of
-favour, he was allowed to preserve the title and privileges.
-
-He was, moreover, elected member of the academy; but he purchased this
-doubtful honour by the sacrifice of much honest pride. He was not
-elected till he addressed a letter full of professions of respect for
-the church and the Jesuits. No advancement would have induced him to
-this act; but he believed that it was necessary to secure his safety
-while he continued to inhabit the capital. At the same time, these
-concessions embittered his spirit, and added force to his sarcasms and
-hostility, when, by expatriation, he had secured his independence. When
-we consider, however, that his concessions were made in vain, we regret
-that any motive urged him to them; for if truth be the great aim of
-intellectual exertions, the more imperative that those who aspire to
-glory in the name of truth should rise far above subterfuge and
-disguise. While madame du Châtelet lived, he had occupied a more
-dignified position; and, in the retirement of Cirey, remained aloof from
-the intrigues necessary to curry favour with an uneducated, bigoted
-king, and his ignorant mistress. When his accomplished friend died, the
-versatile and ambitious poet sailed at first without pilot or rudder.
-What wonder that he was wrecked? and he deserves the more praise, when
-he retrieved himself after wreck, and attained independence and dignity
-in his seclusion in Switzerland.
-
-A member of the academy, and enjoying places at court, Voltaire, for a
-short interval, believed that he should reach the goal he desired, and
-become the dictator of the literary world, under the protection of his
-sovereign. He was soon undeceived: Louis remembered too well cardinal de
-Fleuri's lessons, not to regard him with distrust and dislike. Madame de
-Pompadour watched the glances of the royal eye, and guided herself by
-them. Crebillon was set up as Voltaire's successful rival: he felt his
-immeasurable superiority, and was filled with scorn at the attempt made
-to bring them on a level. He struggled at first; but still the court and
-people called out for Crebillon; and, in a fit of disgust, he accepted
-the reiterated invitation of the king of Prussia, hoping that a
-temporary absence might calm the attacks of his enemies, and awaken the
-partiality of the people.
-
-Frederic received his friend with transports of joy. His undisguised
-delight, his earnest request that he would exchange Paris for Berlin
-permanently, the charm that his talents spread over the poet's life, and
-the security he enjoyed, were all alluring. Frederic spared no
-professions of friendship, no marks of real personal attachment; more
-than once he kissed the poet's hand, in a transport of admiration. This
-singular demonstration of affection from man to man, more singular from
-king to author, helped, with many others in addition, to enchain
-Voltaire. He, himself, assures us that they turned his head. "How could
-I resist," he writes, "a victorious king, a poet, a musician, a
-philosopher, who pretended to love me? I believed that I loved him. I
-arrived in Potzdam in the month of June, 1750. Astolpho was not better
-received in the palace of Alcina. To lodge in the apartment which the
-maréchal de Saxe had occupied, to have the king's cooks at my orders
-when I chose to eat in my own rooms, and his coachmen when I wished to
-drive out, were the least favours shown me. The suppers were delightful.
-Unless I deceive myself, the conversation was full of wit and genius.
-The king displayed both; and what is strange, I never at any repast
-enjoyed more freedom. I studied two hours a day with his majesty; I
-corrected his works, taking care to praise greatly all that was good,
-while I erased all that was bad. I gave him a reason in writing for all
-my emendations, which composed a work on rhetoric and poetry for his
-use. He profited by it, and his genius was of more service to him than
-my lessons. I had no court to pay, no visits to make, no duties to
-fulfil. I established myself on an independent footing, and I can
-conceive nothing more agreeable than my situation."
-
-With these feelings, it is not strange that he listened to his royal
-friend's request, that he should resign his places in the court of
-France, and accept that of chamberlain in Prussia, as well as a pension
-for his life and that of his niece, and that he should permanently fix
-himself in his royal friend's dominions; yet, while he accepted these
-offers, he had many qualms. Madame Denis, his niece, to whom he
-communicated his new plans, argued warmly against them. Her letter has
-not come down to us; but she evidently took a keen and true view of the
-annoyances and mortifications to which he might be exposed. She was
-acquainted with her uncle's irritable temper,--his unguarded
-conversation when carried away by the spirit of wit,--his vehemence when
-struggling against control. She felt, and truly, that a king accustomed
-to command was the last person to show indulgence for such foibles when
-they clashed with himself. She prophesied that Frederic would, in the
-end, be the death of his friend. Voltaire showed this letter to the
-king, and he, in answer, wrote one to the poet, the expressions of which
-won him entirely. "How," wrote Frederic, "could I cause the unhappiness
-of a man whom I esteem, whom I love, and who sacrifices for me his
-country, and all that is dear to man? I respect you as my master in
-eloquence,--I love you as a virtuous friend. What slavery, what
-misfortune, what change can you fear in a country where you are as much
-esteemed as in your own, and with a friend who has a grateful heart? I
-promise you that you shall be happy here as long as you live."
-
-Voltaire sent this letter to count d'Argental, whom he always named his
-guardian angel, as his apology for expatriating himself. "Judge," he
-writes, "whether I am excusable? I send you his letter,--you will think
-that you are reading one written by Trajan or Marcus Aurelius,--yet I am
-not the less agitated while I deliver myself over to fate, and throw
-myself, head foremost, into the whirlpool of destiny which absorbs all
-things. But how can I resist? How can I forget the barbarous manner with
-which I have been treated in my own country? You know what I have gone
-through. I enter port after a storm that has lasted thirty years. I
-enjoy the protection of a king; I find the conversation of a
-philosopher--the society of a delightful man--united in one, who, for
-the space of sixteen years, has exerted himself to comfort me in my
-misfortunes, and to shelter me from my enemies. All is to be feared for
-me in Paris; here I am sure of tranquillity: if I can answer for
-anything, it is for the character of the king of Prussia." He wrote with
-even more enthusiasm to his niece. "He is the most amiable of men; he is
-a king; it is a passion of sixteen years' standing; he has turned my
-head. I have the insolence to think that nature formed me for him. There
-is a singular conformity in our tastes. I forget that he is master of
-half Germany, and see in him only a good, a friendly man."
-
-To establish the poet at his court, Frederic named him his chamberlain,
-and gave him the brevet of a pension of twenty thousand francs for
-himself, and four thousand for his niece, who was invited to come and
-take up her abode with her uncle at Potzdam. Before he accepted these
-bounties, it was necessary to obtain permission from his own sovereign,
-of whom he was placeman and pensioner. Frederic himself wrote to solicit
-the consent of the king of France. To Voltaire's surprise, Louis showed
-displeasure. Monarchs are usually averse to any display of independence
-on the part of their subjects and servants. He accepted the poet's
-resignation of the place of historiographer, which Voltaire had hoped to
-keep, but permitted him to retain his title of gentleman in ordinary and
-his pension. Yet this was done in a manner that showed Voltaire that if
-he were forced to leave Prussia, his position in his native country
-would be more perilous and stormy than ever.
-
-He felt, also, deeply disappointed in finding himself obliged to give up
-the idea of having his niece, Madame Denis, with him in Prussia. "The
-life we lead at Potzdam," he writes, "which pleases me, would drive a
-woman to despair; so I leave her my house in Paris, my plate, and my
-horses, and I add to her income." Still his niece and his friends were
-not content at his throwing himself so entirely into the power of
-Frederic, and their suggestions inspired a thousand doubts as to the
-prudence of his choice, especially when the severity of the winter made
-him feel that the climate was ill suited to his feeble constitution.
-
-However, he manfully opposed himself to the objections raised against
-his choice, and the sufferings which the long icy winter caused him to
-endure. He devoted himself to authorship. His chief occupation was his
-"Age of Louis XIV.," of which he was justly proud. He felt that he could
-write with greater freedom while absent from France. "I shall here
-finish," he writes, "the 'Age of Louis XIV.,' which, perhaps, I had
-never written in Paris. The stones with which I erect this monument in
-honour of my country had, there, served but to crush me; a bold word had
-seemed a lawless licence, and the most innocent expressions had been
-interpreted with that charity that spreads poison through all." Again he
-writes: "I shall be historiographer of France in spite of my enemies,
-and I was never so desirous of doing well the duties of my place as
-since I lost it. This vast picture of so illustrious an age turns my
-head. If Louis XIV. be not great, at least his age is. It is an immense
-work: I shall revise it severely, and shall endeavour, above all, to
-render the truth neither odious nor dangerous."
-
-Besides this great undertaking, he corrected his tragedies. As usual, he
-infected all round with his love of the drama. A theatre was established
-at court; the brothers and sisters of the king took parts in his plays,
-and submitted to his instructions. This was a species of flattery well
-suited to turn a poet's head; yet soon, very soon, the dark cloud
-appeared in the horizon, and his attention became roused to assure
-himself whether indeed he heard the far off thunder of an approaching
-storm. These dawnings of fear and distrust are ingenuously detailed in
-his letters to his niece.
-[Sidenote: Nov.
-6.
-1750.]
-"It is known, then, at Paris," he writes, "that we have acted the death
-of Cæsar at Potzdam; that prince Henri is a good actor, has no accent,
-and is very amiable; and that pleasures may be found here. All this is
-true--but--the suppers of the king are delicious--seasoned by reason,
-wit, and science--liberty reigns over them--he is the soul of all--no
-ill-humour, no clouds--at least, no storms; my life is independent and
-occupied; but--but--operas, plays, carousals, suppers at
-Sans-souci--warlike manœuvres, concerts, study, readings; but--but--the
-weather, my dear child, begins to be very cold----"
-
-Such were the first expressions of distrust inspired by observing a
-certain degree of deceit in the king. He found that he could turn those
-into ridicule whom he flattered most to their face; and he also found
-that such blowing of hot and cold with the same breath, which is deemed
-almost fair in some societies, was fertile of annoyance when practised
-by a king whose word is law, whose smiles are the ruling influence of
-the day, whose slightest remark is reported, magnified, and becomes the
-rule of action to all around; and he began to feel that the chain that
-bound him and the king, which he flattered would be worn equally by
-both, fell heavily round him only. He became aware that the king was not
-the less despotic and self-willed for being a philosopher. In truth,
-Frederic and Voltaire had a mutual and sincere love for each other. They
-agreed in their opinions, they sympathised in their views. Each enjoyed
-the conversation, the wit, the gaiety, the genius of the other; but
-Voltaire panted for entire independence: to think, to speak, to write
-freely, was as necessary as the air he breathed. To gain these
-privileges he had quitted France; and though he passionately loved
-flattery and distinction, yet these were only pleasing when they waited
-upon his every caprice; and became valueless when he was called upon to
-sacrifice the humour of the moment to gain them. The king delighted in
-Voltaire's talents; but, then, he wished them to be as much at his
-command as a soldier's valour, which deserves reward, but which may only
-be displayed at the word of command.
-
-The moment a feeling of injustice on one side, and of assumption of
-direction on the other, showed themselves, a thousand circumstances
-arose to embitter the intercourse of the unequal friends. The king had a
-favourite guest, la Metrie, a physician by profession, the worst,
-Voltaire tells us, that ever practised, an unprincipled fellow, but
-witty and vivacious; whose good spirits, and bold and infidel opinions,
-pleased Frederic, who made him his reader. This sort of man is never
-suited to a court. The same restless aspiration after independence that
-renders a man an infidel in opinions makes him a bad courtier.
-[Sidenote: Sept.
-2.
-1751.
-Ætat.
-57.]
-"La Metrie," writes Voltaire to his niece, "boasts in his prefaces of
-his extreme felicity in being near a great king, who sometimes reads his
-poems to him; but, in secret, he weeps with me; he would leave this
-place on foot: and I--why am I here? You will be astonished at what I
-tell you. La Metrie swore to me the other day, that, when speaking to
-the king of my pretended favour, and of the petty jealousy that it
-excites, he replied, 'I shall not want him for more than a year longer:
-one squeezes the orange, and throws away the peel.'"
-
-These words sank deep in Voltaire's mind; and not less deeply did the
-king feel an expression of the irritable poet, who called himself
-Frederic's laundress, and said, when he corrected the royal poems, that
-he was washing the king's dirty linen. Such heedless speeches, carried
-from one to the other by the thoughtless or the malicious, destroyed
-every feeling of attachment, and circumstances soon concurred to inspire
-both with mistrust, to inspire the weaker with a desire of throwing off
-his chains, and the stronger with a more unworthy determination of
-adding to their weight.
-
-The first circumstance of any importance that occurred was a pecuniary
-transaction between Voltaire and a Jew. Voltaire says, that after the
-speech of Frederic, reported to him by la Metrie, he wished to put his
-orange peel in safety. Whether his transaction with the Jew concerned
-the placing of his money cannot be told; it is enveloped in great
-obscurity; however, what is certain is, that it was submitted to a legal
-trial, the Jew condemned, and Voltaire entirely exonerated from blame.
-The mere fact, however, of an accusation being made against him, and
-fault found, was matter of triumph to his enemies. A thousand libels
-were circulated in Paris and Berlin, and a thousand falsehoods told.
-Frederic, when he heard of the dispute, referred it to the decision of
-the law. In this he did well. But he affected to distrust Voltaire; he
-forbade him to appear at court till the decision of the judges was
-known. Voltaire was far above peculation and pecuniary meanness. The
-king committed an irremissible crime in friendship, whether he really
-distrusted Voltaire, or merely pretended so to do. But a king of Prussia
-is an absolute monarch; all belonging to him are his creatures; and that
-one of these should venture out of bounds, either to secure his property
-or to augment it, was regarded as a deep offence. Voltaire must be
-humbled. Treated like a servant, not a friend, what wonder that the
-sensitive poet felt that the orange was squeezed a little too hardly,
-and began to earnestly desire to save as much of it as he could. A sort
-of reconciliation, however, ensued; again all appeared smiling on the
-surface, though all was hollow beneath. Voltaire engaged in printing his
-"Age of Louis XIV.," was desirous of finishing it before he quitted
-Prussia; meanwhile he had a sum of money to the amount of 300,000
-livres, about 15,000_l_., which he wished to place; he took care not to
-put it in the Prussian funds, but secured it advantageously on certain
-estates which the duke of Wirtemburg possessed in France. Through the
-infidelity of the post Frederic discovered this transaction, and felt
-that it was a preparation for escape. Accordingly, he made more use of
-him than ever as a corrector of his literary works. In spite of all
-these disturbances, there was something in the life of Potzdam
-peculiarly agreeable to Voltaire. "I am lodged conveniently," he writes,
-"in a fine palace. I have a few friends about me of my own way of
-thinking, with whom I dine regularly and soberly. When I am well enough,
-I sup with the king; and conversation does not turn either upon
-individual gossip or general ineptities, but upon good taste, the arts,
-and true philosophy; on the means to attain happiness, on the mode of
-discerning the true from the false, upon liberty of thought: in short,
-during the two years I have spent at this place, which is called a
-court, but which is really a retreat for philosophers, not a day has
-passed during which I have not learnt something instructive." Thus
-Voltaire tried to blind himself, while he really enjoyed the
-conversation and friendship of Frederic, and while the cloven foot of
-despotism remained in shadow.
-
-Among other modes of civilising Prussia and spreading the blessings of
-knowledge, Frederic had established an academy. This was a favourite
-creation, and it did him honour. The president was Maupertuis, a man of
-some ability, but whose talents were vitiated by the taint of envy. He
-had considered himself the first _bel esprit_ at court till Voltaire
-appeared. He and the poet had corresponded heretofore, and Voltaire had
-not spared flattery in his letters; but he neglected to mention
-Maupertuis's name in his speech when he took his seat in the French
-academy. This was not an injury to be forgiven; and though Voltaire paid
-him every sort of attention, the other could ill brook his superior
-favour, especially as Frederic, who had never relished his conversation,
-frequently excluded him from the royal suppers, and joined with Voltaire
-in making him the object of their endless pleasantries. At first
-Voltaire only jested, because he was a wit and could not help it; but
-Maupertuis contrived to rouse a more bitter spirit.
-
-He had discovered a new principle in mechanics, that of the _least
-power_: this principle met much opposition, and Kœnig, a Prussian
-mathematician, not only argued against it, but quoted a fragment of a
-letter of Leibnitz, in which this principle was mentioned and objected
-to. Kœnig confessed that he possessed only a copy of the letter in
-question, acknowledging that the original was lost. Maupertuis took
-advantage of this circumstance; he induced the academy, of which he was
-president, to summon Kœnig to produce the original; and when this was
-allowed not to be found, he proceeded to accuse him of forgery. He got
-up a meeting of such academicians as he could influence, by whom Kœnig
-was declared unworthy to be any longer a member, and his name erased
-from the list.
-
-Kœnig had formerly instructed madame du Châtelet in the philosophy of
-Leibnitz. Voltaire consequently knew and esteemed him, and was indignant
-at the persecution he suffered; he took his part openly, and was only
-restrained from crushing his adversary by Frederic's personal request
-not to make a jest of his academy or its president. The seeds of
-animosity, however, between him and Maupertuis, long sown, sprung up and
-flourished with vigour. Maupertuis contrived to excite a disreputable
-person of the name of La Beaumelle to attack the poet. His calumnies
-ought to have met with contempt only; but Voltaire was irritated, and
-his dislike to Maupertuis increased. The president published a book full
-of philosophical follies, which Voltaire satirised unsparingly. He wrote
-a diatribe called "Akakia," and read it to the king; Maupertuis was the
-butt of a thousand witticisms, and the royal suppers rang with laughter
-at his expense. But Voltaire was not content to make a jest of
-Maupertuis only in the royal presence, and Frederic, beginning to think
-that to attack his president was to attack his academy and also himself,
-published two pamphlets against Kœnig, which also inculpated Voltaire.
-The poet was indignant. "I see," he writes to his niece, "that the
-orange is squeezed; I must now try to save the rind. I am going to write
-a small dictionary for the use of kings, in which it will be shown that
-_my friend, means my slave; my dear friend, you are becoming indifferent
-to me; I will make you happy, I will endure while I need you; sup with
-me this evening, you shall be my butt to-night._ Seriously, my heart is
-wounded. Speak to a man with tenderness, and write pamphlets against
-him--and what pamphlets! Tear a man from his country by the most solemn
-promises, and treat him with the blackest malignity. What a contrast!"
-
-Voltaire was not a man to suffer these attacks without punishing them
-with a visitation of his unbridled wit. Fearful of attacking Frederic,
-he revenged himself on Maupertuis, and published "Akakia."
-
-He belonged to the republic of letters, and did not understand that it
-should be ruled by the will of one man. And then, while he vehemently
-reprehended those authors who had made their literary enemies the
-objects of public satire, he, himself, indulged in the most bitter
-attacks. Frederic considered "Akakia" as a satire, deserved by
-Maupertuis, and thus a blameless source of merriment at his supper
-table, where he had no objection to turn his president into ridicule;
-but the publication was quite another affair; by this he considered his
-academy, and consequently himself, attacked; and he retaliated by a
-still more flagrant outrage. He caused the diatribe to be burnt by the
-hands of the hangman in the public square of Berlin. Voltaire had a
-right to be deeply incensed by this act. He did not attack the honour or
-morality of Maupertuis in his diatribe, but simply ridiculed his
-opinions; and though "Akakia" has only that slight merit, dependent on
-associations of the day, now lost, which rendered it amusing to a
-circle, and was not adapted for general reading nor posterity, still, as
-it was not libellous, the act of the king of Prussia was an insolent
-exertion of intolerable despotism. He meant, perhaps, to break
-Voltaire's spirit by such an insult. Knowing that he could not return to
-Paris, he fancied him at his mercy. Voltaire had, however, but one
-wish--to escape, and to feel himself once more free. On this outrage he
-instantly returned "the king's baubles," as he called them,--the key of
-chamberlain, his cross, and the brevet of his pension,--with these
-verses:--
-
-
-"Je les reçus avec tendresse,
-Je les renvoie avec douleur,
-Comme un amant, dans sa jalouse ardeur,
-Rend le portrait de sa maitresse."
-
-
-Thus trying to soften the acquisition of his freedom to Frederic
-himself. He at the same time said that he was ill, and asked permission
-to drink the waters of Plombières. The king, desirous of keeping him on
-his own terms, replied by sending some bark, and, observing that there
-were as medicinal waters in Silesia as at Plombières, refused
-permission for his journey.
-
-Voltaire had but one other resource: he asked permission to see the
-king. They met, and the pleasure they took in each other's society
-seemed at once to obliterate the recollection of offence and wrong. It
-is said that Voltaire appeared before the king with "Akakia" in his
-hand; on entering the room, he threw it into the fire, saying, "There,
-sire, is the only remaining copy of that unhappy hook which caused me to
-lose your friendship." The king, in his German simplicity, fancied that
-the poet spoke the simple truth; he rushed to the fire to save the
-pamphlet from among the burning fagots. Voltaire struggled to poke it
-in. Frederic at length drew out the half-burnt pages in triumph. He
-embraced his friend. They supped together. "A supper of Damocles,"
-Voltaire calls it; but to the king it was one of triumph, since it
-appeared to be the sign that he had bent Voltaire's spirit to pass over
-the indignities heaped on him, and secured him as a submissive courtier
-for ever. As a token of his renewed servitude, he gave him back "the
-baubles." Maupertuis, himself, was not spared by the friends, who, as
-far as wit could go, sacrificed him at the shrine of their
-reconciliation. Voltaire, however, had but one end in view. He used his
-regained influence to obtain permission for a journey to Plombières,
-promising to be absent only a few months--a promise he did not mean to
-keep. But as Francis I. broke the treaty which Charles V. forced him to
-make in prison in Madrid, so might Voltaire consider any promise he made
-to Frederic void, while the frontiers of Prussia were guarded by an
-hundred and fifty thousand men, and independence had become necessary to
-his existence.
-
-Voltaire exulted in escaping from the palace of Alcina--as he named the
-abode of Frederic; but he did not think it prudent to venture to Paris,
-where his enemies were in vigour, and strengthened by the displeasure
-with which Louis XV. regarded the poet's having exchanged his court for
-that of Frederic. Instead, therefore, of taking refuge in his own
-country (if the subject of an arbitrary monarch can be said to have a
-country), he remained some time at Leipsic. Here he received a
-ridiculous challenge from Maupertuis, which only tended to add zest to
-his pleasantries upon him; and he then proceeded to the court of the
-duchess of Saxe Gotha, a most excellent and enlightened princess, "who,
-thank God," says Voltaire, "did not write verses." He breathed again
-without fear, believing that he hail secured his freedom. He continued
-his journey to Frankfort, where he was met by madame Denis. The bad
-state of Voltaire's health rendered a woman's presence and attentions
-necessary; and he was proud also of the heroic sacrifice it seemed in
-those days when a lady, enjoying the pleasures of Parisian society,
-quitted them to attend on a sick old uncle, even though that uncle were
-Voltaire. Here a sort of tragi-comic adventure ensued, to the temporary
-annoyance of the poet, and the lasting disgrace of the king of Prussia.
-
-Frederic's angry feelings were roused by several just causes of
-annoyance. He learned that "Akakia" was published in Holland, and he
-remembered the scene of its pretended destruction by its author with
-indignation. He was angry, also, that the poet had escaped, and was no
-longer liable to the effects of his displeasure, and fear of ridicule
-added poignancy to these feelings. Frederic at once wished to punish his
-former friend, and to shield himself from the shafts of his ridicule.
-Voltaire had taken with him a volume of Frederic's poems, privately
-circulated and given to him. The king feared that his corrector might
-strip his verses of their borrowed feathers, and deliver up the
-unfledged nurslings to the laughter of the world. He sent orders to his
-agent at Francfort to demand back this volume, as well as the baubles
-before returned and restored. His agent was a Jew of low character, and
-totally illiterate. He proceeded against Voltaire, as if he had been a
-servant suspected of running away with his master's plate. The precious
-volume which Freitag called _L'Œuvre de Poésie du Roi son Maître_,
-had been left at Leipsic. Voltaire and madame Denis were kept under
-strict arrest till this unfortunate book arrived at Francfort; and as
-there are always ill-omened birds who scent ill fortune, and take
-advantage of it; so, now, a bookseller of the Hague, whom Voltaire had
-employed, many years ago, to print the "Anti-Machiavel" of Frederic,
-brought forward a balance of twenty crowns with interest and compound
-interest, which the poet was forced to pay. At last, after a
-disagreeable and strict imprisonment of nearly a month's duration,
-Voltaire and his niece were allowed to depart.
-
-Thus ended the treaty of equal friendship between king and poet. The
-pettiness of the details is striking. We find neither the magnanimity of
-a hero in one, nor the calmness of a philosopher in the other. Voltaire
-had the excuse that he avenged his injured friend Kœnig in his satire
-on Maupertuis. He had dreamed of independence in a palace; and from the
-moment he discovered his mistake he was eager to be free. Frederic,
-meanwhile, was taught by his enemies to regard him as a restless,
-intriguing Frenchman. He had written to him, at the beginning of their
-quarrel: "I was glad to receive you. I esteemed your understanding, your
-talents, your acquirements; and I believed that a man of your age, weary
-of skirmishing with authors and exposing himself to the storm, would
-take refuge here as in a tranquil port. First, you exacted from me, in a
-singular manner, that I should not engage Freron to correspond with me,
-and I had the weakness to yield. You visited the Russian minister, and
-talked to him of affairs in which you had no right to interfere; and it
-was believed that I commissioned you. You had a dirty transaction with a
-Jew, and filled the city with clamour. I preserved peace in my house
-till you arrived; and I warn you, that if you have a passion for
-intrigue and cabal, you have addressed yourself very ill. I like quiet
-people; and if you can resolve to live like a philosopher, I shall be
-glad to see you; but if you give way to your passions, and quarrel with
-everybody, you had better remain at Berlin. * * * * I write this letter
-with unpolished German good sense, which says what it thinks, and
-without adopting equivocal terms and soft palliations to disfigure the
-truth."[6] This letter shows that Frederic believed himself to be in the
-right, and had conceived a bad opinion of his friend. We all know the
-height to which misunderstandings can rise when fostered by malicious
-and interested persons. We cannot wonder that men of quick tempers like
-Frederic and Voltaire should disagree; but it was to be lamented that
-they made their pettish quarrels a spectacle for all Europe.
-
-Voltaire had now a new life to fix upon. He was eager to secure his
-entire independence. The tranquillity he had at first enjoyed in Prussia
-made him feel the value of peace. This he could never find in his own
-country, and he henceforth looked upon expatriation as the only means of
-securing his tranquillity. Chance assisted him in forming the choice of
-an abode, which, from the independence it afforded, placed him in a high
-and dignified position in the eyes of all Europe. He had at first
-entertained the plan of establishing himself in Alsatia, in which
-province he spent two years, after leaving Prussia, occupied in writing
-the annals of the empire; but he was disturbed by the attacks of the
-Jesuits, who were angry because they had failed in an endeavour to
-convert him. He found that he could not visit Paris with safety; and he
-hesitated where to establish himself. Meanwhile, his health being, as
-ever, bad, he was advised to try the waters of Aix, in Savoy.
-
-In his way thither he passed through Lyons. Cardinal Tencin refused to
-receive him, on account of his being out of favour at court. Voltaire
-was piqued; but the inhabitants of Lyons compensated for the insult.
-They entertained him with public honours; got up his tragedies, that he
-might be present at the representation, and receive the enthusiastic
-applause of an audience who gloried in the opportunity of thus rewarding
-the author of works which excited so much admiration. Proceeding from
-Lyons to Savoy, he passed through Geneva, and here he consulted
-Tronchin, a physician, whom every one looked on as holding life and
-death in his hands. Tronchin dissuaded him from trying the waters, but
-promised to restore his health if he would make some stay near him.
-Voltaire gave readier faith than could have been expected from a
-ridiculer of the medical art. He consented to remain in the
-neighbourhood of Geneva; and, finding that it was an established law
-that no Catholic might purchase land in Protestant Switzerland, it
-pleased his whimsical mind instantly to buy an estate in the territory
-of Geneva.
-[Sidenote: 1755.
-Ætat.
-61.]
-Add to which motive, he fully appreciated the advantages he must derive
-from living out of France, yet in a country where French was spoken, and
-where liberty of speech and of the press had hitherto reigned
-undisturbed. His house, named Les Delices, was beautifully situated. He
-describes it as commanding a delightful view. The lake on one side, the
-town of Geneva on the other; the swift swelling Rhone formed a stream at
-the end of his garden, fed by the Arve and other mountain rivers. A
-hundred country houses with their gardens adorned the shores of the lake
-and of the rivers; and the Alps were seen afar off,--Mont Blanc and its
-range, whose picturesque snow-clad peaks for ever presented new aspects,
-as the clouds or the varying sunlight painted them. A philosopher, blest
-with affluence, might well be happy in such a seclusion. Soon after his
-arrival, Voltaire wrote the fragment of his autobiography, to explain
-his quarrel with the king of Prussia. These memoirs are one of his most
-entertaining works. The playful sarcasm, which characterises every page
-he ever wrote, in this production reaches home, yet can scarcely be said
-to sting. He laughs at Frederic and his _Œuvres des Poésies_; he
-laughs at his own illusions; and then lingers with fondness on the
-retreat he had at last found from the tumult of society and the
-friendship or enmity of kings. He congratulates himself on having made
-his own fortune, and confesses that this was done by speculations in
-finance. "It is necessary to be attentive to the operations to which the
-ministry, always pressed and always changing, makes in the finances of
-the state," he observes. "Something often occurs of which a private
-individual can profit without being under obligations to any one; and it
-is vastly agreeable to fabricate one's own fortune. The first step is
-troublesome, the rest are easy. One must be economical in one's youth,
-and in old age one is surprised at one's wealth. Money is at that time
-more necessary, and that time I now enjoy. After having lived with
-kings, I am become a king in my home. I possess all the conveniences of
-life in furniture, equipages, and good living. The society of agreeable
-and clever people occupy all the time spared from study and the care I
-am forced to take of my health. While I enjoy the most pleasant style of
-life that can be imagined, I have the little philosophic pleasure of
-perceiving that the kings of Europe do not taste the same happy
-tranquillity; and I conclude that the position of a private person is
-often preferable to that of royalty."
-
-These words were singularly verified in the renewal of his
-correspondence with the king of Prussia. Frederic had begun it by
-sending him an opera he had founded on "Mérope."
-[Sidenote: 1756.
-Ætat.
-62.]
-Soon after the coalition was formed against Prussia, which, victorious
-at first, brought Frederic to the position of rebel against the empire.
-The loss of a battle reduced him to extremities; and, rather than submit
-to his enemies, he resolved to commit suicide. He wrote a long epistle
-in verse announcing his intention: Voltaire answered it in prose, and
-combated his idea by every argument that seemed most likely to have
-weight. Frederic was in some sort convinced; he dismissed the idea of
-self-destruction; but he resolved to fall on the field of battle, unless
-the victory was decided in his favour.
-
-This more heroic resolution was rewarded by the gain of two battles, in
-which scarcely a Prussian fell, and the defeat of the enemy was
-complete. Frederic wrote triumphantly to his friend to announce his
-victories.
-[Sidenote: 1758.
-Ætat.
-64.]
-Soon after, Voltaire was applied to by cardinal Tencin, who had refused
-to receive him at Lyons, to forward letters which were to negotiate a
-peace. The wily philosopher consented: he was aware that the cardinal
-would fail, and he was malicious enough to wish to enjoy the sight of
-his mortification. The cardinal did fail, and more disgracefully than he
-expected; and the disappointment cost him his life. "I have never been
-able to understand," Voltaire observes, "how it is that people are
-killed by vexation, and how ministers and cardinals, whose hearts are so
-hard, retain sufficient sensibility to die from the effects of a
-disappointment. It was my design to mortify and laugh at, not to kill
-him."
-
-Voltaire had secured his safety, and could give himself up to that
-ardent love of study, that restless aspiration for fame, that eager
-endeavour to overthrow the superstitions (and, unfortunately, more than
-the superstitions, the religion) of Europe, and that more noble
-resolution to oppose all abuses, and to be the refuge and support of the
-oppressed, which animated his soul through a long life chequered by
-physical suffering. In his retreat of Les Delices, he brought out his
-historical work on the "Manners and Spirit of Nations." He composed
-several of his best tragedies; he wrote "Candide," a book rendered
-illustrious by its wit and penetrating spirit of observation, in spite
-of its grossness and implied impiety, which are the reigning blemishes
-of Voltaire's writings. As usual, also, he erected a theatre in his
-house. Added to his habitual love for theatrical amusements, he hoped to
-impart a taste for them to the Genevese, and so to weaken that ascetic
-spirit of repulsion of intellectual pleasure to which, whether enjoined
-by monks or recommended by Calvin, he was hostile.
-
-All, however, was not labour, peace, and amusement. The publication of
-the poem of the "Pucelle" threatened a renewal of the persecutions of
-which he had been the victim in his earlier days. Several forged verses
-in ridicule of Louis XV. and madame de Pompadour had been foisted into
-the surreptitious edition that appeared, and it was with difficulty that
-his friends proved that he was not the writer. Voltaire, indeed, was
-always in a state of inky war. A man who had provoked the priesthood of
-Europe, and whose talent for perceiving and pourtraying the ridiculous
-was unequalled and unsparing, could not fail in creating a host of
-enemies. Satires, epigrams, and libels rained on him. In his retirement
-of Les Delices, he might, if he had chosen, have been insensible to
-these attacks; but not one but found their way; he answered all, dealing
-about his shafts dipped in sarcasm and irony, and spreading abroad a
-sort of terror that served as a wholesome check to his enemies. A word
-or line from his pen marked a man for ever. Several among those thus
-attacked were forced to hide themselves till a new victim was immolated,
-and their own disgrace forgotten. In his "Life of Molière," speaking of
-the epigrams with which Boileau and Molière attacked, and, it is said,
-caused the death of Cotin, Voltaire called this the sad effect of a
-licence rather perilous than useful, which is more apt to flatter the
-malignity of men than to inspire good taste; and in his "Essay on
-Satire," he severely blames Boileau for naming the poets whom he
-censures. Yet, with blind inconsistency, Voltaire never spared an enemy.
-He conceived that, if attacked by, he had a fair right to annihilate, as
-he well could, the stinging gadflies of literature. The society of Paris
-was kept alive by his multitudinous epigrams. This engendered a baneful
-spirit of sarcasm, and spread abroad an appetite for injuring others by
-ridicule, slander, and jests that wound. They rendered society more
-heartless and more cruel than ever.
-
-Voltaire, himself, was visited by the effects of the disturbed state of
-feeling he helped to engender. He had hoped to find a safe asylum in the
-Genevese territories. But his attacks on their prejudices created a host
-of enemies. He began to feel that the dark shadows of persecution were
-gathering round.
-[Sidenote: 1762.
-Ætat.
-68.]
-He found that, although his presence in Paris would not be permitted, he
-might, in safety, take up his abode in a remote part of France. He
-purchased, therefore, the estate of Ferney, on the French territory,
-within a short distance of Geneva; and thus with a foot, as it were, in
-two separate states, he hoped to find safety in one if threatened with
-hostility in the other.
-
-He was more fortunate than he anticipated. The persecutions he
-afterwards endured were reduced to little more than threats, and were
-less than might be expected by a man who first raised the voice of
-hostility to, and resolved on, the destruction of a system of religion
-supported by a powerful hierarchy which was in possession of half the
-wealth of the nations who professed their faith, and which was regarded
-as the bulwark of their power by the monarchs of Europe. Voltaire's poem
-on the law of Nature, and his version of Ecclesiastes, were burnt in
-Paris as deistical and blasphemous, although the latter had no fault but
-that of turning the sublime into commonplace. A poem on the earthquake
-at Lisbon was also produced at this time; and "Candide" was written and
-published. To collect together the most dreadful misfortunes, to heap
-them on the head of a single individual, and in one canvass to group all
-of disastrous that a fertile imagination can paint, and present this as
-a picture of life, does not seem at first sight the most worthy
-occupation of a philosopher. Voltaire himself, though he had met
-reverses, was a living refutation of "Candide." But as, in truth,
-whether by sudden reverse or the slow undermining of years, all human
-hope does fade and decay, as life proceeds to its close; so Voltaire,
-now nearly seventy years of age, might, on looking back, consider
-disappointment and sorrow as the mark of humanity; and, by showing these
-ills to be inevitable, inculcate a philosophical indifference. Still the
-tone of "Candide" is not moral, and, like all Voltaire's lighter
-productions, is stamped with a coarseness which renders it unfit for
-general perusal. In addition to these minor productions, Voltaire
-laboured at the correction and enlargement of his historical work on the
-"Manners and Spirit of Nations,"--one of the greatest monuments which
-his genius achieved.
-
-While Voltaire was at Berlin, d'Alembert and Diderot had set on foot the
-project of the "Encyclopédie." Their plan was, to write a book which
-would become indispensable to every library, from its containing the
-most recent discoveries in philosophy, and the best explanations and
-details on every topic, and this mingled with an anti-catholic spirit,
-that would serve to sap the foundations of the national religion.
-Voltaire contributed but few, and those merely literary, articles to
-this work--whose progress, however, he regarded with lively interest.
-
-The outcry against the "Encyclopédie" was of course prodigious; every
-one who did not belong to the party formed by the lovers of innovation
-rose against it. Parliament and clergy pronounced its condemnation, and
-succeeded so far in suppressing it, that the editors were obliged to
-continue it clandestinely. They, however, did not submit without a
-struggle: a literary war was declared, which raged furiously. Voltaire
-was considered at the head of the liberal party, and he gave his mighty
-aid to turn the opposers of his opinions into ridicule. One after the
-other, they sank under the shafts of his wit, and were forced to take
-shelter in retirement from the ridicule with which his epigrams had
-covered them. Voltaire considered his thus abetting his friends a sacred
-duty. "I belong to a party," he wrote, "and a persecuted, party, which,
-persecuted as it is, has nevertheless gained the greatest possible
-advantage over its enemies, by rendering them at once odious and
-ludicrous."
-
-It is pleasant to turn from these matters, which often display the
-self-love and intolerance of the philosophers of the day, to such acts
-as stamp Voltaire as a generous man, full of the warmest feelings of
-benevolence, and capable of exerting all his admirable faculties in the
-noblest cause,--that of assisting and saving the unfortunate. A great
-niece of Corneille lived in indigence in Paris. A friend of hers
-conceived the happy thought of applying to Voltaire for assistance; and
-that which he instantly afforded, at once rescued her from privation and
-care. His answer to the application deserves record. "It becomes an old
-follower of the great Corneille to endeavour to be useful to the
-descendant of his general. When one builds chateaux and churches, and
-has poor relations to support, one has but little left to assist one,
-who ought to be aided by the first people in the kingdom. I am old. I
-have a niece who loves the fine arts, and cultivates them with success.
-If the young lady of whom you speak will accept a good education under
-my niece's care, she will look on her as a daughter, and I will be to
-her as a father." This offer was of course gratefully accepted. The
-young lady was clever, lively, yet gentle. Voltaire himself assisted in
-her education. "I do not wish to make her learned," he writes, "but
-desire that she should learn how to conduct the affairs of life and to
-be happy." He was rewarded for his exertion by his protégée's docility
-and gratitude. As a means of obtaining a dowry for her, he wrote his
-elaborate commentary on Corneille's works, and published it, with an
-edition of the great tragedian's works, by subscription--inducing the
-monarchs and nobles of Europe, through his mighty influence, to send in
-their names, and thus fabricated a fortune for the orphan.
-
-Soon after, another and more important occasion offered itself for
-serving his fellow creatures, and he acquitted himself of the task with
-resolution and success.
-
-The frightful spirit of persecution of the Huguenots, engendered by the
-revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV. and his
-dragoon-missionaries, still survived in the provinces; and not only
-embittered the minds of the ignorant, but influenced the legal
-authorities, and led them always to associate the ideas of crime and
-Protestantism together. Jean Calas had been a merchant of Thoulouse for
-forty years. He was a Protestant--an upright and good man, and by no
-means bigoted. One of his sons was a convert to Catholicism; but, far
-from showing displeasure. Calas made him an allowance for his
-maintenance. A female servant who had been in his family for thirty
-years was a Catholic. One of his sons, named Marc-Antoine, committed
-suicide. He was a young man of a restless, sombre, discontented
-disposition; he disliked trade, and found himself excluded by the laws
-against his religion from entering on any profession. He read various
-books on suicide--conversed on the subject with his friends--and one
-day, having lost all his money in play, resolved on the fatal act. The
-family supped together; they had a guest with them--a young man only
-nineteen, named Lavaisse, known for his amiable and gentle disposition.
-After supper, Marc-Antoine left them; and when, shortly after, Lavaisse
-took his leave, and the father went down stairs to let him out, they
-discovered his son hanging from a door: he had undressed himself, folded
-up his clothes, and committed the act with the utmost deliberation. The
-family were seized with terror. They summoned medical aid and officers
-of justice; their cries and terror gathered a crowd about the house. The
-only error they committed was, that, knowing the horror in which suicide
-was held, they at first declared that the unfortunate man had died a
-natural death. The falsehood of this assertion being at once detected,
-the most frightful suspicions were the consequence.
-
-The people of Thoulouse were peculiarly fanatical--they regarded
-Protestants as monsters capable of any crime: a whisper was raised that
-Jean Calas had murdered his son. A story was quickly fabricated and
-believed. It was alleged that Marc-Antoine was on the point of abjuring
-Protestantism, and that his family and Lavaisse had murdered him, to
-prevent him from putting his design into execution. A thousand other
-details were swiftly invented for the purpose of adding terror to the
-scene. The chief magistrate of Thoulouse, named David, excited by these
-rumours, and paying no attention to possibility or proof, without even
-proceeding with legal forms, threw the whole family of Calas, their
-Catholic servant, and Lavaisse into prison. In the frenzy of the moment,
-they turned the supposed victim into a martyr, and buried him in the
-church of St. Etienne, as if he had already abjured his faith, and died
-in consequence. One of the religious confraternities of the town
-celebrated his funeral with pomp; a magnificent catafalque was raised to
-his honour, on which was placed a skeleton, who was supposed to
-represent Marc-Antoine, which was made to move; it held a pen, with
-which it was supposed to sign the act of abjuration. The people, excited
-by their priests, were transported with fanaticism: they invoked the son
-as a saint; they demanded the execution of the father as a murderer.
-
-The details of the trial of the unfortunate man accused of murdering his
-own son were not less frightful and unjust: of twelve judges, six
-acquitted him--it required a plurality of voices for his condemnation.
-Two judges were terrified into retiring; others were gained over; a
-majority of two was obtained, and the unfortunate Calas broken on the
-wheel.
-
-The whole circumstances were full of contradiction and absurdity. Calas
-was sixty-eight years of age,--a kind father and a good man. If he had
-committed the murder, the whole of his family must have been equally
-guilty, as it was proved that they spent the evening together, and that
-he had never quitted them for a moment. The judges paused, however,
-before they condemned mother, brothers, sisters, the youth, their guest,
-and their Catholic servant; they deferred their trial till after the
-death of the old man, under the pretence that he might confess under
-execution. Calas died in torture, however, protesting his innocence; and
-the judges were perplexed what to do next. At first they pronounced a
-sentence of acquittal; but, feeling that this decision was in too
-glaring contradiction with that which condemned the father to the wheel,
-they practised on the weakness of Pierre Calas to induce him to become a
-Catholic: fear led him to show signs of yielding, at first; but the
-weakness was temporary, and he fled from the monastery in which he had
-been induced to take refuge. The unfortunate widow, Lavaisse, and the
-servant were liberated. Deprived of fortune, covered with infamy,
-reduced to destitution, the wretched family took refuge in Geneva. Their
-case was mentioned to Voltaire; he sent for the surviving victims to
-Ferney; he questioned them rigorously; the mere fact that the parliament
-of Thoulouse had condemned the father, and liberated those who, had a
-murder been committed, must have been accomplices, sufficed to show that
-the sentence was unjust, and the execution of the unfortunate old man a
-legal assassination. He obtained the documents of the proceeding from
-Thoulouse; he found the narration of the Calas faithful in all its
-parts, while their appearance and words bore the stamp of undeniable
-truth. He was struck with horror, and exerted that energy which formed
-his prominent characteristic to obtain justice for them,--an undertaking
-which must strike any one familiar with narratives of judicial
-proceedings in France, at that time, as full of nearly insuperable
-obstacles. He interested the duke de Choiseul, a man of known humanity,
-in their favour. The duchess d'Enville was then at Geneva, having come
-to consult the famous Tronchin. She was an amiable and generous woman,
-and superior to the prejudices and superstition of the age. She became
-the protectress of the Calas. The family were sent to Paris; the widow
-demanded a trial, and surrendered herself to prison. Voltaire was
-indefatigable in drawing up memoirs and papers in their justification.
-He did what no other man could have done: he roused all Europe to take
-interest in their cause, and kept alive the memory of their wrongs by
-writings that at once pourtrayed their sufferings and argued in favour
-of toleration,--a word which then appeared synonymous with blasphemy,
-and even to this day is not imprinted with sufficient depth in the minds
-of men. The legal proceedings were carried on at his expense. These
-extended to a great length. Two years passed before a definitive
-judgment was pronounced; "so easy is it," remarks Voltaire, "for
-fanaticism to condemn and destroy the innocent, so difficult for reason
-to exculpate them." The duke de Choiseul had named a tribunal which was
-not implicated with the tortuous and intolerant policy of the French
-parliaments, to try the cause. But endless formalities succeeded one to
-the other. The spirit which Voltaire had raised in their favour was
-fervent in Paris. Persons of the first distinction visited the accused
-in prison, and every one vied with the other in administering
-consolation and support. In England a large subscription was raised in
-their favour. At length the day of their acquittal arrived. The judges
-unanimously pronounced that the whole family was innocent, and the
-memory of the unfortunate father was redeemed from infamy. All Paris was
-alive with joy and triumph: the people assembled in various parts of the
-town; they were eager to see the persons to whom justice was at last
-done; they clapped their hands in triumph when they appeared; the judges
-addressed the king to supplicate him to repair the pecuniary losses of
-the family, and the sum of 36,000 livres was given for this purpose.
-Voltaire, in his seclusion among the Alps, heard of the success, and of
-the enthusiastic joy with which his countrymen hailed the triumph of
-innocence; he had a right to look on himself as the cause, not only of
-the justice at last done to the wronged, but of the virtuous sympathy
-felt by all Europe in their acquittal. He, whose sensations were all so
-keen, felt deeply the gladness of victory. He knew that many blessed his
-name; he felt himself to be the cause of good to his fellow-creatures,
-and the epithet of the saviour of the Calas was that in which, to the
-end of his life, he took most pride and joy. His letters at the moment
-of the final decision show the depth of his emotion.
-[Sidenote: 1765.
-Ætat.
-71.]
-"Philosophy, alone, has gained this victory," he writes; "my old eyes
-weep with joy." To conclude the history, David, the magistrate whose
-fanaticism and cruelty hurried on the death of the miserable old man,
-was deprived of his place; struck by remorse and shame, he lost his
-reason, and soon after died.
-
-Voltaire, known as the protector of the innocent, was soon called upon
-to render a similar service for another family. A girl of the name of
-Sirven had been carried off from her Protestant family, and, according
-to the barbarous custom of the times, was shut up in a convent; where,
-not yielding to conversion as readily as was expected, she was treated
-with such severity that in a fit of desperation she threw herself into a
-well and was drowned. Instead of punishing the priests and nuns for the
-effects of their persecution, her family was accused of her death. They
-had time to escape, but were condemned to death for contumacy. The
-unfortunate father and mother resolved to apply to Voltaire. Reduced to
-destitution, they were forced to make the journey on foot, and presented
-themselves in a miserable state at Ferney. Voltaire was eager to raise
-his voice in their favour, though he was aware that the public, having
-lavished all their pity on the Calas would listen coldly to a new story.
-The spirit of toleration, which, nevertheless, he had spread abroad,
-served him in this case, as the enthusiasm of compassion had in the
-other; such delays, however, occurred, that the unfortunate mother died
-while the cause was yet pending. He could not obtain that the case
-should be tried in Paris. The accused were obliged to surrender to the
-parliament of Thoulouse. The principal people of that town had become
-eager to exonerate themselves from the charges of persecution and
-injustice which their former conduct had raised. The trial was carried
-on impartially, and Sirven was acquitted. Seven years, however, had
-elapsed before this tardy act of justice was completed.
-
-Another instance of religious intolerance, more frightful in some of its
-details than the preceding, roused Voltaire to combat the sanguinary
-clergy of his country with renewed zeal. But in this instance he could
-not save the victims already immolated by the malignancy of private
-enmity, and the cruel bigotry of public tribunals.
-
-Some very young men resident at Abbeville had rendered themselves
-notorious for the freedom of their religious opinions. They read and
-praised with enthusiasm various infidel books then in vogue. They had
-been known to sing blasphemous songs at their supper table; and once, on
-returning home late at night after a drunken frolic, one struck with his
-cane a wooden crucifix placed by the road side. These acts, committed,
-as they were, by boys under twenty, deserved blame, and even it might be
-deemed punishment, but punishment suited to their few years and
-consequent thoughtlessness; but it was a frightful exaggeration to
-consider them criminals in the eye of the law, especially as none
-existed in France against misdemeanours of this nature, and they could
-only be punished by an act of arbitrary power. This was exerted to
-punish them with a barbarity which is supposed to characterise the
-Spanish inquisition alone; though if we read the history of the Gallican
-church, we find that the priests of its powerful hierarchy were behind
-those of no nation in the spirit of sanguinary and merciless
-persecution. Unfortunately, in the present instance, one of the
-principal actors in this foolish scene, a boy of seventeen, had a
-personal enemy. A rich and avaricious old man of Abbeville, named
-Belleval, had an intrigue with madame de Brou, abbess of Villancour.
-This lady's nephew, the chevalier de la Barre, came to pay her a visit;
-he and his friends were in the habit of supping in the convent, and he
-was considered the successful rival of Belleval. This man resolved to be
-revenged. He spread abroad in Abbeville the history of their blasphemous
-conversations; he excited the spirit of fanaticism against them among
-the populace, and raised such clamour in the city that the bishop of
-Amiens thought it necessary to visit it for the purpose of taking
-informations with regard to the circumstances reported to him. Belleval
-busied himself in collecting witnesses, and in exaggerating every
-instance of folly committed by these youths. Unfortunately, not only the
-populace and priests of the city, but the tribunals by whom the cause
-was tried, seconded too frightfully his iniquitous designs; although the
-very fact of the misconduct of the abbess, by bringing the Catholic
-religion into disrespect among these boys, ought to have pleaded in
-their favour. The young men were condemned to a cruel death. Amongst
-them was numbered Belleval's own son; this was unexpected by the
-informer; and, in despair, he contrived that, he should escape, together
-with two of his young associates. The remainder were not so fortunate.
-La Barre, a youth, scarcely seventeen, condemned to undergo the torture
-and to have his tongue cut out, and then to be decapitated, underwent
-his sentence. When too late, the people of France awoke to a just sense
-of horror at the cruelty committed. Voltaire was transported by
-indignation. "You have heard," he wrote to d'Alembert, "the account from
-Abbeville. I do not understand how thinking beings can remain in a
-country where monkeys so often turn to tigers. I am ashamed to live even
-on the frontier. This, indeed, is the moment to break all ties and carry
-elsewhere the horror with which I am filled. What! at Abbeville,
-monsters in the guise of judges, sentence a child of sixteen to perish
-by the most frightful death--their judgment is confirmed--and the nation
-bears it! Is this the country of philosophy and luxury? It is that of
-St. Bartholomew. The inquisition had not dared to put in execution what
-these Jansenist judges have perpetrated."
-
-Voltaire's horror could not save the victim, for the evil was committed
-before the news of the trial reached him. The populace, it is true, even
-before the execution of the victims, returned to their senses, and
-Belleval was held in such execration that he was forced to fly from
-Abbeville, to avoid being torn to pieces. But the king and parliament of
-Paris refused to repair their fault towards the survivors. Voltaire did
-what he could. He recommended one of the victims who had fled, the
-chevalier d'Etallonde, to the king of Prussia, whose service he entered;
-and he endeavoured to open the eyes of government to the justice and
-propriety of repairing its crime. But the duke de Choiseul feared to
-act, and the parliament of Paris was a bigoted and intolerant body.
-
-To his honour, we find that he was unwearied in his endeavours. When
-Louis XVI. succeeded to the crown, and a milder reign commenced, he
-renewed his exertions. D'Etallonde had, from good conduct, been promoted
-in the Prussian army. He invited him to Ferney, and endeavoured to
-interest the ministers of Louis in his favour, and to prevail on them to
-revoke his sentence: in vain; the government had not sufficient justice
-to avoid a fault, nor humanity to desire to repair it.
-
-Such were the crimes committed in the outraged name of religion, that
-animated Voltaire with the desire of wresting the power of doing ill
-from the hands of the priesthood of his country, and which made him the
-unwearied and active enemy of a system which sanctioned such atrocities.
-In the present instance, something of fear added a sting to his
-feelings. The "Philosophical Dictionary," a work he denied having
-written, but of which, in reality, he was the author, was mentioned
-among the books, a respect for which formed one of La Barre's crimes,
-and it was burned in Paris, while exertions were made to denounce and
-punish him as the author. These failed; but they embittered Voltaire's
-enmity. He spread abroad the history of the enormities, which the
-perpetrators, ashamed too late, were desirous of hushing up. Lalli, a
-barrister, who was accused of having a principal part in the nefarious
-proceeding, wrote to Voltaire at once to excuse himself, and threaten
-the author. Voltaire replied, by an anecdote in Chinese history. "I
-forbid you," said the emperor of China, to the chief of the historical
-tribunal, "to mention me." The mandarin took out his note book and
-pen--"What are you doing?" said the emperor. "I am writing down the
-order which your majesty has just pronounced."
-
-As some sort of compensation for these acts of horror and cruelty,
-Voltaire heard of the banishment of the Jesuits from France. This
-community had long reigned paramount in that kingdom; one of the society
-was, by custom, always selected as confessor of the king. It had
-signalised itself by every possible act of intolerance and persecution.
-The Jansenists, the Huguenots, and the Quietists were exiled,
-imprisoned, and ruined, through their influence. France was depopulated.
-In bitterness of spirit, the truly pious and wise of the kingdom,
-Boileau, Racine, Pascal, Fénélon, Arnaud, and a long list more, knew
-that their zeal for a pure religion exposed them to persecution.
-Voltaire disliked the Jansenists, and ridiculed the Quietists; but he
-was too just not to revolt from persecution; and though, from the
-prejudices of early education, he was inclined to look favourably on the
-Jesuits, he rejoiced in their fall from the power which they misused,
-and their expulsion from a country, so many of whose most virtuous
-inhabitants they had visited with exile and ruin.
-
-In writing Voltaire's life, we have too often to turn from acts denoting
-a benevolent and generous spirit, to others which were inspired by
-self-love, and a restless spirit that could not repose. Among these, his
-conduct to Rousseau has disgraceful prominence. It is true that the
-citizen of Geneva had provoked him first; but Rousseau was the victim of
-the system of tyranny which Voltaire so fervently deprecated. Even if
-his intellects were not impaired, he had, from the unfortunate
-susceptibility of his disposition, and the misfortunes that pursued him,
-become an object of commiseration, at least to one who sympathised in
-his opinions and views. But once attacked, Voltaire never forgave. He
-could not be injured, yet he avenged the intended injury. Had he
-confined his ridicule and blame of Rousseau to conversation and letters,
-it had, considering his influence in society, been sufficient revenge;
-but when, to a great degree excited by Rousseau, those troubles and
-tumults occurred in Geneva, from which Voltaire was so far the sufferer,
-that he thought himself obliged to sell his property of Les Delices, he
-made the tumults the subject of a licentious and burlesque poem, in
-which Rousseau was held up to ridicule. The disgrace, however, recoiled
-on himself. His most enthusiastic friends blamed his conduct, and
-disliked his poem.
-
-Voltaire ran a more fortunate career than befalls most men. He was rich,
-and he had been wise enough to adopt a system that insured his
-independence. At a distance from the capital, he was in reality removed
-from the cabals of literature, the turmoils of society, and from the
-excitement, so often attended by disappointment, that belongs to the
-life of a literary man of high reputation. He led what he himself terms
-a patriarchal life; his niece was at the head of his household. The
-niece of Corneille, adopted by him, had married M. Dupuis, a gentleman
-of some fortune in the neighbourhood of Geneva, and resided in his
-house. No foreigner ever passed from France to Italy without paying a
-visit to Ferney. All those of any note or merit were received with
-cordial hospitality, and the chateau was never free from guests: above
-fifty persons of different grades--masters, guests, and
-servants--inhabited it. In the midst of this turmoil, Voltaire led a
-laborious life. His health was feeble. During the winters, which the
-neighbourhood of the eternal snows render peculiarly severe, he was
-nearly always confined to his bed. But physical suffering never tamed
-his spirit. From the bed of sickness, he sent abroad various writings,
-some in support of the best interests of humanity (as in the cases of
-Calas, &c.), others historical and poetic, and not a few replete with
-that malicious pleasantry that caused him to be universally feared.
-
-[Sidenote: 1766.
-Ætat.
-72.]
-
-Few things occurred to interrupt the tenour of his life. At one time,
-his niece, madame Denis, and his protégés, monsieur and madame Dupuis,
-left him to visit Paris, and he was left for nearly two years alone in
-his retreat. A thousand reports were current as to the cause of this
-separation; but, in time, it became acknowledged that Voltaire's own
-account of it was true. "I have been," he wrote to madame du Deffand,
-"the innkeeper of Europe for fourteen years, and I am tired of the
-trade. I have received three or four hundred English, who are so fond of
-their country, that not one has recollected me since their departure,
-except a Scotchman, of the name of Brown, who has written against me. I
-have had French colonels, with their officers, who have remained a
-month, but who serve their king so well, that they have never written to
-me. I have built a chateau and a church. I have spent five hundred
-thousand francs in these pious and profane works; and my illustrious
-debtors in Paris and Germany, conceiving that these acts of magnificence
-did not become me, have thought proper to curtail my means to teach me
-wisdom. I found myself suddenly almost reduced to philosophy. I have
-sent madame Denis to urge the generous French; I have taken the generous
-Germans on myself. My seventy-four years and continual illnesses condemn
-me to seclusion and moderation. This life cannot suit madame Denis, who
-acted against the grain in coming to live with me in the country. She
-needs perpetual company and pleasures to make her endure this desert,
-which, according to the Russians themselves, is for five months of the
-year worse than Siberia. Madame Denis had need of Paris; the niece of
-Corneille had greater need, as she only saw it at an age and in a
-situation which did not permit her to become acquainted with it. I made
-an effort to separate myself from them, that they might enjoy the
-pleasures of the capital."
-
-After a visit to Paris of nearly two years, they returned to him again.
-
-A visit to Ferney was an event in a traveller's life. In personal
-intercourse, Voltaire was, according to the testimony of the king of
-Prussia, and of every other contemporary, and singularly delightful and
-entertaining. "You are agreeable in conversation, and instruct and amuse
-at the same time. You are the most fascinating creature in the world;
-and, when you choose, no one could resist loving you: your wit and
-genius are so graceful, that, even while you offend, every one is ready
-to forgive you." This is the description that Frederic gives of him. Nor
-did age diminish the lustre of his wit, the vivacity of his spirit, or
-the alternate gaiety and impressive charm of his conversation. It was
-only at a distance that his tendency to what the French call
-_tracasserie_--an inherent love of disturbance--and the vehement,
-uncourteous, and unfair manner with which he carried on a dispute, made
-his contemporaries, while they viewed him with wonder and delight, yet
-alternately fear and censure him. He appeared particularly amiable to
-those who sought his protection, for he was ever generous in pecuniary
-points, and lavish of his praises to literary men, as long as they paid
-worship at his shrine. His intercourse with Marmontel illustrates this
-subject, and we shall extract his account of his visit to Ferney, as
-giving a vivid picture of the vivacity, and whimsical and capricious
-disposition, of this singular man; who in age and suffering was as
-energetic, active, and enthusiastic as a youth just entering warm and
-undeceived on the scene of life.
-
-Marmontel had several years before been excited by him to venture on a
-literary career in Paris. On his arrival, Voltaire received him with a
-cordiality that warmed the young man's heart; his purse and house were
-open to him. Nor did he stop at mere offers; he encouraged him in his
-arduous endeavours, and he showed paternal joy in his success. These are
-real and absolute virtues in a great man. There is so little
-encouragement to literary ambition abroad in the world, especially in
-this country. Those who hold the place of judges in the literary world
-(including in this class those whose trade is criticism as well as
-amateurs) are so afraid of compromising their reputation; and the rest
-of society dare not pronounce an opinion for themselves; so that, except
-in those instances in which, by a happy hit or servile fosterage of
-prejudices, popular favour is gained, and a speedy sale of an edition
-gives undeniable proof of success, authors of promise do not meet with
-the tithe of the encouragement necessary to sustain them hopeful and
-glad in their laborious career. Voltaire's sensitive heart felt that
-praise and sympathy were the proper food of the young aspirant, and as
-necessary as food, in keeping up that buoyant and confiding spirit which
-alone enables him to develope all his powers; he displayed, therefore,
-in voice and manner, and in actions, such earnest sympathy as served as
-the dearest reward and encouragement to the author. His kindness to
-Marmontel was unalterable, but their intercourse was broken off by his
-expatriation. Marmontel, accompanied by a friend, visited him at Les
-Delices soon after his arrival in Switzerland. "Our welcome," he
-narrates, "was the most singular and original in the world. Voltaire was
-in bed when we arrived: he held out his arms, and wept with joy, as he
-embraced me. 'You find me dying,' he said, 'and you come to restore, or
-to receive my last sigh.' My companion was frightened at this
-commencement; but I, who had heard Voltaire declare himself dying a
-hundred times before, made him a sign not to be alarmed. In fact, a
-moment afterwards, the dying man made us sit by his bedside. 'My
-friend,' said he to me, 'I am delighted to see you--especially at a time
-when I have a man with me whom you will be glad to hear. It is M. de
-l'Ecluse, formerly surgeon-dentist to the late king of Prussia, now
-possessor of an estate near Montargis; he is a delightful man. Do you
-not know him?'--'The only M. de l'Ecluse I know,' I replied, 'was an
-actor at the comic opera.' 'That is he, my friend--the very man. If you
-know him, you have heard him sing the song of the Remouleur, which he
-acted and sang so well.' And then, with his bare arms and sepulchral
-voice, Voltaire began to imitate l'Ecluse. We laughed heartily; but he
-continued, seriously,--'I imitate him badly--you must hear M. de
-l'Ecluse--it is truth itself--how delighted you will be! Go and see
-madame Denis. Ill as I am, I shall rise to dine at table. The pleasure
-of seeing you has suspended my sufferings, and I feel quite alive
-again.'
-
-"Madame Denis received us with that cordiality which is the charm of her
-character. She presented M. de l'Ecluse to us, and at dinner Voltaire
-encouraged him by the most flattering praises to give us the pleasure of
-hearing him. We appeared charmed--need was--for Voltaire would not have
-forgiven faint applause. Our subsequent ramble in his garden was
-employed in talking of Paris--the newspapers, the theatres, the
-'Encyclopédie,' and the unhappy 'Le Franc de Pompignan,' the butt of
-all his jests. His physician, he said, having ordered him to hunt him
-every day for two hours, he charged me to assure our friends that they
-should receive a fresh epigram every day; and he was faithful to his
-promise. On our return from our walk, he played at chess with M.
-Gaulard, who respectfully allowed him to win; then we talked of the
-drama, and of the revolution in acting brought about by Mlle. Clairon. I
-exhausted all the little eloquence I possessed to inspire him with the
-same enthusiasm that I felt myself for this actress; and I was enjoying
-the impression I appeared to make, when, interrupting me, he exclaimed
-with transport--'That is exactly like madame Denis--she has improved
-most astonishingly. I wish you could see her play Zaire, Alzire,
-Idamè--it is the perfection of talent.' Madame Denis compared to
-Clairon! My ardour was checked in a moment; so true it is that taste
-accommodates itself to the objects it possesses. In the evening, I drew
-Voltaire out about the king of Prussia. He spoke with a sort of lofty
-magnanimity; like a man who disdained an easy revenge, or as a lover
-pardons a mistress, whom he deserts, for the indignation and blame she
-expresses. The conversation at supper turned on the literary men he most
-esteemed; and it was easy to discern those whom he really loved--it was
-those who made the most public boast of his friendship. Before we went
-to rest, he read us two new cantos of the 'Pucelle,' and Madame Denis
-remarked to us that this was the only day since his arrival at Les
-Delices that he had passed without shutting himself up in his study
-during some portion of it. The next day we had the discretion to leave
-him during a part of the morning to himself. I told him that we would
-wait till he rang. He was visible at eleven o'clock, but was still in
-bed. 'Young man,' said he to me, 'I hope you have not renounced
-poetry: let me see what you have lately written.' * * * Before dinner he
-took me to pay some visits in Geneva; and, speaking of his intercourse
-with the Genevese, he said, 'It is agreeable to live in a country whose
-sovereigns send to ask you to lend them your carriage when they come to
-dine with you.' His house was open to them, they passed whole days
-there. * * *
-
-"In the evening, at supper, our kings and their mistresses were the
-subjects of conversation; and Voltaire, while making a comparison of the
-gallantry of the old court and the present one, displayed that abundant
-memory from which nothing interesting escaped. From madame de la
-Vallière to madame de Pompadour, the anecdotic history of the two
-reigns, with that of the regency between, passed in review with a
-rapidity and a brilliancy of design and colouring quite dazzling.
-However he reproached himself for having robbed M. de l'Ecluse of
-moments which he said he could have rendered far more diverting, and
-begged him to repair his fault by giving us some scenes of the
-'Ecosseures,' at which he laughed like a child.
-
-"The next was our last day. As we were to depart early on the following
-morning, we agreed with madame Denis and messieurs Hubert and Cramer to
-prolong the pleasure of being together, by sitting up and conversing
-till the hour of departure. Voltaire insisted on making one of us: in
-vain we pressed him to go to bed; more wakeful than ourselves, he read
-us several cantos of 'Joan.' I was delighted; for, if Voltaire, in
-reading serious poetry, affected, as it appeared to me, too monotonous a
-cadence, and too marked an emphasis, no one ever recited familiar and
-comic verses with so much native grace and tact: his eyes and smile had
-an expression I never saw in any other man. Our mutual adieu moved us to
-tears; more on my part, indeed, than his, as was fit; for, in addition
-to my gratitude, and the many causes I had for being attached to him, I
-left him in exile."
-
-Marmontel's account relates to Voltaire's early residence in the
-neighbourhood of Geneva. Madame de Genlis visited him in 1776. Being at
-Geneva, she wrote to propose paying him a visit. The poet replied
-graciously. "When I received his answer," she continues, "I was seized
-with sudden fright. I remembered all I had heard related of those who
-paid Ferney a first visit. It is the custom, especially for young women,
-to tremble, grow pale, and even faint, on perceiving Voltaire: they
-throw themselves into his arms, they weep, and show an agitation which
-resembles the most passionate love. This is the etiquette of a
-presentation at Ferney; and M. de Voltaire is so used to it, that calm
-and politeness must appear either impertinent or stupid.
-
-"I left Geneva in time, according to my calculation, to arrive at Ferney
-just before Voltaire's dinner hour; but my watch was wrong, and I did
-not discover my error till I arrived. There is no awkwardness more
-disagreeable than to be too early when going to dine with those who know
-how to occupy their mornings. Wishing really to please a celebrated man,
-who was kind enough to receive me, I dressed myself with elegance, and
-never before wore so many feathers and flowers. I took with me a German
-painter, M. Ott: he was very clever, but with very little literary
-knowledge, and, above all, had never read a line of Voltaire; but he
-felt the desirable enthusiasm only by hearing of him. He was in a state
-of ecstacy on approaching Ferney. I admired and envied his transport. We
-entered the drawing room; it was empty. The servants seemed surprised
-and hurried; the bells rang, and all gave signs of the truth, that we
-had arrived an hour too soon. We saw, at the end of the room, an oil
-painting magnificently framed; we hurried to examine it; and, to our
-great surprise, found it was a mere daub, representing Voltaire with a
-glory round his head, with the family of Calas kneeling before him,
-while he trod under foot his enemies Freron and Pompignan. The picture
-was the invention of a bad Genevese artist, who made a present of it to
-Voltaire. But it seemed the silliest thing in the world to hang it up in
-his drawing room. At length the door opened, and madame Denis and madame
-de Saint Julien entered; they announced that Voltaire would soon appear.
-Madame de Saint Julien was very amiable, and is passing the summer at
-Ferney. She calls Voltaire 'my philosopher,' and he calls her 'my
-butterfly.' She proposed a walk to me, and I was delighted; for I felt
-embarrassed at the idea of seeing the master of the house, and was glad
-to delay for a few minutes the formidable interview. We went on the
-terrace, from which the magnificent view of the lake and mountains might
-have been seen, had they not had the bad taste to raise a trellice,
-covered with a thick foliage that concealed all, so that the view was
-only to be perceived through little openings too small for my head; and,
-besides, the trellice was so low, that my feathers caught every moment.
-I was obliged to stoop, and this fatiguing attitude was ill suited to
-enable me to enjoy the conversation of madame de Saint Julien, who,
-short, and in a morning dress, walked at her ease, and conversed
-agreeably. At length we were told that Voltaire was in the drawing room.
-I felt so harassed and frightened that I would have given the world to
-have found myself in my inn at Geneva; but my companion, judging me by
-herself, drew me along quickly. We returned to the house. As soon as I
-had collected myself we entered, and I found myself in the presence of
-Voltaire. Madame de Saint Julien invited me to embrace him, saying that
-it would please him. I addressed him with the respect due to his genius
-and his age. He took my hand and kissed it, and I know not why, but I
-was touched by this act of common gallantry coming from him.
-
-"During dinner, M. de Voltaire was by no means agreeable; he appeared to
-be continually angry with his servants, calling to them so loudly that I
-started. I had been told beforehand of this habit, so singular before
-strangers; but it was evident that it was merely a habit, for the
-servants neither appeared surprised nor troubled. After dinner, knowing
-that I was a musician, Voltaire asked madame Denis to play. She had a
-method which reminded one of the music of the days of Louis XIV. She had
-just finished a piece of Rameau, when a little girl of seven years old
-entered, and threw herself into Voltaire's arms, calling him papa. He
-received her caresses with sweetness; and, seeing that I looked on the
-picture with extreme pleasure, he told me that this was the daughter of
-the descendant of the great Corneille, whom he had adopted. Several
-visitors from Geneva dropped in, and afterwards he proposed a drive, and
-he and his niece, madame de Saint Julien, and myself entered the
-carriage, and he took us to the village to see the houses he is
-building, and the charitable establishments he has founded. He is
-greater here than in his books, for so ingenious a goodness appears in
-all, that one wonders that the same hand which wrote so much blasphemy,
-could form such noble, wise, and useful works. He shows this village to
-all strangers, but unpretendingly. He speaks of it with kindness and
-simplicity; he mentions all that he has done, but with no appearance of
-boasting. On returning to the chateau, the conversation was very
-animated: it was night before I took my leave.
-
-"The portraits and busts of Voltaire are all very like; but no artist
-has painted his eyes well. I expected to find them brilliant and full of
-fire; and they are, indeed, the most expressive of intellect that I ever
-saw; but they are full, at the same time, of softness and inexpressible
-tenderness. The very soul of Zaire shone in those eyes. His smile and
-laugh, which is very malicious, changed at once this charming
-expression. He is very decrepit; and his old-fashioned dress makes him
-look older. He has a hollow voice, which produces a singular effect,
-especially as he is in the habit of speaking very loud, although he is
-not deaf. When neither religion nor his enemies are mentioned, his
-conversation is simple, unpretending, and delightful. It appeared as if
-he could not endure the expression of opinions differing from his own on
-any point. On the slightest contradiction his voice became shrill and
-his manner decided. He has lost much of the manners of the world: and
-this is natural; ever since he has lived on this estate no one visits
-him but to cover him with flattery. His opinions are oracles; all around
-is at his feet. The admiration he inspires is the continual subject of
-conversation, and the most extravagant exaggerations now appear ordinary
-homage. No king has ever been the object of such excessive adulation."
-
-Voltaire, however, though he liked flattery, often avoided it, by not
-receiving the guests that poured in. Madame Denis did the honours of the
-house; and many a traveller, who had gone far cut of his way to visit
-the Man of the Age, left the chateau without seeing him. It was thus he
-treated the comte de Guibert, esteemed in those days as a young man of
-promising talents, but who is best known to us as the object of
-mademoiselle de l'Espinasse's attachment. Guibert, after passing five
-days at Ferney, left it without seeing its master. Arriving at Geneva,
-he sent him four verses, which wittily, though somewhat blasphemously,
-expressed his regret. The wit pleased; the blasphemy, perhaps, pleased
-still more, as showing him to be of his own way of thinking; and
-Voltaire instantly sent after him, invited him back, and treated him
-with kindness and distinction. Many anecdotes are told of the bad
-reception he gave others. But as every one, and in particular every
-pretender to literature, thought it necessary to visit Ferney, no wonder
-that he was often pushed to extremities by their intrusion and
-pretensions, and, impatient and whimsical as he was, got rid of them, as
-the humour dictated, by open rudeness or covert ridicule.
-
-The astonishing vivacity and energy of Voltaire's temperament led him to
-create, like Don Quixote, giants with whom to fight; but he was not
-always moved by the heroic benevolence that animated the Spanish knight,
-but by childish or more blameable whims. He had built a church at Ferney
-(the one belonging to the parish being mean and in disrepair), and went
-to mass, for the edification of his tenantry. After mass he delivered an
-exhortation against theft (some of the builders of his church having
-been guilty of carrying off old materials), which, being against all
-canonical rules, scandalised the congregation and incensed the priest.
-The bishop of the diocese, an ignorant, intolerant man, hearing of the
-desecration, applied to the king of France for a _lettre de cachet_
-against Voltaire. His request was not listened to; but the imagination
-of Voltaire was set on fire by the intelligence; nor can we wonder,
-considering that he had entered the Bastille, as a prisoner, three
-different times. He burnt a vast quantity of papers; he dismissed every
-guest; and remained alone with his secretary and father Adam, an
-ex-Jesuit, who resided with him. At first he thought it would be
-necessary to fly; but soon his restless fancy suggested another mode of
-defending himself. The bishop, carrying on the war, forbade any of his
-inferior clergy to confess, absolve, or administer the communion to the
-seigneur of Ferney. Considering his avowed and contemptuous disbelief in
-Christianity, it had been more dignified in Voltaire to abstain from
-participating in its mysteries; but he had not the most remote idea of
-the meaning and uses of dignity. His impetuosity, his love of the
-ridiculous, his determination to vanquish and crush his enemies, by
-whatever means, were paramount to any loftier sentiment of calm disdain.
-He said, "We shall see whether the bishop or I win the day."
-Accordingly, he feigned illness, took to his bed, and insisted on
-receiving religious consolations as a dying man. The priest of the
-parish refused to comply for a length of time; and Voltaire, to gain his
-point, signed a paper declaratory of his respect for the Catholic
-religion. The whole scene was indecorous,--insulting to the priest, and
-unworthy of the poet. He gained his point at last, and frightened the
-curate so much that he fell ill and died; while his conduct in the
-church, his angry expostulations with the clergy, and his confession of
-faith became the wonder and gossip of Paris.
-
-It is more pleasing to contemplate the good deeds of this versatile and
-extraordinary man, whose activity astonished his contemporaries[7], and,
-considering his infirmities and age, seem almost superhuman. The civil
-troubles of Geneva caused a number of exiles. The fugitives, destitute
-and suffering, were received at Ferney, and treated with hospitality and
-generosity. Voltaire's first idea was to found the little town of
-Versoi, on the banks of the lake of Geneva. He applied to the duke de
-Choiseul for protection and funds. These were at first granted; but the
-disgrace of the minister ruined the infant town, and its founder was
-obliged to restrict his exertions to his own colony at Ferney. He caused
-commodious houses to be built, and the place, which was before a
-miserable hamlet, inhabited by peasants in the last degree of penury,
-became a pleasant village, filled by industrious artisans, who carried
-on a considerable trade in watchmaking. It is to this village that
-Voltaire led madame du Genlis, and the sight of it filled her with
-respect for his enlarged views and benevolent heart.
-
-Nor was this the only place that owed the blessings of prosperity to
-him. By most persevering and courageous representations he induced the
-chancellor Maupeou to enfranchise the peasants of a territory among the
-mountains of Jura, who were serfs to the monastery of St. Claude, and
-suffered the most unendurable grievances from the feudal laws still in
-force. Afterwards, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, he asked for
-various exemptions from taxes from the minister Turgot for the town of
-Gex, which flourished in consequence, till Turgot was exiled, his
-ordinances cancelled, and the town was ruined. His colony fell under the
-same ban, and he shared the general loss. He was grieved, but not
-disheartened. "It is true," he wrote to his valued and steady friend the
-comte d'Argental, "that I have had the folly, in my eighty-third year,
-to commence an undertaking above my strength. I must abandon it, and
-wait till I grow younger. My strange fate, which led me from Paris to
-the frontiers of Switzerland, and forced me to change a filthy hamlet
-into a pretty town, a quarter of a league long, follows me; she does not
-restore my youth, but crushes me with the stones of the houses I have
-built. A change of ministry in France has deprived my colony of all the
-advantages I had obtained; and the good I have done my new country has
-turned to mischief. I put the last drop of my blood into this useful
-establishment, without any view except that of doing good--my blood is
-lost, and all I have to do is to die of a consumption." He wrote to
-another friend: "Ferney, which you saw a wretched village, has become a
-pretty town. I scarcely know how this has been brought about; but I know
-that it has ruined me. It was ridiculous in so insignificant a man as me
-to build a town."
-
-The correspondence which this undertaking necessitated was immense. To
-this occupation he added a dispute on the merits of Shakspeare, in which
-an entire want of taste and of knowledge, and a superfluity of flippancy
-and insult, were the prominent features. It raised a laugh among a few,
-but did no honour either to his cause or himself.
-
-What, at its outset, seemed a more tranquil and happy reign, had begun
-in France. The latter days of Louis XV. were utterly disgraceful. He had
-dispersed the parliament, it is true, which, by its prejudices and
-injustice, had become odious; but it was replaced by another, which
-reformed no abuse, while it was conspicuous only for servile submission
-to the royal authority. Enlightened and popular ministers--Choiseul and
-Turgot--were exiled to make room for men of the old leaven, who had no
-apprehension of the growing necessities of the times; while his
-thrusting upon the court a low-born and infamous mistress, completed the
-degradation of the king's position: and the society of Paris, opposed to
-that of the court, acquired influence and dignity. The first acts of
-Louis the Sixteenth's reign, being to recal the disgraced and popular
-ministers, and to exhibit every token of sympathy for the distresses of
-the subject, inspired hope. Voltaire ardently desired to revisit the
-capital, to feel himself among his friends, and to enjoy the sensation
-which his presence, after so long an absence, would not fail to create.
-The inhabitants of Ferney saw their benefactor depart with tears. He
-promised to return in six weeks; and so firmly intended to keep this
-resolution, that he put no order into his affairs or papers before his
-departure, thinking it not worth while, as his absence would be so
-short.
-
-[Sidenote: 1788.
-Ætat.
-84.]
-
-On the 10th of February he arrived in the capital, accompanied by
-monsieur and madame de Villette and madame Denis. Madame de Villette was
-a protégée of Voltaire. She had been destined for a convent by her
-parents; and, in despair, wrote to the patriarch of Ferney to extricate
-her from such a fate. He offered her a home in his house. She was
-gentle, beautiful, and clever. M. de Villette, a gentleman of fortune,
-fell in love with and married her. She went by the name of Belle et
-Bonne among her friends. Voltaire had the peculiarity, which usually
-attends men of genius, of gathering about him a society composed
-principally of women, and she was a chief favourite.
-
-Voltaire brought with him his newly written tragedy of "Irene." He had
-the notion indelibly impressed, that, to secure his position in Paris,
-he must acquire popularity; and that a successful tragedy was the sure
-means of acquiring it. In the present instance he did not need such
-support. No conqueror, returned from enslaving a province, was ever
-received with such enthusiastic marks of triumph. La Harpe well
-observes, that the generation who had witnessed Voltaire's earlier
-struggles and clouded fame, had nearly died away; all those born during
-the space of the last forty years found the world full of his fame. His
-persecutions, his mode of life, his attacks on religion and on persons,
-the mischief he had caused, and the good he had done, were the chief
-topics of interest: more than all, the brilliancy of his genius dazzled,
-its versatility delighted mankind. Even his pettishnesses, his whims,
-his follies, ever varying and upheld by him with earnestness and vigour,
-kept alive public attention. That this man, the subject of all tongues
-and all pens, should emerge from his seclusion among the Alps, and, in
-his eighty-fifth year, come to take his part in society, and gather the
-applause of a theatrical audience, excited, nearly to frenzy, the
-curiosity, the admiration, and interest of every inhabitant of Paris.
-
-Condorcet, who witnessed his arrival, in his "Life of Voltaire," madame
-du Deffand, in her "Letters to Horace Walpole," and Grimm, in his
-"Literary Correspondence," give a vivid picture of this last triumphant
-but fatal visit to Paris. He arrived in good health; though his first
-note to madame du Deffand said, "I arrive, dying; and only wish to
-revive to throw myself at your feet." He received all his friends with
-cordiality and gaiety, and delighted them with the charm that belonged
-to his manners. All Paris pressed to see him; his apartment was never
-empty: he received more than 300 persons, one after the other, and had
-something witty and agreeable to say to all. Meanwhile, as he was in
-reality afflicted by a weakening and very painful disease, his more
-familiar friends began to tremble for the result of this new and
-exciting scene. "I paid him my second visit yesterday," writes madame du
-Deffand, "on the 22d of February. It was not so agreeable as the first.
-We were received by his niece, who is certainly the best woman in the
-world, but the most tiresome; by M. de Villette, who is the dullest man,
-and his young wife, who, they say, is amiable, and goes by the name of
-Belle et Bonne with Voltaire and his friends. We did not find him in the
-drawing-room; he was shut up with his secretary, and begged me to wait.
-His friends told me that he was overwhelmed with fatigue; that he had
-read the whole of his tragedy that afternoon to the actors, and had made
-them rehearse, and was so exhausted that he could scarcely speak. I
-wished to go away; but they detained me, and Voltaire sent me four lines
-he had made on his statute by Pigal, to engage me to remain. After a
-good quarter of an hour he came in. He said that he was dead--that he
-could not speak. I offered to leave him; but he would not let me. He
-spoke to me of his play. He has no other subject in his head: it has
-caused him to come to Paris, and it will kill him if it does not
-succeed."
-
-Nor was his tragedy his only subject of anxiety. He was told that Louis
-XVI. had asked, on hearing of his arrival, if the interdiction to his
-residence in Paris had ever been taken off. A question which seemed to
-show his disapprobation; but the young queen and her friends, and the
-count d'Artois, were borne away by the stream of fashion and friendlily
-inclined. A few days after his arrival he fell ill. His mode of life in
-Paris was very different from that which he led at Ferney; there he was
-subject to none of the calls of society; he saw few visitors, and left
-madame Denis to do the honours of the house--enjoying in his own person
-the most entire liberty, passing the greater part of his day in bed, or
-in study; at other times walking in his grounds and over his estate,
-directing the improvements and enjoying the pleasure of creating his
-colony, and witnessing its prosperity. His new mode of life deranged his
-health, a vomiting of blood came on, and his life was in danger. The
-vivacity of the French disposition was shown at this moment. All Paris
-was in alarm. The priests gathered round--Voltaire thought it right to
-quiet them by making a profession of faith. How far the all-seeing and
-infinitely pure Being can be propitiated by a falsehood on the lips of a
-dying man, may be considered doubtful; but the clergy thought more of
-their own temporal victory than the higher questions of religion and
-morality. These might have been satisfied by a declaration given by
-Voltaire to a friend, which said, "I die worshipping God, loving my
-friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting superstition." Nor was
-this the only disquiet that attended his sick-bed: his friends
-quarrelled round it concerning the physicians who attended, and
-wrangling and dissension--the fruits of the vanity, not the affection,
-of his friends--disturbed the peace necessary for his convalescence.
-
-The vital principle was still strong, and he recovered. He made use of
-his renewed strength to visit the academy, and to be present at the
-representation of his tragedy. The enthusiasm was at its height. He was
-almost crushed to death both at the Louvre and the theatre,
-notwithstanding the exertions of the soldiers to keep a passage clear.
-The academicians received him rather as the sovereign of literature than
-as an equal. At the theatre his reception was still more flattering. His
-bust was crowned on the stage, and the audience were in a transport of
-delight; tears of enthusiasm and joy marked the feeling of the
-spectators, who saw his attenuated figure with sorrow, and every one was
-eager to offer him assistance when he left the theatre. His triumph
-failed only in that the court still looked askance on him; and his very
-presence in Paris was rather connived at than permitted. Still the
-manifestations of public favour might satisfy a man even insatiable of
-applause. He was deeply touched. "They wish to smother me with roses,"
-he exclaimed, as he felt his feeble frame sink from exhaustion.
-
-At this moment, at the very zenith of human glory,--when the whole
-population of the then most civilised capital in the world seemed to
-breathe his name only, to see him only in the world, to crowd round him
-in admiration and triumph,--and while their cry, "There is the saviour
-of the Calas," rewarded him for his benevolent exertions,--then, had he
-retired to his tranquil seclusion at Ferney, he might have prolonged his
-existence. But this he was not permitted to do. Madame Denis was
-heartily tired of the mountain solitude, which, as Voltaire grew older
-and more averse to show himself, became a complete seclusion. He
-earnestly desired to return; but, day after day, the solicitations of
-his friends induced him to prolong his stay. His secretary, Wagner,
-gives a lively picture of the struggles between him and his niece. The
-physician, Tronchin, had begged Voltaire to return to Ferney. "You must
-feel," he said, "that a tree transplanted at eighty-four years of age
-must perish." "Am I able to support the journey?" asked the old man.
-"Yes, I answer for it on my head," said Tronchin; and Voltaire, charmed
-with the prospect, gave instant orders for his departure. Madame Denis
-argued against it. "I must return," he replied. "I adore the country; it
-gives me new life. You, who detest it, can remain here, and amuse
-yourself." "Who told you that I hated it?" asked his niece. "My
-experience," he replied quickly and sternly.
-
-The cabals which formed the spirit of French society in those days
-multiplied to keep the old man in Paris. He was induced to buy a house;
-but he made the purchase more for madame Denis than himself, and said
-"that instead of a dwelling he had bought a tomb." He still persisted,
-while he was in Paris, in attending the academy, where he wished to
-introduce the plan of a new dictionary, and in interesting himself with
-theatrical concerns. He drank coffee to support himself when he felt his
-strength failing; and this producing fever and pain, he took opium to
-procure calm. Soon his illness took a dangerous turn, and no remedies
-could alleviate it; a mortification came on, which caused him
-unspeakable agonies. At length, he fell into a state of exhaustion and
-torpor, and died on the 30th of May, 1778.
-
-According to the scandalous custom of the French clergy, impediments
-were raised to his decent interment. To baffle these, his death was kept
-secret for several days. A grave was denied him in the parish where he
-died, and the body was transported to the Abbey de Scellieres, in the
-diocese of Troyes, belonging to his nephew, and buried in the church. A
-stone was placed above, bearing the words, only--"CI-GIT VOLTAIRE." At
-the same time orders were issued by the government forbidding the
-newspapers to comment on his death either for praise or blame; the
-actors to represent his plays; and the masters of schools to allow their
-pupils to learn his verses. Such arbitrary and puerile acts always
-destroy themselves, and add to, instead of detract from, the reputation
-of the man against whom they are levelled.
-
-Other governments showed more liberality. Catherine of Russia, who had
-corresponded with him, and whom he had held up to the admiration of the
-world, openly mourned his death. His old friend Frederic of Prussia
-caused his academy to hold a meeting in his honour, during which an
-elaborate eulogium, written by himself, was pronounced.
-
-The character of Voltaire is displayed in the preceding pages. He was a
-zealous, a warm, and constant friend. When Thiriot acted weakly and
-injuriously--sending to Frederic of Prussia the libels published against
-his friend--madame du Châtelet and others implored him to renounce him;
-but Voltaire, while he reproved, let no word of unkindness escape. In
-later days, d'Alembert wrote to tell him that the duke de Richelieu was
-acting a false part by him, and prevented his plays from being acted.
-Voltaire could not be touched in a more sensitive place; but he replied,
-"that such might be true, but that he could not quarrel with a friend
-whom he had known for fifty years." He was, it is true, a rancorous
-enemy--never pardoning, but visiting any injury done him with the
-severest retaliation of sarcasm and ridicule. He was singularly
-benevolent and generous. His letters are crowded with instances. His
-exertions in favour of the oppressed have been partly recorded in the
-preceding pages; it would require many more to commemorate every
-instance of his active and enlightened benevolence. When, on the death
-of Louis XV., he thought he could get annulled the sentence against the
-chevalier d'Etallonde, he procured his leave of absence from the king of
-Prussia, supplied him with money for his journey to Ferney, and kept him
-there a year, while he vainly exerted his utmost influence in his
-favour. He bitterly deplored his failure. The spectacle of injustice
-filled him with anguish. His mind endured torture from the sense of
-injury done others, and he felt it imperative to prevent or repair
-crime. The sight, the idea only, of a triumphant or unpunished
-oppressor, excited the liveliest emotions of compassion and indignation
-in his sensitive and proud spirit. His private benevolence was not less
-active. The bookseller Jore, whose imprudence and want of fidelity had
-endangered his liberty, applied to him in distress, and was relieved,
-with expressions of kindness. A friend died in Paris; his wife, who had
-been living separate from him, seized on all he left, and an old and
-faithful servant was left destitute. Voltaire instantly made her an
-allowance. We might multiply such instances; and while this sad world is
-filled with the needy, the afflicted, and the oppressed, it is
-impossible not warmly to admire a man who sympathises in the necessities
-of his fellow-creatures and alleviates their sufferings.
-
-The great and lasting blame attached to him arises from the inveterate
-and bitter hostility he expressed to Christianity. The texture of his
-mind partly occasioned this. He was incapable of understanding or
-feeling the sublime, the simple, and the pure. The poetry of the Bible
-was a dead letter to him; and this may be the more readily accounted
-for, as the living French poet, La Martine, whose nature is pious and
-reverential, mentions that he never felt its sublimity till a few years
-ago, when translated by his friend M. de Genoude. Impurity and grossness
-was also a part of Voltaire's nature; and these led him to depreciate
-the beauty of the Saviour's character, and the morality of the gospel.
-
-The French clergy of those days must bear, however, much of the blame.
-Voltaire ardently desired to crush a church which, in power, showed
-itself utterly devoid of the principles of Christianity. Arnaud,
-Fénélon, the recluses of Port Royal, and the Quietists, had been its
-victims. Racine, Boileau, men of highly moral and pious characters, were
-injured and calumniated; and this because they did not belong to the
-reigning party in the church. What wonder, then, that Voltaire and his
-friends were led to despise men who made their religion the pretence for
-indulging their worst passions, and were even induced to think ill of
-the system of which they proclaimed themselves the sole fitting
-supports. Let Christians be real disciples of the Gospel, and men like
-Voltaire will neither have the power nor the will to injure the religion
-they profess.
-
-We have no space for elaborate criticism of Voltaire's works. We have
-alluded to many in the progress of this biography. His "Historical Essay
-on the Manners and Spirit of Nations," in spite of its mistakes in facts
-and errors of opinion, is a monument of vast genius. His "Age of Louis
-XIV." is a beautiful work, though we are not sure that his mode of
-dividing the subject is the best. Many long chapters, devoted to the
-narration of wars, unmixed by the detail of individual passions or
-public struggles, which are thrown into separate portions of the work,
-break and weaken the interest.
-
-His plays have not the loftiness of Corneille, nor the soft tenderness
-of Racine; but many of them possess much passion and power. His poetic
-faculties, such as they were, decayed soonest; his latter tragedies are
-weak and poor compositions. As a didactic poet, he ranks low; as an
-epic, he is not considered in these days to take any rank at all; as a
-burlesque, grossness and indelicacy occasion his verses to be read only
-by those whose praise is not worth having; as a critic, he was unfair
-and uncourteous, always ready to make ridicule stand for argument, and
-not unwilling to advance what was false, when the truth did not
-sufficiently support him. Thus he could translate a speech of Falstaff,
-declaring that it was meant to be tragic, because it occurred in a
-tragedy. His lighter productions are among his best, and, though sullied
-by his peculiar defects, are full of genius. The great characteristic of
-Voltaire is, that he scarcely ever penned a line that is not instinct
-with spirit and life and genius. If you open by chance any volume of his
-works, you will be struck at once by the strength and felicity of his
-expressions--the vivacity of the sentiment--the penetration with which
-he detects the false--the wit which gives sparkle and point to all he
-says. He was, it is true, of the second order of minds, but first among
-the second; and such was his perfection in his art, as far as it went,
-that he contrived, while living, to fill a first place, and will always
-receive a larger share of attention and praise than his intrinsic merits
-deserve.
-
-
-[Footnote 1: His own high opinion of the "Henriade" is manifested in
-certain verses he wrote on the subject, which may be mentioned as proof,
-at once, of his vanity and his entire inability to understand and
-appreciate poetry. These verses, indeed, only embody, in a few lines,
-his "Essay on Epic Poetry," in which he proves that absence of
-imagination is the chief merit of a poet.]
-
-[Footnote 2: That we may be impartial, we quote the opinion expressed of
-this poem by a modern French critic. Barante, in his "Essay on French
-Literature of the Eighteenth Century," remarks, "Voltaire has most
-fallen in his reputation as an epic poet. He flattered himself in vain
-that he had bestowed an epic on France. Such a work could not be
-produced in the times in which he lived, nor with a character like his.
-For epic poetry we need the lively and free imagination of the first
-ages: knowledge must not have weakened faith, enthusiasm of feeling, nor
-the variety and vigour of character. . . . . By a serious and melancholy
-character, and pure and true feelings, and the memory of adversity
-brooded over in solitude, an epic might be rendered as touching as it
-has been rendered sublime, and interest might stand in place of
-imagination. But if Virgil secluded himself from the influence of the
-court of Augustus, Voltaire was far from avoiding that of the court of
-the regent. He composed an epic poem with the same degree of interest as
-would have sufficed to enable him to write an epistle in verse. He
-fancied that an epic consisted in certain forms agreed upon, in
-prescribed supernatural agency. He fulfilled these rules, and believed
-that he had achieved a great work. He was not aware that it is not a
-dream, a recital, and the introduction of divinities, that constitutes
-an epic poem; but an elevated and solemn imagination; and, above all,
-simplicity and truth, under whatever form. The Iliad does not resemble
-the Odyssey in the arrangement of its parts: these poems have nothing in
-common, except the epic spirit." So far the enlightened critic speaks.
-Then, to soothe ruffled French vanity, he adds, "Nevertheless, it cannot
-by denied that the 'Henriade' contains great beauties; the poetry is not
-epic, but is sometimes elevated and pathetic."]
-
-[Footnote 3: The love of scandal, which belongs to humanity, always
-busies itself in exaggerations. In a virtuous and primitive state of
-society, slight peccadilloes serve the turn of the backbiter; the
-inventions grow with the necessity of surpassing the fact. If the regent
-had been a Quaker, he would have been accused of kissing any favoured
-lady by stealth: being unfortunately a profligate, he was accused of
-incest; the next step beyond the fact which it was necessary for slander
-to make.]
-
-[Footnote 4: Mémoires de Longchamp.]
-
-[Footnote 5: It is difficult to decide on madame du Châtelet's
-character. With regard to the immorality of her liaison with Voltaire,
-we will merely refer to the clever preface of the English editor to
-madame du Duffand's correspondence with Horace Walpole, in which the
-stale of society in that age is so well described; and only remark, that
-such was the system, that a devoted and enduring friendship for so great
-a man was considered highly respectable, even though that friendship
-militated against our stricter notions of social duties; it not being
-considered the business of any one to inquire into, or concern
-themselves with, a question that related only to the persons immediately
-implicated. With regard to madame du Châtelet's general character, she
-was unpopular through the vehemence of her temper, and even the ardour
-with which she devoted herself to study. She had several of the faults
-attributed to literary women, which arise from their not having the
-physical strength to go through great intellectual labour without
-suffering from nervous irritation In other respects she was evidently
-generous and sincere. Her judgment was sound; her common sense clear and
-steady. She was witty and vivacious, and had as much to bear from
-Voltaire's petulance, whimsicalness, and vehemence, as he from her more
-imperious temper.]
-
-[Footnote 6: When the correspondence was renewed between Frederic and
-Voltaire, they could not help alluding to the past, and their
-expressions show that each thought himself in the right. Voltaire says,
-"I am unutterably surprised when you write that I have spoken harshly to
-you. For twenty years you were my idol, '_je l'ai dit à la terre, au
-ciel, à Guzman même_;' but your trade of hero, and your situation of
-king, do not render the disposition tender: it is a pity, for your heart
-was made for kindness; and were it not for heroism and a throne, you
-would have been the most amiable man in the world." Frederic replied,
-with greater force, "I well know that I adored you as long as I thought
-you neither mischievous nor malicious: but you have played me so many
-tricks, of all kinds. Let us say no more; I have pardoned you. After
-all, you have done me more good than ill. I am more amused by your
-works, than hurt by your scratches."]
-
-[Footnote 7: Lettres de Madame du Deffand à Horace Walpole, vol. II.]
-
-
-
-
-ROUSSEAU
-
-1712-1778.
-
-
-It is impossible to imagine a character in stronger contrast with
-Voltaire, than that of Rousseau. They possessed but one quality in
-common. It is difficult to know what to call it. In ordinary men it
-would be named egotism, or vanity. It is that lively and intimate
-apprehension of their own individuality, sensations, and being, which
-appears to be one of the elements of that order of minds which feel
-impelled to express their thoughts and disseminate their views and
-opinions through the medium of writing;--men of imagination, and
-eloquence, and mental energy. This quality is good as long as it renders
-an author diligent, earnest, and sincere; it is evil when it deprives
-him of the power of justly appreciating his powers and position, and
-causes him to fancy himself the centre, as it were, of the universe.
-Rousseau was its victim; it was exaggerated till his mind became
-diseased; and one false idea becoming fixed and absorbing, a sort of
-madness ensued. He was too alive to the sense of his own actions and
-feelings; and as he had committed many faults, not to say crimes, the
-recollection of these, joined to his sincere love of virtue, produced a
-struggle in his mind full, of misery and remorse.
-
-Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, on the 28th June, 1712. His
-birth cost the life of his mother, and was, he says, "the first of his
-misfortunes." His father was a watchmaker, and clever in his trade--it
-was all he had to subsist upon. Jean Jacques was born weakly, and with
-some organic defect, that rendered the rearing difficult and precarious.
-A sister of his father devoted herself to him. According to his own
-account, his childish years were happy. Loved and caressed by many
-relations, and watched over by his aunt, he was indulged without being
-spoiled. His father taught him to read, after the business of the day
-was over. That his attention might be excited, the long romances of
-Scudéri and the elder Crebillon were put into his hands. His father
-shared the pleasure he took in this occupation, and parent and child
-often sat up all night to indulge in it: a taste for the romantic, and a
-precocious knowledge of the language of passion and sentiment, were thus
-impressed upon the boy. When the collection of romances was ended, they
-turned to other books. They had a good collection, being a portion of
-the library of his mother's father, a minister of the church. The
-"History of the Church and the Empire," by Le Seur; Bossuet's "Discourse
-on Universal History;" Plutarch's "Lives;" Ovid's "Metamorphoses;" the
-works of Molière, La Bruyère, and Fontenelle, were among them. The boy
-read to his father as he sat at work.
-[Sidenote: 1720.
-Ætat.
-8.]
-"I thus," Rousseau writes "imbibed a singular taste, perhaps unexampled
-at my age. Plutarch, above all, became my favourite reading, and the
-pleasure I took in it cured me somewhat of my love for romances, and I
-soon learnt to prefer Agesilas, Brutus, and Aristides, to Oorondates,
-Artamenes, and Juba. These delightful books, and the conversations to
-which they gave rise between my father and me, formed that independent
-and republican spirit, that proud untameable character, impatient of
-yoke and servitude, which has tormented me through life, in situations
-ill adapted to foster it. "With my thoughts continually occupied by Rome
-and Greece,--living, so to speak, with their great men, born myself the
-citizen of a republic, and the son of a father whose strongest passion
-was love of his country,--I warmed by his example--I fancied myself
-Greek or Roman--I became the man whose life I read. The account of acts
-of constancy and intrepidity which struck me caused my eyes to flash,
-and gave expression to my voice. One day, as I was relating at table the
-history of Scævola, the listeners were frightened to see me advance and
-hold my hand above a brazier to represent his action."
-
-These happy days, which, had they continued, might have blotted many
-pages of error and suffering from Rousseau's life, ended too soon. The
-darling of all, he lived in an atmosphere of love. He had one elder
-brother, who, treated with negligence, ran away, and took refuge in
-Germany. Not long after, his father had a quarrel with a French officer;
-and rather than submit to the short, but, as it appeared to him, unjust,
-imprisonment with which he was menaced in consequence, expatriated
-himself, leaving his little son with his sister, who had married his
-wife's brother; and the family was thus doubly related. Jean Jaques was
-now sent, together with a young cousin, to board at Bossey, with a
-minister named Lambercier. His life here was more pleasurable than
-generally falls to the lot of childhood;--the boys had their hours of
-tuition, and their hours of play--they quarrelled and made it up--they
-had their childish schemes, their holidays,--they were happy. Rousseau,
-in his "Confessions," well describes how these days of innocence and
-childish enjoyment were disturbed by an unjust punishment. The injustice
-sunk deep into the children's minds,--it despoiled their country home of
-all its charm; and this circumstance deserves mention, as it will always
-be found that the more children are treated with kindness and
-familiarity, the more necessary it is to guard against the slightest
-show of injustice. At a great school, accusation and punishment are
-often the effect of accident, and the boys lay less store by them; they
-are not pregnant with disgrace or shame,--many others, like themselves,
-are subject to the like, and it appears simply as one of the common
-hardships of life. But in domestic education they feel themselves to be
-a portion of the whole; and if that whole be harmonious, a discord, an
-act of tyranny, that falls peculiarly on themselves, makes a frightful
-impression; it appears to enfranchise them from the tacit vow of
-obedience under which they before lived, and causes them to regard their
-elders as treacherous enemies.
-
-Leaving their country pension, the boys continued to lead a happy life
-at the house of Bernard, who was an engineer. He brought up his son to
-the same profession, and Rousseau shared his cousin's lessons. At length
-it was decided that he must adopt some calling, by which to earn his
-livelihood: he was placed with a _greffier_, or attorney; but he
-disliked the employment, and neglected his duties; he was dismissed, and
-apprenticed to an engraver. Here he appears to have been neglected by
-his relations; and the vulgarity and violence of his master had the
-worst effect on his character. There was that in Rousseau, which is
-often found in the early years of genius,--detestation of
-control--rebellion against all forced application. Eager to occupy
-himself, if allowed the choice of employment; revolting from a routine,
-in which his own purposes and inclinations were not consulted; it is one
-of the Sphinx's riddles, not yet divined, how to break in the daring and
-aspiring spirit of youth to the necessities of life, without exciting
-discontent and rebellion. The heart opening at that age more warmly to
-the affections, nature seems to point out the way,--but who in society,
-as it is formed, takes nature for a director?
-
-Beaten, maltreated, hard worked, Rousseau became idle, timid, and lying.
-It is strange, but true, how, in the little republic of Geneva, money is
-perhaps more the main spring of existence than in larger states, and how
-early the children of the artizans are subjected to the grinding evils
-of penury. Brought up to earn their subsistence as soon as is
-practicable, the parents are eager to cast them wholly on their own
-exertions: and the numerous class of young people, male and female,
-decently born and bred, who, in that city, live by attendance in shops,
-by the needle, or the workman's tool, suffer much of the excess of
-labour and poor living to which the inferior classes in our
-manufacturing towns are subject.
-
-Rousseau, timid of heart, but with an imagination that warmed him to
-daring, was led into mischievous scrapes: the very ardour of his
-disposition occasioned his faults: he was treated like a vulgar
-apprentice, and he fell into the vices of such a position, without at
-the same time blunting that eagerness and romance that formed the
-essence of his character. In the midst of disgraceful scrapes, his love
-of reading returned. He had none of those fixed principles which would
-lead him to give due time to the work required of him by his master, and
-his leisure to his books; a new volume in hand, every other occupation
-was sacrificed to it;--he was beaten and ill-treated for his negligence;
-he became obstinate and taciturn, but never gave up his point. His
-books, and the day-dreams founded on them, which fabricated and painted
-a thousand romantic scenes, filled his heart in solitude; real life was
-replete with indignity and suffering; in reverie, he was enterprising,
-noble, and free.
-
-Sunday--the day of leisure and liberty--was spent in rambles and games
-with his comrades. It is the law of Geneva to shut the gates early in
-the evening, and they are not opened on any pretence for any one till
-the following morning. The lad, once or twice too late, was punished
-severely for his negligence. On the third occasion he resolved rather to
-run away than to encounter the menaced chastisement. His last act was to
-send for his cousin Bernard, to take leave of him: the boy did not press
-him to stay--did not offer to mediate for him; he returned to his
-parents, while Rousseau turned his steps from his native city--a vagrant
-and a beggar.
-
-No such aspect of things presented itself to the wanderer himself;--he
-was in his own eyes a hero in search of adventures;--he dreamt of all of
-brilliant and festive of which he had read in his romances, and while he
-slept under the roofs of peasants with whom he was acquainted, and who
-received him with cordial hospitality, his reveries pictured castles and
-enamoured damsels, a fortune the gift of love, and lasting happiness the
-effect.
-
-Rousseau was unfortunate at the outset. He had wandered about till he
-found himself at Confignon, in Savoy, a place two leagues distant from
-Geneva. He paid the curate, M. de Pontverre, a visit. His own account of
-his motives is suspicious: he says that he was anxious to see the
-descendant of men who figured in the history of the republic; that M. de
-Pontverre received him well, asked him to dinner, and invited him to be
-converted to the Roman catholic religion; and that he had not the heart
-to say nay to his kind entertainer. There is--and there was in those
-days still more--a great spirit of proselytism kept up among the
-priesthood of Savoy, hovering, as they do, close to a nest of heresy.
-Still, we cannot help imagining that the scheme was Rousseau's own, and
-that he presented himself as a willing convert--expecting thus to be
-made much of, and introduced in triumph to the houses of the catholic
-nobility. At any rate, M. de Pontverre behaved ill: he ought to have
-felt that it was more for the youth's permanent advantage to send him
-back to his friends, mediate for his pardon, and exhort him to regular
-and virtuous courses; and that to make a proselyte of him, and thus
-render his relations entirely hostile, and him an object of disgrace in
-his native city, while it opened no future career for earning an honest
-livelihood, was the worst step in the beginning of life that a young man
-could take. But M. de Pontverre, as a priest, thought differently;--if
-he did not invite the youth to abjure the religion of his country, he
-facilitated a scheme that sprang from any feeling rather than piety.
-Rousseau felt his pride fall, when his host told him that he would give
-him a letter to a charitable lady living at Annecy, who would forward
-his views. He saw, however, no other resource against starvation; and he
-yielded. Furnished by the curate with a letter, he set out--his head
-full of princesses, palaces, and castles, and in great hopes that some
-fortunate adventure would present a more brilliant prospect than the one
-before him. None occurred. He arrived at Annecy; he saw madame de
-Warens; and in her and her kindness found embodied one of those romances
-of real life, which, if of less fairy and glittering hue to the eye, are
-equally magic-like to the heart, and do not less serve to alter the
-course of existence, and to metamorphose the soul.
-
-The comtesse de Warens was a native of Vevay, in the Pays de Vaud: she
-had married when very young; and having no children, and not being happy
-in her marriage, she took occasion, when the king of Savoy, Victor
-Amadeo, was at Evian, to cross the lake, throw herself at his feet, and
-claim his protection as a convert to Catholicism. The king, who was
-zealous in the cause of his religion, received her graciously, and
-settled on her a pension of 1500 Piedmontese livres. She was much loved
-at Vevay, and there was some danger of her being rescued against her
-will: to preserve his proselyte, the king was obliged to have her
-escorted to Annecy by a detachment of guards; where, under the direction
-of the titular bishop of Geneva, she abjured protestantism. She had
-lived for six years at Annecy, and was eight and twenty, when Rousseau
-first saw her. She was beautiful, and, above all, an expression of
-angelic sweetness and benevolence beamed in her face, that inspired him
-at once with hope, confidence, and gratitude. She felt the folly of the
-step he had taken; but, surrounded by priests and spies, she feared to
-show compassion, or to give him good advice; the few words she did say,
-to induce him to return to his father, were of no avail. Yet it was not
-easy to find the means of subsistence for him. At length one of her
-guests proposed that he should go to Turin, and enter the hospital
-established for the instruction of proselytes, where he could remain
-until his abjuration, when it might be supposed some charitable person
-would come forward to his assistance. Sad and humble was the prospect
-held out; but there appeared to be no other resource except to return to
-Geneva,--an alternative he obstinately rejected. Some respectable
-persons were found who were going to Turin, and he accompanied them. The
-journey was performed on foot, and lasted nine days--nine happy
-days--when casting away all thought of the future, unincumbered by
-luggage, his expenses attended to by others, he wandered among the
-valleys of the Alps, crossed their summits, and beheld the happy garden
-which Piedmont presents to the traveller, just emerging from the snows
-of Savoy. The recollection of this delightful journey often made him
-wish to renew it in after life--and a pedestrian tour always appeared to
-him one of the chief happinesses of existence.
-
-Once established in the hospital, he began to feel the importance of the
-step he was about to take. His conscience told him that he was making a
-traffic of religion, and he dimly appreciated the sin and disgrace of
-such a proceeding. Brought up in a bigoted calvinist city, he had been
-taught a holy horror for catholic ceremonies; still he fancied there was
-no escape: false shame--fear of starvation--a determination not to
-return to Geneva, caused him to silence his better thoughts. Yet he was
-eager to delay the fatal act;--he argued with the priests employed to
-teach him a new religion; and it was found necessary to provide one
-especially, who was capable of mastering the catechumen's objections by
-the arms of logic and learning. Finding that he could not answer the
-priest's arguments, Rousseau began to think that he might be in the
-right; and he yielded with good grace to the act of abjuration. After
-being received into the catholic church--after being absolved by a
-father inquisitor for the crime of heresy--twenty francs, collected at
-the church door, were put into his hands; he was recommended to be
-faithful to his new religion, and to lead a good life; and then he was
-dismissed, and found himself--the doors of his late abode closed
-behind--friendless and alone in the streets of Turin. Newly recovered
-liberty, however, at first sufficed to inspire him with happy
-sensations; and the very sight of the well-built and well-peopled
-streets filled him with hopes for the future. Where there were so many
-rich and great, there could not fail, he thought, to be found a thousand
-eligible resources against want.
-
-The resources he really found were in ill accord with the pictures his
-imagination formed. He was obliged to hire himself as a servant. At
-first he served a fair shopkeeper; and then became the attendant of an
-old countess Vercelli, with whom he lived till her death, which occurred
-only three months after. It was on this occasion that he committed that
-fault, remorse for which pursued him till his death. During the illness
-of his mistress he had abstracted a riband from her wardrobe, with the
-intent of bestowing it on a maidservant of the house. The riband was
-missed, sought for, and found on him. False shame led him to deny the
-theft; and, when more closely questioned, he declared that the stolen
-riband had been given to him by the very girl on whom he had intended to
-bestow it. The two were confronted; the innocent servant implored him
-with tears to retract his falsehood, but he resolutely maintained his
-story. He was believed. He tells this tale in his "Confessions;" he
-declares that the avowal cost him more pain than any other--that remorse
-never ceased to pursue him--the image of the injured girl, reproaching
-him for the wrong he had done her, often haunted his dreams--it weighed
-on his conscience as the most atrocious crime. He had sought merely to
-shelter himself, and false shame prevented his retracting the accusation
-once made; but the thought of his victim driven to want and infamy by
-his lie made him often look on his after sufferings as but the just
-retribution of his crime. This is one of the laws of life. The shadows
-of our past actions stalk beside us during our existence, and never
-cease to torment or to soothe, according as they are ill or good, that
-mysterious portion of mind termed conscience.
-
-Rousseau was now again thrown back upon independent poverty. His time
-was not all lost: he frequented the society of an excellent man, a
-Savoyard abbé, M. Gaime, who enlightened his mind as to his real
-duties, instructed him in the better part of religion, and corrected his
-false estimate of society. These lessons were often forgotten, at least,
-inasmuch as they ought to have served as guides for conduct; but they
-were as dew upon a field; in due time, the hidden seeds of thought, then
-sown, sprang up. While thus unemployed, and not looking beyond the hour,
-the nephew of his late mistress sent for him, and told him that he had
-found a situation: he was to become a domestic in a noble family of
-Turin: this was a fall for the youth's pride, but he had no other
-resource against want.
-
-He was treated with infinite kindness by the various members of the
-family: he distinguished himself by his intelligence; and the younger
-son, who was destined for clerical honours, became interested for him:
-he questioned him as to his acquirements; and, finding that he had
-received the rudiments of education, undertook to teach him Latin. He
-might now have been happy: had he shown himself steady, he would have
-been advanced by his protectors. The Italians, satisfied with the
-acknowledged distinctions of rank, have no ridiculous pride, and are
-ready to treat inferiors on an equality, if their education raises them
-to their mental level. Many careers, closed against the ignoble in
-France, were open in Italy; and these were offered to Rousseau's view as
-spurs to his ambition. He was won for a brief period; but, though he
-dreamt of climbing, he did not like going up the ladder--and a caprice
-ruined all. He fell in with a merry fellow, who had been his fellow
-apprentice in Geneva, and who was about to return to that city.
-Rousseau, charmed by his wild gay spirits--allured by the attractions of
-a mountain journey made on foot, with the idea of madame de Warens in
-the misty distance--threw up his situation with a careless show of
-ingratitude that disgusted his protectors, and set out again a beggar,
-but rendered wildly happy by the project of travelling among the valleys
-and over the mountains of Savoy, with a little toy fountain as all his
-treasure; round which he believed the peasants would gather, and pay for
-their amusement by their hospitality. The fountain was soon spoiled; but
-they had a little money, and enjoyed their rambles till the sight of
-Annecy recalled Rousseau to the realities of life.
-
-Madame de Warens had, however, none of that rigid uprightness which
-thrusts the young into misery because their untaught impulses lead them
-astray. She received the wanderer with simple kindness. "I feared you
-were too young," she said, "for this journey; I am glad, however, that
-it has not turned out as ill as I expected." She received him into her
-house, and with maternal care sought to find some permanent occupation
-for which he was fitted. For some time her endeavours were vain. He was
-pronounced to be incapable of being able even to learn Latin enough for
-a country curate. Her heart must have been indeed warm with natural
-charity, not to have been chilled by these rebukes of any vanity she
-might have felt in patronising the outcast. A taste which Rousseau
-developed for music at length afforded her some hope. She placed him
-with M. le Maître, music master to the cathedral choir.
-[Sidenote: 1729.
-Ætat.
-17.]
-Here he remained for a year studying the art. M. le Maître, however,
-had a quarrel with a canon of the cathedral; and, to revenge himself,
-absconded with his case of music on the eve of the holy week, when his
-services were most wanted. Unable to dissuade him from this folly,
-madame de Warens permitted Rousseau to aid and accompany him in his
-flight. He did not go far: at Lyons poor Le Maître fell into an
-epileptic fit; and Rousseau, frightened, hastily gave him in charge to
-the bystanders, made his own escape, and returned to Annecy. This, he
-says, is his "second painful confession." It is here mentioned, as well
-as his first, to show--as in the more heinous one that follows--that
-Rousseau's real defect was a want of moral courage to meet any menacing
-and uncertain evil, and absence of fixed principle to enable him to
-conquer this defect, and to recognise the omnipotent claims of duty. He
-returned to Annecy, and found that madame de Warens had departed for
-Paris. Thrown on his own resources, he felt uncertain as to the means of
-gaining his bread. He was asked by madame de Warens' maid-servant to
-accompany her to Fribourg, her native place; she also being left without
-explanation by her mistress. A wandering life of some years commenced
-with this journey. In writing this portion of Rousseau's biography, we
-labour under the disadvantage, that we but abridge details, which he
-gives with all the glow and charm of romance and the interest of
-reality--while, limited in space, we can scarcely do more than mark
-epochs;--we pass over, therefore, the history of his adventure at
-Lausanne, where he pretended to furnish a concert of musicians with a
-piece of music of his own composition, although ignorant of the first
-principles of the art. Still he had studied music for some time, and had
-a taste for it,--and this led him to endeavour to earn his livelihood by
-teaching it. He remained for nearly two years at Neufchâtel, exercising
-the calling of music master: the temptation held out by a sort of Greek
-swindler led him to give up his career: he engaged himself to this man
-as interpreter, but was rescued out of his hands by M. de Bonac, the
-French ambassador, who treated him with great kindness, and gave him an
-introduction at Paris to be tutor to a young gentleman who had just
-entered the army. This scheme did not succeed. Rousseau was disgusted by
-the treatment he met; he left his employer, and returned to Savoy on
-foot: he had reached Paris in a similar manner.
-
-[Sidenote: 1733.
-Ætat.
-21.]
-
-Arriving at Chambery, he found madame de Warens returned. She presented
-him on the instant to the intendant-general of the province, who gave
-him employment as clerk, or, as he was styled, secretary, in an office
-instituted to make a census of the estates of the nobles of the country.
-And thus, he says, after five years, which had elapsed since his flight
-from Geneva--after many follies and many sufferings, for the first time
-he began to earn his livelihood in a creditable situation. He was still
-a mere boy--or rather, had just arrived at that age where boyhood ceases
-and manhood begins.--He had led a precarious life. The kindness of
-madame de Warens was all in which he could put his trust; and that had
-failed him during the space of nearly two years. Want had frequently
-stared him in the face. He could gain bare necessaries only by his own
-exertions. Of a romantic unsteady disposition, any stable position,
-holding out positive remuneration and demanding regular conduct, was
-swiftly abandoned; while he also, through some strange conformation of
-mind, appeared incapable of using the genius then in embryo within him,
-for the acquirement of such knowledge as would have insured him an
-honourable position. Thus the precious years of youth wasted away
-imperceptibly, and all that he gained, apparently, as of account for
-future years, was a knowledge of music. It may be that this wandering,
-desultory, precarious existence, fed by romantic dreams and burning
-affections, was best adapted to develope his peculiar talents--but it
-certainly was not such as to form habits of mind conducive to happiness.
-It engendered a sort of bold and restless self-confidence, founded
-rather on that which he could do without, than on that which he could
-attain it inspired mistrust or disdain for the assistance of others as
-being of no ultimate avail to his welfare; he acquired through it a
-capacity of living for the present day, without care for the coming one;
-and an inability to endure restraint, even when restraint was an
-imperious duty;--in short, a restless sense of unused liberty.
-Independence is assuredly the basis of true genius--but then it is that
-which holds fast by duty;--this last better portion was not developed in
-Rousseau till a later day--and then in so imperfect a manner, and
-tainted by so much, first of whim, and lastly of madness, that he reaped
-little benefit from the lessons of experience.
-
-He continued to fulfil his duties as secretary for two years; and showed
-his aptitude for things beyond, by making a study at the same time of
-arithmetic and geometry. But his steady course of life was suddenly
-interrupted. An illness confined him to his chamber, and during this
-time Rameau's treatise on harmony fell into his hands. It served still
-more to develope a passion for music of which he had already given many
-tokens. He prevailed on madame de Warens to give a weekly concert; he
-became absorbed in the art--neglected his office--and at length proposed
-to his protectress to give up his situation, that he might devote
-himself entirely to the study of composition. She struggled against a
-scheme which offered little prospect of future good, and was to be
-followed by the immediate sacrifice of a respectable position and habits
-of sober industry.
-[Sidenote: 1735.
-Ætat.
-23.]
-Rousseau's ardour caused him to prevail; and he became music master at
-Chambery, that he might earn a livelihood while he prosecuted his
-studies. He was thus thrown among the best society of the town; and
-found it far more agreeable to teach well-born and agreeable young
-ladies, than to spend eight hours a day in a close dark office, in
-company with under-bred uncombed clerks. Fortunately, where the salt of
-intellect prevails, nothing but absolute slavery of mind to an absorbing
-and uninstructive pursuit can prevent a man of talent from turning the
-various events of life to profit. Among his pupils was a M. de
-Conzié--a man of some talent, but with no real taste for the art which
-Rousseau was to teach: conversation was therefore usually substituted
-for the lesson; and Rousseau, led by him to read Voltaire's works,
-acquired something of the tone of the literature of the day, and felt
-himself rapidly carried away into the very heart of philosophical
-discussions;--he himself began to desire to write with elegance, charmed
-by the brilliant style of his great contemporary.
-
-It is impossible to dwell upon the minutia of his life for the five
-following years; they were important--they led him through early
-manhood, and during their course he developed his taste for the
-acquirement of knowledge--educating himself intellectually and morally,
-as well as he could, by the light of little else than his own natural
-reason.
-
-At first, his head was perpetually full of projects for advancement. He
-made many little journeys to Lyons, Geneva, and Niort, for the sake of
-prosecuting schemes, which he believed to be fraught with advantages;
-but which failing each in turn, he returned penniless to his home with
-madame de Warens. By degrees, however, he fell into a bad state of
-health. Feeling an inexplicable weakness pervade his frame, he believed
-he had but a short time to live, and lost his desire for advancement in
-the languor and bodily inaction produced by disease. His protectress,
-for the sake of securing a friend at the court of Savoy, rented a house
-of a Piedmontese noble at Chambery, which no one else would take, being
-close and damp. In the summer, she escaped from this species of prison
-to a small country house. Les Charmettes, near Chambery. There, in
-solitude and tranquillity, Rousseau gave himself up to study.
-Mathematics and Latin were his principal occupations: he worked hard:
-there was an inaptitude to remember in him which made knowledge
-difficult to acquire; but he acquired the power of reflection--he learnt
-to distinguish his ideas--he recognised moral principles and
-philosophical truths--he penetrated deeply into the secret springs of
-human action. Man's nature was often exposed as a map before him--and he
-knew its various bearings and powers--although he was ill able then, as
-ever, to control its impulses as they existed within himself.
-
-The confidential domestic of madame de Warens died; and Rousseau, in
-some sort fulfilling his avocations, discovered the ruin into which his
-protectress was plunged, through her love of scheming, and the ready ear
-she gave to every quack and swindler who sought her for the sake of
-plunder. It became his desire to save her; and, if that were impossible,
-to make such a fortune as would enable him to be of use to her in his
-turn.
-
-It is not our intention to enter into the details of Rousseau's
-connection with this lady. To any one who loves to make a study of human
-nature, the "Confessions" are an invaluable book, and disclose the
-secret of many hearts to those who have courage to penetrate into the
-recesses of their own. But, to be useful, they must be read as they are,
-with the author's observations and minute anatomy of motive; and a mere
-abridgment would disgust without advantage. It is not to-day that we
-have learnt, that it is not true, that when a woman loses one virtue she
-loses all. The true distinctive virtue of woman's nature is her
-promptitude to self-sacrifice, and a capacity to bind up her existence
-in the happiness and well-being of the objects of her attachment.
-Experience shows us, that as far as a woman does this, and is neither
-worldly nor depraved, she preserves, in spite of error, the more lovely
-qualities of her nature. Personal fidelity is the purifier and preserver
-of the affections; and whoso fails in this, either man or woman,
-degrades human nature--the glory of which is to ally the sensations of
-love to the emotions of the heart and the passions of the soul. If we
-examine the conduct of madame de Warens by this rule, we find her
-wanting; and whether she be a real personage, and did and felt as
-Rousseau describes, or an imaginary being, we may pass judgment on her,
-and assert that the event proves that depravity of conduct led her to
-fail in fulfilling the duties which the affections impose.
-
-Rousseau, having somewhat recovered his health, returned to his projects
-for worldly advancement, and his journeys that carried him hither and
-thither in search of it. On one occasion he visited Montpellier for the
-sake of consulting a physician; he returned--his hopes of renovated
-health gone, his resolve to dedicate himself to his benefactress
-strengthened. He returned, to find another in his place--his friend's
-heart changed--the paradise he cherished desecrated. He did not the less
-resolve to serve her. "Reduced," he writes, "to form a fate for myself
-independent of her, and not being able even to imagine such, I sought it
-wholly in herself--and I did this so entirely, that I succeeded in
-almost forgetting myself. The ardent desire of seeing her happy absorbed
-all my affections. In vain did she separate her happiness from mine; I
-saw it in hers, in spite of her. Thus the virtues whose seed were in my
-soul, and which study had matured, began to germinate with my
-misfortunes, and waited but for the operation of adversity to bud
-forth." This exalted state of mind, however, could not last. Finding his
-rival totally unworthy of his attempts to educate him, and that he was
-plunging the unfortunate madame de Warens deeper in inevitable ruin, he
-hurried from the scene. The employment of tutor to the children of M. de
-Mabli, at Lyons, was offered him; he undertook it; but soon became
-disgusted. At a distance, the tranquil happiness of Les Charmettes
-recurred to his memory; he began to fancy that he was in fault--that he
-had but to return to find love and peace. He did return, and the
-illusion was dispelled for ever. For a short time he gave himself up to
-study, while he revolved a thousand projects for his future life. Music
-was still a favourite pursuit. He had invented a method of noting music
-which he considered more facile and perfect than the one in use. He
-believed that, if known, it would be generally adopted; and that, if he
-took it to Paris and showed it to the professors, they would at once
-perceive its advantages, and his fortune would be made. His imagination
-speedily warmed with the idea, and he hurried to execute it. "I had
-brought," he writes, "some money with me from Lyons; I sold my books to
-acquire a sum sufficient for my journey. My design was taken and
-executed within the space of fifteen days. In short, full of magnificent
-ideas--and ever the same in all times--I left Savoy with my system of
-music, as before I had quitted Turin with my toy fountain."
-
-Rousseau pauses--his biographers usually pause--at this epoch, when he
-was about to enter on a new life,--leaving the country and solitude for
-the busy capital of France. He was nine and twenty; his character was
-formed. The love of adventure, which had first caused his flight from
-Geneva, had turned into a love of scheming. While censuring madame de
-Warens for this turn of mind; he little felt how entirely--he
-participated in it. His life was made up of schemes; which his ardent
-disposition exalted into passions. The genuine impulses of his soul
-were; his genius, developed in authorship; his passionate heart; which
-wasted its fondest impulses on one (madame d'Houdetot) who loved
-another. These were not schemes; but his stoicism--his hermitism (if
-this word he allowed)--his independence carried to an extravagant pitch;
-were all schemes; and succeeded; consequently; as ill as possible. "With
-this scheming head; a heart yet full of romance; and a mind stored
-beyond his own knowledge with observation and sagacity; he left every
-old friend; every old association; and plunged; poor and unknown; into a
-new life, in the most civilised and most profligate city in the world.
-
-[Sidenote: 1741.
-Ætat.
-29.]
-
-Rousseau entered Paris this time, as it appeared to him, under good
-auspices. He found a friendly and cordial welcome from several French
-ladies, to whom he had letters of introduction. His system of noting
-music was examined, eulogised, and neglected by the Academy; and Rameau
-detecting a radical defect, its inventor cast it aside; but he found
-employment as secretary to madame Dupin and M. Franceuil; and better
-prospects opened themselves when he was appointed secretary to M. de
-Montaigu, ambassador to Venice.
-[Sidenote: 1743.
-Ætat.
-31.]
-Here the influence of an evil destiny was manifest. Had the ambassador
-been a man of honour and sense, Rousseau might have passed a happy life,
-fulfilling an honourable career; but M. de Montaigu was avaricious to a
-degree that made him sacrifice propriety as well as dignity to his
-saving propensities. "The character of this ambassador," says Bernardin
-de Saint Pierre, "is well known. I have heard from good authority
-several traits of his avarice. 'Three shoes,' he often said, 'are
-equivalent to two pair, because one is sooner worn out than the other;'
-and he therefore always had three shoes made at a time." This man,
-silly, insolent, and grasping, crushed the last ambition of Rousseau. He
-treated him with such indignity that he was forced to leave him.
-Plundered and ill treated, while every one at Venice at the time was
-eager to furnish testimonials of his excellent conduct--and his
-dispatches had merited high praise--he received no compensation from the
-court he served. The iniquitous maxim of the French government, never
-publicly to acknowledge the misconduct of those whom it employed, joined
-to the circumstance that Rousseau was not a Frenchman, sufficed to
-render his representations of no avail. This thoroughly, and with
-reason, disgusted him from seeking employment under a system where all
-worth was trampled on by rank and wealth.
-
-He returned to Paris, and was kindly received by all his friends, with
-one exception only, of a highborn lady, who could not imagine that a
-_roturier_ had any right to quarrel with a noble. His friends madame
-Dupin and M. Franceuil continued their employment; the latter
-subsequently endeavoured to place him advantageously as cashier in his
-office, he being farmer-general; but Rousseau could neither rest nor
-sleep while the money-chest was under his care; and falling ill in
-consequence, gave up his situation. M. de Franceuil was somewhat
-alienated by this act; he began to think that there were no means of
-befriending a man who shrunk from a lucrative and easy employment.
-
-On his first arrival from Venice, Rousseau enjoyed the intimate
-friendship of an enlightened Spaniard, a man of noble nature and great
-powers of mind. They agreed to live under the same roof, and allied
-themselves in the closest friendship. D'Alcuna was recalled to his
-native country, and Rousseau felt the void. He had been accustomed to
-domestic society, and in addition he felt that he needed the kind
-attentions of a woman, and this want led to the fatal act from which
-sprung so many of his misfortunes.
-
-In his native country, or in England, Rousseau would, under the
-influence of public opinion, probably have married. He would not have
-been content in forming so solemn a tie without being satisfied with the
-connections of her who hereafter was to share his life; he would have
-desired still more to assure himself of the qualities of her heart and
-mind. Unfortunately his residence in Savoy and in Paris had deprived him
-of all primitive simplicity in his principles of moral conduct; and he
-had none of that fastidious taste that made him shrink from the society
-of the vicious. For purposes of economy he dined at a sort of
-table-d'hôte frequented by persons lost to all sense of decency;
-refinement was out of the question. He found a poor girl there, who was
-too modest for the depraved and brutalised men who frequented the house.
-Rousseau took her part, ties of kindness were formed between them, and
-it appearing a matter of convenience to himself, he induced her to
-become his mistress.
-
-Therese le Vasseur was not an ill-conducted girl on certain points; she
-was always faithful, as far as is known, to her tie to Rousseau; but she
-was not only ignorant and illiterate, but wanting in common
-understanding. Rousseau boasts that she could give excellent advice on
-emergencies; but this common sense did not lead her to resist the
-influence of her mother, a low cunning woman; while Rousseau, not liking
-to have the burden of her destiny, future as well as present, thrown
-wholly on himself, felt no inclination, at the commencement of their
-intercourse, when alone it was possible, to separate her from
-association with her family, which tended to keep her vulgar-minded and
-artful.
-
-Even in his Confessions, where Rousseau discloses his secret errors, he
-by no means appreciates the real extent of his misconduct on this
-occasion. He allied himself to a girl whom he despised too much to allow
-her at first even to share his home; he took her as a sort of
-convenience, and when inconveniences arose from the connection, he was
-disposed to get rid of them on the easiest possible terms. Theresa was
-about to become a mother. According to the profligate code of French
-morals, this fact would dishonour her; though the illicit intercourse,
-if not openly acknowledged, did not. Rousseau did not like to multiply
-ties between himself and his mistress and her family: he was needy: he
-had heard young men of rank and fortune allude vauntingly to the
-recourse they had had on such occasions to the Foundling Hospital. He
-followed their criminal example.
-
-He at first acted, he says, without serious examination of the morality
-of his conduct; but when he commenced author, he gave attentive
-consideration to the point, and satisfied himself that he did right, and
-continued his course of conduct. Five of his children were thus sent to
-a receptacle where few survive; and those who do go through life are
-brutified by their situation, or depressed by the burden, ever weighing
-at the heart, that they have not inherited the commonest right of
-humanity, a parent's care.
-
-It is insulting the reader to dwell on the flagrancy of this act. But it
-is a lesson that ought to teach us humility. That a man as full of
-genius and aspiration after virtue as Rousseau, should have failed in
-the plainest dictates of nature and conscience, through the force of
-example and circumstances, shows us how little we can rely on our own
-judgment. It shows too, that a father is not to be trusted for natural
-instincts towards his offspring; for the mother wept, and it needed the
-control of her own mother, and strong necessity, to induce the
-weak-minded and misguided girl to consent to part with her offspring.
-
-We say little of Rousseau's vain excuses as to the probable destiny of
-his children. They were better, he says, brought up by the public, than
-rendered rogues by madame le Vasseur, or led into evil courses as
-dependants on madame d'Epinay and the maréchale de Luxembourg. This
-futile reasoning does not need elaborate refutation. Rousseau talks of
-public care, as if that were, in such a place as a Parisian foundling
-hospital, aught else but public desertion. The poor children in all
-probability died in their infancy.
-
-Rousseau was indeed short-sighted. Brought up in virtue and honour, as a
-man of his talents ought to have brought up his offspring,--or genius
-were a vainer gift even than it is,--these children might have clustered
-round him in his days of desolation, have cheered his house with smiles,
-and been a help and support in his age. He would not have felt
-friendless, nor been driven to suicide by the sense of abandonment and
-treachery. He indeed sowed the wind, and reaped the whirlwind. France
-was on the eve of a sanguinary revolution. The social state of things
-was about wholly to change. Who knows of what use Rousseau's sons might
-have been to check barbarous outrages, to teach justice, or display
-fortitude? Such ideas are vain, but will present themselves. Our first
-duty is to render those to whom we give birth, wise, virtuous, and
-happy, as far as in us lies. Rousseau failed in this,--can we wonder
-that his after course was replete with sorrow? The distortion of
-intellect that blinded him to the first duties of life, we are inclined
-to believe to be allied to that vein of insanity, that made him an
-example among men for self-inflicted sufferings. We now dismiss this
-subject. It was necessary to bring it so far forward as to show the evil
-effects of so bad a cause; it is too painful to dwell further upon.
-
-By degrees Rousseau overcame his dislike to its being known to his
-friends that he had formed this sort of connection with Theresa, and he
-made common household with her. This species of intercourse was looked
-upon in a different light in France than in England. She was regarded as
-Rousseau's housekeeper, and respected as such; and no one thought that
-they had a right to scrutinise their real relations, or to censure them.
-This had been praiseworthy as a proceeding founded on tolerant and
-charitable principles; but when we find that this kindly-seeming society
-was a Moloch, whom to pacify, little children were ruthlessly
-sacrificed, the whole system takes a revolting and criminal aspect from
-which we turn with loathing.
-
-However, to go back to narrative. Rousseau instituted Theresa his
-housekeeper, assisted in the maintenance of her relatives, and found, in
-the convenience and attention which these domestic arrangements brought
-with them, a great alleviation to his physical sufferings.
-[Sidenote: 1749.
-Ætat.
-37.]
-This same year was memorable on another and important score. Among his
-Parisian friends, there was none to whom he was more attached than
-Diderot, a man of an amiable disposition, and possessed of greater
-abilities in the eyes of those who personally knew him, than he has
-developed in his writings. Some people in power were displeased at
-certain personal allusions in his "Letter on the Blind." According to
-the nefarious system of the old regime, the result was, a _lettre de
-cachet_, and his being imprisoned in the keep of the castle of
-Vincennes. Rousseau was penetrated by indignation and anguish. He
-fancied that his friend would never be liberated; he figured to himself
-all that a man of ardent and yet feeble temperament would suffer in
-solitary confinement. He wrote to implore madame de Pompadour to exert
-her influence, either to procure his liberation, or to admit of him,
-Rousseau, being shut up with him. On all occasions he was energetic in
-representing the unmerited sufferings to which his friend was exposed.
-After a period, the confinement of Diderot was mitigated. The castle and
-park of Vincennes, on parole, were given him for a prison, with liberty
-to see his friends. Rousseau hastened to avail himself of this
-permission, and frequently walked to Vincennes to pass the afternoons in
-relieving the solitude of his friend. The way was long, the summer
-sultry, his pace slow. He read as he walked along; and once took with
-him the "Mercure de France" to beguile the way; as he looked it over, he
-fell upon the question proposed by the Academy of Dijon, as the subject
-for the prize of the following year--"Whether the progress of the arts
-and sciences had tended to corrupt or purify the manners of men." The
-words touched a chord that revealed a power, latent in his heart,
-undreamt of before. The scroll of society unrolled itself before him,
-such as he found it, blotted and tainted, in the city of the earth that
-boasted to be the most advanced in the cultivation of the arts and
-sciences. And beside it he placed a picture of pristine innocence,--of
-man enjoying the full development of his physical powers; living for the
-day as it rose, untouched by care, unbewildered by intellectual
-speculations,--by vanity, emulation, or pride;--man liberated from the
-control of opinion and the tyranny of his own unreasonable desires.
-Words descriptive of such a state poured into his mind; expressions of
-burning eloquence seemed to cluster on his lips, and to demand a voice.
-Before he could transfer his thoughts to paper, much was lost; but
-enough remained to gain for him the reputation of being one of the most
-eloquent authors that ever lived.[8]
-
-The eloquence with which he represented the evils of civilisation, and
-the blessings of a state of nature, as he called it, fascinated every
-reader. The freshness and energy of his style charmed; the heart he put
-into his arguments served instead of reason, and convinced. The
-opponents of his system were sufficiently in the wrong, to make him
-appear absolutely in the right. Yet, in point of fact, nothing can be
-more unnatural than his natural man. The most characteristic part of
-man's nature is his affections. The protection he affords to woman--the
-cares required by children; yet Rousseau describes his natural man as
-satisfying his desires by chance,--leaving the woman on the instant;
-while she, on her side, goes through child-bearing, child-birth, and
-child-nurture alone. Much may be granted to the strength that human
-beings enjoy in savage life; much to the little needed by the
-inhabitants of those happy isles where food grows beneath their feet;
-but, in all, man has ever been found (except in one or two cases, where
-the human animal descends below brutes), the protector of women, and the
-source of his children's subsistence; and among all societies, however
-barbarously constituted, the gentler and nobler individuals among them
-have loved their wives and their offspring with constant and
-self-sacrificing passion. Let us advance civilisation to its highest
-pitch, or retrograde to its origin,--and let both bring freedom from
-political and social slavery; but in all let us hold fast by the
-affections: the cultivation of these ought to be the scope of every
-teacher of morality, every well-wisher to the improvement of the human
-race. Poor Rousseau, who had thrust his offspring from parental care to
-the niggard benevolence of a public charity, found some balm to the
-remorse that now and then stung him, by rejecting the affections out of
-his scheme of the state of natural man.
-
-His work had a sudden and prodigious success; and as the ideas that
-inspired it disclosed a new and intellectual world to him, so did the
-favour of the public open a new scene of life. It was soon after writing
-this essay, that M. de Franceuil offered him the place of cashier. The
-uneasiness he felt, and other circumstances, combined to give him a fit
-of illness. During the delirium of fever, and during the reveries of
-convalescence, he formed a plan for securing his independence. He
-believed that he had but a few years to live; and he saw no prudence in
-working for a fortune he could never enjoy. He resolved therefore to
-renounce his place of cashier, to give up that of secretary to madame
-Dupin, and to gain his subsistence by copying music. In Paris, men of
-letters, frequenting the highest society, often live in the most frugal
-manner, and need only the wherewithal to buy their daily bread. Rousseau
-determined to reduce himself to this situation, to limit his expenses to
-bare necessities, and to guard the independence he coveted, by
-decreasing his wants. His friends heard of his resolution with
-incredulity, surprise, and subsequent disapprobation. The family of
-Therese le Vasseur were dependent on him, and he thus condemned them
-also to indigence. Rousseau was not to be moved. His new reputation as
-an author caused him to be sought by the most chosen societies of Paris;
-his idea of adapting his manners and life to his theories gave piquancé
-to his appearance and society. "I avow," he says, in his second letter
-to M. de Malesherbes, "that the name I acquired by my writings greatly
-facilitated the plan I adopted. It was necessary that I should be
-thought a good author, to become with impunity a bad copyist, and to
-find work notwithstanding; without the first title, I might have been
-disregarded in the other; and though I can easily brave ridicule, I
-should have supported contempt with difficulty." As it was, all he did
-seemed to increase his reputation. He was considered eccentric,--but he
-was sought as a man of genius.
-
-[Sidenote: 1750.
-Ætat.
-38.]
-
-Another circumstance concurred to raise him to the pinacle of fashion.
-This was the success of the "Divin du Village." He had before composed
-an opera; but the envy of Rameau had robbed him of the fame: the "Divin
-du Village" was all his own. It was represented at Versailles before the
-king and assembled court, and received with enthusiasm. It became the
-topic of conversation in Paris; he was invited to be presented to Louis
-XV.; and it was supposed that a pension would be conferred on him.
-Independence, pride, false shame, all concurred to make him renounce the
-intended honour and emolument: his friends reproved him severely, but he
-was not to be shaken. Still he made a few hundred louis by the piece,
-and was thus, with his frugal habits, placed above want for several
-years to come.
-
-The academy of Dijon proposing another question--the Origin of
-Inequality among Men. Rousseau seized the opportunity of further
-developing his opinions, and of asserting still more boldly the
-superiority of what he termed the natural man over the nurslings of
-civilisation.
-
-[Sidenote: 1754.
-Ætat.
-42.]
-
-He soon after visited his native town. He dwells slightly on the motives
-of this journey: a wish to revisit the scenes which he had quitted a
-penniless adventurer, and to enter Geneva attended by the celebrity he
-had already gained, were no doubt principal motives. Theresa and his
-friend Gauffecourt accompanied him. He saw madame de Warens sunk in a
-low abyss of poverty; he implored her to leave Savoy, and to take up her
-abode with him in Paris; she refused, and he left her, never to see her
-more. While at Geneva he abjured the Roman catholic religion, and
-entered again the protestant church. The pedantic clergy of Geneva were
-very desirous that he should make a speech on the occasion; Rousseau
-would not have been sorry to comply, but he broke down at the outset. He
-was treated with great distinction by the most distinguished of his
-fellow citizens, and the design soon suggested itself of his
-establishing himself entirely among them; a place of librarian, worth
-about 50_l_, a year, was offered him, to secure the respectability of
-his situation.
-
-After some time spent in revisiting scenes dear through youthful
-association, and of entrancing beauty in themselves, he returned to
-Paris; and here he was assailed by many doubts as to his plans for the
-future. The idea of residing an honoured and distinguished citizen in
-his native town, so flattering at first, began to lose its charm. In his
-heart he doubtless felt that the sort of inquisitorial and pedantic tone
-that reigned in Geneva, clothed in the garb of virtue and reason, was
-more likely to shackle the free expression of his genius than the
-versatile society of Paris. Voltaire also had just taken up his
-residence at les Delices. Without any taint of envy, Rousseau might
-naturally shrink from living under his shadow. Older than him, rich, of
-established reputation, arrogant beneath all his playfulness, and so
-mischievously meddling, that even the king of Prussia found him a
-troublesome inmate, a very little knowledge of the world would have told
-Rousseau that they could only agree, when in vicinity, through continual
-deference on his part; and the views they took of the social system were
-so different, and both were by disposition so eager to disseminate their
-respective opinions, that deference was out of the question, and open
-hostilities must have been the consequence.
-
-Still Rousseau doubted, and was disturbed. Madame d'Epinay relates the
-nature of his deliberations, which betray great foresight and prudence.
-"Rousseau is perplexed," she says; "nor am I less, with regard to the
-advice that he asks of me. He has received letters pressing him warmly
-to return and live in his native country. 'What ought I to do?' he said,
-'I neither can nor will reside in Paris, I am too miserable. I should be
-glad to visit and to pass several months in my republic; but the
-propositions made me are of a nature to fix me there; and if I accept
-them, I must remain. I have some acquaintance, but no friends. These
-people scarcely know me, and they write to me as a brother; this I am
-aware is the result of the republican spirit, but I distrust such warm
-friends. On the other hand, my heart warms at the idea, that my country
-invites me; but how quit Grimm, Diderot, and yourself?'"
-
-Madame d'Epinay was, when left to herself, a woman of generous impulses
-and an affectionate heart. She conceived a method of cutting the gordian
-knot, and acted on it at once. At the entrance of the forest of
-Montmorenci, there was a small house belonging to M. d'Epinay, called
-the Hermitage. M. d'Epinay was adding a new wing to the chateau; his
-wife persuaded him to allow some of the workmen to enlarge and fit up
-this house: all was executed with zealous speed. She then offered
-Rousseau the dwelling with all the grace a woman puts into an obligation
-she confers; she was desirous, at the same time, of adding to his
-income; but he at once refused the latter proposition, while he accepted
-the first. He could not help being deeply touched by so kind and tender
-a mark of affection. The active attention she paid to the details of his
-removal, when all was arranged, taking him and his two gouvernantes in
-her carriage, and herself giving them possession, were marks of real
-attachment and sympathy.
-
-[Sidenote: 1756.
-Ætat.
-44.]
-
-Rousseau found the spot exactly calculated to please him: however much
-the society of Paris might be necessary at times to entertain, he had
-been bred in the country; his young and happy days had been passed
-there, and he could not view a secluded abode in the midst of forest
-glades, and the advance of spring, as it clothed the landscape with
-verdure, without a burst of transport. The house was small, but neat and
-comfortable; and that all was the gift of friendship rendered it
-inestimable in his eyes.
-
-It is difficult not to dwell, as he has done, on the delight he
-experienced during the commencement of his abode at the Hermitage. At
-first he could only enjoy the woodland walks; the budding of the trees;
-the balmy winds of opening spring; the aspect of nature. He deliberated
-as to his occupations; he arranged his papers. He still considered
-copying music as the calling by which he was to gain his bread; but he
-revolved many literary projects. The editing the manuscripts of the
-Abbé de Saint Pierre; an original work he named "Les Institutions
-Politiques;" a metaphysical discussion on the effects of external
-circumstances on the human mind; and, to crown all, a system of
-education, on which he had been requested to occupy himself, by a lady
-to whose sons he had at one time acted as tutor;--such were his
-schemes--the subject of his meditations during his walks. These
-meditations were, however, soon merged into reveries and day-dreams,
-that absorbed his heart and soul. The long summer days passed beneath
-the shades of the forest, recalled the wanderings of his youth, and the
-passions that had warmed his young heart.--A settled life with Theresa;
-the cares and discontents he had endured in Paris, his literary
-occupations and theories, engrossing his thoughts, had banished love.
-Now, in his solitary rambles, as his memory reverted to the illusions of
-bygone years, his imagination fired, his heart swelled, his being became
-absorbed. No real object presenting itself, he created chimerical
-beings, on whom he exhausted the most passionate sentiments, the most
-brilliant imaginations. His day-dreams became extatic: he was drunk with
-an abstract love for one who lived only as he painted her, in the form
-most delightful to his thoughts: he charmed himself by figuring various
-situations--by addressing letters to her--by fancying those he received
-in return. He checked himself in his vague reveries, and gave a form and
-place, a name and a habitation to his creations: the lover and beloved,
-and the friend dear to both, were imaged and placed in a spot carefully
-selected as beautiful in itself, and associated with his fondest
-recollections. Julie, Claire, and Saint Preux, lived and loved at Vevay,
-beside his native lake, in the midst of the most majestic and lovely
-scenes that exist on earth.
-
-The winter was passed tranquilly; he occupied himself by completing and
-copying the first two parts of the "Nouvelle Heloise." When spring
-returned he again delivered himself up to his entrancing reveries, and
-wandered in the woods, as he composed the latter parts of his work. In
-these there reigns a sort of paradisaical peace--a voluptuous yet
-innocent transport of acknowledged bliss, that charms the reader, as it
-inspired the writer. That to be thus engrossed by ideas of passionate
-love, however we may imagine that we can restrain them within proper
-bounds, leads at last to the errors of passion, cannot be doubted.
-Rousseau instinctively felt this truth when he made death the
-catastrophe of his novel; not so much to mar the scene, as to prevent
-sin and remorse from defacing it still more; he felt it in his own
-person, when his unguarded and softened heart was suddenly possessed by
-a passion the most vehement and unfortunate that ever caused a frail
-human being to thrill and mourn.
-
-The countess d'Houdetot was the sister of M. d'Epinay, and was married
-to a young noble, who had been given her as a husband in her youth, in
-the way marriages were made in France, neither knowing nor caring for
-the other. He was an insignificant person, very fond of money, and
-totally neglectful of his wife. The usual course in such marriages was,
-that the wife should have a lover, and if the husband were content to
-shut his eyes, and she continued constant to one person, she was looked
-on as living respectably. Madame d'Houdetot was not even pretty; but she
-had a look of youth, preserved by the ingenuousness of her mind and the
-kindness of her heart. Every one loved her. Gay, gentle, full of
-tenderness, and admirably true and sincere; she added to these qualities
-a giddiness of disposition--a childish but bewitching frankness--a wit
-that never hurt, but always charmed, as springing from the natural
-gladness of an innocent heart; and, protected by these genuine virtues,
-she escaped the contamination of Parisian society. Her lover, M. de
-Saint Lambert, was a man distinguished for his talents, moving in the
-highest society, a gallant soldier, an admired poet, a handsome man; his
-attachment, according to the code of morals of the society to which they
-belonged, reflected honour on its object.
-
-She came several times, at the desire of Saint Lambert, to visit
-Rousseau at the Hermitage. He had desired her to go, believing that the
-ties of friendship established between the three would be of mutual
-benefit; and Rousseau being aware of their attachment, the openness of
-heart that reigned in the intercourse was another attraction. She spoke
-of her lover with enthusiasm: Rousseau listened, and before he was
-aware, felt for her all that she expressed for another. When, after her
-departure, he turned his thoughts to Julie, hitherto the idol of his
-imagination, he found her image displaced by that of madame d'Houdetot,
-and with a pang recognised the new power that possessed him.
-
-Sophist, as on many occasions Rousseau undoubtedly was, he reasoned on
-his feelings till the very causes that ought to have made him resolve to
-crush the nascent passion, were changed by him into motives for
-fostering it. He had enounced a severe code of morality, and called the
-permitted liaisons of Parisian society by the harsh name of adultery;
-and it would have been base indeed to have been tempted into forming
-such himself. There was no danger of this. Madame d'Houdetot loved
-another, superior to himself in all qualities that attract, with warmth
-and truth. He duped himself, therefore, by the vain sophism, that he
-only injured himself by nourishing an unreturned passion.
-
-Could he have confined it to his own heart, the injury would have been
-great enough; disturbing his peace, wrecking the little of proud
-consolatory thoughts which he preserved. But from the first he avowed
-his love to its object, and continued to pour the fervent expressions it
-inspired into her ear; secure in the mistaken notion, that as he did not
-seek to win her, but only to unburden his heart, the indulgence was
-innocent. He says that he should blame madame d'Houdetot for listening,
-had he been young and good-looking: still he was not so very old;
-perhaps suffering added years to his appearance; but at all events the
-lady acted with great imprudence. Her artless noble character lifts her
-far above unworthy suspicion; but she was thoughtless and inexperienced;
-the dupe of mistaken compassion. She allowed Rousseau to visit her
-frequently; to write to her; to pour out the declarations of his love;
-never feeling inclined to participate in his sentiments, she yet wished
-to preserve his friendship and to enjoy his society. For four months
-they were continually together. He walked over to her house at
-Eaubonne--they met half-way--they rambled together in the neighbouring
-country. Such unguarded conduct excited remark. Madame d'Epinay, to say
-the least, was exceedingly annoyed that her sister-in-law should thus
-expose herself to calumny. We have two accounts of these unfortunate
-events, one by Rousseau, the other from her pen. She passes rather
-slightly over them, but expresses even disgust; she was aware, she says,
-of her sister's innocence, but pained by her imprudent conduct. Theresa
-became violently jealous; and while she tried to pacify her, she blamed
-those who so needlessly excited her jealousy. Rousseau, on the contrary,
-accuses her of the utmost baseness; of fostering remark; of writing to
-Saint Lambert a garbled and false statement of facts; of exciting
-Theresa's jealousy, and even instigating her to steal any letters she
-might find, and betray them to her. There is, probably, exaggeration in
-this; at the same time it is plain that the intercourse between Rousseau
-and madame d'Houdetot was the chief topic of conversation at the chateau
-of her sister-in-law; that they were greatly blamed; and it is certain
-that Saint Lambert received an anonymous letter, informing him of what
-was going on. Probably Therese or her mother wrote it; we can hardly
-suspect madame d'Epinay of so base and vulgar a proceeding. It is
-remarkable that these accounts not only differ materially in
-circumstances, but that the notes of madame d'Epinay, as given by her,
-are written in quite another tone from those quoted in the Confessions.
-As whenever Rousseau's copies have been collated with the originals,
-they have been found faithful, we suspect the lady of falsifying hers.
-In fact, while Rousseau gains our confidence, even while we perceive
-that he acted a highly blameable part, there is a studied, though
-apparently negligent, glozing of facts in madame d'Epinay's which
-excites suspicion.
-
-Saint Lambert did not suspect madame d'Houdetot; but he thought that
-Rousseau was highly blameable for declaring love for her; and that she
-was very unwise in listening to him. He interfered, though with kindness
-and consideration for his unhappy rival; the intercourse was broken off.
-Rousseau, with a heart worn by passion, and bursting with the struggles
-that tormented it, was thrown back on himself, to find his friends
-alienated, his home disquieted, and sympathy nowhere.
-
-Many other circumstances contributed to his unhappiness; circumstances
-which would scarcely enter into the history of any other man as eminent
-as Rousseau; apparently trifling, but rendered important through his
-sensitive and umbrageous disposition. He had two intimate male friends:
-Diderot, whom he had known many years, and to whom he was sincerely
-attached; and Grimm. Diderot was a singular man, and enjoyed during life
-more reputation than has afterwards fallen to his lot. He had great
-talents, joined to a sensibility, which was real in him, but which
-produced a style in France, that may be termed the ejaculatory, the most
-affected and tiresome in the world. His opinions became feelings; these
-feelings engrossed him; he was in a perpetual state of exaltation and
-enthusiasm about trifles. As an instance, we are told, that at one time
-he could not sleep at nights, because Virgil had not praised Lucretius,
-till at length he found a verse in the Georgies--
-
-
-"Felix qui potuit rerum cognosccre causas;"
-
-
-and interpreting it into an encomium on the great metaphysical poet of
-antiquity, he regained his tranquillity. He had a tender heart, but
-though he possessed some genius, he had not understanding enough to
-serve as an equilibrium. Rousseau was in very bad hands as regarded the
-_gouverneuses_, as he called them. The mother of Theresa was a grasping,
-artful, gossiping, selfish old woman. Rousseau was poor; she complained
-to his friends, and Diderot and Grimm thought it right to make her a
-small allowance. They did this unknown to their friend, and were
-certainly wrong; for there is nothing more improper than to interfere
-secretly with the household of others. Giving this money, they thought
-they had a right to interfere further. The le Vasseurs, mother and
-daughter, had no desire to pass the winter, away from their Parisian
-acquaintance, in the forest of Montmorenci. They complained bitterly,
-and Diderot wrote to remonstrate with Rousseau. To read his letter, you
-would imagine that his friend thought of wintering at the North Pole;
-his earnestness on stilts on such a petty occasion ought to have excited
-a smile; it gave birth to a storm in the breast of the sensitive
-philosopher--this was at last appeased--but still the thunder growled.
-The unfortunate passion of Rousseau for madame d'Houdetot at first made
-him solitary and abstracted--then miserable. Every demonstration of
-suffering was interpreted as springing from melancholy engendered by
-solitude.
-
-His other friend, Grimm, was German, who had appeared in Paris in an
-obscure situation, as tutor to the children of the count de Schomberg.
-Rousseau was one of his first acquaintance; their common love of music
-brought them together. Grimm was a man of ambition as far as society
-went. His personal affectations did not stop at brushing his nails,--a
-mark of effeminacy indignantly related by Rousseau,--but by painting his
-cheeks white and red, which gained for him the nickname of Tyran le
-Blanc. Rousseau introduced him to madame d'Epinay. This lady was
-suffering bitterly from the infidelity of her lover Franceuil;--she
-permitted herself to be consoled by Grimm; who, while he became _l'ami
-de maison_, seems to have determined that he should be single in that
-character. He did all he could to undermine Rousseau with madame
-d'Epinay, inducing her to resent his faults, his sensitiveness, his
-imperious calls for sympathy and service, which she had hitherto
-regarded with affectionate indulgence. She was slow to submit to the
-law, and placed him in the Hermitage against Grimm's will;--to eject him
-from this abode was the aim of his false friend.
-
-Of course, there are a thousand contradictions in the various accounts
-given of these quarrels; and we seek the truth rather from the letters
-written at the time, if these be not falsified. Grimm accused Rousseau
-of being in love with madame d'Epinay: he denies this; and at least,
-when he loved madame d'Houdetot, he no longer cared for her
-sister-in-law. Was she piqued by his coldness, as Rousseau insinuates;
-or was it merely that she yielded more and more to Grimm's
-representations that he was a dangerous person? The final cause of her
-quarrel, as she relates, was his speaking of her detractingly to
-Diderot, who refused to be acquainted with her. There seems some
-foundation for this accusation. She accuses him of speaking falsely; and
-there are certainly traces of his having spoken unreservedly. This was
-inexcusable, admitted as he was familiarly, and covered with benefits
-and kindness;--especially to one to whom she was a stranger. Grimm
-pushed things to extremities: he kept madame d'Epinay firm in her
-resentment; he embittered Diderot's feelings. The latter acted with his
-usual exaggerated and absurd sentimentality. Madame d'Epinay was very
-ill, and resolved on going to Geneva to consult the famous Tronchin.
-Diderot wrote a violent letter to Rousseau, insisting on his
-accompanying her, and saying, that, if his health did not allow him to
-bear the motion of a carriage, he ought to take his staff and follow her
-on foot. There is no trace that madame d'Epinay wished him to accompany
-her; on the contrary, she was doing all she could to throw him off.
-Rousseau felt himself outraged by this letter--he fell into a transport
-of rage--he complained to every body, and took the resolution of
-quitting the Hermitage. When it came to the point, winter setting in, he
-found this inconvenient; and wrote to madame d'Epinay, then at Geneva,
-to mention his intention of staying till spring. In her answer, she very
-decidedly tells him that he ought not to delay his departure so long.
-Why this abrupt and rude dismissal? Did it spring from Grimm's advice;
-or did she really feel resentment arising from the knowledge that he had
-either traduced her, or revealed her secrets to Diderot? On careful
-examination, we own, we incline to the latter opinion, and cannot
-exculpate Rousseau.
-
-What a pitiful and wretched picture of society does all this present!
-People of refinement, of education, and genius,--Rousseau, a man so
-richly gifted with talent--Diderot, enthusiastic on the subject of every
-social duty--Grimm, a man of sense--madame d'Epinay, a woman of talent,
-whose disposition was injured by the state and opinions of society, but
-who was naturally generous, confiding, and friendly,--yet each and all
-acting with intolerance and bitterness. The passions were the sources of
-these dissensions,--Rousseau's for madame d'Houdetot--Grimm's for madame
-d'Epinay;--but why should not these feelings have inspired toleration
-and kindness? They were fostered unfortunately by temper and vanity.
-Each had microscopic eyes for the faults of the other--neither could
-perceive his own. Had they at once dismissed their mutual cavillings,
-reproaches, and explanations, and gone their own way in silence and
-toleration, they might have been unhappy,--for such must be the result
-of illicit love,--but they had not presented to all the world, and to
-posterity, so humbling a proof of the worthlessness of talent in
-directing the common concerns of life.
-
-Rousseau, of course, at once quitted the Hermitage. He had a horror of
-entering Paris: he was greatly embarrassed as to where to go, when M.
-Mathas, procureur-fiscal to the prince of Condé, hearing of his
-uncomfortable situation, offered him a small house in his garden of Mont
-Louis, at Montmorenci: he accepted it at once, and removed thither. But
-his soul was still in tumults; still passion convulsed his heart, which
-would not be at peace. He desired to establish a friendship between
-himself, St. Lambert, and madame d'Houdetot; but they drew back--from
-the alleged motive that "Rousseau's attachment was the talk of Paris,
-and that therefore she could not have any intercourse with him." It was
-likely enough that the old woman, le Vasseur, or twenty others, might
-have been the cause of this gossip; but Rousseau chose to fix the blame
-on Diderot, and to quarrel with him outright. Strange that these
-sensitive men should have so little real affection in their nature that,
-for the sake of personal offences, real or imagined, they could at once
-throw off those whom they had loved, as they pretended, so well and so
-long; showing how much more deeply rooted and engrossing was _self_,
-than the interests and intercourse of their friends. A few years after,
-Diderot sought to be reconciled to his former friend; he engaged a
-mutual acquaintance to mediate between them. Rousseau declined his
-advances. He replied:--"I do not see what M. Diderot, after seven years'
-silence, all at once demands of me. I ask nothing of him--I have no
-disavowal to make. I am far from wishing him ill--and am yet further
-from doing or saying aught to injure him. I know how to respect the ties
-of an even extinguished friendship to the end; but I never renew
-it--that is my inviolable maxim." Rousseau was in exile and misfortune
-when Diderot made this advance, which was honourable to him; he was
-doubtless piqued by the refusal; but we cannot excuse him when, many
-years afterwards, after the death of his friend, he attacked him in one
-of his works. It would have been better to forget. And gladly would we,
-in spite of the publicity given, have passed over these details--but
-that they formed an intrinsic portion of the picture of Rousseau's life;
-and were the cause why, in after times, he became suspicious even to
-madness--miserable even to death.
-
-[Sidenote: 1758.
-Ætat.
-46.]
-
-With the new year, Rousseau, quitting the Hermitage, began a new life;
-as much as an entire casting away of old friends, and seeking fresh
-ones, can change the tenor of existence. But Rousseau was ever the same.
-His passions, masked even to himself by their intensity, ruled his
-destiny; and it was a miserable one. The semblance of tranquillity,
-however, awaited him at first; and he gave himself to study and
-authorship uninterruptedly. The "Encyclopædia" undertaken by d'Alembert
-and Diderot engaged the attention of the literary world: it was made the
-vehicle of their opinions, and the engine for propagating them. Voltaire
-was residing at the Délices. He was disgusted by the pedantic, austere,
-puritanic tone of society at Geneva: he considered the drama as an
-admirable means of enlightening and refining a people; and, in concert
-with him, D'Alembert, in his article on "Geneva," wrote in favour of the
-establishment of a theatre in that city, where hitherto it had been
-forbidden. Rousseau, in his dreams of primitive innocence, considered
-this as an innovation on the simple manners of his country-people; and
-he took up his pen in opposition. He wrote with fervour and eloquence:
-he detailed the miseries resulting from a sophisticated state of
-society; and argued that the drama, by treating concerning, nourished
-the passions, and weakened the principles of morality. In the state in
-which society was in Paris, he had many arguments in his favour; and he
-might well consider the introduction of libertinism and luxury as
-pernicious, contrasted even with the narrow, bigoted spirit reigning at
-Geneva. The eloquence of his letter gave it vogue. In a note appended,
-he announced his rupture with Diderot,--accusing him at the same time of
-betraying him. This was fairly regarded as an unwarrantable attack,
-though he imagined it to be an act of heroism. It was an error, to make
-the public a confidant in their quarrel; and the doing so arose from the
-belief that all the world was occupied with him: but it was worse
-publicly to accuse a former friend.
-
-Rousseau does his best, in the "Confessions," to show how contented and
-happy he was in his new abode--the number of friends he still
-retained--and his delight at being still at a distance from Paris. He,
-with proper pride, boasts of his contempt for party spirit, and the
-formation of cabals in literature, in which Paris was rife. Nothing
-debases literary men more than owning dependence, for praise or blame,
-on aught but the public at large.
-
-Not far from his abode of Mont Louis was the chateau of Montmorenci,
-where the marshal duke de Luxembourg, with his family, usually passed
-the summer. On their first visit after his arrival, they seem courteous
-messages and invitations; but Rousseau, with proper pride, shunned
-advances, the nature of which he did not fully comprehend. This
-occasioned further demonstrations. The duke visited him--he became an
-habitual guest at the château--rooms were furnished for him in a sort
-of pleasure-house, or smaller château, in the grounds--and he was
-treated by the whole family with all that cordial and winning grace
-peculiar to French persons of rank in those days. He read the "Nouvelle
-Heloïse" and "Emile" to the duchess, who paid him the most flattering
-attentions. Both she and her husband displayed warm interest in his
-fortunes; and the noble, amiable character of the marshal was a pledge
-that such would prove neither treacherous nor evanescent. They were
-serviceable, without impertinent interference--kind, without pretension.
-
-This may be considered a happy period in Rousseau's life. The works on
-which his fame is chiefly founded were finished or composed during these
-years. The "Nouvelle Heloïse" was published at the end of 1760. With
-all its errors, this novel is full of noble sentiments and elevated
-morality--of true and admirable views of life--and an eloquence burning
-and absorbing. Its success was unparalleled. Parisian society, engrossed
-by intrigues and follies, yet felt at its core that passion was the root
-even of these--depraved and distorted as passion was by their social
-laws and opinions; and, thus brought back to its natural expression,
-they were carried away by enthusiastic admiration. The women in
-particular, who are always the losers in a system of heartless
-gallantry,--since they seldom, if ever, cultivate a love of pleasure
-destitute of sentiment--as is the case with a number of men,--were
-charmed by a book which increased their influence by exalting love.
-Another interest was excited by the notion generally spread, that the
-book contained the history of the author's early life. Rousseau was
-identified with St. Preux, and gained by the idea. This work was
-followed by the "Emile,"--a book that deserves higher praise. That he
-adopted certain views from Locke and others, who had previously written
-on education, does not in the least deteriorate from its merit; that, as
-a system, it is full of faults and impracticability takes little from
-its utility. He shows the true end of education; and he first explained
-how children ought to be treated like younger men, not as slaves or
-automata. His success in casting an odium on the habit of putting
-infants out to nurse--his admirable aphorism, that children ought to be
-rendered happy, since childhood is all of life they may ever know--his
-exhortations to prepare the pupil to be a man in the first place,
-instead of considering him as a noble or gentleman in embryo--are among
-the most admirable of his principles. Others may regard the work
-disparagingly; but every parent who in any degree superintends the
-education of his offspring--every mother who watches over the health and
-welfare of her babes--will readily acknowledge the deepest obligations
-to the author of "Emile."
-
-It fills the soul with bitterness to think that this admirable work,
-whence generations of men derive wisdom and happiness, was the origin of
-violent persecution against the author; and, by expelling him from his
-home, and exposing him bare to the assaults of his enemies, drove him
-into a state of mind allied to madness, and devoted him to poverty and
-sorrow to the end of his life.
-
-The printing and publishing of the work had been greatly assisted, not
-only by the duke and duchess de Luxembourg, but by M. de Malesherbes, a
-man of known probity and kindness of disposition. Rousseau had a
-quality, belonging to the warm of heart, and unknown to the cold and
-dull,--that of desiring to confide in, and to be fully known to, those
-whom he respected and loved. The benevolent attentions of M. de
-Malesherbes, even to the whims and groundless suspicions of a man who,
-from his state of health, believed himself to be dying, and feared to
-leave his unpublished works in the hands of enemies, evinced that warmth
-and truth of sympathy which is the golden treasure of human nature,
-wherever it be found. Won by his benevolence, Rousseau addressed four
-letters to him, explaining and describing his opinions, motives, and
-conduct. These letters are, as it were, an introduction to the
-"Confessions." They are written with the same persuasive eloquence, and
-passionate love for the good and beautiful, that reigns in the last
-parts of the "Nouvelle Heloïse," and forms their charm.
-
-He had been ill during the publication of the "Emile," and rendered
-vehemently anxious by delays of the press. At length the book
-appeared;--but it bore a stamp to intimidate his admirers and silence
-their public applause; and it was therefore received more silently than
-any other of his works. The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy is a
-declaration of pure deism; and, in particular, is levelled against
-various pernicious errors of Catholicism. The great foundation stone of
-papacy is auricular confession, which enables the clergy to put all sins
-against the ordinances of the church in the first class; and to look on
-falsehood, treachery, and intolerance, as virtues, when exercised for
-its sake. The Confession allies religion and morals--makes the Gospel a
-rule of conduct; and, though it doubts the mysteries of the Christian
-faith, it speaks of them with reverence, but in a protestant spirit,
-totally at variance with Catholicism. This portion of his book excited
-remark, and exposed the author to the persecutions of the French
-priesthood.
-
-But Rousseau felt perfectly secure. There was nothing said in the
-Confession of the Vicar of Savoy that had not appeared before in the
-last part of the "Nouvelle Heloïse." He had himself, notwithstanding
-these considerations, been exceedingly averse to publishing his work in
-France: the method then, with any book bringing forward forbidden
-opinions, being to publish it at Brussels, which sheltered the author
-from the French laws. But the duchess of Luxembourg and M. de
-Malesherbes persuaded him to let them undertake an edition in France;
-and it was brought out at their instigation, against his own conviction:
-they, therefore, were responsible for his security; and he did not
-entertain the slightest doubt but that they would provide against his
-incurring any evil consequences.
-
-It was as the shock of an earthquake, therefore, when, a few days after
-the publication of the "Emile," he was disturbed in the middle of the
-night by a message from the duchess of Luxembourg, saying that a decree
-of arrest of his person would be executed on the following morning, at
-seven o'clock, if he remained, but that, if he fled, he would not be
-pursued; and begging him to come to her immediately. It was greatly to
-the interest of the duchess to get Rousseau away, that the whole affair
-might be hushed up; since any examinations would betray her connivance
-in the publication. Rousseau was aware of this.
-[Sidenote: June.
-15.
-1762.
-Ætat.
-50.]
-He saw the duchess agitated;--he felt that, however much
-he might wish to shield her during his examination, any mistake on his
-part might compromise her; and he knew his habitual want of presence
-of mind. He consented at once to fly--he was not allowed to
-deliberate; the morning was given to preparations and adieus; at four
-o'clock in the afternoon he departed. His friends were safe--he
-alone the sufferer.
-
-His first idea was to establish himself in his native town; but this
-plan was speedily deranged. Nine days after the decree of the parliament
-of Paris, the council of Geneva, instigated by the French government,
-sentenced the "Emile" to be burnt, and its author to be imprisoned if he
-entered their territory. Rousseau might well feel disdain and
-indignation for the folly and intolerance of his country-people; nor was
-it in human nature for his heart not to ferment with resentment and
-scorn at the universal attack levelled against him from all sects, all
-parties, all countries, on account of a book whose chief pretension was
-to bear the stamp of impartial truth, and to become (and he succeeded in
-his attempt) highly beneficial to the human race. Its fault is that it
-is anti-christian; but the most devout follower of our Saviour, if
-charitable, must be impressed by the sincerity of the author, and
-respect the love of truth that dictated his declarations.
-
-Rousseau had arrived at Iverdun, in the canton of Berne. Exiled from
-Geneva, he resolved to remain there. He had friends; and a house was
-offered him, which he had accepted--when he heard that the council of
-Berne had sent an order desiring him to quit their state. Thus
-persecuted, he had but one resource. Neufchâtel and its territory
-belongs to the kingdom of Prussia: he believed that he should find
-toleration at the hands of Frederic the Great.
-
-He found far more in the governor of Neufchâtel--marshal lord Keith, a
-man eminent for his virtue. Marshal Keith had entertained many false
-notions with regard to Rousseau; but he was filled with sentiments of
-benevolence towards him; and the king of Prussia, influenced by him, was
-desirous of rendering his residence in his stated agreeable. Rousseau
-refused the offers of a house, and of supplies of wood, corn, wine, &c.,
-which were offered him in lieu of money, as likely to be more readily
-accepted; indeed, in his "Confessions," he speaks with contempt of these
-offers, as coming from Frederic: but he acquired the friendship--the
-affection--of the amiable and benevolent lord Keith; and found in it,
-while it was spared to him, the consolation of his life.
-
-He took up his residence in the village of Motiers, in the
-Val-de-Travers, in the comté of Neufchâtel. If we read the
-correspondence of Voltaire, and other writings of his enemies, we should
-believe that he lived in a state of habitual warfare;--that his soul,
-ever in tumults, continually exhaled itself in vituperation and
-philippics; that he was perpetually engaged in underhand cabals and
-petty manœuvres. Rousseau disdained to be of any party. He admired
-Voltaire, as a man of vast genius--but refused to bow before the
-literary throne on which he had seated himself. This was his crime; and
-his punishment was the insolent sarcasms and brutal railleries of the
-great master of wit.
-
-We may turn in all security from such false pictures to the reality,
-depicted not only in his "Confessions," in his letters, and in his
-"Promenades d'un Solitaire"--these, as written by himself, might be open
-to suspicion--but to accounts afforded by impartial persons. Among
-these, the comte d'Escherney gives an interesting narration of his
-intercourse. A little distrust was shown on one occasion by the
-persecuted philosopher, but their friendship, except on this one
-occasion, was unclouded. The comte habitually dined with Rousseau: he
-praises his simple table, and the excellent cooking of Thérèse; whom,
-at the same time, he blames severely for the mischief she did by her
-unbridled and malicious tongue,--exciting against herself, and
-consequently against Rousseau, a spirit of dislike in the neighbourhood.
-He felt this--and at one time wished to remove; but did not put his
-desire in execution. While at Motiers he addicted himself sedulously to
-botany. In his herborising expeditions, he was accompanied by M. du
-Peyrou, an American settled at Bié--an excellent and respectable man,
-who became his fast friend; by the colonel De Puri, father-in-law of M.
-du Peyrou--both good botanists; and by the comte--who was obliged to
-learn the science, not to be thrown out entirely in conversation. Some
-of these expeditions were extensive; and the comte, after the lapse of
-years, speaks of them with pleasure, and dwells on the charm thrown over
-them by the conversation, the genius, the kind heart of Rousseau. The
-latter had many other friends in the neighbourhood, whom he tenderly
-loved. He remained at Motiers-Travers three years: he might have spent
-his life there, honoured, happy, and independent. When we relate the
-circumstances that drove him from it, we leave to impartial judges to
-decide whether he were in fault or his persecutors--who, for the most
-part, _soi-disant_ philosophers and free thinkers, excited the spirit of
-bigotry against him, and did not hesitate hypocritically to assume the
-language of religion to destroy him.
-
-Of what was he guilty? The accusations against him are few. The first,
-that he desired to attain notoriety by assuming the Armenian dress. All
-singularity in externals is foolish; and, though he excuses himself on
-the score of convenience, it was certainly unwise in him to dress so as
-to attract universal observation--especially in a country where the
-ignorant are easily taught to hate and fear that which they do not
-understand. But this fault is trivial. His second crime was his
-participating in the communion. He had re-entered the protestant church,
-some years before, at Geneva. He announced the greatest respect for the
-religion of the Gospel; but, as his Confession of a Savoyard Vicar
-argues against the divine nature of our Saviour, he had better have
-abstained from making this outward manifestation of orthodox belief.
-
-The fault most urged against him was his renunciation of the citizenship
-of Geneva. No further attack on him had been made by the government of
-that city during the space of a year; and, considering the spirit of
-persecution abroad against him, it had been more prudent to have
-remained tranquil: but this very spirit, manifested in all writings, in
-all societies, roused him to assert himself. He had committed no crime,
-and he was sentenced as guilty. He had endeavoured to persuade his
-fellow citizens to rescind their decree; various representations were
-made to the council, not only by himself, but by the citizens and
-burgesses of Geneva. There could be no evil motive in his desire, or in
-the attempts he made to be reinstated in his rights in his native city;
-but this justice was refused him; and with anger and disdain he
-renounced his claims as citizen, and thus withdrew from their
-jurisdiction. This act can scarcely be deemed blameable; he, however,
-was attacked, and the council was defended, in several pamphlets, with
-acrimony and violence. The chief among these were "Lettres écrites de
-la Campagne," by M. Tronchin. The talent of the author gained the field
-fora moment. "Siluit terra!" Rousseau exclaims: no defender rose for
-him; it was deemed that he alone was able to reply. For a time he
-refused; but at last yielded to the representations of his friends, and,
-parodying the title of the attack, brought out his "Lettres écrites de
-la Montagne." This had no influence over the council: they persisted in
-their refusal--and even reiterated their decree. From that moment
-Rousseau declared that he would mingle no more in public affairs;--and
-he kept his word.
-
-But the mischief was already done. The quarrel between the citizens and
-council of Geneva, on the subject of the right of the latter to enact
-decrees without consulting the former, was attended with disturbances
-and bloodshed. The whole country was in tumults. The "Letters from the
-Mountain" were more anti-christian than any of his preceding works. The
-clergy were enraged: the peasantry of Neufchâtel were taught to regard
-him as a monster; from execration they proceeded to personal attack;
-stones were thrown at him during his walks--and at last, the ferment
-arriving at its height, his house was attacked in the night by the
-country people: it appeared certain that his life was in the utmost
-danger; the officers of government were disquieted by the apprehension
-of more fatal disturbances, and the probability of his being
-assassinated: he himself was sick at heart at finding himself the object
-of open and loud execration. Resolving to leave Motiers, he felt
-uncertain whither to go. His Parisian friends had interested David Hume
-in his behalf, and exhorted him to take up his abode in England.
-Frederic invited him to Berlin, where the friendship of lord Keith
-assured him a cordial welcome from at least one friend. He was inclined
-to a far wilder scheme;--the Corsicans had asked him to frame a code of
-laws, and he entertained the idea of establishing himself in their
-island. The sudden necessity of instant removal drove this idea from his
-mind; and another presented itself that accorded with his tastes. During
-his botanical rambles he had visited the island of St. Pierre situated
-in the lake of Bienne, and dependent on the canton of Berne. The aspect
-of the isle had enchanted him. A difficulty arose, from his having been
-ordered to quit the state of Berne on first arriving in Switzerland;
-but, on sounding the chiefs of the state, he was told that they were
-ashamed of their past conduct, and very willing that he should establish
-himself at St. Pierre.
-[Sidenote: 1765.
-Ætat.
-53.]
-Here, then, in the month of September, he took up his abode: Theresa
-joined him: they boarded with the receiver of the island, who was its
-only inhabitant: the profits of his works, and a slight pension allowed
-him by lord Keith, assured him a frugal subsistence. Recurring, in after
-years, to his brief residence in this island, he fondly dilates on his
-excursions on the water--on his botanical studies--on the calm that
-possessed his soul, and his total indifference to all intercourse with
-the world. As an excuse for the persecutions he suffered, he is accused
-of intriguing and creating disturbances even in his solitude; but no
-facts are mentioned--no proofs are advanced. We cannot, indeed, believe
-that the morbid spirit of distrust so fatal to his peace, which soon
-afterwards manifested itself, did not in any degree exist; but there are
-no letters, no documents, to support the accusations--made principally,
-indeed, by the _soi-disant_ philosophers--and, above all, by Voltaire,
-who could not endure that any other than himself should be a subject of
-interest; and who, more than an infidel--a blasphemer--joined with the
-most bigoted religionists in persecuting Rousseau.
-
-Rousseau was not permitted long to enjoy the tranquil pleasures of his
-island residence. Suddenly, without preparation, he received an order
-from the state of Berne to quit their territory in three days. It was a
-clap of thunder--he could but obey--again he was a wanderer: some
-friends implored him to take up his residence at Bienne, an independent
-town; he almost consented, when a popular tumult, of which he was the
-object, drove him away.
-
-He quitted Switzerland on the 29th of October. His first idea was to
-repair to Berlin. On arriving at Strasbourg he changed his mind: he
-gives no reason for this, except that he did not think that he could
-support the journey; and that the kindness of the Strasburghers made him
-meditate passing the winter in their city. He was, in fact, deliberating
-between Prussia and England. He feared the influence of the Parisian
-philosophers on Frederic's mind; he knew that the king preferred the
-writings of Voltaire to his; he felt that they would not suit--that
-Frederic would neither take pleasure in his society, nor reverence him:
-he would fall into a subordinate position and humble obscurity--not as a
-private man, whose independence repays him for all, but as a neglected
-courtier and pensioner of royalty. These natural struggles, founded on
-common sense and knowledge of the world, were misinterpreted by his
-enemies.--Horace Walpole, who did not appreciate his genius, wrote a
-burlesque letter, as if from the king of Prussia--the point of which
-was, that Rousseau could not be happy unless persecuted: the sorrowful
-truth, and the miserable effects of persecution which were subverting
-even his reason, found no pity at the hands of these men.
-
-But he had friends. The duchess of Luxembourg (the duke had died in the
-interim) and the countess de Boufflers, who were aware of the generosity
-of his conduct when he fled from France, exerted themselves to procure
-him an asylum. David Hume offered to escort him to England, and to
-establish him respectably there. Rousseau did not like the English; but
-the plan offered many advantages, and he consented. He took Paris in his
-way, where the prince of Conti received him with princely hospitality.
-"The prince," Rousseau writes, "chooses that I should be lodged and
-entertained with a magnificence which he well knows does not suit my
-tastes; but I comprehend that, under the circumstances, he wishes to
-give public testimony of the esteem with which he honours me." He
-received a great many visits; crowds followed him when he walked in the
-streets;--it is no wonder that he loved a people and a country where he
-received such flattering tokens of kindness and admiration.
-
-Yet he was eager to quit Paris; he was in France on sufferance; he even
-received intimation from the duke de Choiseul not to prolong his stay.
-[Sidenote: 1766.
-Ætat.
-54.]
-On the 2d of January, he departed with Hume and a M. de Luze, a Genevese
-and a friend of his. There was great difficulty in knowing where to
-place the exile, when he arrived in England: his scanty income was far
-too slight to afford mere necessaries in this country: many plans were
-discussed; Rousseau rejected several. Thérèse le Vasseur was the great
-obstacle to his comfort. It was with difficulty that the prejudice
-against her as Rousseau's mistress could be got over; but worse remained
-in her own character. De Luze represents her as ignorant, mischievous,
-and quarrelsome; add to this, that heretofore Rousseau had treated her
-as a mere housekeeper, and she did not dine at table with his
-guests--now he insisted that she should be placed on an equality with
-himself.
-
-Still he and Hume continued on friendly terms; and the latter
-entertained a sincere esteem for him. He wrote: "He is mild, gentle,
-modest, affectionate, disinterested, and, above all, endowed in a
-supreme degree with sensibility of heart." Rousseau insisted on
-establishing himself in solitude at a distance from London: an eligible
-residence was at last found for him. He passed two months in London and
-Chiswick. He was visited by all persons of distinction. "English
-manners," he wrote to a friend, "suit my taste; they can testify esteem,
-without cajolery." He then repaired to Wotton in Derbyshire--a house
-belonging to Mr. Davenport, but seldom inhabited by him: his host, to
-satisfy his delicacy, received nominal payment for his board and
-lodging; and here Rousseau and Thérèse took up their abode.
-
-Here he wrote the first portion of his "Confessions;" and for a short
-time he appeared to take pleasure in his retreat, and to feel grateful
-to the friend who had procured it for him. A few weeks altered his
-feelings. He became acquainted with the pretended letter of the king of
-Prussia, fabricated by Horace Walpole: he began to suspect that Hume
-allied himself to his detractors and enemies, and he renounced all
-commerce with him. So far indeed were his suspicions founded, that Hume
-had changed his opinion with regard to him. He still spoke of him as the
-most delightful man in the world, when in good humour, but found his
-distrust and suspicions, and accesses of melancholy, detract from the
-pleasure which his society afforded. He had joined also in the laugh
-raised by Walpole's letter, which, considering that Rousseau was his
-peculiar guest and friend, was indelicate and insulting. Brooding in
-loneliness, with only the ignorant, mischief-making Thérèse for a
-companion, during a dreary English winter, Rousseau's mind, ever
-distrustful, at once became fraught with suspicion. He felt himself
-deserted by Hume,--he believed himself to be betrayed. Living in
-obscurity and neglect in a country of the language of which he was
-ignorant, his imagination suggested that his enemies had entered into a
-combination to keep him there, so to gain an opportunity, undetected, of
-falsifying his writings and calumniating his character. These thoughts
-fermented in his brain till a species of insanity ensued. He fancied
-that all his letters were opened; that he was, in a manner, imprisoned
-at Wotton; and that the object of his enemies was to seize on his
-"Confessions;" the knowledge of their existence having excited this
-persecution. A pension of 100_l_. a year, which was conferred on him by
-George III. in honourable terms, did not appease his anxieties nor calm
-the fever of his mind. Under the dominion of these false
-ideas,--suddenly, after a year's residence, during which he had been
-treated with singular consideration and kindness, he left Wotton,
-traversed England, embarked; and when he arrived at Calais congratulated
-himself on his escape, as if honour and life had depended on it. The
-letter he left behind addressed to Mr. Davenport, and those he wrote to
-his friends, accusing his English protectors of treachery, and
-denouncing an universal conspiracy against his reputation and writings,
-by proving that he was possessed by insanity, ought to have excited
-pity;--he met with none. An indignant cry was raised by Hume and echoed
-by his enemies, accusing him of base ingratitude, and a wicked intention
-to vilify his friends. This conduct served to excite his monomania to
-its highest pitch, by giving some colour to his suspicions; and he
-appeared to himself most calm and reasonable while he was the most
-entirely under the dominion of the species of insanity that had come
-over him. We must not, however, be misunderstood. Rousseau was very
-ill-treated; Voltaire and his sect spared no ridicule, no opprobrium;
-his friends, even Hume, would join in the laugh excited by Horace
-Walpole's fabrication; Baron d'Holbach and his coterie, reigned over by
-Grimm, never spoke of him except as a mixture of impostor and madman.
-Here was much for Rousseau to resent. But his madness consisted in the
-idea that there was an organised combination formed against him, which
-was to destroy his reputation while living, falsify his writings, and
-hand him down to posterity in the darkest colours. Such combinations are
-never formed; and those who fancy themselves the object of such are
-decidedly insane.[9]
-
-[Sidenote: 1767.
-Ætat.
-55.]
-
-The consequence was that his personal friends continued to treat him
-with consideration. The prince of Conti offered him an asylum in his
-chateau de Trie, near Amiens. He remained there about a year. The
-unfortunate disposition of Thérèse soon turned all the servants and
-dependants of the place into enemies. He quickly felt the effects of the
-mischief she excited, and fancying that the cause existed not in her,
-but others, was glad to get away.
-
-An exile and a wanderer, he could not tell where to take up his abode.
-At one time he appears to have become aware of the bad disposition of
-Thérèse, and to have resolved to separate from her. It would appear
-that at this time he was married to her; but this act did not satisfy
-her discontent. She deserves blame certainly; but he deserves more for
-having chosen, in the first place, an ignorant woman, who had no
-qualities of heart to compensate for stupidity; and, secondly, for
-having injured instead of improving her disposition by causing her to
-abandon her children, and taking from her the occupations and interests
-that attend maternity. Dragging about with him this companion, he
-resided for some time in Dauphiné. His time was chiefly spent in
-herborising. He seemed
-
-
-"The world forgetting, by the world forgot;"
-
-
-but he was not satisfied. His restless dissatisfaction, and the
-unfortunate notion that an universal conspiracy was formed against him,
-caused him to renounce the pension which the king of England had
-conferred. The same passions engendered a thousand varying plans. He
-contemplated returning to Paris. As a first step, he remained for a
-short time at Lyons, and here satisfied his vanity as well as his better
-feelings by subscribing to the erection of a statue of Voltaire. The
-subscription, and the letter accompanying it, were applauded, much to
-the mortification of the latter, who tried vainly to have his name
-erased. Soon after, he repaired to the capital. As a preliminary, he
-quitted the Armenian dress which he had worn nearly ten years, being
-told officially that he would not be allowed to remain in Paris, if he
-attracted public attention by his singular costume. The permission he
-received to inhabit that city was, indeed, only tacit, and burdened with
-the condition that he should not publish any work,--a condition that
-displays in its most odious light the intolerance and tyranny of the old
-regime of France,
-
-[Sidenote: 1770.
-Ætat.
-58.]
-
-His arrival in Paris created a sensation; he was welcomed with
-enthusiasm. Madame du Deffand, who did not know him, and who dared not
-like him, since Horace Walpole spoke of him with contempt, and who only
-saw through the eyes of the high society she frequented, speaks
-slightingly of his reception by what she calls "the populace of _beaux
-esprits_;" but she mentions also that he will have nothing to do with the
-great ladies of her acquaintance, nor their friends, and courtiers.
-Grimm (and we must remark that, though Grimm often speaks disparagingly
-of Rousseau, there is nothing absolutely false in his accounts in his
-Correspondence) writes that his return was the subject of conversation
-for many days. The people followed him in crowds in the street; he was
-invited out to dinner every day; and it only rested with him to frequent
-Parisian society most distinguished for talent and rank.
-
-His object in returning to Paris appears to have been, in the first
-place, to give publicity to his "Confessions." Soon after his arrival he
-read them aloud before the count and countess d'Egmont, prince
-Pignatelli, the marquise de Mesmes, and the marquis de Juigné. We
-cannot justify his thus dragging the private life of his existent
-friends before the world: it is the most flagrant dishonesty in
-civilised society, and ought to be put on a par with picking pockets. We
-excuse Rousseau in a slight degree, since his act sprung from insanity.
-He believed that his enemies coalesced to defame him; that he could
-exculpate himself only by these "Confessions;" which, unless rendered
-public during life, would be falsified after he was dead; and he
-endeavoured to keep the secrets of his friends; though he limited his
-complaisance in this to hinting how much he could tell, if he liked.
-Madame d'Epinay was justly annoyed, and even alarmed, at the idea of
-being made the fable of the day. This lady had no excess of delicacy,
-since she left behind her memoirs that unveil the secrets of her life;
-but she could not endure that her name and actions should be made topics
-of public conversation during her life. She applied to M. de Sartine,
-lieutenant of police, to suppress any future readings; and apparently he
-complied with the wish, as there is only trace of one more, before seven
-auditors, which took place at the instigation of a man who sought to
-establish an intimate friendship with their author.
-
-Rousseau now established himself at Paris. Several persons have detailed
-their recollections of him during this latter part of his life; and
-there is something touching in the mixture of friendliness and distrust,
-of gloom and gaiety, of frugality and hospitality, which the various
-details record. Every word we read stamps the "Confessions" with truth,
-and animates them with a living image; for when we find how eloquent,
-agreeable, and warm-hearted he was, even when oppressed by long physical
-suffering and heavy mental disquietudes, we may believe that he was
-fascinating in his younger days.
-
-He lived in Paris, in Rue Platiere, in a fourth story. His one room was
-furnished with mere necessaries--two little beds, a chest of drawers, a
-table, a spinnet, and some chairs; and he was triumphantly happy when,
-having paid for these few things, he could call them his own. Some boxes
-and pots filled with plants stood in his window, where he often
-scattered crumbs for the sparrow's: all was neat and clean; and the
-simplicity and peace that reigned in the little chamber imparted the
-most agreeable impressions. He occupied himself by copying music, which
-he did with exquisite neatness and correctness: the only use he made of
-his celebrity was to ask rather a high price for his work. Many persons
-employed him, so to find a pretence for intruding on his solitude and
-staring at him. He did not scruple to be rude to those whom he saw were
-attracted by mere impertinent curiosity--to all others he was civil if
-not complaisant. The sole real blot on his household was Thérèse, whom
-every one mentions with dislike and disrespect.
-
-The prince de Ligne describes the visit he paid: he went under the
-pretence of seeking a M. Rousseau of Thoulouse, and contrived, while
-excusing himself for the mistake, to slide into conversation. Rousseau
-submitted to be drawn out by an utter and unnamed stranger, without the
-slightest appearance of distrust. The prince asked him about his music,
-and then alluded to literature, and quoted one of the opinions Rousseau
-had himself advanced, of the danger of certain literary acquirements: in
-a moment he was on the alert to reply, entering into the argument with
-more eloquence than he had ever showed in his writings, and developing
-his ideas with delicacy and precision; for it is remarkable that the
-embarrassment and confusion of ideas, of which Rousseau complains as
-habitual to him in conversation, never occurred, except when he fancied
-that something was expected, and his extreme shyness interfered to
-perplex his ideas, and even his utterance. But in the common course of
-conversation all agree in describing him as more than entertaining, as
-fascinating, through his eloquence, his perspicuity, and the vivacity
-and energy of his imagery and ideas; but these were not to be exercised
-on the trivial topics of the day, but on the high moral and
-philosophical sentiments and opinions that warmed his soul. On leaving
-him, the prince wrote him a letter, telling him who he was, and offering
-him an asylum in his states. His letter is a singular one; he tells him
-that no one knew how to read in his country, and that he would neither
-be admired nor persecuted. He continues: "You shall have the key of my
-books and my gardens; you shall see me or not as you please; you shall
-have a small country-house a mile from mine, where you can sow and plant
-just as you like; as, like you, I dislike thrones and dominations, you
-shall rule no one, and no one will rule you. If you accept my offers. I
-will lead you myself to the Temple of Virtue--such shall be the name of
-your abode, though we will not call it thus; I will spare your modesty
-all the triumphs you have well deserved."
-
-The prince declares that this letter was written in the sincerity of his
-heart; afterwards it was spread through Paris as a bad imitation of
-Horace Walpole's fabrication, and Rousseau himself believed that it was
-a trick. However, at first he took it as sincere, and called on the
-prince: he described his misfortunes, his enemies, the conspiracy of all
-Europe against him, with an eloquence that charmed while it inspired
-pity. "His eyes were two stars," the prince writes: "his genius shone in
-his face and electrified me; he was touched by the effect he produced,
-and, convinced of my enthusiasm, he showed gratitude for the interest I
-took in his welfare."
-
-Madame de Genlis made acquaintance with him soon after his return to
-Paris. She says she never met a literary man with less pretension, and
-more amiable: he spoke of himself with simplicity, and of his enemies
-without bitterness; he did entire justice to the talents of Voltaire; he
-had a most agreeable smile, full of delicacy and gentleness; he was
-communicative, and often very gay. He talked extremely well on music, in
-which he was a real connoisseur. Rousseau dined with this lady and her
-husband frequently. Their first quarrel arose from M. de Genlis sending
-him two dozen bottles of a wine he had praised, instead of two, which he
-had consented to accept. Nothing could be in worse taste than the
-pleasure which all the rich acquaintance of Rousseau took in making him
-presents, after he had declared he would not receive any. He always sent
-them back; and they reaped the pleasure of at once displaying their
-generosity without expense, and of railing at his misanthropy. The
-quarrel which put an end to his acquaintance with madame de Genlis is
-somewhat unintelligible. Rousseau took offence at something that passed
-at a theatre; and, instead of supping with his friends as he had agreed,
-walked sullenly away. Madame de Genlis was offended in her turn, and
-their intercourse was never renewed.
-
-Bernardin de Saint Pierre, author of "Paul and Virginia," has left
-delightful details of his visits to the recluse. They are far too long
-to quote: we can only mention that they impress the reader with love and
-esteem for Rousseau. Sometimes Saint Pierre was hurt by outbursts of
-Rousseau's umbrageous temper, and on one occasion complained of his
-morose manner and unjust suspicions, and asked whether he desired to
-quarrel with him. Rousseau replied, with emotion, "I should be sorry to
-see you too often, but still more sorry not to see you at all. I fear
-intimacies, and have closed my heart against them; my temper masters me,
-do you not perceive it? I suppress it for a time, but at last it
-overcomes me, and bursts forth in spite of my endeavours. I have my
-faults; but, when we value the friendship of any one, we must take the
-benefit with all its burdens." Saint Pierre adds, "that these fits of
-distrust were rare, that he was usually gay, confiding, and frank; when
-I saw him gloomy, I knew some sad thought perplexed him: I began talking
-of Plutarch, and he came to himself as if awakening from a dream."
-
-Saint Pierre gives a pleasing account of the respect in which the
-Parisians held him. They went together to hear the "Iphigenia" of Gluck:
-the crowd and pressure were great; Rousseau was old; Saint Pierre felt
-desirous to name him, and so to obtain protection: he hesitated, fearful
-to offend; at length he whispered it to one or two, begging them to keep
-the secret. Scarcely was the word uttered than a deep silence ensued,
-the crowd looked respectfully on him, and emulated each other in
-shielding him from pressure, without any one repeating the name that had
-been revealed. At one time he suspected Saint Pierre of being in league
-with his enemies; his friend insisted on an explanation, and succeeded
-in convincing him of his innocence, though he still believed that his
-enemies had endeavoured to make a cat's-paw of him.
-
-He thus lived for some years in Paris, occupied by copying music, and
-sometimes seized with a desire for composing it; herborising in the
-environs of the capital, seeing a few friends, and too often brooding in
-solitude over the combination he believed formed against him throughout
-Europe. As his health grew worse, these last fatal ideas became more and
-more engrossing. He quarrelled with Gluck for writing music to French
-words, saying that his only object was to give him the lie, because he
-had declared the French language to be unfit for music. He was angry
-when he heard that the "Divin du Village" was represented and applauded;
-saying that it was done under the pretence that the music was stolen. He
-occupied himself on his unfortunate work of "Rousseau Juge de Jean
-Jaques," which is a monument of the frenzy which it served to confirm;
-yet at the same time he wrote his "Promenades d'un Solitaire," which,
-with the exception of some of the letters of the "Nouvelle Heloise," and
-a few passages in the "Confessions," are the most finished, the most
-interesting, and eloquent of his works: the peculiar charm of Rousseau
-reigns throughout; a mixture of lofty enthusiasm, of calm repose, and of
-the most delicate taste.
-
-The friends about him saw traces of attacks of absolute madness: he
-could no longer apply himself to his task of copying music, and the
-miseries of poverty began to be felt in his household. M. de Corancez
-tried to bring a remedy, by offering him a house at Sceaux, in which to
-live: Rousseau refused, yet hesitated. M. de Girardin offered his house
-at Ermenonville, where the superb gardens, of which he was proprietor,
-might well tempt a lover of nature. Thérèse favoured this
-offer--Rousseau consented to accept it, and his removal was effected
-with some precipitancy. It might have been supposed that the charm of
-his new abode would have calmed his mind and restored his health. It was
-not so. Great obscurity hangs over the last scene of his life.
-[Sidenote: 1778.
-Ætat.
-66.]
-He died suddenly at Ermenonville, on the 2d of July, two months after
-his departure from Paris. The surgeons who examined his body pronounced,
-at their examination, that he died of a serous apoplexy.
-
-Many circumstances combine to engender the suspicion that this opinion
-was given merely to prevent scandal, and that in reality he shot
-himself. It is certain that, at the moment of death, instead of being
-senseless, he was carried to the window, which he caused to be thrown
-open; the weather was beautiful, and he contemplated the fair scene
-spread around, the shady gardens and serene sky, while he bade a calm
-adieu to life.
-
-The cause of his suicide, if he really committed it, must be found in
-his perpetual physical sufferings, in his weariness of life, and in the
-accesses of insanity with which he was certainly sometimes visited: to
-this M. de Corancez adds a discovery of the worthless character of
-Thérèse. The last is merely conjecture. She married a groom of M.
-Girardin, a year after her husband's death; and he gives her credit for
-a criminal intercourse with this man, discovered by Rousseau, during his
-life.
-
-His existence had become a dream of bodily and mental suffering; and
-whether the disease that preyed on him affected his brain with death, or
-excited him to arm himself against his own life, is a secret difficult
-to penetrate. The latter seems most probable. He died peacefully, and
-the heart that had beat so wildly, and the brain pregnant with an ardent
-love of truth, and with so many wild delusions, were delivered over to
-the peace of the grave.
-
-As a protestant he could not be buried in sacred ground, he was
-therefore interred in the island of Poplars, in the gardens of
-Ermenonville. The funeral took place in the evening. The solitary spot
-shadowed over by trees, through whose foliage the moon shone, the calm
-of the evening hour, and the lonely grave, were in accordance with the
-singular but noble character of the man.
-
-On his tomb was inscribed--
-
-
-ICI REPOSE
-L'HOMME DE LA NATURE
-ET DE LA VÉRITÉ.
-
-_Vitam impendere vero._
-
-
-These last words he had adopted as his device. His grave ought to have
-been held sacred; but, in the rage for desecration that possessed the
-French at the period of the revolution, the body was exhumed and placed
-in the Pantheon. When the allies invaded France, out of respect for his
-memory, Ermenonville was exempted from contribution.
-
-Rousseau has described himself; but, though sincere in an unexampled
-degree, it is difficult to appreciate his character from the
-"Confessions." A recent writer, Barante, founding his opinion on this
-work, considers him a proud and envious egotist, full of vague
-aspirations after virtue, incapable of a virtuous deed; yet we find
-Saint Pierre, who knew him during the latter years of his life, when the
-struggle between circumstances and his disposition had ceased, and his
-character was formed, applaud his firm probity, his mild benevolence,
-his frankness and natural gaiety of heart. One fact stamps Rousseau with
-nobleness of soul. We turn to the pages of Voltaire's Correspondence,
-and find it full of the most vilifying and insolent epithets applied to
-his great contemporary--the opprobrium and insult with which he loads
-his name bearing the stamp of the impurity and arrogance of his own
-heart. Rousseau never spoke ill of Voltaire: when others dispraised, he
-defended him; this might be the result of pride, but it was a noble and
-generous pride.
-
-Rousseau was proud; nourished in dreams of ancient virtue or chivalrous
-romance, he respected himself, and he felt deeply aggrieved if he did
-not meet respect in others. It is a strange anomaly to find this proud
-man confessing the most degrading errors; but this arose from the
-highest pride of all, and the most mistaken: he declared his faults, and
-yet assumed himself to be better than other men.
-
-Was Rousseau envious? Grimm says, that anger at finding men of greater
-genius preferred engendered most of his ill-humour against society. But
-who were these superior men? not Voltaire, with whom, as older than
-himself, he never competed: it was Helvetius, Thomas, and, above all,
-Diderot. Whatever merits Diderot had in society and conversation, he is
-so poor a writer that Rousseau could never have been really hurt by any
-mistaken preference shown him. Envy, base as it is, does not stoop to
-envy that which is immeasurably inferior. Rousseau had certainly
-sufficient cause to be displeased with Diderot, the tone of his letters
-being arrogant and presumptuous; but his real displeasure was caused by
-the belief that he had betrayed him, when he confided to him his
-sentiments for madame d'Houdetot: balked and trampled on all sides, he
-was stung to resent his disappointment somewhere, and he selected
-Diderot for his victim. This was very wrong and self-deceptive: he
-quotes good authority for proving the propriety of declaring to the
-world that he and Diderot wore no longer friends, and there was no great
-harm in so doing; but when he appended the quotation from Ecclesiastes
-in a note, accusing Diderot of a great social crime, the betraying the
-secret of a friend, he erred grossly, and cannot be defended.
-
-Rousseau had passed his existence in romantic reveries. This abstraction
-of mind always engenders an indolence that concentrates the mind in
-self, and hates to be intruded upon by outward circumstances. Pride and
-indolence conjoined, created the independence of spirit for which he
-took praise to himself. Independence is of two sorts. When we sacrifice
-our pleasures and our tastes to preserve the dear privilege of not
-deferring our principles and feelings to others, we foster an exalted
-virtue; but the independence that finds duty an unwelcome clog--that
-regards the just claims of our fellow-creatures as injurious and
-intolerable, and that casts off the affections as troublesome
-shackles--is one of the greatest errors that the human heart can
-nourish; and such was the independence to which Rousseau aspired when he
-neglected the first duty of man by abandoning his children. He often
-dilates on simple pleasures--the charms of unsophisticated affections,
-and the ecstasy to be derived from virtuous sympathy--he, who never felt
-the noblest and most devoted passion of the human soul--the love of a
-parent for his child! We cannot help thinking that even while Rousseau
-defends himself by many baseless sophisms, that this crime, rankling at
-his heart, engendered much of the misery that he charged upon his
-fellow-creatures. Still Barante is unjust when he declares Rousseau's
-life to have been devoid of virtuous actions. He was unpretendingly
-charitable; and his fidelity to Thérèse, unworthy as she was, deserves
-praise. It would have been easy to cast her off, and gain a more
-suitable companion; but he bore her defects; and even to the last, when
-it has been suspected that her worthlessness drove him to suicide, he
-never complained. There was, with all his errors, great nobleness in
-Rousseau's soul. The pride and envy of which he is accused led him to
-cherish poverty, to repel benefits, to suspect his friends, but never to
-cringe, or grasp, or lie. Distrust was his chief error--a mighty
-one--but it did not injure others, while it destroyed himself.
-
-Of his works, the "Emile" stands in the first rank for its utility: his
-theories however engendered some errors. The notion to which he was
-attached, that entire independence, even of natural duties, was the
-state congenial to man, mars many of his views. He would not allow a man
-to be a father, scarcely a woman to be a mother; yet such are the
-natural and imperative duties of life, even in the most primitive states
-of society. We may add a further defect, gathered partly from the
-continuation he projected. Sophie proves faithless; and Emile,
-meditating on the conduct he ought to pursue, makes himself the centre
-of his reflections, nor reverts to the claims which his unhappy wife and
-blameless child have still on him. He leaves both to the mercy of a hard
-world, and affords another proof of Rousseau's natural deficiency in a
-sense of duty. Barante well observes that the "Emile" is the less
-useful, because it gives no rules for public education; and public
-education is doubtless the best fitted to form the character of social
-man. Properly carried on, it prevents all need of having recourse to
-those plans and impostures which deface Rousseau's system. The little
-world of boys brings its own necessities and lessons with it: the chief
-care devolving on the master, to prevent the elder and stronger from
-domineering over the young and weak.
-
-He perverts virtue and vice in the "Heloïse" still more glaringly, and
-clashes against the prejudices of every country. In France, the fault of
-an unmarried girl was regarded as peculiarly degrading and even
-ridiculous, and the early error of Julie therefore could find little
-sympathy in that country. In ours we commiserate such; but we turn
-disgusted from her wedding another man; and the marriage with the
-elderly Wolmar, which Rousseau makes the crown of her virtue, is to us
-the seal of her degradation. His ideas also of a perfect life are
-singularly faulty. It includes no instruction, no endeavours to acquire
-knowledge and refine the soul by study; but is contracted to mere
-domestic avocations, and to association with servants and labourers, on
-their own footing of ignorance, though such must lead to mean and
-trivial occupations and thoughts.
-
-No author knows better than Rousseau how to spread a charm over the
-internal movements of the mind, over the struggles of passion, over
-romantic reveries that absorb the soul, abstracting it from real life
-and our fellow-creatures, and causing it to find its joys in itself. No
-author is more eloquent in paradox, and no man more sublime in
-inculcating virtue. While Voltaire taints and degrades all that is
-sacred and lovely by the grossness of his imagination, Rousseau
-embellishes even the impure, by painting it in colours that hide its real
-nature; and imparts to the emotions of sense all the elevation and
-intensity of delicate and exalted passion.
-
-
-[Footnote 8: He describes this moment of spontaneous inspiration in one
-of his letters to M. de Malesherbes, and in his Confessions, with
-enthusiastic eloquence. Diderot denied the truth of the statement,
-saying, that in fact Rousseau had shown him the question in the
-newspaper, in the park of Vincennes, and said, that he meant to write in
-favour of the arts and sciences; but, on the representation of Diderot,
-he found that finer things might be said on the other side, and
-consequently adopted it. We doubt all this. Our own experience has shown
-us the great mistakes people can fall into, when they pretend to recount
-the thoughts and actions of others. Rousseau would never have written
-this detail to M. de Malesherbes, had he not believed it to be true; and
-we think that he is more likely to have known the truth than Diderot.]
-
-[Footnote 9: There is an admirable letter addressed by the countess de
-Boufflers to Hume, which proves the ill-treatment which Rousseau met,
-and the general spirit of unkindness and treacherous ridicule in vogue
-against him; while at the same time the writer does not defend
-Rousseau's extravagant suspicions and conduct. The good sense and good
-taste of the whole letter is remarkable. Unfortunately placid David Hume
-had suffered himself to be led away by anger, and it was of no avail.]
-
-
-
-
-CONDORCET
-
-1744-1794.
-
-
-Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, was born at Saint
-Quentin, in Picardy, on the 17th of September, 1744. It is said that at
-an early age he gave tokens of the talents that distinguished him. The
-bent of his genius led him to the study of the exact sciences. It is the
-distinction of these pursuits that they lead at once to celebrity. A
-discovery in mathematics can neither be denied nor passed over.
-
-Condorcet, at the age of twenty-one, was the author of a memoir on the
-integral calculus, one of the highest branches of the pure mathematics,
-in which at that time but small advances had been made, although it has
-since become one of the most powerful instruments of physical
-investigation. This essay gave him at once a title to be regarded as a
-successor worthy of Newton and Leibnitz, whose discoveries in the
-infinitesimal analysis he subsequently extended. This essay was
-published in the _Mémoires des Savants Étrangers_, and he was elected
-coadjutor of Grandjean de Fouchy, in the secretaryship of the Academy of
-Sciences. Eager to justify the choice of the Academy, he continued
-successfully to direct his labours to the higher mathematics. Among his
-essays on these branches of science may be mentioned a general method of
-finding the integral of an equation in finite terms whenever such an
-integral exists, and the general solution of the problem of maxima and
-minima. Had he continued to cultivate pure mathematics, there can be no
-doubt that he would have attained the greatest celebrity in that
-department of science.
-
-Condorcet's mind was one of those in which reason preponderates to the
-exclusion of the imagination, so that whatever could not be definitively
-proved to his understanding he considered absurd. This texture of
-intellect, at a time when philosophy was at work to discard, not only
-the errors of Catholicism, but to subvert Christianity itself, led him
-to ally himself with men who, while they exerted themselves to enlighten
-and enfranchise their fellow-creatures from the miseries of
-superstition, unfortunately went a step beyond, and overthrew, though
-they knew it not, the boundaries of morals as well as of religion. These
-men, for the most part, benevolent, studious, and virtuous, believed it
-easy to lead their fellow-creatures into the same road which they
-themselves trod; and that, bigotry and superstition being overthrown,
-persecution would vanish, and mankind live in a brotherhood of peace.
-Their passions being under their control, they supposed that, could
-reason be equally developed in all men, they would become, like
-themselves, dispassionate and tolerant. Condorcet was the intimate
-friend of D'Alembert; he visited Voltaire with him at Ferney, and was
-hailed as the youngest and most promising of his disciples. The latter
-certainly did not possess the calmness and disciplined mind of
-D'Alembert, but his genius and ardent benevolence brought excuses for
-the errors of his temper; and Condorcet, while he saw his faults, paid
-the tribute of flattery which the patriarch of French literature
-considered his due. As he became intimate with these philosophers, and
-participated in their views, he began to consider that there were truths
-of more importance than mathematical demonstrations,--truths that would
-subvert the impostures of priests, and give men nobler and higher rules
-of action than those instituted by the papal church. It is the
-misfortune of Catholicism that, by entangling the absurd and the true,
-those who throw off its errors are too apt, without examination, to cast
-away the truths which it has overgrown and distorted; but which minds of
-truer discernment can see and acknowledge. Condorcet, on first engaging
-in the labours of moral philosophy, took the easier path of refuting
-others, rather than developing novel ideas of his own. His application
-and his memory had caused his mind to be richly stored with every kind
-of knowledge--add to this he was a profound logician. His first work of
-polemical philosophy was a refutation of the "Dictionnaire des Trois
-Siècles," by Sabathier de Castres. He assumed the epistolary form of
-argument, which is at once the easiest, and affords the fairest scope
-for the various arms of ridicule and reasoning. Voltaire hailed his work
-with delight, and bestowed a degree of praise highly encouraging to the
-young author.
-
-His next labour was the arrangement and examination of the "Pensées" of
-Pascal. That illustrious Christian founded his system on the original
-weakness and sin of man. He represented him as a miserable, feeble,
-suffering being; spawned, as it were, by eternity, and cast on a narrow
-shoal of time; unknowing of the past, terrified by the future, helpless
-and lost in the present; and showed that the knowledge and the promises
-of the Redeemer were the only stay and the only consolation of his
-trembling, painful, and yet sinful existence. Condorcet took an opposite
-view of human nature. He regarded it as a power that by its laws
-assimilated all reason, all good, all knowledge, to its essence, but
-that tyranny and error stepped between; and the frauds of priests and
-the oppression of political institutions, taking from this being leisure
-and freedom of thought, reduced him to the feeble, ignorant, erring
-state in which most men are sunk. Casting the blame of the faults and
-ignorance of man on governments, he declared that these ought to be the
-objects of improvement and enlightenment to the philosopher; for, if
-these were in the advance of human knowledge, instead of lagging so far
-behind, mankind would speedily rise to a higher level, and grow, like
-the laws they obeyed, wise, just, and equal. This work appeared of such
-importance to Voltaire that he reprinted it himself, adding a preface,
-in which he said, "This true philosopher holds Pascal in the scales, and
-is the weightier of the two."
-
-Condorcet was the friend of Turgot, a minister whose virtues and genius
-attached to him all the more enlightened men of the day. His ministry,
-however, was stormy, since he was among the first who endeavoured to
-bring a remedy to the ruined finances of France, without being permitted
-to strike at the root of the evil--unequal taxation and extravagant
-expenditure. His edict touching the sale of corn excited popular
-commotions, and was attacked by Necker. Condorcet undertook to answer
-Necker's book, but was on the unpopular side, and therefore not read. He
-wrote a series of laudatory biographical essays on various academicians,
-and men of science and celebrity, Euler, Franklin, D'Alembert, and
-others. In these he, at the same time, developed his scientific
-knowledge and his theory of the perfectibility of the human species.
-Every useful and liberal cause found him its partisan. He was one among
-the opponents of negro slavery; and, feeling that diatribes against the
-cruelty and wickedness of the slave trade would not avail with those who
-regarded it as advantageous to the country, he argued to prove its
-political and commercial inexpediency. He was a laborious and prolific
-writer, urged on by a strong sense of duty; for, firmly believing that
-the wisdom of philosophers was of vast influence in improving the moral
-condition of mankind, he believed it to be the primal duty of thinking
-men to propagate their opinions. In his life of Turgot he details his
-theories of the perfectibility of his species, which the minister had
-also entertained. He undertook an edition of the works of Voltaire, and
-wrote the life of that great wit, one of the best and most elegant of
-his works. To escape persecution, or to give greater force to his
-writings, he published several of his writings under fictitious names.
-In this manner, he brought out his "Reflections on Negro Slavery" under
-the name of Swartz, a pastor of Bienne. A biographer observes on this
-work, that "the simplicity, elegance, and precision of the style; the
-forcible arguments, respect for misfortune, and indignation at crime;
-the tone which inviolable probity inspires, and which art cannot
-imitate, obtained signal success for this work. Those who were fortunate
-enough to be intimate with Condorcet easily raised the veil under which
-he concealed himself." In the same way, he adopted the name of a citizen
-of Newhaven, when he wrote to refute a book by De Lolme, in praise of
-the English constitution, insisting, in particular, on the benefits
-arising from two legislative chambers. Condorcet argued that all just
-government ought to be founded on giving preponderance to the majority;
-and he brought all his logic to prove that to confide the task of
-legislation to two chambers, one of which should propose and the other
-sanction laws, was to give to the minority a power superior to that
-enjoyed by the majority; since that which had been proposed unanimously
-in one chamber might be rejected by a slight majority in the other. He
-went on to establish maxims and legal fictions by which it would be
-possible to ascertain the desires of the majority in a state,--a
-question that occupied his serious consideration in other works.
-Condorcet, in these writings, showed his attachment to all that should
-ameliorate the social condition, and enlarge the sphere of intellect
-among his fellow-creatures. He did not, in his reasonings, give
-sufficient force to the influence of passion, especially when exerted
-over masses, nor the vast power which the many have when they assert
-themselves, nor the facility with which the interested few can lead
-assembled numbers into error and crime. D'Alembert called Condorcet a
-volcano covered by snow. There are men of great personal susceptibility,
-uncontrollable passions, and excitable imaginations, who have the same
-power over their fellow-creatures that fire has over materials cast upon
-it--they impart their energy, even though it be for self-destruction, to
-all around. There are others, and among such was Condorcet, of great but
-regulated enthusiasm of soul;--which enthusiasm, derived from abstract
-principles and founded on severe reason, is more steady, more
-disinterested, and more enduring than that springing from passion; but
-it exercises little immediate influence over others, and is acknowledged
-and appreciated only in hours of calm. Amidst the tempest of political
-struggles it is passed by as timid, cold, and impotent.
-
-A philosopher of this sort was destined to have great influence at the
-commencement of the French Revolution, while men acted from a sense of
-right and a virtuous desire to found the changes they brought about on
-reason, justice, and the good of mankind. His integrity caused him to be
-respected, and his powers of mind to receive attention.
-
-He anticipated change, and had contributed to it by spreading abroad his
-opinions for the enfranchisement of the French people from the laws and
-customs that ground them to the earth. When the ferment began he
-assisted in directing it by his writings, and assembled at his house the
-most distinguished men of the liberal party. He was now no longer a
-young man. Habit had confirmed all his opinions, while mature years
-imparted that calm which caused him to see clearly and act firmly, but
-without precipitation or violence. On the convocation of the states
-general, he wrote a declaration of the rights of man, to serve as a
-guide and model to the future legislators of his country. He caused it
-to be translated into English by Dr. Gems, and brought it out as the
-work of an American.
-[Sidenote: 1788.
-Ætat.
-44.]
-When the states general met, he became more and more absorbed by the
-political state of his country. He did not make one of the assembly; but
-the influence from without was of vast importance, not only to inspire
-the members with energy and constancy, but to daunt the court and the
-nobles, who scarcely understood and longed to spurn the claimants of a
-power of which they had long held possession, while they misused it to
-the ruin first of their country and then of themselves. Condorcet wrote
-a refutation of an address presented in favour of the court and the
-privileged orders, and demanded a partial confiscation of church
-property to pay the national debt. He published a pamphlet, entitled "On
-what has been done, and what remains to do," full of clear and useful
-views for the future. He thus became a portion of the revolution, and
-allied himself with its more illustrious chiefs, who afterwards formed
-the girondist party,--a sect which was republican in heart, but which
-would have been satisfied with a limited monarchy, could they have
-depended on the fidelity of the king to the constitution. The chief
-object of Condorcet's attacks was the church. He was an infidel, and
-believed philosophy to be a better guide than religion both for states
-and individuals; besides this, he looked on the French clergy as a
-peculiarly obnoxious priesthood. The quarrels of the molinists and
-jansenists,--the extermination of the huguenots,--the war they carried
-on against all knowledge and freedom,--made him ardently desire to limit
-their power within strict bounds, and he was eager to lessen their
-wealth, as the first sure step towards decreasing their influence.
-
-On every occasion he came forward to enlighten and guide the decisions
-of the assembly by his published arguments. He discussed the injury to
-arise from a division of the legislative power into two chambers, and
-showed great sagacity when he demonstrated the evils attendant on the
-system of assignats.
-
-The weakness of the unfortunate king, who yielded to the new state of
-things only on compulsion, and turned his eyes towards the emigrants and
-foreign potentates as deliverers, still hoping for a restoration to
-absolute power, caused the moderate party of girondists to abandon the
-cause of royalty altogether, and to believe that there was no
-possibility of confirming the blessings which they believed that their
-country reaped from the revolution, nor of protecting the nation from
-invasion, and the re-establishment of absolutism armed with foreign
-soldiers for the execution of vengeance, except in the dethronement of
-the king and erection of a republic. The flight of Louis to Varennes put
-the seal of conviction on these opinions. It was believed that he fled
-only to return with the Austrians and the emigrants, armed to
-exterminate the friends of liberty. Condorcet pronounced on this
-occasion a violent speech against monarchy, and followed up his attack
-by a series of bitter articles in a paper called "The Republican." His
-popularity increased greatly through this course. He was designated by
-the jacobins as governor of the dauphin, but Louis refused to ratify the
-nomination.
-[Sidenote: 1791.
-Ætat.
-47.]
-He was also appointed commissioner of the treasury; which, at his
-desire, changed its name to the national instead of the royal treasury;
-and he was elected member of the new representative assembly by the
-electors of the city of Paris itself. He drew up the article of "The
-National Assembly" in the "Chronicle," on this occasion, to enlighten
-his colleagues on the state of the nation, and the measures proper to be
-taken for its security.
-
-In all his speeches and projected decrees he mingled the most determined
-opposition to such acts and establishments as he believed to be hostile
-to the liberty of his country, with mildness and justice towards
-individuals. Thus, on the 25th of October, he made a speech on the
-subject of emigration, which at the time that it was delivered excited
-the warmest applause, and the printing of it was voted. In this
-discourse, he drew a line between the emigrants who left their country
-for the sake merely of withdrawing from the political disturbances, and
-those who entertained the nefarious project of exciting foreign powers
-to invade France, and meditated carrying arms themselves against their
-countrymen. He denounced the connivance of the court with the intrigues
-at Coblentz. He showed the necessity of firm measures, and asserted that
-an unasked pardon held out to the emigrants gave birth to contempt
-merely among the haughty nobles who expected a speedy triumph over a
-class of men whom they despised. A few days after, the mountain party
-attacked his purposed decree as insufficient and feeble, and it was
-abandoned.
-
-This alliance with foreign governments and the complicity of the court
-with the emigrants, roused a spirit in France, at first noble and
-heroic, till, led away by base and sanguinary men, grandeur of purpose
-merged into ferocity, and heroism became a thirst of blood such as
-mankind had never displayed before towards men of the same colour and
-language as themselves, and can be compared only to the conduct of the
-Spaniards in the newly discovered world.
-
-But the first burst of generous indignation against the traitors who
-carried arms against their country, and the crowned foes who denounced
-the actual government of France as rebellious, to be punished by the
-devastation and subjection of the nation, found an echo in every
-patriotic heart not misled by enthusiasm for royalty. On the 27th of
-December Vergniaud proposed an address to the French people, which was
-greatly applauded though not adopted. Two days after Condorcet presented
-his declaration, which was received with triumphant and unanimous
-acclamations. This declaration is dignified and firm, and shows the just
-as well as generous spirit which animated the greater portion of the
-assembly, till the panic engendered by the advance of the armies threw
-the power into the hands of the ferocious minority. "At the moment when,
-for the first time since the acquirement of liberty,"--thus ran his
-manifesto,--"the French people may find themselves reduced to exercise
-the terrible right of war, her representatives owe to Europe and to all
-humanity a declaration of the motives that have guided the resolutions
-of France, and an exposition of the principles that will rule their
-conduct. The French nation renounces the entering on any war with a view
-of making conquests, and will never employ her force against the liberty
-of any country. Such is the sacred vow by which we have allied our
-welfare to the welfare of every other nation, and to which we will be
-faithful. France will take up arms with regret but with ardour, to
-insure her own safety, her internal tranquillity; and will lay them down
-with joy when she no longer fears for that liberty and equality which
-are become the only elements in which Frenchmen can live." When, soon
-after, the country seemed menaced by civil war, the departments
-regarding with fear and jealousy the proceedings in Paris, Condorcet
-again ascended the tribune to propose an exposition of their conduct, as
-due, not to the calumniators of the revolution, but to those timid and
-mistaken men, who, at a great distance, were led away by false and
-fabricated accounts. He then read an address which contained the history
-of the labours of the assembly and an exposition of its principles. The
-address was voted by acclamation, and ordered to be printed and
-distributed in the departments.
-
-The integrity of Condorcet raised him high in the esteem of his
-countrymen; as springing from the class of nobles, his disinterestedness
-could not be doubted. He loved his country, he loved reason and
-knowledge, and virtuous conduct and benevolent sentiments. He was, with
-all this, a determined republican. His favourite theory being the
-perfectibility of mankind, he rejected that view of human nature which
-inculcates the necessity of ruling the many by the few, and sinking the
-majority of his fellow-creatures in ignorance and hard labour; he wished
-all to be enlightened as to their duties, and all to tend equally to the
-improvement of their intellectual and moral nature. These theories, if
-they be mistaken, emanate from benevolent and just feelings. They made
-him a democrat, because the very corner-stone of royalty and aristocracy
-is the setting apart a class of men to possess the better gifts of
-fortune and education, and the reduction of the rest to a state of
-intellectual dependence and physical necessity.
-
-[Sidenote: 1792.
-Ætat.
-48.]
-
-When the king exercised his veto, and put a stop to the measures
-considered necessary by the assembly for the safety of France,
-Condorcet, even as early as the month of March, represented the
-monarchical power as at open war with the nation, and proposed that the
-king should be considered as having abdicated. His view met with few
-co-operators at that crisis, and was set aside. He busied himself, at
-the same time, in forming a plan of national education, and brought
-forward a system on a more philosophical and comprehensive scale than
-had hitherto been meditated. It was his design to secure to the human
-race, to use his own expressions, the means of satisfying their
-necessities, and securing their welfare; of knowing and exercising their
-rights, and of understanding and fulfilling their duties; giving scope
-to all to carry their industry to a state of perfection, and to render
-themselves capable of the social functions which they were called upon
-to exert; to develope to their extent the talents given them by nature;
-and thus to establish in the nation a real equality, so to meet the
-political equality established by law.
-
-The system of instruction which was to realise so blessed a state of
-society he considered as properly placed in the hands of government. He
-looked forward, indeed, to the time when public establishments for
-education would become superfluous and even detrimental; but this would
-only be when right reason prevailed, and it was no longer necessary for
-the wiser few to labour to destroy the prejudices and mistakes of the
-ignorant many; when superstition should be no more; and when each man
-should find in his own knowledge, and in the rectitude of his mind, arms
-sufficient to combat every species of imposition.
-
-Condorcet looked on virtue as capable of exact demonstration, as
-conducive to public and individual happiness, and on man as a
-sufficiently reasonable being to follow its dictates, if sufficiently
-enlightened, without the aid of religion or the coercion of punishment.
-He regarded the passions as capable of being controlled by the
-understanding. He, benevolent and conscientious, practising no vice,
-carefully extirpating from his mind all that he believed to be error,
-was to himself a mirror in which the whole human race was reflected.
-Also, like all the French politicians of that day, he wished to treat
-mankind like puppets, and fancied that it was only necessary to pull
-particular strings to draw them within the circle of order and reason.
-We none of us know the laws of our nature; and there can be little doubt
-that, if philosophers like Condorcet did educate their fellows into some
-approximation to their rule of right, the ardent feelings and burning
-imaginations of man would create something now un thought of, but not
-less different from the results he expected, than the series of sin and
-sorrow which now desolates the world. It is not for this that we would
-throw a slur over the upright endeavours of the pious and the good to
-improve their fellows; but we do over any endeavour of government to
-bind the intellect in chains. It was, therefore, in some degree, for the
-best, that his views were not followed out. When his plan for national
-education and a national society of arts and sciences, charged with the
-duty of overlooking and directing public instruction,--for the purpose
-not only of enlightening the present generation, but of preparing the
-human species for an indefinite advance in wisdom and virtue,--when this
-plan was presented by the chief Girondists to the court, a friend of
-Condorcet, struck with dismay at the degree of power that would accrue
-to the rulers, said, "If they adopt your plan, our freedom is
-destroyed." "Fear nothing," replied Condorcet, "ignorance and vanity
-will make them reject it." Unfortunately, the treaty carried on by the
-Girondists with the court on this occasion injured their popularity. The
-French were at a crisis that demanded that their rulers should think
-only of measures and acts adapted to it. The mountain party felt this,
-and acted for the day, and thus succeeded in overthrowing their rivals,
-who philosophically and calmly legislated for future generations, while
-their single object ought to have been to save the living one from the
-foreign foe and their own evil passions.
-
-The manifesto of the duke of Brunswick was the first cause of the
-madness which was soon to make France an example of the crimes that may
-be committed by a people in the name of liberty. When first this
-manifesto spread indignation and fear through France, Condorcet made
-himself conspicuous by a speech proposing an address to the king to
-express the discontent of the assembly at his lukewarm disapprobation of
-the actions of the emigrants, and his want of energy in repulsing the
-offers of foreign potentates to deliver him from the hands of his
-subjects and the shackles of the constitution which he had accepted. The
-subsequent dethronement of the king and establishment of a republic were
-events after his own heart.
-[Sidenote: 1792.]
-A commission had been named, during the first days of August, to examine
-the question of the abolition of monarchy, and Condorcet was named
-reporter. He considered it, in the first place, necessary to explain to
-the people the grounds on which he went, and drew up a paper which he
-called "Instruction préparatoire sur l'Exercise du Droit de
-Souveraineté;" in which he expounded, that as foreign potentates had
-denounced every Frenchman who defended the liberties of his country as
-rebels to be punished by death, and as the monarch treacherously
-weakened their powers of defence against the foe, so was it right and
-necessary that the nation should take the sovereignty into their own
-hands. When the events of the 10th of August had sealed the fate of the
-unhappy Louis, Condorcet proposed a declaration of the motives that led
-to his being set aside, which, while it strongly accused the monarch and
-his court of betraying the cause of the people, was animated by a spirit
-of fairness, moderation, and dignity, that did honour to the cause which
-he espoused.
-
-Condorcet's popularity was now at its height and he was courted even by
-the jacobins and the mountain party. He was invited by several
-departments to represent them in the new convention. Madame Roland
-accuses him of pusillanimity: perhaps her accusation is partly founded
-on the fact that at this moment of fierce rivalship and strife between
-the Girondists and Mountain, he rather strove to conciliate the latter
-than to drive the struggle to extremities. He had a high esteem for the
-talents of Danton, and often remarked, with regard to the jacobins, that
-it were better to moderate than to quarrel with them. He was named at
-this time one of the committee to draw up a constitution, and his
-labours were chiefly employed on this object.
-
-Looking upon the king as the treacherous enemy of the new state of
-things in France, and therefore, according to his reasoning, of France
-itself, he did not hesitate to name Louis a traitor during the debate
-that followed the monarch's trial; but he did not vote for his death.
-"All different degrees of punishment for the same offence," he argued,
-"was an offence against equality. The punishment of conspirators is
-death; but this punishment is contrary to my principles, and I will
-never vote it. I cannot vote for imprisonment, for no law gives me the
-power; I vote for the heaviest punishment established in the penal code
-that is not death." He afterwards voted for the reprieve for the king
-until the peace; but the struggle of the Girondists to save the
-monarch's life was, as is known, useless.
-
-In drawing up a constitution the philosopher thought more of future
-generations than the present: he considered France as ground cleared of
-all encumbrance, on which to raise an edifice of government designed in
-strict accordance to justice and the permanent welfare of mankind: to
-continue the metaphor, he gave no heed to the more than inequalities of
-soil,--the gulfs and chasms produced by the earthquake-revolution. His
-report of the labours of the committee, together with the speech he made
-on presenting it, was, however, received at first with acclamation, and
-ordered to be printed. The jacobins disapproved tacitly in the
-commencement, but by degrees they raised accusations against Condorcet
-on account of the limited power which he committed to the people.
-Underhand disapprobation was spread abroad, but did not become so
-current, but that the committee of public safety applied to him to draw
-up a manifesto, which the convention wished to address to every nation
-and government, with regard to the violation of the law of nations in
-the persons of four deputies delivered up by Dumouriez to the Austrians:
-they admired him as a writer, and believed that their cause would be
-eloquently and well defended by his pen. He wrote with great fervour
-both against Lafayette and Dumouriez, as having betrayed the cause of
-their country, and appealed against the conduct of Austria to the
-interests and sense of justice of every free country.
-
-[Sidenote: 1793.
-Ætat.
-49.]
-
-Even on the approach of the 31st of May, notwithstanding his intimacy
-with Roland and other Girondists on whom the Mountain party were about
-to seize, Condorcet continued to be consulted and employed by the
-committee of public safety. Those of the girondists who, foreseeing the
-anarchy that must ensue from the triumph of the jacobins, considered
-their overthrow of more immediate importance than the repulsing the foe
-from the soil of France, disapproved of Condorcet's working for their
-enemies: he kept apart from both, while he laboured for the cause of the
-republic, and remarked that his friends were offended because he did not
-break with the committee of public safety; and the committee, on the
-other hand, desired that he should refrain from all intercourse with his
-friends. "I endeavour," he added, "that each party shall think less of
-itself and a great deal more of the commonwealth." He began to perceive,
-however, that it was impossible any longer to use measures of
-conciliation with Robespierre, but he hoped to restrain him by fear: the
-latter, however, triumphed. The 31st of May brought with it the decree
-of arrest of twenty-two Girondists: Condorcet was not among them. He
-might by silence and prudence have continued for some time longer to sit
-in the convention; but he saw with indignation the empty benches on
-which his friends used to appear, and the growing power of a ferocious
-oligarchy. He denounced the weakness of the convention, and the tyranny
-exercised over it by a few ambitious and resolute men, in a letter to
-his constituents, which was denounced and sent for examination to the
-committee of public safety. From this moment the jacobins marked him out
-also for a victim; and the ex-capuchin Chabot denounced him for having
-written against the new constitution of 1793; which superseded the one
-he had drawn up: he was summoned to the bar, and a decree of arrest
-passed against him.
-
-The sanguinary characters and tenets of the leading jacobins had already
-made him say that no one was sure of six months of life, and he
-considered the decree of arrest synonymous to a sentence of death. He
-escaped pursuit, and concealed himself. A generous woman, before unknown
-to him, and who has never revealed her name to the world, gave him
-refuge in her house. Denounced on the 3d of October, as Brissot's
-accomplice, there was no doubt that had he been taken he had shared the
-fate of the deputies who were guillotined in the month of November; but
-his place of concealment was not suspected, and he remained in safety
-till the August of the following year.
-[Sidenote: 1794.
-Ætat.
-50.]
-During this long seclusion, he projected occupation in writing. At
-first, he meditated detailing the history of his political career; but
-he reflected that his many labours for his country were irrefragable
-documents; and, more attached to opinions which he considered pregnant
-with the welfare of mankind, than to facts which were but the evanescent
-forms of change, he applied himself to developing his theories in an
-"Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind." This is his most
-celebrated work. It is full of error and even of intolerance; still the
-clearness of the views, the enthusiasm with which he developes them, the
-order, precision, and the originality of his theories, render it
-remarkable. He glances over the past, and argues that each succeeding
-epoch in the history of mankind has brought moral improvement and
-increase of knowledge. There are two views to be taken of human nature.
-Condorcet insists that the moderns have more knowledge and wisdom and
-moral power than the ancients. He founds this opinion on the great
-progress made in scientific truths, and does not hesitate also to oppose
-French literature to the Greek, as demonstrating the advance of the
-human intellect in every branch. He compares also the states, wars, and
-crimes of antiquity with modern society and institutions, and deduces
-that we are more virtuous, more humane, and more reasonable than
-preceding generations.
-
-No greater poet has appeared since Homer composed the Iliad,--no more
-acute philosopher than Aristotle,--no more virtuous character than
-Socrates, nor sublimer hero than Regulus. By standing on ground reached
-by the ancients, the mass may climb higher than the masses that went
-before; but, in making progress, we do not develope more genius and
-sagacity, but rather less, than those who prepared our way. It is to be
-doubted, therefore, whether mankind can progress so as to produce
-specimens superior to Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, Regulus, and many
-others who adorned antiquity.
-
-But it cannot be doubted, on the other hand, that progress has been made
-in the general diffusion of knowledge and in the amelioration of the
-state of society. Philosophers ought, therefore, not to dream of
-removing the bounds of human perfection, such as we find it among the
-best, but in bringing the many up to the standard of the few, and
-causing nations to understand and aim at wisdom and justice with the
-same ardour as individuals among them have been found to do.
-
-Condorcet developed his views of human perfection while the principle of
-evil was making giant inroads in France, and blood and terror were the
-order of the day. Separated from all dear to him, his wife and child,
-and not daring himself to see the light of heaven, he did not lose the
-cheerfulness of his temper, nor mourn vainly over his disasters. In this
-situation, he wrote an epistle to his wife in the character of a Pole
-exiled to Siberia in 1768. In this are to be found a couplet since often
-quoted relative to political victims,--
-
-
-"Ils m'ont dit, 'Choisis d'être oppresseur ou victime:'
-J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime."
-
-
-A couplet peculiarly applicable to him who would have been gladly
-received by the violent party, and had the way open to him to rule,
-instead of being sacrificed as a victim. He declares in this poem that
-the anticipation of a violent death did not alter the serenity of his
-soul, and speaks of the occupations that banished ennui from his
-solitary place of refuge.
-
-He was soon to lose this shelter: a newspaper fell into his hands in
-which he read the decree that outlawed him, and denounced the pain of
-death against any one who should harbour one of the proscribed. He
-instantly resolved no longer to endanger his generous hostess,--she
-endeavoured to dissuade him from this fatal step, but in vain: he
-disguised himself as a countryman, and passed the barriers without a
-passport. He directed his steps to Sceaux, where he hoped to find refuge
-in the house of a friend; but he was absent in Paris, nor expected back
-for three days, and Condorcet was obliged to hide in the neighbouring
-quarries. After several days spent miserably in this spot, hunger forced
-him to enter the little inn of Chamont. The avidity with, which he ate
-the food placed before him, and his squalid appearance, drew the
-attention of a member of the committee of public safety of Sceaux, who
-happened to be present. He was asked for his passport, and, not having
-one, was arrested and interrogated. No ready he hung on the lips of the
-worshipper of truth, and his unsatisfactory answers, and a Horace found
-in his pocket with marginal notes in pencil, contributed to reveal his
-name. He was taken to Bourg-la-Reine. Such was his state of exhaustion
-that he fainted at Châtillon, and it was found necessary to mount him on
-a vine-dresser's horse. On his arrival at Bourg, he was thrown into a
-dungeon, and forgotten by the jailor for the space of twenty-four hours,
-when he was found dead; some suppose from the effects of poison; but the
-probabilities are that he died of exhaustion, hunger, and cold.
-
-The accusation against Condorcet, found in madame Roland's memoirs,
-where she speaks of his cowardice, cannot be passed over, though we do
-not give it absolute credence. Her asperity is not measured, though she
-speaks highly of his intellect. "It may be said," she remarks, "of his
-understanding and his person that it is a fine essence absorbed in
-cotton. The timidity that forms the basis of his character, and which he
-displays even in society, in his countenance and attitudes, does not
-result from his frame alone, but seems inherent in his soul, and his
-talents have furnished him with no means of subduing it." There must be
-both misapprehension and exaggeration in this picture. We find no
-pusillanimity in his last acts or writings. When he might have saved
-himself among the Mountain party, he chose to share the fate of the
-proscribed Girondists. This conduct could spring only from conscientious
-and noble motives, and a courageous spirit. His numerous political
-labours give no sign of lukewarmness or tergiversation. They are clear,
-fervent, and bold with regard to those principles which he held dear. If
-not profound, nor endowed with the highest order of genius, yet his
-erudition, ready talent for argument, and admirable memory, give him a
-high place among men of talent. As a politician, his unflinching war
-against royalty and aristocracy place him among those politicians who
-look on mankind as a species, and legislate for them as an equal whole,
-instead of dividing them into ranks and tribes. His benevolence made him
-the enemy of oppression, and he expressed this when he exclaimed, "Peace
-with cottages, war on castles!" which, had it comprised the history of
-revolution, the history of France were not stained with its darkest
-pages. The _sans-culottes_ did not spare cottages: they made war on all
-who were not as ferocious as themselves: Condorcet was among the
-victims. Benevolence, justice, and attachment to the cause of freedom,
-remained warm in his heart to the end. Not long before his death,
-anticipating the speedy close of his existence, he put on paper his last
-wishes with regard to his daughter. He desired that she should be
-educated in republican simplicity, and taught to crush every feeling of
-vengeance towards his destroyers. "Let her know," he wrote, "that none
-ever entered my heart."
-
-His wife was a woman of great beauty, merit, and talent, and was the
-author of some philosophical works. She was thrown into prison by
-Robespierre, but escaped the guillotine, and did not die till 1822,
-having lived many years in Paris, surrounded by the remnants of the
-French republicans and philosophers of 1793. His daughter was
-distinguished for her unpretending virtues and accomplished mind. She
-became the wife of the celebrated Arthur O'Connor.
-
-
-
-
-MIRABEAU
-
-1749-1791.
-
-
-It is impossible to imagine a greater contrast of character than that
-between the subject of the preceding memoir and the present. Condorcet
-was a man of warm affections, well regulated mind, and clear precise
-understanding; his enthusiasm was lighted up by benevolence, and the
-love of that which he considered truth. He was timid, yet firm; mild,
-yet resolute. Mirabeau resembled his Italian ancestors, rather than the
-usual French character. His violent passions governed him, and caused
-him to govern others through his earnestness and vehemence. His
-intellect showed itself rather in eloquent bursts than in works of
-reason, and yet he could apply himself more sedulously than almost any
-other man when he had an object in view. Profligate, extravagant, and
-proud, ardent and ambitious, with a warm kind heart, and a mind which
-erred only under the influence of passion, he passed a life of adversity
-and oppression, to die at the moment he reached a degree of power which
-is allotted to few men not born to its inheritance.
-
-The family and progenitors of Mirabeau were all remarkable. He left, in
-manuscript, a sketch of the family history, and a more detailed life of
-his grandfather, in which we find singularly displayed the energy, iron
-will, and pride of the race. The name they originally bore was
-Arrighetti; the family was Florentine, and driven from that city in
-1268, during one of the revolutions occasioned by the quarrels of the
-Guelphs and Ghibelines. A sentence of perpetual exile was pronounced
-against Azzo Arrighetti and his descendants, and Azzo took refuge, as
-many other ghibelines had done, in Provence; and the name of Riquetti is
-found on various occasions in the history of Marseilles. Those who bore
-it played at all times a foremost and bold part: they were eagle-eyed
-men, fierce and headstrong, yet discerning. During the war of the fronde
-the family was royalist, and was rewarded by a patent of Louis XIV.,
-which erected their estate of Mirabeau into a marquisate. Jean Antoine,
-grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was one of five sons, who all
-ran an eccentric, bold, and active career. He passed his younger days in
-the army, and went through many hairbreadth perils and incredible
-adventures. The last campaign in which he served was that of the duke de
-Vendôme, in Italy. He performed prodigies of valour in the battle of
-Cassano, and was left for dead on the field. Found by the enemy with
-some slight signs of life, prince Eugene, who knew and esteemed him,
-sent him, without ransom, to the French camp, that the operation
-necessary for his preservation might not be delayed. His life was saved,
-but he survived frightfully mutilated, and a martyr to severe physical
-suffering to the end of his life. He returned home to find his fortune
-dilapidated, but never to lose that intrepidity and pride that formed
-the foundation of the family character. He married, and found in the
-admirable character of his wife the reward and solace of his sufferings:
-she had been struck by the heroism of his character; and it is related
-of her, that some expressions of pity for her being the wife of a
-cripple, and of a man of a haughty, imperious character, having met her
-ear, she exclaimed, "Ah! if you knew how happy one is to be able to
-respect one's husband." He was an admirable landlord and a careful
-father; and his family flourished under his superintendence, till
-implicated, through the imprudence of his wife's brother, in the system
-of Law, he was ruined on the breaking of the bubble. From that time he
-lived in retirement, bending all his efforts to the paying his debts and
-repairing his fortune. He died in 1737, at the age of seventy-one,
-feared yet beloved by all in connexion with him.
-
-He left three sons: Victor, the eldest, succeeded to the honours and
-possessions of the house. This man was a strange mixture of good
-intention and evil doing;--a general philanthropist, and yet the
-persecutor and enemy of his own family; against various members of which
-he obtained, at different times, fifty-seven lettres de cachet, nearly a
-score of which were levelled against his eldest son. He had more vanity
-than pride, and his haughtiness was unaccompanied by a spirit of
-justice, yet joined to a perfect conviction that he was always in the
-right. Implacable towards others, indulgent with regard to himself:
-hence spring the contradictions observable in his character; we find
-displayed a mixture of sternness and softness, rancour and good humour.
-Had he been as severe with himself as others, his whole character had
-been rigid, but he would have been more just and virtuous: as it was, we
-find him plastic to the influence of his own passions or vanity, and
-become gentle and even playful under their influence: whatever jarred
-with these found him despotic and unforgiving. Thus he grew into a
-domestic tyrant, and while he ran after popularity in his own person, he
-disdained and crushed the talents of his son. His literary reputation
-did not begin till he had passed mid-life; it was founded on "L'Ami des
-Hommes," a work in five volumes, which, in the midst of great
-diffuseness and confusion, is yet remarkable for the knowledge it
-displays in agriculture and statistics, and for many clear and liberal
-views. His "Théorie de l'Impôt," published in 1760, caused him,
-through his attack on the financiers of the day, to be imprisoned in the
-fortress of Vincennes. He wrote many other works on the same species of
-subjects. It is a curious circumstance that, while he adopted in his
-publications a bad, inflated, and obscure style, his private letters are
-witty, gay, and flowing. He had, of course, served in his youth; but
-disappointment with regard to promotion, combined with his desire to
-acquire a literary reputation, caused him to quit the army. He married a
-young widow of good birth and fortune, Marie Geneviève de Vassam, who
-had been previously married to the marquis de Saulvebeuf. His desire of
-shining in literature made him approach Paris, and he bought the estate
-of Bignon, not far from Nemours, and gave himself up to what he
-considered his vocation. For many years the disturbances of his domestic
-life were confined under his own roof. He had a family of eleven
-children: he was passionately attached to his mother, whom he regarded
-with a filial veneration that belonged to the old school of manners and
-piety. Fifteen years changed the scene; quarrels and litigations arose
-between him and his wife. She was violent and indiscreet; he was
-tyrannical and unjust; and conjugal infidelity rendered their separation
-final. Madame de Pailly, a young woman of great beauty, to whom he was
-attached, installed herself at Bignon, and exercised a most powerful and
-sinister influence over his conduct towards his family. His wife was
-indignant: he replied to her resentful representations by the most
-odious acts of despotism, and conceived a violent hatred against the
-mother of his children. A scandalous lawsuit was the result; the
-fortunes of both parties were irreparably injured; and the unfortunate
-offspring were in a worse situation than orphans;--hated by their
-father,--not daring to see their mother, who was shut up in a
-convent,--treated with the utmost severity on one hand, and without
-resource in maternal affection on the other. Added to his matrimonial
-dissensions were the attacks made on him in his quality of author.
-"L'Ami des Hommes," as the marquis de Mirabeau was commonly called from
-his book, carried all the impetuosity, self-sufficiency, and haughtiness
-of his race into his literary career; and it may be supposed that
-became as stormy as his father's had been on the field of battle. His
-confidence in his own talents and powers was unbounded: he never
-attributed the misfortunes that pursued him to any error or rashness of
-his own; he looked on them as the dispensation of Providence, or as
-arising from the folly and injustice of his fellow-creatures. No
-hesitation, no doubt with regard to himself, ever entered his mind;
-every thing was sacrificed to his opinions, his convictions, his
-mistaken sense of his duties. He was blinded, as a French biographer
-observes, by the most deceptive of all fanaticisms--that of his own
-infallibility. The passions that in another he would have regarded as
-crimes, he looked on as virtues in himself: he could never perceive the
-shadow of right or justice in any cause or views at variance with his
-own. Such was the father who became the bitter enemy and persecutor of a
-son, endowed with all the genius, passions, and faults of his race.
-
-Gabriel Honoré was the fifth child of the marquis: through the previous
-death of a brother in the cradle, he was, at the time of his birth, the
-only son. He was born at Bignon. He came into the world with teeth, and
-was an enormously large infant. It was remarked of him, that, destined
-to become the most turbulent and active of men, he was born with a
-twisted foot; and, gifted with extraordinary eloquence, he was
-tongue-tied. At three years of age he had the small-pox, and his mother,
-who dabbled in medicine, making some experiments on the pustules, the
-result was that he remained frightfully seared and marked. His father
-was evidently deeply mortified, and wrote to his brother, "Your nephew
-is as ugly as if he were Satan's." His other children being remarkably
-handsome, this circumstance became more disastrous to the sufferer. The
-boy, however, early showed talent, which was nurtured by an excellent
-tutor, and less judiciously overlooked by his father, who resolved to
-give him an education of unequalled excellence--that is, one of
-perpetual restraint, reprimand, and chastisement. We have interesting
-details of his infancy and youth, in extracts from a series of letters
-which passed between the marquis and his brother.[10] The bailli de
-Mirabeau was entered by his father into the order of knights of Malta in
-his infancy. He served in the French navy for the space of thirty-one
-years, when he retired without recompence, except such as he derived
-from a high reputation. He was a proud, austere, and resolute man,
-possessing at the same time extreme piety, great goodness, and
-unblemished integrity of character, together with a foundation of good
-sense that contrasts with his brother's intemperate sallies.
-Uncompromising even to roughness, he was ill suited to a court, while
-his bravery and sound understanding fitted him for public service. Proud
-of the antiquity of his race; openly disdainful of the new-created
-noblesse; frank, upright, but somewhat discontented, as he well might
-be, at the small reward his services received; yet at the same time too
-haughty to wait obsequiously on the great, or even to take the measures
-necessary to refresh their memory, he passed the latter part of his life
-in retirement. He devoted his fortune to his brother's service, whom he
-respected as the head of the family, and regarded with warm fraternal
-affection. A correspondence subsisted between the one, living either at
-Paris or Bignon, and the other, who was serving his country at a
-distance, or established at Mirabeau, which discloses the secrets of the
-family, and unveils the motives and passions that swayed the conduct of
-the marquis. The bailli was deeply interested in the child who was to
-transmit the family name, and, being at the time of the boy's birth
-governor of Guadaloupe, wrote earnestly home for information with regard
-to him. The child early developed quickness of intellect and turbulence
-of temper, joined to kindness of heart. Poisson, his tutor, was a
-careful but severe guide, and if ever he was softened, the marquis
-stepped in to chastise. Soon, too soon, the paternal scoldings and
-punishments became angry reprimands and constant disapprobation, which
-verged into hatred. These feelings were increased by the imprudences and
-vivacity of the boy, the misjudged quarrels of the mother, the artful
-manœuvres of madame de Pailly, and the bitter hatred conceived by an
-old servant named Gervin, who, from some unknown cause, exercised
-extraordinary influence over the marquis. The chief fault particularised
-by the father was the boy's habitual untruths. A love of or indifference
-to truth is one of the characteristics with which human beings are born.
-The former may be cultivated, the latter checked, but the propensities
-do not the less remain; and it is the most painful discovery that a
-parent can make, to find that his child is not by natural instinct
-incapable of falsehood. This innate and unfortunate vice, joined to the
-boy's wildness and heedlessness, caused the father to write of him in
-severe terms, scarcely suited to his' childish years. "He seems to me,"
-he writes, "in addition to all the baseness of his natural character, a
-mere fool, an unconquerable maniac. He attends a number of excellent
-masters; and as every one, from his confessor to his playmate, are so
-many watchers, who tell me every thing, I discern the nature of the
-heart, and do not believe that he can come to any good." The first
-master, Poisson, set over him, however, took a liking to the boy, and
-praised his prodigious memory and good heart. The father, instead of
-being pleased, grew angry. He declared that he would now be utterly
-spoilt, and took him out of his hands to place him in those of an abbé
-Choquart, a severe disciplinarian, who was bid not to spare punishment.
-The severity of the marquis may be judged by this one circumstance, that
-taking his son from a tutor whom he loved, and placing him in a school
-to which he was sent as to a prison, he insisted that he should go by
-another name. "I did not choose," he writes, "that an illustrious name
-should be disgraced on the benches of a school of correction, and I
-caused him to be entered as Pierre Buffière.
-[Sidenote: 1764.
-Ætat.
-15.]
-My gentleman struggled, wept, argued in vain. I bid him win my name,
-which I would only restore when he deserved it." Had the father been
-just the youth would soon have regained his affections and name. The
-abbé Choquart, at first severe with his pupil, soon became attached to
-and proud of him. His progress was astonishing, his memory prodigious.
-The dead and living languages, mathematics, drawing, and music, and
-various manly exercises, occupied him by turns, and he distinguished
-himself in all. In the midst of the marquis's vituperations we find no
-absolute facts. He calls his son lying by nature, base, and so vicious
-that the worst consequences are to be apprehended: this is carried so
-far that, when he mentions that his masters applaud and his comrades
-love him, he adds that the boy ought to be smothered, if it were only
-for his powers of cajolery and fascination.
-
-This severity frightened but did not conquer the youth. He worked hard
-to obtain his father's approbation; but indiscretions came between to
-widen the breach. Perpetually in expectation of some degrading or
-excessive punishment, he lived in a state of excitement, and even
-terror, ill fitted to inspire the gentleness and repose of spirit which
-is the best ingredient of honour and virtue. As he grew older his
-turbulence became more dangerous; and his father, considering it
-necessary to tame him by increased hardships, placed him in the army. "I
-am going to send him," he writes, "as volunteer, to the strictest and
-most laborious military school. A man, a chip of the old times, the
-marquis de Lambert, has founded one in his regiment. He pretends that
-the exclusive atmosphere of honour, and a hard and cold moral regimen,
-can restore beings the most vitiated even by nature. I have requested
-him to name as Mentor an officer who, not from reason and deduction, but
-from instinct, should have a disgust and natural scorn for all baseness.
-I have named Gervin as his other Mentor, and the only servant-master of
-this young man. Severity will cost me nothing, for with him it is my
-right and my duty." The perpetual recurrence to the accusation of
-baseness affords some excuse for the father's inveteracy; yet it was
-certainly ill judged to set a servant over a proud aspiring youth as
-master, and this servant, who hated him, was one of the chief engines of
-perpetuating the marquis's bad opinion.
-[Sidenote: 1767.
-Ætat.
-18.]
-However, by placing him beyond the paternal control, under the impartial
-jurisdiction of a regiment, the young man had a chance of being fairly
-treated, and the consequence was that his good conduct was acknowledged
-and a brevet rank promised him. He was not allowed to reap any
-advantage: his father kept him so wholly without money that he incurred
-a few debts; he lost, also, four louis in play, a vice to which he
-showed no predilection in after life, and we may therefore judge that
-this trifling loss was accidental. His father's wrath flamed out. "He is
-cast," he wrote to his brother, "in the mould of his maternal race, and
-would devour twenty inheritances and twelve kingdoms if he could lay his
-hands on them. But I can endure as little as I like of that species of
-evil, and a close and cool prison will soon moderate his appetite and
-thin him down."
-
-Added to this error was the unfortunate circumstance of an amour, the
-first outbreak of his passionate nature on emerging from boyhood, in
-which he was the successful rival of his superior officer, who thus
-became his enemy, and joined with the father to crush the young man's
-spirit. Mirabeau, in after years, always spoke with great bitterness of
-M. de Lambert's discipline. He escaped from it on this occasion, and
-took refuge in Paris with his father's intimate friend, the duke de
-Nivernois. His brother-in-law, husband of his sister, the marquis du
-Saillant, mediated between him and his father: he defended himself
-against accumulated accusations. His father speaks of his defence as a
-mass of falsehood and ingratitude: he meditated, or, rather, was
-instigated, to send him to the Dutch colonies in India, but milder
-thoughts prevailed;--he would not kill, but only tame, as with blows,
-the fiery-spirited boy; so he caused him to be imprisoned in the
-fortress of the Isle de Rhé; and the youth felt that all the world was
-his enemy, and the chief his harsh implacable parent. In his eloquent
-letter to the marquis, written some years after, in the prison of
-Vincennes, he alludes with bitterness to this period of his existence.
-
-"I may say," he writes, "that from my earliest years, and on my first
-entrance into life, I enjoyed few marks of your kindness; that you
-treated me with rigour before I could have merited it; and yet that you
-might have soon perceived that my natural impetuosity was excited,
-instead of repressed, by such treatment; that it was as easy to soften
-as to irritate me; that I yielded to the former, and rebelled against
-the latter. I was not born to be a slave; and, in a word, that, while
-Lambert ruined, Vioménil would have preserved me. Allow me also to
-remind you, that, before you restored me to your favour, you confessed
-in one of your letters that you had been on the point of sending me to
-one of the Dutch colonies. This made a profound impression, and
-influenced prodigiously the rest of my life. What had I done at eighteen
-to merit a fate the thought of which makes me tremble even now?--I had
-loved."
-
-In his prison, Mirabeau acquired the friendship of the governor, whose
-mediation only added to his father's irritation. He was, however,
-induced to liberate him, and permit him to join an expedition to
-Corsica. He was entered as sub-lieutenant of foot in the regiment of
-Lorraine. The same mixture of wild passion, unwearied study, and eager
-aspiration for distinction, marked this period. He wrote a history of
-Corsica; he fabricated an itinerary of the island, founded on his
-personal inquiries and perambulations; the manuscript, the
-voluminousness of which testified his industry, were deemed of such
-value by the Corsicans themselves, that they desired its publication;
-but it was destroyed by the marquis. In addition, he studied his
-profession--he felt a vocation for a military life--the aspect of danger
-calmed his fiery spirit, and he was ambitious of glory--he dedicated all
-his time to the study of tactics, and declares that there was no book in
-any language, living or dead, that treated of the art of war that he had
-not read at this period, making, as he went on, voluminous extracts. In
-after times he wrote to his sister--"I deceive myself greatly, or I was
-born for a military life; for in war alone I feel cool, calm, gay, and
-without impetuosity, and I am sensible that my character grows exalted."
-
-On returning from Corsica, he was allowed to visit his uncle, the
-bailli, at Mirabeau, and soon acquired the favour of this unprejudiced
-man, who was astonished by his talents, his industry, and his genius.
-His heart warmed, and the praises that overflowed had some effect on his
-father, still distrustful, still fearful of showing favour. The first
-mark of kindness which he gave was to insist that his son should throw
-aside all his favourite pursuits, and dedicate himself to political and
-agricultural economy, studying them in the works which he had himself
-written. Mirabeau, per force, obeyed, and thus somewhat propitiated his
-parent, so that he consented to see him during a visit he paid to
-Provence. He put the young man to hard trials, and made him labour
-indefatigably, preaching to him the while, and forcing political economy
-down his throat. The marquis was averse to his following the military
-profession, and by turning him from it plunged him in adversity. The
-excessive activity of Mirabeau's mind, and his physical vigour, could be
-satisfied in no other career: his exuberance of spirits and unwearied
-strength rendered every other vocation tame and trivial; however, he
-laboured at various occupations devised for him by his father, and was
-rewarded, at the earnest solicitation of all the relations, by being
-restored to his name--he having for some years gone by that of Pierre
-Buffière. His father was so far won by his manifestations of talent as
-to permit him to visit Paris, and pay his court at Versailles:--"He
-behaves very well," the marquis writes; "his manners are respectful
-without servility--easy, but not familiar.
-[Sidenote: 1771.
-Ætat.
-22.]
-The courtiers look on him as half mad, but say that he is cleverer than
-any of them, which is not discreet on his part. I do not intend that he
-shall live there, nor follow, like others, the trade of robbing or
-cheating the king: he shall neither haunt the dirty paths of intrigue,
-nor slide on the ice of favour; but he must learn what is going on: and
-if I am asked why I, who never would frequent Versailles, allow him to
-go so young, I reply that 'he is made of other clay.' For the rest, as,
-for 500 years, Mirabeau, who were never like the rest of the world,
-have been tolerated, he also will be endured, and he will not alter the
-reputation of the race."
-
-This gleam of paternal favour was soon clouded over. Mirabeau himself
-accuses those around his father of inspiring him with distrust; but
-there was something in the young man's character that jarred with the
-father's, and produced a perpetual state of irritation and
-dissatisfaction. The self-will, pedantry, economy, and self-sufficiency
-of the marquis were in perpetual contradiction with the genius,
-activity, recklessness, the winning frankness and plausible fascinations
-of his son. In vain the youth transacted some troublesome business for
-his father with diligence and success--in vain he entered into his
-agricultural projects--the father writes bitterly, "His infancy was
-monstrous, his adolescence turbulent, and both seem the worthy exordium
-of his life, which is now a mixture of indiscretion, misconduct, and
-garrulity; and at the same time so turbulent, so presumptuous, and so
-heedless, that the enterprise of saving him from the dangers which his
-years and his character present, is enough to fatigue and deter thirty
-Mentors, instead of one." At length, tired of the young man's society,
-and urged by those about him, he sent him (December, 1771) to Mirabeau,
-to endeavour to pacify and regulate the dissensions subsisting among the
-tenants of the marquis, which his usual agents were incapable of
-rectifying. The young man fulfilled his task with zeal and ability: he
-became known and liked in Provence, and his success inspired the idea of
-settling him in marriage--so to calm down his turbulence in domestic
-life: his father had before entertained this project, believing that a
-woman of good sense would exercise the happiest influence over his mind.
-
-The young lady pointed out was an heiress. A number of men of higher
-pretensions than himself on the score of fortune aspired to her hand.
-This circumstance, and the avarice of his father, who acted with his
-usual parsimony, at first deterred Mirabeau; but, urged on by the
-marquis's sarcasms, he exerted himself to overcome all difficulties and
-succeeded, though the measures he took, which compromised the reputation
-of the young lady, were highly reprehensible, and naturally excited the
-disgust and disapprobation of his father.
-[Sidenote: 1772.
-Ætat.
-23.]
-Marie Emilie de Covet, only daughter of the marquis de Marignane, was
-then eighteen: she was a lively brunette, scarcely to be called pretty,
-but agreeable, witty, and superficially clever. Although an heiress, she
-enjoyed a very slender fortune during the life of her father; and the
-marquis, while he entailed the family estate on his son, allowed him
-scarcely any income, and advanced him nothing for the expences of his
-nuptials. This was the worst sort of marriage that Mirabeau could have
-made. Marrying in his own province a girl of good family, and surrounded
-by the _éclat_ that attends an heiress, he was led to desire to make an
-appearance suitable to his name and his father's fortune. He incurred
-debts. Madame de Sévigné remarks that there is nothing so expensive as
-want of money. Debt always begets debt. Mirabeau was constitutionally
-careless with regard to expense. His father lent him the chateau of
-Mirabeau to live in: he found the ancestral residence as furnished by
-his progenitors; and, obliged to make some repairs, he went to the other
-extreme, and fitted up the apartments destined for his wife with
-splendour. False pride caused him to load her with presents, and to
-dress her richly, in spite of her remonstrances. At the same time he had
-projects for the improvement of the culture of the estate, the proceeds
-of which, he believed, would cover all his expenses. His father still
-pursued the degrading plan of employing hirelings as spies over him.
-These men, to cover their own peculations, represented that he was
-selling the furniture of the chateau and injuring the property. Every
-plan Mirabeau formed to pay his debts, as the best foundation of
-retrenchment, was opposed by his father. Feeling the storm about to
-break, and resolved to proceed no further on the road to ruin, he
-commenced a system of rigid economy; but his father, deaf to all
-explanations, excited by the representations of his servants, and
-exasperated in the highest degree, obtained a lettre de cachet, and used
-it to order his son to quit the chateau, and to confine himself in the
-little town of Manosque. This sort of confinement was ill calculated to
-appease the spirit of Mirabeau, who ought rather to have been thrown
-into an arduous career, so to fill and occupy his mind. At Manosque he
-was reduced to a scanty income of about 50_l_. a year, to support
-himself, his wife, and child; his only employment was study, to which he
-gave himself up with ardour, but it was not sufficient to tame and
-engross him. He wrote here his "Essay on Despotism," a work full of
-passion and vigour, into which he poured his own impatience of control.
-He left behind him no good reputation among the people of Manosque; and,
-if his wife afterwards refused to join him, she had the excuse that his
-behaviour as a husband was such as to disgust any young lady of feeling
-and delicacy. His own conduct did not, however, prevent him from being
-jealous himself, and this passion, awakened toward his wife, renewed, by
-the actions it occasioned, the persecutions of his father.
-
-A girlish and innocent correspondence had been carried on by his wife
-before her marriage with the chevalier de Gassaud. This, and other
-circumstances, combined to excite jealousy in the mind of the husband; a
-duel became imminent; till, pacified by the representations of the young
-man's family, and consideration for the reputation of Madame de
-Mirabeau, he became willing to listen to an explanation. The previous
-scandal, however, threatened to break an advantageous marriage, on foot
-between the chevalier and the daughter of the marquis de Tourette.
-Mirabeau, resolving not to be generous by halves, left Manosque
-secretly, and repaired with all possible speed to the town of Grasse: he
-pleaded the cause of the chevalier with such earnest eloquence that the
-family dismissed their objections, and he hastened to return to his
-place of exile.
-
-Most unfortunately he met on his way back the baron de Villeneuve-Moans.
-This man had, a short time before, grossly insulted his sister, the
-marquise de Cabris. The brother demanded satisfaction, which being
-refused, he now, meeting him by accident, struck him. The baron
-proceeded legally against him, and thus his evasion from his place of
-exile came to light.
-[Sidenote: 1774.
-Ætat.
-25.]
-The implacable father demanded a stricter imprisonment; and Mirabeau,
-taken from his wife and his infant son, then dangerously ill, was
-conducted to the chateau of If, a dismal fortress, built on a naked rock
-by the sea-shore, near Marseilles. He was here at the demand of his
-father, interdicted all visits and correspondence; and the marquis also
-took the pains to write to the commander of the castle, Dallegre,
-exaggerating the faults of his son, and blackening his character; but
-here, as before in the Isle de Rhé, the commander was won by the
-frankness, courage, and fascinating qualities of his prisoner, and wrote
-to the marquis to entreat his liberation. "All the province knows," he
-wrote, "that you have made the freedom of the count de Mirabeau depend
-on the report I shall make of his good conduct. Receive, then, the most
-authentic attestation that, since the count has been confined at the
-chateau d'If, he has not given me, nor any other person, the slightest
-cause of complaint, and has always conducted himself admirably. He has
-sustained with extreme moderation the altercations I have sometimes
-entered into for the purpose of trying his temper, and he will carry
-away with him the esteem, friendship, and consideration of every one
-here." Madame de Mirabeau made a journey to Bignon to intercede with his
-father, who at length explained that his purpose was to try his son;
-that he meant to keep him yet longer in the chateau of If; and if, by a
-miracle, he committed no new fault, he should be transferred to some
-other fortress where his perseverance in a good course should continue
-to be put to the test, till by degrees he should be restored to his
-privileges of husband and father. When we consider that Mirabeau really
-filled these sacred functions, and that his sole crime towards his
-father was debt,--a crime the consequences of which visited him only,
-and visited him severely,--we revolt from the insolent tyranny exercised
-against him.
-[Sidenote: 1775.
-Ætat.
-26.]
-In pursuance of this plan, he was transferred to the fortress of Joux,
-near Pontarlier, and placed in the hands of the governor, count
-Saint-Mauris. He submitted to this new exile among the mountains of
-Jura, away from his wife and child, from every friend and connection,
-with entire resignation; still hoping, by patience and good conduct, to
-vanquish the prejudices and gain the good will of his father.
-
-Until now we appear to detail a series of cruel and causeless
-persecutions. The conduct of Mirabeau, tried by the laws of morality,
-had been vicious, but not criminal, and was punished as the latter. He
-had, to a certain degree, redeemed his extravagance, by living for a
-considerable period within the limits of an income scarcely sufficient
-to afford the necessaries of life. He had obtained the favourable
-attestation of the man under whose guard he was placed: it was evident
-to every one, except his inexorable father, that the husband ought to be
-restored to the young wife, already suspected of indiscretion--the
-father to his child; a young man of ambition and talents, to the
-enjoyment of liberty and of the privileges of his birth.
-
-Mirabeau painted his feelings eloquently in a letter to his uncle, dated
-from the fortress of Joux, 22d of August, 1775. "Ought I," he writes,
-"to be for ever excluded from a career in which my conduct and
-endeavours, aided by your counsels, might give me the means of one day
-becoming useful and known. Times are mending, and ambition is permitted.
-Do you believe that the emulation that animates me ought to remain
-sterile, and that, at the age of twenty-six, your nephew is incapable of
-any good? Do not believe it; deliver me; deign to deliver me: save me
-from the frightful agitation in which I live, and which may destroy the
-effects produced on me by reflection and adversity. Believe me, that
-there are men whom it is necessary to occupy, and that I am of that
-number. The activity which accomplishes all things, and without which
-nothing is achieved, becomes turbulent, and may become dangerous, if
-left without object or employment." His father was insensible to these
-representations, and, although the pretence of his continued
-imprisonment was, that he should regain by degrees the paternal favour,
-the marquis's letters prove that it was his heartfelt wish to drive his
-son to extremities; and he too fatally succeeded.
-
-Mirabeau had hitherto wasted his ardent nature on vulgar amours; he had
-never felt real love. Had he been allowed to follow an active career, it
-is probable that love, in an absorbing and despotic form, had never
-governed him. Driven into solitude, separated from all the ties of
-nature, friendless and persecuted, his heart in an unfortunate hour
-became inflamed by a passion that sealed his ruin. The fortress of Joux
-is situated in the neighbourhood of Pontarlier; the only family of note
-resident in that town was that of De Monnier. Madame de Monnier belonged
-to a family of the name of Ruffey, distinguished for a piety carried to
-bigotry, and a parental severity, that caused them to devote several
-children to a monastic life. Sophie was married at eighteen to M. de
-Monnier, who was more than fifty years her senior. She joined to
-gentleness of disposition and sweetness of temper great decision and
-ardour of character. The young people became acquainted. She saw only
-the bright side of Mirabeau's character; and, while she consoled him in
-his misfortunes, she became entangled by the fascinations of passion. It
-is impossible to conceive a more unnatural position, than that of a girl
-sacrificed according to the old customs of France. Sophie de Ruffey was
-taken from the nursery, and given, even without her consent being asked,
-to a morose, avaricious, decrepit old man; who only married to annoy his
-daughter. He was unamiable in all the relations of life; and the home of
-the ardent girl was dull, and yet full of harassing cares. She had no
-children; none of the sweet hopes and expectations that ought to attend
-opening life; and, while she devoted herself to an existence full of
-ennui and annoyance, she reaped no reward in the kindness and confidence
-of her husband. It is not strange that, placed in this position, her
-heart should be open to impression, and before she knew her danger she
-was in love. The enthusiasm and fervour of her disposition caused her to
-exalt her lover into the idol of her imagination. Misled by passion, she
-began to regard her tie to her septuagenarian husband as
-criminal--fidelity and devotion to her lover as a paramount duty.
-
-Mirabeau knew better what life was. He felt love for the first time in
-all its truth and intensity, and he trembled at the prospect. According
-to a wise poet,
-
-
-"Love is too young to know what conscience is;
-Yet who knows not that conscience is born of love?"
-
-
-and thus he, who hitherto had looked on love as a mere sensual
-enjoyment, and who, accustomed to occupy himself in arduous study for
-the third of each day, had little leisure to employ in pursuits of empty
-gallantry, became aware of the absorbing nature of real passion, and to
-fear the misery that must ensue from its indulgence. He wrote letters of
-eloquent supplication, imploring to be removed from a neighbourhood
-which he found so dangerous: his father treated his appeals with
-contempt; he then wrote to his wife a long letter, entreating her to
-join him with their child, feeling that the presence of those who were
-united to him by such sacred ties would check his pursuit, and at once
-crush the affection of her he loved. Madame de Mirabeau was a frivolous
-and weak woman: a separation of more than a year had alienated her from
-her husband, whose conduct had been far from irreproachable, and she
-replied to his supplications by a dry note of a few lines, in which she
-treated him as out of his wits. Still Mirabeau struggled against the
-seductions of love, and had the unfortunate pair been treated, not to
-say with kindness, but with prudence, all had been well. It so happened
-that the governor, count de Saint-Mauris, who was nearly seventy years
-of age, was also in love with madame de Monnier, who had received his
-declarations with the disdain which they deserved. His rage knew no
-bounds, when he perceived the success of his prisoner. He roused the
-suspicions of the husband, and, the better to wreak his revenge, took
-advantage of his knowledge of a promissory note for a small sum, which
-Mirabeau, left in a state of destitution by his father, had been obliged
-to grant to procure necessary raiment, to report him to the implacable
-marquis as incurring new debts, and so obtained a fresh order to confine
-him strictly in the fortress of Joux. Mirabeau learnt the fate awaiting
-him, and finding that his system of resignation had availed him nothing,
-and shuddering at the prospect of a dungeon guarded by a malignant
-rival, escaped from his surveillance, and secreted himself at
-Pontarlier.
-
-His position demanded the most careful reflection. His angry father
-spared no pains to discover his place of refuge: he wrote to
-Saint-Mauris, telling him to prepare a "healthy and dry, but well barred
-and bolted dungeon for his son; and not to permit him the slightest
-communication by writing or in person with any one." Hopeless of
-softening the marquis, Mirabeau wrote to Malesherbes, the minister so
-distinguished in France for benevolence and liberality; but Malesherbes
-mediated in vain with his father, and, at length, told Mirabeau that he
-had but one resource, which was to withdraw from his country, to enter
-foreign service, and pursue the career of arms, for which his birth,
-talents, and bravery, fitted him. Mirabeau was averse to renouncing his
-country; again and again he applied by letters, written either by
-himself or mediating friends, to his father, who at last replied, that
-he renounced having any thing to do with him--told him that no country
-was so foreign to him as his own; and, banishing him for ever from his
-family, dissolved all natural and social ties that still held his son to
-France.
-
-Treated with this haughty cruelty, Mirabeau could not avoid contrasting
-the marks of hatred and scorn, which he received from every other, with
-the devoted love of her who was ready to sacrifice all to him. But,
-though conjugal fidelity was held in slight regard and little practised
-in France in those days, the carrying off a married woman was treated as
-a crime to be punished by death or perpetual imprisonment, and Mirabeau
-could not yet consent to lose himself or his mistress utterly. M. de
-Monnier, informed by Saint-Mauris of the attachment of his wife,
-surrounded her by spies, and treated her with the utmost severity. By
-the advice of Mirabeau she left her husband, and took refuge with her
-own family at Dijon. She found no kindness there; her angry father
-refused to see her--her mourning mother caused her to be strictly
-watched--her brother and sister taunted and insulted her. She was driven
-to despair, and declared to her lover that she would destroy herself, if
-by no other means she could escape the cruelty shown by all around. For
-several months Mirabeau combated the passion rooted in his own heart,
-and that which drove madame de Monnier to desperation. He had escaped
-from France and gained the frontier: he might easily have now entered on
-a military career in a foreign state, but devoted love bound him to
-Sophie, who was on the eve of being imprisoned in a convent, and who,
-revolting from such tyranny, believed that every genuine duty and
-affection of life bound her to him she loved, and had become resolved to
-devote her life to him. After much hesitation, many months spent in
-wanderings in Switzerland, dogged close the while by emissaries of his
-father, whose pursuit he baffled, and whose strength and patience he
-wearied out; after many fruitless endeavours to avoid the catastrophe,
-the hour at last arrived, when Mirabeau, cast off by father, wife, and
-country, doomed to exile and a career dependent on his industry, and
-feeling in the affection of his mistress his only solace in this
-accumulation of disaster, and assured also that, if he deserted her,
-Sophie, driven to desperation, would destroy herself, consented to their
-flight.
-[Sidenote: 1777.
-Ætat.
-27.]
-She escaped from her husband's house and joined him at Verrières
-Suisses, whence, after a fortnight's delay, they proceeded to Holland.
-On the 7th of October they arrived at Amsterdam, and took a lodging at
-the house of a tailor, where, destitute and friendless, Mirabeau was at
-once forced to earn their daily bread, and to conceal his name and
-identity, so to escape further persecution. He sought for occupation in
-translating for a bookseller. After some delay he obtained work from
-Rey, and was able to earn a louis a-day by means of extreme hard labour.
-From six in the morning till nine in the evening he was at his desk: his
-only recreation was an hour of music: but the lovers were happy
-together. Sophie, fallen from a life of ease to one of privation, yet
-regarded it no sacrifice to exchange annoyance and ennui, though
-surrounded by luxury, for seclusion with one whose ardent affection,
-brilliant imagination, and entire confidence, could easily supply every
-void, and fill her existence with interest and delight.
-
-The social law that bound Sophie to her husband was nefarious and
-unnatural; but in breaking it she devoted herself to all the misfortunes
-which attend an attachment not sanctioned by society: for a time love
-may gild the scene, and, as was the case with Sophie, conscience be
-satisfied that she had a right to exchange her forced ties with a
-decrepit old husband, to whom she owed nothing, for a union with the man
-of her choice. But the world and its laws dog the heels of a felicity
-they condemn, and are sure at last to hunt down their prey. M. de
-Monnier proceeded against his wife and her lover in a court of law, and
-on the 10th May, 1777, sentence was passed on Mirabeau for rape and
-seduction. He was condemned to be decapitated in effigy and to pay
-40,000 livres as damages to the husband; while Sophie was condemned to
-be confined for life in a house of refuge established at Besançon, to
-be shaven and branded in common with the other prisoners, who were girls
-of depraved life, and to lose all the advantages of her marriage
-settlement. Such was the severity of the old French laws against
-matrimonial infidelity--laws which permitted the most depraved state of
-society ever known, and only made themselves felt in eases of exception,
-when the most severe moralist would find excuses for, and be inclined to
-pardon the errors of passion, which society punished only because the
-victims refused to practise the hypocrisy which would have been accepted
-as atonement.
-
-The marquis de Mirabeau at first rejoiced in the catastrophe which
-exiled his son for ever from the soil of France, and was willing to
-forget his existence. Not so the family of Sophie: her mother, induced
-by mixed feelings of religion, resentment, and even affection, was eager
-to obtain possession of the person of her daughter, to separate her from
-her lover, and induce her by severity or persuasion to return to her
-husband. Through an imprudence the place of their retreat was
-discovered, and the marquis writes to his brother, "He is in Holland,
-and lives on the earnings of his pen. De Brugnierres is setting out to
-fulfil a bargain made with madame de Ruffey, to seize her mad daughter,
-for which he is to be paid 100 louis. I have profited by the occasion
-and made the same arrangement--to be paid only if the man is taken to
-his destination."
-
-[Sidenote: 1777.
-Ætat.
-28.]
-
-Mirabeau and his companion had lived eight months at Amsterdam: they had
-made friends; and some among these told them that their retreat was
-discovered, and an arrest impending. At first a treaty had been
-commenced to induce Mirabeau to place madame de Monnier in the hands of
-the French authorities, offering money and liberty as his reward: he
-spurned these propositions and prepared to fly with her to America; yet
-still the lovers were too secure, and delayed for the sake of obtaining
-a sum of money. The very night on which they were to depart they were
-arrested. Sophie, who, till the crisis arrived, was calm and serene,
-though serious and resolved, was seized by despair: she resolved to
-destroy herself. Mirabeau was her stay: he gained the goodwill of the
-men about them, revealed his fears, and obtained the consent of M. le
-Noir, lieutenant-general of police, to see her once, and afterwards to
-correspond with her. His persuasions were all powerful, and she
-consented to live. She was taken to Paris and imprisoned in a sort of
-asylum for women, while Mirabeau was shut up in the donjon of Vincennes.
-At first no gleam of hope lighted on the prisoners: all that bound them
-to existence was the correspondence they kept up with each other, and
-the fact that Sophie was about to give birth to a child. The letters
-that Mirabeau wrote to his mistress from his prison fell afterwards into
-the hands of a man who published them: certainly Mirabeau would have
-been the last person in the world to have permitted the publication of
-letters intended for the eye of his mistress alone, and drawn from a
-nature whose paramount vice was excess of passion, now wrought to
-intensity by close imprisonment and enforced separation from her whom he
-ardently loved. These letters are in parts grossly indelicate and unfit
-for perusal; but they display the burning ardour of his nature, and the
-excess of his attachment for the unhappy woman whom he had drawn into
-participation in his wretched destiny. For nearly two years these
-letters are stamped with a hopelessness, often carried to desperation.
-
-"There is no peace with my implacable enemies," he writes, at one time;
-"there will be none except in the tomb. No pity can enter their souls of
-gall: as barbarous as they are unjust, their commiseration will never
-yield that which their iniquity denies. It is too much! I know not
-whether, proscribed by that destiny which permits guilt to triumph, and
-innocence to suffer, I am destined to die of despair, or to merit my
-fate by the perpetration of crime, but the agony that precedes the
-catastrophe endures too long, and I feel transports of indignation and
-hatred, such as never before had influence over my soul." Again he
-writes, "The rules of this house are so excessively, I had almost said
-so atrociously severe, that I must perish if I remain longer. No species
-of society is permitted: the turnkeys who wait on us are forbidden to
-remain in our cells, or to speak to us--we have but one hour of exercise
-out of the twenty-four. Alone with sorrow--no literary occupation--few
-and bad books--interminable delays in the fulfilment of our most
-innocent wishes and our simplest wants--no musical instruments--in a
-word, no recreation--every consolation denied by a barbarous tyranny,
-such is but a feeble sketch of our situation. A man who has any soul or
-mind cannot resist such a mode of life, in which his talents, his
-acquirements, and his most praiseworthy sentiments, instead of solacing,
-must produce his ruin."
-
-As a proof of the energy and fortitude of Mirabeau's soul, it must be
-mentioned, that frequent opportunities of escape presented themselves,
-but he declared that he would not desert Sophie and unlink his fate from
-hers; nor renounce all hope of being restored to his station and rights
-in his country. While he strung his soul to endure, his very strength of
-purpose gave additional force to his hatred of tyranny. He, as being the
-victim of his family, and not a state prisoner, was in the sequel
-permitted many indulgences not allowed to any other. Books materials for
-writing--connivance at his correspondence--more time allowed to his
-walks--the visits of some of the superiors, who became his friends--such
-were the licences permitted him; but we find him complaining that he was
-forbidden to sing in his cell, and detailing the frightful physical
-sufferings, to which he was the victim through confinement. A state
-prisoner would have been treated with yet greater rigour; and the sense
-of this, and the knowledge that others whose crimes were often their
-virtues, were his fellow-sufferers, lighted up a horror of despotism in
-his heart, which made him ever after its determined and bitter enemy.
-
-With all his energy and fortitude, Mirabeau bore up with difficulty
-under the hardships of his dungeon: at one time, he resolved on suicide,
-and was saved only by the remonstrances of M. le Noir, whose kindness to
-his prisoner was zealous and unalterable. Consenting to live, he found
-study his sole resource, and he dedicated himself with ardour, and to
-the injury of his health, to his pen. His works during his imprisonment
-were numerous. He translated the "Kisses" of Johannes Secundus, with
-abundant notes, containing extracts from all the erotic poets of
-antiquity. He wrote a treatise on mythology; an essay on the French
-language; another on ancient and modern literature; works undertaken for
-the instruction and amusement of madame de Monnier. His "Essay on
-Lettres-de-cachet and State Prisons" belongs also to this period.
-
-His father, meanwhile, felt no compunction, no doubt as to the justice
-of his conduct; no pity softened his heart, nor did he by any notice of
-his son answer his many supplications. He declared that, having searched
-and purified his heart each day before God, he is only the more
-determined to persist; and the resolution in which he was to persist was
-that of suffering his son to languish and perish in his dungeon.
-[Sidenote: Oct.
-8.
-1778.
-Ætat.
-29.]
-A circumstance happened, however, to change this resolve. His grandson,
-the only son of Gabriel-Honoré, died. The mother resided with her child
-at her father's chateau. She was surrounded by relations, collateral
-heirs to her fortune if she died childless: some suspicion arose that
-these persons had poisoned the boy; he was five years old, and of great
-promise from the sweetness and docility of his disposition. The
-grandfather was deeply afflicted: he could not doubt the uprightness of
-his conduct nor the purity of his motives, so blinded was he by the
-passions that urged him to persecute his family; but he was led to doubt
-the support of Providence on which he had heretofore relied. From this
-moment he began to meditate the liberation of his son. He was not
-induced by justice nor compassion, but by pride: he could not endure
-that the name of Mirabeau should be extinguished. "I reflected," he
-wrote afterwards to his brother, "for a long time. It is certain that,
-if my grandson had not died, I had insisted on the maintenance of the
-promise made me, to keep the father in prison, and even to destroy all
-trace of him. But, after the death of our poor little Victor, I found
-that you felt as I did with regard to the extinction of our race; for,
-however one may argue, however one may submit and resign one's self, a
-feeling once entertained cannot be effaced." The marquis, however,
-proceeded fair and softly in his design. Resolved both to punish and to
-tame his son, he issued fresh orders, that he should be allowed no
-indulgences; but he put several persons in action, through whose
-suggestions Mirabeau commenced a correspondence with his uncle: the
-letters were shown to his father, and some were addressed to the latter;
-but he was not moved either by the protestations or representations they
-contained to move faster or to alter his plan. In pursuance of this, he
-declared that the liberation of his son depended on the intercession of
-his wife. The countess de Mirabeau accordingly wrote to her
-father-in-law, requesting that her husband should be set free; and
-Mirabeau, hearing this, was touched by the generosity of her act. From
-the moment, indeed, that hope gleamed on him of softening his father's
-resolves, he became much more humble, and very ready to acknowledge his
-faults. Sophie, also, with that generous ardour of disposition that was
-at once the cause and excuse of her actions, wrote to the marquis,
-taking all the fault of their attachment and flight on herself. Even the
-old economist felt the nobleness of her conduct.
-
-The affair, however, still lagged. M. de Marignane detested his
-son-in-law. It was the interest of the relations around to prevent the
-reunion of husband and wife: the countess was a weak and timid woman;
-she resolved never to disobey, she feared to offend her father; and
-besides, living as she did, in the midst of ease, luxury, pleasure, and
-freedom, she had no wish to return to a life of penury with a husband
-whom she no longer loved. Often, therefore, while receiving harsh
-letters from his uncle, Mirabeau was ready to sink under multiplied
-delays. He tried to cheat time by occupation; he gave himself up to
-study--he learnt Greek, English, Italian, Spanish--translated a portion
-of Tacitus--and this, in spite of failing eyes and ruined health.
-
-[Sidenote: May,
-1780.
-Ætat.
-31.]
-
-Another event, sad to a parent's heart, and deeply lamented by Mirabeau,
-happened to facilitate his freedom. His child, the daughter of Sophie,
-died of a fever of dentition: this event acted as a spur to the marquis.
-He permitted his only child with whom he was on friendly terms, madame
-du Saillant, to correspond with her brother, dictating her letters, and
-reading the replies--he allowed (for no step was taken except by his
-permission, and even suggestion,) his son-in-law, M. du Saillant, to
-offer to become his surety. And, at last, after many disappointments and
-delays, he gave the signal, and the prison gates were opened.
-
-[Sidenote: Dec.
-13.
-1780.
-Ætat.
-31.]
-
-It was impossible to avoid giving the details of this unfortunate
-portion of Mirabeau's life. Forty-one months spent in a dungeon forms
-too important an epoch in a man's existence for a biographer to pass it
-over; or to shun the detail of the causes and effects. Forty-one months
-of solitude and privation--of alternate hopes and fears wound to their
-highest pitch--of arduous study--of excessive physical suffering--must
-colour a human being's whole after-existence. The devoted love of Sophie
-ennobled his sufferings. She erred--but her error was redeemed by her
-heroism and self-abnegation. Resolved in her own thoughts that she was
-not the wife of the poor old man to whom her parents had forced her to
-give her hand, but of him who possessed her heart, she believed it to be
-her duty to bear all rather than concede. That her too ardent nature
-required the stay of religion cannot be denied, but her generosity and
-heroism are undoubted, and shed a grace over details which would
-otherwise he revolting.[11]
-
-Mirabeau quitted his prison, eager to gain his father's good will, and
-redeem himself in the eyes of the world. He stept out, from so long a
-series of suffering and imprisonment, with a spirit as vigorous and free
-as in boyhood. All were astonished by his mingled gentleness and
-vivacity; his submission to his father, joined to reliance in his own
-powers. Some months passed before the marquis would see him, but, when
-he did, he expressed himself to his brother in more favourable terms
-than he had ever before done. Occupied in the task of reforming, he even
-began to praise him. It is to be remarked, that the interloper in the
-family, madame du Pailly, was absent at this time, and the son was
-allowed to make his own way with his father.
-
-The end of all the marquis's actions was to reunite his son to his wife.
-This was a matter of difficulty, and the greater on account of the
-sentence pronounced against Mirabeau at Pontarlier, on occasion of his
-flight with madame de Monnier. Many plans were projected to get rid of
-this sentence; the readiest was, to obtain letters of abolition from the
-king. But Mirabeau refused a line of conduct which would have saved him
-only; he was determined that his cause should not be separated from that
-of Sophie.
-[Sidenote: 1782.
-Ætat.
-33.]
-With a resolution worthy of his impetuous and energetic nature, he
-surrendered, and constituted himself prisoner at Pontarlier while the
-cause was again tried. He was counselled to take the line of a timid
-defence, but he refused. Convinced of the irregularity of his trial, and
-the want of all judicial proof against him, he met the most imminent
-danger calmly and resolutely. His father writes:--"His conduct is firm,
-and his position as advantageous as possible. He is praised for his
-nobleness and audacity in the singular tone of his appeal against a
-capital sentence. Now that I see him in saddle, he holds himself well,
-and has this real advantage with the public, of entirely exculpating his
-accomplice, on which he is resolved at all events. You have no idea of
-what your nephew is on great occasions." Nor did the imprisonment of
-months in an unhealthy and narrow dungeon move him. When his father
-desired to attempt measures of conciliation with the adversary, he
-declared that the view of the scaffold under his window would not make
-him accept any propositions while in prison. "I have said to my father,"
-he wrote to his brother-in-law, M. du Saillant, "and I repeat to you,
-that, before God and man, no one has a right to interfere in my affairs
-against my will, my consent, my opinion; and with this firm conviction
-I declare, that I will consent to no accommodation until former
-proceedings are reversed; and I will sign nothing in which my simple and
-entire acquittal, that of madame de Monnier, the restitution of her
-dowery, an annuity for her, and the payment of my own expenses, are not
-comprised." His memoirs and defence are eloquent and resolute, and in
-them first shone forth that brilliant genius which afterwards ruled
-France.
-
-At length an accommodation on his own terms, with the exception of the
-pecuniary condition that regarded himself, was completed. Mirabeau left
-his prison on the 14th of August, 1782. He left it, indeed, a beggar and
-in debt; his father denied him every assistance, and refused, in
-opprobrious terms, to become his surety. His courage sank under these
-misfortunes; he wrote to his sister, "I am free, but to what use shall I
-put my liberty? Disowned by my father; forgotten, hated perhaps by my
-mother, for having desired to serve her; avoided by my uncle; watched
-for by my creditors, not one of whom has been paid, though I have been
-deprived of the means of subsistence under the pretence of satisfying
-them; menaced by my wife, or those who govern her; destitute of every
-thing--income, career, credit--O! that it pleased God that my enemies
-were not as cowardly as they are malicious, and a thrust of a sword
-would end all!"
-
-To please his family and obtain an income, Mirabeau next entered into a
-law-suit to force his wife to become reconciled with him. This was an
-unworthy act. In the pleadings, where he stood forth as his own
-advocate, he exerted an overwhelming eloquence, that silenced his
-adversaries, and drew an immense audience of gentry belonging to
-Provence to the hall where the trial was carried on. He however failed,
-and a decree of separation was passed in the law courts of Provence, and
-confirmed in Paris.[12] By this time the marquis had become as
-inveterate as ever against his son: he did not imprison him, but he kept
-the royal order, permitting him to assign him his place of residence,
-hanging over his head, so to be able to remove him from his own vicinity
-if he became troublesome.
-
-Mirabeau felt the necessity of forming a career for himself, and earning
-a subsistence. He failed in his first attempts in Paris, and, as a last
-resource, turned his eyes towards England.
-[Sidenote: 1784.
-Ætat.
-35.]
-His visit to London, however, was full of mortification and
-disappointment. He found no path open by which a French author could
-maintain himself. His letters are full of bitterness at this period; his
-father refused him the slightest provision, and, he says, used all his
-address to cause him to die of hunger, since he could not hope to make
-him rob on the highway. It is difficult for those who live in the
-sunshine of life, as well as for those who are brought up to earn their
-bread in a profession, or by trade, to understand the degree of
-exasperation engendered in the heart of a rich man's son, reduced to
-penury by the injustice of his parent. He finds it impossible to make
-money of his talents, and indignities, unknown to the merest labourer,
-swarm around him. It is much if he can earn a bare and precarious
-subsistence, eaten into by previous debts, and dependent on the
-selfishness and caprice of others. Mirabeau tasted of the dregs of
-poverty; his natural inaptitude to calculation increased his
-difficulties; he was generous and profuse, even when what he gave or
-spent reduced him to absolute want.
-
-[Sidenote: 1785.
-Ætat.
-36.]
-
-On his return to France, he found the public mind engrossed by questions
-of political finance. Mirabeau entered on the discussion with his
-accustomed eagerness. He published several pamphlets, which attracted
-general attention and added to his notoriety. The minister Calonne at
-first made use of his pen, but they afterwards disagreed. Under his
-patronage, Mirabeau endeavoured to get diplomatic employment in Germany.
-He visited Berlin at the period of Frederic the Great's death, and
-several times subsequently. His correspondence from Berlin is not,
-however, worthy of his character or genius. It was not published at this
-time; he kept it back till 1789, when, under the necessity of acquiring
-money to carry on the expenses of his election in Provence, he had no
-other resource except bringing out a book, sure to acquire notoriety
-from the scandalous anecdotes it contained, but not adapted to sustain
-the credit of the author. His pamphlets on finance, which attacked that
-system of gambling in the public funds, called, in France, _agiotage_,
-which, while it enriches individuals, is ruinous to the country, deserve
-the highest praise for their utility. They, however, attacked powerful
-interests; and one of them was suppressed by a decree of government, and
-even his personal liberty was menaced.
-[Sidenote: 1787.
-Ætat.
-38.]
-He saved himself by a timely retreat to Liege. He here entered into a
-financial controversy with Necker, which was rendered the more
-conspicuous by the allusions made by Mirabeau to the necessity of
-assembling the states-general and establishing a constitution. The
-convocation of notables, which occurred during this year, was a sort of
-commentary on his views. He expected to be named secretary to the
-assembly, but that place was given to Dupont de Nemours; and, when he
-returned to Paris in September, the notables were already dismissed.
-Mirabeau, in his letters at this period, displays that deep interest in
-politics which afterwards was to engross his life, and led to his
-success and triumph. "It is impossible," he writes, "to witness the
-excess of shame and folly which combine to engulf my country without
-consternation. It is not given to human wisdom to guess where all this
-will find a term." Meanwhile his pen was never idle; and in the midst of
-various journeys, and multiplied occupations, he published a variety of
-political works, which drew public observation on him; though now for
-the most part they are forgotten, as belonging to a state of things sunk
-in perpetual oblivion. In these he never ceased to attack the abuses of
-government; to urge the necessity of framing a constitution for his
-country; and to announce with enthusiasm his love of political liberty
-and independence.
-
-In the history of Mirabeau, so far, we find his life divided into two
-parts. The first, up to the age of two and thirty, was stormy and
-disastrous; but the accidents that marked it did not take him from
-private life. Proud of his station and name, and ambitious of
-distinction, yet the vices of youth wrecked him at the very outset, and
-the conduct of his father, who acted the part of Cornish wrecker, rather
-than taking his natural post of pilot, threatened his perpetual
-submersion. As lord Brougham observes, in his observations on his
-character, "There is, perhaps, no second instance of an individual whose
-faults have been committed under such a pressure of ill-treatment, to
-besiege and force his virtue, rather than of temptation, to seduce and
-betray it." The extraordinary energy of his character alone saved him;
-and he merited the praise, not only of delivering himself, through his
-resolute and unwearied exertions, from the dungeon in which, had he been
-a weaker man, he had been left to perish, but also of making good use of
-the leisure which the sad and solitary hours of imprisonment afforded,
-to store his mind with knowledge.
-
-In the second portion of his life, till the election of deputies for the
-states-general, he was no longer pursued by private enemies; and his
-passions, though they were not sobered, yet, not being violently
-opposed, no longer afforded a topic for public scandal. At first, he
-chiefly endeavoured to obtain a maintenance, since his father's
-parsimony reduced him to indigence. His pride and fortitude continued to
-support him in so hard a trial. We have no instance of any application
-of his for help from the rich and powerful--he was extravagant, but
-never mean; and he could labour industriously without stooping to any
-dishonourable shifts. By degrees he acquired such name and esteem among
-men in power as induced them to employ him in public services. Then, as
-the political atmosphere of France became overcast, and the howlings of
-the coming tempest audible, Mirabeau felt within himself that the hour
-was approaching when he should acquire greatness. He had displayed his
-wonderful power of public speaking, during his law-suit with his wife,
-some years before: the recollection of the effects produced by his
-forcible and impetuous eloquence, which almost gained his cause against
-reason and justice, gave foundation to his hopes of distinction, if he
-should be allowed to speak for the public cause. These feelings did not
-make him weakly eager to put himself forward; he was calm in the
-knowledge of his power. "Leave me, then, in my obscurity," he wrote, in
-1787, to the satellite of a minister,--"I say, in my obscurity, for it
-is really my design to remain unalterably in it, until a regular order
-of things arises from the present state of tumult, and till some great
-revolution, either for good or ill, enjoins a good citizen, who is
-always accountable for his suffrage and even his talents, to raise his
-voice. This revolution cannot be long delayed. The public vessel is in a
-strait, equally short and difficult. An able pilot could doubtless guide
-it into the open sea; but he cannot, without the consent of the crew,
-and at this moment no one sailor can be despised."
-
-Mirabeau deserves the praise of keeping at this season far above all
-petty traffic of his influence and pen. He saw the safety and glory of
-France, and the rise of a national constitution, in the opposition of
-the parliament to the court, and in the consequent necessity of
-assembling the states-general. He represented these convictions to the
-minister Montmorin, but without avail; on the contrary, Montmorin
-earnestly requested him to undertake his defence, and to attack the
-parliament. Mirabeau, in reply, set before the minister the errors of
-his views, and refused, with dignity, the task offered him. "Do not," he
-concludes, "compromise a zealous servant, who will despise danger when
-called upon to devote himself for his country, but who would not, even
-for the price of all earthly crowns, prostitute himself in an equivocal
-cause, the aim of which is uncertain, the principle doubtful, and the
-progress fearful and dark. Should I not lose all the little talent of
-which you exaggerate the influence, if I renounced that inflexible
-independence which alone gains me success, and which only can render me
-useful to my country and my king? When the day arrives, when, animated
-by my conscience, and strong in my conviction, an honourable citizen, a
-faithful subject, an honest writer, I cast myself into the _melée_, I
-shall be able to say, 'Listen to a man who has never varied in his
-principles, nor deserted the public cause.'"
-
-And it must be remarked, in honour of Mirabeau, when doubts are cast
-upon his subsequent career, that, at the moment that he refused the aid
-of his pen to a powerful minister, he was suffering the extreme of
-penury, aggravated by its being shared by a dear friend. When,
-therefore, he afterwards accepted the pay of the court, we may believe,
-unworthy as was the act, that he compromised no principle; but, though a
-reformer, not being a republican, the support he engaged to give to the
-king had the suffrage of his conscience.
-
-[Sidenote: 1788.
-Ætat.
-39.]
-
-The reputation of Mirabeau was now at its height; but, though his genius
-was acknowledged, he was not esteemed a good member of society. It is
-strange on what reputation depends: it may seem a paradox to say, that
-it often depends on modesty. Notoriety, and even success, may follow the
-unblushing man; but the good word of our fellow-creatures clings rather
-to him whose worth is crowned by the graceful and conciliating virtue of
-modesty. Mirabeau had been oppressed--he had suffered much; his
-ostensible errors were venial, and such as many a man might have
-committed without entire condemnation; but the publicity that attended
-them, and the readiness with which he exposed his faults, and his family
-persecution, to public view, displeased and offended. He was feared as a
-false friend, as well as a dangerous enemy. Yet, wherever he appeared,
-he gained the hearts of those whom he addressed. He had the art of
-rendering himself agreeable and fascinating to all. The truth is that,
-though in theory and absence, we may approve the unblameable, the
-torpid, and the coldly good, our nature forces us to prefer what is
-vivacious, exhilarating, and original. This is the secret of the
-influence exercised by men, whose biographers labour to excuse and to
-account for the spontaneous ebullitions of sympathy and affection that
-follow their steps. Mirabeau was easy, complaisant, gay, and full of
-animation and variety in his conversation; he had, in a supreme degree,
-what his father named the dangerous gift of familiarity. It was his
-delight to cast aside all etiquette, and to reduce his intercourse to
-the interchange of the real emotions of the heart and expression of
-ideas, unaccompanied by any disguise or conventional refinements;--for
-this, he did not scruple to appear at times rude and even vulgar; but
-also by this he inspired confidence, as being frank and true.
-
-At length, the hour long expected, long desired, came, when the
-states-general were convoked by a royal decree of the 27th December,
-1788. Mirabeau passionately desired to belong to the assembly; and,
-relying on the popularity which he enjoyed in his native province,
-departed for Aix early in the following month.
-[Sidenote: 1789.
-Ætat.
-40.]
-The nobles and high clergy of Provence were vehemently opposed to the
-changes they apprehended in government, and were zealously wedded to the
-privileges of their order. They entered a protest against certain
-portions of the royal decree which threw power into the hands of the
-people. When Mirabeau arrived among them as the partisan of the dawning
-liberty of his country, he was received as an enemy. He raised his voice
-against the protest, and naturally took his place at the head of the
-liberal party. The nobles commenced their attack against him by
-excluding him from among them, on the pretext that he did not (as an
-elder son merely) possess any fief. Mirabeau protested against this
-exclusion, as well in his own name as in those of every other in a
-similar situation with himself; but in vain. On the 8th of the following
-February, in an assembly of the nobles, on the proposition of the
-marquis de Fare, his exclusion was pronounced, as not possessing either
-estate or fief in Provence. Mirabeau spared neither pamphlets nor
-speeches on the occasion; though, occupied by the calls made on him by
-his party during the day, he could only give the hours of night to
-composing and publishing. "I do not write a line," he says, in one of
-his letters, of the date of the 8th February, "that I am not interrupted
-thirty times, and to such a degree, that I can only labour at public
-affairs by night. You know what cardinal de Retz said:--'_The chief
-hinderance of the head of a party is his party._' A thousand minor
-annoyances, a thousand important arrangements, a thousand inevitable
-interruptions, deprive me, during the day, of all presence of mind to
-compose, and of all coherence of ideas and style."
-
-Besides these labours, he had the more difficult task of keeping clear
-of brawls and duels among a class of men whose dearest wish was to
-provoke him to the committal of an outrage. Proud and arrogant
-themselves, they hoped to taunt one yet prouder into some deed of
-violence that would give them the advantage over him. But haughty as
-Mirabeau was, he was yet wiser; the peculiarity of his genius was a
-quick perception of the proper line of conduct, and he preserved his
-dignity, while he showed himself forbearing.
-
-He had to meet yet another difficulty. He published his correspondence
-from Berlin at this moment, for the purpose of acquiring the funds
-necessary for his election: this work was condemned to be burnt, by the
-parliament. It had been published anonymously; but, as the name of the
-author was well known, Mirabeau saw himself forced to make a journey to
-Paris, for the purpose of silencing his enemies, and giving courage to
-his friends, who quailed under the attacks made against him. This
-journey and short absence served but to raise to enthusiasm the favour
-with which he was regarded by the population of Provence. Deputations of
-the _bourgeoisie_ of Marseilles and Aix met him on his return, with all
-the manifestations of affection and joy which the people of the south
-render so cordial and demonstrative. The road he traversed was strewn
-with flowers; fireworks were let off; a crowd of 50,000 persons
-assembled round his carriage, while cries of "Vive Mirabeau!" rent the
-air. No noble dared show himself in the streets. "If you hate oppression
-as much as you love your friends," Mirabeau said to the assembled
-citizens, "you will never be oppressed." He was, within a few days
-after, received with similar demonstrations at Marseilles: 120,000
-inhabitants filled the streets to welcome him; two louis were paid for a
-window to look on him--his carriage was covered with laurels--the people
-kissed the wheels--the women brought their children to him. Mirabeau,
-who saw, in his elevation in the public favour, the stepping stone to
-success, beheld these demonstrations with proud delight; they were the
-signals of his triumph over the party who trampled on him--over that
-series of adversity which, from his cradle to that hour, had never
-ceased to crush him. The report, carefully spread, that this triumph had
-been got up by his friends, vanished before the fact that the whole
-population were his friends, and that the getting up was merely his
-assent to receive the marks of their enthusiastic favour. That he had
-done his best to curry favour with the people is true: that fault abides
-with him, if it be one.
-
-Among other manœuvres he had, it is said, opened a clothier's shop at
-Marseilles. There is no foundation for this story, although Marat, and
-other partisans of equality of his own day, asserted it. He had been
-obliged, indeed, to make himself free of the town, when candidate for
-the deputyship. His only chance was to make friends with the people. He
-was treated with contumely by the nobles; and even now his triumph was
-not devoid of drawback, occasioned by the indignities cast on him by the
-class to which he properly belonged: their insults did not fail to sting
-his pride, and rouse him to revenge, even while he successfully
-preserved himself from open quarrelling.
-
-The popularity he acquired he was soon called upon to exert. M. Caraman,
-military commander in Provence, applied to him to allay the disturbances
-occasioned by a scarcity. The nobles regarded the pending famine as a
-means of taming the people; and the same marquis de Fare, who had
-originated the exclusion of Mirabeau from the assembly, insolently
-exclaimed,--"Do the people hunger?--let them eat the dung of my horses."
-Such a speech, and such a spirit, manifested by the wealthy, naturally
-exasperated the poor. The weakness of the magistrates, who decreed so
-great a reduction in the price of food that the traders could no longer
-afford to sell it, only augmented the public peril: the granaries were
-pillaged,--blood was spilt in the streets. At the request of M. de
-Caraman, Mirabeau stept forward,--he persuaded the governor to withdraw
-the soldiery,--he induced the bourgeois youth to take arms to keep the
-peace. His eloquence, the credit given to his sincerity and good
-intentions, pacified the people, and first at Marseilles, and afterwards
-at Aix, he restored peace and security. At this period, while he
-fulfilled the noble part of pacificator and of a citizen, powerful only
-through the influence of his genius and patriotism, he was elected, both
-by Marseilles and Aix, deputy of the _tiers état_ in the approaching
-assembly of the states-general. He gave the preference to the latter, as
-circumstances rendered it doubtful whether his election for Marseilles
-would be admitted by his colleagues.
-
-We now arrive at the epoch when he developed the whole force of his
-genius, and acquired immortality, as the great leader of a revolution
-which, at its first outbreak, commanded the sympathy and respect of the
-world which looked on; beholding with gladness and hope the overthrow of
-feudal abuses, and the restoration of the oppressed majority of the
-French nation to the rights of men and citizens.
-
-The first steps that Mirabeau trod towards greatness were taken on
-slippery ground. The eyes of the crowd sought for him with avidity,
-during the procession of the king and states-general to the church of
-St. Louis, on the 4th May. He appeared, with his dark shaggy hair, his
-beetling brows, and luminous eyes, stepping proudly on. A murmur of
-disapprobation was raised;--he looked round, and all was silent; yet in
-that moment he felt the struggle, the combat that would ensue: his fiery
-nature made him also, perhaps, rely on victory. When the names of the
-deputies were called over, and those of other popular men were
-applauded, hisses of disapprobation followed his. They did not daunt
-him: he walked across the chamber to his place with an air of resolution
-and haughtiness that spoke of perseverance and vigour in the coming
-struggle.
-
-To give himself notoriety and weight, he commenced by publishing a
-journal of the proceedings of the chambers. This publication was seized
-by government, and he then changed its title to that of letters to his
-constituents. He excited animosity by this publication in the chamber
-itself, but it added to his weight and influence.
-
-The first combat of the _tiers état_ with the two other chambers is
-well known. They demanded that their consultations should be held in
-common, while the noblesse and clergy desired each their chamber, secure
-that the lower one would be crushed by the union of the two higher with
-the king. Mirabeau, at first, recommended that system of passive
-resistance which is all powerful when resorted to resolutely by numbers.
-During the interval that succeeded, Mirabeau had an interview with
-Necker, by the desire of his friend Duroverai; but it availed nothing.
-Mirabeau regarded Necker as a weak man, though he acknowledged his
-unimpeachable honesty; and he was soon after carried far beyond any
-necessity of recurring to his patronage for advancement, when, by
-echoing the voices of many men, and giving expression and direction to
-their passions, his eloquence filled France with the cry of liberty, and
-gave power and authority to the hesitating deputies.
-
-He met with a check, when the name he wished the assembly of _tiers
-état_ to assume (deputies of the people) was rejected, with ill-founded
-indignation. The term people was regarded as disgraceful and
-humiliating. "The nation," he wrote on this occasion, "is not ripe; the
-folly and frightful disorder of the government have forced the
-revolution as in a hotbed; it has outgrown our aptitude and knowledge.
-When I defended the word people, I had nearly been torn to pieces. It
-was circulated that I had gone over to the government:--truly I am said
-to have sold myself to so many, that I wonder I have not acquired a
-universal monarchy with the money paid for me."
-
-The resolution of the _tiers état_, now naming themselves the national
-assembly, excited mingled contempt and alarm. The nobility protested
-against their assumption, and the king was counselled to oppose their
-resolves by a royal decree; the hall of the deputies was closed, under
-pretence of preparing for the royal visit; the deputies adjourned to a
-neighbouring tennis court, and took a solemn oath to stand by each other
-to the last. On the following day, the 23d of June, the _seance royale_
-had place, and the decree promulgated that the three orders should vote
-separately. Satisfied that this exertion of royal power would tame at
-once the rebellious deputies, the royal cortege--the ministers, the
-nobles, and the clergy--left the chamber; the _tiers état_, the
-self-constituted national assembly, remained. A gloomy silence ensued,
-broken by Mirabeau, who rose, and, warning them of the danger to be
-apprehended, added, "I demand of you to seek shelter in your dignity and
-legislative powers, and that you take refuge in the faith of your oath,
-which does not allow you to separate till you have formed a
-constitution." The grand master of ceremonies, de Brézé, now entered,
-for the purpose of dispersing the deputies, saying, that they had heard
-the orders of the king. The president, Bailly, replied that he would
-take those of the assembly. At that moment, on which the public cause
-hung,--for on the boldness and perseverance of the deputies depended
-their success,--at that moment of hesitation, Mirabeau rose, and with a
-manner full of majesty, and a calm voice, he replied, "The commons of
-France intend to deliberate. We have heard what your king has been
-advised to say, but you, sir, cannot be his interpreter to the national
-assembly; you have neither place, nor voice, nor right to speak here.
-But, to prevent delay, go tell your master, that we are here by the
-power of the people; and that the power of the bayonet alone shall drive
-us out."
-
-Victor Hugo, in his essay on the character of Mirabeau, remarks, that
-these words sealed the fate of the monarchy of France. "They drew a line
-between the throne and the people; it was the cry of the revolution. No
-one before Mirabeau dared give it voice. Great men only pronounce the
-words that decide an epoch. Louis XVI. was afterwards more cruelly
-insulted, but no expression was used so fatal and so fearful as that of
-Mirabeau. When he was called Louis Capet, royalty received a disgraceful
-blow; but, when Mirabeau spoke, it was struck to the heart."[13]
-
-The immediate effect of this outburst was, first, that de Brézé,
-losing all presence of mind, backed out of the chamber, and the
-deputies, electrified by the audacity of their self-constituted leader,
-arose with acclamations, and passed a decree to confirm his words.
-
-The national assembly, which by law was attached to the person of the
-king, sat at Versailles; the distance from Paris was short, and the
-capital regarded with growing interest the actions of the deputies.
-Crowds assembled in the streets, and various tumults ensued: these have
-been variously attributed to different factions, which excited the
-people for the purpose of carrying on their own designs. There does not
-seem much foundation for that opinion; the public cause, the natural
-turbulence of the Parisians, which had been manifested during every
-reign of past times; the heat and agitation of the crisis, easily
-account for the alarming tumults in the metropolis. The chief suspicion
-at the time rested on the party of the duke of Orléans. Mirabeau did not
-belong to this; he had no connection with the leaders of the mob; his
-impracticable and vehement character kept him aloof from coalition with
-others. He was not sufficiently trusted to be selected as chief, he
-disdained any other post; feeling that, without descending to manœuvre
-and consultations, his energy, eloquence, and presence of mind, would
-place him in the van of war. He remained, therefore, independent; uneasy
-when others obtained influence in the assembly, visiting Paris as a
-looker on, and waiting his time, which soon came. For it must be
-remembered, that, at this period, notwithstanding the distinguished part
-he had acted, Mirabeau's supremacy was by no means acknowledged. There
-was a large party against him, and Barnave was held up by it as the more
-eloquent and greater man. The errors of his youth were remembered, and a
-thousand calumnies spread abroad against him; the people were even
-influenced by them, and though, at one time they were ready to carry him
-in triumph, a moment after the hawkers cried about _the great treason of
-count de Mirabeau._ When his private conduct was attacked, Mirabeau was
-silent; "Because," he says, with graceful dignity, "a strict silence is
-the expiation of faults purely personal, however excusable they may be;
-and because I waited till time, and my services, should win for me the
-esteem of the worthy; because, also, the rod of censure has always
-seemed respectable to me, even in the hands of my enemies; and, above
-all, because I have never seen any thing but narrow egotism and
-ridiculous impropriety in occupying one's fellow citizens in affairs not
-belonging to them." But when his public conduct was attacked, he
-defended it with an energy and truth that bore down all attack, and
-raised him higher than ever in the general esteem.
-
-To return to the epoch at which we are arrived. To quell the capital and
-subdue the deputies, the king and his counsellors summoned troops to
-surround Paris. Fifteen regiments, composed chiefly of foreigners,
-advanced. It became evident that the design was formed of using the
-bayonet, to which Mirabeau had referred, as the only power to which they
-would submit. He now again came forward to stop the progress of the
-evil. He proposed an address to the king, demanding that the march of
-the troops should be countermanded. He still preserved a respectful
-style towards the monarch, but he did not spare the measures of
-government, and exposed in open day the direct approach of war and
-massacre. His speech was covered with applause, and he was commissioned
-to draw up an address to the king. It was short and forcible: it
-prophesied, with sagacity, the dangers that must ensue from the presence
-of the military; it protested with dignity against the force about to be
-exercised against the assembly, and declared the resolution of the
-deputies, in spite of snares, difficulties, and terror, to prosecute
-their task and regenerate the kingdom. "For the first time," says madame
-de Staël, "France heard that popular eloquence whose natural power is
-augmented by the importance of events." "It was by Mirabeau," Brougham
-observes, "that the people were first made to feel the force of the
-orator, first taught what it was to hear spoken reason and spoken
-passion; and the silence of ages in those halls was first broken by the
-thunder of his voice, echoing through the lofty vaults now covering
-multitudes of excited men."
-
-Dumont, in his "Souvenirs de Mirabeau," asserts that he drew up this
-address. On several other occasions, he assumes the merit either of
-writing for Mirabeau or suggesting his speeches. He speaks of him as a
-great plagiarist, putting all his associates to use in collecting
-materials for him, and contenting himself with giving them form, or
-sometimes only voice. This sort of accusation is exceedingly futile. The
-capacity of gathering materials, lying barren but for the life he puts
-into them, is the great attribute of genius: it hews an Apollo out of
-the marble block; places the colours of Raphael on the bare canvass;
-collects, in one focus, the thoughts of many men inspired by passion and
-nature: it, as with Mirabeau, takes the spirit of the times, the
-thoughts and words excited during a crisis; and, by giving to them a
-voice of command or persuasion, rules the minds of all. In this manner,
-Mirabeau was a plagiarist, but none but he could use, to govern and
-subdue, the weapons fabricated, it might be, by other hands. To quote
-the apt metaphor of Carlisle, he might gather the fuel from others, but
-the fire was his own. He was not a man formed of shreds and patches
-taken from other men, nor was Dumont endowed with creative powers to
-call such a being into life. Mirabeau was a man of God's own making,
-full of wild passion and remorseful error, but true to the touch of
-nature; fraught with genius and power; a natural king among those whom
-he used as his subjects to pay tribute to, and extend the sphere of, his
-greatness.
-
-[Sidenote: 1789.
-July
-11.]
-
-The death of the marquis de Mirabeau, at the age of seventy-three, took
-place at this period. From the time that his son figured in the
-assembly, he became deeply interested in his career; declaring that his
-success was "glory, true glory." He was suffering by a chronic pulmonary
-catarrh, and evidently declining. Mirabeau frequently visited him, and
-was well received, though they never discussed politics during these
-short visits. But the marquis caused the speeches of his son to be read
-to him, as well as the papers that recounted the sittings of the
-assembly in which he figured. On the 11th of July, while he was
-listening to his grand-daughter reading, he closed his eyes--his
-breathing failed--and when she looked up he was dead, with a smile on
-his face.
-
-Mirabeau, who venerated his father, in spite of the injuries he had
-sustained from him, was deeply affected by this loss: perhaps pride
-added to his demonstrations of affliction. He wrote to his constituents,
-that all the citizens in the world ought to mourn; he scarcely appeared
-in the assembly, and for a few days gave himself up to sorrow.
-
-It was not a period when a great political character could withdraw
-himself for more than a few days. The crisis was at hand.
-[Sidenote: July
-14.]
-The king had returned a cold answer to the address drawn up by Mirabeau,
-and presented by the most distinguished deputies; the court still
-pursued the plan of assembling troops; Necker was dismissed from the
-ministry; the investment of the capital by the military became
-imminent,--when the people, animated by mixed fear and indignation,
-rose: they seized on all the arms they could obtain; the bastille was
-demolished; for the first time the Parisians felt their power, and
-tasted of the triumph of shedding the blood of those who resisted them.
-
-The terror of these acts spread to Versailles. The assembly sent
-deputation after deputation to the king, imploring him to pacify Paris
-by countermanding the troops. When the destruction of the bastille was
-known, a fifth deputation was prepared to be presented to the monarch.
-It was composed of twenty-four members: they were about to leave the
-chamber on this errand, when Mirabeau stopped them, and with increased
-vehemence exclaimed,--"Tell the king, that the hordes of foreigners that
-surround us were yesterday visited by the princes, the princesses, and
-their favourites, who caressed and exhorted them, and covered them with
-presents. Tell him that, during the night, these foreign satellites,
-gorged with gold and wine, predicted, in their impious songs, the
-servitude of France, and brutally invoked the destruction of the
-national assembly. Tell him that, in his own palace, his courtiers
-mingled in the dance to the sound of such music, and that similar to
-these were the preparations of Saint Bartholomew. Tell him, that
-Henry IV., whose memory the whole world blesses, he, who ought to be his
-model among his ancestors, sent provisions to Paris when it revolted,
-and he was besieging it in person; while, on the contrary, his ferocious
-advisers keep the corn, brought by trade, from his starving and faithful
-capital." The deputation was about to carry his words to the king, when
-the arrival of Louis, without guards or escort, was announced. A murmur
-of glad welcome ran through the assembly. "Wait," said Mirabeau gravely,
-"till the king has announced his good intentions. Let a serious respect
-receive the monarch in this moment of sorrow. The silence of the people
-is the lesson of kings."
-
-Thus did this wonderful man, by means of the fire and impetuosity of his
-character, enter at once into the spirit of the hour, while his genius
-suggested the expressions and the tone that gave it direction and voice.
-
-It is impossible to enter into the detail of all Mirabeau's speeches and
-acts. A rapid glance at his votes and declarations during this period
-must suffice. Mirabeau detested despotism, whose iron hand had fallen so
-heavily on himself. The aid given by the government of his country to
-his father's tyranny,--the ban placed on him by the nobility who were
-his equals,--the burning desire for distinction that consumed him,--his
-contempt for his inferiors in talent,--his faith in the
-revolution,--such were the passions that gave force to his genius. But
-his genius showed itself omnipotent nowhere except in the tribune. When
-he wrote, he but half expressed his thoughts; his passions were but half
-excited; and Mirabeau's power lay in the union of his passions and his
-genius. Apart, the former degenerated into vice, and the latter showed
-itself either exaggerated, sophistical, or inert. In the tribune, their
-union was complete. When he began to speak he was at first
-confused,--his breast heaved,--his words were broken,--but the sight of
-his opponents,--the knowledge of the sympathy he should find in the
-galleries,--the inspiration of the moment,--suddenly dispersed all
-mistiness; his eloquence became clear, fervid, sublime,--the truth
-conjured up images at once striking and appalling. When he was farther
-excited by the difficulties of a crisis, his courage rose to meet
-it,--he stept forward with grandeur; a word or a look, which his talent
-and ugliness at once combined to render imposing, shone out on the
-assembly,--electrified and commanded it.
-
-This power of seizing on the spirit of the question, clearing the view
-of the assembly, and leading it onward in the right road, he exerted
-memorably on the 24th September, when Necker, to remedy the disastrous
-state of the finances, proposed a patriotic contribution of a fourth of
-the incomes. A committee, after three days spent in examination,
-approved the plan. Mirabeau, the known enemy of Necker, spoke, to engage
-the assembly to adopt it at once, on the recommendation of the minister,
-without taking any responsibility on itself. The friends of Necker saw
-the snare, and accused him of injuring the plan of the minister, while
-he pretended to support it. Mirabeau replied, that he was not the
-partisan, but, were he the dearest friend of the minister, he should not
-hesitate to compromise him rather than the assembly. Necker might
-deceive himself, and the kingdom receive no detriment; but that the
-public weal were compromised, if the assembly lost its credit. These
-words had some effect, but still the discussion went on, and still the
-deputies hesitated to adopt Necker's proposition, till Mirabeau, again
-ascending the tribune, burst forth with a torrent of overwhelming
-eloquence in its favour: he painted the horrors of a national
-bankruptcy, and the consequent guilt of incurring it; he expatiated on
-the wide-spread misery that must ensue. He continued,--"Two centuries of
-robbery and depredation have opened a gulf in which the kingdom is
-nearly swallowed; this gulf must be filled up. Here is a list of French
-proprietors; select among the richest, so to lessen the number of
-victims; but still select--for must not a few perish to save the many?
-Two thousand notables possess enough to fill up the deficit, to bring
-back order into your finances, and peace and prosperity to the kingdom.
-Strike! immolate without pity these hapless victims--precipitate them
-into the abyss;--it will close! Ha! you draw back with horror.
-Inconsistent pusillanimous men! Do you not see that when you decree
-bankruptcy, or, what is still more odious, when you render it inevitable
-without decreeing it, you stain yourselves with a still greater and yet
-a gratuitous crime? for this sacrifice will at least fill up the
-deficit. But do you think, because you do not pay, you will no longer be
-in debt? Do you believe that the thousands, the millions of men, who in
-one moment will lose by the explosion, or by its reaction, all that made
-the comfort of their lives, and, perhaps, their only means of support,
-will allow you to reap the fruits of your crime in peace? Stoical
-contemplators of the incalculable ills which this catastrophe will bring
-on France! Insensible egotists! who think that the convulsions of
-despair and misery will pass away like every other, and the more quickly
-as they are more violent;--are you sure that so many men, without bread,
-will tranquilly permit you to taste the viands whose quantity and
-delicacy you will not suffer to be diminished? No!--you will perish in
-the universal conflagration that you do not tremble to set a-light, and
-the loss of your honour will not preserve one of your detestable
-enjoyments.
-
-* * * * *
-
-Vote, then, for this extraordinary subsidy;--may it suffice! Vote it;
-because, if you have any doubts with regard to the means (vague and
-uncertain doubts), you have none on its necessity, and our want of power
-to replace this proposition by any other--at least for the present. Vote
-it; for public affairs will not endure procrastination, and we are
-accountable for all delay. Beware of asking for time. Ruin never gives
-that. Some days ago, gentlemen, in reference to a ridiculous tumult in
-the Palais Royal--a laughable insurrection which had no importance
-except in feeble minds--you heard the violent cry uttered, 'Cataline is
-at the gates of Rome, and you deliberate!' and then certainly we had
-near us neither Cataline, nor danger, nor faction, nor Rome. But now
-bankruptcy, hideous bankruptcy is before us; she menaces to consume
-you,--your possessions and your honour,--and you deliberate!"
-
-These words raised a tumult of enthusiasm in the assembly. A deputy rose
-to reply, but the cries overbore him; and, frightened by his task, he
-remained motionless and mute. "I was near Mirabeau," writes madame de
-Staël, "when he thus delivered himself. Nothing could be more
-impressive than his voice; his gestures and words were pregnant with an
-animation, the power of which was prodigious. The assembly at once
-received the report of the committee, and adopted the plan of the
-minister." "This," remarks Thiers, "is the triumph of eloquence; but he
-alone could obtain it who was animated by the passions and just views of
-Mirabeau."
-
-Mirabeau hated the assumptions of the aristocracy, but he looked upon
-royalty as a necessary defence between the lower and the higher orders;
-at the same time he believed that the welfare of his country demanded
-that the people should have a voice in the state.
-[Sidenote: Oct.
-25.]
-He expressed his opinion on this subject in a letter to his uncle the
-bailli. He says,--"I have always thought, and now more than ever think,
-that royalty is the only anchor of safety which can preserve us from
-shipwreck. And how many efforts I have made, and make each day, to
-support the executive power, and combat the distrust which induces the
-national assembly to go beyond the mark! For the rest, we must judge of
-the revolution by the good and evil of its result, not by the license
-which prevails at present, which forms a state too violent to be
-durable. I am reassured with regard to the future, by the consideration,
-that the revolution, be it injurious or beneficial, is, in fact,
-consummated. The most enlightened men feel that they must assist the
-change, to lessen its violence; that resistance is as useless as it must
-be disastrous; and that every citizen, whether zealous or indifferent,
-must tend to the same end,--facilitate the consolidation of the empire,
-and give the machine that movement which will allow us to judge of its
-excellence or its defects. You recommend me to support the executive
-power; but you will easily discern that the obstinate resistance of one
-order of the state, by exciting fresh causes of revenge, and producing
-new commotions, would destroy that power round which the supreme law of
-the state commands us now to rally."
-
-It was in this spirit that he spoke for the veto, though fear, perhaps,
-of compromising his popularity made him abstain from voting. The veto
-had become a sort of bugbear. When Mirabeau visited Paris, the mob
-thronged round his carriage, imploring him to prevent the king from
-having the veto. They were slaves, they said, if the king had the
-veto;--the national assembly was useless. "Mirabeau," says Dumont,
-"carried it off very well: he appeased the people; and, using only vague
-expressions, dismissed the mob with patrician affability."
-
-At the period of the revolution, when the passions of men were excited
-to bandy calumny with eager voices and pens dipt in gall, Mirabeau was
-accused of being an Orleanist. It is difficult to say what an Orleanist
-was. The duke himself, weak but ambitious, never made one step forward
-but he made two back; so that it became a saying that the duke of
-Orléans did not belong to the Orleanists. His name, meanwhile, and money
-were employed to form a party rather inimical to Louis XIV. than
-favourable to himself. It added to the tumult and tempest of the times,
-but was of no real influence in the direction of events. Dumont declares
-that, living intimately with Mirabeau, the most indiscreet and confiding
-of men, he saw no trace of his complicity in any plot against the court:
-but that, familiar with the duke as with every one, his manner gave
-colour to a report which had no other foundation. That he was at this
-time the enemy of the court is, however, undoubted. When the fatal feast
-of the _gardes du corps_, at Versailles, was denounced in the assembly,
-and the cry of calumny was raised by the royalists, Mirabeau burst out
-with impetuosity, and declared that he was ready to accuse by name the
-principal actors in this sacrilegious orgie, on condition that it were
-first decreed that the person of the king only was inviolable. This
-expression, pointing at and criminating the queen, silenced the
-discussion.
-
-During the days of the 5th and 6th October, Mirabeau sought to
-tranquillise, without any attempt at leading, the multitude. When he
-first heard of the approach of the rabble rout of _poissardes_ and their
-followers from the capital, for the purpose of forcing the acceptance of
-the constitution on the king, Mirabeau addressed the president Mounier,
-saying, "Paris is marching on us: make an excuse; and go to the castle
-and tell the king to accept the constitution purely and simply." "Paris
-marches," replied Mounier; "so much the better: let them kill us
-all--all, without exception--the nation will be the gainer." When the
-crowd had invaded Versailles, Mirabeau was not seen. Dumont found him in
-bed before eleven o'clock in the evening. He rose, and they went
-together to the national assembly, where he displayed his accustomed
-dignity by calling on the president to cause the assembly to be
-respected, and to order the chamber to be cleared of the strangers who
-filled it. It required all his popularity to succeed. The _poissardes_
-in the gallery, with their usual familiarity, cried out, "Mother
-Mirabeau must speak--we must hear mother Mirabeau!" but he was not a man
-to make a show on these occasions.
-
-The king humiliated--the court, driven to extremities, yet still
-struggling, looked round for agents and supporters. The talents and
-influence of Mirabeau would render his accession to their party
-invaluable; Necker had named him "Tribun par calcul, et aristocrate par
-goût;" and this character, joined to his debts, his bad reputation, his
-known vices, and the very report that he acted for the duke of Orléans,
-inspired the notion that he was venal.
-[Sidenote: Nov.]
-There can be no doubt that, at this period, a thousand different schemes
-and hopes agitated this strange and powerful man. He detested the
-aristocracy and despotism; but he was attached to royalty and the image
-of the English constitution; and various advances made him by the court
-led him to believe that a conscientious support of royalty might be
-combined with his personal interests. Dumont mentions a conversation he
-had with him, in which he showed him a plan for the retreat of the king
-to Metz--the necessity the assembly would find itself under of following
-him there, and the consequent quelling of the anarchical power in
-France. Dumont, foreseeing that civil war and massacre would follow such
-attempts, argued strongly against it. Mirabeau replied that the court
-was resolved, and that he thought it right to combine to ensure its
-success, and cause them to act so as to preserve the liberty of the
-country. His purpose was, however, shaken by the arguments of Dumont,
-and the whole plan was subsequently given up. Thiers gives a somewhat
-different account. He narrates that in an interview with a friend, in
-the park of Versailles, that lasted the whole night, Mirabeau declared
-that he was resolved for the sake of his glory, for the good of his
-country, and the advancement of his own fortune, to remain immovable
-between the throne and the disorganisers, and to consolidate the
-monarchy while he participated in its power. His pride, however, stood
-in the way of any debasing steps. When the court made him offers, it was
-informed that he would make no sacrifice of principles; but that, if the
-king would be faithful to the constitution, he was ready to become his
-staunch supporter. His conditions were, that his debts should be paid,
-and that he should have a place in the ministry. According to law, the
-ministers could neither speak nor vote in the assembly--before accepting
-place, Mirabeau endeavoured to get this law repealed. He failed; and
-during the discussion Lanjuinais proposed that the actual deputies
-should be forbidden to accept place. Mirabeau angrily replied, that so
-baneful a decree ought not to be passed for the sake of one man; but
-that he would vote for it with the amendment, that a place in the
-ministry should not be forbidden all the deputies, but only to M. de
-Mirabeau, deputy for Aix. This outburst of frank audacity had no effect;
-Lanjuinais' motion passed; and Mirabeau felt exceedingly indignant
-towards the assembly, and often spoke of the members with bitter
-contempt; yet his letters bear the impress of generous forbearance,
-inspired by enlarged views of the duties of a citizen. "I do not say,"
-he writes, "that the assembly is not somewhat severe towards me; with
-all that, nothing can prevent, when the occasion presents, this
-struggling, tumultuous, and, above all, ostracising assembly, from
-returning under my influence: that results from the firmness of my
-principles, and the support given by my talent. It was from the bottom
-of my heart that I once wrote, 'Malheur aux peuples reconnaissants!' One
-is never quit towards one's country. One gains glory, at least, by
-serving it in whatever state. No element of public servitude ought to
-exist--and gratitude is a very active one."
-
-There is generosity, but not absolute wisdom in this dictum. In
-republics, more evil arises from want of accord and stability of purpose
-than from leaning on one man, especially among the French, who, vain by
-nature, are more apt each to believe in his own capacity than rely on
-that of another. Unfortunately, this distrust of public servants took
-firm root during the revolution. First, no deputy was allowed to be
-minister, so that no man of business could be deputy. Afterwards, the
-members of one assembly were not allowed to be elected in the succeeding
-one, so that inexperience, crude views, and want of mutual reliance,
-became the characteristic of the French legislators.
-
-[Sidenote: 1790.
-Ætat.
-41.]
-
-Mirabeau's negotiations with the court meanwhile went on; he even
-received for a short time a pension from Monsieur, the king's eldest
-brother; the queen treated him with winning condescension--and she was
-won also by the charm of his superiority and frankness. Thus he did not
-sell his principles, which remained unchanged, yet he made a mart of
-them; and, in the eye of history, falls from the high position of a man
-above the reach of gold. His want of docility, meanwhile, often
-displeased the court--he refused to compromise his popularity at its
-beck, and despised the men who wished at once to make use of him and yet
-to render him useless.
-
-His position, though it seem dubious, was plain enough. He wished to
-lead a moderately royal party, and give stability to the monarchy. He
-desired to oppose the jacobins and disorganisers; but his views did not
-meet the sanguine and senseless hopes and wishes of the court--which
-aimed at nothing less than a return to the _ancien régime._ He stood
-therefore companionless--seizing at times on and thundering from the
-tribune--making his power felt whenever he was roused, but walking in
-darkness, uncertain of the means which yet he grappled at, whereby to
-confirm his greatness.
-
-In the assembly he continued to extend his influence by means of his
-enthusiasm, and his power of expressing it. Various methods had been
-made use of to get rid of the constituent assembly, and elect
-another--under the pretence that, the work of forming a constitution
-being accomplished, their task was at an end, and that the continuation
-of their power was illegal and a usurpation over the throne. In the
-midst of the cries which these words called forth, Mirabeau rose. "We
-are asked," he said "when the deputies of the people, became a national
-convention? I reply, on that day when, finding the entrance to their
-chamber surrounded by soldiers, they hastened to assemble in the first
-place they could find, and swore to perish rather than to betray or
-abandon the rights of the nation. Our powers on that day changed their
-nature. Whatever these powers may be which we have exerted, our efforts
-and our labours have legitimated them, and the adhesion of the whole
-nation has sanctified them. Do you remember the heroic words of the
-great man of antiquity, who had neglected the legal forms in saving his
-country? Summoned by a factious tribune to swear whether he had observed
-the laws, he replied, f I swear that I have saved my country!'
-Gentlemen, I swear that you have saved France!" At this grand oath, the
-whole assembly, carried away by a sudden impulse, closed the discussion
-and dismissed the question.
-
-The same power gave him the victory, when he was accused of conspiring
-with the duke of Orléans to produce the commotions of the 5th and 6th of
-October, and caused the accusation to be cast aside as devoid of
-credit.[14]
-
-[Sidenote: 1791.
-Ætat.
-42.]
-
-We have an interesting picture of his position at the commencement of
-the year 1791 from Dumont--who though his friend, and at times his
-secretary, or rather, as he affirms, the composer of some of his most
-successful speeches, gives no signs of partiality. "I dined several
-times at the house of Mirabeau, who told me that he was on terms with
-the court, and directed its counsels; and that his hopes were well
-founded--as the royal personages had begun to see the necessity of
-attaching him to their cause, and of no longer listening to the advice
-of the emigrants and princes. He now lived in good style, and his house
-was handsomely fitted up: he was better off than he had ever been, and
-showed no discretion in the use of his money. I was surprised to see him
-show off, after dinner, a case in which were several jewels. This was
-proclaiming his being on the civil list, and I wondered that his
-popularity did not suffer by it. His table was splendid, and his company
-numerous. His house was filled early in the morning, and it was a
-perpetual _levée_ from seven o'clock till the hour of his repairing to
-the assembly; and a great crowd frequently assembled at that time to
-enjoy the felicity of seeing him pass. Although titles were abolished,
-he was still the comte de Mirabeau, not only with his servants and
-visiters, but also the people, who love to decorate their idols. I could
-have learnt from him the secret of his intercourse with the court, his
-views, means, and intrigues, for he was well disposed to open himself to
-me; but I neither wished to be censor nor flatterer. He insinuated
-twenty times that his only object was to save the monarchy, if it were
-possible. That means were necessary to accomplish this end; that trivial
-morality was hostile to that on a large scale; that disinterested
-services were rare; and that hitherto the court had wasted its money on
-traitors.[15]
-
-"During the last week of my stay in Paris, I saw him in a new
-situation, which he had often pretended to despise, but more from
-mortification than indifference. He was president of the
-assembly,--never was the place so well filled. He displayed new talents.
-He put an order and clearness into the work, of which no idea had
-hitherto been formed. By a word, he threw light on a question; by a
-word, he appeased a tumult. His deference to all parties, the respect he
-always testified for the assembly, the conciseness of his speeches, his
-answers to the various deputations that came to the bar,--which, whether
-spontaneous or prepared, were always delivered with dignity and grace,
-and gave satisfaction even in refusals,--in a word, his activity,
-impartiality, and presence of mind added to his reputation and success
-in a place which had been a stumbling block to his predecessors. He had
-the art of putting himself foremost, and drawing the general attention
-on himself, even when, not being allowed to speak from the tribune, he
-appeared to have fallen from his best prerogative. Several of his
-enemies and rivals, who had chosen him for the sake of putting him in
-eclipse, had the chagrin of finding that they had added to his glory.
-
-"He was far from being in good health, and told me that he felt himself
-perishing away. I observed that his style of life would long ago have
-killed a man less robust than himself. He had no repose from seven in
-the morning till ten or eleven at night. He was in continual
-conversation and agitation both of thought and feeling. When we parted,
-he embraced me with an emotion he had never before displayed.--'I shall
-die at the oar,' he said, 'and we probably shall never meet again. When
-I am gone my worth will be acknowledged. The evils that I have arrested
-will burst over France, and the criminal faction that trembles before me
-will no longer be bridled. I have only prophecies of evil before my
-eyes. Ah! my friend, how right we were when we desired at the beginning
-to prevent the commons from declaring themselves a national
-assembly,--that was the origin of our evils. Since they were victorious,
-they have not ceased to show themselves unworthy; they have desired to
-govern the king, instead of governing through him. Now neither they nor
-he will have authority; a vile faction will domineer over them, and fill
-France with terror."
-
-He lived for three months after saying these words, and lived still to
-triumph, and to add to his glory. The last scene of moment in which he
-displayed his mighty influence was during the discussion of the law
-against emigration. Mirabeau opposed it as tyrannical and unjust: the
-popular voice went the other way, and cries were uttered against him.
-His thunder silenced their more feeble demonstrations. "The popularity,"
-he exclaimed, "which I desired is but a feeble reed; but I will force it
-into the earth, and it shall take root in the soil of reason and
-justice!" Applause followed this burst. "I swear," he continued, "if a
-law of emigration passes, I swear to disobey you." He descended from the
-tribune, having silenced his enemies, and astonished the assembly. The
-discussion went on, and the adjournment was moved, to give time to
-prepare a law different from the one under discussion, and so to calm
-the people. The tumult continued, and cries of applause or
-disapprobation drowned every other sound, till Mirabeau demanded
-attention. A deputy, M. Goupil, who some time ago had attacked Mirabeau
-with the cry that Cataline was at their doors, now exclaimed,--"By what
-right does M. de Mirabeau exercise a dictatorship?" At these words the
-orator threw himself into the tribune. The president remarked,--"I have
-not accorded the right to speak; let the assembly decide." The assembly
-listened.--"I beg my interruptors," said Mirabeau, "to remember that
-through life I have combated against tyranny, and I will combat it
-wherever it is to be found." Speaking thus, he turned his eyes from
-right to left, while applause followed his words;--he continued:--"I beg
-M. Goupil to remember that not long ago he was mistaken as to the
-Cataline whose dictatorship he now resists. I beg the assembly to remark
-that the question of adjournment, simple in appearance, comprehends
-others, since it supposes that there is a law to form." Murmurs rose
-from the left; the orator fixed his eyes on the inimical party, and its
-leaders, Barnave and Lameth. "Silence those thirty voices," he cried: "I
-am content also to vote for the adjournment, but on condition that no
-sedition follows."
-
-This was the greatest, and it was the last struggle that Mirabeau had
-with the jacobins,--his last attempt to stop the progress of that
-revolution to which he had given form and dignity during its primal
-struggles. "I would not," he wrote, in a letter meant for the eye of the
-king,--"I would not have laboured only at a vast destruction." Thus
-pledged by his principles and his promises to the court to prop the
-monarchy, his task was becoming one that demanded more force than, even
-giant as he was, he possessed. The shades of death cover the
-probabilities of the future; but it can scarcely be doubted that he must
-have modified his views, animated the king to a more resolute and
-popular course, or been swept away in the torrent of blood so soon about
-to flow.
-
-For some time, incessant labour and excitement undermined his life. The
-ophthalmias, which had first attacked him in his prison, in Vincennes,
-were renewed, and he Was often obliged to apply leeches to his eyes
-during the intervals of one day's sitting of the assembly. The sense of
-disease at work within seemed to him to resemble the effects of poison;
-and the medicines he took added to, instead of diminishing, his
-conviction that he was perishing. His last and fatal seizure was
-accompanied by intense pain and agonising spasms; and the only physician
-he admitted, who was his friend, began to lose hope. As soon as his
-illness became publicly known, his house was surrounded by an anxious
-and mute multitude. In the hour of danger they remembered him as their
-leader, their preserver, their hope. The bulletins of his progress were
-seized on with avidity. Louis XVI. sent ostensibly twice a day, and much
-oftener in secret, to hear how he went on. For a moment, the king and
-the people appeared united by a common interest, and had a desire of
-currying favour with the revolutionary party animated the monarch, and
-induced him to visit the dying man, he had acquired a popularity never
-to be forgotten. The demagogues feared that he might have been led to
-such an act; but it was out of character with Louis, who clung longer to
-the etiquettes than to the reality of royalty.
-
-The last days of Mirabeau were divided between agonising pain and calm
-and affectionate conversation with his friends. While he hoped to
-recover, he gave up all his thoughts to his cure; and even refused to
-receive his friends, that the remedies might have a fairer chance. But,
-when he felt the sure approach of death, he was eager to have them
-around, and talking with them, holding their hands, and looking
-affectionately on them, found deep enjoyment in the consciousness of
-their sympathy and love. Already he spoke of himself as dead--with great
-reluctance he allowed another medical man to be called in, whose
-remedies proving ineffectual, Mirabeau said, "You are a great physician,
-but there is one greater than you; he who created the wind that destroys
-all--the water that penetrates and produces all--the fire that vivifies
-or decomposes all." He heard with emotion of the demonstrations of
-affection made by the people. His last hours were marked by mingled
-philosophy and gaiety: he called his friends about him, and discoursed
-of himself and public affairs, with a view to futurity after he was
-gone; he made his will--the legacies of which the count de Lamark, who
-had been his means of communication with the court, promised should be
-paid. The visit of his enemy, Barnave, who came in the name of the
-jacobins to inquire concerning him, afforded him pleasure. He gave M. de
-Talleyrand a discourse he had prepared for the tribune; and, speaking of
-Pitt, he said "he is a minister of preparations, and governs by threats:
-I should have given him some trouble had I lived." He felt the approach
-of his last hour. "I shall die to-day, my friend," he said, to Cabanis;
-"no more remains than to crown one's self with flowers, and surround
-one's self with music, so to pass peacefully into eternal sleep."
-Hearing the report of cannon, fired for some ceremony, he exclaimed,
-"Hark! the funeral rites of Achilles are begun!" As he lost his speech,
-he yet smiled softly and serenely on his friends. The spasms returned
-with renewed violence. Unable to speak, he wrote, asking, that opium
-might be given him to appease them; but, before he could take it, he was
-no more. His death took place on the 20th of April, 1791, at the age of
-forty-two. The news quickly spread through the court, the town, the
-assembly. Every party had placed their hopes in him, and he was mourned
-by all except such as might envy his fame. On hearing the fatal
-intelligence, the assembly interrupted its sitting; a general mourning
-was ordered, and a public funeral.
-
-He was buried in the Pantheon (formerly church of Sainte Geneviève),
-which had been dedicated "Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante;"
-and Mirabeau was the first buried there. His funeral took place on the
-morrow of his death. The ministers and magistrates, the assembly, the
-army, the municipalities, in short, the members of every public
-institution, accompanied the procession. He was more numerously and
-honourably attended, and he was more sincerely mourned, than kings and
-princes had been, or than any other great man of his own times. During
-the reign of terror his remains were torn from the tomb, and scattered
-to the winds, as those of a traitor to the nation.
-
-The peculiarity of Mirabeau, as we before remarked, was the union of
-great genius with impetuous passions. The last, manifesting themselves
-in boyhood, in a family which, while the members were remarkable for
-vehemence in themselves, exacted the most entire filial obedience from
-their offspring, caused him to be opposed, persecuted, and oppressed.
-Seventeen _lettres de cachet_ had been issued against him, while he felt
-that his crimes were rather errors in which the public or the state had
-no concern. Shut up in a narrow fortress or narrower cell, his hatred of
-tyranny was strongly excited, and he sought in his writings to express
-it; and, when the occasion offered, he combated it with impetuous
-eloquence and determined resistance. At that time, aware how much his
-influence was lessened by the errors of his youth, he had been known,
-when he felt his progress checked by the disrepute in which his private
-character was held, to weep, and to exclaim, "I cruelly expiate the
-errors of my youth!"
-
-With all his errors he was a warm and kind-hearted man, and gifted with
-undaunted courage. During his political career, his enemies were
-perpetually endeavouring to embroil him in duels, which he avoided
-without the most distant suspicion of cowardice being attached to him.
-He was a man of wit, and many of his sayings are recorded. They are
-often bitter epigrams on his enemies, and inspired by hatred rather than
-truth. He called the virtuous La Fayette Grandison-Cromwell; and said of
-him that he had _bien sauté pour reculer_, as his latter conduct did
-not come up to his first entrance on life when he went to America. He
-was the implacable enemy of Necker, who, he says, was "a clock always
-too slow." While speaking in the national assembly, he pointed to a
-picture, emblemising Time, with his scythe and his hour-glass always
-full, exclaiming, "We have taken his scythe, but we have forgotten his
-time-piece." Of the national assembly he said, "It has Hannibals in
-plenty, and needs a Fabius." It was the fashion to call
-Clermont-Tonnerre the Pitt of France: "As you please," said Mirabeau;
-"but how would Pitt like to be called the Clermont-Tonnerre of England?"
-His faculty of wit rose sometimes into grandeur. When he spoke of the
-convulsions that would ensue on the entire overthrow of the monarchy, he
-cried, "You will have assassinations and massacres; but you will never
-rise to the execrable height of a civil war." Talleyrand said that he
-dramatised his death. It is a strange moment for vanity to become
-paramount; and the chief trait of his death-bed was his gentleness and
-serenity, and the affection he showed to his friends. Politics occupied
-him at times; and he said to those about him, "Après ma mort, les
-factieux se partageront les lambeaux de la monarchie."
-
-The great quality of his mind was the power of seizing on any word or
-idea presented to him, and reproducing it at the right moment, with such
-vigour and fire as made it omnipotent. It was the eagle eye that enabled
-him on the instant to discern the right path, or the commanding idea,
-and to express it with force and majesty. With a lion heart, untiring
-perseverance, and the strength of a giant, he swept away opposition,
-inspired confidence, and fixed his standard far within the ranks of the
-enemy, where none dared touch it.
-
-So well could he adapt his very ugliness, his flashing eyes, abundant
-hair, and marks of physical power, to the sentiments which he expressed,
-that an actor on hearing him speak in the tribune exclaimed, "Ah! what a
-pity he was born a gentleman; he has missed his vocation!" He was
-greater as an orator than a leader. But each day he lived he advanced in
-the science of party strife. At the last, when he contemplated an
-organised opposition to the jacobins, he became expert; but it may be
-believed that he would have found an insuperable obstacle to success in
-the passions of the people.
-
-In early life his misfortunes arose from not having embarked in a
-fitting career. As a military man, a century before, as a marshal under
-Louis XIV., he had replaced Turenne; a few years later, he might have
-emulated Napoleon. As it was, had he been allowed to seek active service
-in the army, his turbulence had found vent in the midst of hardship and
-danger--a general would have been given to his country. Another school
-was needed to form the leader of the revolution: the exasperation
-engendered by tyranny, the resolution born in the solitude of a dungeon,
-the ambition nurtured by contempt of inferior men--all that had quelled
-a feebler man--gave force and direction to his passions, perception and
-enthusiasm to his genius, and made that Mirabeau, whom his countrymen
-regard as one of the greatest of their leaders, and whose name is a
-light that burns inextinguishably amidst the glory that illustrated the
-commencement of the French revolution.
-
-
-[Footnote 10: These extracts form the best part of the "Memoirs of
-Mirabeau," by M. Lucas Montigny, his adopted, or, rather, his natural
-son,--a work of zeal and labour, but undigested, diffuse, and
-ill-judged. Had the author published a selection from these letters,
-which were placed in his hands by the family, we should have an
-invaluable work. As it is, we are often as much tantalised by what is
-omitted, as edified by what is given, of the correspondence. When the
-extracts from it cease, the pages of the memoirs lose all their charm
-and value: they degenerate into little else than extracts from
-newspapers, and vapid discussions by the author.]
-
-[Footnote 11: The subsequent history of this hapless victim of a
-depraved state of society which set the seal of guilt on her attachment,
-may be briefly stated. After the birth of her child, Sophie was taken
-from the asylum in which she was first placed, and confined in the
-convent of Saintes-Claires, at Gien. By degrees many indulgences were
-allowed her, and she received visits. Mirabeau became jealous, and
-angrily expressed his jealousy, both in letters, and in a single
-interview which they had after his liberation from Vincennes. Had
-Mirabeau come to this interview with a candid mind and a constant heart,
-he had at once have acknowledged Sophie's innocence. But his attachment
-had waned, and he was intent on completing his reconciliation with his
-father, and contriving one with his wife. He played the part of the wolf
-with the lamb in the fable; and, to the utter destruction of the nobler
-portion of his nature, the ties of love and affection, the knitting of
-which had occasioned misery and ruin to both, were broken for ever. Soon
-after, the death of her husband restored Sophie to her liberty, but she
-chose to continue to reside within the precincts of the convent, though
-she used her liberty to make visits and excursions. She was greatly
-loved by all who knew her. Her sweetness and gentleness attached many
-friends: her charity and kind sympathy caused her to be beloved by the
-poor, by whom her memory was long gratefully preserved. She formed a
-second attachment for a gentleman to whom she was about to be married,
-but his death prevented their union. Sophie resolved not to survive him.
-Immediately on receiving his last sigh, she prepared to die. She shut
-herself up with two braziers of burning charcoal; and was found on the
-morrow dead. She died on the 8th September, 1789, in the 37th year of
-her age.]
-
-[Footnote 12: The subsequent life of Madame de Mirabeau was singular.
-For some years she continued under her father's guidance, and, at his
-wish, to live a life of pleasure; theatricals and every sort of
-dissipation being the order of the day. A reconciliation was set on
-foot, and had nearly been accomplished between her and her husband at
-the period of his death. She emigrated with her father during the
-revolution, and suffered a good deal of poverty. She subsequently
-married a count de Rocca, and visited Paris, to endeavour to recover
-some portion of her property. Her husband died soon after, and she
-resumed the name of Mirabeau, of which she became proud, reviving the
-recollections of past times, surrounding herself with every object that
-could remind her of the husband of her youth. She lived in intimacy with
-his sister, madame du Saillant, and extended her kindness to the young
-man whom Mirabeau had adopted. Though frivolous, she had never been ill
-conducted, and her faults, being those of timidity, are chiefly to be
-attributed to her father, who, loving ease and pleasure, and glad to
-have his daughter with him, prevented her by every means in his power
-from fulfilling her duties towards her husband. She passed her last
-years in the hotel de Mirabeau, and died in the year 1800, in the same
-room where her husband had expired.]
-
-[Footnote 13: There is a fragment preserved of Mirabeau, remarkable for
-its know, ledge of human motives, which shows the stress he laid on a
-resolute line of conduct. It deserves to be quoted:--
-
-"If I wrote a book on the military art, the chapter on enthusiasm should
-not be the shortest. If I wrote a treatise on politics, I would treat
-largely of the _art of daring_, which is not less necessary for the
-success of civil enterprises than of military operations; and also to
-try the strength of the man who leads; for it is the further or nearer
-boundary-line of the possible that marks the difference of men.
-
-"In reading history, I find that almost all the faults committed by the
-chiefs, of whatever party, arise from indecision in their principles,
-and obliquity of conduct. They revolt by halves; they are faithful by
-halves: they dare not entirely cast aside duty, nor entirely sacrifice
-their passions. The first steps, which ought to be full of confidence,
-are vacillating and ill-assumed: they arrange a retreat, and take
-several roads to reach the goal. Artifices, that favourite resource of
-ordinary politicians, are the effect of this timidity of the
-understanding or the heart. They negotiate to disguise themselves, to
-attract partisans, while they ought to walk straight to the object in
-view by the shortest line. What is the invariable result? He who wishes
-to deceive is deceived; they have failed in seizing the decisive moment,
-and have persuaded no one. As much as extremes are unwise in the course
-of daily life, so much are half measures insufficient in critical
-events; and the most dangerous, as well as the most inconsistent
-conduct, is to get half rid of prejudices. But there are nearly as few
-resolute bad men as decided honest ones; and most men want character."]
-
-[Footnote 14: The compiler of the memoirs and correspondence of La
-Fayette makes no doubt that Mirabeau belonged to the Orleanist faction
-till after the 6th of October, when he began to treat with the court.
-This was evidently La Fayette's own conviction, apparently founded on
-the evidence laid before the assembly, August 7th, 1790, which Mirabeau
-refuted, as mentioned in the text.]
-
-[Footnote 15: Copy of a treaty with M. de Mirabeau.--"First, The king
-gives M. de Mirabeau the promise of an embassy: this promise shall be
-announced by Monsieur himself to M. de Mirabeau. Second, The king will
-immediately, until that promise be fulfilled, grant a private
-appointment to M. de Mirabeau of 50,000 livres a month, which
-appointment will continue at least for the space of four months. M. de
-Mirabeau pledges himself to aid the king with his knowledge, influence,
-and eloquence, in all that he may judge useful to the welfare of the
-state and the interest of the king--two things that all good citizens
-undoubtedly look upon as inseparable; and, in case M. de Mirabeau should
-not be convinced of the solidity of the reasons that may be given him,
-he will abstain from speaking on the subject.
-
-(Approved) LOUIS.
-
-(Signed) LE COMTE DE MIRABEAU."
-
-"_Note._--The original of this article is in the handwriting of
-Monsieur, at present Louis XVIII."
-
-This paper is published in vol. II. appendix, no. V. of the memoirs of
-Lafayette. It was found in the iron closet, discovered in the Tuileries
-on the 10th of August, 1792, containing secret papers. In the same
-receptacle is an autograph letter from Louis XVI. to La Fayette, begging
-him to concert with Mirabeau respecting the subjects most important to
-the welfare of the state and the king's service and person. This letter
-La Fayette suspects to have been dictated by Mirabeau himself, and was
-never received by him. It is dated June 29th, 1790. The treaty first
-quoted is printed without a date. This alliance of the court with
-Mirabeau was first brought about by Monsieur, the king's eldest brother.
-Afterwards, it would seem that some other was entered into, negotiated
-by the count de la Mark, afterwards prince d'Aremberg, which was
-mentioned to Bouille, Feb. 6th, 1791. The prince d'Aremberg lived in
-Brussels till 1833, and said to La Fayette, that Mirabeau only made
-himself be paid to be of his own opinion; yet the stipulation of
-silence, when not convinced by the court, in the above treaty, looks
-like a still more entire sale of his influence.]
-
-
-
-
-MADAME ROLAND
-
-1754-1793.
-
-
-Madame Roland, strictly speaking, can scarcely be classed among persons
-of literary reputation. Her fame rests even on higher and nobler grounds
-than that of those who toil with the brain for the instruction of their
-fellow creatures. She acted. What she wrote is more the emanation of the
-active principle, which, pent in a prison, betook itself to the only
-implement, the pen, left to wield, than an exertion of the reflective
-portion of the mind. The composition of her memoirs was the last deed of
-her life, save the leaving it--and it was a noble one--disclosing the
-nature of the soil that gave birth to so much virtue; teaching women how
-to be great, without foregoing either the duties or charms of their sex;
-and exhibiting to men an example of feminine excellence, from which they
-may gather confidence, that if they dedicate themselves to useful and
-heroic tasks, they will find helpmates in the other sex to sustain them
-in their labours and share their fate.
-
-In giving the life of this admirable woman, we have at once the
-advantage and disadvantage of drawing the details of her early years
-from her autobiography. We are thus secure from false statements and
-meagre conjecture; but our pages must appear cold and vapid, as
-containing only an abridgment of details which she recounts with a
-glowing pen. Under these circumstances, it is better to refer the reader
-to her work for minutia, and to confine ourselves to results; and
-instead of lingering over a dry statement of facts, to seek for the
-formation of character, and to give a rapid view of the causes of her
-greatness; and to find what was the position and education of a woman
-who, in a country usually noted for frivolity and display, exhibited
-simplicity joined to elevation of character and strength of mind, of
-which few examples can be found in the history of the world.
-
-Manon Phlipon was of bourgeoise, and even humble, though respectable
-birth. Her father was an engraver; he had a slight knowledge of the fine
-arts, and wished to become an enamel painter: he failed in this as well
-as in an after attempt to enrich himself by trading in jewels, which
-brought on his ruin. During the early years of his daughter he was well
-to do, and employed several workmen under him. His wife was refined in
-character, and might have hoped for a partner of a more delicate and
-enlightened mind; but her sense of duty and sweetness of temper
-reconciled her to her lot. Manon was the second of seven children, but
-the only one who survived infancy. She was put out to be nursed by a
-peasant in the country, as was the practice in those days, and returned
-home when two years old, to pass the remainder of her girlhood beneath
-the parental roof, under the care of her gentle and excellent mother,
-who found it an easy task to regulate the disposition of one whose
-earliest characteristic was sensibility. "While I remained in my
-peaceful home," she writes of herself, "my natural sensibility so
-engrossed every quality, that no other displayed itself--my first desire
-was to please and to do good." Naturally serious and fond of occupation,
-she loved reading from infancy; books and flowers were her earliest
-passion; and as she records this in her prison, torn from all she loved,
-expecting the death to which those about her were being led by turns,
-"still," she says, "I can forget the injustice of men and my sufferings
-among books and flowers."
-
-Every sort of master was given her by her fond parents, and she applied
-herself with an ardour and a delight that led her instructors to prolong
-her lessons, and to take deep interest in teaching her. Her father, who
-had no idea of education except by reprimand and punishment, was soon
-led to cease to interfere in the guidance of her conduct; he caressed
-her, taught her to paint, and showed her every kindness; while the
-cultivation of her mind and heart was left to her mother, who found it
-easy to lead her by appeals to her reason or her feelings. Passionately
-fond of reading, she seized on hooks wherever she could find them: there
-were not many in her father's house, but Plutarch fell into her hands at
-nine years old, and more delighted her than all the fairy tales she had
-ever read; she drank in republicanism even then. Her imagination and her
-heart were warmed meanwhile by reading Fénélon and Tasso. As she
-remarks, had she had indiscreet companions, this early development of
-feeling might have led to an untimely awakening of passion; but under
-the shelter of her mother, with her only for a companion, her heart
-sympathised with the emotions of others, without any reference to
-herself--occupation and innocence protected her.
-
-She lived in all the simplicity that belonged to a tradesman easy in his
-means. The bourgeoisie of Paris of those days were a remarkable class.
-They detested and despised the debauchery of the noblesse, and the
-servility of their parasites; while they held themselves far above the
-brutal ignorance and licentiousness of the populace. The women of this
-class passed laborious and secluded lives, enlivened only by the
-enjoyments their vanity might gather on days of festivals, when they
-showed off their fine clothes and pretty faces in the public promenades.
-The habits of this class, as madame Roland describes them from
-experience, were remarkable for frugality. She accompanied her mother to
-market--occasionally she was sent alone, which she thought somewhat
-derogatory--but did not complain. There was but one servant, and
-sometimes she assisted in the kitchen; at the same time, the fondness of
-her mother displayed itself by dressing her elegantly and richly on
-Sundays and visiting days. Dancing, in which she excelled, was among her
-accomplishments. Her mother was pious: by degrees the sensibility of her
-character found a vent for itself in religion. The first time she left
-her mother's roof was, at her own request, to prepare herself in a
-convent to receive her first communion. During her retreat she formed a
-friendship with a young companion. After leaving the convent, their
-intercourse continued by letters; and this, she tells us, was the origin
-of her love of writing, and caused her, by exercise, to acquire
-facility.
-
-After passing a year in the convent, she passed another with her
-paternal grandmother, and then she returned to her father's roof. Her
-days were chiefly passed in study; her meditative mind speculated on all
-she read; her mother permitted her to read every book that fell in her
-way, and the self-taught girl preferred philosophical works to every
-other; she thus enlarged the sphere of her ideas; formed opinions, and
-erected rigid rules of morality as her guide. The severe principles of
-Pascal and the writers of the Port-Royal had a great attraction for her
-ardent mind; and when she sought in philosophy for principles of equal
-self-denial, she endeavoured to adopt the system of the stoics. All that
-ennobled the soul and exalted the moral feeling attracted her. She was
-dispirited when she turned to the pages of modern French philosophy. The
-theories of Helvetius saddened her, till she was relieved by the
-consideration that his narrow and derogatory view of human motive and
-action was applicable only to the corrupt state of society such as he
-found it in France. She believed that she ought to study this author as
-a guide in the depraved world of Paris; but she rejected his doctrines
-as explanatory of the movements of the human soul in a virtuous simple
-state of society; she felt herself superior to the principle of self
-which he made the law of our nature; she contrasted it with the heroic
-acts of antiquity, and thus she became enthusiastically attached to
-those republics in which virtue flourished; she became persuaded that
-freedom was the parent of heroes; she regretted that her lot had not
-been cast among such, and disdained the idea of associating with the
-corrupt race of her day. The aspirations after the examples set by the
-great, the virtuous, the generous, and the wise, which she thus
-nourished, gave a charm to her solitary life; but her studies excited
-far other feelings when she was led to remark how little they accorded
-with the state of society in France.
-
-Sometimes she was taken to visit certain ladies who claimed to be noble,
-and who, looking upon her as an inferior, sent her to dine with their
-servants. Once she paid a visit of eight days at Versailles, and
-witnessed the routine of a court. How different were the impertinent
-pretensions of these silly women, and the paltry pomp of royalty, from
-the majesty of the solitary reveries in which she associated with the
-heroes and philosophers of old! Her soul rejected distinctions of rank
-such as she found them in her own country,--empty in themselves, as far
-as regarded real excellence, and degrading to her in her position,--and
-she hurried back to take her proper place in creation, not the humble
-daughter of an obscure mechanic, but one whose mind was refined by
-philosophy, enlarged by knowledge; whose heart beat with generous
-impulses, and who already felt her bosom swell with the heroism which
-her future actions displayed. "I sighed," she writes, "as I thought of
-Athens, where I could have equally admired the fine arts, without being
-wounded by the spectacle of despotism; I transported myself in thought
-to Greece--I was present at the Olympic games, and I grew angry at
-finding myself French. Thus, struck by all of grand which is offered by
-the republics of antiquity, I forgot the death of Socrates, the exile of
-Aristides, the sentence of Phocion; I did not know that heaven had
-reserved it to me to witness errors similar to those of which they were
-the victims, and to participate in a similar persecution, after having
-professed similar principles."
-
-She regarded the position she held in society with bitterness. Vain of
-her accomplishments and knowledge, proud in the consciousness of her
-integrity and of the lofty meditations in which she indulged, the
-condescension of the petty noblesse towards the daughter of an artisan
-made her bosom swell with haughty emotion. She does not disguise that
-this feeling caused her to hail the revolution with greater transport.
-
-It is usual to accuse the lowly of envy, so to cast a slur over their
-motives when they espouse with enthusiasm the cause of freedom. In all
-societies there must be difference of position, arising from the
-distribution of property, and no passion is more mean than that which
-causes the poor to view with envy the luxuries and ease of the rich. But
-the disdain which springs from knowing that others assume superiority
-from mere adventitious circumstances--that there is an impassable
-barrier, on the outer side of which the ignobly born must remain, vainly
-desiring a career in which to distinguish themselves--is a noble
-feeling, and is implanted in the human heart as the source of the
-highest virtues. Human weakness mingled, probably, some-pettiness in the
-pride of the beautiful and studious bourgeoise, but she knew how to rise
-above it; and when she sealed her ambition with her blood, she proved
-that it was honourable, and that her desire of distinction was founded
-on a generous love of the good of her species.
-
-The only child of a prosperous artisan, it was supposed that she was an
-heiress: this idea, joined to her personal attractions, elicited
-numerous pretensions to her hand, and her indulgent parents conceded to
-her the privilege of replying to them. Her sensibility was great, and
-she looked on wedded life as the source of every felicity; but this very
-notion made her scrupulous in her choice. The young men of the quarter
-passed in review before her, and were, one after the other, rejected. A
-little hesitation ensued when a physician proposed--she hoped for more
-refinement and knowledge in one of the learned professions. In the end,
-he also was refused,--her heart continued untouched; she would have been
-glad if any one had appeared whom she could have looked upon as worthy
-of her; but, as this did not happen, she rejoiced to escape the proposed
-shackles, and turned to her peaceful studious home, the affection of her
-mother, and the attachment of her friends, with renewed delight. The
-account she gives of the many proposals she received, and the way in
-which they were finally dismissed, is one of the most amusing portions
-of her book, and affords a pleasant and vivid picture of the French
-system with regard to marriages.
-
-Her mother's health became enfeebled, and this excellent parent regarded
-her daughter's future prospects with anxiety. Phlipon had become
-careless in his business; his customers deserted him, his speculations
-failed; he grew fond of pleasure, and habits of industry were thrown
-aside. His wife was aware of the advances of poverty, and of the slight
-confidence she could place in her husband; she reasoned with her
-daughter, and tried to persuade her to accept the offer of a young
-jeweller, who had youth and good habits to recommend him; but Manon
-shrunk from uniting herself with one whom she could not regard as the
-sharer of her studies nor the guide of her conduct.
-
-Her mother died suddenly of paralysis. Madame Roland gives a vivid
-picture of the affliction she felt on this event, which conducted her to
-the brink of the grave. It was long before she could be roused from the
-intense grief that overwhelmed both mind and body. She became incapable
-of application, and struggled in vain to cast off the melancholy that
-made her a burden to herself and others. By degrees, her regrets grew
-less passionate and more tender. At this moment a friend, abbé Legrand,
-put the "Nouvelle Heloise" into her hands,--it succeeded in exciting her
-attention, and in calling her thoughts from her loss. "I was
-twenty-one," she says, "and Rousseau made the same impression on me then
-as Plutarch had done when I was eight. Plutarch had disposed me to
-republicanism,--he had awakened the energy and pride which are its
-characteristics; he inspired me with a true enthusiasm for public virtue
-and freedom. Rousseau showed me domestic happiness and the ineffable
-felicity I was capable of tasting." From this time, she returned to her
-quiet routine of life, her studies, and her habits of observation. "I
-was placed," she says, "in solitude, but on the borders of society, and
-could remark much without being intruded on." Several men of letters
-interested themselves in her, and delighted in her society. Finding that
-she was in the habit of writing her remarks, some among them
-prognosticated that she would become an author; but she had no
-inclination to seek publicity in that manner. "I soon saw," she says,
-"that an authoress loses more than she gains. My chief object was my own
-happiness, and I never knew the public interfere with that for any one
-without spoiling it. There is nothing more delightful than to be
-appreciated by those with whom one lives, and nothing so empty as the
-admiration of those whom we are never to meet." Other cares, however,
-intruded themselves; she saw that her father's fortune was wasting away,
-and anticipated ruin for him and poverty for herself. He was young--and
-dissipated, and might marry again. Meanwhile, he was never at home, and
-interfered in her life only to annoy her, without affording the paternal
-protection or domestic society that she needed. She felt that her
-situation grew precarious, and the energy of her character determined
-her to meet rather than await the evil. She secured to herself a scanty
-income of about 25_l_. a year from the wreck of her father's fortune,
-and retired on it to a convent. She rented a small room in the
-congregation, and established herself in her retreat, determined to
-limit her wants to her means. Her plan demanded unflinching resolution,
-and this she displayed. Her food was simple, and prepared by herself.
-She only went out to visit her relations, and cast a careful eye over
-her father's household. The rest of her time was spent in her little
-solitary chamber. She gave herself up to study, and fortified her heart
-against adversity; determined to deserve the happiness which fate denied
-her.
-
-She at this time by no means foresaw the course of life she was destined
-to pursue, although she was already acquainted with her future husband.
-M. Roland de la Platiere, belonged to a family of Lyons, distinguished
-in what the French call the robe; that is, by having filled with credit
-legal employments. As the youngest of five sons, he was destined for the
-ecclesiastical profession; to avoid which, he left the paternal roof at
-the age of nineteen, and, alone and almost penniless, traversed France
-to Nantes, with the intention of embarking for India. He was dissuaded
-by a stranger to whom he had applied for information with regard to his
-projected voyage, who interested himself in his fate, and saw that he
-was too weakly in health to encounter the hardships of emigration. He
-found employment in the administration of manufactures at Rouen and
-Amiens. He possessed great simplicity and integrity of character; he
-loved study, and applied himself sedulously to gathering knowledge with
-regard to the manufactories of which he had the superintendence. He
-wrote several works that treated of such subjects. He was a man
-generally esteemed for his sound plain sense; his austere and simple
-manners inspired confidence, though he was more respected than loved on
-account of a certain coldness of character that repelled. He was known
-to Sophie, Mlle. Phlipon's convent friend; he heard her speak of her
-correspondent with admiration, and often asked to be allowed to make
-acquaintance with her during his yearly visit to Paris. At length,
-Sophie gave him an introduction.
-[Sidenote: 1775.
-Ætat.
-23.]
-"This letter," she wrote, will be delivered to you by the philosopher I
-have often mentioned, M. Roland de la Platiere, an enlightened and
-excellent man, who can only be reproached for his great admiration of
-the ancients at the expense of the moderns, whom he despises, and his
-weakness in liking to talk too much about himself." Mlle. Phlipon liked
-him better than this sketch promised. His manners were a little cold and
-stiff; he was careless in dress, and no longer youthful either in years
-or appearance; but she discerned and appreciated his simplicity and
-benevolence of character. He took pleasure in the society of the serious
-and reflective recluse, and paid her long though not frequent visits.
-His age prevented any idea of impropriety on the score of his being an
-admirer, add to which her father, while he ran after pleasure himself,
-left his daughter to pursue her way without interference. Roland was
-about to make a tour in Italy. He chose his new friend as the depositary
-of his manuscripts, and, before he departed, introduced to her his
-brother, a benedictine, prior of the college of Clugny at Paris. Through
-the intervention of this brother she saw the letters and observations
-that Roland sent from Italy. On his return, they continued friends; his
-conversation was a great resource to her, while the habit he indulged of
-seeing her often, at last rendered her society necessary to him, and
-love--slow and chill, but of deep growth--arose in his heart. Five years
-after the commencement of their acquaintance he disclosed his
-sentiments. She was flattered by the proposal--his good birth during the
-old regime was a tangible good, to which she was by no means insensible,
-but her pride led her to represent to him that she was a bad match--her
-family ignoble, and she herself, instead of being an heiress, ruined
-through her father's imprudence. Roland persisted in his address, and
-she permitted him to apply to her only surviving parent, which he did by
-letter from Amiens. Phlipon did not like his austerity, and was not
-pleased by the tone of his letter; thinking only of his own feelings,
-and without consulting his daughter, he sent a rejection couched in rude
-and even impertinent terms.
-
-His daughter, when informed of what he had done, was a good deal
-shocked; for the last few months she had looked on Roland as her future
-husband, and attached herself to him. She wrote to him saying, that the
-event had justified her fears with regard to her father, and that he had
-better abandon his pursuit. At the same time she resolved to render
-herself independent--that if Roland persisted, he should not again be
-annoyed. It was on this occasion that she retired to a convent, and
-bound herself to subsist on the scanty income which was all that she
-possessed. At first Roland wrote to complain of her father's treatment,
-and though still expressing attachment, appeared to regard the paternal
-rejection as putting an end to his hopes. Six months afterwards he
-visited Paris; the sight of his friend at the convent grate renewed the
-feelings which absence and disappointment had blunted; he pressed his
-offer, and sent his brother, the benedictine, to persuade her. I
-reflected deeply," she writes, "on what I ought to do. I could not
-conceal from myself that a younger man would not have delayed, for
-several months, entreating me to change my resolution, and I confess
-that this circumstance had deprived my feelings of every illusion. I
-considered, on the other hand, that this deliberation was an assurance
-that I was appreciated; and that if he had overcome his pride, which
-shrunk from the disagreeable circumstances that accompanied his marrying
-me, I was the more secure of an esteem I could not fail to preserve. In
-short, if marriage was, as I thought, an austere union, an association
-in which the woman usually burdens herself with the happiness of two
-individuals, it were better that I should exert my abilities and my
-courage in so honourable a task, than in the solitude in which I lived."
-
-[Sidenote: 1780.
-Ætat.
-26.]
-
-With these feelings she married. Of a passionate and ardent disposition,
-she devoted herself to a life of self-control; and, resolved to find her
-happiness in the fulfilment of her duty, she delivered herself up with
-enthusiasm and without reserve to the task she undertook. She was her
-husband's friend, companion, amanuensis; fearful of the temptations of
-the world, she gave herself up to labour; she soon became absolutely
-necessary to him at every moment, and in all the incidents of his life;
-her servitude was thus sealed; now and then it caused a sigh; but the
-holy sense of duty reconciled her to every inconvenience.
-
-She visited Switzerland and England. In this country her husband's
-connection with the scientific world led her to the society she best
-liked. They then took up their abode at the family residence of Clos la
-Platière near Lyons, with her husband's mother and elder brother.
-Madame Roland had one child, a little girl;--to educate her; to render
-her husband happy; to spread the charm of peace and love around, and in
-the midst of this to cultivate in her own pure mind the most elevated as
-well as the gentle virtues; to be useful to their peasantry, and
-mitigate as well as she could the many hardships to which the poor in
-France were exposed;--this was the scope of her life, and the entire
-prospect spread out before her. Her husband had so little expectation of
-change, that he endeavoured to get his right to letters of nobility
-acknowledged, as, madame Roland observes, "who would not have done the
-same in those days?" The time was apparently far off when it could be of
-general good to reject the privileges of class; and these privileges
-were so great that the sphere of usefulness was considerably extended to
-any one who possessed them. Failing in this attempt, the republican pair
-sometimes deliberated emigrating to America, that they might there enjoy
-equal institutions, and the sight of public happiness and prosperity.
-The age of M. Roland was an insurmountable obstacle, however, to this
-plan.
-
-Her letters, during this period, afford a picture of her mind; showing
-her love of duty and of study; her enjoyment of the beauties of nature,
-and, above all, the warm affectionateness of her disposition, which made
-her supremely happy in the happiness of others, and caused her to share,
-with tender sympathy, all the joys or sorrows of those she loved. Her
-husband's relations were disagreeable, but she bore the interference
-that prevented her living exactly in the manner she preferred with an
-unruffled temper.
-[Sidenote: 1786.
-Ætat.
-32.]
-She tolerated every fault in others, and secluded herself to secure her
-liberty: she never repines. "Seated in my chimney corner," she writes to
-M. Bose, "at eleven before noon, after a peaceful night and my morning
-tasks--my husband at his desk, and my little girl knitting--I am
-conversing with the former, and overlooking the work of the latter;
-enjoying the happiness of being warmly sheltered in the bosom of my dear
-little family, and writing to a friend, while the snow is falling on so
-many poor wretches overwhelmed by sorrow and penury. I grieve over their
-fate, I repose on my own, and make no account of those family annoyances
-which appeared formerly to tarnish my felicity.--I am delighted at being
-restored to my accustomed way of existence." This country life was
-alternated by visits to Lyons, where Roland had employment, where she
-mingled in society; but the provincial tone that reigned was little
-consonant with her taste.
-
-The revolution came in the midst of this peaceful existence, to give new
-life and expression to opinions which she had hitherto considered as
-merely theoretical, and for which no scope for practice had been
-afforded in the state of society before that epoch. All at once, from
-out of ancient wrong and tyranny, from the midst of the great miseries
-and intolerable oppressions which her country groaned under, the spirit
-of justice, of redress, and of freedom, sprung up. It seemed, at first,
-to every strong and honest mind, that France would throw off outworn,
-yet still subsisting and oppressive, abuses, and grow wise, virtuous,
-and happy, under the fosterage of liberty and equality.
-
-How gladly her soul hailed these hopes! Soon she found that they were
-accompanied by fears, and that the popular party grew insolent and
-despotic in prosperity. "Is the question to be whether we have one
-tyrant or a hundred," she writes, and she became eager to ally herself
-to the liberal, but constitutional, party, by which freedom would be
-secured, without anarchy or public convulsion.
-
-[Sidenote: 1789.
-Ætat.
-35.]
-
-Almost immediately on the breaking out of the revolution, her husband
-was elected into the municipality of Lyons. His integrity and firmness,
-and his attachment to the popular party, of course excited many enemies;
-but he was immovable in his course, and denounced all the abuses which
-had multiplied in the administration of the finances of the city. It was
-discovered that Lyons had 40,000,000 of livres of debt; the
-manufactories, meanwhile, were suffering, during a period of popular
-ferment, and 20,000 workmen were thrown out of employ. It was necessary
-to represent these things to the national assembly, and to ask for aid.
-Roland was charged with this mission.
-
-[Sidenote: 1791.
-Ætat.
-37.]
-
-Madame Roland had not visited Paris for five years. She was familiar
-with the names of the heads of the various parties, and a commerce of
-letters and civilities had had place between her husband and Brissot,
-chief of the girondists. He visited them, and her house became the
-rendezvous of his party. Her talents, beauty, and enthusiasm, produced
-an effect of which she was scarcely aware herself, and which the party
-itself rather felt than acknowledged. "Roland," writes Thiers, in his
-"History of the French Revolution," "was known for his clever writings
-on manufactures and mechanics. This man, of austere life, inflexible
-principles, and cold repulsive manners, yielded, without being aware, to
-the superior ascendancy of his wife. Madame Roland was young and
-beautiful. Nourished in seclusion by philosophical and republican
-sentiments, she had conceived ideas superior to her sex, and had erected
-a strict religion from the then reigning opinions. Living in intimate
-friendship with her husband, she wrote for him, communicated her
-vivacity and ardour, not only to him but to all the girondists, who,
-enthusiastic in the cause of liberty and philosophy, adored beauty, and
-talent, and their own opinions, in her." She, meanwhile, did all she
-could to render her influence covert. She might converse with energy and
-freedom with the different members of the party during their chance
-visits; but when they assembled in her house to discuss present
-proceedings and future prospects, she was present, but maintained
-silence. Apart from the deliberators, occupied by needlework, or writing
-letters, she listened, nor interfered till, the conference breaking up,
-she could in privacy, and without ostentation, express her sentiments to
-them individually. This reserve caused all her friends to speak of her
-with respect, and yet to discuss their opinions eagerly with her. She
-had the fault, in which those who are wedded to opinions are apt to
-indulge, of preferring the men who agreed with her, who hated royalty
-and courts, and aimed at equality and republicanism, to those of
-superior endowments and virtues, but who differed from her. Discontented
-at the same time with the talents of the former, she found most of the
-men thus collected about her far below the estimate she had formed at a
-distance: they talked at random; they had no fixed plan; theoretical
-rather than practical, they could make paper constitutions, but knew
-little how to deal with their fellow men during the clash of interests,
-and the tempest of revolutionary passions. She had none of the vanity
-that seeks to shine in conversation, and grew impatient when witty
-sallies and argumentative discussions, instead of serious resolves and
-heroic acts, occupied her friends.
-
-Roland's mission retained them at Paris for seven months. They were
-months crowded with events pregnant with the fate of France. Madame
-Roland, in her letters to her friend, Henri Brancal, then in London,
-paints the various events, and the sentiments they inspired. She was a
-warm partisan of liberty and equality, and mourned over the lukewarmness
-of the national assembly on these great questions; or, rather, the
-number of the moderate party who wished to assimilate the government of
-France to the English constitution. To prevent the extension of these
-views, the jacobins agitated and excited the people. Madame Roland at
-first approved their measures: she saw no safety for the newly acquired
-freedom of her country, except in the enthusiasm by which it was
-defended by the many. She had to learn, through tragical experience, how
-much more difficult it is to restrain than to excite the French. Her
-letters breathe impatience and disapprobation with regard to the actual
-state of things. "Represent to yourself," she writes, "a number of good
-citizens carrying on a perpetual, active, painful, and often fruitless
-struggle with the mass of the ambitious, the discontented, and the
-ignorant." The flight of the king filled her with alarm, mingled with
-enthusiasm, as she saw danger approach herself and her friends; danger
-to proceed from the triumph of despotism--she could not then imagine
-that any would arise from freedom. "While we were at peace," she writes,
-"I kept in the back ground, and exercised only the sort of influence
-suited to my sex; but, when the departure of the king declared war, it
-appeared to me that every one ought to devote himself without reserve. I
-caused myself to be received in fraternal associations, persuaded that
-the zeal and intelligence of any member of society must be useful in
-critical moments." The arrest and return of the king and his family
-kindled a thousand hopes. "It would be a folly, an absurdity, almost a
-horror," she writes, "to replace the king on the throne. To bring Louis
-XVI. to trial would doubtless be the greatest and most just of measures;
-but we are incapable of adopting it." Little did she anticipate the
-progress of events.
-
-Meanwhile the project of her party was to suspend the king from
-exercising the royal functions. It must be remembered that we, from a
-distance, judge Louis from facts, as history records them: then, when
-events were passing, no one could fairly judge the other; and while the
-French expected invasion, and saw in the flight of their king the
-infraction of the oath he had taken to maintain the constitution, those
-attached to it regarded him as a traitor. Madame Roland sided with those
-who regarded his dethronement as the safety of France, and the erection
-of a republic as the promise of its welfare. She thought that both were
-imminent. "I have seen," she writes, "the flame of liberty lit up in my
-country; it cannot be quenched, and late events have served as fuel;
-knowledge and reason are united to instinct to maintain and augment it;
-it must devour the last remains of despotism, and subvert thrones. I
-shall die when nature pleases, and my last sigh will be a breathing of
-joy and hope for the generations to come." The tumults, however, that
-succeeded seemed to crush these hopes. Brissot fell into disrepute:
-there was an endeavour to crush the republican party, which, in the
-moment of danger, had been willing to ally itself to the most violent
-jacobins. In the midst of this agitation and tumult the mission of
-Roland came to a close, and he prepared to leave Paris. The elections
-were about to commence, and he was candidate for Lyons, but was not
-elected. The autumn, therefore, was spent in the country. Madame Roland
-was evidently dispirited by the obscurity of her life and absence from
-the scene of action. "I see with regret," she writes, "that my husband
-is cast back on silence and obscurity. He is habituated to public life:
-it is more necessary to him than he is himself aware; his energy and
-activity injure his health when not exercised according to his
-inclinations: in addition, I had hoped for great advantages for my child
-in a residence at Paris. Occupied there by her education, I should have
-excited and developed some sort of talent. The recluse life I must lead
-here makes me tremble for her. From the moment that my husband has no
-occupation but his desk, I must remain near to amuse him, and diversify
-his daily labours, according to a duty and a habit which may not be
-eluded. This existence is in exact contradiction to that suitable to a
-child of ten years of age. My heart is saddened by this opposition of
-duties, already too deeply felt. I find myself fallen into the nullity
-of a provincial life, where no exterior circumstances supply that which
-I cannot do myself, and a dark veil falls over the future. If I believed
-that my husband were satisfied, it would be otherwise; hope would
-embellish the prospect. However, our destiny is fixed, and I must try to
-render it as happy as I can."
-
-The discontent of madame Roland was natural to her ardent disposition.
-She desired to be great, not for the sake of riches, or even power; but
-to have scope afforded her to exercise those virtues which, nourished in
-solitude, and excited by important events, inflamed her heart to
-enthusiasm. She wished to be great as her favourites in Plutarch were
-great: she did not look forward to actual peril, but to a life of
-activity and usefulness on a grand scale, and to be numbered among those
-whose names were to be recorded in future history as the parents of the
-liberty of her country.
-
-[Sidenote: 1792.
-Ætat.
-38.]
-
-In the December of the same year they returned to Paris, and in the
-following March, a new ministry being formed from the girondist party,
-Roland was named minister for the interior. It was a post of honour, but
-heavily burdened with responsibility. Dumouriez, then fluctuating,
-attracted by a court that flattered, yet desirous of conciliating his
-own party, was minister for foreign affairs. At first Roland felt
-assured of the good dispositions of the king towards the new state of
-things. "I could not believe," writes his wife, "in the constitutional
-vocation of a monarch born under a despotism, brought up for it, and
-accustomed to exercise it; and I never saw my husband leave me to attend
-council, full of reliance on the good intentions of the king, but I
-exclaimed, in my heart, 'What new folly will now be committed!'" She
-goes on pleasantly to relate the surprise excited at court, when Roland
-appeared in his quaker-like costume, his round hat, and his shoes tied
-with riband. The master of the ceremonies pointed him out to Dumouriez,
-with an angry and agitated mien, exclaiming--"Ah! sir,--no buckles to
-his shoes!" "Ah! sir," replied Dumouriez, with mock solemnity, "all is
-lost!"
-
-We have no space for the details of Roland's ministry, nor the events
-then passing. The king had undertaken the difficult game of satisfying
-his enemies by slight concessions and apparent good humour; but he
-refused to sanction a severe decree against the clergy, which their
-inveterate opposition to the party in power rendered necessary in the
-eyes of the lovers of liberty; and another to establish a camp of 20,000
-volunteers to protect the assembly and the capital, during a grand
-federative assembly to be held during the summer. It was projected to
-address a letter to the king, on this refusal, in the name of all the
-ministers: but they declined presenting it. Madame Roland insisted that
-her husband should singly remonstrate with the monarch, and he resolved
-on so doing. She wrote the letter. It was one calculated to irritate
-rather than to persuade Louis; but she liked bold measures, and Roland,
-once persuaded, was obstinate. The girondists wished, in fact, to bring
-the king to an explanation, and preferred a rupture to uncertainty. Some
-obstacles arising to Roland's reading his letter to the king, he sent it
-to him; but this was not enough; and he took a speedy occasion to read
-it aloud in full council, and to force the king to hear the rebukes and
-remonstrances it contained. Louis listened with admirable patience, and,
-on retiring, said he would make known his intentions. On the following
-day, Roland and two of his more zealous colleagues were dismissed, while
-Dumouriez took on himself to reform the ministry.
-
-It was certainly a bold, and, if not beneficial, a presumptuous act in a
-woman thus to put herself forward during these political agitations.
-Madame Roland hated monarchical institutions, and her desire to subvert
-them in her own country partook of the vehemence with which women too
-usually follow up their ideas. She had always been accustomed to copy
-and arrange her husband's writings. At first she did this servilely: by
-degrees she emancipated herself from the task of being a mere copyist.
-The pair were agreed in views, opinions, and plans of action. There was
-a driness and hardness in Roland's writings that did not please her more
-demonstrative nature. When he became minister, they conferred together
-as to the spirit of any proposed writing, and then she, who could better
-command leisure, took up the pen. "I could not express any thing," she
-writes, "that regarded reason or justice, which he was not capable of
-realising or maintaining by his character and conduct; while I expressed
-better than he could whatever he had done or promised to do. Without my
-intervention Roland had been an equally good agent: his activity and
-knowledge, as well as his probity, were all his own; but he produced a
-greater sensation through me, since I put into his writings that mixture
-of energy and gentleness, of authority and persuasion, which is peculiar
-to a woman of a warm heart and a clear head. I wrote with delight such
-pieces as I thought would be useful, and I took greater pleasure in them
-than I should have done had I been their acknowledged author."
-
-Of the letter itself, we may say that it is eloquent, but very ill
-judged, if it was meant to conciliate the king; but it was not. It was
-written in a spirit of contempt for Louis's conduct; of menace, if he
-did not pass the decrees; and of sturdy independence and republicanism
-as far as regarded the minister himself. It naturally alienated the
-monarch; but Roland and his wife were too enthusiastically attached to
-the cause of liberty and equality, not to glory in expressing their
-sentiments openly and boldly at the foot of the throne, even at the
-expense of loss of office. On this event they secluded themselves in
-private life, living in an obscure and modest abode in Rue St. Jaques.
-They mingled in no intrigues, while they deplored the misfortunes of
-their country, being persuaded that the king and his friends were about
-to call in foreign troops to destroy its new-born liberty.
-
-After the events of the 10th of August, Roland was recalled to the
-ministry. He and his wife, both hating monarchy, could not understand
-why the ruins of it in France should not at once be cast aside, and a
-republic erected on the vacant space. Hitherto they had feared
-monarchical reaction; add to which many of the tumults in the preceding
-months had been fomented by the court party under the idea that popular
-outrage would cause a return to loyal feeling among the moderate party.
-The fear of the success of the court had made them, together with
-Barbaroux and Servan, consult how far it would be possible to found a
-republic in the south of France, if monarchy triumphed in the north.
-There was no fear of this now: Louis XVI. was dethroned and imprisoned;
-and the lovers of their country witnessed a more frightful scene than
-any that had yet stained its annals, when the more violent jacobins, who
-went by the name of the Mountain, excited the people to fury, so to
-maintain their own power. Marat, Robespierre, and Danton were beginning
-their reign of terror.
-
-At the beginning of September, during the massacres in the prisons,
-madame Roland wrote to Brancal, "We are under the knife of Robespierre
-and Marat, These men agitate the people, and endeavour to turn them
-against the national assembly and the council: they have a little army,
-which they pay with money stolen from the Tuileries, or which is given
-them by Danton, who, underhand, is the chief. Would you believe that
-they meditated the arrest of Brissot and Roland? Had the arrest been
-executed, these two excellent citizens had been taken to the abbey and
-massacred with the rest. We are not yet secure; and, if the departments
-do not send a guard for the assembly and the council, both will be
-lost." Again she wrote, "My friend, Danton leads all; Robespierre is his
-puppet; Marat holds his torch and dagger: this ferocious tribune reigns,
-and we are his slaves until the moment when we shall become his victims.
-If you only knew the frightful details of what is going on. You are
-aware of my enthusiasm for the revolution; well, I am ashamed of it: it
-is deformed by monsters, and become hideous. "What may happen within a
-week? it is degrading to remain, but we are not allowed to quit Paris:
-they shut us in to murder us when occasion serves." From this moment
-madame Roland struggled unflinchingly to overthrow the power of the
-jacobins. Her ill success conducted her to the scaffold.
-
-The moderation and opposition of the girondists rendered them hateful to
-the mountain, and every endeavour was made to excite the Parisians
-against them. They cast on Roland the stigma of being governed by his
-wife. When it was proposed in the national assembly to invite him to
-resume the ministry, Garat said, "We had better invite madame; she is
-the real minister." They accused her of using every feminine art to
-secure partisans. These were the mere calumnies of the day, powerful for
-her ruin, but not tarnishing her after-glory. Every impartial pen
-describes her as carrying her simplicity and grace into her political
-enthusiasm, and charming even those whom she did not convince.
-
-Le Montey writes of her--"I met madame Roland several times in former
-days: her eyes, her figure, and hair were of remarkable beauty; her
-delicate complexion had a freshness and colour which, joined to her
-reserved yet ingenuous appearance, imparted a singular air of youth. She
-spoke, too, well, yet there was no affectation in what she said; it was
-merely nature carried to a great degree of perfection. Wit, good sense,
-propriety of expression, keen reasoning, naïve grace, all flowed
-without effort from her roseate lips. I saw madame Roland once again at
-the commencement of her husband's first ministry. She had lost nothing
-of her air of freshness, youth, and simplicity: her husband resembled a
-quaker, and she looked like his daughter. Her child flitted about her
-with ringlets reaching to her waist. Madame Roland spoke of public
-affairs only, and I perceived that my moderation inspired pity. Her mind
-was highly excited, but her heart remained gentle and inoffensive.
-Although the monarchy was not yet overthrown, she did not conceal that
-symptoms of anarchy began to appear, and she declared herself ready to
-resist them to the death. I remember the calm and resolute tone in which
-she declared that she was ready, if need were, to place her head on the
-block. I confess that the image of that charming head delivered over to
-the axe of the executioner made an ineffaceable impression--for party
-excesses had not yet accustomed us to such frightful ideas. Thus, in the
-sequel, the prodigious firmness of madame Roland and her heroic death
-did not surprise me. All was in harmony, nor was there any affectation
-in this celebrated woman: she had not only the strongest but the truest
-mind of our revolution."
-
-Dumont writes of her--"Madame Roland had every personal attraction,
-joined to excellence of character and understanding. I saw many
-assemblies of ministers, and the principal girondists, held at her
-house. A woman seemed somewhat out of place among them; but she did not
-mingle in the discussions: she usually sat at her desk, writing letters,
-and appeared to be occupied by other things, while she did not lose a
-word. Her modest style of dress did not lessen her attractions, and,
-though her occupations were those of a man, she was really adorned by
-all the grace and exterior accomplishments of her sex. I reproach myself
-now that I did not perceive then the full extent of her merit; but I was
-rather prejudiced against female politicians; and I found in her a too
-great tendency to mistrust, which springs from want of knowledge of the
-world."
-
-The influence of earnestness, sincerity, and clear views were great over
-her husband and his party. If she had, from a rooted disapprobation of
-royalty, urged him to any extremities with Louis, not less did she abhor
-anarchy, and fearlessly incite him to oppose it.
-
-During the frightful massacres of the 2d and 3d of September Roland
-displayed an energy and heroism worthy of the woman who was said to be
-the soul of his counsels. On the 3d, while terror still reigned, he
-wrote to the mayor, Petion, who was in ignorance of the atrocities that
-were going on, and to Santerre, who remained in ignominious inaction,
-pressing them earnestly to come forward. He addressed a letter also to
-the assembly, in which he fearlessly denounced the crimes of the people;
-offering his own head as the sacrifice, but calling on the authorities
-to suppress the massacres. The assembly applauded the letter; while
-Marat and his partisans denounced him as a traitor, and issued an arrest
-against him. Danton, whose views were more systematic, intervened, and
-prevented an act which at that time had injured the jacobins more than
-the party against whom it was directed.
-
-Roland was not awed by the danger he incurred. When, on the 23d of
-September, he gave in a report on the state of the capital and of
-France, he described the disorders of Paris with energy, and insisted on
-their causes, and the means of preventing a recurrence of them. His
-character gained with his own party, and still more with posterity, by
-this unflinching and persevering struggle with the jacobins; but he was
-not seconded by men of sufficient vigour, and, wearied at length by an
-anarchy so opposed to his probity and inflexible love of order, he
-offered his resignation. The girondists, in reply, proposed that the
-assembly should invite him to remain in office, while the mountain, of
-whom Danton was the mouthpiece, complained of his feebleness and of his
-being governed by his wife. His letter of the 3d of September was cited
-as sufficient exculpation from the charge of weakness. The assembly,
-without expressing an opinion, passed to the order of the day. The
-girondists, and every worthy member, entreated Roland to remain in the
-ministry; and he wrote to the assembly--"Since I am calumniated, since I
-am threatened by dangers, and since the convention appear to desire it,
-I remain. It is too glorious," he continued, alluding to his wife, "that
-my alliance with courage and virtue is the only reproach made
-against me."
-
-These accusations against madame Roland, and the hatred borne her by the
-mountain, were increased by the influence she continued to exercise.
-Society, such as the Parisians had once gloried in--assemblies of the
-wise, the witty, and the fair--were at an end. The drawing-room of
-madame Roland was the only one in which elegance, and sense, and good
-breeding reigned. Barbaroux, named, from his beauty, the Antinöus of
-France, Louvet, Guadet, and others, met there, and added to the elegance
-of the coteries of past times, the serious and deeper spirit of the
-present hour. Too soon they were swept away by the torrent of the
-revolution.
-
-On the 24th of October Roland again came forward with a report on the
-state of the capital, which was written with dignity, but with a strict
-adherence to truth: he described with energy, and strongly reprobated,
-the crimes committed on the 2d September. He cast the accusation of
-sanguinary outrage on a few; but he blamed the many for their culpable
-weakness in permitting such crimes. Robespierre rose to answer him; but
-his known complicity with the Septembriseurs excited abhorrence and
-confusion in the chamber. It was on this occasion when Robespierre,
-relying on the terror felt by his enemies, defied them to accuse him,
-that Louvet crossed the chamber to the tribune and exclaimed with
-energy--"Yes; I accuse you!" The rest of the girondists supported him.
-The speech that followed this denunciation was full of energy, daring
-truths, and resolute measures. Had they been followed up on the instant,
-France had been spared the reign of terror. Robespierre, confused,
-overwhelmed, ghastly with terror, could only ask a delay to prepare his
-defence. A disinterested but mistaken love of order and justice caused
-his adversaries to assent to his request.
-
-Marat had also been attacked by Louvet; Danton was enveloped more
-remotely in the accusation; and these men, together with Robespierre,
-saw safety only in the extirpation of the girondists. They spared no
-pains to calumniate the party, and madame Roland shared in the odium
-they cast upon her husband. They were accused of forming a society for
-the purpose of corrupting the public mind, and of conspiring to separate
-France, founded on the idea already mentioned, of establishing a
-republic in the south, if the king should subjugate the north. Vague
-charges were magnified into crimes, and punished by death, when the
-people were above law, and anarchy prevailed.
-
-[Sidenote: 1793.
-Ætat.
-39.]
-
-Roland continued to struggle with the mountain party which each day
-gained ascendency. The execution of Louis XVI. showed him that these
-struggles were vain. He looked on the death of the monarch as a signal
-for a course of sanguinary measures which he had no power to avert.
-Roland had hitherto resolved to resist the men who steeped their country
-in blood and crime; but he was now discouraged, not by the dangers which
-he felt gather round himself, but by the impossibility of stemming the
-tide of evil, and he sent in his resignation on the 23d of January. The
-moderate party in the convention dared not utter a remonstrance, so
-completely were they under the domination of the mountain. Roland
-published his accounts, which exonerated him from the calumnies cast
-upon him, but his enemies refused to sanction them by a report. He made
-no other effort, but remained in seclusion, seeing only his intimate
-friends, the girondists, and often discussing with them the possibility
-of awing the capital through the influence of the southern departments.
-Meanwhile the advance of the foreign armies plunged the nation in
-terror, and induced it to place yet more entire confidence in the
-demagogues who promised victory at the cost of the lives of all the
-citizens who opposed them. The struggle between the girondists and
-mountain party thus continued for several months, till the latter
-completely triumphed, and passed a decree of arrest against twenty-two
-of the opposite party. Some among them surrendered, to display their
-obedience to the law. Others fled, for the purpose of exciting the
-departments to resist the tyrants of the capital.
-
-For some time madame Roland had expected arrest and imprisonment. She
-had feared the entry of the mob into her house, and had slept with a
-pistol under her pillow, that, if laid hands on by ruffians, she might
-deliver herself by death from outrage. Latterly, finding her husband and
-herself quite powerless for good, she had made preparations for
-returning to the country, whither strong personal motives caused her to
-wish to retire; she was delayed by illness, and before she recovered
-strength, danger thickened. When the men came, on the 31st of May, to
-execute the order of arrest on Roland, she resolved to announce this
-circumstance, and his refusal to obey the order, herself, to the
-convention. She hurried alone, and veiled, to execute her purpose. Her
-entrance was opposed by the sentinels--she persisted, and sent in a
-letter she had prepared, for the president, soliciting to be heard. The
-disturbance that reigned in the assembly, and want of resolution on the
-part of her friends who still sat there, prevented its being read. She
-waited some time; penetrated by indignation, by compassion for her
-country, while all she loved were exposed to peril, she was far above
-personal fear; and earnestly desired to be permitted to speak, feeling
-that she should command attention. Failing in her attempt, she returned
-home. Roland was absent--he had already taken measures for flight--she
-sought and found him, related her ill success, and again returned to the
-assembly. It was now ten at night. When she arrived at the Place du
-Carrousel, she saw an armed force around; cannon were placed before the
-gate of the national palace; the assembly itself was no longer sitting.
-
-She returned home. Roland was safe--she resolved to remain and await the
-event, indifferent to her own fate. Since the resignation of Roland she
-had lived in great retirement. There is a belief, more a tradition than
-an asserted fact, that this noble-hearted woman, whose soul was devoted
-to the fulfilment of her duties, to whom life was matter of indifference
-compared to her affections and her sense of virtue, had felt for the
-first time, now in mature life, the agitations and misery of passion. It
-is supposed that Barbaroux, deputy from the commune of Marseilles, was
-the object of her attachment,--Barbaroux, who was called. Antinöus from
-his beauty: he was full of courage, ardour, and those republican dreams
-so dear to madame Roland. In her portraits of various chiefs of the
-revolution, she says of him that he was active, laborious, frank, and
-brave, with all the vivacity of a Marsellais: full of attachment to
-freedom, and proud of the revolution, he was one of those whom an
-enlightened party would wish to attach, and who would have enjoyed great
-reputation in a republic. She adds that when Roland resigned they saw
-more of him: his open character and ardent patriotism inspired them with
-confidence. No word she writes shows that he was regarded by her in any
-light except that of her friend; but, in other portions of her memoirs,
-she alludes darkly to the struggles of love; and it is evident that her
-project of retiring into the country originated in her resolution to
-conquer her own heart. And now this passion was there, with its
-hopelessness and misery, to elevate her far above fear of prison or
-death.
-
-Emissaries came to inquire vainly for Roland. Disappointed in their
-purpose they left a sentinel at her door. She at last retired to rest;
-but, after an hour's sleep, she was awakened by her servant who
-announced that the officers of the section demanded to see her. She
-guessed at once their errand, nor was she deceived. For a moment she
-deliberated whether she should resist an arrest, which, as being made in
-the night, was illegal. But she saw that would be useless. Seals were
-put on her effects: the house was filled by above 100 men. At seven
-o'clock she left her home, amidst the tears and cries of her child and
-servants. Outside she was hailed by the sanguinary cries of the mob. "Do
-you wish the windows to be closed," said one of the men seated beside
-her in the carriage. "No, gentlemen," she replied; "innocence, however
-oppressed, will never assume the appearance of guilt. I fear the eyes of
-no one, and will not hide myself." "You have more firmness than most
-men," replied her guard.
-
-Shut up in the prison of the abbey, she delayed only till the next day
-to arrange her room, and make plans for her prison life. She asked for
-books--Plutarch's Lives, Thomson's Seasons, in French, and a few English
-books, were those she chose. She turned her mind from her sorrows, to
-occupy herself by her mode of life and duties. She resolved to limit her
-wants to mere necessities. A whim seized her to try on how little she
-could subsist. She retrenched the number of her meals, and gave up
-coffee, and chocolate, and wine: the money she saved by these privations
-she distributed among the poorer prisoners.
-
-At first, at the instigation of friends, she addressed letters to the
-convention, and to the ministers, appealing against her imprisonment:
-they met with no notice. She then occupied herself by drawing up notes
-concerning the revolution, her views and conduct, and the characters of
-the chiefs--wishing to leave behind a full exculpation of her opinions
-and actions.
-
-On the 24th of June she was exposed to a most cruel deception. She was
-told that she was free--she left the abbey--but, on alighting at her
-home, she was again arrested, and carried to the prison of St. Pélagie.
-The change was greatly for the worse; the prisoners were of the lowest
-and most infamous class of both sexes. She roused her courage to meet
-this fresh indignity, for she felt keenly the insolent play exercised on
-her feelings. Some hours' reflection restored calm to her firm soul. She
-resolved again to cheat time and anxiety by occupation. "Had I not my
-books and leisure?" she writes: "was I no longer myself? I was almost
-angry at having felt disturbed; and thought only of making use of life,
-and employing my faculties with that independence which a strong mind
-preserves even in chains, and which disappoints one's most cruel
-enemies." "Firmness," she continues, "does not only consist in rising
-above circumstances by an effort of will, but by maintaining the tone of
-mind by regulations that govern it." And thus, in the midst of terror
-and death, she schooled herself to fortitude and peace. She portioned
-out her days in various studies. She never left her cell, for her
-immediate neighbours were women of that class which is lost to decency
-and shame; she could not shut her ears to the conversation they held
-from their windows with the men in the opposite cells. After a time this
-shocking state of things was altered. The wife of the goaler,
-compassionating her situation, gave her another room above her own; and
-she was thus delivered from her unhappy neighbours, the sight of
-turnkeys, and the depressing routine of prison rules. Madame Bouchaud
-waited on her herself, and surrounded her with all that could soften
-imprisonment. Jasmine was trailed round the bars of her window; she had
-a piano in her room, and every comfort that the narrow space would
-admit. She could almost forget her captivity, and began to indulge hope.
-Roland was in a place of safety; her daughter under safe guardianship;
-her fugitive friends were at Caen, assembling partisans, and she fancied
-that political events were tending towards amelioration. Resigned for
-the present, she was almost happy. She saw a few friends; Bose brought
-her flowers from the Jardin des Plantes; and her occupations filled up
-the intervals of the day.
-
-Seeing no speedy termination to her imprisonment, it became eligible to
-choose an occupation that would carry her forward from day to day,
-imparting interest to their course. She began her own memoirs; at first
-she almost forgot sorrow as she wrote; but the horrors that were
-happening, the massacres, guillotinings, and sufferings of her country
-grew thick and dark around, and often she interrupted herself, in
-pictures of domestic peace, to lament the fate of lost friends, and the
-ghastly ruin that overwhelmed all France. Nor could she always keep calm
-the tenour of her personal cares and feelings. Separated from her child
-and all she loved best, hearing only of distress and tyranny, she was
-sometimes overpowered by grief. In spite of the kindness of the gaoler
-and his wife, she saw and heard too much of vice and misery, such as is
-ever found within a prison, more especially at a period when so many
-innocent were victims, not to be frequently dispirited. The brutality of
-a prison visitor in authority disturbed the little peace she had
-acquired. He saw with anger the comforts of her room; and, saying that
-equality must be maintained, ordered that she should be transferred to a
-cell. A hard lesson on equality was this to the republican heroine;
-equality between the guilty and the innocent, which mingled in revolting
-association the victim of injustice with the votaries of vice.
-
-The reign of terror had begun. A decree was passed to bring the
-twenty-two accused deputies to trial. Her prison became filled with her
-friends, and, as one after the other they were led to the guillotine,
-they were replaced by fresh victims. She made some struggles, by letters
-to men in power, to be liberated, since, as yet, she was accused of no
-crime: these failing, she meditated suicide. At the beginning of October
-she writes, in the journal of her last thoughts, "Two months ago I
-aspired to the honour of ascending the scaffold. Victims were still
-allowed to speak, and the energy of great courage might have been of
-service to truth. Now all is lost: to live is basely to submit to a
-ferocious rule, and to give it the opportunity of committing fresh
-atrocities." She bade adieu to her husband, her child, her faithful
-servant, her friends; to the sun, to the solitary country where she had
-lived in peace, to hours of meditation and serene thoughts; and she
-exclaims, "God! supreme being! soul of the world! source of all I feel
-of great, good, and happy! thou in whose existence I believe, for I must
-have emanated from something better than what I see, I am about to
-re-unite myself to thy essence." With these thoughts she wrote
-directions for the education of her Eudora, and a letter, in which she
-bids her child "remember her mother."
-
-The act of accusation against the chief girondists, among whom she was
-included, and her expected examination before the revolutionary
-tribunal, caused her to dismiss this purpose: she hoped to do some good
-by speaking the truth courageously to her assassins. One after the
-other, her friends underwent the mockery of a trial, while her turn was
-delayed from day to day. The tenderness, the greatness of her mind
-displayed itself in the most touching manner during this suspense. She
-wrote to her friends, but her thoughts chiefly lingered round her child;
-and again she wrote to] the person who had the charge of her in few, and
-simple, but strong words, conceived in all the energy of maternal love.
-
-On the 31st of October, the day of the execution of her revered friend
-Brissot, she was transferred to the _conciergerie_, and placed in a
-squalid cell amidst all the filth of a crowded prison. Her examination
-took place on the following day, and continued for several days after.
-Her crime was her intercourse with her friends, the deputies of the
-gironde, now proscribed. She was scarcely permitted to answer, but her
-courage enforced attention. She was bid choose an advocate for her
-trial: she named Marceau, and retired with serene and even cheerful
-dignity, saying to her accusers, "I wish, in return for all the ill you
-bring on me, peace equal to that which I preserve, whatever may be the
-value attached to it."
-
-The following night she occupied herself by writing her defence. It is
-eloquent and full of feeling, and concludes by a wish that she may be
-the last victim immolated to party frenzy, and a declaration that she
-shall joyfully quit an unhappy land drowned in the blood of the just.
-
-This defence was not spoken. After her examination some witnesses were
-examined; the act of accusation was drawn up, and judgment delivered,
-which pronounced that "There existed a horrible conspiracy against the
-unity and indivisibility of the republic, the liberty and safety of the
-French people; that madame Roland was proved to have been an accomplice
-in this conspiracy, and was therefore condemned to death; and that the
-judgment was to be put in execution within twenty-four hours."
-
-During the few eventful and miserable days which this courageous woman
-passed in the _conciergerie_, she often forgot herself in endeavours to
-console her companions in adversity. Riouffe, in his "Mémoires d'un
-Détenu," who was confined in the same prison, writes, "The blood of the
-twenty-two victims was yet warm when madame Roland arrived at the
-_conciergerie._ Perfectly aware of the fate that awaited her, her
-tranquillity was not disturbed. Though past the bloom of life, she was
-yet full of attractions: tall, and of an elegant figure, her physiognomy
-was animated; but sorrow and long imprisonment had left traces of
-melancholy in her face that tempered her natural vivacity. Something
-more than is usually found in the eyes of woman beamed in her large dark
-eyes, full of sweetness and expression. She often spoke to me at the
-grate with the freedom and courage of a great man. This republican
-language falling from the lips of a pretty French woman, for whom the
-scaffold was prepared, was a miracle of the revolution. We gathered
-attentively round her in a species of admiration and stupor. Her
-conversation was serious without being cold. She spoke with a purity, a
-melody, and a measure, which rendered her language a sort of music, of
-which the ear was never tired. She spoke of the deputies, who had just
-perished, with respect, but without effeminate pity; reproaching them,
-even, for not having taken sufficiently strong measures. Sometimes her
-sex had the mastery, and we perceived that she had wept over the
-recollection of her daughter and her husband. The woman who waited on
-her said to me one day--'Before you she calls up all her courage; but in
-her room she remains sometimes for hours together leaning against the
-window, weeping.'"
-
-On the 10th of November she was led to die. She went to the scaffold
-dressed in white. As she went, she exerted herself to inspire another
-victim who accompanied her, whose fortitude failed him, with resolution
-similar to her own. Twice, it is said, she won him to smile. Arriving at
-the place of execution, she bowed before the statue of Liberty, saying,
-"Oh, Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!" She then bade
-her companion ascend first, that he might not have the pain of seeing
-her die. Her turn followed; and to the last she preserved her courage,
-and her calm and gentle dignity of manner.
-
-She perished at the age of thirty-nine. Her death crowned her life, and
-has bequeathed her name to an illustrious immortality.
-
-Her husband was in safety at Rouen when he heard of her death. He
-resolved not to survive her. He consulted with his friends whether he
-should deliver himself up to the revolutionary tribunal, or destroy
-himself. The interests of his child made him determine on the latter, as
-his legalised execution would have caused his fortune to be confiscated.
-He left the house where he had taken refuge, to prevent the friends who
-sheltered him from suffering persecution. He stabbed himself with the
-blade of a sword-stick, on the 15th of November, on a high road near
-Rouen. In his pocket was found a paper, declaring the cause of his
-death. "The blood that flows in torrents in my country," he wrote,
-"dictates my resolve: indignation caused me to quit my retreat. As soon
-as I heard of the murder of my wife, I determined no longer to remain on
-an earth tainted by crime."
-
-The grandeur, courage, and sincerity of madame Roland's character fill
-us with admiration; her sweetness, and tenderness, and virtue add charms
-to the impression. How easy it is in all that is human to spy defects!
-Her autobiography is full of traits that betray considerable vanity; and
-her husband, it is said, would have been spared much ridicule had she
-not put herself so forward during his ministry. It does not appear,
-however, that Roland wished to be spared his share of the ridicule which
-low-minded men delight in affixing on superior beings of the other sex.
-We entertain a conviction that, if her husband had wished her to mingle
-less in his deliberations and labours, she would at once have yielded;
-but her enthusiasm and her aid was in his eyes the reward of his upright
-and manly conduct, and he gave token by his death that life was
-valueless when he was deprived of her sympathy and affection.
-
-
-
-
-MADAME DE STAËL
-
-1766-1817.
-
-
-According to the custom of the people of Geneva, which is to throw their
-children on their own resources very early in life, the parents of
-Necker sent him to Paris at the age of fifteen, as clerk in the
-banking-house of Vernet. He quickly displayed talents for business, and,
-becoming a partner in the house of Thellusson, laid the foundation of his
-fortune. He quitted the bank, as better speculations opened, when he was
-named resident for the republic of Geneva at the French court. The duke
-de Choiseul liked and advanced him. He named him administrator of the
-French East Indian company; and at this post, and by speculations in the
-English funds, he made a large private fortune.
-
-His early years were devoted to these pursuits, and he was so absorbed
-by them that he enjoyed few of the pleasures of youth. He, meanwhile,
-acquired both experience and knowledge in finance. Wishing to bring
-himself into notice, he wrote the "Eloge de Colbert" in 1773, which
-gained the prize in the French academy. His essay on the corn laws
-increased his reputation. Maurepas consulted him when alarmed by the
-disastrous state of the finances; and, by degrees, all eyes turned
-towards him as the man who alone could save France from bankruptcy,
-through his knowledge of business, and the great resources which his
-plans opened in the regulation of the taxation and expenditure of the
-country. As difficulty, distress, and alarm gathered thick and dark
-round the government, and the expectation of a war rendered it necessary
-to supply the requisite expenses, the hopes placed in Necker caused him,
-in 1777, to be raised to the office of director-general.
-
-Soon after his appointment as minister from the republic of Geneva, he
-had married mademoiselle Churchod. The name of this lady is familiar to
-the English reader as being that of the object of the first and only
-love of the historian Gibbon. On the mother's side she was descended
-from a high French protestant family of Provence, which had been driven
-into exile by the edict of Nantes. Her father was a clergyman, and
-exercised the function of minister in a Swiss village. He had spared no
-pains in the education of his daughter. She was versed in several dead
-and living languages; her understanding was sedulously cultivated, and
-her beauty and amiable disposition combined to render her an
-extraordinary woman. She was devotedly attached to her husband, and he
-regarded her with a mixture of admiration, reverence, and love. The
-object of her life was to make him happy. She gathered the beaux esprits
-of Paris round their table to divert him after the fatigues of the day.
-Their house became the resort of the best society. They were considered
-exemplary and clever, yet dull and pedantic. The talents of Necker,
-however, were respected; and madame Necker, though she was adorned by
-none of the light and trifling, yet winning and elegant, manners and
-conversation of a Parisian lady, yet pleased by her beauty, and a
-certain ingenuousness and purity of mind, that gave sweetness to her
-countenance and a native grace to her manners.
-
-This exemplary pair had an only daughter. She was born in Paris on the
-22d April, 1766. Her mother was desirous of bestowing on her a perfect
-education. Madame Necker possessed great firmness of character, and a
-strong understanding. She submitted every feeling and action of her life
-to the control of reason. She carried her love of logical inference into
-the smallest as well as the most important events of life; and fulfilled
-to the letter every the slightest duty of daily and hourly occurrence.
-Finding her young daughter apt and willing to learn, she thought she
-could not teach her too much, nor store her mind with too many facts and
-words. This was not done as an English mother would have practised in
-the seclusion of the schoolroom, but in the midst of society, in which
-the young lady soon learnt to shine by her eloquent sallies and
-vivacious spirits. We have a sketch of what mademoiselle Necker was at
-eleven years of age, which presents a singular picture of the diversity
-of the objects and modes of education on the continent from our quiet
-and reserved notions of what is becoming in childhood. Madame Necker was
-desirous of establishing a friendship between her daughter and a
-mademoiselle Huber, the child of an old friend of the family. The young
-people were introduced to each other, and mademoiselle Necker showed
-transports of delight at the idea of having a companion, and promised
-her, on the instant, to love her for ever. "She spoke," mademoiselle
-Huber writes, "with a warmth and facility which were already eloquence,
-and which made a great impression on me. We did not play like children.
-She immediately asked me what my lessons were, if I knew any foreign
-languages, and if I went often to the play. When I said I had only been
-three or four times, she exclaimed, and promised that we should often go
-together, and when we came home write down an account of the piece. It
-was her habit, she said; and, in short, we were to write to each other
-every day.
-
-"We entered the drawing-room. Near the arm-chair of madame Necker was
-the stool of her daughter, who was obliged to sit very upright. As soon
-as she had taken her accustomed place, three or four old gentlemen came
-up and spoke to her with the utmost kindness. One of them, in a little
-round wig, took her hands in his, held them a long time, and entered
-into conversation with her as if she had been twenty. This was the abbé
-Raynal; the others were Messrs. Thomas, Marmontel, the marquis de Pesay,
-and the baron de Grimm. We sat down to table. It was a picture to see
-how mademoiselle Necker listened. She did not speak herself; but so
-animated was her face that she appeared to converse with all. Her eyes
-followed the looks and movements of those who talked: it seemed as if
-she guessed their ideas before they were expressed. She entered into
-every subject; even politics, which at this epoch was one of the most
-engrossing topics of conversation. After dinner, a good deal of company
-arrived. Each guest, as he approached madame Necker, addressed her
-daughter with some compliment or pleasantry: she replied to all with
-ease and grace. They delighted to attack and embarrass her, and to
-excite her childish imagination, which was already brilliant. The
-cleverest men were those who took greatest pleasure in making her talk.
-They asked her what she was reading, recommended new books, and gave her
-a taste for study by conversing concerning what she knew, or on what she
-was ignorant."
-
-Thus this extraordinary woman imbibed, as it were with her mother's
-milk, a taste for society and display. She learnt to take intense
-pleasure in the communication of ideas with intelligent men, and in
-sharing in the sparkling wit that gathered round her. She enjoyed the
-excitement of spirits that results from the sense of expressing her
-thoughts, and at the same time having the sphere enlarged by the instant
-interchange with others. The sensations of success in society, of praise
-and reputation, were familiar to her in childhood, and no wonder they
-became as necessary as her daily bread in after years.
-
-It was her mother's plan to tax her intellects to their height. She was
-incited to study diligently, to listen to conversation on subjects
-beyond her years, to frequent the theatre; her pleasures and occupations
-alike were so many exertions of mind. She wrote a great deal. Her
-writings were read in society, and applauded. The praises she received
-developed also the feelings of her heart. She passionately loved her
-parents and her friends; she read with an enthusiasm and interest that
-made books a portion of her existence. She was accustomed to say, that
-the fate of Clarissa Harlowe was one of the events of her youth.
-Susceptible of impression, serious in the midst of her vivacity, she
-rather loved what made her weep rather than laugh.
-
-The species of perpetual excitement in which she lived, and the
-excessive application and attention required of her by her mother, had
-at length a bad effect on her health. At the age of fourteen it became
-apparent that she was declining. The advice of Tronchin was asked; he
-was alarmed by the symptoms, and ordered her to be removed into the
-country, to spend her life in the open air, and to abandon all serious
-study. Madame Necker was deeply mortified. She saw all the materials for
-a prodigy of learning and knowledge in her daughter, and was almost
-angry that her frame was injured by the work she required from her to
-bring her to the perfection she meditated. Unable to continue to its
-height her system of education, she abandoned it altogether. Henceforth
-no longer looking on her as her own work, she ceased to take interest in
-her talents, which she regarded as superficial and slight; when she
-heard her praised, she replied, "Oh! it is nothing, absolutely nothing,
-in comparison to what I intended to make her."
-
-The young lady meanwhile enjoyed the leisure she obtained: no longer
-called upon to store her mind with words and facts, she gave herself up
-to her imagination. She and her friend passed the summer at St. Ouen, a
-country-house of Necker, two leagues from Paris; they dressed themselves
-like muses; they composed poetry, and declaimed it; they wrote and acted
-plays. Giving the rein to her fancy, and impelled by natural vivacity,
-she became poetess, tragedian, actress, thus, almost in childhood. The
-carelessness that her mother showed, after her disappointment with
-regard to her education, had the effect of developing in the young girl
-the chief passion of her heart--filial affection towards her father: she
-had now leisure to seek his society; and his great goodness, his
-admiration of herself, and the perfect friendship and openness of
-communication that subsisted between them, gave rise to the passionate
-attachment towards him which she dwells upon in her writings with so
-much fervour. She seized every opportunity of enjoying his society; and
-he perceived and delighted in her talents, which displayed themselves
-with peculiar advantage when with him. She saw that, overwhelmed as he
-was by public cares and engrossing business, he needed to be amused in
-his moments of leisure. He adored his wife, but no one was ever less
-amusing; his daughter, on the other hand, exerted herself to divert him:
-she tried a thousand ways and risked any sally or pleasantry so to win
-him to smile, and smiles quickly came at her bidding. He was not
-prodigal of his approbation; his eyes were more flattering than his
-words; and he believed it to be more necessary and even more amusing to
-rally her for her defects, than to praise her for her excellences. She
-saw that his gay reproofs were just, and modelled herself by them. She
-often said to her friends, "I owe to the inconceivable penetration of my
-father the frankness of my character and the sincerity of my mind: he
-unmasked every affectation or pretension, and when near him I got into
-the habit of thinking that every feeling of my heart could be read."
-Madame Necker grew a little jealous of the superior power her daughter
-possessed of amusing her husband; besides, although she had ardently
-wished her to shine in society, yet she had desired her to be remarkable
-for her attainments and knowledge, not for her wit and imagination. She
-looked coldly therefore on the admiration she excited, and even
-protested against it. The young girl turned from her chilling and prim
-rebuffs to the encouragement she found in her father's sympathy and
-gladdening smiles. In the drawing-room she escaped from the side of
-Madame Necker, who regarded the mistakes which her giddiness and
-vivacity caused her to make with severe and correcting eyes. She
-listened with respect when reproved, but gladly sheltered herself behind
-her father's chair; at first silently, then throwing in a word, till at
-last, one after the other, the cleverest men in the room gathered round
-to listen to her sallies and to be charmed by her eloquence.
-
-The position that her parents held was exceedingly calculated to enchain
-the affections and raise the enthusiasm of the ardent girl. Her father
-was looked up to as the man whose exertions and talents were saving
-France. When named director-general of finances, he had refused the
-salary appended to the situation, that he might feel more free to
-diminish that of others, and benefit France by his economy with a
-clearer reputation. Her mother used his power for the most admirable
-purposes. She ameliorated the condition of the hospitals in the capital;
-and established near Paris, at her own expense, a charitable
-institution, so well directed that it became the model of every other.
-The young are apt to think their parents superior to the rest of the
-world. The claims which M. and Madame Necker possessed to real
-superiority, from their virtues and talents, naturally added to the
-warmth of their daughter's affection. The distinction in which they were
-held made the path of her life bright; and even the first check that
-occurred in her father's career tended to excite still more her
-admiration for him, as opposition gives form and strength to every power
-exerted to overcome it. Necker was too conscientious and too firm in his
-schemes of reform not to have enemies: he was too vain also not to
-desire to have his plans universally known and approved. Publicity is
-indeed the proper aim of every honest public man; but it was in utter
-variance with the policy of the old French government.
-[Sidenote: 1781.
-Ætat.
-15.]
-For the purpose of making his system known to the nation, Necker
-published his "Compte Rendu," which was a statement of the past and
-present condition of the finances, addressed to the king. It occasioned
-a great clamour. His daughter read his pamphlet, and heard the
-discussions concerning it. She addressed an anonymous letter to her
-father on the subject: he recognised the style; and his affection was
-increased by this testimony of her talents and filial affection. The
-"Compte Rendu," however, increased the number and importance of his
-enemies; the impropriety of the act was urged upon the king: Maurepas
-had already become hostile to him. Necker was attacked and calumniated.
-He, and his wife still more, were very susceptible to public blame: they
-wished to silence the libellers, who grew the more bitter and active the
-more they perceived that their stings were felt. Necker then demanded a
-sign of favour from the king, necessary, he thought, for the support of
-his influence: he asked for the _entrée au conseil_ (a seat in the
-cabinet), which was refused on the score of his being a protestant. On
-this he committed an act which he ever after regretted, an act that
-showed that he preferred his own private feelings to the good of the
-country which he had promised to save,--he resigned his office.
-
-His daughter gathered pleasure rather than mortification from his
-resignation. It was acknowledged that by so doing he had plunged the
-royal family in distress. He had repaired, on the first moment of his
-returning to a private station, to St. Ouen: all France, as she calls
-it--that is, all the nobility and all the best society of the capital,
-the magistrates, the clergy, the merchants and men of letters--came to
-see him, to express their regrets, their fears for France, their hopes
-that he would return to office. She heard that Paris was in commotion.
-At the theatre, every verse in the play of the night ("Henri IV." was
-acted, and the mention of Sully afforded wide scope) that could be
-converted into an allusion to the favourite minister was applauded with
-acclamations; the public walks, the _cafés_, every public place, were
-filled by an eager yet silent crowd. Consternation was painted on every
-face--ruin was anticipated for the country which Necker had abandoned.
-From St. Ouen the ex-minister proceeded to Switzerland. He bought the
-mansion and estate of Coppet; on the lake of Geneva, and varied his
-residence between that place and visits to Paris. He was addressed by
-various sovereigns--Catherine II., Joseph, emperor of Austria, and the
-king of Naples, to undertake their affairs as minister of finance; but
-he preferred literary leisure and domestic peace, with a wife whom he
-adored, and a daughter who was becoming each day dearer and more
-interesting.
-
-In the retreat at Coppet he published a work on finance, of which 80,000
-copies were sold in one day. Mdlle. Necker shared the triumph; she was
-his companion, his friend. On her part she was not idle; and, even at an
-early age, began the career of authorship in which in after life she
-became so distinguished. It was the custom in French society to meet to
-hear an author read his productions. In this country, such a style of
-amusement would be considered very dull and tiresome; but it was
-otherwise in Paris. The audience was easily pleased. The women wept at
-the right moment--the men were ready to start from their chairs:
-enthusiasm became contagious. If the subject were pathetic, the room
-resounded with sobs and suppressed cries; if comic, with bursts of
-laughter. Mediocre authors reaped easy but animating success; and many
-works, like the "Saisons" of St. Lambert, were vaunted to the skies by
-listening friends, which were acknowledged to be poor and wearisome when
-published. In the same way, the plays and tales of Mdlle. Necker were
-read by her in numerous companies. These productions were afterwards
-printed, and possess slight merit. The plays are flat, and what in
-common parlance is called maudlin; the tales inflated, and without
-originality: when read in society, they were applauded with transport.
-It cannot be doubted that this sort of encouragement must rouse to its
-height the power of an author of real genius. In this country, writers
-receive little praise except that which results from the number of
-copies that are sold; and must rely entirely on the spirit of
-inspiration to carry them through the toils of authorship. How seldom,
-how very seldom, does an English author hear one word of real sympathy
-or admiration! Over reserve, over fear of compromising our opinions, and
-being laughed at for being in the wrong, holds us in. Madame de Staël,
-animated by the fervour of her French friends, believed in her own
-genius, even before it was developed; and self-confidence gave it a
-strength of wing that enabled her to soar to the extreme height that her
-abilities permitted.
-
-The were stirring days in which she lived. Calonne succeeded to Necker
-as minister, and, having thrown every thing into confusion, was obliged
-to yield his place; he was succeeded by Fouquereux and Villedeuil, men
-of nothing, who abandoned the state of finances as hopeless. Lomenie de
-Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, replaced them; and he caused the king
-to engage to assemble the states-general, and plunged the finances in a
-worse state than ever. Necker looked on with anxiety, partly for France,
-and partly for himself; for he felt sure that he would be summoned to
-save the country at the last gasp, and trembled to lose his reputation
-if called in too late. "Why have they not given me the archbishop's
-fifteen months?" he exclaimed, when at the end of that time he was
-called in to repair Brienne's faults. Calonne had attacked his "Compte
-Rendu." He wrote a memoir, addressed and sent to the king, to defend
-himself, which the king requested him not to publish. But Necker laid
-great store by the public voice, and did not hesitate to act in
-opposition to the king's wish, and, in consequence, was exiled by a
-_lettre de cachet_ to forty leagues from Paris; but four months after he
-was recalled and named minister.
-
-[Sidenote: 1788.
-Ætat.
-22.]
-
-We dwell upon these circumstances of Necker's life, as they were the
-events that chiefly interested his daughter. She had been struck with
-dismay at the moment of his exile. She was married at this time; but it
-is a singular circumstance that in her life her marriage is a very
-secondary event, and her husband's name seldom mentioned. As the only
-daughter of a millionaire, Mdlle. Necker's hand had been asked by many
-French nobles; but it was determined not to marry her to a Catholic, at
-the same time that she and her parents were anxious to make a marriage
-that should enable her to reside in France, and to appear at court. It
-is told of the childhood of madame de Staël, that, at the age of
-eleven, she offered to marry Gibbon. He being a favourite friend of her
-parents, she hoped to please them by giving them a son-in-law of whom
-they were fond, with little regard to his strange repulsive figure and
-ugly face. And now she thought of station and convenience, and not at
-all of finding a friend or companion--far less a lover--in her husband.
-The baron de Staël Holstein, chamberlain to the queen of Sweden, had
-resided in Paris for some years, first as counsellor to the Swedish
-embassy, and afterwards as ambassador. He frequented the society of the
-French liberals, was a friend of Necker, and entered the lists of his
-daughter's admirers. He was a protestant and a noble, and he was also an
-amiable honourable man. The only objection to the union was the
-likelihood of his being recalled to his own country. The king of Sweden,
-Gustavus III., with whom he was a favourite, favoured the match, and
-promised that he should continue for several years to be ambassador at
-the French court. In addition, M. de Staël promised never to take her
-to Sweden without her own consent. On these considerations the marriage
-took place in the year 1786, when she was just twenty. Madame de Staël
-appeared at court. It is related that, desirous as she had been of
-acquiring this privilege, yet Parisian society was ill-naturedly amused
-by the numerous mistakes in etiquette which the young ambassadress had
-made on her presentation. She gaily related them herself, so to disarm
-her enemies. At this time, also, she appeared as an authoress in print,
-publishing her letters on the writings of Rousseau. We find in this work
-all the traits that distinguished madame de Staël's writings to the
-end,--great enthusiasm and eloquence, a pleasure in divining the
-mysteries of existence, and dwelling on the melancholy that attends
-it,--considerable power of expressing her thoughts, and much beauty and
-delicacy in the thoughts themselves, but an absence of strength and of
-the highest elevation both of talent and moral feeling.
-
-We have a "portrait" of madame de Staël at this epoch, such as it was
-the fashion for friends to write of friends in Paris at that time. It is
-a favourable description, yet marked by distinctive features and
-characteristic touches. "Zulma advances; her large dark eyes sparkle
-with genius; her hair, black as ebony, falls on her shoulders in waving
-ringlets; her features are more marked than delicate, yet they express
-something superior to the destiny of her sex. There she is! every one
-cried, when she appeared, and all became breathless. When she sang, she
-extemporised the words of her song; the celestial brightness of
-composition animated her face, and held the audience in serious
-attention; at once astonished and delighted, we knew not which most to
-admire, her facility or perfection. When her music ceased, she talked of
-the great truths of nature, the immortality of the soul,--love of
-liberty--of the fascination and the danger of the passions; her features
-meanwhile have an expression superior to beauty, her physiognomy is full
-of play and variety, the accents of her voice have a thousand
-modulations, and there is perfect harmony between her thoughts and their
-expression. Without hearing her words, the inflections of her tones, her
-gestures, her look, cause her meaning to be understood. When she ceased,
-a murmur of approbation ran round the room; she looked down modestly,
-her long eyelashes covered her flashing eyes, and the sun was clouded
-over." There were many people in Paris, who, of course, were willing to
-turn the pretensions of the young and brilliant improvisatrice into
-ridicule; but though her want of beauty, her heedlessness, which often
-led her into mistakes, her vivacity, which over-stept the mark of
-feminine grace, opened a field for sarcasm, no one could listen to her
-in public without admiration, no one could associate with her in private
-without love. She stept, as on to a stage, in the first brilliancy of
-youth, to be admired and to enjoy; but public events were swelling and
-disturbing the stream of time, and it became a tempestuous flood, that
-wrecked her dearest hopes, and consigned her at last to that domestic
-retirement and peace, for which her outset in life had not formed her,
-and which, instead of being a haven of rest and enjoyment, was as a dead
-sea on which she weltered in misery and despair.
-
-Necker was restored to the ministry in August, 1788; public credit
-revived under favour of his name, and famine and alarm were exchanged
-for plenty and security. He found the king pledged to assemble the
-states-general, and he did not hesitate in advising him to redeem his
-word; yet he met the questions and difficulties that arose with regard
-to the details of the measure with an irresolution that showed that,
-however clever he might be in matters of finance, he was ill fitted for
-weightier questions of general politics.
-
-The convocation of the states excited the national enthusiasm to its
-height; and Necker, giving the weight of his influence to the liberal
-party, augmented his own popularity. He admired greatly the English
-constitution, and wished it to be imitated in France. Madame de Staël
-coincided in his views, and viewed the assemblage of the different
-orders with sentiments resembling rapture. According to her views, the
-horrors of approaching famine and the perils of bankruptcy were to be
-averted by this measure, and the future welfare of France, individual
-liberty, and national prosperity, were to be placed on durable
-foundations. The first struggles of the _tiers état_ with the king and
-privileged orders excited her sympathy. Yet her father wished to act a
-moderate part, while even his moderation seemed treason to the blinded
-royalists. He thus incurred the distrust of both parties. Though
-minister, he was not permitted to direct the counsels of the king; and,
-at the same time, by only partially upholding the pretensions of the
-commons, he began to excite the mixed contempt and aversion of the more
-democratic leaders. During the struggle of the _tiers état_ to obtain a
-voice in the direction of affairs, he advised the king to meet their
-demands half way; but the court resolved to crush them altogether, and
-so fell itself into the pit. Necker saw with terror the purpose of the
-king in collecting troops round the capital to overawe both the
-Parisians and the deputies, and his remonstrances showed that he would
-be no party in the scenes of massacre that must ensue. He offered
-several times to resign; but the court party felt that it risked too
-much in the odium which his dismissal would excite. Driven on, however,
-by evil counsellors, who saw no good to arise in the constitutional
-liberty of their country, and weighed the blood of their countrymen as
-nothing in the opposite scale to their power and privileges, the king
-assembled troops, and the moment drew near when the people and their
-representatives were to feel the power of the bayonet, and to be reduced
-to obedience under the bolts of the artillery. The temporising spirit of
-Necker was more hated by the royal than the popular party, since the
-former saw injury, and the latter benefit, in any the least infraction
-of the old state of things. But the king well knew that Necker would
-never consent to the measures which he had in view, and that, before the
-military were called on to destroy his subjects, it was necessary to
-remove a minister round whom the popular party would rally with
-confidence. Necker continued to attend the king each day, but no affair
-of importance was discussed before him. This silence filled him with
-disquiet; he expected to be arrested, and communicated his suspicion to
-his wife and daughter. Madame de Staël wished him to go a step
-further in enouncing his opinions, and so to confirm the popular favour;
-but Necker considered his obligations as servant to the king as
-paramount. On the 11th of July, as he was about to sit down to dinner,
-he received a letter from Louis XVI., ordering him to send in his
-resignation, and to quit France without exciting observation. _Sans
-bruit_ were the words that signified the fears of the court that his
-dismissal should become the signal of popular commotion. Necker obeyed
-to the letter and the spirit of the command. No one person was informed.
-He and his wife stept into the carriage prepared for their usual evening
-airing, and, without change of dress or attendant, travelled day and
-night till they reached Brussels. On the morning of the 12th of July
-madame de Staël received a letter from her father, announcing his
-departure, and bidding her retire into the country, lest the Parisians,
-for his sake, should pay her public homage. She obeyed, and, a new
-courier having brought her intelligence of his route, she set out on the
-15th July to join him. "When I reached them," madame de Staël writes,
-"three days after, they still wore the full dress which they had on
-when, after a large dinner party, and while no one suspected the
-agitating position in which they were placed, they silently quitted
-France, their friends, their home, and the power which they enjoyed.
-This dress, covered with dust, the name assumed by my father for the
-sake of avoiding recognition in France, and so detention through the
-favour in which he was still held,--all these circumstances filled me
-with feelings of reverence that caused me to throw myself at his feet as
-I entered the room of the inn where I found him." Necker had chosen
-Brussels as his way to Switzerland, as not being the direct road, and so
-less likely to betray him to the population. To this mark of obedience
-to the king, he added a testimony of love for France, which, in the days
-of mammon, was an act of heroism in a moneyed man. Necker had borrowed
-two millions of livres for the royal treasury, for the purpose of
-purchasing corn for starving Paris. He had secured this loan on his
-private fortune. The transaction was not completed when he was
-dismissed; and he feared that the news of his exile would retard the
-supply. He wrote, therefore, to confirm his guarantee. These
-circumstances find place in the biography of madame de Staël, because,
-the ruling passion of her heart being love and veneration of her father,
-we mark the acts that naturally, by their virtue, excited to their
-height her filial feelings.
-
-True to his resolve of avoiding his partizans in France, Necker
-proceeded to Basle through Germany. He was accompanied by M. de Staël.
-His wife and daughter followed more slowly by a different route. At
-Frankfort, the latter were overtaken by the king's courier that recalled
-Necker for the third time to the ministry. The commotions in Paris, the
-destruction of the Bastille, frightened the court into submission to the
-people. The recall of Necker was a necessary mark of acquiescence in the
-wishes of the nation. At Basle the family met together, and Necker
-resolved to return. He was not dazzled by his triumph; he felt the
-perils he was about to encounter. He wished to serve France as a
-constitutional minister, but he apprehended a further system of
-innovation; and he felt he should lose the favour of the people by
-opposing it, as he had lost the king's by refusing to support his
-arbitrary measures. He felt, as Burke afterwards expressed it, that he
-was recalled, like Pompey, for his misfortune; and, like Marius, that he
-sat among ruins; but he thought that his return at the present crisis
-would be serviceable to the sovereign and his adherents, and he resolved
-on it at once. "What a moment of happiness, notwithstanding," Madame de
-Staël writes, "was our journey from Basle to Paris, when my father
-decided to return! I do not think that the like ever occurred to any man
-who was not sovereign of the country. The French nation, ever so
-animated in the demonstration of its sentiments, gave itself up, for the
-first time, to hopes, the boundaries of which experience had not yet
-taught them. Liberty was then only known to the enlightened classes by
-the noble emotions with which it was associated; and, to the people, by
-ideas analogous to their necessities and sufferings. Necker appeared as
-the precursor of the expected good. The liveliest acclamations
-accompanied every step: the women threw themselves on their knees afar
-off in the fields when they saw his carriage pass: the first citizens of
-the different places we traversed acted as postilions; and in the towns
-the inhabitants took off the horses to drag the carriage themselves. It
-was I that enjoyed for him--I was carried away by delight, and must not
-feel ungrateful for those happy days, however sad were the ones that
-followed." Various circumstances occurred to display to the returning
-exiles the overthrow of the royalists and the triumph of the people.
-Madame de Polignac had already arrived at Basle, on her way to
-emigration. At ten leagues from Paris, they heard of the arrest of the
-baron de Besenval, who was being led back prisoner to the capital, where
-he would infallibly have been massacred in the streets. Necker
-interfered to keep him where he was till further orders. He, as his
-first act, went to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, to obtain the pardon
-of M. de Besenval, and a universal amnesty. He was followed and welcomed
-by joyful acclamations; delight at his restoration to power calmed, for
-the moment, all party spirit, all political hatred; the assembled people
-granted all he asked with transport. Madame de Staël and her mother
-accompanied him. "Oh! nothing," she writes, "can equal the emotion that
-a woman feels when she has the happiness of hearing the name of one
-beloved repeated by a whole people. All those faces, which appear for
-the time animated by the same sentiment as one's self; those innumerable
-voices, which echo to the heart the name that rises in the air, and
-which appears to return from heaven after having received the homage of
-earth; the inconceivable electricity which men communicate to each other
-when they share the same emotions; all those mysteries of nature and
-social feeling are added to the greatest mystery of all--love--filial or
-maternal, but still love; and the soul sinks under emotions stronger
-than itself. When I came to myself, I felt that I had reached the
-extreme boundary of happiness."
-
-She had reached it, and the recoil soon came. The popular party, each
-hour rising in power, disdained the half measures and weak concessions
-of the minister:--from that hour, in spite of his feeble, though
-virtuous, endeavours to restrain popular violence, and, at the same
-time, to supply the wants of the people, and mitigate their sufferings
-by great and unwearied exertions and personal sacrifices, the popularity
-of Necker declined. His propositions were weak and inconsistent; the
-king had no confidence in him; the people withdrew their favour. His
-daughter could not perceive that his want of energy, and total
-incapacity to cope with the necessities of the times, were the occasion
-of this change; she saw only ingratitude, perversity, and ignorance. Her
-father still continued, in her eyes, the first of men; when he triumphed
-he was a hero, when he fell he was a martyr.
-
-Madame de Staël witnessed nearly all the more deplorable events of the
-revolution. On the 5th October, when she heard of the march of the
-people to Versailles to bring the king and queen to Paris, she hastened
-to join her parents, who were in attendance at court. When she arrived,
-Necker hastened to the castle to join the council, and madame Necker and
-her daughter repaired to the hall preceding the one where the king
-remained, that they might share Necker's fate. The tumult, the
-inquietude, the various projects, and the trembling expectation of the
-hour agitated all, and augmented as night approached. A noble arrived
-from Paris with the latest news. He appeared in the royal presence in a
-common dress. It was the first time that any man had entered the king's
-apartment, except in court dress. His recital of the furious armed
-multitude, which was gathering and approaching, increased the general
-terror. On the morrow the storm burst. Murder assailed the gates of the
-palace, and the royal personages, for the first time, were attacked by
-those outrages, at once sanguinary and insulting, which, thus beginning,
-never stayed till their destruction was accomplished.
-
-Madame de Staël was present during the whole scene. She stood near when
-the crowd forced the queen to appear before them, and when at their
-demand the royal family were carried to Paris. Such scenes could never
-be forgotten. When the king and queen set off to the capital, the family
-of Necker repaired by another route. "We crossed," madame de Staël
-writes, "the Bois de Boulogne; the weather was beautiful, the breeze
-scarcely stirred the trees, and the sun was bright enough to dispel alt
-gloom from the scenery. No exterior object replied to our sadness." When
-they arrived at the Tuileries, the Parisian palace of the kings of
-France, which had not been inhabited for many years, they found that the
-beds of the royal children were put up in the room where the queen
-received them; Marie Antoinette apologised. "You know," she said, "that
-I did not expect to come here." Her beautiful face expressed anger as
-she spoke; and madame de Staël must have felt that her father, as
-popular minister, and herself, as a lover of liberty, were included in
-the sentiments of resentment which filled the queen's heart.
-
-[Sidenote: 1790.
-Sept.
-8.]
-
-The resignation and departure of Necker, some months after, was a
-circumstance full of mortification for his daughter. He traversed the
-France which had hailed him with such transport on his return from
-Basle, and found himself surrounded by enemies. Execrations followed his
-steps, and he was arrested at Arcis-sur-Aube, and obliged to wait for a
-decree, of the national assembly before he was suffered to proceed; his
-name was held in detestation--his acts reviled. He did not deserve
-this; for, though weak as a politician, his acts were those of an
-honourable and generous man. The immediate cause of his resignation of
-office was the issue of the assignats, which he looked on as the ruin of
-the public credit; yet he left 2,000,000 of francs, the half of his
-fortune, in the funds, to run a risk of loss, which he himself deemed,
-as indeed it proved, inevitable. He retired to Coppet, while his
-daughter was detained in Paris by illness.
-[Sidenote: 1791.
-Ætat.
-25.]
-She continued to remain there, and, according to French manners, mingled
-deeply in various political intrigues. Her friend M. de Narbonne was
-named minister of war, and many of his projects were discussed in her
-drawing-room. She shared in the project set afoot by Lafayette, of
-facilitating the escape of the king to the army at Metz. Narbonne, at
-the head of the royal guard, and several thousand national guards
-belonging to the department of Jura, were to carry off Louis by force
-from the Tuileries. Talleyrand was informed of the plan, and approved,
-but the king rejected it; he was averse to any project that needed the
-co-operation of Lafayette, whom he hated. Soon after Narbonne was
-dismissed, and the nomination of Dumouriez and Roland placed the power
-in the hands of the girondists.
-
-[Sidenote: 1792.
-Ætat.
-26.]
-
-Madame de Staël was in Paris during the fatal August that decided the
-fate of the French monarchy. On the 9th of that month she stood at her
-window with some friends, and heard the forty-eight tocsins of Paris
-sound the alarm, which continued all night their monotonous, frequent,
-and lugubrious tolling. The volunteer patrole sent her intelligence of
-all that passed, but no one knew what the morrow would bring forth. The
-attack on the Tuileries began early in the morning; madame de Staël was
-told that three of her friends, who guarded the outside of the palace,
-had been seized and massacred. She instantly, with all the intrepidity
-of a French woman, hurried out to learn the truth. Her carriage was
-stopped on the bridge. She was told that the work of slaughter was going
-on the other side. Still she persisted, and, after a delay of two
-hours, crossed the bridge, and learnt that her friends were alive, and
-hiding from the enraged multitude. In the evening she went to see them
-in the obscure houses in which they had taken refuge; drunken men were
-lying about on the steps of doors, who roused themselves only to
-vociferate oaths and execrations. Many women were in the same state;
-their howlings were still more frightful. She fled when the patrole
-approached; for they maintained order by protecting the assassins, and
-assisting them in the work of murder. The interval between the 10th of
-August and the 2d of September was one of horror; arrests were frequent,
-and it became known that the massacre of the prisoners was meditated.
-The outlawed friends of madame de Staël went from house to house as
-danger menaced; she received two in her own, hoping that, though her
-husband was absent, the name she bore, of Swedish ambassadress, would
-protect her from a domiciliary visit. She was mistaken; the
-commissioners of police, men named from among the lowest class,
-accompanied by the soldiery, who guarded the outlets of the house to
-prevent escape, demanded to search. She resolved to dispute their right,
-as the only means of saving her friends. She talked to the men; told
-them that the laws of nations declared an ambassador's house inviolable,
-and assured them that Sweden was a country on the frontiers of France,
-and that it would declare war at once if its ambassadress were insulted.
-She perceived that her arguments made some impression; and, while her
-heart sank within her, she roused herself to joke them on the folly of
-their suspicions, and dismissed them with every appearance of politeness
-and gaiety.
-
-She had already prepared to leave France, and obtained passports. She
-delayed a few days, anxious to be re-assured with regard to her friends,
-before she placed herself in safety. During this interval she exerted
-herself to save M. de Lally-Tollendal, and succeeded, by applying to
-Manuel, a member of the commune of Paris: he who published Mirabeau's
-letters, written in the prison of Vincennes, and who, six months
-afterwards, during the reign of terror, died on the scaffold. On the 2d
-of September, when the news of the taking of Longwy and Verdun had
-roused the ferocity of the Parisians to the utmost, and those massacres
-of helpless prisoners began which remain a perpetual sanguinary stain on
-the French character, she prepared to set out. Her passports were all
-regular; and, fancying that the title of wife of a foreign ambassador
-would be her safeguard, she set out in her carriage, drawn by six
-horses, and her servants in full livery. Her calculations failed;
-scarcely had her carriage advanced a few steps when it was surrounded by
-a crowd of furious women, who seized the horses, and, with ferocious
-cries, ordered the postilions to drive to the assembly of the section of
-St. Germain, to which she belonged. She entered the chamber of the
-assembly, which was in full deliberation, and by it she was ordered to
-proceed to the Hôtel de Ville. To reach this latter place she was
-obliged to traverse Paris; and on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville
-several men had been assassinated on the 10th of August. She trembled to
-obey, and yet had no resource. She was three hours on her way, as she
-was slowly drawn through a crowd who threatened death with hideous
-shouts and unremitting cries. She addressed several gendarmes who passed
-near, asking protection; they replied by disdainful and menacing
-gestures. At length, one gendarme, who had been put in the carriage with
-her, was touched by her situation (she was with child), and promised to
-defend her at the peril of his life. She alighted from the carriage at
-the Hôtel de Ville, in the midst of an armed multitude, and advanced
-under an avenue of pikes. As she went up the steps a man pointed one
-against her; the gendarme protected her with his sabre, and she reached
-the chamber of the commune, where Robespierre presided. Collet d'Herbois
-and Billaud Varennes acted as his secretaries. The hall was full of
-people--men, women, and children, shouting _Vive la nation!_ She was
-taken to the raised platform where the president sat, and told to sit
-down. While she was representing her right, as ambassadress from Sweden,
-to depart, Manuel, whom she had persuaded to liberate Lally-Tollendal,
-entered: he was astonished to see her in such a miserable position, and,
-answering for her, withdrew her from the dreadful hall, and shut her up
-in his cabinet with her maid. They remained for six hours, oppressed by
-hunger, thirst, and terror. The windows of the room looked on the Place
-de Grève, and assassins passed from the prisons, their arms bare and
-covered with blood, uttering horrible shouts. Her carriage remained in
-the square. The crowd wished to pillage it: it was defended by Santerre.
-He respected the daughter of Necker, whose exertions to victual Paris
-during the scarcity he had witnessed; and besides he made this task his
-pretext for not doing his duty in protecting the prisoners. He boasted
-to Madame de Staël of the service he rendered her; but she could not
-help reminding him of the manner in which he ought to have been
-employed. Manuel exclaimed, as he entered, "Ah! how glad I am I set your
-two friends at liberty yesterday!" When night came on he conveyed her
-home in his carriage. The lamps were not lighted in the streets, but men
-passed with torches, whose flare occasioned more terror than darkness
-itself. The following day she was allowed to depart with her maid only,
-and a gendarme to conduct her as far as the frontier, so to make sure
-that she should take with her none of the unfortunate outlaws doomed to
-death. Tallien conducted her to the barrier. After some difficulties it
-was passed. "Leaving the capital," she writes, "the tempestuous waves
-grew calmer, and the mountains of Jura gave no token of the frightful
-tumults of which Paris was the theatre." And there she found calm refuge
-beneath her father's roof. Such were the scenes that awaited the early
-womanhood of madame de Staël:--the sight of every cruel and horrible
-passion in action in others,--pity, fear, and generous self-devotion
-excited to their height in her own heart,--harrowing grief, when those
-whom she loved were butchered,--throbs of transport, when she felt that
-she had secured their safety. Had she been of a concentrated
-disposition, such scenes and emotions must have given sublimity to her
-character. As it was, it confirmed the active generosity and warm
-benevolence of her disposition; it gave animation to her expression of
-every sad and heart-moving feeling; while to her credit it must be said,
-that, even in the midst of such iniquitous and cruel scenes, she
-gathered no misanthropy, no gall, no hatred, and no revenge.
-
-She paid at this period a short visit to England, and then returning to
-Geneva, found personal safety and peace with her parents at Coppet; but
-the political events passing in France, and the horrors of the reign of
-terror, spread darkness and dismay even to Switzerland. Her father
-published a pamphlet, the object of which was to save Louis XVI.; and
-she wrote an eloquent appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette. Soon even
-the impression made by the fate of these illustrious victims was almost
-lost in that of the death of added thousands immolated by Robespierre.
-Madame de Staël by turns feared for the lives and deplored the death of
-beloved friends, who day after day died under the axe of the guillotine.
-She concealed in her house many of the friends of liberty outlawed by
-the revolutionary tribunal. They assumed Swedish names, under the
-sanction of M. de Staël. Scaffolds were erected for them on the
-frontier by their countrymen, as enemies of freedom; foreign nations
-held them in detestation, as accomplices of the butchers of Paris; but
-Necker and his daughter, with sounder views and more humane hearts,
-befriended and saved virtue, whatever might be the opinions which it
-assumed as the guise in which to manifest its spirit to the world. "One
-of the reflections that struck us most," madame de Staël writes, "in
-our long walks on the shores of the lake of Geneva, was the contrast of
-the beautiful nature by which we were surrounded with the desolation of
-mankind." In these walks she conversed with her father: his benevolence;
-the pain he expressed at the idea of being hated by the French, to serve
-whom he had sacrificed so much; the interchange of intimate and virtuous
-thought, filled her heart with still more ardent affection towards him,
-and made him, in her eyes, the greatest as well as the best of men.
-[Sidenote: 1794.
-Ætat.
-28.]
-It was at this time of comparative retirement that she wrote
-"Reflections on the Peace," which Fox quoted as full of sound political
-views and just argument.
-
-This period was checkered by the illness, and finally the death, of
-madame Necker. She died of a lingering nervous disorder. Her husband was
-unwearied in his attentions and watchful tenderness, and madame de
-Staël shared his fatigues, and sympathised with and consoled him in his
-grief. The warmer kindness testified by her father caused her to prefer
-him; and madame Necker herself, looking on her daughter as a rival in
-her husband's affections, had repelled her. But death obliterated these
-passions, and madame de Staël acknowledged her mother's talents and
-virtues; she lamented her death, and respected her memory.
-
-It might be thought that madame de Staël, escaped from the sanguinary
-scenes of the reign of terror, would have been averse to returning to
-that Paris which had been the theatre of such harrowing tragedies. Far
-from it. Accustomed to the society of the French, the pedantic, precise,
-and presumptuous tone of the Genevese was particularly disagreeable to
-her. While considering herself a French woman, she was eager to mix in
-the busy scenes that followed the death of Robespierre--to be of use to
-her friends, and even to influence the choice of a system of government
-which was to be established in France. She had some remorse in quitting
-her father; but he encouraged her to go. He felt for her struggle
-between her dislike to leaving him and her tastes, her friends, her
-hopes of glory, which called her to France; and, with the truest
-feelings of sympathy, persuaded her to seek her own happiness, promising
-to find his in her letters from the scene of action.
-
-[Sidenote: 1795.
-Ætat.
-29.]
-
-M. de Staël being sent by the king of Sweden as minister to Paris, she
-repaired thither. Her arrival formed an epoch in society. She threw open
-her drawing-rooms, and all foreigners of distinction, ambassadors, and
-literary men were charmed to meet in them. It attracted universal
-attention, and became the signal of the revival of refinement in the
-capital. Her chief exertions tended to getting the names of various
-friends erased from the list of emigrants, which, while party spirit ran
-so high, and the name of monarch and Bourbon was still held in
-detestation and terror, was matter at once of difficulty and odium.
-Legendre, a man who had figured during the reign of terror, denounced
-her in the tribune of the convention, while the newspapers complained of
-the influence exercised by women in their _salons dorés_, as they were
-vulgarly called, and by the society that gathered there. She succeeded
-in benefiting several of her friends, and this happiness counterbalanced
-the attacks made against her.
-
-[Sidenote: 1797.
-Ætat.
-31.]
-
-During the whole of the reign of the directory, the influence of madame
-de Staël was great. The expectation of a civil war became more imminent
-as the royalists rested their hopes on the armies of la Vendée, and the
-victories of the republican troops on the eastern frontiers, supporting
-the new state of things, gave energy to the men in power. Moderate and
-enlightened lovers of freedom desired to reconcile the two parties, and
-prevent a struggle. Madame de Staël attempted to effect this
-reconciliation. She had no desire for the return of the Bourbons; for
-such a change could only have been operated through the subjugation of
-France by foreign troops, a circumstance to be looked upon as the lowest
-fall in its political greatness. She was the centre of a brilliant
-society, which, while it regarded the chiefs of the republic as vulgar,
-was attached to a form of government full of promise of distinction and
-power to able and daring men. In France the influence of women is one of
-the engines used by the other sex for their advancement. Madame de
-Staël had already placed one of her friends in an elevated post; she
-exerted herself for others. She was generous and active. No gall--no bad
-feelings of hatred, or love of mischief, mingled in her desire to be
-influential. But passionately loving glory, and eager to take a part in
-the busier scenes of life, she made her house the rendezvous of all
-parties, and sought her own elevation in trying to reconcile them all,
-and to diffuse abroad a spirit of moderation and mutual toleration, and
-was often exposed to the danger of imprisonment and exile from the
-preponderance of the more popular party. Her mind was active, her
-imagination lively; but she was without prudence. Her father said of
-her, that she was like the savages, who sell their cabin in the morning
-and find themselves without shelter at night. Ardent but without
-forethought, ambitious of distinction without selfishness, she looked on
-danger as a crown of laurel, and, as far as she was personally
-concerned, cared more for the excitement of the combat than the repose
-of success. Thus, though she failed in her attempts to reconcile
-contending factions, she felt neither despondency nor sorrow. Meanwhile,
-the struggle of parties--the violence of each occasioning the weakness
-of all--became the stepping-stone to the man who, raising himself by the
-sword, and establishing and increasing his power by the same method,
-fell, when his weapon failed to be able to deal with all the enemies
-from the extremities of the earth whom he challenged to the contest.
-
-Bonaparte and madame de Staël were neither impressed favourably by the
-other when first they met. He saw in her a factitious but a not the less
-powerful influence with which he could only cope by trampling it in the
-dust; and she found in him a man unimpressible by words or sentiments,
-aiming at one goal, and wholly indifferent to the thousands to be mowed
-down or the one tortured by the methods he used for his success. In
-their encounter she felt her existence strike against a rock which,
-while it wrecked whole fleets, did not disdain to swamp a skiff which
-had every right to expect shelter beneath its shadow. When, after the
-treaty of Campo-Formio, Bonaparte arrived in Paris, he and madame de
-Staël often met in society. She declared that a feeling of fear always
-overcame her in his presence. She was struck by his superiority, but
-repelled by a certain coldness that remained as a wall between them.
-When, for the sake of amassing funds for his expedition to Egypt,
-Bonaparte proposed the invasion of Switzerland to the directory, madame
-de Staël regarded the cause of the independence of that country as so
-sacred, that she sought a conference with the general for the purpose of
-turning him from his design. Nothing can better show the difference of
-French manners from ours than this circumstance; and Bonaparte, a child
-of the army, little conversant with the spirit of French society,
-regarded a woman's interference on such a subject as impertinent and out
-of character with her sex; but, although he was not to be moved by her,
-such was her acknowledged influence that he did not disdain to discuss
-the question with her with an appearance of candour, till, having
-pronounced certain words which he considered sufficient to refute her
-arguments, declaring that men must have political rights, and advancing
-the falsehood that the Swiss would have more as a portion of France than
-as an independent insignificant state, he turned the conversation, and
-talked of his love of retirement,--of the country and the fine
-arts,--expressing himself as sharing many of the lady's own tastes.
-Madame de Staël felt the influence of his power of pleasing, but was
-mortified to be treated like a mere woman. He, on the other hand,
-perceiving that she had talents sufficient to persuade and influence
-men, and that she was likely to exert this power against himself,
-conceived a dislike, which he afterwards showed in a series of
-persecutions.
-
-[Sidenote: 1798.
-Ætat.
-32.]
-
-The invasion of Switzerland being resolved on, madame de Staël quitted
-Paris to rejoin her father at Coppet. His name was still on the list of
-emigrants, which, as he was a Genevese, was altogether unjust. His
-daughter implored him not to risk the danger of being condemned to death
-when the country he inhabited should be occupied by a French army; but
-he refused to stir: he would not in his old age wander over the earth,
-nor would he quit the neighbourhood of the tomb of his wife, which had
-been erected under her own directions, with the fervent hope that her
-husband's remains would repose near hers. When the day came, fixed for
-the violation of the Swiss territory by the French armies, Necker and
-his daughter, with her infant children, remained alone at Coppet. Their
-servants assembled in the avenue to see the passage of the troops, while
-they themselves stood in a balcony which commanded the high road. It was
-mid winter, but the weather was clear: the alps were reflected in the
-lake at their feet, while the sound of military music alone broke the
-silence of the scene. Madame de Staël's heart beat with fear for her
-father's sake. Her vivid imagination painted, her impetuous heart
-anticipated, a thousand horrors which transported her with terror. She
-perceived an officer quit a troop on its way, and direct his steps
-towards the château,--it was Suchet. He came charged by the directory
-to offer a safeguard to her father. Thus re-assured with regard to the
-dearest interest of her life, she began to feel fresh anguish for the
-Swiss, attacked thus against the law of nations. She heard at Coppet the
-cannon of the battle between the Bernese and French;--her heart, for the
-first time, was against the latter. As soon as the triumph of France
-united Geneva to its own territory, it became necessary that Necker's
-name should be erased from the list of emigrants. Madame de Staël
-visited Paris, and presented a memorial from her father to the
-directory. His request was accorded instantly and unanimously; and his
-daughter, so much more easily moved to kindly than angry emotions, felt
-grateful for this act of simple justice. She endeavoured also to treat
-with the French government for the payment of the two millions of francs
-which Necker had deposited in the public treasury. The directory
-acknowledged the debt, and were ready to defray it from the property of
-the church. Necker refused so to be repaid, from the noble motive of not
-choosing to mingle his worldly interests in the great question of the
-revolution, and so to forfeit the reputation for impartiality by which
-he laid store.
-
-[Sidenote: 1799.
-Ætat.
-33.]
-
-Madame de Staël witnessed, in Paris, the 18th Brumaire, when Bonaparte
-overthrew the power of the directory and established his own supremacy.
-Her feelings were much divided: if the jacobins triumphed, sanguinary
-scenes might be renewed; but she anticipated with prophetic grief the
-result of Bonaparte's success. As she always lived in a numerous circle,
-and openly discussed her opinions, the first consul soon heard of the
-dissatisfaction that she expressed with regard to his rising power.
-Joseph Bonaparte, to whom she was partial, came to her and said, "My
-brother complains of you. 'Why,' he said yesterday, 'does not madame de
-Staël attach herself to my government? What does she want? The payment
-of her father's deposit? I will order it to be made. To remain in Paris?
-I will permit it. In short, what does she want?'" "The question," she
-replied, "is not what I want, but what I think."
-
-A tribunate made a portion of the constitution instituted in the first
-instance by Bonaparte. The tribunes were to have the right to speak. The
-first consul was aware that he must please the French at first by a
-shadow of freedom; but a few men were found among the tribunes who
-wished to turn the shadow into substance, and then Bonaparte put forth
-his power, and claimed the lion's share. Benjamin Constant, on the eve
-of attacking a measure proposed by the first consul, consulted madame de
-Staël. She encouraged him, through noble and conscientious motives,
-while she felt in her heart the injury that might redound to herself.
-The possibility of being forced to quit Paris filled her with alarm and
-wretchedness: her love for its society, her horror of retirement, had
-been implanted, as we have seen, in her breast from her earliest
-infancy; her brilliant powers of conversation fostered the taste, and
-she well knew also that Bonaparte was aware of her weakness, and would
-wound her through it. "He joined," she writes, "to the power by which he
-could threaten, and the wealth by which he could entice, the
-dispensation of ennui, which is held in terror by the French." Her
-drawing-room on this occasion was crowded by men ready to give in their
-adherence to the new government. Benjamin Constant drew near, and said,
-"your room is filled with persons whose society is pleasing to you: if I
-speak, to-morrow it will be a desert. Think of this." "One must follow
-one's conviction," she replied. In narrating this anecdote, she frankly
-adds that she spoke on the impulse of the moment; but that, if she could
-then have foreseen the sufferings in store, she should not have had
-strength to refuse the offer Constant made to remain silent. He proved a
-true prophet. On the following day she received multiplied excuses for a
-party she gave. As they came she felt disturbed, and she began to find
-fault with her courage of the preceding day. To add to her inquietude,
-the minister of police, Fouché, sent for her to say, that the first
-consul suspected that she had excited her friends to speak against him.
-She replied that Constant was a man of too superior talents to need the
-interference of a woman in his political conduct. The result was that
-Fouché advised her to go into the country for a few days, saying that
-all would be well on her return. Such is the account that she gives of
-the commencement of Bonaparte's persecution. Other writers vary. The
-flatterers of Napoleon insinuate that she wished to gain an interest in
-his heart. Napoleon himself, when at St. Helena, says, that she became
-his enemy because he would not become her pupil. It were, perhaps, a
-fairer statement to assert, that he oppressed her because she refused to
-be his tool. At the same time it must be remembered, in exculpation of
-Bonaparte's arbitrary acts with regard to her, that he was then making
-difficult way up the slippery path of power; that she opposed his
-progress not only by epigrams and repartees, but by political intrigues.
-It was necessary to reduce her to silence and inaction. But this does
-not excuse his after persecution, which was wanton and unmanly.
-
-Soon after, when Bonaparte passed through Switzerland on his way to
-Italy, having expressed a wish to see Necker, the latter waited on him,
-and spent two hours in conversation. The fallen and aged minister was
-gratified by this mark of interest on the part of the first consul, and
-pleased with his conversation. He did not mention, as a meaner minded
-man would have done, the debt owed him by the French government; but he
-alluded to his daughter's position, and spoke of her as one whose name
-and talents would adorn the society of the capital. The first consul
-replied with courtesy; and the result was that she was hereafter to be
-permitted to reside in Paris.
-
-Bonaparte felt that his present power needed the prop of opinion.
-Perhaps he hoped to gain the daughter by his civility and apparent
-respect for the father. But neither were to be bent from their
-convictions. This became apparent when, towards the end of the same
-year, she published her work on literature. Her talents had now reached
-their full development, and this book is one of the most masterly that
-has emanated from her pen. It is full of liberal opinions; it restored
-her to popularity; her salons again became thronged. Her society was
-chiefly composed of foreigners and the _corps diplomatique._ Fouché
-granted various requests made by her with regard to emigrants, and she
-had thus the pleasure of being useful to, and moreover became popular
-among, a class distinguished for urbane manners and the various charms
-that attend refinement. But her book added to the irritation nourished
-against her by the first consul. He wished the world to be filled with
-his name; and, in this point of view, the influence possessed by
-literary persons was of value in his eyes. Madame de Staël had not
-mentioned him, nor alluded to his achievements, in her work; and he
-looked on the omission as a wilful and galling insult. She never
-appeared at his court; he said of her that every one left her house less
-attached to him than when they went in; the rebel tribunes were among
-her friends; and all tended to nourish his discontent. One day she was
-asked to dinner by general Berthier, in company with Bonaparte. As she
-heard that he often expressed himself sarcastically with regard to her,
-she conjectured that he might address her with some of those rude
-speeches which were so much feared by the courtiers; and, afraid of
-losing her presence of mind, she went prepared with various studied
-repartees. But he scarcely spoke to her, and she had the comfort of
-believing that he feared to sting a dangerous enemy.
-
-She spent her summers at Coppet with her father. In 1799, M. de Staël
-had been recalled to Sweden. His extravagance had occasioned a
-separation from his wife, who feared that the fortunes of her children
-might be injured.
-[Sidenote: 1802.
-Ætat.
-36.]
-A reconciliation was, however, set on foot, and it was agreed that the
-whole family should take up their residence at Coppet. On their way
-thither M. de Staël fell ill and died, his wife attending on his last
-moments.
-
-Her novel of "Delphine" appeared about this time. It was attacked by the
-French critics as immoral. Madame de Staël was indignant. "They dared
-blame a book approved by Necker!" she exclaims. "Delphine" affords
-scope, however, for such criticism. She allows that it displays too
-eager a desire for happiness, the result of young and ardent feelings;
-but, worse than this, it inculcates no spirit of courage under disaster.
-Balwer speaks of "fortitude, the virtue of the ancients, and
-resignation, the duty of Christians," as the chief aim of a philosophic
-or pious mind: madame de Staël--and in this she is the founder of the
-Byronic school--made the chief feeling of her work impatience of life
-under sorrow, suicide in despair. This at once blights existence. To
-feel that adversity and prosperity are both lessons to teach us a higher
-wisdom, the fruition of which we hope hereafter to inherit, and which at
-the same time is the ornament and crown of good men during life, ought
-to be the aim of every writer. Sorrow is rife with desperation; we fly
-to the pages of the sage to learn to bear; and a writer fails in his
-duty when he presents poison instead Of medicine. With all this,
-"Delphine" is a beautiful book. The character of the heroine is full of
-charm: the hero is delineated with a truth, a fervour, and a reality,
-that reaches home. The characters of madame de Valmont and her daughter
-are finely portrayed. "Delphine," it was said, was an ideal of the
-authoress herself; and the false friend was drawn from Talleyrand. "They
-tell me," he said to her, "that you have put us both in your novel in
-the character of women." Madame de Staël could well bear this sarcasm:
-she was truly feminine; her very faults belonged to her sex.
-
-Her father published a book at this time which greatly irritated
-Bonaparte, and added to his dislike of the daughter. In his "Last View
-of Politics and Finance" Necker unveiled the progress which the first
-consul of the republic was making towards a throne. This untimely
-disclosure of his secret ways injured Bonaparte: he spoke bitterly of
-Necker, and said of madame de Staël that she should not visit Paris
-again, since she conveyed such false impressions to her father.
-
-Love for this father was the master passion of madame de Staël's life.
-She looked on him as the wisest and best of men; but, more than this,
-his kindness and sympathy gifted him with something angelic in her eyes.
-He was her dearest friend--the prop of her fortunes; her adviser, her
-shelter, her teacher, her approver--the seal of her prosperity and her
-glory. He was an old man, and this imparted unspeakable tenderness to
-her attachment. Her very love of Paris, and her consequent absences from
-him, added force to her feelings. While away she gathered anecdotes and
-knowledge for his amusement. Their correspondence was regular and full.
-It contained a thousand narrations and sallies, observations on events
-and persons full of piquancy, a gaiety adopted for the purpose of
-diverting him; and over all was spread a tone of tenderness and
-reverence, which accompanied the very idea of her father. When she
-returned to him, she checked a little the demonstrations of her delight,
-but it overflowed in her conversation. Things, men, and politics, the
-effect she had herself produced, were all related with an effusion of
-joy, accompanied by caresses, by tears of gladness, and laughter full of
-love. Necker listened with proud delight. He loved her fondly. Her very
-faults, her want of forethought, which made his cares necessary; her
-uncertainty and doubts with regard to all the minor affairs of life,
-which she joyfully submitted to his direction; her exuberant yet
-uncertain spirits; her imagination that often plunged her in gloom, were
-so many ties to unite father and daughter in bonds of the fondest
-affection.
-
-Yet she could not contentedly remain with him long. She disliked
-Genevese society; she was wrapt up in that of Paris. Her parents had
-planted the seeds of this love of display and eager desire for the
-arena, where wit and all that is the salt of life is to be met in
-perfection, and it was but fair that her father should reap the fruits
-of the education he had bestowed. He felt for her, and was deeply
-grieved that his publication had augmented the annoyances of her
-position.
-[Sidenote: 1803.
-Ætat.
-37.]
-When the peace of Amiens was broken, and Bonaparte and all France were
-occupied by the meditated descent on England, she hoped to be forgotten.
-She drew near Paris, and established herself at the distance of thirty
-miles. The first consul was told that the road to her retreat was
-crowded by people paying her visits. This was not true, but it alarmed
-his jealousy; she heard that she should receive an order to depart.
-Hoping to escape by leaving her home, she went from house to house of
-her friends, but in vain. She was at that of madame Recamier when she
-received the fatal order to leave France in twenty-four hours. She would
-not at once yield; she asked for day after day of reprieve. Junot and
-Joseph Bonaparte interceded with the first consul for her; she pleaded
-as for life; but the petty resentment of the great man could not be
-mollified. He has done worse deeds during his reign, but take the worst
-said of madame de Staël, by his chief flatterers, and still no revenge
-could be meaner, no act of tyranny more flagrant, than that which exiled
-from his capital, and the country he ruled over, a woman, whatever
-offence she had committed against him, who promised silence; who asked
-but for the society of a few friends; whose crime was that she would not
-celebrate the liberticide in her writings.
-
-Forced to go, she could not persuade herself to appear disgraced and
-driven away among the Genevese. She hoped, and her father hoped for her,
-that new scenes, and the welcome afforded her among strangers, would
-blunt the blow she had received, and revive her spirits. She determined
-to visit Germany, with the intention of seeing its great writers,
-studying their productions, and of afterwards presenting the French with
-an account of the, to them, sealed book of German literature. Joseph
-Bonaparte gave her letters of introduction for Berlin, and she set out.
-Benjamin Constant accompanied her; yet this very kindness was the source
-of pain, as he also was partial to a residence in Paris. "Every step of
-the horses," she writes, "was a pang; and, when the postilions boasted
-that they had driven fast, I could not help smiling at the sad service
-they did me. I travelled forty leagues before I recovered possession of
-myself. At length we stopt at Chalons, and Benjamin Constant rousing him
-self, through his wonderful powers of conversation, lightened, at least
-for a few moments, the burden that weighed me down."
-
-Constant continued to accompany her. She was well received at Weimar and
-Berlin. She was at Berlin at the time of the assassination of the duke
-d'Enghien, and shared the horror that this unnecessary act of cruelty
-excited. This circumstance added to her detestation of Napoleon.
-Meanwhile she greatly enjoyed the kindness she found, and the vast field
-of knowledge opened before her.
-[Sidenote: 1804.
-Ætat.
-38.]
-A fatal event put an end to her pleasure. She received tidings of the
-dangerous illness of her father--the intelligence of his death quickly
-followed. She left Germany. She returned to Coppet overwhelmed with
-grief. Generally speaking, there is exaggeration and traces of false
-sentiment in her writings. Her best work for style and simplicity of
-narration is her "Dix Années d'Exil;" and the best portion of this book
-describes her feelings during her journey from Weimar to Coppet. All who
-have suffered the worst of sorrows--the death of one dearly loved--will
-find the echo of their inmost thoughts in that passage.
-
-The death of Necker changed the course of her existence, as far as
-internal feelings operate on the exterior of life. Her father had looked
-on her as incorrigibly thoughtless in all worldly and pecuniary
-concerns; but she was no longer in the heyday of youth; experience
-taught her prudence; and, being thrown entirely on herself, her
-conscience bade her preserve the fortunes of her children. She was a
-good mother. Having obeyed and reverenced her father--she exacted the
-same towards herself from her offspring; nor did she ever regard them
-with the exuberant trembling tenderness she had lavished on her beloved
-parent. But was kind--ever ready to serve them, and eager for their
-well-being. Her notions on education were sensible and just: she did not
-give trust to extraordinary systems; she contented herself by inspiring
-them with piety and generous sentiments; and was perfectly open and true
-in her conduct. They sincerely loved, while they a little feared her.
-
-The society of her children and her friends could not console her for
-the loss of her father and exile from the country she loved. Her first
-occupation was to publish the writings of Necker, accompanied by a
-biographical memoir, in which she pours forth, with touching
-earnestness, all the ardour of her filial affection. Her health sunk
-beneath her sorrow.
-[Sidenote: 1805.
-Ætat.
-39.]
-To revive her spirits and change the scene she visited Italy. There, as
-everywhere, her astonishing powers of conversation gathered an admiring
-audience round her. She enjoyed, with all the warmth of her disposition,
-the delights afforded by that enchanting country; and, impelled to
-express on paper the overflowing of her thoughts, she embodied her
-enthusiasm, her pleasure, and the knowledge she gained, in her novel of
-"Corinne." There is a charm in that work that stamps it as coming from
-the hand of genius. The personages live, breathe, and speak before you.
-We hope or fear for, admire or censure them, as if they were our
-friends. She speaks of love with heartfelt knowledge of the mighty
-powers of passion, and of all those delicate, so to speak, fibres and
-evanescent tints that foster and adorn it. The faults of such a book are
-a very secondary consideration. The Italians will not allow that it is
-by any means a true representation of society in their country; and any
-one who has lived there can perceive that she had but a superficial
-knowledge of Italy and the Italians; still she gives a true picture of
-the surface such as she saw it. Her account of Corinne's life in England
-is admirable. The English, with all their pride, are less vain than the
-Italians, and readily acknowledge their faults. Every English person is
-at once astonished and delighted with the wonderful truth of her sketch
-of county society in England. In this novel, as in "Delphine," the
-heroine dies broken-hearted. Her lover proving false, she lives
-miserably a few years, and then closes her eyes on a world grown dark
-and solitary. Madame de Staël was naturally led to portray death as the
-result of sorrow; for when we are miserable, we are apt to dwell on such
-as the dearest relief; yet we do not die. The authoress also might wish
-to impress on men an idea of the misery which their falsehood produces.
-That is a story as ancient as Dido, and told by Virgil more impressively
-and beautifully than by any other writer. For the dignity of womanhood,
-it were better to teach how one, as highly gifted as Corinne, could find
-resignation or fortitude enough to endure a too common lot, and rise
-wiser and better from the trial.
-
-Madame de Staël was exiled to forty leagues from Paris; her love of
-France caused her to approach so near to its capital. She established
-herself first at Auxerre and afterwards at Rouen. Here she terminated
-and brought out "Corinne." She exercised the utmost caution in her
-conduct, saw but few friends, and observed that silence with regard to
-politics which Napoleon rigorously exacted throughout his empire.
-Fouché, who had no love of wanton mischief, allowed her to settle
-herself within twelve leagues of Paris. But the publication of her novel
-put an end to this indulgence, and redoubled the oppression in force
-against her. She continued to refuse to advert to Napoleon's victories
-and Napoleon's power; and the great man, than whom no hero was ever less
-a hero in all magnanimous sentiments, ordered her to quit the country.
-She returned to Coppet half broken-hearted.
-
-[Sidenote: 1807.
-Ætat.
-41.]
-
-The visits she received from her friends and illustrious foreigners
-somewhat relieved the tedium of her life. She was occupied by her work
-on Germany, and visited Vienna to gather additional materials for it. On
-her return, she devoted two years to its completion. She tried to make
-an existence for herself at Coppet, but did not succeed. Alas! for her.
-Goldsmith's lines on French society are but too applicable to her state
-of mind:--
-
-
-"For praise too warmly loved, or dearly sought,
-Enfeebles all internal strength of thought;
-And the weak soul, within itself unblest,
-Leans for all pleasure on another's breast."
-
-
-She was, with all her vivacity, naturally melancholy. The _society of
-nature_, as she termed it, nursed her darkest reveries, and she turned
-from her own thoughts as from a spring of bitterness. As existence
-became stagnant, _ennui_ generated a thousand imaginary monsters of
-mind; she felt lost and miserable. Death and solitude were, in her mind,
-closely allied. Take away the animation of conversation; the
-intercommunication of ideas among the many; the struggle, the applause,
-the stirring interest in events; the busy crowd that gave variety to
-every impression; and the rest of life was, in her eyes, a fearful vigil
-near the grave. It is beautifully said, that God tempers the wind to the
-shorn lamb. Sometimes, however, the exact contrary has place, and our
-weak and sore points are sought out to be roughly handled. Thus madame
-de Staël, brought up to act a foremost part on the brilliant theatre of
-the civilised world, was cast back on herself, and found there only
-discontent and misery. To us sober English, indeed, her life at Coppet
-seems busy enough. She assembled all travellers about her; her domestic
-circle was large; she acted plays; she declaimed; but it would not do:
-Paris was interdicted, and she was cut off from happiness.
-
-[Sidenote: 1810.
-Ætat.
-44.]
-
-Having finished her "Germany," she desired to overlook its progress
-through the press at the permitted distance of forty leagues from Paris.
-She established herself near Blois, in the old château of
-Chammont-sur-Loire, erst inhabited by cardinal d'Amboise, Diane de
-Poitiers, Catherine de Medicis, and Nostradamus. A few friends gathering
-round her, she enjoyed the amusements and occupations she shared with
-them. Madame Recamier was chief among them, and very dear to her. Her
-plan was, as soon as her book was printed, to reach England by America,
-that being the only path left open to our island by Napoleon. She had
-submitted her work to the censor, and, having made all the alterations
-exacted, she felt herself safe. But the storm gathered, and broke
-unexpectedly. She had not praised Napoleon; she had not mentioned the
-success of the French armies in Germany; she had tried even to enlarge
-the sphere of French literature, by introducing a knowledge of and taste
-for the German--an attempt anti-national in the emperor's eyes. He did
-not hesitate to condemn such a work. The duke de Rovigo, minister of
-police, sent to seize on the edition, to demand the manuscript, and to
-order her to quit France in three days. She was proud of her book, and
-had every right to be so; and she gladly anticipated the applause and
-increased reputation that would follow it. The loss of this could be
-borne, but the renewed sentence of exile struck her to the heart. She
-was forced to obey. Her first idea was to embark for America; but her
-purpose in so doing was to get on board an English ship, and reach
-England. Her plans were disturbed by an intimation from Savary that she
-must embark only at the ports of France furthest from her desired goal.
-The minister wrote to her with flippancy, that her book was not French,
-and that her exile was the consequence of the course she had followed
-for years. The air of France evidently disagreed with her; but the
-French were not reduced to seek for models in the countries which she
-admired. Savary was still more frank when speaking on the subject. He
-asked why she had made no mention of the emperor or his armies? He was
-told that such allusions were out of place in a book that treated solely
-of literature. "Do you think," he replied, "that we have carried on a
-war in Germany for eighteen years for so well-known an author to omit
-all mention of us? The book shall be destroyed, and we should do well to
-send the writer to Vincennes."
-
-Her plans disturbed, hope dead within her, she returned to Coppet,
-almost resigned to pass her life in the château; but the hour had
-passed away when she was allowed to enjoy the tribute of visits from
-foreigners of distinction, and to gather round her such friends as she
-best loved. A series of the most tormenting and cruel persecutions were
-instituted, that acting on an imagination easily disquieted, and on a
-temperament that needed the atmosphere of joy to feel at ease, drove her
-into a state of intense and uninterrupted suffering. She gave up all
-idea, which must always be agreeable to an author, of publishing; she
-scarcely dared write. All her acquaintance as well as friends were
-looked on with unfavourable eyes. She could not venture to ask a guest
-to dinner; she was so afraid of compromising the whole family of any one
-who came near her. The prefect of Geneva was changed as being too
-favourably disposed. The new magistrate urged her to eulogise Napoleon
-as the sure means of putting an end to all her annoyances: would she
-only celebrate the birth of the king of Rome? She replied that she did
-not know how to do so: she could only express her hopes that he would
-have a good nurse. The prefect took his leave, and never came near her
-again. Her children were forbidden to enter France. She went to Aix, in
-Savoy, for the benefit of the health of her youngest son; she was
-ordered to return; she was advised never to go further than two leagues
-from Coppet. William Schlegel, whom she had engaged to live with her to
-assist in the education of her children, was ordered to quit her
-château. He had published a work, in which he showed a preference to
-the Phædra of Euripides over that of Racine; he was judged
-anti-Gallican; and she was told that his society was injurious to her. A
-thousand terrors seized her. Confined within narrow precincts, deprived
-of her friends, she began to fear a prison, where she would have been
-left to perish, miserable and forgotten. She resolved to escape--it was
-difficult to choose a route. She was told that she would be arrested on
-her way through any country under the dominion of the French. She passed
-her life, she says, in studying a map of Europe, to find how she could
-escape beyond the wide-spread poison tree of Napoleon's power. She
-traced a route through the Tyrol on her way to Russia and Sweden, and
-thence to England. A thousand difficulties presented themselves for the
-execution of this plan, but it was her best.
-
-"There is physical pleasure," she writes, "in resisting unjust power;"
-the act of resistance was animating, but when the hour of defeat came
-all was stagnant, fearful, and oppressive. The worst blow dealt her was
-when she found that any friend who visited her was involved in the same
-oppression. An old friend, M. de Montmorency, visited Coppet; the
-delight of seeing him made her blind to danger. She made a tour through
-Switzerland with him in spite of the advice given her not to go further
-than two leagues from Coppet. They afterwards returned to her château,
-where M. de Montmorency speedily received an order of exile. This news
-plunged her in agony--that her friends should be wounded through her was
-worse than her own misfortunes. While still suffering from this
-disaster, she received a letter from madame Recamier, saying that she
-was on her road to Aix, in Savoy, and announcing her intention of
-visiting Coppet in her way. Madame de Staël implored her not to come;
-but her generous friend could not pass so near without spending a few
-hours with her;--a few hours only, but they sufficed to call down
-banishment on her head: henceforth she was driven from her home and
-friends, and forced to take up her residence at Lyons in solitude and
-exile. All this was done to drive her to dishonour herself by praising
-him whose tyranny made him every day more odious, as the persecutor of
-herself and the oppressor of France. The prefect of Geneva was ordered
-to annul her, and he took pains to impress every one with the dangers
-that would accrue from any intercourse with her. He waylaid every
-stranger, and turned them aside from the path to her house; her
-correspondents in Paris were exiled; she felt that she ought to refrain
-from seeing any one. By a natural struggle of feeling she was disquieted
-when her friends generously sought, and still more miserable when they
-selfishly abandoned her.
-
-She never saw the day return, she says, that she did not repine at being
-obliged to live to its end. She was married again at this time. This
-event, which was kept secret till after her death, is one of the most
-singular of her history.
-
-In the year 1810 there came to Geneva a young Spaniard of the name of
-Rocca. He was an officer in the French army, and had been wounded
-dangerously in Spain. He inspired great interest through the reputation
-he enjoyed for brilliant courage and for talent. He was young and very
-handsome; but his wounds had reduced him to a state of great weakness
-and suffering; and the contrast was striking and interesting between his
-youth and noble physiognomy, and his extreme pallor and attenuated
-figure. He heard madame de Staël talk, and was seized with enthusiastic
-admiration. Necker said of his daughter that her conversation imparted
-an idea of the beautiful; and thus, though twenty years older than
-himself, and, except for her eyes, with no beauty of face, the young
-Rocca was attracted by that of her mind, and said, "I shall love her so
-much that at last she will marry me." These words were soon fulfilled.
-But she refused to acknowledge a marriage which, from disparity of age,
-might have excited ridicule; and in all things of that sort madame de
-Staël was singularly timid. She was averse also to change her name.
-"Mon nom est à l'Europe," she replied to Rocca, when they were in
-England, and he jestingly asked her to marry him. She does not in her
-narratives advert to this marriage; but the fear must have haunted her
-that Napoleon would exile Rocca from Coppet; while, on the other hand,
-she found it difficult to leave an infant child, the offspring of their
-union, uncertain when again she could rejoin it.
-
-These terrors and doubts threw her into a nervous state of the most
-painful kind. Now, she thought it wrong and foolish to leave her house,
-where she enjoyed every bodily comfort and the society of her
-children,--again, the fear of prison, the terror of who next among her
-friends would be the tyrant's victim, distracted her. At length she
-resolved to depart, and ultimately to reach England; whether by Russia
-and Sweden, or Greece and Constantinople, was to be decided by
-circumstances that might occur during her progress.
-
-Her account of her journey is full of interest. An abridgment can give
-little idea of its difficulties,--the petty yet stinging annoyances by
-which she was beset,--the delays, the terror, the disappointments. Now
-she feared for her daughter's health,--and then still more for the
-safety of M. Rocca. The order for his arrest as a French officer had
-been forwarded through Germany. It is true he had sent in his
-resignation, his wounds preventing him from active service; but, if he
-had been taken, there is no doubt that he would have been treated with
-the utmost rigour. They were often obliged to separate, and he rejoined
-her once or twice in moments full of peril to himself. She traversed
-Germany and Poland in this way; and even in Russia she was not sure of
-escape from Napoleon. His armies had entered that vast empire, and were
-close behind her.
-
-It was matter of joy to her when at last, after passing through Moscow,
-she arrived at St. Petersburg, to find the emperor Alexander full of
-resolution and ardour to resist the despot. He treated her with great
-distinction; and she proceeded on her way to her old friend Bernadotte,
-at that time crown prince of Sweden. She remained eight months at
-Stockholm. She had begun a portion of her "Dix Années d'Exil" at
-Coppet, it being copied as fast as written by her friends, feigned
-English names and old dates being substituted for the real; since under
-Napoleon's police regulations it was not safe to preserve a page of
-manuscript in which he was blamed.
-
-From Sweden she passed over to England, where she occupied herself in
-publishing her "Germany." She was courted as a _lion_ in English
-fashionable society; and, though her style of life and conversation were
-very opposite to our manners, still she impressed every one with high
-ideas of her talents and genius. The Whig party were a little surprised
-at her tone in politics. They were not yet accustomed to regard Napoleon
-as the tyrant and oppressor, and they thought that madame de Staël had
-changed her principles when she warmly advocated war against the
-emperor. She was intimate with all the English of distinction. Her
-compliments seemed a little _outré_ to us, and she made a few mistakes
-that excited smiles; still she was liked. Lord Byron was among her
-favourites,--his genius possessed fascination for her. There was a
-notion at one time that he would marry her daughter, whom he admired;
-but Albertine was reserved for a better fate.
-
-All her patriotism as a Frenchwoman was painfully roused when the allies
-entered France; still she hailed the overthrow of Napoleon, and the
-restoration of the Bourbons, with delight, hoping that the latter would
-deserve well of their country. She was liked by Louis XVIII., who repaid
-her the two millions which Necker had lent the state. The return of
-Napoleon from Elba filled her with terror, and she instantly left Paris
-for Coppet. He, who now appeared with a professed attachment to
-constitutional liberty, invited her to return and assist him in
-modelling a constitution. She replied, "He did without me or a
-constitution for twelve years, and has no liking for either of us." The
-occupation of France by the allies filled her with grief; that her
-"belle France" should be held in these degrading chains seemed
-desecration, and she retreated to Coppet not to witness the humiliating
-spectacle.
-[Sidenote: 1816.
-Ætat.
-50.]
-She was there when lord Byron resided at Diodati in 1816. He visited
-her, and she gave him a good deal of advice to which he listened, and
-was induced to make an attempt to be reconciled to his wife. When she
-preached lessons of worldly wisdom, he quoted the motto to
-"Delphine"--"Un homme doit savoir braver l'opinion, une femme s'y
-soummettre." But she replied that she feared that both sexes would reap
-evil only from resistance.
-
-The marriage of her daughter to the duke de Broglie, and the admirable
-character of this lady, formed the chief happiness of her latter life.
-Her children were all dutiful and affectionate. Her chief sorrow
-resulted from the ill health of M. Rocca, who tottered on the brink of
-the grave. He deserved the affection he inspired. His tenderness towards
-her was extreme, and his admiration never waned. His chivalrous
-sentiments, his wit, and his poetic imagination, varied and filled her
-life. His ill state of health, while it disquieted her, yet annihilated
-their difference of age. At one time she visited Pisa, that he might be
-benefited by a milder climate. He was there at the point of death: she
-compared herself to marshal Ney, who was then expecting at each moment
-to receive his sentence. Endowed by an imagination which never blunted
-any sorrow, but which exaggerated all, she said afterwards that she had
-composed a book, with the title, "The only Misfortune of Life, the Loss
-of a Person beloved."
-
-Her character softened as she advanced in life, and she appreciated its
-real blessings and disasters more rationally, at the same time that she
-acquired greater truth and energy in her writings. This may often be
-observed with women. When young, they are open to such cruel attacks,
-every step they take in public may bring with it irreparable injury to
-their private affections, to their delicacy, to their dearest prospects.
-As years are added they gather courage; they feel the earth grow
-steadier under their steps; they depend less on others, and their moral
-worth increases. She was an affectionate and constant friend, and the
-sentiments of her heart replaced the appetite she formerly had for the
-display of talent: she placed a true value on courage and resignation,
-when before she had reserved her esteem for sensibility. She grew
-calmer, and ceased to fabricate imaginary woes for herself, happy when
-she escaped real ones. She grew pious. From her earliest years she had
-strong feelings of religion, resulting from dependence on Providence,
-from adoration for the Supreme Being, and hope of a future life. The
-Christian principles mingled more entirely with these sentiments in her
-latter years. As her health declined, her sleepless hours were spent in
-prayer, and existence lost, as it often does to those about to leave it,
-its gay and deceptive colours. "Life," she said, "resembles Gobelin
-tapestry: you do not see the canvass on the right side; but when you
-turn it the threads are visible. The mystery of existence is the
-connection between our faults and our misfortunes. I never committed an
-error that was not the cause of a disaster." And thus, while the idea of
-death was infinitely painful, the hope of another life sustained her.
-"My father waits for me on the other side," she said, and indulged the
-hope of hereafter being rejoined by her daughter.
-
-She perished gradually: the use of opium, from which she could not wean
-herself, increased her danger; nor could medicine aid her. She died in
-Paris on the 14th July, 1817, in her fifty-second year. Rocca survived
-her but a few months.
-
-She possessed too much merit not to have many enemies during her life,
-and these were increased by her passion for display, and the jealous
-spirit with which she competed with those whom she looked on as rivals.
-The eagerness with which during the days of the republic she mingled in
-politics, and her attempts to acquire influence over Napoleon, were arms
-that she put into the hands of her enemies to injure her. They accused
-her of an intriguing meddling disposition, saying of her, that to make a
-revolution she would throw all her friends into the river, content with
-fishing them out the next day, and so showing the kindness of her heart.
-But her faults were more than compensated among her friends by the truth
-and constancy of her attachment. Her temper was equable, though her mind
-was often tempest-tost, clouded by dark imaginations, torn by unreal but
-deeply felt anxieties and sorrows. "I am now," she said, in her last
-days, "what I have ever been,--sad, yet vivacious." To repair wrong, to
-impress on the minds of princes benevolence and justice, were in her
-latter years the scope of, so to speak, her public life. She loved
-France with passion. Lord Brougham records the alarm and indignation
-which caused her to pant for breath, as she exclaimed, "Quoi donc, cette
-belle France!" when lord Dudley, half in jest half seriously, wished the
-Cossacks, in revenge for Moscow burnt, to nail a horse-shoe on the gates
-of the Tuileries.
-
-Our memoir has extended to so great a length that we can only advert
-cursorily to her writings. M. Anneé, a French critic, observes of her,
-that her understanding had more brilliance than profundity; and yet that
-no writer of her epoch had left such luminous ideas on her route.
-Chateaubriand, while he deplores the party spirit which gave irritation
-to her sentiments and bitterness to her style, pronounces her to be a
-woman of rare merit, and who would add another name to the list of those
-destined to become immortal. She wrote on a vast variety of subjects,
-and threw light on all. Yet she gathered her knowledge, not by profound
-study, but by rapid dipping into books and by conversation with learned
-men; thus her opinions are often wrongly grounded, and her learning is
-superficial. Still her conclusions are often admirable, granting that
-the ground on which she founds them is true. She has great felicity of
-illustration, and her style is varied and eloquent, the fault being that
-it sometimes abounds in words, and wants the merit of concentration and
-conciseness; often, too, she is satisfied with a sentiment for a reason.
-Her wit is not pleasantry, but it is pointed and happy. She neither
-understood nor liked humour; but she enjoyed repartee: many are recorded
-as falling from her, and they are distinguished by their point and
-delicacy. Her "Dix Années d'Exil" is the most simple and interesting of
-her works; but her "Germany," perhaps, deserves the highest rank, from
-its research, and the great beauty of its concluding chapters. Of her
-novels we have already spoken. They do not teach the most needful
-lesson--moral courage; but they are admirable as pictures of life and
-vivid representations of character, for subtle remark and vivid detail
-of what in youth forms our joys and sorrows. She puts much of herself in
-all; and thus adds to the charm and truth of her sentiments and ideas.
-Her "Considerations on the French Revolution" is valuable, from its
-affording us a personal picture of the impressions made by that epoch;
-but the great preponderance of praise which she gives to Necker renders
-it a work of prejudice. Like him, she had no strong republican
-sentiments. She desired an English constitution; she disliked the
-girondists as well as the mountain, and attempted the impossible task of
-reconciling the interests of the nation as established by the revolution
-with that of the _ancienne régime._ Her feelings are praiseworthy, but
-her views are narrow.
-
-Such is the defect of human nature that we have no right to demand
-perfection from any individual of the species. We may sum up by saying
-that, though the character and writings of madame de Staël, in some
-respects, display weaknesses, and though she committed errors, her
-virtues and genius raise her high; and the country that gave her birth,
-and which she truly loved, may, with honest pride, rank her among its
-most illustrious names.
-
-
-
-
-
-INDEX
-
-
-A.
-
-Abbeville, condemnation of the
-chevalier de la Barre at, II. 84.
-
-Academy, the French, its judgment
-on the "Cid," I. 47. Cardinal de
-Richelieu's marginal observations
-on that critique, 48. Question of
-electing Molière, 141. La Fontaine,
-academician, 167. Boileau's
-election, 167. The "Dictionary"
-of, 168. Furetière's Dictionary
-in competition to it, 168.
-
-Academy of Sciences, the French
-Royal, II. 25.
-
-Æschylus, I. 40.
-
-Alembert, _see_ D'Alembert.
-
-Amelot, M., secretary of state, II.
-46, 47.
-
-Angennes, Mlle. Julie d', deity of
-the Hôtel Rambouillet, I. 108.
-Duchess of Montauzier, 123.
-263, n.
-
-Angennes, Angélique, married to
-the chevalier de Grignan, I. 247,
-248.
-
-Anne of Austria, regent during the
-minority of Louis XIV., I. 66.
-She withdraws from Paris, with
-the young king and Mazarin, to
-St. Germain, 70. The capital
-blockaded by Condé, 70. A short
-peace, 71.
-
-Antoine, Faubourg St., battle
-between Condé and Turenne near
-the gates of the, I. 81. Turenne
-victorious, 81.
-
-Arbuthnot, Dr., character of, I. 30.
-
-Argenson, M. d', anecdote relative
-to, I. 235.
-
-Argental, count d', II. 53. 100.
-
-Ariosto, I. 154. Imitated by La Fontaine,
-165. 181.
-
-Aristotle, controversy respecting,
-excited by Rabelais, I. 31. Ramus's
-Anti-Stagyrite, 31.
-
-Arlechino, or Harlequin, Italian
-actor, I. 102.
-
-Arnaud, Antony, the abbé, controversialist,
-I. 198. 267. 315. 339.
-
-Arnaud d'Andilli, brother of Antony,
-I. 198.
-
-Arnaud, Angélique, abbess of Port
-Royal, I. 198.
-
-Arouet, M., father of Voltaire, II. 4.
-7. 9. 11.
-
-Artagnan, M. d', I. 223, n.
-
-Assoucy, d', musician and poet,
-kindly entertained during his
-peregrinations by Molière and his
-brother comedians, I. 104.
-
-Atmospheric air, properties of, I.
-191.
-
-
-B.
-
-Bacon, Francis lord, his opinion of
-Rabelais, I. 23.
-
-Ballads, Spanish and Moorish, I.
-45.
-
-Balzac, poetry of, I. 153.
-
-Barante, M., his "Literature of the
-Eighteenth Century," II. 14, n.
-
-Bardou, French poet, I. 265.
-
-Baron, excellent comedian, I. 131.
-132. 143.
-
-Barre, chevalier de la, execution of
-the, II. 84.
-
-Beauvilliers, duke de, I. 335.
-
-Béjart, brothers, comedians in Molière's
-troop, I. 102. Facetiousness
-of the younger, 121.
-
-Béjart, Madeleine, actress, her
-beauty, I. 102.
-
-Béjart, Armande, is married by
-Molière, I. 102. Their union infelicitous,
-117. 131. Implores
-Louis XIV. that her deceased
-husband should be buried in holy
-ground, 140. She marries M.
-Guérin, comedian, 148.
-
-Bellay, du, archbishop of Paris,
-friendly to Rabelais, I. 24, 25. 27.
-Ambassador from Francis I. to
-Paul III., 28. He receives Rabelais
-in his household at Paris,
-33. Supposed dying message by
-Rabelais to, 39.
-
-Bellerose, Pierre le Meslier named,
-tragedian, I. 98.
-
-Benedictine order, claims of for
-respect, I. 25.
-
-Benserade, court poet, I. 226.
-
-Bergerac, Cyrano de, I. 99.
-
-Bernier, traveller in the East, I. 99.
-100.
-
-Bible, English, an example for
-language, I. 61.
-
-Boccaccio, his works acknowledged
-to be diverting by La Fontaine, I.
-154. 181.
-
-Boétie, Etienne de la, friendship of
-Montaigne for, I. 7. Latin poem
-by, 16. Death-bed of, 9.
-
-Boileau Despréaux, Nicholas, epigram
-on Corneille by, I. 57. His
-high estimate of Molière's genius,
-97. 118. 146. His regret for the
-loss of Molière's early farces, 105.
-He criticises "Les Fourberies de
-Scapin," 134. His advice to Molière,
-142. His poetry remarkable
-for wit, but without humour,
-146. His observations on La
-Fontaine, 160. 165. In favour
-with Louis XIV., 163. Is elected
-of the French Academy, 167.
-His admiration of the "Lettres
-Provinciales" of Pascal, 202.
-His father, Giles Boileau, 259.
-Birth of Nicholas in 1636, 259.
-At school he commenced writing
-poetry, 260. Studies law, and
-named advocate, 261. Attacks
-Chapelain and Cotin, 263. 265.
-Substitutes fresh victims of his
-satire in place of such as had
-surrendered at discretion, 265.
-His friends, 267. He speaks of
-his own success, 268, n. His "Art
-Poétique," 270. The "Lutrin,"
-270. Passages from, 272-279.
-Leigh Hunt's parallel of Boileau
-and Pope, 271, n. Boileau eulogises
-Louis XIV., and is favourably
-received at court, 278. Is
-named historiographer conjointly
-with Racine, 279. These poets
-accompany Louis to Ghent, 280.
-Is liable in camp to alarms,
-his phlegmatic disposition, 281.
-His conversations with madame
-de Maintenon and Racine, 283.
-Desires a seat in the French
-Academy, 167. 284. Repairs to
-the baths of Bourbon for health,
-285. His correspondence by
-letter of much interest, 285.
-286. Is indignant as to Perrault's
-"Siècle de Louis Quatorze,"
-287. His Satire on Women,
-288. His pension, 289. His
-tender regard for Racine, 289.
-He loses his valued friend, 290.
-His interview with Louis as sole
-historiographer, 291. His retirement,
-291. His amusements in
-old age, 291. Sells his house at
-Auteuil, 292. His piety, 293.
-Completes an edition of his works,
-293. Account of several of his
-works, 293. _et passim._ Dies of
-dropsy on the chest at seventy-five
-years of age, 294. His superior
-wit, 294. His verses highly
-finished and regular, 295. The
-"Lutrin" his best poem, 295.
-Teaches Racine that easy versification
-is the result of painstaking,
-307. He reconciles Antoine
-Arnaud, and Racine, 315. His
-enduring kindness for Racine,
-327. His name of Despréaux, II.
-21.
-
-Boisrobert, French poet, I. 43. 47.
-
-Bonaparte, general, his first interview
-with madame de Staël, II.
-322. Appointed first consul, 323.
-Surmises as to the causes of Bonaparte's
-enmity, 324. His interview
-with M. Necker, 325. He
-permits madame de Staël to reside
-in Paris, 326. Not being lauded
-by her, he seizes her "Germany,"
-and exiles her from France, 332.
-On his return from Elba, invites
-her to assist him in forming a
-constitution; her answer, 340.
-
-Bonnecorse, French writer, I. 265.
-266.
-
-Bordeaux, the father of Montaigne
-mayor of, I. 1. Michel Montaigne
-(the Essayist) mayor, 19. Re-election
-of Montaigne, 19. Warfare
-of the Fronde against the
-royal party, at, 73. The prince of
-Condé joyfully received by the
-Bordelais, 77. Molière patronised
-by the duke d'Epernon at, 102.
-
-Bose, M., letter from madame Roland
-to, II. 272. He visits her in
-prison, 289.
-
-Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, witnesses
-the death of the duke of Rochefoucauld,
-I. 90. His intended marriage,
-334. Abandons it for the
-church, 334. Appointed preceptor
-to the dauphin, 334. 336. His
-funeral oration on Henrietta, duchess
-of Orléans, 334, n. His "Discours
-sur l'Histoire Universelle,"
-334. He causes the misfortunes
-of Fénélon by his zeal against the
-doctrines of quietisme, 345. No
-reconciliation takes place between
-Bossuet and Fénélon, 356.
-
-Bonhours, le père, jesuit, I. 203, n.
-
-Bouillon, duke of, I. 73. His death
-of typhus fever, 82.
-
-Bouillon, duchess of, I. 70. Niece
-of Mazarin, 158. She conducts La
-Fontaine to Paris, 159. 172. 177.
-
-Bouillon, M., his "Joconde," I. 165.
-
-Bourdaloue, le père, I. 202, n. 257, n.
-Said to surpass his instructor,
-Bossuet, in pulpit eloquence, 334.
-
-Boursault, French dramatic author,
-I. 265. His visit to Boileau, 266.
-
-Bretons, character of this race, I.
-216. Their loyalty romantic and
-excessive, 216.
-
-Brissot, M., and the Girondists, II.
-273. 314. He falls into disrepute,
-276. Their known moderation,
-281. 283. Louvet accuses Robespierre,
-but is ill supported except
-by the Gironde deputies, 284. Act
-of accusation against them, 290.
-Execution of Brissot, 291.
-
-Brittany, province of, I. 214. 216.
-Affairs of, 243.
-
-Broglie, duke de, espouses Albertine,
-daughter of madame de
-Staël, II. 340.
-
-Bruyère, _see_ La Bruyère.
-
-Buchanan, George, applauds the
-early teaching Latin to Montaigne,
-I. 4.
-
-Budæus, referred to as to Rabelais,
-I. 24.
-
-Burke, right hon. Edmund, his opinion
-of Oliver Goldsmith, I. 182.
-
-Burgundy, duke of, grandson of
-Louis XIV., his preceptors, I. 335.
-359. 364. His death, 365. II. 10.
-
-Bussy-Rabutin, Roger, count de,
-cousin of madame de Sévigné, I.
-217. Her letters to the count,
-217. His letters to madame de
-Sévigné, 217. 219. Particulars of
-his career, 218, n. His licentious
-works, 221.
-
-
-C.
-
-Cailhava, his "Art de la Comédie,"
-I. 154, n.
-
-Calas, Jean, inquiry into the injustice
-of the condemnation of, II. 80.
-
-Calonne, administration of this financier,
-II. 304.
-
-Calvin, John, his reproof of Rabelais,
-I. 31.
-
-Castro, Guillen de, the "Cid" of, I.
-45.
-
-Catherine II., her correspondence
-with M. de Voltaire, II. 107.
-
-Caumartin, M. de, II. 10.
-
-Cavoie, M. de, I. 281. 317.
-
-Chamfort, his éloge of Molière, I.
-148.
-
-Champmélé, mademoiselle de, celebrated
-actress, I. 307.
-
-Charles VI., the emperor, death of,
-II. 42.
-
-Chapelain, French poet and critic,
-I. 47. 48. Character of, 262. His
-poem of "La Pucelle d'Orléans,"
-262. 263, n. Other allusions to,
-301.
-
-Chapelle, poet, education of, I. 99.
-His good-fellowship, 115. 131. 132.
-Allusions to, 216.
-
-Chateauneuf, the abbé de, II. 5. 6.
-
-Chateauneuf, marquis de, II. 7.
-
-Châteauroux, duchess of, II. 44. 47.
-
-Châtelet, marquis du, his castle of
-Cirey affords a refuge to Voltaire,
-II. 24. 26.
-
-Châtelet, madame du, Voltaire's
-intimacy with, II. 21. She learns
-English of Voltaire, 25. 26. Her
-literary taste, 25. 29. She revisits
-Paris with Voltaire, 42. Visits
-Sceaux, 48. Her death, 52.
-
-Châtillon, duchess of, I. 217.
-
-Chaulnes, duke of, governor of Britany,
-I. 248.
-
-Chaulnes, duchess of, I. 243. 248. 252.
-
-Chavigni, duke of, I. 82.
-
-Chevreuse, duchess de, favourite of
-Anne, regent of France, I. 64. 65.
-66. Is banished, 67.
-
-Chimène, or Ximena, part of, critique,
-I. 45. 46.
-
-Choiseul, duke of, II. 81. 82. 101.
-
-"Cid," the, of Guillen de Castro, I.
-45. 101.
-
-"Cinna," tragedy of, by Corneille,
-I. 49.
-
-Cirey, château of the marquis du
-Châtelet in Champagne, II. 24. 27.
-Voltaire's mode of life there, 28.
-
-Clairon, mademoiselle, actress, II. 44.
-
-Clement VII., pope, I. 25.
-
-Clement XI., I. 367.
-
-Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., I.
-163. 166. 222. 287, n. 301.
-
-Colletet, French author, I. 43.
-
-Comedy, French: Corneille's "Mélite,"
-I. 42. His "Illusion," 44.
-His "Le Menteur," 51. Racine's
-"Les Plaideurs," 53. _See_ Theatre.
-
-Condé, the great prince of, I. 53. 60.
-Defeats the Spaniards at Rocroi,
-67. Blockades Paris, 70. Is imprisoned,
-70. And liberated by de
-Retz and the Frondeurs, 73.
-Joined by the Spaniards in the
-south of France, 77. Quits Guienne
-to join the forces of the duke of
-Nemours, 78. Perilous journey,
-79. Is opposed by Turenne, 80.
-Contest between these great commanders
-near Paris, 81. The Parisians
-show great regard for him,
-82. On occasion of a tumult and
-partial massacre, he incurs their
-hatred, 82. His admiration of
-Molière, 113. 124. Further allusions
-to, 278. 313. 327. 331.
-
-Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine de
-Caritat, marquis de, born in Picardy,
-II. 175. His scientific works,
-172. _et seq._ His examination of
-the "Pensées de Pascal," 177.
-Intimacy with men of science, 178.
-Replies to Necker's book, 178. His
-edition of Voltaire, and a life of
-that author, 103. 178. Replies to
-De Lolme on the English Constitution,
-179. Character of Condorcet,
-179. What share he had in the
-French revolution, 180. Violent
-speech of against monarchy, 182.
-184. His political writings, 182.
-184. 187. Supports in his speeches
-the cause of liberty, 182. 184. 187.
-Esteemed for his integrity, 184.
-His metaphysical deductions, 185.
-His enlarged views regarding
-national education, 186. His vote
-went to save Louis XVI., 188.
-Denounced by Chabot, as an
-accomplice of Brissot, 190. His
-"Historical Sketch of the Progress
-of the Human Mind," 190.
-His views of human perfection,
-191. His epistle in verse
-to his wife, 192. He retires to
-Chamont, 192. Is discovered, and
-imprisoned at Bourg-la-Reine,
-193. Dies of cold and hunger in
-jail, 193. His character as given
-by madame Roland, 193. His wife
-escaped the dangers of the revolution,
-194. She wrote some philosophical
-works, 194.; and died
-in 1822, 194. Mademoiselle de
-Condorcet married Arthur
-O'Connor, 194.
-
-Conti, Armand de Bourbon, prince
-of, I. 60. 68. Engaged in the civil
-war on the side of the Fronde,
-I. 60. 68. Holds out in Bordeaux
-and Guienne for several years,
-83, n. Educated in the college
-of Clermont, 99. He patronizes
-Molière at Pezenas, 105. 106. Allusions
-to, 236.
-
-Conti, the princess of, I. 286.
-
-Conti, the prince of, entertains
-J. J. Rousseau, II. 159. Affords
-him a refuge, 162.
-
-Corbinelli, M., account of, I. 256.
-His wit, 237. His letters, 245.
-
-Corneille, Pierre, the father of
-French tragedy, I. 40. His parents,
-40. His brother, Thomas
-Corneille, also a dramatist of celebrity,
-41. His sister Marthe,
-mother of Fontenelle, 41. Taught
-at Rouen by Jesuits, 41. His first
-work, "Mélite," a comedy, 42.
-Mediocrity of his first dramas,
-42. Corrects the plays of Richelieu,
-43. His associates in that
-task, 43. He retires from Paris
-to Rouen, 43. His poems to madame
-Du Pont, 43. His "Medée"
-unsuccessful, 44. "Illusion," a
-comedy, 44. His genius fires with
-the study of Spanish dramas, 44.
-Reads the "Cid" of Guillen de
-Castro, 45. Corneille's drama of
-the "Cid," 45. 46. 101. Its plot
-and action, 101. Its renown, 47.
-Critique of the "Cid," by the Académie
-Française, 47. 48. Richelieu's
-observations thereon, 48.
-Corneille's tragedy of "Horace,"
-48. His tragedy of "Cinna,"
-49. "Polyeucte," 50. His
-comedy of "Le Menteur," 51.
-"Rodogune," 52. Ill success of
-"Don Sancho," "Theodore,"
-and "Pertharite," 52. His "Essays
-on the Theatre," 54. His
-translation of the "Imitation of
-Jesus Christ," 54. Tragedy of
-"Œdipe," 54. Its success, 54. His
-genius afterwards unequal to his
-former fame, 54. Pension granted
-him by Louis XIV., 55. 60. Character
-of the great dramatist, 60.
-His fruitless attempts in later
-tragedies, 56. His "Agesilas
-and Attila," 57. His wife and
-sister described, 56. Is established
-in Paris, 56. Parallel of Racine
-and Corneille, 57. "Berenice,"
-a subject treated by both poets,
-58. Corneille less successful than
-his rival, 59. "Pulchérie," and
-"Suréna," his last plays, 59.
-Death of Corneille, aged seventy-nine,
-59. Unison of his character
-with his works, 59. Public applause
-of the poet, 60. Eloge of,
-by Racine, 61. A great-niece of,
-adopted by Voltaire, 61, n. II. 78.
-His sons, I. 61. Allusions to, 262.
-
-Corneille, Thomas, dramatic author,
-I. 41. Success of his "Timocrates,"
-56. "Le Comte d'Essex"
-popular, 56. He and his
-brother Pierre marry the demoiselles
-de Lamperière, 56. Harmony
-of the Corneille family, 56.
-Some quotations from, 43, n. 55, n.
-59, n.
-
-Corneille, Marthe, the mother of
-Fontenelle, I. 41. 56.
-
-Cotin, l'Abbé, his death hastened
-by critics and satirists, I. 147.
-Molière's attack on, 153, 154. Boileau's
-satire on, 263.
-
-Coulanges, Marie de, baronne de
-Chantal, mother of madame de
-Sévigné, I. 215.
-
-Coulanges, Christophe de, abbé de
-Livry, takes charge of his orphan
-niece, madame de Sévigné, I.
-215. His consolations afforded her
-on the death of the marquis her
-husband, 218. His death, 251.
-
-Coulanges, M. de, cousin of madame
-de Sévigné, I. 232. Lawsuit
-of, pleaded by himself, 232. Dialogue
-in verse by, 232, n. Impromptu
-by, 235. His death,
-235.
-
-Coulanges, madame de, I. 232. Celebrated
-for wit and beauty, 234.
-339.
-
-Couvreur, mademoiselle, death and
-mode of sepulture of this actress,
-II. 23.
-
-Crébillon, dramatic poet, II. 43. 50.
-A rival of Voltaire, 51. 57.
-
-Cuspidius, Lucius, will of, I. 37.
-
-
-D.
-
-D'Alembert, M., proverbial saying
-of, I. 163. Remarks of, 334. 336.
-His éloge of Fénélon, 345, n. 369.
-371. The Encyclopédie, II. 77.
-His friendship with Condorcet,
-176.
-
-D'Angeau, marquis do, I. 58. His
-fortune at play, 244, n.
-
-Dauphin, the, son of Louis XIV.,
-I. 334. 336, n.
-
-Davenport, Mr., permits Rousseau
-to occupy his house at Wotton in
-Derbyshire, II. 160.
-
-Denis, madame, niece of Voltaire,
-II. 53. 55. 58. 69. 89. 98. 99. 105.
-
-Descartes, his celebrity for science,
-I. 185.
-
-Desfontaines, the abbé, II. 31, 32.
-
-Deshoulières, madame, her sonnet
-on Racine's "Phèdre," I. 312.
-
-Des Marais, bishop of Chartres, I.
-342.
-
-Des Marets, French academician, I.
-47.
-
-Devaux, M., II. 33.
-
-Diderot, M., writes a large portion
-of the Encyclopédie, II. 77. That
-work was condemned by the parliament
-and clergy, and suppressed,
-77. Is confined at Vincennes
-for publishing a pamphlet,
-133. Visited by J. J. Rousseau,
-133. High reputation of, 171.
-
-Drama, the: France indebted to
-Spanish tragic authors, I. 41. 45.
-In comedy to Lope di Vega, 51.
-The Greek drama not suitable to
-modern times, 305. Voltaire's critique
-on the tragedies of Sophocles,
-II. 15. _See_ Theatre.
-
-Dubois, cardinal, II. 10.
-
-Du Deffand, la marquise, letter
-from Voltaire to, II. 89. 103.
-
-Dumouriez, general, minister for
-foreign affairs, II. 277. 278. 314.
-
-Dupin, madame, II. 128. 129.
-
-Duprat, chancellor, invades the
-privileges of the faculty at Montpellier,
-I. 27. The gift of tongues
-an introduction of Rabelais to, 27.
-
-Dupuis, M. and madame, II. 89.
-
-Duverdier, the Bibliothèque Française
-of, I. 39. His Prosographie,
-39.
-
-
-E.
-
-Encyclopédie, by MM. Diderot,
-d'Alembert, Voltaire, and others,
-II. 77. 148.
-
-Enville, duchess d', II. 81.
-
-Epinay, madame d', II. 138. 143. 145.
-164.
-
-Etallonde, the chevalier d', II. 86.
-107.
-
-Euripides, I. 40.
-
-
-F.
-
-Fables of La Fontaine, I. 164. 178.
-180. Gay's, 179. Anonymous
-English fables imitated from La
-Fontaine, 179.
-
-Fayette, countess de la, her novel
-of "La Princesse de Clèves," I.
-84. Her taste and erudition, 85.
-Friendship of the duke of Rochefoucauld
-for, 85. 87. Her mansion
-the resort of French literati, &c.,
-231. Her portrait or character of
-de Sévigné, 255.
-
-Fénélon, François de Salignac de
-la Mothe, born in 1651, I. 329. His
-ancestry, 329. His education, 331.
-Takes his degree at Cahors, 331.
-The abbé Fénélon's sermons at
-nineteen applauded, 331. His strict
-attention to the sacerdotal duties,
-332. His purpose of becoming missionary,
-332. Louis XIV. desires
-him to convert the Huguenots,
-333. Is the pupil and friend of Bossuet,
-335. Writes on female education,
-335. His "Telemachus,"
-337. 356. 371. Appointed archbishop
-of Cambrai, 339. Is deceived
-by the zeal and pretended
-visions of madame Guyon, 340.
-Declines approval of Bossuet's
-condemnation of her, 343. Louis
-XIV. did not like Fénélon, 345, n.
-Exiled to his diocese, 346. 360.
-His "Exposition des Maximes
-des Saints sur la vie intérieure,"
-344. The pope condemns the
-book, 352. Controversy on this
-subject among the great prelates,
-344. 350. Fénélon's letters, 360.
-His religious principles, 362. _et
-passim._ Is visited by the duke of
-Burgundy at Cambrai, 364. His
-active charity, 365. Louis XIV.
-becomes sensible of his unjust
-treatment of this great prelate,
-366. The archbishop's sickness
-and death, 367. His character,
-368. 370. His conversation, 368.
-Ramsay, a Scottish baronet, describes
-his habits and disposition,
-369. 370. His dialogues on eloquence,
-372. Political views in
-his "Telemachus," 373.
-
-Fénélon, marquis de, I. 331. 367.
-
-Ferney, château of, Voltaire's seclusion
-at the, II. 76. Visitors to,
-90. Marmontel, 91. Countess de
-Genlis, 96.
-
-Ferney, village of, II. 101.
-
-Fleuri, cardinal de, II. 32. 42. 44.
-His death.
-
-Fleury, abbé de, sous-précepteur
-of the princes, I. 336.
-
-Fontaine, _see_ La Fontaine, I. 150.
-&c.
-
-Fontenelle, nephew of Corneille, I.
-41. Observations by, on La Fontaine,
-178.
-
-Fouquet, minister of finance, incites
-Pierre Corneille to write
-"Œdipe," a tragedy, I. 54. His
-mistake in entertaining his monarch
-too sumptuously, 111. Offends
-mademoiselle de la Vallière.
-112. Louis XIV. restrains his
-anger during the fête given by
-the financier, 113. His disgrace,
-162. Is brought to trial, 222.
-Imprisoned in Pignerol until his
-death in 1680, 224. His correspondence
-seized, 224.
-
-France, the civil war between Catholics
-and Huguenots, I. 11.
-Consequences of civil war, the
-rise of statesmen and warriors,
-and next of poets and authors,
-41. Events on the death of Louis
-XIII., 64. Corruption of manners,
-67. Condé and Turenne
-defeat the Spaniards, 67. Broils
-and adventures in the contest of
-the Fronde against Mazarin and
-the court, 70. 75. The kingdom
-suffers in commerce, learning,
-arts and sciences; and demoralization
-a further consequence of
-civil war, 77. Licentiousness
-resulting from the war, 104.
-French manners liable to ridiculous
-interpretation, 109. Molière
-lashes these foibles, 109.
-Anecdotes descriptive of the state
-of society, 171. 217. 230. II. 45.
-Literature not good at the commencement
-of Louis XIV.'s
-reign, I. 262. War of the Spanish
-succession, 362. Invasion of
-Flanders, 364. The nation vain,
-and fond of glory, II. 21. Intolerance
-of the clergy of, 99. 108.
-
-Franceuil, M., his friendship for
-J. J. Rousseau, II. 128. 129. 135.
-
-Francis I., court of, I. 27. 30. He
-protects Rabelais against the Sorbonne,
-32.
-
-Franciscan order, the, I. 24.
-
-Frederic the Great, king of Prussia,
-his correspondence with Voltaire,
-II. 35. He visits Strasbourg,
-39. Voltaire's interview with
-Frederic at the castle of Clèves,
-39. Description of the monarch,
-39. 41. He attacks the principles
-of Machiavelli, 40. He seizes on
-Silesia, 42. Concludes peace with
-the empress Maria Theresa, 46.
-Negotiations with France, 47.
-The king welcomes Voltaire to
-Potsdam, and grants him a place
-and a pension, 57-65. Appoints
-Maupertuis, president of the Royal
-Academy, 54. Refuses permission
-to Voltaire to quit his service,
-67. Their interview, 67.
-Reconciliation effected, 68. Frederic
-sends to Voltaire at Frankfort
-for a volume of the king's
-poems, 69. Voltaire's arrest until
-he can receive the volume left
-at Leipsic, 69. Frederic defeated
-in battle, addresses an epistle in
-verse to Voltaire, 73. He gains
-two victories, 74. His opinion of
-Voltaire's powers of conversation,
-90. Invites J. J. Rousseau to
-Berlin, 157.
-
-French language: affected and extravagant
-style of Mlle. de Scudéri
-and others of the Hôtel
-Rambouillet, I. 107. 108.
-
-Fronde, civil war of the, described,
-I. 68. &c. Great men of this party
-enumerated, 69. The new and
-old Fronde, 74. Character of
-the times of the Fronde, 95. 96.
-_See_ Life of Rochefoucauld.
-
-Furetière, abbé, his Dictionary, I.
-168. Anger of against the French
-Academy, 168.
-
-
-G.
-
-Galen, edition of, by Rabelais, I. 26.
-28. "Ars Medicinalis" of, 37.
-
-Galileo, his investigation of atmospheric
-laws, I. 191.
-
-Gallanous, Peter, controversy of
-respecting Aristotle, I. 31.
-
-Gamache, viscountess de (Eléanore
-de Montaigne), I. 21.
-
-"Gargantua, the Giant, and Pantagruel,"
-of Rabelais, I. 31. Supposed
-personages pourtrayed in,
-32. Editions thereof, 38.
-
-Gascony and Guienne, character of
-the people of, I. 1.
-
-Gassendi, astronomer and mathematician,
-instructs Chapelle and
-Molière, I. 99.
-
-Gaussin, Mademoiselle, celebrated
-and beautiful actress, II. 22.
-
-Gauthier Garguille, excellent comedian,
-I. 101.
-
-Gay's Fables, comparison of La
-Fontaine's with, I. 179.
-
-Geneva, residence of "Les Délices"
-acquired by Voltaire near to,
-II. 71. 74. 75. Quits it for the
-château de Ferney, on the adjacent
-French territory, 76. Rousseau's
-early years passed at
-Geneva, 112. Kind reception of
-him at a later period by his
-countrymen, 137. Voltaire and
-d'Alembert desirous of softening
-the tone of society in, by establishing
-dramatic, representations,
-149. Rousseau replies to
-their article for that object in the
-Encyclopédie, 149. Ferment at,
-in which the writings of Rousseau
-were concerned, 157.
-
-Genlis, countess de, narrates her
-visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. 94.
-Rousseau offended by, 167.
-
-Gex, town of, II. 100.
-
-Gibbon, Edward, esq. the historian,
-an admirer of mademoiselle
-Churchod, the mother of madame
-de Staël, II. 296. 305.
-
-Gilbert, tragedy of "Rodogune" by,
-I. 53.
-
-Ginguené, M., criticisms of, I. 34.
-
-Goldsmith, Oliver, opinions relative
-to his conversation, I. 182.
-
-Gournay le Jars, Marie de, I. 20.
-Publishes the Essays of Montaigne,
-who had treated her as a
-daughter by adoption, 21.
-
-Gourville, secretary to de la Rochefoucauld,
-I. 67. 70. 78. 79. His
-Memoirs referred to, 84. 120.
-
-Graffigny, madame de, II. 26. 30. 33.
-
-Grammont, count de, espouses
-miss Hamilton, I. 119.
-
-Greek, Rabelais familiar with, I. 38.
-
-Greek tragedy, unities of the,
-I. 45. 49. 52.
-
-Grignan, count de, his marriage,
-I. 227. Praise of him by madame
-de Sévigné, 227. He repairs to
-Provence as lieutenant-governor,
-228.
-
-Grignan, countess de, daughter of
-madame, de Sévigné, educated
-by her mother, II. 218. Is presented
-at court, 225. Appeared at the
-fêtes of Versailles, 226. Her
-beauty celebrated by Benserade,
-226. Accepts the hand of the
-count de Grignan, a widower,
-227. Accompanies her husband
-to Provence, 228. Portraiture of
-the countess, 229. Visits of madame
-de Sévigné to her in Provence,
-228. 241. Madame de
-Grignan attends her mother in
-Paris when ill, 245. But returns
-to Provence herself in ill health,
-246. Renewed journeys to see
-her mother, and to Provence, 246.
-247. 249. Her children, 248. Is
-on terms of affection with her
-mother, 250. Attended in sickness
-by her mother, 254.
-
-Grignan, marquis de, their son, I.
-230, n. 250. 251. 254. 258.
-
-Grignan, chevalier de, an uncle,
-I. 246. His family, 246. 247.
-
-Grignan, Pauline de, daughter of
-the countess, I. 248, n. 251. She
-marries the marquis de Simiane,
-254. 258.
-
-Grimm, baron de. Correspondence
-of, I. 63. II. 103. J. J. Rousseau's
-friendship for, 144. Account of
-the baron, 145. His report as to
-Rousseau, 164. 171.
-
-Gros Guillaume, comedian, I. 101.
-
-Gros René, comedian, I. 102.
-
-Gros René, madame, actress, I. 102.
-
-Guibert, count de, II. 98.
-
-Guise, duke of, assassinated at Blois,
-I. 11.
-
-Guyon, madame, enthusiasm or
-mysticism of, I. 340. _et seq._ Her
-fervour occasions the disgrace of
-Fénélon, 342. He speaks in her
-cause to Bossuet, 342. Her party
-punished, 343.
-
-
-H.
-
-Hamilton, la belle, countess of
-Grammont, I. 119.
-
-Hardy, early French dramatic author,
-I. 41.
-
-Harlay de, archbishop of Paris, I.
-140. 333.
-
-Harpe, La, M., critical remarks of
-I. 178. 258. II. 102.
-
-Helvetius, M., II. 171. Madame
-Roland's opinion as to, 263.
-
-Henrietta of England, duchess of
-Orléans, I. 58. 308. Her death,
-164.
-
-Henry, king of Navarre, I. 11.
-
-Henry IV. king of France, I. 11.
-Character of his court warlike and
-unlettered, 41. The "Henriade"
-a history of this great monarch
-and his times, II. 12.
-
-Herbault, Puits d', monk of Fontevrault,
-I. 31.
-
-Hippocrates, edited or translated by
-Rabelais, I. 26. 28. 37. His system,
-26.
-
-Holland, lord, on the Spanish
-Drama, &c., I. 45, n.
-
-Houdetot, countess d', II. 128. Her
-visit to J. J. Rousseau at the Hermitage,
-141.
-
-Huguenots, blame attached by
-Montaigne to their party, I. 12.
-Oppression of the, 257. Bourdaloue
-sent into the south to
-convert protestants, 257, n. Fénélon
-commissioned to convert
-the Huguenots, 333. Out of the
-pale of the Romish church, 339.
-II. 79. The _dragonnades_, 79. 87.
-
-Hume, David, persuades Rousseau
-to visit England, II. 159. Is indignant
-at the folly and jealousies
-of Jean Jacques, 162.
-
-
-I.
-
-Innocent X., condemns the five propositions
-on grace and election,
-said to be from the book on Augustin
-by Jansenius, I. 200.
-
-Intolerance, cases of, II. 79. 83. 85.
-
-
-J.
-
-James II., arrival of, in France, I.
-251.
-
-Jansenius, Cornelius, bishop of
-Ypres, five propositions selected
-by the Jesuits from his work on
-St. Augustin, and condemned by
-the Sorbonne, I. 200.
-
-Jansenists, origin of the, I. 200.
-Controversies respecting the abbé
-Arnaud, 200.; and the Lettres
-Provinciales, 207. Praise of
-education by the Jansenists, 298.
-Their spirit of controversy, 339.
-Fénélon opposed to Jansenism,
-362. Persecution of the, II. 87.
-
-Jesuits, order of, I. 200. 207. They
-employ themselves particularly in
-education, 298. Polemical spirit
-infused by the religious orders,
-and an apathy for the affairs of
-this world, 298. Banishment of
-the, II. 87.
-
-Jordan, Mrs., her excellent taste,
-and vivacity in comedy, I. 117.
-
-Jura Mountains, peasants of the,
-II. 100.
-
-
-K.
-
-Keith, lord, his regard for Rousseau,
-II. 157.
-
-Kœnig, Prussian mathematician,
-II. 65.
-
-
-L.
-
-La Beaumelle, his attack on Voltaire
-in Prussia, II. 66.
-
-La Bruyère, his critique on Rabelais,
-I. 34. Describes Corneille's
-conversation and manner, 55. His
-portrait of La Fontaine, 181.
-
-La Fare, anacreontic poet, I. 171.
-
-La Fontaine, Jean de, versifier of
-Rabelais' Tales, I. 34. His life
-peaceful, 150. Born in 1621 at
-Château Thierry, 150. His father,
-151. He enters the community
-of the Pères de l'Oratoire,
-151. Renounces the cloister, and
-espouses Mlle. Marie d'Héricart,
-151. Becomes master of the royal
-domains in his district, 151.
-Hears Malherbe's ode on the assassination
-of Henri IV., and
-commences poet, 152. Studies
-the Roman poets, 153. Verses by,
-112. His "Adonis" in heroic
-verse, 155. His character indolent
-and _insouciant_, 155. Resides
-long at Château Thierry, 155.
-Fights M. Poignan, on account
-of madame de la Fontaine, 156.
-That officer disarms the poet both
-of sword and jealousy, 156. Divers
-reports as to the placid temper
-of his wife, 157. Visits Paris,
-but neglects business, 157. Becomes
-domiciled with the duke
-and duchess of Bouillon, 159.
-His intimacy with Racine, Molière,
-and Boileau, 160. Comfortable
-amid Parisian society, he
-forgets his wife and his home, 161.
-Fouquet grants him a pension,
-162. He solicits that finance
-minister's pardon from Louis
-XIV., 162. 222. His "Contes et
-Merveilles en vers," 163. 173. Tale
-of "Pysche and Cupid," 163. 177.
-Noticed by Henrietta duchess of
-Orléans. 164. His tale of "Joconde,"
-165. His "Fables," 164.
-178. 180. Is elected of the French
-Academy, 167. Anecdote on that
-subject, 167. He has the ill luck
-to displease the abbé Furetière
-by an inadvertence, 168. La Fontaine
-incorrigibly forgetful, 169.
-Forgets that he has a son, and
-admires him as a stranger, 169.
-Anecdotes exhibiting him, 170,
-&c. Resides in the house of madame
-d'Hervart, 172. 170. Decline
-of his health, 173. The
-priests constrain him to destroy
-some of his works, 173. And to
-make public reparation for the
-evil influence of his "Fables,"
-175. He recovers and writes
-more tales, 176. Dies, aged
-seventy-four, 176. Criticism on
-his works, 177. His dramatic
-pieces, 178. His tables and tales,
-178. 180. English fables compared
-with, 179. Opinions by his
-contemporaries of, 181. Epitaph
-by himself, 182.
-
-La Harpe, M., criticisms of, I. 178.
-258. II. 102.
-
-Lally-Tolendal, M. de, saved by
-madame de Staël, II. 315. 316.
-
-Lamb, Miss, pretty song by, I. 108.
-
-La Metrie, physician at Potzdam,
-II. 62.
-
-Lamoignon, M. de, premier président,
-I. 267. 271.
-
-Langeron, the abbé de, I. 366.
-"Langey, Chevalier de, Military
-Stratagems and Prowess of," by
-Rabelais, I. 37.
-
-La Noue, tragedian, II. 43.
-
-Leibnitz, letter of the celebrated,
-II. 65.
-
-Le Kain, tragedian, II. 54. He resides
-with Voltaire, and performs
-on his stage, 54.
-
-Le Nôtre, architect, &c., I. 112.
-
-Lettres Provinciales of Pascal, I.
-198. Object of this work explained,
-201. Condemnation of
-the book, 207. Misfortunes resulting
-therefrom at Port Royal,
-207.
-
-L'Huilier, M., engages Gassendi to
-educate Chapelle the poet, I. 99.
-
-Ligne, prince de, visits Rousseau
-incognito, II. 165. Declares himself
-by letter, and kindly offers
-a home to J. J. Rousseau, 166.
-
-Locke, John, works of, II. 18. 24.
-His "Treatise on Education,"
-151.
-
-Longueville, duke of, I. 69.
-
-Longueville, duchess of, I. 68. Her
-beauty, 70. Various allusions to
-this princess, 72. 74. 77. Her character
-and religious sentiments,
-83, n.
-
-Louis XIII., accession of, I. 64.
-Death of, 66. M. Poquelin and
-his son Molière his deputy, valet-de-chambre
-to, 100. The king
-causes M. de Cinq-Mars and De
-Thou to be beheaded, 100. Allusions
-to this monarch, 215.
-
-Louis XIV., grants a pension to
-Pierre Corneille, I. 55. His attachment
-to Henrietta duchess of
-Orléans, 58. Splendour of his
-court begins to be remarkable,
-111. Takes a part in the ballets at
-court, 118. 119. Discontinues to
-do so, from a passage in "Britannicus"
-alluding to Nero, 118,
-n. His journeys, 120. Flattery
-of by the poets and savants, 163.
-Did not comprehend La Fontaine,
-164. And delays his ratification
-of his being received in the French
-Academy, 167. Trial of Fouquet,
-finance minister, 112. 113. 222.
-223. The king refuses to pardon
-him, 224. The fêtes at Versailles,
-225. 256. Tournament at, Louis
-representing count Roger, 225.
-His affection for the beautiful
-La Vallière, 112. 119. 162. 225.
-236. His court described, 244, n.
-His queen, 236. Secret marriage
-with madame de Maintenon, 87.
-236. 237. 248. His reign, animadversions
-on, 257. 323. Age of
-Louis XIV. described, 269. Louis
-XIV. conceives a dislike for Fénélon,
-333. 346. Perceives his injustice,
-but burns his papers, 366.
-Anecdotes of the king, 319. 323.
-Preceptors to his son and grand-sons,
-334. 336, n. The Gallican
-church, its state in the reign of
-Louis XIV., 339-362. References
-to Louis XIV., in the life
-of Voltaire, II. 6. 10.
-
-Louis XV., I. 368. II. 44. 46. 47. 55.
-57. 60. His inglorious old age,
-101.
-
-Louis XVI., II. 86. 100. 104. _For
-the historical events of his reign
-and fall, see the Lives of Condorcet,
-Mirabeau, &c._ in Vol. II.
-
-Love and gallantry, novels breathing
-of, I. 107. 108. Ill taste of
-language relating to, 108. Purity
-of sentiment aimed at nevertheless,
-108.
-
-Lucian, by whom imitated, I. 35.
-
-Lucretius, II. 144.
-
-Lulli, musical composer, solicits
-La Fontaine to write the opera of
-"Daphne," I. 166. His death
-described, 176.
-
-Luxembourg, maréchal duc de, II.
-149. His kind attentions to his
-neighbour Jean Jacques Rousseau,
-150.
-
-Luxembourg, duchess of, II. 150.
-152. Her conduct with regard to
-Rousseau, when he was danger of
-arrest, 153.
-
-Lyons, almanacs calculated under
-the meridian of, I. 37.
-
-
-M.
-
-Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine,
-I. 154. Frederic the Great's
-work against the principles of, II.
-40.
-
-Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence
-of Rabelais with the, I. 28.
-30. "Letters from Italy" to, 37.
-
-Maine, duchess du, festivities at her
-château of Sceaux, II. 48.
-
-Maintenon, madame de, I. 87. Her
-portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld,
-88. Her friendship for
-madame de Coulanges, 234.
-Anecdotes of, 236. 237. 248. 282.
-283. 320. 322. 323. Her estate of
-Maintenon, II. 21.
-
-Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe,"
-I. 44.
-
-Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence
-with, II. 136. His
-benevolent attentions to Rousseau,
-151. 152.
-
-Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. 37.
-
-Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin,
-I. 159. 172.
-
-Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire
-at Ferney, II. 90-94.
-
-Marot, Clément, admired by La
-Fontaine, I. 154.
-
-Marsillac, prince de, I. 65. His advice
-to the duchess de Chevreuse,
-66. _See_ Duke de la Rochefoucauld.
-
-Marsillac, prince de, son of the
-above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld
-in the battle of St. Antoine,
-I. 81. Espouses his cousin,
-Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, 83.
-Attends the duke his father in
-his last illness, 89.
-
-Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to
-Montaigne, I. 15.
-
-Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. 154.
-
-Maupertuis, M. de, II. 39. 65. His
-dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam,
-66. "Akakia," a satire by
-Voltaire on, 66. 67. He challenges
-Voltaire, who laughs at
-him, 68.
-
-Maurepas, count de, II. 45. 295. 302.
-
-Mauroy, poetry of, I. 265.
-
-Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu,
-I. 66. Is minister in the
-regency of Anne of Austria, 66.
-Imprisons the princes Condé,
-Conti, and Longueville, 72. Is
-obliged to fly, 73. Successes of,
-in the royal cause, 81. Is displaced
-for a time, for the sake of
-an accommodation of the civil
-dissensions, 82. On his return to
-power he permits de la Rochefoucauld
-to appear at court, 84.
-
-Mazarin, duchess of, I. 159. 172.
-
-Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,
-I. 216.
-
-Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence
-of, I. 192.
-
-Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis
-of, descended from an Italian
-family named Arrighetti, II.
-195. His grandfather, Jean Antoine,
-196. His father, comte Victor
-de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami
-des Hommes," 197. The comté's
-marriage, 198. His lady's domestic
-happiness obstructed by a madame
-de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who
-chose to reside with them, 198.
-The marquis's idea of his own
-infallibility, 199. He became a
-persecutor of his son, Gabriel
-Honoré, the fifth child, 199.; who
-was born with teeth, and suffered
-severely from the small-pox, 199.
-His early talent, 199. Memoirs
-of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny,
-noticed, 200, n. Madame
-de Pailly cruel to this boy, 201.
-His early education, 201. Severity
-of his father, 202. The abbé
-Choquart, his preceptor, proud
-of him, 202. Is sent to join the
-marquis de Lambert's regiment,
-202. His subsequent expostulations
-with his hard-hearted parent,
-who had imprisoned him in
-the fortress of the Isle of Rhé,
-204. The governor sends him on
-the expedition to Corsica, 204.
-His history of that island, and an
-Itinerary from personal observation,
-204. He avows his liking
-for the military profession, 205.
-His father praises him on his return,
-206. Marries the daughter
-of the marquis de Marignane,
-207. He incurs debts, 207. His
-father procures a lettre-de-cachet
-to confine him, 208. He writes
-an "Essay on Despotism," 208.
-Becomes jealous of the chevalier
-de Gassaud, 209. On hearing his
-explanation, he escapes to forward
-his projected marriage by
-pleading for him, 209. Meets a
-nobleman who had insulted his
-sister, and gives him a blow, 209.
-His father hearing of his evasion,
-shuts him up in a dismal castle,
-209. His love adventures, 211.
-He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey
-de Monnier, to Holland, 215.
-Translates for the booksellers of
-Amsterdam, 215. M. de Monnier
-proceeds against the fugitives,
-who are condemned to
-punishment, 216. He is imprisoned
-at Vincennes, 217. His
-letters, 217. Fate of Sophie
-de Monnier, 222, n. He quits
-prison on coming to terms with
-his father, 224. He tries by law
-to oblige his wife to live with
-him, 224. Fails in his suit,
-224. Is no longer injured by
-private enemies, 227. Is esteemed,
-and employed in public services,
-228. His impetuous eloquence,
-228. He foresees the
-revolution, 228. Desires to be
-elected a representative to the
-states-general, 230. The nobles
-of Provence exclude him
-by a vote from their body,
-231. The people greet him on
-his return towards Paris, 232.
-Allays some outbreaks of the
-people of Marseilles and of Aix,
-233. Is elected deputy from both
-those places, 234. Takes his seat
-in the tiers-état, 234. He declares
-the power of the people to
-be independent of the crown,
-236. His eloquence in the debates,
-239. Death of his father,
-240. His speeches all-powerful
-with the assembly, 241. Supports
-the financial proposition of
-Necker for a tax on property, 243.
-His influence preponderates over
-every other, 245. Accused of
-being an Orleanist, 246. 247. His
-negotiations with the court, 248.
-249. His speech on the question
-of the National Convention,
-250. His hôtel sumptuously
-provided, 251. His _treaty_ with
-the court, in the handwriting of
-Louis XVIII., 252. He declines
-in health, 253. His right to stand
-up as a dictator in the assembly
-questioned, 254. His policy was
-to head a moderate party of royalists,
-and to repress the Jacobins,
-248. 250. 254. The king and
-the people alike anxious for his
-recovery, 255. His opinion of
-William Pitt, 256. His death,
-aged forty-two, in 1791, 256.
-He was the first buried in the
-Pantheon, 257. Courageous and
-warm-hearted, 258. His sayings
-and bon-mots are on record, 258.
-His style of oratory, 259. His
-military talents, 259.
-
-"Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I.
-5.
-
-Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin,
-considered by Boileau as the first
-writer of his day, I. 97. His parentage
-respectable, 97. Education
-of, 98. Taught by Gassendi,
-99. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre
-to Louis XIII. for his
-father, 100. Studies the law at
-Orléans, 101. Private theatricals
-with some young friends, 101.
-Makes the stage his profession,
-101. His company of actors, 102.
-Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents
-his writing tragedy, 103.
-His early comedies, 103. 105. Performs
-in the provinces, 102. 105.
-On the restoration of tranquillity
-at Paris, his company perform in
-presence of Louis XIV. and the
-queen-mother, 106. They are
-styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur,"
-107. His success in dramatic
-satire, 110. His "Ecole des
-Maris," 111. 112. Account of
-"Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce,
-112. Louis XIV. commands Molière
-to introduce a sporting character,
-113. Anecdotes of the rebuffs
-experienced by the dramatist
-as royal valet-de-chambre, 114.
-Louis protects him, 114. Scandal
-relative to Molière refuted, 115, n.
-118. His marriage, 116. Not
-productive of Felicity, 117. 131.
-Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole
-des Femmes" in reply to his detractors,
-131. His "Impromptu
-de Versailles," 131. Louis XIV. is
-godfather to Molière's eldest child,
-118. Molière performs "Sganarelle,"
-119. His "Tartuffe,"
-anecdotes as to, 119. 120. Tumult
-of soldiers at his theatre,
-121. The "Misanthrope," 122.
-"Amphitryon," scene from the,
-124. "George Dandin," scene
-from, 127. "L'Avare," criticised
-by Schlegel, 127. Success of "Le
-Tartuffe" on its representation,
-129. Molière a favourite of Parisian
-society, 130. Anecdotes of
-his circle of friends, 131. His
-house at Auteuil, 131. His portraiture
-of himself, 131, n. His
-"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac,"
-132. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"
-approved by Louis XIV.,
-133. "Fourberies de Scapin,"
-134. "Les Femmes Savantes,"
-scene from, 135. His "Malade
-Imaginaire," 138. His own malady
-unfeigned, 139. Death of
-Molière, aged fifty-one, 139. 147.
-Mode of his burial because a
-player, 140. 141. His generosity,
-143. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism
-of his works, 145. 146. Eloge
-of, 148. Marriage of his widow,
-148.; and of his daughter, 149.
-His prediction as to "le bon homme"
-La Fontaine, 160. Molière
-willing to employ Racine as a
-young dramatic writer of promise,
-304. His quarrel with Racine on
-the ill-success of "Andromaque,"
-304. His admiration of Racine's
-"Les Plaideurs," 311. Further
-allusions to, 262. 372.
-
-Molina, the jesuit, I. 200.
-
-Molinists, their controversy with
-the Jansenists, I. 201. Louis XIV.'s
-predilection for their doctrine,
-II. 6.
-
-Mondorge, comedian, relieved by
-Molière when in need, I. 143.
-
-Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8.
-1533, in Périgord, I. 1. Pierre
-Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne,
-his father, 1. Education of Michel,
-2. Taught to speak Latin
-from his cradle, 3. Tardiness
-of his mind in infancy, 4. He
-loses at school the power of
-speaking good Latin acquired as
-a child, 5. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses,"
-5. Reads Virgil, Terence,
-and Plautus, 5. Memory
-defective, 6. His cheerful temper,
-6, n. Lively imagination, 6, n.
-Pourtrays the character of Etienne
-de la Boétie, 7. Poem of
-the latter on their friendship, 7.
-Death of Boétie, 9. He marries,
-and is a good husband and tender
-father, 9. He loses his father
-Pierre Eyquem, 9. Is careful of
-his paternal inheritance, 10. Domestic
-habits, 10. Writes his Essays,
-7. 10. His travels in France,
-10. Visits the court and capital,
-10. His moderation in politics,
-11. He complains of the religious
-feuds, and of his being pillaged,
-12. Takes no measures for
-defence of his château of Montaigne,
-12. Is surprised by an
-officer and his party, who refrain
-from injuring him, 14. His calm
-composure again preserves him
-from danger when taken prisoner,
-14. Afflicted by painful disorders
-he resorts to Plombières for the
-waters, and proceeds to Munich,
-&c., 15. 16. He visits Venice and
-Rome, 17. Is well received by
-the pope, 17. Familiar with Roman
-history, 17. He prints two
-books of his Essays, 17. Mode
-of treating the papal censures,
-17. His pleasure on being declared
-a citizen of Rome by a
-bull for that purpose, 18. He
-offers a silver sculptured tablet,
-at the shrine of Loretto, 18. 19.
-His wife, and daughter Eléanore,
-19. Sojourns at Lucca, 19. Is
-elected mayor of Bordeaux,
-crosses Mont Cénis and arrives
-at his château of Montaigne, 19.
-Is commanded by the king to till
-the office of mayor, and is re-elected
-to the same, 19. His decline
-and bad state of health, 19.
-His friendship for mademoiselle
-Marie de Gournay le Jars, and
-portrait of that lady, 20, n. His
-resignation when attacked with a
-fatal quinsy, 20. His devout behavioural.
-Dies 13th Sept. 1592.,
-21. His disposition and vivacity,
-21. Descendants of, by his daughter
-Eléanore, 21, n. Edition of
-his Essays dedicated to Richelieu,
-21. Instructive and entertaining
-character of the Essays, 22. Their
-originality, 22.
-
-Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice,
-his character, II. 128.
-
-Montauzier, duke of, husband of
-Julie d'Angennes, I. 128. 263, n.
-312.
-
-Montespan, madame de, I. 167.
-244, n. 279. 282.
-
-Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his
-death, I. 308.
-
-Montpellier, the faculty at, I. 27.
-Duprat, chancélier, deprives the
-physicians of their privileges, who
-are defended by Rabelais, 27.
-
-Montpensier, mademoiselle de,
-daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I.
-81. Her spirit in the contest before
-the walls of Paris, 82. Her
-intercourse with madame de Sévigné,
-217.
-
-
-N.
-
-Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I.
-257. 323. II. 79.
-
-Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI.
-_See_ Staël.
-
-Nemours, duke of, joined by the
-great Condé, I. 78. Is wounded
-in the battle of St. Antoine, 81.
-Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law
-the duke of Beaufort, 82.
-
-Nevers, duke of, I. 313.
-
-Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin
-Marplot" an imitation of
-"L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. 103.
-
-Newton, sir Isaac, II. 18. 24. 25.
-
-Nicole, M., theologian, I. 198. 267.
-307. 315.
-
-Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided
-to, I. 120, n. Molière reads his
-"Tartuffe" to, 120. The marquis
-de Sévigné her admirer, 217. 230.
-The marquis de Grignan, 230, n.
-Ladies of the court friendly to
-her, 235.
-
-Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris
-and cardinal, I. 339.
-
-Noyer, madame du, II. 7. 8.
-
-Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration
-of Voltaire for, II. 8. She marries
-the baron de Winterfeld, 9.
-
-
-O.
-
-"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. 54.
-
-"Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. 15.
-
-Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La
-Fontaine by, I. 151. 155.
-
-Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. 66. 81.
-_See_ Henrietta, duchess of.
-
-Orléans, duke of, regent, I. 363. II.
-10. Voltaire suspected of writing
-the "Philippiques," a satire on
-the regent, 15.
-
-Ormesson, M. d', I, 223.
-
-
-P.
-
-"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. 31.
-32. 34. Editions of, 38. Pantagruelian
-caricatures, wood-cuts,
-38. "Pantagrueline Prognostication,
-the," I. 37.
-
-Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I.
-32. 35. 38.
-
-Paris, day of the barricades, I. 68.
-Blockade of, 70. 217. The troops
-of the capital despised, 71. Riot
-and licentiousness, 71. The prince
-of Condé defeated by Turenne
-under the walls of, 81. Paris not
-favourable to stage representations
-during the civil war, 102.
-Parisian society ridiculed by Molière
-in his plays, 107. Parisian
-society in the time of Voltaire, II.
-6. _et seq._ Reception of Voltaire
-at Paris in 1788, 102. Paris during
-the Revolution, see vol. II., lives
-of Mirabeau, &c.
-
-Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of,
-I. 183. His family noble, 184. His
-parents, 184. Education as proposed
-by his father Etienne, 185.
-His companions, men of science,
-136. His untutored exertions in
-mathematics, 187. His father's
-delight on discovering his studies,
-187. Reads Euclid by himself,
-188. Writes on conic sections,
-188. His sisters, 188. Jacqueline
-Pascal assists in obtaining their
-father's recal by Richelieu, 189.
-He studies languages and metaphysics,
-190. Chronical ill-health
-the result of excessive application,
-190. His arithmetical
-computator, 190. His investigation
-of the properties of atmospheric
-air, 191. "On the Equilibrium
-of Liquids," 194. "On
-the Weight of the Atmosphere."
-194. His early piety, 195. His
-loss of health, 195. And of his
-father, 196. An accident in a
-coach influences his mind, 196.
-His seclusion from worldly intercourse,
-197. His visits to Port
-Royal, 198. "Lettres Provinciales"
-by, 199. Success of Pascal,
-201. Reputation of his work
-among the learned for style and
-eloquence, 202. His adherence
-to rules of privation, &c. causes
-chronical maladies, 204. His solution
-of the problem of the cycloid,
-and other questions in
-geometry, 204. His challenge to
-furnish a solution of these problems
-accepted by Wallis and
-Huygens, &c., 205. Pascal's triumph
-therein, 205. His self-denial
-and consequent debility,
-205. 206. His "Lettres Provinciales"
-condemned by the parliament
-of Provence, 207. His
-communications on his death-bed,
-208. His death at thirty-nine
-years of age, 210. Consideration
-of his virtues and piety,
-210. His "Pensées," 211. His argument
-against atheism, 211. His
-genius, 339. Fénélon's opinion of,
-362. His "Pensées" arranged
-and attacked by Condorcet, II. 177.
-
-Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his
-children's talent for his recal from
-exile, I. 190. Made intendant at
-Rouen, 190. His decease, 196.
-
-Pascal, Jacqueline, I. 189. 195. 196.
-Particulars relative to her death
-when sub-prioress of the convent
-of Port Royal, 207.
-
-Paul III., pope, I. 28. Rabelais
-requests his holiness to excommunicate
-him, 29.
-
-Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on,
-I. 175.
-
-Pelletier, poetry of, I. 265.
-
-Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's
-cenotaph, I. 148.
-
-Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. 120.
-147.
-
-Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal),
-I. 190. 197. Alleged miraculous
-cure of her daughter, a nun, at
-Port Royal, 202. Her life of her
-brother, Blaise Pascal, 202, n. She
-blames him for the moroseness
-of his seclusion and rules of life,
-203.
-
-Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de
-Louis XIV.," I. 287. Boileau
-directs his satire against him,
-287. his "Mother Goose's Tales,"
-287, n.
-
-Perrin, translator of the "Æneid,"
-I. 265.
-
-Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles,
-I. 152.
-
-Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. 45.
-50.
-
-Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. 155.
-"Plutarch's Lives," I. 155.
-
-Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. 35.
-
-Poison, when innocent, 29. 30.
-"Polyeucte," tragedy, I. 50.
-
-Pompadour, madame de, II. 55. 57.
-
-Pomponius Lætus, I. 37.
-
-Pont, madame du, poems addressed
-by Corneille to, I. 43.
-
-Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais
-in his romance, I. 37.
-
-Pontverre, M. de, II. 116.
-
-Pope, Alexander, quotation from
-his works, I. 179.
-
-Port Royal, abbey of, I. 199. Angelica
-Arnaud, abbess, 198.
-Learned men who lived in retirement
-near this cloister, 199. Controversy
-of the abbé Arnaud with
-the Sorbonne, 200. Alleged miracle
-at, regarding the cure of a
-niece of Pascal, 201. Dispersion
-of the nuns, 207.
-
-Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. 266.
-His "Phèdre," brought out in
-opposition to Racine's tragedy, 312.
-
-Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of
-Boileau Despréaux, II. 21.
-"Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical
-comedy of Molière, I. 85. A
-satire of French manners, affected
-language, and of the clique of
-l'Hôtel Rambouillet, 107. 110.
-"Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain,
-I. 262, 263, n.
-"Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire,
-II. 25. 28. 33.
-
-Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment
-on atmospheric pressure, on the,
-I. 193, 194.
-
-
-O.
-
-Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II.
-24.
-
-Quesnel, le Père, I. 362.
-
-Quietism, account of, I. 350. II. 87.
-"Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine
-on bark or, I. 163. 178.
-
-
-R.
-
-Rabelais, Francis, designated a
-great jester by lord Bacon, I. 23.
-Born about 1483 at Chinon, in
-Touraine, 23. Parentage of, and
-reputed propensity to wine, 23.
-Educated in a monastery, 24.
-Takes the habit of the order of
-St. Francis, 24. Envy at his
-preaching, 24. Malice of the
-Franciscans at, 24. Budæus laments
-it, 24. Alleged reasons for
-confining him on short commons,
-25. Personates St. Francis and
-laughs at devotees, 25. For which
-he is whipt, 25. Relieved by
-gaiety and learning, 25. Joins the
-order of St. Benedict, 25. He
-next studies medicine at Montpellier,
-26. Lectures on Hippocrates
-and Galen, 26. Defends
-the privileges of the faculty of
-Montpellier, 27. His scarlet gown,
-27. How diminished, 27. 28. He
-practises at Lyons, 27. 28. Accompanies
-cardinal du Bellay to
-Rome, 27. 28. In what character,
-27. 28. His epistolary correspondence,
-27. 28. Interview with
-Paul III., 29. His notion as to
-excommunication, 29. _Bruits_ as
-to the method of his return to
-Lyons and journey to Paris, 29.
-Takes his own supposititious poison,
-30. Is librarian, &c. to Du
-Bellay, 30. His "Lives of the
-Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel,"
-31. Privilege of publication
-by king Francis, 31. Aristotelian
-controversy ensuing
-thereon, 31. His work condemned
-by the Sorbonne, 31. He
-attacked the popes and clergy of
-Rome, and the monastic orders,
-31. Account of his book, 32.
-And of his religious principles, 33.
-De Thou's account of, 33. La
-Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable
-opinions of, 34. Bayle and Voltaire
-contemn him, 34. Exposition
-of his views, 34. Imitators
-of, 36. Various writings of specified,
-37. "Letters from Italy,"
-37. Poetry of, 37. Parallel of
-Swift and Rabelais, 36. 37. Editions
-of his "Giants Gargantua
-and Pantagruel," 38. The
-"Rabelæsiana," 38. His acquisitions
-as an universal linguist,
-38. Also in science, 38. His noble
-carriage and expressive physiognomy,
-38. His fulfilment of duties
-as curé de Meudon, 39. Death
-aged seventy, 39. His death-bed,
-39. Epitaphs for, 39. Further
-allusions to, 154. 170.
-
-Rabutin, family of, I. 214.
-
-Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of
-madame de Sévigné, I. 217. _See_
-Bussy-Rabutin.
-
-Racine, Jean, a rival of the great
-Corneille, I. 57. His comedy of
-"Les Plaideurs," 58. Pathos of
-his tragedy of "Bérénice," 58.
-His "Britannicus," 118. His
-daughter describes the demeanour
-of La Fontaine, 181. Is received
-at the court of Louis XIV.,
-279. Historiographer together
-with Boileau, 279. 316. They accompany
-the king to the siege of
-Gaud, 280. Racine makes several
-campaigns, 281. 289. 317. They
-read their history to the king,
-282. Affair of his and Boileau's
-pensions, 289. His parents respectable;
-left Racine and his
-sister, orphans, 297. His education
-at Beauvais, 297. His predilection
-for the Greek tragedy,
-299. His studies at Port Royal,
-299. Removes to the university
-of Paris, 300. His ode entitled
-"Nymphes de la Seine," 301.
-Colbert rewards his early genius.
-301. His ambition excited, 301.
-Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin,
-at Uzès in Provence, 302. His
-letters at that time, 302. His dislike
-of the patois of Provence,
-303. His study of Virgil and St.
-Thomas Aquinas, 303. His "Bath
-of Venus," a poem, 304. Begins
-a play of "Theagines and Charicles,"
-304. He returns to Paris,
-occupied with poetry and the
-drama, 304. He writes for Molière,
-304. His "Alexandre," 305.
-It occasions a quarrel betwixt
-Molière and the aspirant for fame,
-306. Racine teaches la Champmélé
-to recite, 307. Critics attack
-him keenly, 307. His reply to M.
-Nicole of Port Royal, 307. 308.
-Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus,"
-"Bajazet," "Iphigénie,"
-"Mithridates," "Phèdre,"
-&c., 308-312. Writes "Bérénice"
-in rivalry with Corneille's
-tragedy of, 308. His comedy of
-"Les Plaideurs" the result of a
-lawsuit in which he had been
-tired out and foiled, 310. Humour
-of this comedy, 311.
-Takes his seat in the French Academy,
-312. His "Phèdre" brings
-him into disputes, which produce
-desire to lay down his pen, 312.
-313. His religious principles,
-313. His marriage, 314. Madame
-Racine's ignorance of poetry, 314.
-His daughters take the veil, 314.
-His new mode of life induces him
-to seek reconciliation with the
-abbé Arnaud, 315. Succeeds
-therein, 315. Writes "Athalie,"
-320. His "Esther," 251. 320. His
-conversations with Louis XIV.
-and madame de Maintenon, 320.
-323. 325. Dies of an abscess, 326.
-Displayed the force of friendship
-in his last parting with Boileau,
-326. Critique, 327. "Phèdre"
-and "Athalie," his best tragedies;
-"Bérénice" and "Britannicus"
-the most pleasing,
-328.
-
-Racine, Louis, son of the tragic
-poet, I. 291. 307.
-
-Rambonet, Prussian councillor of
-state, II. 39.
-
-Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society
-of the, I. 84. Celebrated
-authors who frequented it, 85.
-220. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules"
-designed as a satire on,
-85. 107.
-
-Rameau, musical composer, II. 128.
-136.
-
-Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy
-on Aristotle, I. 31.
-
-Rennes, in Britany, political affairs
-at, I. 243. Severe example made,
-243.
-
-Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. 68.
-His projects and partisans, 69.
-Temporary success of the Fronde,
-73. His affray with Rochefoucauld
-in the palace of justice, 75.
-In danger of violence from the
-mob of Paris, 76. His intrigues
-and artifices, 80. 82. A relation
-of the marquis de Sévigné, 217.
-His disgrace and imprisonment,
-221. He escapes from the citadel
-of Nantes, 221. He repairs to
-Spain, 222. Esteem of madame
-de Sévigné for, 241. His death,
-247. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. 77.
-
-Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's
-Essays dedicated to, I. 21. Policy
-of, 41. His dramas, 41. 43. 101.
-The "Comédie des Tuileries,"
-43. His theatre, 43. He invites
-the French Academy to criticise
-the "Cid" of Corneille, 47. He
-represses the powerful nobles of
-France, 64. His great authority,
-64. His death, 65. His expedition
-into Rousillon when his
-death was approaching, with
-Louis XIII. in the same condition,
-100. Execution of Cinq-Mars,
-and of de Thou, 100. He
-revived the arts in France, 101.
-
-Richelieu, duke of, II. 53. 107.
-
-Rochefoucauld, de la, François,
-duke, his experience at court, I.
-63. His Maxims declare self-love
-the chief motive principle, 63.
-Dignity and ancient power of his
-family, 63. Obliged to quit the
-court, 64. Was at first called
-Prince de Marsillac, 65. His return
-on the death of Richelieu,
-65. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse
-on her way to Paris, 66. Is
-wounded at the siege of Mardike,
-67. Is governor of Poitou, 67.
-His attachment for the duchess
-de Longueville, 69. His gallantry
-and wounds, 71. Is desirous of
-the restoration of peace, 71. Succeeds
-his father as duke de la
-Rochefoucauld, 73. Raises troops
-in Guienne, and endeavours to
-defend Bordeaux, 73. Seizes de
-Retz in the palace of justice, but
-refrains from slaying him, 75.
-Is wounded by an arquebuse in
-the action of St. Antoine at Paris,
-81. He retires to Danvilliers to
-recover from his wounds, 83. He
-quits the party of Condé, 84. His
-active life concludes with the
-pacification, 84. He gives Gourville
-an honourable employment
-in his family, 84. Is an ornament
-of the literary coterie
-of the Hôtel Rambouillet, 84. 85.
-His friendship for the countess de
-la Fayette, a celebrated novelist,
-85. De Retz's character of the
-duke, 86, n. Rochefoucauld's
-couplet for the picture of the
-duchess of Longueville, 83. His
-portrait of cardinal de Retz, 86, n.
-Personal and moral qualities of
-Rochefoucauld, 87. Character of,
-by his contemporaries, 87. 88.
-His sons, 88. Madame de Sévigné's
-account of his last illness,
-89. His death, 90. His "Maxims"
-reviewed, 91-95. His
-"Memoirs of the Regency of
-Anne of Austria," 96. Some quotations
-from his Memoirs, 65. 68.
-70, &c.
-
-Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage
-with the prince de Marsillac,
-I. 83.
-
-Rochelle, siege of La, I. 214. English
-descent on the Isle of Rhé
-for relief of the town, 215.
-
-"Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille,
-I. 52. Gilbert's tragedy of, 53.
-
-Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of
-Voltaire, II. 17. Does not choose
-to fight the poet, 18.
-
-Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon),
-her opinion of the marquis of
-Condorcet, II. 187. 193. Her
-literary reputation, 260. Her
-Memoirs, 260. Condition of
-her parents, 261. Receives a
-careful education, 261. Her
-early habits, 262. Her admiration
-of Pascal and the Port-Royal,
-263. Vain of her intellectual
-powers and acquired
-talents, 264. Her suitors, 265. Impressions
-on reading the "Nouvelle
-Héloise," 266. Her habit of
-writing her remarks, 267. She
-lives in a convent on a scanty
-income, 267. M. Roland de la
-Platière, 268. His high character,
-268. Sues for her hand,
-and is referred to her father,
-who rejects him, 269. Conduct
-on this event, 270. Their
-union takes place, 270. They
-travel through Switzerland and
-England, 271. Wish to go to
-America, 271. Her letters, 271.
-She gladly hails the revolution,
-272. Her fears as to its nature,
-272. Monsieur Roland deputed
-on financial affairs from Lyons to
-the National Assembly, 273. She
-returns to Paris, and is greatly
-admired, 273. Her husband consorts
-with the Girondists and
-Brissot, 273. Her political sentiments
-on the crisis, 275. Her
-republican love of liberty, 275.
-Roland appointed minister of the
-interior, 277. His costume at
-court, 277. Is dismissed, 278.
-Recalled by Louis XVI., 279. Her
-dread of Robespierre, Marat, and
-Danton, 280. Description of madame
-Roland by Le Montey, 281.
-Dumont's testimony of her modesty
-of demeanour, 282. Energy
-of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs,
-282. He is the chief
-hope of the Girondist party, 283.
-He endeavours to repress the
-Mountain party, 285. Execution
-of Louis XVI., whereupon M.
-Roland resigns his office, 285.
-Madame Roland in danger of arrest,
-285. Prepares to leave Paris,
-285. Prevented by sickness, 286.
-On the order to arrest her husband
-she determines to appear before
-the Convention to expostulate,
-286. Escape of her husband
-and fortitude with regard her own
-peril, 286. She was said to ad.
-mire the handsome Barbaroux,
-deputy for Marseilles, 286. Her
-calmness on being arrested, 287.
-Arranges a systematic mode of
-life in the Abbaie, 287. Commits
-her observations on the leaders
-of the revolution to writing,
-288. Deceptive assurance of her
-being at liberty, 288. But carried
-to Ste. Pélagie, 288. She
-names Marceau to be her advocate,
-291. Her defence written
-by her over-night, 291. Her sentence,
-291. Is guillotined, 292.
-Her dying address to the statue
-of Liberty, 293. M. Roland, in
-safety at Rouen, stabs himself,
-not to outlive his wife, 293. Her
-courage and sweetness of character
-recorded, 293.
-
-Romance, Spanish, I. 45.
-
-Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. 28.
-Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited,
-29. He attacks the vices of the
-high clergy and ignorance of the
-monks, 31.
-
-Rotrou, poetry of, I. 43.
-
-Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished
-on his dispute with M. Saurin,
-II. 6. His quarrel with Voltaire,
-17. 31.
-
-Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed
-by Voltaire, II. 88. Born at Geneva
-in 1712, 111. His studies in
-that town, 112. Early life of, 113.
-His "Confessions," 113. _et passim._
-His rambles, 115. Visits the curé
-Pontverre, 116. Visits madame de
-Warens at Annecy, 117. Is sent as
-a proselyte to an hospital at Turin,
-117. Errors and consequent remorse,
-119. Leads a vagabond
-life, 120. Returns to madame de
-Warens, 121. His want of moral
-courage, 121. She departs for
-Paris, 122. Becomes a music-master
-at Neufchâtel, 122. And
-at Chambery, 124. His projects,
-125. Resides with madame de
-Warens at Les Charmettes, near
-Chambery, 125. His new method
-of noting music, 127. Arrives
-in Paris, 128. Accompanies
-M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice,
-128. Returns to Paris, and
-is kindly received by his former
-friends, 129. His mistress, Thérèse
-le Vasseur, 130. 144. 162. He
-sends their children to the Foundling
-Hospital, 131. His account of
-this act in his "Confessions,"
-130. Remissness of his moral sentiments,
-132. His friendship for
-Diderot, 133. 144. Laments his
-friend's imprisonment, 144. The
-academy of Dijon having proposed
-a question as to the influence of
-the progress of arts and sciences on
-the happiness and virtue of man,
-Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts,
-it to be of evil tendency, and so
-eloquently as to bear off the palm
-134. This success acquires him
-consideration, 135. He refuses
-the offer of a place with a farmer-general,
-although a road to fortune,
-129. 135. Earns a livelihood
-by copying music, 135. His "Devin
-du Village," 136. It becomes
-the fashion with the great to encourage
-and soothe him, 136. Revisits
-Geneva, 137. Abjures the
-Romish faith, 137. He inhabits
-the Hermitage, near the wood of
-Montmorenci, 138. His writings,
-139. His meditations and day
-dreams, 139. His "System of
-Education," 139. Writes the
-"Nouvelle Héloise," 140. 150. His
-declarations to madame d'Houdetot,
-142. His mental sufferings
-nurtured by this hopeless passion,
-145. Accusation against Grimm's
-loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau,
-145. Diderot's letter to
-Rousseau respecting madame
-d'Epinay, 146. Indecision of Jean
-Jacques, 146. Removes to Montmorenci,
-147. Diderot having offended
-him, seeks a reconciliation,
-and is repulsed, 148. The
-nobility court him with compassionate
-regard, 150. His religious
-principles unsettled, 152. "The
-Confession of the Vicar of Savoy,"
-152. Consequences of the publication
-of "Emile," 153. The
-"Emile" of Rousseau condemned
-to the flames at Geneva, 153.
-Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun,
-in the territory of Bern, 154.
-Exiled by the states of Bern
-and Geneva, he settles at Motiers,
-near Neufchâtel, 154. Engages
-in a controversy of the Genevans,
-157. His "Lettres écrites de la
-Montagne," 157. Resides in the
-island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne,
-158. Accompanies David
-Hume to England, 159. Writes
-the first portion of his "Confessions"
-at Wotton, 160. George
-III. grants him a pension of 100_l._
-per annum, 161. Being half deranged,
-he flies to France, 161.
-Is protected by the prince of Conti,
-162. He quits the Armenian
-dress he had worn for ten years,
-163. Is welcomed in Paris, 163.
-Reads his "Confessions" to a
-circle of acquaintance, 164. His
-mode of life, and diligence in
-earning a subsistence, 165. The
-prince de Ligne takes an interest
-in his welfare, 165. His objection
-to receive presents, 167.
-Respect shown for him by a
-Parisian audience at a theatre,
-168. His death, 169. Inquiry
-into his state of mind, 169. _et
-passim._ Inscription on his tomb,
-170. His character, 171. His reveries,
-172. Critique on the
-"Emile," 173. On the "Nouvelle
-Héloise," 174.
-
-
-S.
-
-Sablière, madame de la, I. 165. Her
-society of poets, philosophers, &c.,
-166. 171. Her husband, the marquis
-de la Sablière, 166. 171. His
-fate, 163. 171.
-
-Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I.
-198. And of Racine, 298.
-
-Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's
-impassioned mysteries, I. 342.
-
-Sainte Helène, M. de, I. 223.
-
-Saint Lambert, M. de, II. 141. 143.
-
-Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs
-Molière, I. 102.
-
-Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais
-in facetiousness, I. 36. Allusions
-to, 283.
-
-Schomberg, count de, I. 215. Created
-marshal, 215. II. 145.
-
-"Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I.
-37.
-
-Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on
-Molière, I. 108. 128. 130, n. Allusion
-to his works, 147.
-
-Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière,
-I. 146.
-
-Schlegel, William, not permitted by
-Buonaparte to reside at madame
-de Staël's at Coppet, II. 336.
-
-Scudéri, M. de, I. 45. His attack
-upon Corneille, 47.
-
-Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels,
-I. 107. Their extravagant style
-in language and argument, 107.
-Allusions to, I. 223, n. 293.
-
-Séguier, chancellor of France, I.
-222. 223.
-
-Segur, count de, descended in the
-female line from Montaigne, I.
-21, n.
-
-Seneca, tragedies of, I. 44.
-
-Sévigné, madame de, compares the
-genius of Corneille with Racine,
-and prefers the former, I. 57. Her
-delightful style, 85..87. Her character
-of the duke of Rochefoucauld,
-88. Her life narrated,
-214-258. Her maiden name
-Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, 214.
-Her father, the baron de Chantal,
-slain at La Rochelle in an engagement
-with the English, 215. His
-laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg,
-215. His family the elder
-branch of the Rabutins, 214. 215.
-His wife was Marie de Coulanges,
-214. 215. Their daughter, Marie
-de Rabutin-Chantal, born in
-1626, 214. Is left an orphan, 215.
-Taught Italian and Latin by
-Ménage and Chapelle, 216. Is
-married to Henri, marquis de
-Sévigné, 216. Her children, 216.
-The marquise a zealous Frondeuse,
-217. Her friendship with
-mademoiselle de Montpensier
-and the duchess de Châtillon, 217.
-Loss of her husband, 218. Educates
-her children, 218. Her
-widowhood exemplary, 218. Her
-grief on the loss of the abbé de
-Coulanges, her uncle, 223. She frequents
-the Hôtel Rambouillet, 220.
-Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his
-fair cousin, 221. Reconciliation,
-225. He reproaches her with
-avarice, 225. Her sorrow for the
-imprisonment and exile of de
-Retz, 221. Her sympathy with the
-misfortunes of Fouquet, 222. 223,
-n. She retires from Paris, 225.
-Returns and presents her daughter
-at court, 225. Her journeys
-to her estate of Les Rochers in
-Brittany, 237. 239. 249.; and to see
-her daughter in Provence, 228.
-241. Her separation from her
-daughter, 228. Her son accompanies
-an expedition to Candia,
-226. His attachment for Ninon
-de l'Enclos, 230. He marries and
-retires to his estates in Brittany,
-231. 240. 247. 249. Madame de
-la Fayette and other friends of
-madame de Sévigné, 231. Her
-life in Brittany described, 240. 241.
-Seized with rheumatism, 244.
-She is out of favour at court,
-as being a Jansenist, 248. 249. 257.
-She spends her latter years with
-her daughter in Provence, 253.
-Final visit to Paris, 254. She
-dies at Grignan, aged 70. 254.
-Opinions on her character and
-literary merit, 255-258. Her
-family now extinct, 258. Remark
-of madame de Sévigné, II. 207.
-Her correspondence:--Letters
-to her daughter, madame de
-Grignan, I, 220. 224. 237. 238. 239.
-241. 244. 246. 247. 248. 251.
-Her letters to her cousin the
-count de Bussy-Rabutin, 217.
-226. 227. 247. 249. 251. Her letters
-to various friends, 223.
-Letters from count de Bussy to
-madame de Sévigné, 219.
-
-Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. 216.
-His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal
-at first happy, 216.
-Their son and daughter, 216.
-His relationship to the cardinal
-de Retz, 217. The marquis and
-his celebrated lady join the
-Fronde, 217. His affection for
-Ninon de l'Enclos, 217. Killed
-by the chevalier d'Albret in a
-duel, 218.
-
-Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's
-remarks on, II. 101.
-
-Sirven family, case of the, II. 83.
-
-"Songes Drolatiques," to whom
-ascribed, I. 38.
-
-Sophocles, I. 40. II. 15. His "Œdipus
-Tyrannus," 16.
-
-Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais'
-"Pantagruel," I. 31. The "Philosophical
-Cream," a burlesque
-on the schoolmen of, 38. Condemns
-the book on St. Augustin,
-by Antony Arnaud, 200.
-
-Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur,
-I. 113.
-
-Spain, the modern drama takes its
-rise in, I. 41. Guillen de Castro,
-45. Lope de Vega, 51. War of
-with France during the minority
-of Louis XIV., 67.
-
-Staël Holstein, baronne de, her
-father, M. Necker, placed in the
-banking-house of Thelusson, II.
-295. His essay on corn-laws,
-295. Marries mademoiselle
-Churchod, 296. Their only
-daughter, 296. Early instructions
-and habits of madame de Staël,
-297. Attention paid her in society
-by men of letters, 297. Her
-attention to their discourse, 298.
-Her taste for society thus acquired,
-298. Fears with regard to
-her health, 299. She attributes her
-frankness, to her father's quick
-perception of her faults, 300. His
-high repute in France, 301. His
-"Compte Rendu," 301. 304. Retires
-to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva,
-302. His work on finance, its
-enormous sale, 303. Mlle. Necker
-begins to write at an early age,
-303. Her Plays and Tales printed,
-303. Her suitors, 304. Mr. Gibbon
-a visitor at Necker's, 305.
-She espouses the baron de Staël
-Holstein, 305. Her letters on the
-writings of Rousseau, 305. Portrait
-or character of her at this
-period, 306. Her father restored
-to the ministry by Louis XVI.,
-307. His moderation, 307. Is
-again exiled, and ordered to depart
-silently, 308. Necker and
-his wife repair to Brussels. 309.
-Madame de Staël's remarks on
-joining him there, 309. His
-generosity in financial matters
-toward the nation, 309. The Bastille
-being destroyed, Louis again
-sends for him, and he returns to
-Paris, 310. The baroness describes
-their journey, 311. She
-witnesses many events of the revolution,
-312. Interview with
-Marie Antoinette, 313. Necker
-resigns on account of the issue
-of assignats, which he disapproved,
-313. Madame de Staël
-shares in Lafayette's plan for
-effecting the escape of the king,
-314. Her carriage stopped by
-the republicans, 314. Her courage,
-314. Sets out from Paris,
-315. Carried before the section
-of St. Germain, 316. She pleads
-before Robespierre's tribunal her
-being the ambassadress from
-Sweden, 316. Is saved by the
-interposition of Manuel, 316. Is
-allowed to leave Paris with her
-maid only, 317. Her joy on traversing
-Mount Jura and arriving
-at her father's at Coppet,
-317. Visits England, 317. Her
-father's pamphlet in favour of
-Louis XVI., and her appeal for
-the queen, 318. Death of madame
-Necker, 318. M. de Staël
-repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador,
-accompanied by the
-baroness, 319. Although denounced
-in the reign of terror,
-her influence was still great, 320.
-Her feelings and character depicted,
-320. Her first meeting
-with Buonaparte unpropitious,
-321. Invasion of Switzerland,
-322. She repairs to Coppet to M.
-Necker, 322. Witnesses the revolution
-which established Buonaparte,
-323. Her conversation
-with Joseph Buonaparte, 324.
-Benjamin Constant her friend,
-324. Enmity of Napoleon on account
-of Constant's opposition,
-325. Her loss of her husband in
-1799, 327. Her novel of "Delphine,"
-327. Its charm, 327. Her
-love of her father, 328. On the expiration
-of the peace of Amiens she
-is exiled from Paris, 329. She is
-accompanied by Benjamin Constant
-to Weimar and Berlin, 330.
-Her "Années d'Exil" one of her
-best writings, 330. 339. Death of
-her father, 331. Her affection
-for her children, 331. Her society,
-331. Publishes the writings
-of M. Necker, 331. Visits
-Rome and writes "Corinne,"
-331. Opinion of that work in
-Italy, 332. Publishes "Corinne"
-at Rouen, 332. Her perception of
-ennui, 333. Her sentiments, 333.
-Intends publishing her "Germany"
-at Blois, 331. The impression
-is seized, and she is ordered to
-quit France, 331. Persecution of
-her unabated, 335. She accompanies
-M. de Montmorency in a
-tour through Switzerland, 336.
-Madame Recamier banished for
-having spent a few hours with
-her, 336. M. Rocca, a young
-Spanish officer in the French
-army, wounded, visits Geneva,
-337. Falls in love, 337. Madame
-de Staël marries him, 338.
-She escapes from Coppet, 338.
-Journey through Austria, Poland,
-Russia, and Sweden, to England,
-338. 339. Admired by the English,
-339. Louis XVIII. repays to her
-two millions which her father had
-generously advanced to Louis
-XVI., 339. Lord Byron thought
-likely to marry Albertine de
-Staël, her daughter, 339. Byron
-living at Diodati visits at Coppet,
-310. Her daughter marries the
-duke de Broglie, 310. Madame de
-Staël's piety, 341. Her remark
-upon life, 341. Her resignation in
-sickness, 341. Her death in Paris,
-aged nearly fifty-two, 341. M.
-Rocca survived his wife but a few
-months, 341. She had many enemies,
-the result sometimes of envy
-of merit, 342. Her love of France,
-342. Chateaubriand's opinion of
-her, 343. Interest of her works,
-343.
-
-Stanislas, king of Poland, II. 49. 51.
-
-Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram
-Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I.
-37.
-
-St. Evremond, M. de, I. 57.
-
-St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. 128.
-His account of J. J. Rousseau,
-167.
-
-St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. 139.
-
-Sully, duke of, I. 41. His administration,
-64.
-
-Sully, duke of, a warm friend of
-Voltaire, II. 17.
-
-Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and
-"Tale of a Tub," I. 36.
-
-
-T.
-
-"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. 119.
-Application of the character to
-the bishop of Autun, 147.
-
-Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. 222.
-224.
-
-Tellier, archbishop of Rheims,
-I. 339, n.
-
-Tencin, cardinal, II. 71. 74.
-
-Terence, comedies of, I. 153. 155.
-
-Theatre, French, mysteries and
-moralities preceded the regular
-drama, I. 41. Indebted to Spanish
-dramatists, 41. "Mélite," by
-Corneille, 42. Dramas of Hardy,
-41. 42. Of cardinal de Richelieu,
-41. 43. Theatre in the cardinal's
-palace, 43. "Sophonisba" of
-Mairet, 44. Plays of Corneille
-critically examined, 45-59. His
-"Essais sur le Théâtre," 54. Voltaire's
-rules for French diction in
-tragedy, 61. Corneille's style,
-62. Molière's first comedy of
-"L'Etourdi," 103. His "Le Dépit
-Amoureux," 103. Farcical interludes
-of merit by Molière, 105.
-These form the groundwork of his
-best comedies, 105. Theatres of
-Paris in the time of Molière,
-106. 304. Racine's comedy of
-"Les Plaideurs," 310. Voltaire's
-"Œdipe" and numerous dramas,
-II. 15. _et seq._
-
-Thianges, madame de, I. 278.
-
-Thiers, M., his "History of the
-French Revolution," II. 273.
-
-Thiriot, M., early companion of
-Voltaire, II. 9. 16. 32. 107.
-
-Thomas, M., French writer and
-poet, II. 171.
-
-Thou, De; president, his opinion of
-Rabelais, I. 33.
-
-Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate,
-letter of Rabelais to, I. 25.
-26.
-
-Torricelli, mathematician, I. 192.
-
-Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury"
-of, I. 31.
-
-Toulouse, judgments by the parliament
-of, II. 79. 83.
-
-Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille,
-the father of. I. 40-62. Thomas
-Corneille's plays, 56. Racine's
-tragedies, 58. Voltaire's Commentary
-on Corneille, 45, n. 61.
-Voltaire's tragedies, II. 15. 19. 22.
-25. 45, &c.
-
-Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. 72.
-81. 106. 299.
-
-Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction
-with Condé at Rocroi, I.
-67. Gives battle to the prince of
-Condé, 83.; and defeats him, 81.
-His death, 241.
-
-Turgot, M., finance minister, II.
-100. 101. 178.
-
-Turlupin, French comedian in
-Molière's time, I. 101.
-
-
-U.
-
-Unity of time in dramatic works,
-critique on the, I. 45. 49. 52.
-
-
-V.
-
-Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite
-of Louis XIV., I. 112.
-119. 162. 225. 236.
-
-Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa,"
-I. 51. 102.
-
-Vendôme, duke of, II. 6.
-
-Versoi, village of, II. 100.
-
-Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen
-de Parvenir," I. 36.
-
-Victoire, the abbé de la, I. 263.
-
-Villars, maréchale, de, II. 17.
-
-Villars, duchess de, II. 9. 45.
-
-Villette, M. and madame de, II.
-102.
-
-Virgil, extraordinary commentary
-on a line of, II. 144.
-
-Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I.
-301.
-
-Voiture, his poetry addressed to
-Julie d'Angennes, I. 108. Fabulous
-adventure in punishment of
-his insolence towards her, 108.
-Is styled _Alcovist_, 109. His conceits,
-153. Anecdote relative to,
-159.
-
-Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet
-de, observations of, I. 30. His
-pillage of Rabelais, 34. His Commentary
-on the "Cid," 45, n. 61.
-Patronises a lady descended from
-the daughter of Corneille, 61.
-His observation on the duke of
-Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," 63.
-His opinion of Molière, 146. On
-Pascal, 203, n. Of madame de Sévigné,
-255. His censure of Boileau,
-264, n. His "Siècle de
-Louis XIV.," 345, n. His letters,
-II. 1. His infidel principles,
-2. Distinction between Christianity
-and that religion known as
-the church of Rome, 2. His
-birth in 1694, 4. Educated in the
-college of Louis-le-Grand, 5. Introduced
-to Parisian society, 6.
-His love for mademoiselle du
-Noyer, 8. His reconciliation
-with his father, M. Arouet, 9. Is
-placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney,
-9. Is enamoured with
-madame de Villars, 9. He visits
-M. de Caumartin, 10. His return
-to Paris, the duke of Orléans
-being regent, 11. Is sent to the
-Bastille for verses imputed to him,
-11. Liberated on the mistake
-being proved, 11. Writes the
-"Henriade," 12. Its interest, 14.
-His tragedy of "Œdipus." 15. 19.
-His mode of life, 16. Visits the
-châteaux of the nobility, 16. Has
-the small-pox, 16. His tragedy of
-"Mariamne," 16. Visits Holland,
-17. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau,
-17. Is insulted by Chev. de
-Rohan, challenges him; but is sent
-to the Bastille, banished, and
-visits England, 18. Studies Locke
-and Newton, 18. An edition of
-the "Henriade," in London, enriches
-him, 19. 20. Returns to
-Paris, 19. Success of his tragedies,
-19. The priests detest him, 19.
-Acquires some wealth by his pen
-and by inheritance, 20. Purchases
-the estate of Voltaire, and
-assumes that name, 21. His attachment
-for madame du Châtelet,
-21. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile"
-unsuccessful tragedies, 22.
-Pathos of his "Zaire," 22. Rapidly
-composed, 22. Its success, 22.
-Increase of his fame, 22. His
-"Charles XII.," 23. "Siècle de
-Louis XIV.," 23. 25. 30. 60. 64. Is
-constrained to withdraw into
-Normandy, having offended the
-clergy, 64. His "Lettres sur les
-Anglais," 64. Lettre de cachet
-issued against him for that publication,
-24. 32. Conceals himself
-at the marquis du Châtelet's in
-Champagne, 32. His "Mérope,"
-"Mahomet," &c., 25. He acts
-in a private theatre, 25. Writes
-the "Pucelle d'Orléans," 25. 28.
-33. Revisits Cirey and the marquis
-du Châtelet, 26. 28. His
-conduct towards madame de
-Graffigny, 33. His "Correspondence"
-with Frederic the Great,
-35. 37. The poet and king flatter
-and quarrel, 36. Visits Frederic
-in Germany, 39. "Mahomet"
-performed at Lille, 43. Desires a
-seat in the French Academy, 44.
-56. Cabal to oppose him, 45.
-Success of his "Mérope," 45.
-Is sent to the Hague and to
-Berlin as an envoy from Louis
-XV., 46. He returns to France,
-47. Visits the duchess du Maine,
-and writes "Zadig," 48. Acts
-at Sceaux the part of Cicero in
-his "Rome Sauvée," 48. He
-visits king Stanislas at Luneville,
-49. 51. His "Semiramis," 49.
-Ill of fever at Chalons, 50. "Catiline,"
-51. He settles in Paris,
-and receives his niece madame
-Denis to preside in his house, 55.
-55. Private theatre in his house,
-55. Account of Voltaire by Le
-Kain, 54. Visits Frederic at
-Potsdam, 57. Is appointed chamberlain
-by that monarch, 58. A
-pension granted him, 59. Discontents,
-61. Frederic requiring
-a strict attention to his injunctions,
-69. Voltaire rendered suspicious,
-63. Becomes indignant,
-66. Satirizes Maupertuis, 66. 67.
-His amicable interview with the
-monarch, 68. He repairs to Saxe
-Gotha, 69. Meets madame Denis
-at Frankfort, 69. Is arrested, 69.
-Letter of the king, 70. 71, n. His
-journey to Lyons, 71. Consults Dr.
-Tronchin at Geneva on his health,
-72. Purchases a house near Geneva
-named "Les Delices," 71. 74.
-Composes tragedies, and writes
-"Candide," 74. His "Manners
-and Spirit of Nations," 74. Some
-dangers impend over him, 75.
-Force of his satire, 75. His château
-of Ferney on the borders of
-France and Geneva, 76. The
-"Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot
-and d'Alembert, 77. Voltaire
-writes some literary articles
-for it, 77. Case of Jean Calas,
-broken on the wheel on a false
-accusation, 79. Voltaire succeeds
-in proving his innocence, 81.
-Exculpation and relief of the
-surviving family, 82. Case of
-the Sirven family, 83. Case of
-the chevalier de la Barre, 84.
-Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques
-Rousseau, 88. His conversation
-delightful, 90. Visited by Marmontel,
-91. By the countess de
-Genlis, 94. Attempted persecution
-of, by the bishop of the
-diocese, 99. Residence of Voltaire,
-through his active spirit of
-charity and improvement, a blessing
-to the district, 100. He repairs
-to Paris in 1788, 102. His
-tragedy of "Irene," 103. Honourable
-reception of the poet,
-103. His profession of faith, 104.
-His death, 106. His friendly and
-forgiving nature, 107. Criticism
-on his works, 109. His plays,
-109. Was visited at Ferney by
-Condorcet and d'Alembert, 176.
-
-
-W.
-
-Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire,
-II. 105.
-
-Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter
-on the subject of Rousseau, II.
-159. 161. His contempt of Rousseau,
-164.
-
-Warens, countess de, II. 117. Her
-history told by Jean Jacques
-Rousseau, 117-128. 137.
-
-Winterfeld, baron de, II. 9.
-
-Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly
-Mlle. du Noyer, II. 8. 9.
-
-Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country
-Girl," imitated from Molière,
-I. 117.
-
-
-
-
-THE END.
-
-
-
-
-TABLE,
-
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-
-TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF
-
-LIVES OF
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-
-
-DANTE ALEGHIERI.
-
-A. D.
-
-His Descent 1
-1265. His Birth 2
-His Mother's Dream 3
-Brunetto Latini 4
-Story of his early Love for Beatrice 6
-1290. Her Death 7
-"Vita Nuova" 7
-Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life 9
-His Marriage with Madonna Gemma 10
-The Guelfs and Ghibelines 13
-1289. The Battle of Campaldino 14
-Dante serves in the Cavalry 14
-Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of
-this Conflict 15
-He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona 15
-Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI. 15
-He is chosen chief Prior of his native City 16
-Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri 17
-The Cerchi and the Donati 18
-Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the
-Bianchi 19
-Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party 20
-He vindicates himself 20
-Entrance of Charles into Florence 20
-The Recal of the Neri 20
-Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile 21
-Embassy of Dante to Rome 21
-Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of
-others 21
-Confiscation of Dante's Property 22
-His Banishment 22
-He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo 23
-Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence 23
-Pietro Petracco 23
-Dante quits the Confederacy 23
-His personal Humiliation 24
-Extract from his "Purgatorio" 24
-1308. Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany 26
-Dante professes himself a Ghibeline 26
-1313. Henry of Luxembourg poisoned 26
-Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia" 26
-He wanders from one petty Court to another 27
-Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo 27
-Anecdote of him while at Verona 28
-Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna 29
-Mental Sufferings of Dante 30
-His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to
-return to his Country 31
-Extracts from his "Paradiso" 32
-His Residence at Ravenna 32
-1321. His Death 33
-A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael
-Angelo 34
-Dante--his Tomb at Ravenna 35
-Restoration of his Property to his Family 35
-The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the
-Pope 35
-Description of Dante by Boccaccio 36
-Musical Talents of Dante 37
-Extract from his "Purgatorio" 37
-His two Sons the first Commentators 39
-Lyrics of Dante 41
-Origin of the "Divina Commedia" 43
-Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia" 44
-Extracts from the "Inferno" 46
-Strictures on it 51
-And on the "Inferno" 53
-
-
-PETRARCH.
-
-1302. His Progenitors 61
-Their Banishment from Florence 61
-1305. Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment 62
-1312. They remove to Pisa 62
-They proceed to Avignon 62
-1315. They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes
-acquainted with Settimo 63
-1319. He enters the University of Montpellier 63
-His Father destines him for the Law 63
-His Aversion to it 64
-1323. He goes to Bologna 64
-His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he
-abandons the Law 64
-He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a
-Favourite with the Nobles 65
-His Person 65
-His Friendship for John of Florence 65
-Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent 66
-His Friendship for Petrarch 67
-Character of Petrarch 68
-1327. (April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura 68
-His Devotion to her 70
-His poetic Life commences 71
-His Patriotism 72
-1330. Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch
-accompanies him to his Bishoprick 72
-His Friendship for Lello and Louis 72
-1331. He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant 73
-He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons 75
-His Arrival at Rome 76
-(August 6th.) He returns to Avignon 76
-His Excursion to Mont Ventoux 76
-His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis 77
-His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse 78
-A Description of it 78
-Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre 80
-Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry 81
-Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate
-of Petrarch 83
-Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna 84
-1340. Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him
-to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former 85
-1341. His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples 86
-(April 17th.) His Coronation 86
-He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma 87
-He meets Azzo Correggio 87
-Death of Giacomo Colonna 87
-Early Death of Thomas of Messina 87
-Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends 88
-He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession
-of Pope Clement VI. 89
-He meets Laura at Avignon 89
-His Confidants 90
-1343. Death of Robert, King of Naples 91
-He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna 91
-Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna 92
-1345. Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and
-assumes the Name of Tribune 92
-Change produced by him in the State of the Country 92
-Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses 93
-1347. He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma 94
-Downfal of Rienzi 94
-1348. The Plague in Italy 94
-(January 25th.) An Earthquake 94
-(April 6th.) Death of Laura 94
-Petrarch's Account of it 94
-1350. He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee 98
-Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua 98
-1351. Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property 99
-Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon 100
-His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician 100
-He revisits Vaucluse 100
-1352. Death of Pope Clement VI. 100
-Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent 101
-His Treatise "On Solitary Life" 101
-1353. He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan 101
-1354. Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua 102
-He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy 102
-1355. Petrarch at Milan 103
-He is sent on two Missions--one to Venice, the other to Prague 103
-1360. Invasion of France by the English 103
-Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from
-Imprisonment 103
-He returns to Italy 104
-His Letter to Settimo 104
-1361. Italy again visited by the Plague 105
-Death of Petrarch's Son 105
-Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch 106
-The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared 106
-"The Triumph of Death" 107
-Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death 107
-1363. Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch 110
-Leonzio Pilato's Death 110
-1367. Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V. 110
-His Reply 110
-1369. Petrarch suffers from Fever 110
-1372. (January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how
-he was" 112
-1374. His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio 113
-His Death 114
-His Will 114
-
-
-BOCCACCIO.
-
-Origin of his Family 115
-1313. His Birth 116
-1329. He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law 117
-1333. His Dislike for this Study 117
-He goes to Naples 117
-1338. He visits the Tomb of Virgil 118
-A Description of it 118
-Boccaccio--his Admiration of it 119
-1341. Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection
-for Literature 120
-Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary 121
-Some Account of her 121
-Her Person 122
-His first Book, "Filocopo" 123
-The Story of it 123
-His Style 124
-1342. His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father 125
-His "Ameto" 126
-1344. He returns to Naples 126
-Death of King Robert 126
-Queen Jane and her Court 126
-"Filostrato," of Boccaccio 126
-His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione" 127
-1348. He writes "The Decameron" 127
-The Preface 127
-Description of the Plague in Florence 128
-Critique on the "Decameron" 130
-1497. Burning of the "Decameron" 130
-1527. The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the
-"Decameron" published 130
-1350. Return of Boccaccio to Florence 131
-His various Embassies 131
-1351. He visits Petrarch at Padua 132
-He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria 133
-1354. Again sent on a Mission to Avignon 133
-His violent Party Feelings 133
-His Letter to Petrarch 133
-Petrarch's Answer 134
-Boccaccio--his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients 135
-His celebrated Copy of Dante 136
-He visits Petrarch at Milan 137
-Moral Change in him 137
-1361. A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work 139
-He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch 140
-Petrarch's Letter in Answer 140
-1363. Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples 142
-He invites Boccaccio to his Palace 142
-His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio 143
-He removes from his Palace in consequence 143
-He returns to Florence 143
-His Residence at Certaldo 144
-His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium" 145
-1355. His Embassy to Pope Urban V. 145
-He projects a Visit to Venice 145
-His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing 145
-1370. His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian
-Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria 147
-1372. He visits Naples 147
-1373. He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo 147
-His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods" 147
-The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina
-Commedie" conferred on him 148
-1374. Petrarch's Death 149
-Grief of Boccaccio 149
-1375. (December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio 149
-
-
-LORENZO DE' MEDICI.
-
-Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &c. 151
-1438. Platonic Doctrines in Italy 151
-Gemisthus Pletho 151
-The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo 152
-1464. His Death 152
-Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence 152
-1478. The Pazzi Conspiracy 152
-1479. Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence 152
-1480. Lorenzo de' Medici--his Firmness and Talents 152
-He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with
-Florence 153
-A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted 153
-Lorenzo de' Medici--his Commentary on his first Sonnet 155
-Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets 156
-His "Nencia da Barbarino" 157
-And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi" 157
-His descriptive Poems 158
-1492. His Death 159
-
-
-MARSIGLIO FICINO.
-
-1433. His Birth 159
-He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici 160
-His "Platonic Institutions" 160
-His "Treatise on the Origin of the World" 160
-1468. He assumes the Clerical Profession 160
-1475. He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence 160
-1499. (October 1st.) His Death 161
-
-
-GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.
-
-1463. His Birth 161
-His Parentage 161
-He visits Rome 161
- His 900 Propositions published 162
-1494. His Persecution and Death 162
-
-
-ANGELO POLIZIANO.
-
-1454. (July 24th.) His Birth 162
-In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici 163
-He engages him as Tutor to his Children 164
-He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the
-University of Florence 165
-1492. His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário 165
-Disasters which befell the Medici 166
-Politian's Monody on Lorenzo 166
-1494. (September 24th.) Politian.--His Death 167
-
-
-BERNARDO PULCI.
-
-His Origin 167
-His Works 167
-
-
-LUCA FULCI.
-
-His Works 167
-
-
-LUIGI PULCI.
-
-Author of the "Morgante Maggiore" 168
-Critique on "Morgante Maggiore" 168
-The Family of the Heroes of Romance 169
-Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore" 171
-The Subject of the Poem 172
-
-
-CIECO DA FERRARA.
-
-1509. Author of "Mambriano" 179
-
-
-BURCHIELLO.
-
-1448. His Death 180
-
-
-BOJARDO.
-
-Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors 181
-1434. His Birth 181
-His Parents 181
-His Education 181
-1469. He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III.
-to Ferrara 181
-1471. Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke 181
-Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture 181
-1472. Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea 182
-1473. Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to
-Ferrara 182
-1478. He is made Governor of Reggio 182
-1494. His Death 182
-His Lyrical Poetry 182
-His Classical Works 182
-An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato" 183
-
-
-BERNI.
-
-Francesco Berni 188
-His Birth 188
-His early Life 188
-The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi 188
-1526. Rome plundered by the Colonna 188
-1536. (July 26th.) Death of Berni 189
-Publication of his "Rifacimento" 189
-Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato" 192
-His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto 193
-His Person and Disposition 193
-An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour 194
-Bernese Poetry 195
-
-
-ARIOSTO.
-
-1474. (September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth 196
-His Lineage 196
-His early Studies 197
-Latin the universal Language of Writers 198
-The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages
-into modern Tongues 199
-Death of Ariosto's Father 199
-His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence 199
-His filial and paternal Affection 200
-His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso 200
-His Sisters 200
-A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother 201
-His Bagatelles 202
-He composes his "Orlando Furioso" 203
-His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in
-Latin 204
-The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the
-Vatican 204
-Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion 205
-Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians 205
-The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna 205
-The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the
-River Po 205
-Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion 205
-His second Embassy to Rome 206
-His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff 206
-Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable
-Julius 207
-And the perfidious Treatment he receives 207
-The singular Manner in which he retaliates 207
-1515. The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso" 208
-Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it 208
-1532. The last Edition 208
-Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick 208
-Their consequent Estrangement 209
-A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom
-they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural
-Conduct of the Cardinal 209
-Independence of Ariosto 210
-Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a
-Poet 210
-Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro 212
-Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso 217
-Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances 218
-His Reasons for not taking Orders 219
-Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso" 219
-What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.? 220
-Extracts from his Satires 221
-The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso 226
-His Government of Graffagnana 226
-His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours 227
-Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote 228
-Extract from his Satires 229
-He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome 230
-His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo 230
-His Release from his Government 232
-He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works 232
-A curious Anecdote of him when a Child 232
-Remarks on his Writings 234
-1532. Ariosto, his last Illness 234
-Apocryphal Traditions of him 235
-His Person 235
-His Character 236
-His Sons 237
-His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals 237
-A Translation of one of his Sonnets 238
-Difficulty of translating his Works 239
-English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso" 239
-His Recitation 240
-Anecdote of him 240
-His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits 241
-His Reveries 242
-His last Hours 243
-His Monument 244
-Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso" 245
-Critical Remarks on it 247
-A Sequel and Imitation of it 250
-
-
-MACHIAVELLI.
-
-850. Origin of his Family 256
-1469. (February 3d.) His Birth 257
-His Parentage 257
-Nothing known of his Childhood and Education 257
-Paul Jovius 257
-1494. Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil 257
-1497. Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola 258
-Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor 258
-1498. Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court 258
-Is Secretary of the Council of Ten 259
-His Missions to various Sovereigns and States 259
-1492. Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels 259
-Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,
-instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown 260
-1493. Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in
-Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family 260
-Italy overrun by Charles 260
-The Italian System of Warfare 260
-1498. Death of Charles VIII. 261
-Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan 261
-1501. Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they
-implore Charles to restore their Independence 261
-1500. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 262
-Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic
-as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions 262
-They fail in their Object, and return to Italy 263
-Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia 263
-Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of
-Alexander VI. 264
-His Character 264
-Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the
-Church 264
-His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he
-causes to be waylaid and murdered 264
-He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of
-Valence in France 265
-He determines to form the Principality in Italy 265
-His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII. 265
-His Attack on Bologna 266
-Revolt of his chief Condottieri 266
-Conspiracy of Magione 267
-1502. Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola 268
-His Interview with Caesar Borgia 268
-His Opinion of him 268
-Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself 269
-His Policy 269
-Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola 269
-Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence 269
-His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia 270
-His Admiration of Borgia's Talents 271
-Machiavelli solicits to be recalled 271
-Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates 271
-Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject 272
-Borgia leaves Imola 273
-Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena 273
-His Letter 273
-He again writes from Cesena 274
-The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia 275
-Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia 275
-He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners 275
-Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction 275
-His Letter 275
-Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates 276
-(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic 277
-1503. His Recal to Florence 278
-His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in
-putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli 278
-The "Decenal" 278
-An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia 279
-Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from
-Poison 280
-(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander 281
-Accession of Pope Pius III. 281
-Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia 281
-Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations
-concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia 281
-Julius II. 281
-Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See 282
-Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia
-refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on
-board a French Galley 283
-He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated 283
-He goes to Naples 283
-He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the
-Fortress of Medina del Campo 284
-1506. His Escape and Death 284
-1504. Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France 284
-Peace between France and Spain 284
-1506. Formation of a native Militia in Florence 285
-Pope Julius II., his Projects 285
-The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at
-Rome; his Letters 285
-1507. Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at
-Trent 286
-1508. Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to
-Trent 286
-On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany" 286
-1509. Pisa besieged by the Florentines 286
-Machiavelli sent to assist them 286
-Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope 287
-1510. Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters 287
-His Audience with the King at Blois 288
-1511. Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence 288
-Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa
-for it 288
-Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to
-recal this Offer 288
-Disastrous War, the Consequence 289
-1512. Diet of Mantua 289
-Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence 289
-Restoration of the Medici 289
-Machiavelli deprived of his Place 291
-Conspiracy against the Medici 291
-Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison
-in consequence 291
-He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X. 291
-1513. His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation 291
-Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli 292
-His Letter in Reply 292
-Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli 293
-Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori 294
-Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince" 297
-Machiavelian Policy 300
-His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy" 304
-His "Art of War" 304
-His "Belfegor" 304
-His Comedies 304
-1514. His Letter to Vettori 305
-1519. Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice 306
-Machiavelli, his Reply 306
-His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence" 306
-1521. Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi 306
-Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;
-Machiavelli, his Reply 307
-1524. Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of
-Florence 307
-1526. Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes
-Machiavelli his Historiographer 308
-Deplorable State of Italy 308
-Constable Bourbon at Milan 308
-Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at
-Florence 309
-1527. Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna 309
-A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V. 310
-(6th of May.) Sack of Rome 310
-Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is
-besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo 310
-He returns to Florence 310
-His Death 311
-His Wife and Children 311
-His Person and Character 311
-1782. Complete Edition of his Works published 312
-His Descendants 312
-
-
-
-
-TABLE
-
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-
-TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF
-
-LIVES OF
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-
-
-GALILEO.
-
-A. D
-
-1564. (15th of February.) His Birth 1
-His Ancestors 2
-His early Years 3
-1581. A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa 3
-Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus 3
-His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance 4
-Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity
-of solid Bodies 4
-Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa 4
-1600. Giordano Bruno burnt 4
-Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian
-Laws of Gravity 5
-Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries 6
-A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed
-by Don Giovanni de' Medici 6
-Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence 6
-1592. He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University
-of Padua 6
-1593. Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System 7
-He meets with an Accident 9
-He completes his first Engagement at Padua 9
-1598. Is re-elected other six Years 9
-Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba 10
-1604. A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo 10
-1606. Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua 10
-His increasing Popularity 10
-His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone 10
-1500. Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published 11
-1603. His Death 11
-Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa 11
-The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of
-urging them 12
-Dutch Telescopes 13
-Galileo constructs his first Telescope 13
-Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice 14
-The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect 15
-Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon 16
-His Examination of the fixed Stars 16
-1610. The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo 18
-Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published 18
-Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler 19
-Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo 20
-Simon Mayer 21
-Discovery of new Satellites 21
-First Enigma of Galileo published 23
-His Observations on Saturn and Venus 23
-1611. His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal
-Garden 24
-(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots 24
-1610. Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December) 25
-Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar
-Spots 26
-These Letters answered by Galileo 26
-Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo 26
-His Observations on Saturn 27
-The Subject of floating Bridges discussed 28
-Galileo "On Floating Bodies" 28
-1613. His Letter to the Abbé Castelli 31
-Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit 31
-Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct 31
-Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian 31
-1615. (26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition 31
-He renounces his Opinions 33
-The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition 34
-1616. Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V. 34
-Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este 34
-Negotiations of Galileo with Spain 35
-1618. Three Comets appear 36
-1619. Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci 36
-"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance" 37
-1623. Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore" 37
-Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne 37
-1624. Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII. 38
-His Reception 38
-1629. Death of Cosmo 39
-Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo 39
-1630. Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System 41
-1632. "The System of the World of Galileo Galilei" 42
-Influence of this Work on the public Mind 43
-Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition 44
-1633. (14th of February.) He arrives at Rome 45
-Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him 46
-Trial of Galileo 47
-(22d of June.) His Sentence 48
-His Abjuration 49
-What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration? 50
-Imprisonment of Galileo 52
-He leaves Rome 52
-He returns to Arcetri 52
-Death of his Daughter 53
-His Indisposition and Melancholy 53
-1638. He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence 53
-Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him 54
-His "Dialogues on Local Motion" 54
-Discovery of the Moon's Libration 55
-1637. Blindness of Galileo 56
-He is visited by a Number of Strangers 58
-1642. (8th of January.) His Death 58
-His Epitaph and Monument 95
-His House 60
-His domestic Character 60
-His Person 60
-His scientific Character 61
-
-
-GUICCIARDINI.
-
-1482. (6th of March.) His Birth 63
-His Parentage 63
-His Education 64
-He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws 64
-His Marriage 64
-Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King
-Aragon 65
-He returns home 65
-Leo X. visits Florence 65
-Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona 65
-He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena 66
-Death of Leo 66
-Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma 66
-Made President of Romagna 67
-His Administration 67
-Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army 67
-The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence 67
-Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed 67
-The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility 67
-Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it 68
-Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici 69
-Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII. 69
-Their united Arms turned against Florence 69
-Second Restoration of the Medici 70
-Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence 70
-The Office of Gonfaloniere established 70
-Alessandro de' Medici named Duke 70
-His disgraceful Birth 70
-His Vices 71
-Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna 71
-Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici 72
-Cosmo raised to the supreme Power 72
-Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici 72
-1540. (27th of May.) His Death 74
-
-
-VITTORIA COLONNA.
-
-Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy 75
-1465. Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her 76
-1490. Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage 77
-Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara 77
-Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna 77
-His Testimony of Affection to his Wife 77
-Her Answer 78
-Death of Pescara 78
-Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence 79
-Her Poetry 80
-Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo 81
-1547. Her Death 81
-
-
-GUARINI.
-
-1537. His Birth 82
-Little known of his early Life 82
-His Marriage 82
-1565. His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro
-Loredano 83
-1571. His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII. 83
-1573. His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his
-Accession 83
-On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State 83
-His second Visit to Poland 83
-1575. (25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey 83
-His "Pastor Fido" 87
-His Quarrel with Tasso 87
-1582. He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his
-Villa 88
-1585. His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin 91
-1586. Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State 92
-His Missions to Umbria and Milan 92
-His Quarrel with his Son 92
-1590. He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy 93
-He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua 93
-1591. He loses his Wife 93
-His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga 93
-His Visit to Urbino 94
-He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate
-Paul Usur 95
-1608. Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy 95
-1612. (7th of October.) His Death 95
-
-
-TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO.
-
-Their Ancestors 98
-1493. Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante
-Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno 99
-His Marriage with Portia Rossi 100
-1544. (11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth 101
-Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War 102
-Infancy of Torquato 103
-Return of Bernardo from the War 103
-1552. The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels 104
-Bernardo, his Exile 104
-Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written
-by him on this Occasion 105
-He and Cowper compared 107
-1556. Death of his Mother 108
-Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father 108
-Is implicated in his reputed Treason 109
-His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister
-Cornelia 110
-Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter 110
-Bernardo flies to Ravenna 111
-He is invited to Pesaro 111
-Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso 112
-Torquato Tasso, his Studies 114
-Boileau 115
-"Joan of Arc" 117
-"Curiosities of Literature" 118
-Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters 118
-"Amadigi" 119
-Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua 122
-His "Rinaldo" 122
-Epic Poetry 125
-"Gerusalemme Liberata" 126
-Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna 127
-He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei 128
-His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry" 130
-1564. He visits his Father at Mantua 130
-His Illness 131
-1569. Bernardo Tasso, his Death 131
-Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants
-Cardinal D'Este 131
-Zoilus 131
-1565. Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi 132
-Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara 132
-Death of Pope Pius IV. 133
-Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora
-Este 133
-A quotation from his "Aminta" 134
-1568. Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke
-Guise 136
-Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino 136
-Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate,
-the Court of France 138
-Two or three Anecdotes related of him 139
-1572. Arrival of Tasso at Rome 140
-His Reception by Pope Pius V. 140
-Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso 140
-His "Aminta" 141
-His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo" 143
-His Illness 144
-His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent 146
-He returns to Ferrara 146
-An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero 147
-His Malady 148
-Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso 148
-Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind 149
-His Love for the Princess Leonora 149
-He visits his Sister 150
-1579. Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital 152
-His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga 152
-1581. Death of the Princess Leonora 156
-Its Effect on Tasso 156
-1586. Liberation of Tasso 157
-His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy 158
-His last Work, "Sette Giornate" 158
-He recovers his Mother's Dowry 158
-The Pope grants him a Pension 158
-Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during
-Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit 159
-1594. (25th of April.) Death of Tasso 161
-His Works 161
-
-
-CHIABRERA.
-
-1552. His Birth 163
-His Parentage 163
-His Childhood 163
-Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo 164
-His disastrous Residence at Rome 163
-His Studies 164
-His Style 165
-His Elegiac Poems 166
-A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation 166
-Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel 167
-He refuses 168
-1637. His Death 168
-
-
-TASSONI.
-
-1565. His Birth 169
-His early Life 169
-1585. Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of
-Bologna 169
-1597. Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by
-him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept
-the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success 170
-1622. His Works 171
-1635. His Death 173
-
-
-MARINI.
-
-1569. (18th of October.) His Birth 174
-He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer;
-turns him out in consequence 174
-1589. Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci" 174
-Concerned in some youthful Scrapes 175
-Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin 175
-His literary Quarrels 175
-Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents 176
-He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France 176
-Her Death before his Arrival 176
-Is received by Mary de' Medici 176
-1623. He publishes his "Adone" 177
-He returns to Rome 178
-1625. (25th of March.) His Death 179
-
-
-FILICAJA.
-
-1642. (30th of December.) His Birth 180
-His Parentage 180
-His Education 180
-His Marriage 181
-His Odes 181
-Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja 182
-He is appointed Governor of Volterra 182
-His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the
-Virgin" 183
-1717. His Death 184
-
-
-METASTASIO.
-
-His obscure Origin 185
-1698. (13th of January.) His Birth; his Name 185
-His Adoption by Vincenzo Gravina 185
-His first Tragedy, "Giustino" 186
-His Letter to Algarotti 187
-His Letter to Don Saverio Mattei 188
-Death of his adopted Father Gravina 189
-His Studies 189
-His Imprudence 189
-Commences the Study of the Law at Naples 190
-He composes his "Orti Esperidi" 190
-He quits his Legal Studies 191
-And resides at the House of the Prima Donna Marianna
-Bulgarelli 191
-He studies Music 192
-1594. Operatic Dramas first introduced at Florence 192
-1724. Metastasio composes his "Didone Abbandonato;" also his
-"Siroe" 192
-He accompanies the Prima Donna to Rome 193
-1727. He writes his Drama of "Cato" 193
-1729. He is invited to become the Court Poet of Vienna 193
-Apostolo Zeno 194
-1730. Metastasio fulfils his Engagement to the Roman Theatre 194
-He enters on his Employments at Vienna; Success of his Dramas 194
-Becomes Treasurer of the Province of Cosenza, in Naples 195
-His Letters to Marianna Bulgarelli 196
-1733. Her Death 198
-Metastasio's Letters to his Brother on her Death 198
-His Style 200
-His "Attilio Regulo" 201
-"Themistocles" and "Olimpiade:" his Dramas 202
-His Canzonetti 203
-1740. Death of the Emperor Charles VI. 203
-1745. Francis I. elected Emperor 204
-Several European Sovereigns invite Metastasio to their Court 204
-His Malady 204
-His Letters 205
-His Letter to his Brother on the Death of his Father 205
-1770. Death of his Brother Leopold 208
-1737. Farinelli 208
-1746. Death of Philip V. of Spain 209
-1763. Accession of Charles III. 209
-Physical Sufferings of Metastasio 209
-Death of the Empress Maria Theresa 209
-1772. Doctor Burney's Account of Metastasio 210
-1782. (12th of April.) Death of Metastasio 211
-
-
-GOLDONI.
-
-1707. His Birth 213
-His Origin 213
-1712. Death of his Grandfather; Pecuniary Difficulties of his Family 214
-Education of Goldoni 215
-His Departure with his Family from Perugia 216
-Carlo Goldoni studies at Rimini 216
-His Parents embark for Chiozza 216
-Description of Chiozza 216
-Goldoni escapes from Rimini 217
-He arrives at Chiozza 218
-He studies the Law under his Uncle, at Venice 219
-1723. His Success at the University of Pavia 220
-His Expulsion, and the Cause of it 221
-Returns to his Parents 221
-He pursues his Legal Studies at Modena 222
-He determines to become a Monk 223
-Prudent Conduct of his Parents on this Occasion 223
-Goldoni becomes Coadjutor to the Chancellor of Feltri 224
-He falls in Love 224
-1731. He joins his Father at Ravenna 225
-Death of the elder Goldoni 225
-Goldoni enters the Profession of Barrister, at Venice 225
-An Incident occurs which destroys his Prospects 226
-His Tragedy of "Amalasunta" 228
-Its Fate 229
-Buonafede Vitali 229
-1733. Siege of Milan 230
-Journey of Goldoni to Modena 230
-Disasters which he met with 231
-1734. His "Belisarius" acted at Vienna 232
-Good Fortune which he meets with at Genoa 233
-His Marriage 233
-He attempts to reform the Italian Theatre 233
-The old Comedy of Italy 234
-Goldoni obtains the Genoese Consulship at Venice 235
-He meets with a Ragusan Adventurer 235
-1741. His Play on the Subject 235
-His Life at Rimini 236
-His Journey to Cattolica, and the Misfortune that befell him 237
-He becomes a Pleader at the Pisan Bar 238
-His Comedies 238
-His Style 239
-The Plot of his "Donne Puntigliose" 240
-Story of the "Donna Prudente" 241
-His "Pettegollezzi" 241
-The Subject of "Villeggiatura" and the "Smanie della
-Villeggiatura" 242
-His other Comedies 243
-1760. He receives an Offer from the French Court 245
-1761. His Debût as an Author in the French Capital 246
-1792. His Death 246
-
-
-ALFIERI.
-
-The Italian Poets of the early Ages 247
-1749. (17th of January.) Birth of Vittorio Alfieri 250
-His noble Origin 250
-His Childhood 251
-His Education 252
-Account of the Academy of Turin 252
-System of Education 253
-Effect of Music on the Mind of Alfieri 255
-Circumstances of his Life altered by the Death of his Uncle 256
-1763. Change of his Situation in College 256
-Effect of this on his Conduct 256
-His Extravagance 257
-His Confinement 257
-1764. His Liberation on the Marriage of his Sister Julia 258
-His Return to College 259
-1765. His Journey to Genoa 259
-1766. He enters the Provincial Army of Asti 260
-His dislike of Military Discipline; he obtains Leave of
-Absence 260
-His Tour 261
-His second Leave of Absence; his second Tour 265
-His first Entrance into Paris 265
-His enthusiastic Feelings on visiting England 266
-He returns to Turin, and resides with his Sister 267
-1769. He takes another Tour 268
-His second Visit to England; his Love Adventure 269
-He returns to Paris 271
-His Quarrel with his Servant 271
-1772. Returns to Turin, and becomes a Cavaliere Servente 272
-1774. He determines to break off this disgraceful Intercourse 274
-His first Attempt at Composition 274
-1777. He enters into an Engagement with the Public to write
-Tragedies 276
-He visits Siena; his Friendship with Francesco Gori 278
-He visits Florence 279
-His Attachment for Louisa de Stolberg, Countess of Albany 280
-He makes a Donation of his Property to his Sister Julia 280
-The distinguishing Marks of his Dramas 282
-Distinction between Shakspeare and other Dramatic Writers 283
-Alfieri, his Tragedy of "Philip," its Subject 284
-He continues the _Amico di Casa_ of the Countess of Albany 286
-Cruel Conduct of her Husband 286
-She is separated from him 286
-Alfieri at Rome with the Countess 287
-1782. He completes his fourteen Tragedies 288
-His Intercourse with the Countess of Albany begins to excite
-Censure 289
-He goes into voluntary Exile in consequence of his Sufferings 290
-1783. He visits England to purchase Horses 290
-He returns to Italy 291
-His Visit to the Countess of Albany at Alsatia 291
-He composes his "Agis," "Sofonisba," and "Mirra" 291
-Death of his Friend Gori 292
-Returns to Siena 292
-Countess of Albany visits Paris 293
-She goes to Baden, where she is joined by Alfieri 293
-Residence of Alfieri at Colmar 293
-1787. His Illness; visited by his Friend the Abbate Caluso 293
-The Countess at Paris; Alfieri joins her 293
-Death of her Husband 294
-Corrected Editions of Alfieri's Tragedies 294
-1790. His Translation of the Comedies of Terence 294
-His Treatise on "Princes and Literature;" Critique on his
-Style 295
-1791. He accompanies the Countess of Albany to England 296
-They return to Paris 296
-1792. (10th of August.) The French Revolution 296
-Imprisonment of Louis XVI. 296
-Departure of the Countess and Alfieri from Paris; their
-Furniture, Horses, and Books confiscated 297
-They return to Florence 297
-The Tragedy of "Saul" acted, Alfieri performing the Part of
-the King 298
-He studies the Greek Language 299
-Invasion of Italy by the French 299
-Alfieri and the Countess leave Florence 299
-French driven from Tuscany 299
-Second Invasion of the French; Effect of these political Events
-on the Mind of Alfieri 300
-(8th of October.) His Death 301
-His Tomb 301
-
-
-MONTI.
-
-Arcadian Poetry 303
-1754. (19th of February.) His Birth 305
-His Parentage 305
-Italian Farmers 305
-Early Boyhood of Monti 306
-Anecdote of him 306
-His Studies at Faenza 307
-Destined by his Father to Agricultural Labour; his Dislike of
-this Occupation 307
-Ineffectual Attempts of his Father to overcome this 308
-His first Italian Poem; he adopts Alighieri as his Model 308
-His "Vision of Ezekiel" 308
-Cardinal Borghese takes Monti under his Protection; he
-accompanies the Cardinal to Rome 309
-1780. The Arcadians of the Bosco Parrasio celebrate the Quinquenalli
-of Pius VI. 309
-Monti made Secretary to the Duke of Braschi 309
-His want of political Integrity 310
-His Ode on the Marriage of the Duke of Braschi 311
-1779. His Ambition excited by the Emulation inspired by Alfieri 311
-1787. His "Aristodemo" acted at Rome with great Success 312
-Plot of this Tragedy 312
-Marriage of Monti 313
-Hugh Basseville 314
-Sent by the French to spread their Revolutionary Tenets
-beyond the Alps 314
-His History of the French Revolution 315
-1793. His Assassination 315
-(January 19th.) Louis XVI. beheaded 315
-Monti, his Poem, the "Basvilliana" 315
-His Poem on the French Revolution 316
-His Plagiarism 316
-Spread of French Republicanism 317
-Defeat of the Austrians 317
-1797. (January 3d.) Cisalpine Republic erected 318
-Monti meets General Marmont at Rome 318
-He proceeds with him to Florence 318
-Monti, his Admiration of Napoleon 318
-Made Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Milan 319
-He suffers Persecution 319
-A Law passed by the Cisalpine Republic 319
-Monti loses his Situation in consequence 319
-His "Musogonia" 319
-Subject of his Poem entitled "Prometeo" 320
-He obtains the Professor's Chair of Belles Lettres in Brera 321
-1799. Suvaroff and the Austrians drive the French from Italy 321
-End of the Italian Republics 321
-Deplorable Destitution of Monti during his Exile 321
-Goes to Pans on the Invitation of Mareschalchi 322
-He composes a Hymn and an Ode on the Victory of Marengo 322
-He returns to Italy 323
-His Poem, the "Mascheroniana" 323
-His Tragedy, "Caius Gracchus" 325
-1802. The Cisalpine Congress meet at Lyons 326
-Bonaparte made President 326
-Monti, his Ode to Napoleon in the Name of the Congress 326
-He obtains a Professorship at Pavia 327
-Goes to Milan, where a Number of Offices are conferred on him 327
-1805. Napoleon crowned King of Italy 327
-Monti commanded to celebrate the Event 327
-He composes his "Il Benificio" 328
-His "Spada di Federico" 329
-His "Palingenesi" 329
-His "Jerogamia" 331
-Remarks on "the Winged Horse of Arsinoe" 332
-Translation of the Iliad 332
-Visconti, his Praise of Monti's Iliad 333
-1814. Overthrow of Napoleon 333
-Monti loses all his public Employments 333
-Pensions bestowed on him by the Emperor of Austria 333
-He composes the "Mistico Omaggio" 334
-His other Works 335
-1812. Marriage of his Daughter 335
-Her Poem "On a Rose" 335
-The Della Crusca Controversy 336
-Different Dialects of Italy 336
-Bocca Romana 337
-Florentine Dialect 337
-Dispute of Monti with the Tuscans 338
-Extracts from his Letters to his Friend Mustoxidi 338
-Monti resides at Milan 340
-Beauty of his Recitation 341
-Extract of his Letters to a Friend on the Classic and Romantic
-Schools 341
-1821-1822. Monti resides with his Daughter and Son-in-law, at
-Pesaro 343
-1821. Monti, his Letter to his Wife 343
-Another Letter to his Wife 344
-1822. His Letter, giving a Picture of Italian Manners 345
-His Visit to Pesaro on the Death of his Son-in-law 347
-His Letter to his Friend Mustoxidi 347
-1823. His Illness 348
-1828. (13th of October.) His Death 350
-His Character 350
-His Person 351
-
-
-UGO FOSCOLO.
-
-1778. His Birth 354
-His Origin 354
-The Ionian Islands 355
-Foscolo studies at Padua under Cesarotti 355
-1797. His Tragedy of "Thyestes" represented at Venice 357
-Foscolo becomes a voluntary Exile 357
-His "Letters of Jacopo Ortis" 357
-His Opinion of Bonaparte 359
-He visits Tuscany 360
-And Florence 360
-He goes to Milan; Description of the Cisalpine Republic 361
-Foscolo becomes acquainted with Monti 361
-Likeness between him and his imaginary Hero, Ortis 362
-His unfortunate Attachment for a Pisan Lady 362
-He joins the Lombard Legion 363
-1800. Invasion of the Austrio-Russians 363
-Foscolo joins the French Army at Genoa 363
-Siege of Genoa 364
-Foscolo, his Letter to Bonaparte 364
-(June 4th.) Surrender of Genoa 365
-Conveyance of the Garrison to France by the English Fleet;
-Foscolo accompanies them 365
-"Ortis" 366
-Comparison between Goethe's "Werter" and "Ortis" 366
-Person and Manners of Foscolo 369
-1802. Meeting of a Congress at Lyons to reform the Cisalpine
-Republic 370
-Foscolo, his "Oration to Bonaparte" 370
-Foscolo holds a Commission in the Italian Legion 372
-His Translation of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey" 373
-1805. He becomes intimate with General Caffarelli 375
-The Brescians 375
-Foscolo, his "Ode on Sepulchres" 375
-1808. He is made Professor of Eloquence in the University of Pavia;
-his Introductory Oration 377
-He incurs the Displeasure of Bonaparte 378
-Loses his Professorship, and retires to the Lake of Como 378
-Description of the Lake 378
-His Tragedy of "Ajax" 379
-Its Politics found fault with; he is persecuted in consequence 380
-He is exiled from Milan, and visits Tuscany 380
-1813. Manifesto of Lord William Bentinek 382
-Treaty of Fontainebleau 382
-Foscolo, his Adherence to the Cause of Liberty 384
-His Conversation with Pecchio 385
-He resides in Italy 385
-Lord Castlereagh 386
-Arrival of Foscolo in England 386
-His Retreat at St. John's Wood 387
-1822. Pecchio visits him 387
-Foscolo, his "Ricciarda" 388
-The Story on which it is founded 388
-Dedicated to Lord William Russell 388
-1823. Lady Dacre interests herself in behalf of Foscolo 389
-Description of Foscolo's House at South Bank 389
-Imprudence of Foscolo; his pecuniary Difficulties 392
-1827. (October 10th.) His Death 392
-His Character 393
-
-
-
-
-TABLE,
-
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,
-
-TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF
-
-LIVES OF
-
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.
-
-INTRODUCTION.
-A.D.
-
-Preliminary Remarks 1
-Aborigines of Spain 2
-Silius Italicus 2
-Lucan 2
-The Senecas 2
-The Roman Power in Spain annihilated by the Visigoths 3
-Anecdotes of the Goths 3
-Conquest of Spain by the Moors 3
-The University of Cordova founded by Abdorhaman III. 4
-Settlement of the Jews in Spain 4
-Arabic Authors 5
-The Romances Moriscos 5
-Troubadours 5
-Mosen Jordi de Sant Jordi 6
-The Redondillas 7
-The Cancionero general and the Romancero general 9
-Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation of the
-Redondillas 9
-Romances of Chivalry 10
-1325. Vasco Lobeira 10
-Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise 11
-The Cultivation which he bestowed on the Castilian Language 11
-His Works 11
-The Alphonsine Tables 11
-Alphonso XI. 11
-Spain desolated by Civil Wars 12
-Juan Ruiz 12
-1407. John II., his disastrous Reign 12
-The Marquis of Villena institutes Floral Games 13
-1434. His Death 13
-Marquis of Santillana 13
-Marcias, his melancholy Fate 13
-1412. Juan de Mena, the Ennius of Spain 14
-His Birth 14
-His Origin 14
-He studies at the University of Salamanca 14
-His Works 15
-1456. His Death 15
-Quintano, his Opinion of the "Labyrinto" 15
-Juan de Enzina, Author of the first Spanish Plays 17
-His Birth 17
-His Songs and Lyrics 18
-His Name becomes proverbial in Spain by his Song of
-Contraries or Absurdities 18
-A Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation 18
-Union of the Crowns of Castile and Arragon 19
-Castilian adopted as the classic Language of the Country 20
-
-
-BOSCAN.
-
-The first Spanish Poet who introduced the Italian Style 21
-1500. His Birth 21
-His noble Descent 21
-His Marriage 21
-Chosen Governor to the Duke of Alva 22
-1525. Andrea Navagero, the Venetian Ambassador 22
-His Arrival at the Court of Charles V. at Toledo; he meets
-with Boscan and Garcilaso 22
-He induces them to quit their national Redondillas 22
-This Circumstance referred to by Boscan in the Dedication of
-his Poems to the Duchess of Soma 23
-A Translation of one of Garcilaso's Poems 24
-Translation of the Epistle of Boscan to Don Diego Hurtado de
-Mendoza 26
-1543. Petrarch and Boscan compared 34
-
-
-GARCILASO DE LA VEGA.
-
-His illustrious Descent 36
-1503. His Birth 37
-Accession of Charles V. 38
-Death of Cardinal Ximenes 38
-Election of Charles to the Imperial Crown, and his intended
-Departure for Germany 38
-Revolution in Spain in consequence 38
-Garcilaso distinguishes himself at the Battle of Pavia 39
-1528. His Marriage 39
-1532. Invasion of Hungary by Solyman 39
-Garcilaso falls into Disgrace at Court 39
-His Exile 39
-His Ode in Commemoration of his Imprisonment 40
-Muley Hassan driven out of Algiers by Barbarossa, who
-possesses himself of it 40
-He fortifies the Citadel 41
-Algiers invested by the Emperor Charles 41
-Garcilaso serves in the Imperial Army; his Gallantry nearly
-proves fatal to him 41
-Return of Charles to Italy 41
-Garcilaso, his Residence at Naples 41
-Quotation from his Elegy to Boscan 42
-1535. (5th of August.) Cardinal Bembo, his Letter to a Friend in
-Commendation of Garcilaso 42
-His Letter to Garcilaso 44
-Charles V. enters France; he recals Garcilaso, and confers on
-him the Command over eleven Companies of Infantry 45
-Epistle of Garcilaso to Boscan from Vaucluse 45
-1536. Death of Garcilaso while attacking a Tower 46
-His Character 47
-His Children 47
-His second Eclogue 47
-Quotation from it 49
-Translation of his Ode to the "Flower of Gnido" 53
-
-
-MENDOZA.
-
-His numerous Titles 58
-1500. His Birth 58
-His noble Extraction 58
-Originality of his Genius 59
-He studies Theology in the University of Salamanca 59
-He leaves the Clerical Profession 59
-Appointed Ambassador to Venice 59
-1545. Deputed to attend the Council of Trent 60
-1547. He is made Governor and Captain General of Siena 60
-The Salvi 60
-1545. A new Oligarchy erected in Siena 61
-Revolt of Siena 61
-Mendoza, his Government; he leaves Siena; on the Death of
-Paul III. he repairs to Rome to watch the Progress of the
-Conclave 62
-The Sienese take Advantage of his Absence, and solicit the Aid
-of the French King 63
-Mendoza applies to the Pope for Assistance; he evades his
-Request 63
-1552. Loss of Siena to the Emperor 63
-1554. Recal of Mendoza to Spain 64
-1557. Battle of St. Quentin 65
-Mendoza present at it; characteristic Adventure related of
-him 65
-He composes his Work on "The History of the War of the
-Moriscos in Granada" 65
-1776. A complete Edition of his Works published 67
-1775. Death of Mendoza; his Character 67
-Critique on his Poetry 68
-
-
-LUIS DE LEON.
-
-Preliminary Remarks 70
-1527. His Birth 71
-His Childhood 71
-Becomes Doctor of Theology to the University of Salamanca 72
-1561. His Election to the Chair of St. Thomas 72
-His Enemies 72
-1572. He translates the Song of Solomon into Spanish, for which he is
-imprisoned by the Inquisition at Valladolid 72
-His Odes to the Virgin written during his Imprisonment 73
-1576. His Liberation 76
-He visits Madrid 76
-1591. He is elected Vicar-General of his Province 76
-(23d of August.) His Death 76
-His Person 76
-His Character 77
-His Theological Works 78
-His Translations 78
-A Quotation from one of his Odes, and a Translation of it 79
-
-
-FERNANDO HERRERA.
-
-An Account of him by Rodrigo Caro 83
-Opinions of different Spanish Writers on his Poems 86
-His "Ode to Sleep" 87
-
-
-SAA DE MIRANDA.
-
-1494. His Birth 88
-Style of his Poetry 88
-
-
-JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR.
-
-1520. His Birth 89
-Origin of his Name 89
-He emigrates to Castile 89
-His Work "Diana," critical Remarks on it 89
-1661. Supposed Time of his Death 92
-
-
-CASTILLEJO.
-
-1580. Fernando de Acuna 92
-1550. Gil Polo 92
-Cetina 93
-1596. Cristoval Castillejo 93
-His Satires 93
-
-
-THE DRAMATISTS.
-
-"Celestina, Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea" 95
-The Plot of this Play 95
-1515. A Translation of the Amphitryon of Plautus, printed, and
-of the Electra of Sophocles 96
-Perez de Oliva 96
-Obscurity of the earliest regular Dramas written in Spanish 97
-Bartolomé Torres Naharro, his Dramatic Writings 97
-Lope de Rueda, his Birth 98
-Account of him by Cervantes 98
-His Plays 99
-State of Literature under Charles V. 100
-Originality the Distinctive of the Spanish Character 101
-
-
-ERCILLA.
-
-Preliminary Remarks 103
-1533. (7th of March.) Don Alonso de Ercilla; his Birth 104
-His Ancestors 104
-His Education 104
-He is made Page of Honour to Prince Philip 104
-Ambition of Charles V. 105
-Insurrection of the Araucanos in South America 105
-The Charge of subduing them committed to Geronimo de
-Alderete 105
-Ercilla leaves the personal Service of the Prince, and follows
-the Adelantado to the East 106
-Expedition of Don Garcia against the Araucanos 106
-Ercilla distinguishes himself in the Indian War 107
-Philip II. succeeds to the Throne of Spain 108
-Ercilla escapes an early and disastrous End 109
-Cruelties committed by Lope de Aguirre on the Indians at
-Venezuela 110
-1562. Ercilla returns to Spain; his Marriage 111
-He is appointed Chamberlain to Maximilian II. 112
-1580. His Destitution and Abandonment 112
-1595. The supposed Time of his Death 113
-His Character 113
-His "Araucana;" Analysis and partial Translation of it 115
-Critique on it 116
-
-
-CERVANTES.
-
-Preliminary Remarks 120
-1547. (9th of October.) His Birth 123
-His Origin 123
-His early Studies 123
-1569. Death of Isabella of Valois, Wife of Philip II. 124
-Lopez de Hoyos 124
-Cervantes quits Madrid 125
-1568. He enters the Service of the Cardinal Acquaviva 125
-1569. He visits Rome 126
-He enlists under General Antonio Colonna in the Campaign
-against the Turks 126
-1571. The combined Fleets of Venice, Spain, and the Pope assemble
-at Messina 126
-(7th of October.) Battle of Lepanto 127
-Gallant Conduct of Cervantes 127
-He is wounded, and remains in the Hospital at Messina six
-Months 128
-1572. Don John of Austria 128
-Second Campaign against the Turks 128
-The Spaniards alone prosecute the War 128
-Attempted and unsuccessful Assault on the Castle of Navarino 128
-1573. The Venetians sign a Peace with Selim 129
-Cervantes enters Tunis with the Marquis de Santa Cruz, and
-returns to Palermo with the Fleet 129
-Cervantes obtains leave to return to Spain 129
-The Galley he embarked in attacked by an Algerine 129
-Squadron 129
-He is taken Prisoner by the Arnaout Captain 130
-Piracies carried on by the Algerine Corsairs 131
-Their System 131
-Interesting Details of the Captivity of Cervantes 131
-His Tale of the "Captive" 131
-1576. His first Attempt at Escape with some of his Companions 133
-Its Failure 133
-Gabrièl de Castañeda ransomed; he brings Letters from
-Cervantes to his Father 133
-1577. His Father unable to procure Money to ransom both him and
-his Brother; Cervantes gives up his Share to secure the
-Freedom of his Brother 134
-He arranges another Plan of Escape 134
-1578. He is purchased by Hassan Aga 137
-1579. He concerts a new Plan of Escape with the Renegade
-Abd-al-Rhamen 138
-Is again betrayed 138
-His Liberation 140
-He refutes certain Calumnies, of which he was the Object 141
-1581. Landing of Cervantes in Spain 142
-He again enters the Army; he embarks in the Squadron of
-Don Pedro 143
-1582. He serves in a naval Battle under Santa Cruz 143
-1583. Also at the Taking of Terceira 143
-1584. He publishes his "Galatea" 145
-His Marriage 145
-1588. He accepts the Situation of Commissary to the Invincible
-Armada 147
-1593. His Office abolished 148
-He manages the Affairs, and becomes the Friend, of Don
-Hernando de Toledo 148
-His two Sonnets 149
-The Subject of the first 149
-1598. A magnificent Catafalque erected in the Cathedral of Seville
-on the Death of Philip II. 149
-Sonnet of Cervantes to the Monument of the King at Seville 151
-1594. Anecdote of a mercantile Casualty which happened to
-Cervantes; financial Annoyance 151
-1597. Another Anecdote 152
-1603. He removes to Valladolid 153
-He becomes the Victim of litigious Proceedings 154
-He composes his "Don Quixote" 155
-1604. He returns to Spain 156
-A Story respecting the Dedication of "Don Quixote" to the
-Duke of Bejar 157
-1605. Disputes respecting the Existence of the "Buscapié" 158
-Satires against "Don Quixote" 160
-James I. of England sends Lord Howard to present a Treaty of
-Peace to Philip III., and to congratulate him on the Birth of
-his Son 161
-An Account of these Festivities, written by Cervantes 161
-An Event occurs by which Cervantes is greatly distressed 161
-1606. He follows the Court to Madrid 163
-Despotism and Bigotry extend their Influence over Spain 163
-Kindness of Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Archbishop of Toledo,
-to Cervantes 163
-1610. Count of Lemos made Viceroy of Naples 164
-The Argensolas, surnamed the Horaces of Spain 164
-Disappointment of Cervantes at their Neglect 164
-Anecdote of Philip III. 165
-1615. The Censorship of "Don Quixote" intrusted to Francisco
-Marquez Torres 166
-His Account of the Neglect with which the Spaniards treated
-Cervantes 166
-1608. Preface to the "Twelve Tales" of Cervantes 167
-1614. He publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus" 168
-Preface to his Work, "Comedias y Entremeses" 169
-1615. Poetic Games 170
-The "Don Quixote" of Avellanada 170
-Indignation of Cervantes on its Publication 171
-Illness of Cervantes 172
-1616. His Excursion from Esquivias to Madrid 172
-His Adieu to the World 173
-His Dedication to his Protector, the Count of Lemos 174
-(23d of April.) His Death 174
-His Will 174
-His Character 175
-His "Galatea" 175
-His "Numantia;" the Plot of this Play 176
-His Comedy of "A Life in Algiers" 178
-Godwin's Opinion of "Don Quixote" 182
-Remarks on "Don Quixote" 182
-Extracts from "Voyage to Parnassus" 184
-
-
-LOPE DE VEGA.
-
-His Career and that of Cervantes compared 189
-Epithets of Praise heaped on him 190
-1562. His Birth 190
-His Parentage 191
-His Boyhood 191
-An Adventure related of him while at School 192
-He becomes the Protégé of Geronimo Manrique, the Grand
-Inquisitor 193
-He enters the University of Alcala 193
-He enters the Service of the Duke of Alva 194
-His "Arcadia;" a Detail of the Story 195
-1598. Publication of the "Arcadia" 198
-Lope de Vega leaves the Duke's Service 198
-His Marriage 199
-He is engaged in a Duel, which causes him to go to Valencia 199
-He returns to Madrid; Death of his Wife 200
-1588. He becomes a Soldier, and joins the Invincible Armada 200
-His Eclogue to Claudio 200
-1604. His Sonnets 200
-A Translation of two of his Sonnets 202
-Some Account of his "Dorotea" 204
-Sanguine Expectations of the Invincible Armada 209
-Piratical Expeditions of Drake and Hawkins excite the
-Animosity and Vengeance of the Spaniards 209
-An animated Description of the setting forth of the Invincible
-Armada, by Lope de Vega 210
-He composes "The Beauty of Angelica" 210
-1590. He returns from the Armada, and enters the Service of Count
-Lemos 211
-His second Marriage 211
-1620. His Work, "The True Lover" 212
-Extracts from his Epistles 213
-Uncertain Dates of the various Events of his Life 216
-1598. Canonisation of St. Isidro 217
-The Reputation of Lope de Vega awakens the Enmity of
-Rivals and Critics 217
-His War with Gongora 218
-1616. His unexampled Popularity 219
-1621. His Novel 219
-His "Soliloquies on God" 220
-His Poem on the Death of Mary Queen of Scots 220
-Exaggerated Account of the Quantity of his Writings 220
-Anecdote of him and Montalvan 221
-Extract from his Poems 222
-1635. His Presentiments of his approaching Dissolution 225
-(18th of August) His Death 226
-His Funeral 226
-His Person 227
-His Character 227
-The "Dragon tea" 228
-The "Jerusalem" 229
-Difficulties of establishing the Theatre in Spain 230
-Spanish Theatres 231
-Analysis of the "Star of Seville," by Lord Holland 233
-Sacred Dramas and Autos Sacramentales of Lope de Vega 235
-Incongruities of his Plots 236
-
-
-VICENTE ESPINEL. ESTEVAN DE VILLEGAS.
-
-The Poetry of Spain 238
-1544. Birth of Vicente Espinel 239
-His Parentage 239
-1634. His Death 240
-1595. Birth of Estévan Manuel de Villégas, named the Anacreon of
-Spain 240
-His Parentage 240
-1618. His original Anacreontics published 240
-1626. His Marriage 241
-1669. His Death 241
-Translation of one of his Sapphics 242
-
-
-GONGORA.
-
-1561. (11th of July.) His Birth 243
-His Parentage 243
-A cursory Review of his Life 243
-1627. (24th of May.) His Death 244
-His Person and Disposition 245
-His early Poetry 245
-His Style 245
-His "Song of Catherine of Arragon" 246
-Extract from his Songs 247
-His System 248
-Quotations from Lope de Vega, showing the Absurdity of
-Gongora's Style 248
-The "Polyphemus" of Gongora 252
-Extract from his "Solitudes" 252
-
-
-QUEVEDO.
-
-The Talent and Genius of the Spaniards during the fourteenth
-and fifteenth Centuries 255
-Their Energies and Genius blighted by the Infamy of the
-Political Institutions 256
-1580. (September.) Birth of Quevedo 256
-His Parentage 256
-He enters the University of Alcalà 256
-A Circumstance occurs which obliges him to quit the Court 257
-He takes refuge in Italy 258
-Don Pedro Giron Duke of Osuna 258
-His Character 258
-The Court of Philip III. 258
-Quevedo sent as Ambassador to Madrid 259
-His Success; a Pension bestowed on him 259
-Duke of Osuna advanced to the Viceroyalty of Naples; his
-Victories over the Turks 259
-The Spanish Power threatens to become omnipotent in Italy 260
-Charles Emanuel endeavours to make head against it 260
-The Duke of Osuna opposes the Venetians 260
-The lawless and dishonourable Means he takes 260
-He protects the Uscocchi against the Venetians 260
-The Merchants of Naples and the French make Representations
-at the Court of Madrid in consequence 260
-Osuna ordered to suspend Hostilities 260
-1618. The Bedmar Conspiracy 261
-Quevedo and Osuna supposed to be implicated in the Plot 262
-Quevedo escapes from Venice 262
-Osuna continues Viceroy of Naples; he is suspected of
-intending to arrogate Power independent of the King 263
-He is ordered to return to Madrid 263
-Cautious proceedings of the Court with respect to him 264
-Cardinal Don Gaspar de Borgia is named his Successor 264
-Return of Osuna to Spain 264
-1624. His Imprisonment and Death 264
-1620. Quevedo, his attachment to Osuna 264
-He is suspected of participating in his treasonable Designs 265
-His Imprisonment in consequence 265
-His Liberation 265
-1632. He is made Secretary to the King 266
-1634. He leaves the Church, and marries 266
-His Wife dies 266
-His own Words, alluding to his evil Fate 267
-1641. He is suspected of being the Author of certain Libels; is
-arrested and imprisoned in Consequence 268
-Two Letters of his 269
-His Memorial to Count Olivarez 270
-His Liberation 271
-1647. (September 8th.) His Death 272
-His Person 272
-His Character 272
-His Style 273
-A singular Circumstance appertaining to his literary Career 274
-Critique on his Prose Writings 275
-His "Vision of Calvary" 276
-His "Alguazil possessed" 277
-
-
-CALDERON.
-
-Misrule and Oppression destroy the Spirit and Intellect of Spain 278
-Luzan 278
-Moratin 278
-1601. Birth of Calderon 279
-His illustrious Descent 279
-He enters the University of Salamanca 279
-1620. He leaves Salamanca 280
-1626. He enters the Military Service 280
-He serves in the Milanese and Flanders 280
-1637. He is recalled to Court 280
-Innumerable Dramas appear under the patronage of Philip IV. 280
-He summons Calderon to his Court 281
-1650. Marriage of Philip VI. with Maria Ana of Austria 281
-Calderon quits the military Career, and becomes a Priest 281
-1654. He becomes Chaplain to the Royal Chapel at Toledo 282
-1687. (May 29th.) His Death 282
-His Character 282
-Characteristics of his Plays 283
-Character of his Poetry 285
-
-
-THE EARLY POETS OF PORTUGAL
-RIBEYRO--GIL VICENTE--SAA DE MIRANDA--FERREIRA.
-
-Original Portuguese Tongue 288
-Alphonso Henriquez, Founder of the Portuguese Monarchy 288
-Portuguese Poetry 289
-1487. Bartolomeo Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope 289
-Vasco de Gama visits the Shores of India 289
-A Portuguese Kingdom founded in Hindostan 290
-Bernardim Ribeyro, the Ennius of Portugal 290
-Saa de Miranda, Founder of Portuguese Poetry 291
-Gil Vicente, the Portuguese Plautus 292
-Antonio Ferreira, the Portuguese Horace 292
-1569. His Death 293
-His Style 293
-
-
-CAMOENS.
-
-Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects 295
-1817. The "Lusiad," Translation of it 295
-Origin of the Family of Camoens 295
-Derivation of his Name 296
-1370. Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against
-Portugal 297
-1524. Birth of Camoens 298
-1308. Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz 299
-1537. Camoens enters the University of Coimbra 300
-Extract from his fourth Canzone 301
-Another Extract from another 301
-1545. He leaves Coimbra 302
-His Arrival at Court 302
-He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this
-Occasion 303
-The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared 304
-Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey 306
-Exile of Camoens from the Palace 306
-Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment 307
-Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this
-Time 307
-1550. Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta 310
-Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of
-Gibraltar 310
-1553. He embarks for India 310
-Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa 312
-Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King
-of Cochin 312
-Returns to Goa 312
-Death of Antonio de Noronha 312
-Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on
-his Death 313
-1554. Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty
-of Goa 315
-Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese 315
-Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen 315
-Camoens joins this Expedition 315
-1555. Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone 315
-Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government 316
-Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India" 316
-1556. Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the
-South 317
-Is appointed Commissary 317
-Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao 318
-He composes the "Lusiad" 318
-On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon 319
-Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the
-new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza 320
-Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao 320
-Extract from the "Lusiad" 320
-Camoens pursues his military Career in India 321
-He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde 322
-Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the
-Mozambique 323
-Camoens accompanies him 323
-His dependent State 323
-Quarrels with Barreto 323
-Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and
-invite him to accompany them 324
-Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats 324
-He accompanies his Friends home 325
-1569. Arrives at Lisbon 325
-The Plague at Lisbon 325
-Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens 325
-1571. The "Lusiad" published 326
-Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of
-Camoens 327
-1578. Defeat of Sebastian in Africa 328
-Its Effect on Camoens 328
-1579. Last Scene of Camoens' Life 328
-His Tomb 329
-His Person 329
-A Review of his Life 330
-Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it 332
-
-
-
-
-INDEX
-
-A.
-
-ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for
-the advancement of literature,
-III. 4.
-
-Abreu, Duarte de, III. 324.
-
-Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples,
-I. 142.
-
-Acquaviva, cardinal, III. 125.
-
-Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III.
-138.
-
-Aguirre, Lope de, III. 110.
-
-Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. 163.
-
-Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage,
-II. 250. His early education;
-placed at a public school
-at Turin, 252. System of education
-pursued at the academy, 253.
-Progress of his education, 255.
-Circumstances of his life greatly
-altered, 256. Anecdote characteristic
-of the obstinacy of his
-disposition, 258. Visits his mother
-at Genoa, 259. Admitted
-as ensign into the provincial
-regiment of Asti, 260. Visits
-Rome and Naples under the care
-of an English catholic, 261. Regards
-coldly those objects which
-render Rome a city of absolute
-enchantment, 262. Visits France
-and England, 263. Singularities
-of his character, 261. Circumstances
-of his entrance into Paris,
-265. His enthusiasm on visiting
-London, 266. Becomes really in
-love, 267. Disappointed in a
-matrimonial project proposed to
-him by his brother-in-law, 268.
-Comes of age, according to the
-laws of his country, and sets out
-on his travels with an income of
-1200_l_. a-year, and a large sum
-in ready money, 268. Visits
-England; his attachment to a
-lady of rank, 269. Is challenged
-by her husband, 270. Leaves his
-unworthy mistress, and pursues
-his travels, 271. Anecdote characteristic
-of the violence of his
-temper, 272. Becomes a cavalier
-servente to a lady of rank, 273.
-Determines to break off the disgraceful
-intercourse, 274. Gives
-the first token of the spirit of
-composition, in a sonnet in commemoration
-of the freedom he
-had acquired, 274. At the age
-of seven and twenty, enters into
-the difficult engagement with the
-public and himself, to become the
-writer of tragedies, 275. Difficulties
-which he had to overcome,
-276. Resolves to pass six months
-in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and
-feel Tuscan only, 277. His labours
-in literature confined
-chiefly to formation of style, 278.
-Commencement of his friendship
-with Gori, 279. Commencement
-of his attachment to Louisa
-Stolberg, countess of Albany, 280.
-Energy and conciseness the distinguishing
-marks of his dramas,
-282. Outline of his tragedy,
-entitled "Philip," 284. Takes
-up his residence at Rome, 286.
-Remarks on his sacred dramas,
-287. His continued intimacy
-with the countess of Albany, 288.
-Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent
-any actual measures of prohibition
-and banishment, 290.
-Returns to Italy after two years,
-absence, 291. Outline of his
-tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," 292.
-Accompanies the countess of
-Albany to Paris, and establishes
-himself there, 293. Betakes
-himself to writing the memoirs
-of his life, 294. Remarks on his
-translation of the Æneid, 295.
-Driven from France by the revolution
-of 1791, 296. Returns
-to Florence with the countess of
-Albany, 297. His translation of
-"Sallust," an excellent specimen
-of style, 293. At the age of forty-six,
-applies himself with ardour
-to the study of the Greek language,
-299. His melancholy increased
-by the irritation caused
-by political events, 300. His last
-illness and death, in the fifty-sixth
-year of his age, 301. Translation
-from a sonnet, in which he describes
-his own person, 302.
-
-Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. 207.
-
-Allegri, Francesco, I. 145.
-
-Alphonso X., his zeal for literature;
-his poetry, III. 11.
-
-Alphonso XI., his poems, III. 12.
-
-Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of
-Spain, III. 3.
-
-Andrea, prince of Hungary, I.
-91.
-
-Angelo, Michael, I. 34.
-
-Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III.
-201.
-
-Antiquário, Jacopo, I. 165.
-
-Aquinas, Thomas, I. 9.
-
-Archimedes, II. 3.
-
-Aretino, I. 11.
-
-Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage,
-and early education, I.
-196. Composes a drama on the
-story of Pyramus and Thisbe,
-197. Becomes eminent among his
-contemporaries for the critical
-skill with which he elucidated
-obscure passages in Horace and
-Ovid, 198. The golden age of his
-life shortened by the death of his
-father, 199. Obliged, at the age
-of four and twenty, to turn from
-quiet to active duties, and exchange
-Homer for waste books
-and ledgers, 200. Remarks on
-his satires, 201. Courted, admired,
-applauded, and of course envied,
-in the first circle of Italian
-society, both for his conversation,
-his learning, and his poetry, 202.
-Remarks on his work, entitled
-"Astolpho's Journey to the
-Moon," 203. Remarks on his
-"Orlando Furioso," 204. Sent by
-the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador
-to Rome, to pacify the wrath of
-Julius II., 205. His second embassy
-to Rome, and uncourteous reception
-from the pontiff, 206. Singular
-manner in which the duke
-retaliates for the indignity shown
-to himself and his representative,
-207. Causes for the principal
-interruptions in his literary labours,
-208. Refuses to accompany
-the cardinal Hippolito to
-visit his archbishopric in Segovia,
-209. His whimsical letter to his
-brother Alessandro on the subject,
-212. Persuaded to enter
-into the service of the duke of
-Ferrara, 217. His literary pursuits
-retarded by his struggles
-against the solicitudes, discomforts,
-and mortifications of narrow
-and precarious circumstances,
-218. His curious reasons
-for not taking priest's orders, 219.
-Is patronised by Leo X., 219. His
-own account of Leo's ingratitude,
-220. Extracts from his satires,
-222. His description of his visit
-to Rome, and his specious reception
-by Leo, 223. Further extracts
-from his satires, 224. Simple,
-yet facetious, style of his
-fables, 225. Appointed to the
-government of Graffagnana, a
-mountainous district, lying between
-Modena and Lucca, 226.
-Story of a rencontre with some
-of his uncouth neighbours, 227.
-Extract from his Fifth Satire, 229.
-Invited to accept a third embassy
-to Rome, 230. His reason for
-refusing, as given in the Seventh
-Satire, 231. After three years,
-being released from the cares of
-his government, he returns with
-entire devotion of his time and
-talents to the "Sacred College of
-the Muses," 232. Anecdote,
-characteristic at once of his
-phlegm and his acuteness in his
-art, 233. Critique on his Seven
-Satires, 233. His last illness and
-death, 234. His person and character,
-236. No poet of any age
-has more inseparably identified
-his conception with his language,
-238. Impossibility of translating
-them, 239. Anecdote of, 241.
-Whimsical peculiarities of his
-personal habits, 242. His last
-hours, 243. Monuments to his
-memory, 244. Remarks on his
-works in general, 245. Review
-of his "Orlando Furioso," 250.
-Immoral tendency of his writings, 254.
-
-Aristotle, II. 5.
-
-Attila the Hun, I. 2.
-
-Audibert de Noves, I. 68.
-
-Ayala, III. 12.
-
-B.
-
-Barbariccia, I. 15.
-
-Barbato, the chancellor of the king
-of Naples, I. 120.
-
-Bardi, cavalier de, I. 6.
-
-Barlaam, Bernardo, I. 91.
-
-Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala,
-III. 323.
-
-Barrili, Giovanni, I. 120.
-
-Basseville, Hugh, II. 314.
-
-Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. 113.
-
-Beatrice Portinari, I. 6.
-
-Bella, the mother of Dante, I. 2.
-
-Bellarmine, cardinal, II. 33.
-
-Bembo, Bernardo, I. 35.
-
-Bembo, cardinal, I. 204.
-
-Benavides, don Diego de, III. 141.
-
-Bene, Sennucio del, I. 90.
-
-Benedict XII., pope, I. 89.
-
-Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of
-the order of St. Dominic, author
-of the first original tragedy published
-in Spain, III. 97.
-
-Berni, Francesco, his birth and
-early life, I. 188. Notice of his
-writings, 189.
-
-Bianchi, I. 18.
-
-Bibbiena, cardinal, I. 188.
-
-Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth
-and parentage, I. 116. His early
-education, 117. His sensations
-on visiting the tomb of Virgil,
-119. His first meeting with Petrarch,
-120. His own account of
-his attachment to the lady Mary,
-natural daughter of Robert, king
-of Naples, 121. Description of
-her person, 122. Outline of his
-poem, entitled "Filocopo," 123.
-The first to render the _ottava
-rima_ familiar to the Italians, 124.
-Obliged to return to Florence,
-125. The "Decameron," a
-model of the Tuscan dialect, 125.
-Writes his "Ameto," a composition
-of mingled prose and verse,
-the first of the kind, 126. Returns
-to Naples on his father's
-second marriage, 126. His description
-of the plague in Florence,
-129. His works preached
-against and prohibited by Salvanorola,
-130. Returns to Florence
-on the death of his father.
-Commencement of his intimacy
-with Petrarch, 131. Sent on
-various embassies, 132. His political
-negotiations, 133. His
-letter to Petrarch, expressing his
-regret and disappointment on his
-having taken up his abode at
-Milan, under the protection of
-Giovanni Visconti, 133. Petrarch's
-moderate answer, 134.
-Popularity of the "Decameron,"
-134. His disinterested love of
-letters, and extraordinary efforts
-to create and diffuse a knowledge
-of the Greek language and
-writers, 135. Spends large sums
-of money in the acquisition of
-ancient manuscripts, 136. Anecdote
-illustrative of his anxiety
-for the possession of them, 136.
-His unwearied and successful
-labour in the cause of Hellenic
-literature, 137. Obtains a decree
-from the Florentine government
-for the erection of a Greek professorship
-in their university, 138.
-Beneficial change in moral habits
-brought about by the admonitions
-and example of Petrarch,
-138. The work begun by Petrarch,
-achieved by a singular
-circumstance, 139. His letter to
-Petrarch on the subject, 140.
-Adopts the clerical dress, and
-endeavours to suppress those
-writings which scandalised the
-pious, 142. Retreats from Florence,
-and takes up his abode at
-the castle of Certaldo, 143. Brief
-review of his later works, 144.
-Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador
-to pope Urban V., 145.
-His letter to Petrarch, describing
-his visit to the daughter and son-in-law
-of that poet, 146. Retires
-to the quiet of Certaldo, where
-he busies himself in the publication
-of his work of the "Genealogy
-of the Gods," 147. Appointed
-by the Florentine government
-to the professorship for
-the public explanation of the
-"Divina Commedia," 148. His
-last illness and death, 149.
-
-Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth,
-parentage, and early life, I. 181.
-His marriage and death, 182.
-Abstract of the story of his
-"Orlando Innamorato," 183.
-
-Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. 66.
-
-Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. 265.
-His remorseless cruelty, 267.
-His conversations with Machiavelli,
-268. Anecdote characteristic
-of his system of government,
-279. His downfal, 281. His
-imprisonment and death, 284.
-
-Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan,
-the first Spanish poet who introduced
-the Italian style, III. 21.
-Outline of his life, 22. Circumstances
-which induced him to introduce
-the Italian style, 23.
-His translation of Castiglione's
-"Libro del Cortigiano," 24. Commencement
-of his friendship with
-Diego de Mendoza, 25. Translation
-of his epistles in imitation
-of Horace, 26. His death, 32.
-His person, 33. Review of his
-writings, 34.
-
-Boutervek, III. 8.
-
-Bowring, Dr. his translation of the
-Spanish Cancionero, III. 9.
-
-Bozzole, Federigo da, II. 66.
-
-Bracciolini, Poggio, I. 151.
-
-Brossana, Francesco, I. 105.
-
-Bruni, Leonardo, I. 18.
-
-Bruno, Giordano, II. 4.
-
-Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath,
-I. 8.
-
-Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima
-donna, II. 191. Her friendship
-for Metastasio, 192. Her death,
-198.
-
-Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. 304.
-
-Burchiello, the word "burlesque"
-derived from his name and the
-style of his writings, I. 180.
-
-Burney, Dr., his account of his
-visit to Metastasio in 1772, II.
-210.
-
-C.
-
-Cabassoles, Philip de, bishop of
-Cavaillon, his intimacy with Petrarch,
-I. 83.
-
-Cabral, Antonio, III. 324.
-
-Cabral, Fernando Alvares, III. 311.
-
-Cacciaguida, I. 2.
-
-Caccini, his personal attack upon
-Galileo from the pulpit, II. 31.
-
-Cassalpinus, Andrew, the celebrated
-botanist, II. 3.
-
-Cæsarini, Virginio, II. 37.
-
-Caffarelli, general, II. 375.
-
-Calderon, don Pedro, his birth,
-parentage, and early education,
-III. 279. His fame established as a
-poet, 280. Enters the military service
-at the age of five and twenty,
-280. Summoned to court by a
-royal order, for the sake of writing
-a drama for a palace festival,
-281. Quits the army, and becomes
-a priest, 281. His death
-and character, 282. Review of
-his writings, 283.
-
-Calistus II., pope, I. 169.
-
-Caloria, Tommaso, I. 87.
-
-Caluso, the abatte, II. 274.
-
-Camara, Ruy Diaz de, III. 327.
-
-Camerlingo, cardinal, II. 163.
-
-Camoens, Vasco Perez de, his birth
-and parentage, III. 296. Extract
-from his "Lusiad," 299. Translation
-of a sonnet in commemoration
-of that attachment which
-shed a disastrous influence over
-the rest of his life, 303. Compared
-with Petrarch, 304. Dr.
-Southey's translation of one of
-his sonnets, 306. His exile, 307.
-Mutilated in the wars of his
-country, but receives neither reward
-nor preferment, 310. His
-pathetic description of his friend
-Noronha's exile, 312. Offers to
-serve as a volunteer, and accompanies
-Vasconcellos in his expedition
-against the Mahometans,
-315. Suspected of composing another
-satire; arrested, and banished
-to China, 316. Retires
-from the details of business, to
-pursue his poetical occupations,
-317. Obtains leave to return to
-Goa; is wrecked at the mouth
-of the Mecon, 315. Pursues his
-voyage to Goa, where he is received
-by the viceroy with kindness
-and distinction, 320. Extracts
-from the seventh canto of
-the "Lusiad," 321. His poem commemorating
-the death of Caterina
-d'Atayde, 322. Accompanies
-Baretto, when he was appointed
-governor of Sofala, 323. Returns
-to Portugal, 324. Political
-state of the country disadvantageous
-to him, 325. Writes the
-"Parnasso de Luis Camoens,"
-325. A pension of 15,000 reis
-granted to him, 326. His illness
-and poverty, 327. His interview
-with the cavalier Camara, 328.
-His death, 329. His person, 329.
-Review of his life, 330. Review
-of his writings, 332.
-
-Campaldino, the battle of, I. 14.
-
-Camporese, the renowned philosopher,
-II. 189.
-
-Cancionero, the, III. 9.
-
-Canigiani, Eletta, the mother of
-Petrarch, I. 61.
-
-Caprona, the siege of, I. 15.
-
-Carafa, Federigo, III. 41.
-
-Carnescecchi, Pietro, II. 81.
-
-Caro, Rodrigo, III. 83.
-
-Casavecchia, Filippo, I. 296.
-
-Castañeda, Gabrièl de, III. 133.
-
-Castelli, Benedetti, II. 28.
-
-Castillano, Diego, III. 138.
-
-Castillejo, Cristoval, III. 93. Specimen
-of his style, 94.
-
-Cavalcanti, Guido, I. 19.
-
-Cavalcanti, Mainardo de', I. 134.
-
-Caza, Francesco della, I. 263.
-
-Celsi, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, I.
-105.
-
-Cervantes, III. 120. His birth and
-parentage; little known of his
-early life, 123. Enters a student
-in the university of Salamanca,
-124. His poems published at
-Madrid, 125. Leaves Madrid in
-the service of cardinal Acquaviva,
-125. Visits Rome; changes
-the whole course of his life; and
-volunteers to be a soldier, 126.
-His services during the Turkish
-war, 127. Wounded in the battle
-of Lepanto, 128. Receives an
-increase of pay, and is passed
-into a company of the tercio of
-Figueroa, 128. Visits Rome, Florence,
-Venice, Bologna, Naples,
-and Palermo, 129. Taken prisoner
-by an Algerine squadron
-on his return to Spain, 130. Interesting
-details of his captivity,
-131. Makes several attempts to
-regain his liberty, 133. Detected
-in planning his escape; is sentenced
-to the bastinado, 137.
-His courage and heroism excite
-the respect of the friars of the
-Order of Mercy, who resided at
-Algiers for the purpose of treating
-for the ransom of the Christian
-captives, 139. Ransomed for
-500 golden ducats, and left free
-to return to Spain, 140. Determines
-to refute certain calumnies
-of which he was the object, 141.
-Returns to his native land depressed
-by poverty, and obscured
-by want, 142. Becomes again a
-soldier by profession, 143. First
-appears as an author in the year
-1584, 144. His marriage with
-donna Catilina de Palacios y
-Salazar, 145. Commences writing
-for the theatre; endeavours to
-rectify the deficiencies of the
-stage and scenery, 146. Accepts
-the situation of commissary, and
-sets out with his family for Seville,
-147. His office abolished;
-he becomes the agent to various
-municipalities, corporations, and
-wealthy individuals, 148. During
-his distasteful employment at
-Seville, acquires the bitter view
-of human affairs displayed in
-Don Quixote, 149. Translation
-of his verses to the monument of
-the kings at Seville, 150. Various
-annoyances which he suffered
-in his financial occupations
-at Seville, 151. Anecdote, displaying
-the style in which justice
-was carried on in Spain, 152.
-Removes with his family to Valladolid,
-153. His poverty the great
-and clinging evil of his life, 153.
-His letter to his uncle during his
-imprisonment at La Mancha, 154.
-Writes "Don Quixote" during his
-imprisonment, 155. Fails in his
-attempt to introduce himself to
-the duke of Lerma, 156. Difficulties
-which he encounters in
-publishing "Don Quixote," 157.
-The "Buscapié" attributed to
-him, 158. Success of "Don Quixote"
-excites the enmity of the
-men of letters of his day, 160.
-Suspected of murder, and thrown
-with his entire family into prison,
-162. Is set at liberty, 162.
-Publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus,"
-164. Anecdote, showing
-the high esteem in which "Don
-Quixote" was held, 165. Brings
-cut his "Twelve Tales," which
-raises yet higher his character
-as an author, 167. His portrait
-of himself, in his preface to the
-"Twelve Tales," 168. His account
-of the origin of the Spanish
-drama, and the amelioration
-that he in his younger days introduced,
-169. Publishes his
-"Persiles and Sigismunda," and
-the second part of "Don Quixote,"
-170. His dedication of it
-to the count of Lemos, 171. His
-last illness, 172. His interview
-with the student of Toledo, 173.
-His farewell letter to the count
-of Lemos, 174. His death, in the
-sixty-ninth year of his age, 174.
-His character, 174. Brief review
-of his works, 175. Extract
-from his "Numantia," 176. Extract
-from the comedy of "Life
-in Algiers," 178. Extract from
-his "Voyage to Parnassus," 184.
-
-Cetina, III. 93.
-
-Charlemagne, I. 2.
-
-Charles of Valois, I. 20.
-
-Chiabrera, Gabbriello, his birth,
-parentage, and early education,
-II. 163. Enters into the service
-of cardinal Camerlingo, 163.
-Writes some odes in imitation of
-Pindar; makes the Greek lyrical
-poets his models, 164.
-Wishes to transfuse the spirit of
-the Greeks into the Italian language,
-165. Style of his poetry,
-166. Specimen of his serious
-style, as translated by Wordsworth,
-166. His death and character, 168.
-
-Chiaramonte, Scipio, II. 44.
-
-Chrysoloras, Emanuel, I. 151.
-
-Ciani, a Carthusian monk; his visit
-to Boccaccio, I. 139.
-
-Clement VI., pope, I. 89.
-
-Colombe, Lodovico delle, II. 28.
-
-Colonna, Giacomo, commencement
-of his friendship with Petrarch,
-I. 66.
-
-Colonna, cardinal, I. 73.
-
-Colonna, Vittoria, her birth, parentage,
-and marriage, II. 77.
-Her letter to her husband during
-his imprisonment, 78. Her grief
-at his death, 79. Extracts from
-her poems, 80. Her death, 81.
-
-Conrad III., emperor, I. 2.
-
-Consalvo, the Spanish general, I.
-284.
-
-Convennole, I. 63.
-
-Copernicus, II. 7.
-
-Correggio, Azzo, I. 87.
-
-Coutinho, Miguel Rodriguez, III.
-321.
-
-Couto, Diogo de III. 324.
-
-D.
-
-Dante Alighieri, his parentage, I.
-1. Born in the spring of 1265, 2.
-Fable concerning his birth, 3.
-Extracts from his "Paradiso,"
-and his "Inferno," 4. His early
-education, 5. Enters upon his
-noviciate at a convent of the
-Minor Friars, but withdraws before
-the term of probation was
-ended, 6. Story of his early love
-for Beatrice, 7. Pursues his
-studies in the universities of
-Padua, Bologna, and Paris, 8.
-Supposed to have visited Oxford,
-8. High estimation in which
-his works were held in England,
-9. His progress in the schools
-of divinity and philosophy, 9.
-His marriage with Madonna
-Gemma, 10. Style of his poetry,
-11. His domestic discomforts,
-12. His character as a citizen, a
-soldier, and a magistrate, 13.
-Serves among the cavalry in the
-battle of Campaldino, 14. His
-extraordinary valour during that
-engagement; his allusion to it
-in Canto XII. of the "Inferno,"
-15. Is again in the field
-at the siege of Caprona, 15. Extract
-from Canto XXI. of the
-"Inferno," alluding to this action,
-16. Traditional account of
-his embassies to the courts of
-Hungary, Naples, and France,
-16. Chosen in the year 1300, by
-the suffrages of the people, chief
-prior of his native city, 17. His
-endeavours to put down the factions
-of the Bianchi and Neri,
-18. Appeals to the people at
-large to support the executive
-government, 19. Accused of partiality
-to the Bianchi, 20. Undertakes
-an embassy to Rome, to
-solicit the good offices of the
-pope towards pacifying his fellow
-citizens without foreign interference,
-21. Anecdote of, 21.
-During his absence, his dwelling
-demolished by the Neri, his property
-confiscated, and a fine of
-8000 lire decreed against him,
-with banishment for two years,
-22. Joins himself with the
-Bianchi, who transfer their affections
-to the Ghibelines, deeming
-the adherents of the emperor
-less the enemies of their country
-than their adversaries, 23. Withdraws
-from the confederacy in
-disgust, 23. Extract from his
-"Del Paradiso," in allusion to
-this subject, 24. Extract from
-his "Purgatorio," 25. Endeavours
-to obtain a reversal of his
-unrighteous sentence, 25. Appeals
-to Henry of Luxemburgh;
-dedicates his political treatise,
-entitled "De Monarchia," to
-that prince, 26. A third decree
-passed against him; he retires to
-France, 27. Anecdotes of his
-caustic humour, 28. Compared
-with Marius, 29. His mental
-sufferings during his nineteen
-years' banishment, 30. His letter,
-refusing the conditions offered
-by the Florentine government,
-31. His death, on the 14th
-of September, 1321, 33. His
-splendid funeral, 34. Monuments
-raised to his memory, 35.
-His confiscated property restored
-to his family, 35. His memory
-execrated, and his writings proscribed
-by pope John XXII., 35.
-His person, as described by Boccaccio,
-37. Anecdote of, 38. His
-family, 39. Notice of his writings,
-40. Origin of the "Divina
-Commedia," 42. Dramatic character
-of the work, 44. Extract
-from Canto X. of the "Inferno,"
-46. His character as a man and
-a poet, 54. Character of his
-poetry, 58.
-
-Demisiano, II. 15.
-
-Demourier, General, II. 315.
-
-Digby, Sir Kenelm, II. 11.
-
-Donati, Corso, I. 12.
-
-Donati Lucretia, I. 156.
-
-Dramatists, the, of Spain, III. 95.
-
-E.
-
-Elia, the faithful servant of Alfieri,
-II. 266.
-
-Enriquez, Feliciano, III. 141.
-
-Enzina, Juan, style of his writing,
-III. 17. Translation of one of his
-songs, 18.
-
-Ercilla, don Alonzo de, III. 103.
-His birth, parentage, and early
-education, 103. Appointed page
-to prince Philip, 104. Leaves the
-personal service of the prince to
-join the expedition sent against
-the Araucanos, an Indian tribe,
-in South America, which had
-risen against Spain, 106. His
-account of the expedition, 107.
-Narrowly escapes an early and
-disastrous end, 108. Leaves Chili
-in disgust, without having been
-duly rewarded for his services,
-110. Proceeds to the Terceiras,
-and thence to Spain, 111. His
-marriage, 111. Appointed chamberlain
-to Maximilian, 112.
-Anecdote of, 112. Only known in
-the literary world by his poem,
-"La Araucana," 113. Critique
-on his poem, 114.
-
-Espinel, Vicente, his birth and
-parentage, III. 239. His death,
-240.
-
-Este, cardinal Hippolito d', I. 203.
-Anecdote illustrative of his cruelty, 209.
-
-Esto, Bianca d', II. 76.
-
-Exarch, Onofrio, III. 138.
-
-Ezpeleta, don Gaspar de, III. 161.
-
-F.
-
-Fabricius, John, II. 25.
-
-Fabbroni, II. 10.
-
-Faggiuolo, signori della, I. 28.
-
-Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, I.
-105.
-
-Falucci, the conti, I. 28.
-
-Fantoni, Sebastian, II. 51.
-
-Farinelli, the singer, his friendship
-for Metastasio, II. 209.
-
-Farnese, Orazio, III. 62.
-
-Fedele, Cassandra, II. 76. Her
-death, 76.
-
-Feliciana de Vega, III. 227.
-
-Fermo, Oliverotto da, I. 266.
-
-Ferranti, Pietro, I. 21.
-
-Ferrara, Cieco da, his writings, I.
-179.
-
-Ferreira, Antonio, mentioned as
-the classic poet of Portugal, III.
-292. His death and character,
-293. Style of his writings, 294.
-
-Ficino, Marsiglio, I. 152. His birth
-and early education, 159. Brief
-review of his works, 160. His
-death, in the sixty-sixth year of
-his age, 161.
-
-Figueroa, don Lope, III. 127.
-
-Filicaja, Vincenzo da; his birth,
-parentage, and early education,
-II. 180. His marriage, 181. His
-enthusiastic piety, 181. His characteristics,
-facil dignity, and
-clearness, 182. Fills several law
-offices of great power and emolument,
-183. His death, in the
-sixty-fifth year of his age, 184.
-
-Foscarinus, Paul Anthony, II. 51.
-
-Foscolo, Ugo, his birth and parentage,
-II. 354. His early education,
-355. Resolves to follow the steps
-of Alfieri, and to acquire fame as
-a tragedian; produces his drama
-of "Thyestes" at the early age
-of nineteen, 356. Political allusions
-that gave it its chief interest,
-357. Extracts from his
-work, entitled "Letters of Jacopo
-Ortis," 358. Leaves Venice,
-and takes the road to Tuscany,
-360. Pursues his way to Milan,
-the then capital of the Cisalpine
-republic, 361. His indignation at
-the sentence passed by the great
-council against the Latin language,
-362. Falls in love with a
-young lady of Pisa, 362. His attachment
-not fortunate; he suffers
-all the throes of disappointment
-and grief, 363. Becomes an
-officer in the Lombard legion,
-363. His bravery during the
-siege of Geneva, 364. His letter
-to Napoleon, 364. Returns to Milan
-after the battle of Marengo,
-365. Increases his fame by the
-publication of his "Last Letters
-of Jacopo Ortis," 365. Outline
-of the piece, 366. Its success
-immediate and striking, 369.
-His person, as described by Pecchio,
-369. Anecdotes of, 370.
-Publishes an oration to Bonaparte,
-371. Its style forcible and
-rhetorical, 372. Enters on the
-study of the Greek language;
-undertakes the translation of
-Sterne's "Sentimental Journey,"
-373. His egotistical account of
-his own singularities, 374. Undertakes
-to make a new edition
-of the military works of Montecucoli,
-with notes, 375. Writes
-his "Ode on Sepulchres;" outline
-of the poem, 376. Publishes
-his translation of the first book of
-the Iliad, 377. Installed professor
-in the university of Pavia, 377.
-His introductory oration on the
-origin and use of letters, 378.
-Retreats from the university, to
-the seclusion of the Lake of
-Como, 378. Commences his
-"Ode to the Graces," 379. Political
-tendency of his writings,
-380. Submits to an exile from
-Milan, and again visits Tuscany,
-381. Style of his writings in
-general, 382. Resumes his military
-duties; promoted to the
-rank of colonel, 384. His conversation
-with Pecchio; leaves
-Italy in disguise, and takes refuge
-in Switzerland, 385. Repairs
-to England, and is received
-with open arms by the Whig
-party, 386. Ceases to be a lion,
-and retires to the neighbourhood
-of St. John's Wood, near the Regent's
-Park, 387. Supports himself
-chiefly by writing for the Quarterly
-Review, 387. Outline of
-his tragedy of "Ricciarda," 388.
-Delivers a course of lectures on
-Italian literature, 389. Obliged
-to provide for daily necessity, by
-writing for various reviews and
-magazines, 390. His illness, 391.
-His death, 392. His character
-and literary merits, 393.
-
-Francesca, daughter of Petrarch,
-I. 106.
-
-Frangipani, I. 1.
-
-Franzesi, don Juan, III, 62.
-
-Fuccarius, II. 13.
-
-G.
-
-Gærtner, II. 15.
-
-Gassendi, II. 15.
-
-Galileo, the history of his life and
-labours, pregnant with a peculiar
-interest to the general reader, as
-well as the philosopher, II. 1.
-His birth and parentage, 2. His
-early years spent in the construction
-of instruments and pieces of
-machinery, which were calculated
-chiefly to amuse himself and his
-schoolfellows, 2. Music, drawing,
-and painting, the occupations
-of his leisure hours, 3. Papers
-from the elementary works of
-geometry to the writings of Archimedes,
-3. Writes an essay on
-the hydrostatical balance, 3. Engaged
-to investigate the centre
-of gravity in solid bodies, 4.
-Appointed lecturer on mathematics
-at Pisa, 4. His reiterated
-and successful attacks against the
-followers and doctrines of Aristotle,
-5. Resigns his professorship
-at Pisa, and is appointed to
-fill the chair of mathematics in
-the university of Padua, 6.
-Obliged to add to his income by
-the labours of his pen, 6. His
-own account of his conversion to
-the Copernican system of philosophy,
-7. Teaches the Ptolemaic
-out of compliance with the popular
-feeling, after he had convinced
-himself of the truth of
-the Copernican doctrines, 8. His
-reputation widely extended over
-Europe, 9. Completes the first
-period of his engagement at
-Padua, and is re-elected for other
-six years with an increased
-salary of 320 florins, 9. His observations
-on the new star, which
-attracted the notice of astronomers
-in 1604, 10. Again appointed
-to the professorship at
-Padua, with an augmented stipend
-of 520 florins, 10. His attention
-occupied with the examination
-of the properties of the
-loadstone, 10. In 1607, he first
-directs his telescope to the heavens,
-11. Solicited by Cosmo de'
-Medici to return to Padua, 12.
-The professorship conferred on
-him for life, and his salary raised
-to 1000 florins, 13. Invents that
-form of telescope which still
-bears his name, 14. Interest
-which the exhibition of the
-telescope excited at Venice, 15.
-The first celestial object to which
-he applied it, was the moon, 15.
-His observations on the moon,
-16. His examination of the fixed
-stars and the planets, 17. His
-discovery of the Medicean stars,
-18. Dedicated his work, entitled
-the "Sidereal Messenger," to
-Cosmo de' Medici, 19. Reception
-which his discoveries met
-with, 20. Resigns his professorship
-at Padua, and takes up his
-residence at Florence as philosopher
-and principal mathematician
-to the grand duke of Tuscany, 21.
-The first and sole discoverer of
-Jupiter and satellites, 22. Excites
-the curiosity of astronomers by
-the publication of his first
-enigma, 23. Visits Rome, where
-he is received with honour by
-princes, cardinals, and prelates,
-24. Erects his telescope in the
-Quirinal Gardens, 24. His solar
-observations, 26. Publishes his
-discourse on floating bodies,
-chiefly remarkable as a specimen
-of the sagacity and intellectual
-power of its author, 28. His
-discoveries place him at the
-head of the great men of his age,
-29. His letter to his friend and
-pupil, the abbé Castelli, to prove
-that the Scriptures were not
-intended to teach us science
-and philosophy, 31. Publishes a
-longer letter, of seventy pages, defending
-and illustrating his former
-views respecting the influence
-of scriptural language on
-the two contending systems, 32.
-Summoned before the inquisition,
-to answer for the heretical
-doctrines which he published, 33.
-Acquitted on condition that he
-renounced the obnoxious doctrines,
-and pledged himself that
-he would neither teach, defend,
-nor publish them in future, 33.
-His controversial discussion at
-Rome, 34. Discovers a method
-of finding the longitude at sea,
-35. Unable, from illness, to partake
-in the general interest excited
-by the three comets, which
-visited our system in 1618, 36.
-Replies to the attack of Oratio
-Grassi, in a volume entitled "Il
-Saggiatore," 37. Undertakes a
-journey to Rome, to congratulate
-his friend Barberini upon his
-elevation to the papal chair, 38.
-Endeavours to bespeak the good
-will of the cardinal towards the
-Copernican system, 39. His
-theory of the tides, 40. Ties
-which bound him to the Romish
-hierarchy, 41. Publishes a work,
-demonstrating the Copernican
-system, 42. Influence of this
-work on the public mind, 43.
-Summoned a second time before
-the inquisition, 45. His trial, 46.
-His defence, 47. Sentence of the
-court, 49. His abjuration of his
-doctrines, 50. The sentence of
-abjuration read at several universities,
-and his friends and his
-disciples summoned to witness
-the public degradation of their
-master, 52. Returns to Tuscany,
-58. His melancholy and indisposition,
-53. Obtains leave from
-the pope to return to Florence,
-54. Publishes his "Dialogues on
-Local Motion," 55. Discovers
-the moon's diurnal liberation, 55.
-Becomes totally blind, 56. Renieri
-undertakes to arrange and
-complete his observations and
-calculations, 57. His death, 58.
-The inquisition disputes his
-right of making a will, and of
-being buried in consecrated
-ground, 58. His character as a
-man of science, and as a member
-of the social circle, 60. His
-person, 61.
-
-Gamba, Marina, II. 10.
-
-Gano, of Mayence, I. 170.
-
-Garcia Sanchez, remarks on his
-poetry, III. 13.
-
-Garibay, Esteban de, III. 162.
-
-Gavasa, Alberto, III. 231.
-
-Geraldi, Cinthio, I. 28.
-
-Giacomo, king of Majorca, I. 147.
-
-Gil, Juan, III. 140.
-
-Gilbert, Dr., II. 11.
-
-Giovanni, queen of Naples, I. 91.
-
-Goldoni, Carlo, his birth and parentage,
-II. 213. His predilection
-for the drama, 214. Placed at
-school at Perugia, 215. Taken
-by his father to Rimini, to pursue
-his studies under a celebrated
-professor, 216. Leaves Rimini
-with a company of strolling
-comedians, 217. Arrives at
-Chiozza; his dislike to the medical
-profession, 218. Repairs to
-Venice to study law under his
-uncle, 219. Enters the university
-of Pavia, 220. Expelled the
-college for writing a satire; accompanies
-his father to Udine,
-where he studies law under an
-eminent advocate, 221. Proceeds
-to Modena to pursue his
-legal studies, 222. His letter to
-his parents, declaring his resolve
-of entering the order of Capuchin
-monks, 223. Returns to Chiozza,
-cured of every wish to shut himself
-up in a cloister, 223. Appointed
-to a situation under government,
-224. His account of
-his first love, 224. Enters the profession
-of barrister at Venice,
-225. Incident which occurred to
-destroy his prospects, 226. Leaves
-Venice; obtains letters of introduction
-at Milan, 227. Failure
-of his opera, entitled "Amalasunta,"
-228. Appointed gentleman
-in the palace of signor
-Bartolini, 229. Dismissed from
-his situation; sets out for Modena,
-where his mother resided,
-230. Attacked by robbers on his
-journey, 231. Installed poet to
-the theatrical company at Venice;
-success of his "Belisarius," 232.
-Accompanies the manager to
-Genoa and Florence, 233. His
-marriage, 233. Commences his
-long meditated reform of the
-Italian theatre, 234. Obtains the
-Genoese consulship at Venice,
-235. Embarks for Bologna; his
-journey full of accidents by flood
-and field, 236. Returns to Rimini,
-237. Becomes a pleader
-once again, and for three years
-practices at the Pisan bar, 238.
-Outline of his tragedy, entitled
-"La Donna di Garbo," 239. His
-drama on the subject of Richardson's
-novel of "Pamela," 240.
-Writes sixteen comedies in the
-course of one season, 241. His
-illness occasioned by his extraordinary
-exertion, 242. Becomes
-the censor of the manners and
-satirist of the follies of his country,
-242. Outline of his comedies,
-243. Invited to Rome during
-the carnival, 244. Receives an
-offer from the French court of an
-engagement for two years, on
-very advantageous terms, 245.
-His debût as an author in the
-French capital, 246. His death,
-in the eighty-fifth year of his
-age, 246.
-
-Gongora, don Luis de, III. 243. His
-birth, parentage, and early education,
-243. His death, in the
-sixty-sixth year of his age, 244.
-His person, 245. Specimen of
-his style, 246. Lope de Vega,
-essay upon him and his system,
-248.
-
-Gonzaga, cardinal, I. 35.
-
-Gori, Francesco, II. 278.
-
-Grassi, Oratio, II. 37.
-
-Gravina, Vincenzo, the celebrated
-jurisconsult, II. 185.
-
-Grazia, M. Vincenzo di, II. 28.
-
-Gualdo, Paolo, II. 14.
-
-Guarini, Battista, his birth, parentage,
-and early education, II.
-82. Named counsellor and secretary
-of state by Alfonso, duke of
-Ferrara, 83. Sent by him to negotiate
-his election to the Polish
-throne; his letter to his wife on
-the subject, 83. His letter to a
-friend on the subject of his "Pastor
-Fido," 87. Extract from Fanshawe's
-translation of the poem,
-the "Pastor Fido," the principal
-monument of his poetic genius,
-88. Review of the poem looked
-on as second only to Tasso among
-the poets of the age, 91. Returns
-to his post at court; sent on a
-mission to Umbria and Milan, 92.
-His pecuniary difficulties and
-domestic afflictions; leaves Ferrara
-privately and in haste, 93.
-Establishes himself at Florence,
-where he is honourably received
-by the grand duke Ferdinand, 94.
-His irascible temper, 94. His
-death, in the seventy-fifth year
-of his age, 95.
-
-Gubbio, Busone da, I. 27.
-
-Guevara, Antonio de, III. 147.
-
-Guicciardini, Francesco, his birth
-and parentage, II. 63. At an
-early age takes a doctor's degree
-in law; and is appointed by the
-government to read the Institute
-in the university of Florence, 61.
-His marriage, 64. Sent by the
-republic as ambassador to Ferdinand,
-king of Aragon, 65.
-Sent to receive the pope at Cortona,
-65. Named by the pope
-consistorial advocate, also governor
-of Reggio and Modena,
-66. Prudence, firmness, and
-severity, the characteristics of
-his administration, 67. Named
-lieutenant general of the pontifical
-army in the ecclesiastical
-states, 67. Enters, with all the
-zeal of personal resentment, into
-the cause of the Medici, 69.
-Named by the pope governor of
-Bologna, 70. Retires from the
-government on the death of Clement
-VII., 71. Withdraws himself
-from public life, and retires
-to his country seat at Montici,
-72. Solicited by Paul III. to leave
-his retreat, and to enter again on
-public life, 73. His death, 73.
-His person and character, 74.
-
-Guiducci, Marco, an astronomer of
-Florence, II. 36.
-
-H.
-
-Halam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury,
-I. 8.
-
-Harrington, Sir John, the first
-English translator of Ariosto, I.
-216.
-
-Harriot, Thomas, II. 22.
-
-Herrera, Fernando date of his birth
-and family unknown, III. 83. Critique
-on his poetry; list of his
-prose works, 84. His "Ode to
-Sleep," 87.
-
-Hohenzoller, cardinal, II. 38.
-
-Hoyos, Juan Lopez de, III. 124.
-
-Hugh de Sâde, I. 68.
-
-Huygens, Constantine, II. 57.
-
-I.
-
-Immola, Benvenuta da, I. 2.
-
-Isotta of Padua, II. 76.
-
-Istria, count Capo d', II. 392.
-
-Isunza, Pedro, III. 148.
-
-Ivaldi, don, II. 251.
-
-J.
-
-Jane, queen of Naples, I. 125.
-
-Jansen, the inventor of the Dutch
-telescope, II. 13.
-
-John I. of Aragon, III. 6.
-
-John of Florence, canon of Pisa, I.
-65.
-
-John II. of Aragon, his love of
-poetry and learning secure him
-the affections of his adherents;
-and, in the midst of civil commotion,
-despite his deficiency of
-resolution, gathers round him a
-court faithful to his cause, and
-civilised by its love of letters, III.
-12.
-
-John XXII., pope, II. 101.
-
-Jordí, Mosen Jordi de Sant, the
-first and best known of the Spanish
-troubadours, III. 6.
-
-Jovius, Paul, I. 257.
-
-Julius II., pope, I. 264.
-
-K.
-
-Kepler, II. 19.
-
-L.
-
-Labadini, Lazzaro, II. 169.
-
-Landino, Christofero, I. 152.
-
-Latini, Brunetto, tutor to Dante, I.
-4.
-
-Laura de Sâde, her first meeting
-with Petrarch, I. 68. Her death,
-95.
-
-Leon, Luis Ponce de, his birth,
-parentage, and education, III. 71.
-Style of his writings, 72. Made
-doctor of theology by the university
-of Salamanca, 72. Elected
-to chair of St. Thomas, 72. Confined
-in a dungeon of the inquisition
-for translating the
-Scriptures into the vulgar tongue,
-73. Translation of his "Ode to
-the Virgin," composed during
-his imprisonment, 74. Liberated
-at the end of five years, and
-restored to all his honours and
-employments, 76. His death, in
-the sixty-fourth year of his age,
-76. His person, 76. His amiable
-character, 77. Brief review of
-his writings, 78. Mr. Wiffen's
-translation of his "Ode on the
-Moorish Invasion," 79.
-
-Lippa Ariosta, I. 196.
-
-Lobeira, Vasco, author of the first
-romance of chivalry, III. 10.
-
-Louis of Bavaria, I. 133.
-
-Lima, Simon Freire de, III. 151.
-
-Luna, don Juan de, III. 61.
-
-M.
-
-Machiavelli, Niccolo, his birth and
-parentage, I. 257. Placed as
-secretary under Marcellus Virgil,
-258. Elected chancellor of the second
-court, 259. Named secretary
-of the Council of Ten, 259. His
-missions to various sovereigns and
-states, 259. Convulsed state of
-Italy at this period, 260. His mission
-to Caterina Sforza, 262. His
-letters to the state during this
-and all his other missions, 262.
-The great doubt that clouds his
-character, regards the spirit in
-which he wrote the "Prince,"
-263. Accused of being the confidant
-of Cæsar Borgia in his
-plots, 264. Sent by the Florentine
-government to the duke of
-Imola, 267. His letter to his
-government on the subject of
-his mission, 268. His letter to
-the signoria of Florence, 269.
-His minute details of his conversations
-with Borgia, 270. His
-unsuccessful solicitations to be
-recalled, 271. His efforts to discover
-Borgia's secret views, 272.
-His letters to the government,
-earnestly desiring to be recalled,
-273. His letters, describing Borgia's
-movements, 274. His account
-of Borgia's treacherous
-and cruel act of revenge, 276.
-Expressions in his letter, characteristic
-of Italian policy and
-morals at that period, 277. Returns
-to Florence, and is replaced
-by an ambassador of more authority,
-278. Outline of "The
-Decenal," 278. Anecdote relating
-to Borgia's system of government,
-related in the "Prince," 279.
-Sent on a legation to Rome, just
-at the time of the downfal of
-Cæsar Borgia, 280. His frequent
-interviews with the fallen
-prince, 282. His succeeding embassies,
-284. Succeeds in persuading
-the signoria of Florence
-to form a native militia, 285. His
-embassy to the emperor Maximilian,
-286. His observations on
-the state of Germany, 286. Employed
-to convey to Mantua the
-money composing a part of the
-subsidy to the emperor, 287. His
-letters during this mission disclose
-a curious system of bribery
-with regard to the minister of
-Louis XII., 287. His interview
-with the French king at Blois,
-288. His letter, detailing the expedition
-of the allies against the
-republic, 289. Review of his
-fourteen services, 290. His imprisonment,
-and liberation, 291.
-His letter to the Florentine ambassador,
-292. Review of his
-private correspondence, and his
-other writings, 293. His letter
-to Vettori, the Florentine ambassador,
-294. Analysis of his
-work, entitled the "Prince,"
-298. Review of his "Essay on
-the First Decade of Livy," and
-his other works, 304. His despairing
-letters to Vettori, 305.
-His "Essay on the Reform of
-the Government of Florence,"
-written at the request of Leo X.,
-306. His correspondence with
-Francesco Guicciardini, the celebrated
-historian, 307. Commences
-his "History of Florence;"
-receives a regular but
-limited salary as historiographer,
-from Clement VII., 308. Employed
-to inspect the progress of
-the fortification of Rome, 309.
-Returns to Florence full of hope,
-and is disappointed, 310. His
-death, 311. His person, _ib._
-
-Madonna Gemma, wife of Dante,
-I. 10.
-
-Malegucci, Sigismondo, I. 204.
-
-Malespina, the marchese, I. 28.
-
-Manrique, Jorge, remarks on his
-poetry, III. 13.
-
-Manrique, don Geronimo, grand
-inquisitor, III. 193.
-
-Manso, marquess of Villa, II. 159.
-
-Manuel, don Juan, brief review of
-his works, III. 12.
-
-Maraffi, Luigi, II. 31.
-
-Marcias, remarks on his poetry,
-III. 13. His melancholy death.
-
-Mariner, Vicente, III. 199.
-
-Marini, Giambattista, his birth and
-parentage, II. 174. Encouraged
-by Tasso to pursue his poetic
-career, 174. Publishes a volume
-of lyrical poetry, which establishes
-his fame, 175. His literary
-quarrels, 176. Publishes his
-"Adone" while at Paris; outline
-of the story, 177. Returns
-to Italy; is again involved in
-literary squabbles, 178. His death,
-in the fifty-sixth year of his age,
-179.
-
-Marmont, general, II. 318.
-
-Marotto, Domenico, I. 227.
-
-Mary, natural daughter of Robert,
-king of Naples, I. 122.
-
-Marzemedici, archbishop of Florence,
-II. 28.
-
-Mascheroni, Lorenzo, a celebrated
-mathematician, II. 323.
-
-Mathew Corvino, king of Hungary,
-I. 160.
-
-Matrapillo, Morato Raez, III. 138.
-
-Mayer, Simon, II. 21.
-
-Medici, Cosmo de', founder of the
-Medicean library, I. 152.
-
-Medici, Lorenzo de', his early life,
-I. 152. Devotes most of his time
-and fortune to the cultivation of
-literature and the fine arts, 153.
-Institutes a yearly celebration of
-the anniversary of Plato's birth
-and death, 153. His chief merit
-derived from the revival of his
-native language, 154. Commentary
-on his first sonnets, 155.
-Extract of a translation of one of
-his sonnets, 156. Brief review of
-his other poems, 157. His death,
-at the early age of forty-four, 159.
-
-Memmi, Simon, I. 84.
-
-Mena, Juan de, the most renowned
-of the early writers, III. 14. Review
-of his works, 15. His death,
-15. Extracts from his poems, 16.
-Analysis of the "Labyrinto," 17.
-
-Mendoza, don Diego Hurtado de,
-his birth and parentage, III. 58.
-His early education, 59. His
-"Lazarillo de Tormes" declaratory
-of the originality of his
-genius, 59. Deputed by Charles
-V. to attend the council of Trent,
-60. Confirms the opinion already
-entertained of his talents by a
-learned and elegant oration, 60.
-Sent as ambassador to Rome;
-named governor and captain-general
-of Siena, and ordered to
-introduce a Spanish garrison, and
-to build a citadel for its protection,
-61. Becomes the object of universal
-hatred by his haughty and
-unfeeling conduct, 62. Repairs
-to Rome, to influence the election
-of a new pope, 62. Named
-gonfaloniere of the church, 62.
-Recalled from the government of
-Siena to Spain, 63. His philosophical,
-political, and poetical
-works, 64. Shows himself an enthusiastic
-lover of learning, and
-a liberal patron of learned men,
-64. Anecdote of, characteristic
-of the vehemence of his temper,
-65. His "History of the War of
-the Moriscos in Granada," the
-most esteemed of his prose works,
-66. His death, 67. His character
-and person, 68. Brief review of
-his writings, 68.
-
-Metastasio, Pietro, his birth and obscure
-origin, II. 185. At an early
-age attracts by his talents as improvisatore,
-185. Writes a tragedy,
-entitled "Giustino," at the
-early age of fourteen, 186. Continues
-to improvisare verse in
-company, 187. Evils that result
-to the intellect perpetually bent
-on so exciting a proceeding, 188.
-Sent to study at Magna Græcia,
-189. Returns to Rome, and gives
-himself up to the study of poetry,
-189. Removes to Naples; determines
-to give up poetry, and
-to study the law, 190. Commanded
-by the viceroy to write a
-drama to celebrate the birthday
-of the empress Elizabeth Christina;
-success of the piece, 191.
-Quits the law, and again devotes
-himself to the Muses, 191. Receives
-a commission to furnish
-the Neapolitan theatre with an
-opera for the carnival of 1724;
-success of the piece, 192. Receives
-a letter from prince Pio of
-Savoy, inviting him to become
-the court poet of Vienna, 193.
-Fulfils his engagement of supplying
-the Roman theatre with
-two pieces for the carnival,
-and makes his appearance at
-Vienna, surrounded by the halo
-of a recent triumph, 194. Appointed
-treasurer to the province
-of Cosenzo, worth annually
-350 sequins, 195. His feelings
-ingenuously expressed in his letters
-to Marianna Bulgarelli, 196.
-His letters to his brother on
-hearing of her death, 198. Peculiar
-merits of his poetry, and excellencies
-of his dramas, 200. The
-"Grazie agli inganni tuoi," and
-the "Partenza," among the best
-of his productions, 203. His ill
-health attributed to change of
-climate, 204. His life only to be
-found in his letters, 205. His
-letters to his brother, 207. His
-enthusiastic friendship for Farinelli,
-the singer, 208. His manner
-of living at Vienna, 210. His
-letter to Farinelli, 211. His
-death, in the eighty-fourth year
-of his age, 211.
-
-Miranda, Saa de, a Portuguese
-poet, born in 1494, and died in
-1558; his connection with Spanish
-poetry, III. 88.
-
-Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della,
-his birth and early education, I.
-161. Character of his writings,
-161. His death, in the thirty-second
-year of his age, 162.
-
-Moneada, don Miguel de, III. 127.
-
-Mondejar, the marquis de, III. 41.
-
-Montalvan, friend and disciple of
-Lope de Vega, III. 189.
-
-Monte, cardinal del, II. 4.
-
-Montefalcone, Niccolo di, I. 147.
-
-Montemayor, Jorge de; his birth
-and parentage, III. 89. Establishes
-his fame as an author, by
-writing his "Diana," 89. Outline
-and style of the poem, 90.
-His death, 92.
-
-Monti, Vincenzo, his birth and parentage,
-II. 305. Anecdote of his
-childhood, 306. His early education,
-307. Gives up every
-other pursuit, and dedicates himself
-wholly to the cultivation of
-literature and poetry, 308. Accompanies
-cardinal Borghese to
-Rome, 309. Want of political
-integrity, and ready worship of
-ruling powers, the great blot of
-his character, 310. Continues
-to cultivate his poetic tastes, 311.
-Success of his tragedy entitled
-"Aristodemo," 312. Outline of
-the piece, 313. His marriage,
-314. Celebrates the death of his
-friend Basseville, in a poem entitled
-"Basvilliana," 315. Outline
-and style of the poem, 316.
-Leaves Rome for Tuscany; his
-familiar intercourse with general
-Marmont, 318. Becomes a revolutionary
-poet, 319. Appointed
-to the survivorship of the professor's
-chair at Brera, 321. Falls
-into a deplorable state of destitution,
-322. Celebrates his return
-to his beloved Italy by a beautiful
-hymn, 323. Outline of his
-poem entitled "Mascheroniana,"
-324. Appointed to a professorship
-in the university of Pavia;
-named court poet and historiographer,
-326. Made cavalier of
-the iron crown, member of the
-Institute, and of the legion of
-honour, 327. Celebrates the
-event of Napoleon being crowned
-king of Italy in a poem, entitled
-"Il Benificio," 328. His poem
-in celebration of the attempted
-usurpation of the Spanish throne,
-329. Remarks on his poem entitled
-the "Sword of Frederic,"
-331. His translation of Ceruti,
-332. Writes, by command, a
-cantata entitled "Mistico Omaggio,"
-334. The marriage of his
-daughter, one of the most fortunate
-incidents of his life, 335.
-His observations on the subject
-of a reform of the national dictionary,
-336. Extracts from his
-letters to Mustoxidi on the subject,
-336. To another friend, on
-the same subject, 339. His
-literary disputes with Mazza,
-Cesarotti and Bettinelli terminate
-in mutual friendship and
-esteem, 341. His letter on the
-subject of the classic and romantic
-schools, 341. His letter
-to his wife, 343. His letter to
-his friend Mustoxidi, on the
-death of his son-in-law, 347.
-Publishes the last volume of his
-"Proposta," 348. His last illness,
-and death, in the seventy-fourth
-year of his age, 349. His
-public and private character, 350.
-His person, 351.
-
-Montoya, Luisa de, III. 162.
-
-Mora, Rodrigo de, III. 127.
-
-Mosti, Agostino, II. 153.
-
-Muñoz, Fernando, III. 192.
-
-Murtola, Gasparo, II. 175.
-
-Mustoxidi, II. 333.
-
-N.
-
-Naharro, Bartolomé Torres, one of
-the earliest Spanish dramatists,
-III. 97. Mentioned by the editor
-of Cervantes' comedies, as the
-real inventor of the Spanish
-drama, 98. His reforms in the
-Spanish theatricals, 99.
-
-Navagero, Andrea, III. 39.
-
-Nasi, Alessandro, I. 287.
-
-Negrete, doctor Juan de, III. 226.
-
-Neri, I. 18.
-
-Noronha, dom Alfonso de, III. 309.
-
-Nozzolini, Ptolemy, II. 28.
-
-O.
-
-Obizzo III., marquis of Este, I.
-196.
-
-Oliva, Perez de, one of the earliest
-Spanish dramatists, III. 96.
-
-Orsino, Paolo, I. 246.
-
-P.
-
-Pacheco, Francisco, the celebrated
-painter, III. 148.
-
-Pachione, Philippo. I. 227.
-
-Pajares, Alonso Diaz, III. 122.
-
-Panizzi, Dr., I. 168.
-
-Pastrengo, William da, I. 84.
-
-Paul II., pope, I. 180.
-
-Pedrosa, Luis, III. 138.
-
-Pellicer, don Juan Antonio, III. 121.
-
-Pellicer, don Joseph, III. 202.
-
-Pepoli, Geronimo, II. 71.
-
-Perticari, count, II. 336.
-
-Perugini, Paolo, I. 120.
-
-Petracco, Pietro, I. 23.
-
-Petrarch, Francesco, his birth and
-parentage, I. 61. His early life,
-62. Sent to study at the university
-of Montpellier, 63. Sent to
-Bologna; makes considerable
-progress in the study of the law,
-64. Recalled to France by the
-death of his father, 64. Abandons
-the law, and devotes himself to
-the clerical profession, 65. His
-sedulous attention to dress, 65.
-Becomes the favourite and companion
-of the ecclesiastical and
-lay nobles who form the papal
-court, 65. Commencement of his
-friendship with Giacomo Colonna,
-66. His description of
-Colonna, 67. His character, 67.
-His first meeting with Laura de
-Side, 68. Endeavours to merge
-the living passion of his soul into
-the airy and unsubstantial devotion
-of Platonic attachment, 70.
-His poetic life dated from the
-time of his attachment to Laura,
-71. His predilection for travelling,
-72. Becomes an inmate in
-the house of cardinal Colonna;
-his unbounded ardour for acquiring
-knowledge, 73. Visits
-Paris; continues his travels
-through Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne,
-74. Visits Rome; his sensations
-on entering the eternal
-city, 75. Leaves Italy, and travels
-through Spain to Cadiz, and
-northward as far as the sea-coast
-of England, 76. Makes an excursion
-to Mont Ventoux, one of
-the highest mountains in Europe,
-76. His letter to father Dionisio
-Robertis, giving an account of
-the expedition, 77. Retires to
-Vaucluse, 78. His manner of life,
-79. Extract from a translation of
-one of the canzoni, as a specimen
-of his style, 80. Character of his
-mistress, 82. His intimacy with
-Philip de Cabassoles, bishop of
-Cavaillon, 83. His letter to Giacomo
-Colonna, on his soliciting
-him to go to Rome, 84. Receives
-letters from the Roman senate
-and the university of Paris, inviting
-him to receive the laurel
-crown of poetry; he decides in
-favour of Rome, 85. Repairs to
-Rome, and is crowned in the
-capitol with great solemnity, in
-presence of all the nobles and
-high-born ladies of the city, 86.
-Returns to Avignon; takes on
-himself the office of barrister, and
-pleads the cause of the Correggio,
-against their enemies the Rossi,
-before the pope, and succeeds in
-obtaining a decision in their favour,
-87. His grief on hearing
-of the death of Thomas of Messina:
-his extraordinary dream,
-88. Named prior of Migliarino,
-in the diocese of Pisa, 89. His
-unabated love for Laura, 90. Applies
-himself to Greek, under
-Bernardo Barlaam, 91. Writes
-his work entitled "The Secret of
-Francesco Petrarca," 91. Sent as
-ambassador to Naples, to establish
-the papal claim, 92. Writes letters
-full of encouragement to
-Rienzi, the tribune, 93. Repairs
-to his house at Parma; his extraordinary
-dream, 94. His grief
-on hearing of the death of Laura,
-95. His record of her death, 95.
-Gives large sums in charity for
-the sake of her soul, and causes
-many masses to be said for the
-same purpose, 97. Receives a
-decree of the Florentine republic,
-reinstating him in his paternal
-inheritance, together with letters
-inviting him to accept of a professor's
-chair in their university,
-99. His letters to pope Clement
-VI.; again solicited to accept the
-lace of apostolic secretary, which
-e again refuses, 100. His treatise
-"On Solitary Life," 101.
-Induced by the solicitations of
-Giovanni Visconti to remain in
-Milan, 102. His conversation
-with the emperor Charles V., 102.
-Sent to Vienna to negotiate a
-peace, and afterwards sent to
-Paris to congratulate John, 103.
-His manner of life at Milan, 104.
-His record of the death of his
-son; takes up his abode at
-Padua, 105. His writings compared
-with those of Dante, 106.
-His description of Laura's death,
-107. Continues to interest himself
-deeply in the political state of
-his country, 109. His letter to
-Boccaccio; his congratulatory
-letter to Pope Urban V., 110. Is
-seized with a violent illness on
-his way to Rome, 111. His treatise,
-entitled "On my own Ignorance
-and that of others," 112.
-His opinion of the "Decameron"
-of Boccaccio, 113. His death,
-114. His will, 114.
-
-Peraga, Bonaventura da, I. 114.
-
-Petroni, Pietro, I. 139.
-
-Pickler, Giovanni, II. 314.
-
-Pietro, Francesco Santo, III. 127.
-
-Pignoria, Lorenzo, II. 13.
-
-Pineda, don Juan de, III. 108.
-
-Pio, prince of Savoy, II. 193.
-
-Pistolfo, M. Bonaventura, I. 230.
-
-Pistoia, Cina da, I. 64.
-
-Pletho, Gemisthus, I. 151.
-
-Polenta, Guido Novello da, lord of
-Ravenna, I. 29.
-
-Politian, II. 15.
-
-Poliziano, Angelo, his birth and
-parentage, I. 162. Review of his
-writings, 163. Appointed tutor
-to the children of Lorenzo de'
-Medici, 164. At the age of
-twenty-nine appointed to the professorship
-of Greek and Latin
-eloquence in the university of
-Florence, 165. His death, 167.
-
-Porras, doctor Mathias, corregidor
-of the province of Canta, in Peru,
-III. 213.
-
-Porta, Baptista, II. 14.
-
-Portugal, early poets of, III. 288.
-
-Pulci, Bernardo, remarks on his
-works, I. 167.
-
-Pulci, Luca, his works, I. 167.
-
-Pulci, Luigi, style of his writings,
-I. 168. Extract from his "Morgante
-Maggiore," 171. Outline of
-the poem, 173.
-
-Q.
-
-Quarqualio, Luca, I. 159.
-
-Querenghi, his letter to cardinal
-D'Este, giving an account of
-Galileo's controversial discussions
-at Rome, III. 34.
-
-Quevedo, don Francisco Gomez de,
-his birth, parentage, and early
-education, III. 246. His career
-checked by a circumstance which
-may be considered as fortunate,
-257. Obliged to fly; takes refuge
-in Italy, and thence, invited by
-the viceroy, repairs to Naples, 258.
-Sent by him as his ambassador to
-Madrid, to recount his exploits,
-and explain his designs, 259. Accused
-of joining in the Bedmar
-conspiracy against Venice, 261.
-Continues to escape the vigilance
-of the senate, and makes his escape
-in the guise of a mendicant,
-262. His political services, 264.
-His literary productions; his imprisonment
-and liberation, 265.
-Several places offered to him, all
-of which he declines, and gives
-himself up to study and philosophy,
-266. Gives up his church
-preferments, for the sake of marrying,
-266. His playful yet bitter
-poem, alluding to his evil fate,
-267. Suspected of writing libels
-against the court, arrested, and
-imprisoned in a dungeon of the
-Royal Casa de San Marcos de
-Leon, 268. His letter, describing
-the squalid wretchedness of his
-dungeon, 269. His memorial to
-the count duke Olivarez, 270.
-His death, 272. His person and
-character, 272. Critique on his
-writings, 273.
-
-R.
-
-Real, Lorenzo, II. 56.
-
-Renieri, the friend and pupil of
-Galileo, II. 57.
-
-Ribeyro, Bernardim, one of the
-earliest of the Portuguese poets,
-III. 290.
-
-Riccardi, Nicolo, II. 41.
-
-Ricci, Giuliano, I. 312.
-
-Ricci, Ostillo, II. 3.
-
-Riego, the canon, II. 391.
-
-Rienzi, Nicola di, I. 92.
-
-Rioja, Francisco de, III. 223.
-
-Rios, don Vicente de los, III. 121.
-
-Robert, king of Naples, I. 86.
-
-Robertis, Father Dionisio, I. 77.
-
-Robertson, Dr., II. 22.
-
-Rollo, Paolo, I. 238.
-
-Romena, count Alessandro da, I.
-23.
-
-Roxas, Fernando de, III. 95. Author
-of the first genuine Spanish play,
-96.
-
-Rucellai, Cosimo, I. 304.
-
-Rueda, Lope de, celebrated as an
-actor and pastoral poet, III. 98.
-
-Ruiz, Juan, arch-priest of Hita;
-brief review of his works, III.
-12.
-
-S.
-
-Salvani, Provenzano, I. 24.
-
-Salvanorola, I. 130.
-
-Salvatico, conte Guido, I. 28.
-
-Salvi, Giulio, III, 60.
-
-Santillana, the marquess of, remarks
-on his poems, III. 13.
-
-Scala, Can' Grande de la, I. 27.
-
-Scala, Alessandro, II. 75.
-
-Scheiner, professor of mathematics
-at Ingoldstadt, II. 25.
-
-Schlegel, III. 234.
-
-Scotus, Duns, I. 9.
-
-Serram, Antonio, III. 324.
-
-Serrano, señor Bachiller, III. 122.
-
-Serraville, Giovanni da, bishop of
-Fermo, I. 8.
-
-Settimo, Guido, I. 63.
-
-Sforza, Caterina, I. 262.
-
-Sforza, Ippolita, II. 75.
-
-Signa, Martino da, I. 149.
-
-Sixtus IV., pope, I. 160.
-
-Soderini Pietro, I. 288.
-
-Sotomayor, don Alonzo Lopez de
-Zuniga y, III. 157.
-
-Spain, early and anonymous poetry
-of, III. 1.
-
-Spini Christofano, II. 180.
-
-Stolberg, Louisa de, countess of
-Albany, II. 280. Her attachment
-to Alfieri, 285.
-
-Strada, Giovanni da, I. 117.
-
-Strozzi, Oberto, I. 188.
-
-Sylveira, Hector da, III. 321.
-
-T.
-
-Talleyrand, cardinal, I. 100.
-
-Tasso, Bernardo, his birth and
-parentage, II. 98. His early life
-and ill-directed love, 99. At the
-age of forty-one, appointed secretary
-to Ferrante Sanseverino,
-prince of Salerno, 99. His marriage,
-100. Commences his poem,
-entitled "Amadigi," 100. His letter
-to his sister Afra, 101. Summoned
-away from the delightful
-retirement of Sorrento to join his
-patron in the war which had
-broken out between the emperor
-Charles V. and Francis I., 102.
-Returns from the army, and enjoys
-a brief prolongation of his
-domestic quiet, 103. Declared a
-rebel, and his estate confiscated,
-along with the adherents of the
-duke of Salerno, 104. His letter
-to his daughter, 108. Flies from
-Rome to Ravenna; invited by
-the duke of Urbino to Pesara,
-where he affords a welcome but
-temporary asylum from the persecution
-of his enemies, and the
-pressure of indigence, 111. Repairs
-to Venice to publish his
-work entitled "Amadigi," 113.
-Failure of the poem, 119. Places
-his son at Padua to study jurisprudence,
-122. His interview
-with his son at Mantua, 130.
-His death, in the seventy-sixth
-year of his age, 131.
-
-Tasso, Torquato, review of his life,
-II. 96. His birth, 101. Nursery
-traditions of, 103. His progress
-in the rudiments of knowledge,
-under the superintendence of his
-mother, 104. His beautiful and
-touching lines on his separation
-from her, when called away from
-Naples to join his mother at
-Rome, 105. Compared with
-Cowper, 106. His religious sentiments,
-107. Prosecutes his
-studies with indefatigable assiduity
-at Rome, 108. His letter
-to Vittoria Colonna, on the subject
-of his sister's marriage, 109.
-Removes to Bergamo, 111. Commencement
-of his friendship with
-the son of the duke d'Urbino,
-112. Diversities of circumstances,
-scene, and company,
-calculated to cherish and confirm
-all his natural aspirings, 114.
-Remark upon a line of Boileau
-which has done more injury to
-his reputation than all the splenetic
-criticisms of Sperone, 115.
-Critique on his Writings, 116.
-Studies the works of his great
-Italian predecessors, 117. Employed
-by his father in transcribing
-his multitudinous poems and
-letters, 118. Sudden and passionate
-admiration with which his
-"Rinaldo" was hailed throughout
-Italy, 119. Placed at Padua
-to study jurisprudence, 122. Gives
-up the law, and devotes himself
-to philosophy and the Muses, 123.
-His reply to his father's remonstrance,
-124. The appearance of
-his "Rinaldo" the dawn of a
-new day in the literature of
-his country, 124. All the characteristics
-of his peculiar genius
-perceptible in the incidents, style,
-embellishments, and conduct of
-this juvenile essay, 126. Repairs
-to Bologna to pursue his natural
-studies, and indulge in his
-poetical passion, 127. Expelled
-from Bologna for a literary squib,
-128. Removes to Padua, where
-he is inrolled member of the
-Academy degli Eterei, 129. Devotes
-much of his attention to
-the works of Aristotle and Plato,
-129. Remarks on his "Discourse
-on Heroic Poetry," 130. Nominated
-one of the personal attendants
-of the duke of Ferrara, 131.
-Arrives at Ferrara, and is received
-into the service of the duke's
-brother, 132. Commencement of
-his acquaintance with the princesses
-Lucretia and Leonora of
-Este, 133. His description of
-his own emotions during his first
-visit and sojourn at Ferrara, 134.
-Writes an epithalamium on the
-marriage of the princess Lucretia,
-136. His attachment to the
-princess Leonora, 137. Accompanies
-the cardinal Luigi to the
-court of France, 138. Personal
-anecdotes of, 139. Accompanies
-the embassy to Rome; his interview
-with the pope, 140. Prosecutes
-that splendid crusade of
-his Muse the poetical siege of
-Jerusalem, 140. His "Aminta"
-received with universal admiration
-throughout all Italy, 142.
-Illness occasioned by his anxiety
-about his "Gerusalemme Liberata,"
-144. Charged with heresy
-against Aristotle and good taste
-on one hand, and on the other
-with heresy against the church
-and good morals, 145. Escapes
-from his splendid captivity to
-Rome; appointed historiographer
-to the house of Este, 146. Incident
-which exhibits him not
-less in the character of a hero than
-he had hitherto figured in that of
-the laureate of poets, 147. Growing
-symptoms of a mind diseased, 148.
-His strange melancholy, 149.
-Flies secretly to Ferrara to visit
-his sister at Sorrento, 150.
-Anecdote of, 151. Committed to
-St. Anne's Hospital as a lunatic;
-his letter to Scipio Gonzaga
-during his confinement, 152. His
-representation of the treatment
-which he experienced during his
-confinement, 153. His sonnets
-to the cats of the hospital, imploring
-them to lend him the
-light of their eyes to write by,
-154. Pursues his studies with
-unabated ardour and intensity,
-155. His wild imaginations, 156.
-Liberated at the special intercession
-of the prince of Mantua,
-157. His controversy with the
-Della Cruscan Academy during
-his imprisonment, 158. Remarkable
-circumstances of his last
-days, 159. Visits Rome, 160.
-His death, in the fifty-first year
-of his age, 161. His personal and
-poetical character, 161.
-
-Tassoni, Alessandro, his birth, parentage,
-and early education;
-studies jurisprudence at Ferrara,
-II. 169. Enters the service of
-cardinal Colonna; publishes his
-"Considerations on various Subjects,"
-171. Outline of the principal
-episode of. "Secchia Rapita,"
-172. His death, in the
-seventy-first year of his age, 173.
-
-Timoneda, III. 99.
-
-Tiraboschi, I. 179.
-
-Torella, Damigella, II. 76.
-
-Tormes, Lazarillo de, III. 101.
-
-Tornabuoni, Lucrezia, I. 167.
-
-Torres, Balthazar de, III. 133.
-
-Torricelli, II. 58.
-
-Turpin, archbishop, I. 169.
-
-U.
-
-Ubaldi, Guido, II. 4.
-
-Ugo IV., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem,
-I. 144.
-
-Urban V., pope, I. 145.
-
-Urbino, Gentile d', bishop of Arezzo,
-I. 152.
-
-Urbino, captain Diego de, III. 127.
-
-Urbino, donna Isabel de, her marriage
-with Lope de Vega, III. 199.
-Her death, 200.
-
-Usategui, Luis de, III. 227.
-
-V.
-
-Vega, Garcilaso de la, his birth and
-parentage, III. 37. His early predilection
-for poetry and music,
-38. Commences his career of
-arms in the war declared against
-France by Charles V., 39. Incurs
-the displeasure of the
-emperor, and is exiled to an
-island of the Danube, 39. His
-ode in commemoration of his imprisonment
-characteristic of his
-disposition, 40. Is recalled, and
-attends the emperor in his expedition
-against Tunis; is severely
-wounded, 41. Extract from one
-of his elegies to Boscan, 42. Appointed
-by the emperor to command
-eleven companies of infantry,
-in the expedition against
-France, 45. Killed in an engagement
-at Muy, near Fréjus, in
-the thirty-third year of his age,
-46. His person and character,
-47. Review of his poetry, 48.
-Mr. Wiffen's translation of his
-ode "To the Flower of Gnido,"
-53.
-
-Vega, Lope de, compared with
-Cervantes, III. 189. His birth
-and parentage, 190. Early indications
-of talent, 191. Anecdote
-characteristic of his vivacious
-disposition, 192. His intimacy
-with the grand inquisitor; enters
-the university of Alcala, 193.
-Enters the service of the duke
-of Alva, 194. Writes the "Arcadia"
-at the request of the
-duke of Alva, 195. Style and
-story of the poem, 196. His
-marriage, 198. Engaged in a
-duel, which obliges him to leave
-Madrid, 199. Returns to Madrid,
-becomes a soldier, and joins the
-In vincible Armada, 200. Southey's
-translation of his sonnets, 202.
-Outline of his work entitled
-"Dorotea," 204. His animated
-description of the setting forth of
-the Armada, 208. Writes the
-"Beauty of Angelica" on the
-deck of the San Juan, 210. Story
-of the poem, 211. His extravagance
-and prodigality, 212. His
-advice to his son, 212. His
-domestic afflictions, 214. Leaves
-the gaieties of secular life, and
-prepares for the priesthood, 215.
-Visits Toledo, and takes orders;
-says his first mass in a Carmelite
-church, 216. Becomes a familiar
-of the Inquisition, 216. His rising
-character as an author, 217.
-His amiable character, 217. Rises
-higher and higher in the estimation
-of the public, 219. Writes a
-poem on the death of Mary
-queen of Scots, entitled "Corona
-Tragica," which he dedicates to
-the pope, 220. Exaggeration with
-regard to the number of verses
-written by him, 221. Anecdote
-of, 221. His epistles and other
-poems a picture of the tranquillity
-of his life as he advanced in age,
-222. His amiable disposition and
-placid temper, 224. His last illness,
-225. His death, 226. His
-person and character, 227. Review
-of his writings, 228. Analysis
-of the "Star of Seville,"
-233.
-
-Vella, Antonio de la, III. 140.
-
-Velser, Mark, II. 25.
-
-Vettori, Francesco, I. 292.
-
-Veyga, Luis de, III. 324.
-
-Viardôt, his exertions to discover
-the yet hidden circumstances of
-Cervantes' life, III. 121.
-
-Vicente, Gil, styled the Portuguese
-Plautus, III. 292. Style of his
-writings, 293.
-
-Villalobos, physician of Charles V.,
-one of the earliest of the Spanish
-dramatists, III. 96.
-
-Villégas, Estévan Manuel de,
-named the Anacreon of Spain,
-III. 240. His birth and parentage,
-240. His death, 240. His translation
-of Anacreon, 241. Translation
-of his original Anacreontics,
-242.
-
-Villena, the Marquis of, so celebrated
-for his acquirements in
-natural and metaphysical knowledge,
-that he was looked on as
-a magician, also admired as a
-poet, III. 13.
-
-Virgil, Marcellus, I. 257.
-
-Visconti, Giovanni, I. 101.
-
-Visconti, Galeazzo, I. 103.
-
-Vitelli, Vitellozzo, I. 266.
-
-Viviani, II. 68.
-
-Voss, Gerard, II. 7.
-
-W.
-
-Wachenfels, II. 19.
-
-Wiffen, Mr., his translation of
-Garcilaso de la Vega's poems,
-III. 49. His translation of Luis
-de Leon's ode on the Moorish
-invasion, 79.
-
-Z.
-
-Zach, baron, II. 22.
-
-Zeno, Apostolo, I. 168.; II. 192.
-
-Zenobio, I. 117.
-
-Zuniga, doña Elena de, her marriage
-with Garcilaso de la Vega,
-III. 39.
-
-
-
-
-THE END.
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-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2), by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Lives of the most eminent literary and scientific men of France, Vol. 2 (of 2)</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Dionysius Lardner</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: May 17, 2021 [eBook #65361]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Laura Natal Rodrigues at Free Literature (Images generously made available by The Internet Archive.)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
-<img src="images/eminent02_france_cover.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h4>THE</h4>
-
-<h2>CABINET OF BIOGRAPHY.</h2>
-
-
-
-<h5>CONDUCTED BY THE</h5>
-
-<h4>REV. DIONYSIUS LARDNER, LL.D. F.R.S. L. &amp; E.</h4>
-
-<h5>M.R.I.A. F.R.A.S. F.L.S. F.Z.S. Hon. F.C.P.S. &amp;c. &amp;c.</h5>
-
-
-
-<h5>ASSISTED BY</h5>
-
-<h3>EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.</h3>
-
-
-
-
-
-<h3>EMINENT<br />
-LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF FRANCE.</h3>
-
-
-
-<h4>VOL. II.</h4>
-
-
-
-<h5>LONDON:<br />
-
-PRINTED FOR<br />
-
-LONGMAN, ORME, BROWN, GREEN, &amp;amp; LONGMANS,<br />
-
-PATERNOSTER-ROW;<br />
-
-AND JOHN TAYLOR,<br />
-
-UPPER GOWER STREET.</h5>
-
-<h5>1839.</h5>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" style="width: 500px;">
-<img src="images/figure01.jpg" width="500" alt="" />
-</div>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<h4>CONTENTS</h4>
-<p><a href="#TABLE_I">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF FRANCE.</span></a><br />
-<a href="#TABLE_II">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF FRANCE.</span></a><br />
-<a href="#VOLTAIRE">VOLTAIRE</a><br />
-<a href="#ROUSSEAU">ROUSSEAU</a><br />
-<a href="#CONDORCET">CONDORCET</a><br />
-<a href="#MIRABEAU">MIRABEAU</a><br />
-<a href="#MADAME_ROLAND">MADAME ROLAND</a><br />
-<a href="#MADAME_DE_STAEL">MADAME DE STAËL</a><br />
-<a href="#INDEX_I">INDEX</a><br />
-<a href="#TABLE_III">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br />
-<a href="#TABLE_IV">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br />
-<a href="#TABLE_V">TABLE, ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL, TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">LIVES OF EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</span></a><br />
-<a href="#INDEX_II">INDEX</a></p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<p class="center">
-<i>The Analytical and Chronological Tables and Index to the Series of
-Lives of Eminent Literary and Scientific Men of Italy, Spain, and
-Portugal, are given at the end of this volume.</i>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h4><a id="TABLE_I">TABLE,<br />
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br />
-TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />
-LIVES OF<br />
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF FRANCE.</a></h4>
-
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MONTAIGNE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1533-1592</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Michel de Montaigne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1533.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pierre Eyquem, Seigneur de Montaigne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Education of Montaigne and his five Brothers </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Public School of Guienne </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 26. Friendship with Etienne de la Boétie</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1559.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of É. de la Boétie</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1563.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 33. Marriage of Montaigne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1566.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his father Pierre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Troubles of France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Guise </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Henry King of Navarre, afterwards Henri Quatre </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes of the Civil War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 47. Montaigne's Journey through Switzerland to Munich,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venice, and Rome</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 48. Citizenship of Rome granted to Montaigne by a Bull<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Pope</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Rome </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Devotion of Montaigne, and Offering at the Shrine of Loretto</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Montaigne elected Mayor by the Citizens of Bordeaux. His<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return home to fill that Office</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 52. Friendship of Montaigne for Mlle. Marie de Gournay<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">le Jars</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 60. Decease of this celebrated Author<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">His Character</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1592.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Montaigne's Essays edited by Mlle. de Gournay, with a Preface<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by that Lady</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">{Pg v}</a></span>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">RABELAIS.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1483-1553.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Bacon's Opinion of Rabelais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Style of his Romance in Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Presumed Date of Birth of Rabelais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1483.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education in a Monastery</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais assumes the Franciscan Habit, and preaches<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Envy of Monks</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Condemnation to Bread and Water</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On his Release he turns to the Rule of Benedict</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais quits the Monks, and studies Medicine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Edition of Hippocrates</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Cardinal du Bellay</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His scarlet Gown</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Established as Physician at Lyons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais' Journey to Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Correspondence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interview with Pope Paul III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Lyons and Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rabelais, Abbot of St. Maur-des-Fosses, and Curé de Meudon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His celebrated Work, or Romance</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Controversy resulting therefrom </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rome, attack on, by Rabelais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Francis I. protects him from the Sorbonne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Opinions of French Authors on Francis Rabelais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Imitators enumerated</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His various Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Acquirements in Languages and Science</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Exemplary Conduct as a Minister of Religion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 70. His Decease</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Epitaphs for Rabelais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1553.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CORNEILLE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1606-1684.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">State of French Poetry and Literature </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Corneille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Consequences of the Civil War in France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590-1600.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rise of the French Drama</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. Corneille writes "Mélite," a Comedy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1629.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 28. His early Tragedies, &amp;c.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu employs Corneille, Rotrou, Colletet,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bois-Robert, and L'Étoile on his own Dramatic Works</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Theatre of the Cardinal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Corneille retires to Rouen</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Amatory Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 29. His "Medea" acted</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Corneille's Genius excited by the Study of Guillen do Castro</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">{Pg vi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Unity, dramatic, considered as a Fetter on modern Talent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composed the "Cid"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Unparalleled Success of this Drama</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of the "Cid" by the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Writes "Horace," a Tragedy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Corneille's Tragedy of "Rodogune"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Success of his "Œdipus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is elected of the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Manners and Conversation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Thomas Corneille's Tragedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 62. Pierre Corneille and his Family established in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1662.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rivality of Corneille and Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV.'s Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 79. Death of Pierre Corneille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1684.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Veneration for his Memory</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Eloge by Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of his Sons and Daughter </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ROCHEFOUCAULD.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1613-1680.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke de la Rochefoucauld's Maxims</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">High Station of his House, and its ancient Power</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of Henry IV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of Louis XIII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu represses the Ambition of the French<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nobles</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anne of Austria, Regent of France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1643.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Five Years of Peace and Tranquillity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 29. The Prince de Marsillac (afterwards Duc de la<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rochefoucauld) returns to Paris</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Battle of Rocroi gained by Condé over the Spaniards</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1644.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Civil War in France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Fronde</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Barricades of Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">De Retz, Cardinal, Coadjutor of the Archbishopric of Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Princes de Condé, de Conti, and their Sister the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duchess de Longueville</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Condé and his Brother imprisoned at Vincennes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1650.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Liberated by the Frondeurs</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Actions with Turenne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is defeated by Turenne near Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Raises the Standard of Rebellion in Holland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Peace concluded between the Court and the Fronde</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. assumes the Government of his Kingdom</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">War of the Fronde terminated, and the Party dissolved</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Duke de la Rochefoucauld retires with his Family to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Danvilliers to recover from his Wounds</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">{Pg vii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Recalled by Mazarin to Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Literati in Paris in the Reign of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 67. Death of the Duke de la Rochefoucauld</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1680.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his "Maxims"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Memoirs of the Regency of Anne of Austria, Widow of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis XIII.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MOLIÈRE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1622-1673.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Distinguished Writers of the Age of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Family of Poquelin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean Baptiste Poquelin, who assumed the Name of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Molière</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1622.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies at College</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Fellow-Students under Gassendi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. Attends on Louis XIII. as Royal Valet-de-Chambre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Execution of Cinq-Mars</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Richelieu's Plays, and Encouragement of Actors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. Molière studies the Law</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1643.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's taking the Stage for his Profession offensive to his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Relatives</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Theatrical Company</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Fronde and Civil War injurious to the Theatre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Company perform at Bordeaux, where he produces an<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unsuccessful Tragedy</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Comedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His excellent Farcical Interludes performed at the Prince de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conti's Mansion of Pezenas</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière and his Comedians established in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They perform at Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Les Précieuses Ridicules," a Satire on the Hôtel Rambouillet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Poet Voiture</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Molière's Satire of the Affectation then in Fashion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1659.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fête given by the Finance Minister Fouquet to Louis XIV. </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Le grand Condé patronises Molière</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière decried for being an Actor, is protected in his duties as<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Royal Valet-de-Chambre by Louis XIV.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "l'Ecole des Femmes"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Court Ballets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Tartuffe"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Soldiers of the King's Body Guard, deprived of their free<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Admission to the Theatre, create a Riot</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. "Le Misanthrope"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1666.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from the "Amphitryon"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière writes "l'Avare"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from the Comedy of "George Dandin" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Unprecedented Success of "Tartuffe" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">{Pg viii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Friendship of Molière with Boileau, Racine, and the Wits of his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Supper Party described</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière's Comedy of "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Scene from "Les Femmes Savantes"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Molière writes "Le Malade Imaginaire"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1673.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Is carried from the Stage in a dying State</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Funeral Rites denied him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Molière</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Charity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Troop of Comedians dispersed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LA FONTAINE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1621-1695.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean de la Fontaine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1621.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father a Keeper of the Royal Domains in his District</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine enters the Oratoire, a religious Order</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He throws off the fetters of a monastic Life, and marries Marie<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">d'Héricart</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Keepership of the Royal Domain is devolved on him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine reads an Ode by Malherbe, and commences Poet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Classics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style simple, unaffected, and something antiquated</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Study of the great Italian Writers, of Rabelais, and of Clement<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marot</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Writes "Adonis" in Heroic Verse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is jealous of M. Poignan, a military Man, and fights him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife's Temper</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His own Forgetfulness, and Anecdotes explanatory of its<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intensity</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duchess de Bouillon notices him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Appointment in the Duke of Bouillon's House</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duchess takes him to Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Mancinis, Duchesses of Mazarin, and of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bouillon</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine's Parisian friends, Molière, Racine, and Boileau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Distractions, or Absences of Mind</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Forgets home and his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Journeys to Château Thierry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Receives a Pension from Fouquet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Elegance of his fugitive Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fouquet disgraced</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine endeavours to soften Louis XIV. towards this<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">unfortunate Minister</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Contes et Merveilles, en Vers," of La Fontaine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Psyche and Cupid"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">{Pg ix}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Fables</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Joconde," his most popular Tale</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He lives under the Roof of Madame de la Sablière</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine writes "Daphne," an Opera, for Lulli, and takes<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">just Offence at that Musician</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected of the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">After some hesitation, Louis XIV. confirms his Election</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé Furetière, and Academic Disputes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes illustrative of La Fontaine's Mind and Simplicity ,of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of Madame de la Sablière and her Concerns</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine invited to England, declines the Journey</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He resides with Madame d'Hervart, wife of a Financier</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sickness of this celebrated Poet and Fabulist</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is taxed as to his Indifference in Religion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy exact a Reparation, or Testimony of his Penitence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Submissiveness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Recovers from Illness, and publishes a few more Tales</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1695.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on his Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty of his "Adonis"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Nature of his Tale of "Psyche and Cupid"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Fontaine's Dramatic Pieces</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Fables and Tales</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Comparison with Gay</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation and Habits</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">PASCAL.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1623-1662.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bayle's Praise of the Genius of Pascal's Works </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Blaise Pascal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 9. His Father superintends his Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1631.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Philosophy of Descartes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 12. Pascal's Study of Physics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Being restricted to the Study of Greek and Latin, he occupies his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">leisure Moments with the Study of Geometry</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father surprising him in his eager Pursuit of Mathematics,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is overjoyed, and consults a Friend</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Blaise Pascal comprehends Euclid without a Master's<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Instructions</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. His "Essay on Conic Sections"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father Etienne, being compromised in some Political Affairs,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">flies from Paris to Auvergne</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal's Performance at fourteen Years of Age in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre of Cardinal de Richelieu; recites Verses declaratory of</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her Father's Innocence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">{Pg x}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. Richelieu pardons M. Pascal, and Blaise is presented to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him as a young Mathematician</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal studies Logic and Physics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. He invents an Arithmetical Computing Machine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo's Investigations of the Atmosphere</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torricelli pursues this Inquiry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Father Mersenne explains this matter to Blaise Pascal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. Account of Pascal's Discovery of the Atmospheric<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pressure, and his Experiments made on the Puy de Dôme</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1647.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Descartes claims a Priority in this Invention</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 30. Pascal's Treatises "On the Weight of the Atmosphere,"<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and "On the Equilibrium of Liquids"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1653.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He quits the Study of Mathematics to devote himself to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sister Jaqueline imitates his Devotion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He falls into a State of general Debility</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Etienne Pascal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1651.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline takes the Veil in the Abbey of Port Royal aux<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Champs</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Pascal meets with an alarming Accident, which injures<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his already feeble Health</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1654.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is delirious, and makes a Record of some supposed Vision </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces the World, and lives solitarily, using monastic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rules of Self-denial</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Abbey of Port Royal, and of the Arnauld<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Family</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal frequents the Society of Abbé Arnauld and his Friends</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Controversy between the Jansenists and Molinists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Jesuit Molina</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Five Propositions" of Jansenius condemned by the Pope at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Desire of the Jesuits</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Antoine Arnauld's Defence of Jansenism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Pascal's "Lettres Provinciales"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1656.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal, a Nun of Port Royal, cured by Miracle of a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fistula of the Eye</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal writes his "Pensées"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He subjects himself to Privations and Mortifications, for<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Religion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. Entails chronical sufferings thereby on his frame</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1658.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal solved many difficult Problems in Mathematics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. He challenged scientific Men to solve the same; and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">when Huygens, Wallis, and Wren were foiled, he published</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Solutions</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1658.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">New Persecution of the Jansenists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. His "Lettres Provinciales" condemned to be burnt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1661.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Nuns of Port Royal expelled from their Convent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jaqueline Pascal, the Sub-Prioress of Port Royal, dies in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">consequence of it</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">{Pg xi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pascal declares the "Five Propositions" to be in accordance<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with St. Paul</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His dying Sentiments</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1662.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His admirable Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Eloquence of his Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Address to Atheists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME DE SÉVIGNÉ.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1626-1696.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Marie de Rabutin-Chantal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of this noble Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Father, Baron de Chantal, slain at the Isle of Rhé</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1627.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the De Coulanges Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Breton Race described</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 18. Mademoiselle de Rabutin-Chantal marries Henry<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de Sévigné</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1644.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Retz and the Fronde</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Count de Bussy-Rabutin, Cousin of Madame de Sévigné</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ninon de l'Enclos</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Sévigné falls in a Duel with the Chevalier d'Albret</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Prince de Conti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Hôtel de Rambouillet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal de Retz imprisoned, and escapes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disgrace and Trial of Fouquet, Minister of Finance</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letters of Madame de Sévigné</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fêtes at Versailles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1664.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. takes a Part in the Tournament and Jousts</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Affection for Mademoiselle de la Vallière</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Benserade, the Court Poet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle de Sévigné appears in the Ballets at Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Marriage with the Count de Grignan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Correspondence of the Marchioness de Sévigné addressed to her<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Daughter, Madame de Grignan</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Count and Countess de Grignan repair to Provence, of which he<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">is Lieutenant-Governor</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ninon de l'Enclos again the Cause of Affliction</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de la Fayette</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monsieur and Madame de Coulanges, Cousins of Madame de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dialogue, Supposititious, of M. de Coulanges and M. de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bussy-Rabutin</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrity for Talent of Madame de Coulanges</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Poetry of that Lady's Husband</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Corbinelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">D'Argenson and Corbinelli, amusing Anecdote of</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Turenne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1675.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">{Pg xii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Sévigné attacked with Rheumatism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1676.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat 51. Visited by her Daughter, who falls ill also </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Residence in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Chevalier de Grignan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. Madame de Sévigné visits her Estate of Aux Rochers,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Britany</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1680.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of the Marquis de Sévigné, Son of Madame de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sévigné</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Further Letters to Madame de Grignan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">James II. established at St. Germain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Duke and Duchess de Chaulnes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 64. Marchioness of Sévigné resides with Madame de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grignan in Provence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1690.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Family of de Grignan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pauline de Grignan married to the Marquis de Simiane</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1695.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 70. Death of Madame de Sévigné</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1696.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Count de Bussy-Rabutin's Character of his celebrated<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cousin</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de la Fayette's Portrait of her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">255</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's opinion of her Taste</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">253</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Sévigné was a Jansenist</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Dragonnades against the Protestants of France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">No Posterity existent of the Family of de Sévigné</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOILEAU.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1636-1711.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrated Era of Louis Quatorze</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Nicholas Boileau, known also by the Name of M.<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Despréaux</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1636.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He displays a turn for Poetry at the College of Beauvais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Ode</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. Boileau studies the Law</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1656.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He addicts himself to Letters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rise of Literature in France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Dramatic Poets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jean Chapelain’s Poem of “La Pucelle”</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Colbert, Prime Minister</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Satire of Boileau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">French Poets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Prince de Condé’s Society of Literary Men at Chantilly</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau’s Learned Friends</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 30. He publishes his Satires</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1666.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Eighth Satire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1667.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"L'Art Poétique"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Le Lutrin"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Parallel of Boileau and Pope by Mr. Leigh Hunt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 41. Is pensioned by Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">{Pg xiii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Friendship of Boileau for Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They are appointed Historiographers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They attend Louis XIV. to the Siege of Ghent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1678.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Campaign of these Poets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau, leaves the military duties to Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Abbé Arnauld and the Jansenists </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau joins the Jansenists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected of the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Visits the Baths of Bourbon for Health</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1687.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 56. His attack on Charles Perrault</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1692.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau's Satire on Women</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's explanations of his and Boileau's Pensions</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau's great Regard for Jean Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His House at Auteuil</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 62. Is named sole Historiographer on the Death of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Racine</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1698.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Latter Years of the Satirist passed in Tranquillity and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Happiness</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis Racine, Son of the Dramatic Poet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau sells his House at Auteuil</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Piety and strict Observances</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Prepares a complete Edition of his Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Dialogue on the Romances"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 75. His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1711.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character for Wit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lutrin" his best Poem </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">RACINE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1639-1699.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1639.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education at Beauvais</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 16. Received as a Pupil at Port Royal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1655.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rivalry of the Jesuits and Jansenists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Enthusiasm for the Tragedies of Sophocles and Euripides </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1660.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine on this Occasion writes the Ode "Nymphes de la<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Seine"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Chapelain recommends him to the Minister Colbert</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine resides with his Uncle le Père Sconin at Uzès, in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Provence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem, "The Bath of Venus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returned to Paris, and employed by Molière in Dramatic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Composition</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 25. His "Alexandre"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1664.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He teaches the celebrated Champmélé to recite</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He replies to M. Nicole</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedies of "Andromach" and "Britannicus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">{Pg xiv}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "Bérénice" in rivalry of Corneille on the same<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Subject</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Henrietta of England, Duchess of Orléans</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Partisans of Corneille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's Comedy of "Les Plaideurs"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is admitted of the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1673.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Montauzier</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine's "Iphigénie," "Bajazet," and "Mithridate"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Phèdre," and Madame des Houlières' Sonnet on that Tragedy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine and Boileau, supposed to have written a Reply to Madame<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Houlières, are threatened by the Duke of Nevers</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine resolves on renouncing the Tragic Muse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. He meditates becoming Chartreux, but is counselled<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by his Confessor to marry</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1677.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Madame Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Sons, intended for monastic Life, are thrown into more<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">active Pursuits</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Daughters take the Veil</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Racine reconciles himself with M. Nicole and the Abbé Arnauld<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Port Royal</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is named Historiographer conjointly with Boileau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Devotion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Fondnesss for Home, and Paternal Benevolence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He attends Louis XIV. in his Campaigns</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 45. His Eloge of Corneille before the French Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1684.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Idyl on Peace"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Attendance at Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His excellent Recitation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Esther"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Athalie," his best Tragedy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon and Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1699.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Tragedies of Jean Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FÉNÉLON.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1651-1715.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of François de Salignac de la Mothe Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1651.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His charitable and devout heart </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father the Count de Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Mother of an illustrious Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Acquaintance with Greek and Latin Literature, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Powers of Composition</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 18. The Abbé de Fénélon takes his Degree in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of Cahors</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Visits his Uncle, the Marquis de Fénélon, at Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 19. His Success in Preaching</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1670.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. His Zeal in Ministerial Duties</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1675.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Wishes to go as Missionary to Canada</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">{Pg xv}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His religious fervour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. commissions him to preach to the Huguenots in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poitou</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fame of Bossuet, then Bishop of Condom</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Le Père Bourdaloue surpasses in eloquent Discourses his Master<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bossuet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet, Governor of the Dauphin, writes his "Discours sur<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">l'Histoire Universelle"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon "on Female Education"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Duke de Beauvilliers appoints Fénélon a Preceptor to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Grandsons of Louis XIV.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1689.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Celebrated Men employed as Preceptors to the Princes </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon appointed Archbishop of Cambrai</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Controversial Spirit of the Age</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Affair of Madame Guyon's Visions and Mysticism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet and other Divines commissioned to inquire into her<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctrines</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bossuet, now Bishop of Meaux, writes the "Instruction sur les<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">États de l'Oraison," and desires Fénélon's Approval thereof</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Archbishop of Cambrai refuses, and writes his "Explication<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">des Maximes des Saints sur la Vie Intérieure"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Controversy of the Two celebrated Divines has an unfortunate<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Result in the Division of the Gallican Church on the</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Doctrines in question</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. prejudiced against Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Maintenon's Coldness to him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 46. Fénélon exiled to his See</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1697.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Dispute between MM. de Meaux and Cambrai referred to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rome</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Innocent XII. appoints a Commission, and calls upon those Prelates<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a formal Statement of their Opinions</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. erases the Name of Fénélon from the List of Preceptors<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to the Princes</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Calmness and Charitable Sentiments of Fénélon under the indignities<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">offered him</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 48. The Pope's Brief condemning the "Maximes des<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Saints" of Fénélon</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1699.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_352" class="ext">352</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Exemplary Obedience of Fénélon, and his Pastoral Letter on the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Occasion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_353" class="ext">353</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Brief against him is registered, and Bossuet draws up a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Report</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Bossuet, without any Reconciliation with Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1714.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Télémaque"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Admirable Deportment of Fénélon in the See of Cambrai</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sermons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Seminary for the Instruction of the younger Clergy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a>, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Doctrine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fénélon an Opponent of Jansenism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He explains the Mistakes of Pascal in the "Provincial Letters"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Campaigns in Flanders</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">{Pg xvi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Burgundy obtains Louis's permission to visit the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Archbishop of Cambrai</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Famine the Result of War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 58. Fénélon's active Charity to the Soldiery and the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">People</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1709.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Death of the Dauphin overwhelms Fénélon with grief as a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">national Misfortune</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1711.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Fénélon's chief Friends</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XIV. relents as to this admirable Prelate</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1713.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1715.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Demise of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Person, Manners, and Talent of de la Mothe Fénélon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character given by Sir&mdash;&mdash;Ramsay and other Writers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Eloge of Fénélon by d'Alembert</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on "Télémaque"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvii" id="Page_xvii">{Pg xvii}</a></span>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="TABLE_II">TABLE,<br />
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br />
-TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br />
-LIVES OF<br />
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF FRANCE.</a></h4>
-
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VOLTAIRE.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1694-1778.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Infidelity of Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_2">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of François-Marie Arouet at Chatenay</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1694.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father, M. Arouet, a Notary</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_4">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 10. Is taught by the Jesuits in the College of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Louis-le-Grand</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1704.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Prejudice against the Jansenists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé de Chateauneuf</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Precocious Genius of Arouet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_5">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His introduction to Parisian Society</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Court of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The King ruled by Molinist Confessors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Influence of Madame de Maintenon in religious Matters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_6">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. Young Arouet sent to Holland with the Marquis de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chateauneuf</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1714.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_7">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Affection for Mademoiselle du Noyer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_8">8</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is placed as pupil with M. Alain, Attorney in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_9">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Caumartin invites him to his Château of St. Ange</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">State of public Affairs on the Demise of Louis XIV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1715.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Regent d'Orléans, and Cardinal Dubois</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_10">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 22. Arouet imprisoned in the Bastille for a Satire of which<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he was not the Author</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1716.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_11">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On Epic Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_12">12</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Henriade of Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Orléans liberates and compensates him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xix" id="Page_xix">{Pg xix}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 24. "Œdipe," Tragedy by Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1718.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Critique on the Tragedies of Sophocles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_15">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His mode of Life and Habits</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Mariamne" successful</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dispute between the Poets Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1722.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Insult offered Voltaire by the Chevalier de Rohan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_17">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He challenges de Rohan, and is sent to the Bastille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 34. He visits England and reads Locke and Newton</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1728.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_18">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His return to Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy become suspicious of him, and aim at his Ruin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_19">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Increase of his Fortune</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_20">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reasons of his purchasing the Estate of Voltaire, and assuming<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">that name</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes attached to the Marchioness du Châtelet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Brutus" and "Eriphyle" unsuccessful</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Great success of "Zaire"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1732.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_22">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Histoire de Charles XII."</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Siècle de Louis XIV." projected by Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, an Actress, denied the Rites of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sepulture</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's "Lettres sur les Anglais" publicly burnt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He retires to the Château de Cirey with the Marquis and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marchioness du Châtelet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_24">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their philosophical Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "Alzire," "Mérope," "Mahomet," &amp;c.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Essay on the Manners and Spirit of Nations"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Graffigny's Visit to Madame du Châtelet at Cirey;<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">her Letters</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Voltaire writes "La Pucelle," the Maid of Orléans</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1738.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is attacked by the Abbé des Fontaines and Jean Baptiste<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rousseau</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alarm as to the Printing of "La Pucelle"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Correspondence with Frederic II.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letters of Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1740.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_37">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interview of the King of Prussia and M. de Voltaire at the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castle of Meuse, near Clèves</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Maupertuis President of the Berlin Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_39">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic's former Work against the Principles of Machiavel, the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Anti-Machiavel"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_41">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">War against Maria Theresa, on the Death of Charles VI. her<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Father</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1742.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Administration of Cardinal de Fleuri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_42">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire in constant Danger of the Bastille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Crébillon refuses to license "Mahomet"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_43">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">It is acted at Lille in Flanders by La Noue and Mademoiselle<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clairon</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Richelieu, a Favourite of Louis XV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1743.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 49. Voltaire endeavours to obtain a Seat in the French<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Academy, but is rejected</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xx" id="Page_xx">{Pg xx}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Great Success of his Tragedy of "Mérope"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_45">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent on a Mission to Berlin, and a Treaty between Prussia<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and France is the result</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic invades Bohemia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire is left unrewarded</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He resides in Paris with the Marquis and Marchioness du<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Châtelet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to the Duchess du Maine at Sceaux, when he writes<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Zadig," and other Tales</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He performs the Part of "Cicero" in his Play of "Rome<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sauvée"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Longchamp's Account of Voltaire's Journeys, and his Visit<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to King Stanislas at Luneville</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. Tragedy of "Semiramis"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1748.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_49">49</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire dangerously ill of Fever at Chalons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Madame du Châtelet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Rapidity in Writing, and literary Enthusiasm</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Catiline" and "Elèctre"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Marchioness du Châtelet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire become sole Tenant of their Hôtel in Paris, appoints<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Niece, Madame Denis, to preside over it</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Private Theatre in his House</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_53">53</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He patronises Le Kain, the Tragedian</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_54">54</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Admiration of Corneille and Racine</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Pompadour for a Time patronises M. de Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XV. appoints him a Gentleman of the Bed-chamber, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Historiographer of France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire becomes a French Academician</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_56">56</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Crébillon a successful Rival of Voltaire in dramatic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Composition, and Court-favour</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire, jealous on that Account, repairs to the Court of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Frederic at Potsdam</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_57">57</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is pensioned by him, and appointed Chamberlain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Frederic's Admiration and Kindness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's Admiration of the Prussian Monarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_59">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Denis left in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 57. His "Siècle de Louis Quatorze"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Umbrage and Jealousies of the King and Poet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Offence given by M. de Voltaire to Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1751.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Maupertuis and the Berlin Academy; Contest respecting the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mechanical Principle of the "least Power"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">La Beaumette and Maupertuis attack M. de Voltaire </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire's Satire of "Akakia" against Maupertuis</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_66">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reconciliation with Frederic the Great</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their mutual Dissatisfaction renewed, and Voltaire takes leave<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Prussian Court</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He repairs to Leipsic and Saxe Gotha</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is arrested at Francfort by Agents of Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_69">69</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire slighted at Lyons by Cardinal du Tencin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxi" id="Page_xxi">{Pg xxi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 61. He purchases the Estate of "Les Délices" at Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1755.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Renews a literary Correspondence with Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1756.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Despair of that Monarch on a Defeat</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_73">73</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fresh Victories of Frederic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Voltaire's "Manners and Spirit of Nations"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_74">74</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Publication of "La Pucelle" occasions a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">against the Poet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_75">75</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence in the Genevese Territory becomes perilous</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 68. He purchases the Château de Ferney on the Frontier<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of France and Geneva, as a Residence affording him</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Security</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1762.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Encyclopédie"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_77">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A great niece of Corneille received by Voltaire and Madame<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Denis at Ferney</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of the Family of Calas at Ferney</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_79">79</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 71. Voltaire obtains the Reversal of the Condemnation<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Jean Calas, and the Restoration of his Family to civil Rights</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_81">81</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Exertions in Favour of the Sirven Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_83">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Execution of the Chevalier de la Barre at Abbeville, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Indignation of Voltaire at the Spirit of religious Persecution</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_84">84</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Jesuits banished from France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Persecution of Jansenists and Quietists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bitter Quarrel and Satire between M. de Voltaire and Jean-Jacques<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rousseau</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Security and happy Life of Voltaire at Ferney</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 72. He is deserted at Ferney by his Niece and former<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inmates</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters to the Marquise du Deffand</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Madame Denis to Voltaire at Ferney</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marmontel's Visit to him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess de Genlis' Visit to Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_94">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Voltaire neglects the Count de Guibert and other Visitors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Improvements in his Village of Ferney</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_98">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Humanity to Exiles, and charitable Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He founds the Town of Versoi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Patronises the Town of Gex, and procures the Enfranchisement<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Serfs of the Jura Mountains</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disgraceful Close of the Reign of Louis XV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 81. After the Accession of Louis XVI. Voltaire,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanied by his Niece and M. and Madame de Villette, arrives</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Paris</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Irene"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Condorcet's and Baron de Grimm's Description of his honourable<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reception by the Parisians, with whom he had always</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">been a Favourite</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Clergy endeavour to obtain from M. de Voltaire, in Sickness,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a Declaration of his Faith</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On a temporary Recovery he attends the Academy and the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre, and is received enthusiastically</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxii" id="Page_xxii">{Pg xxii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is prevented from returning to Ferney by Madame Denis</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of M. de Voltaire</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Delineation of his Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Infidelity, and Grossness, alluded to</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_108">108</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of his Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ROUSSEAU.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1712-1778.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Jean-Jacques Rousseau at Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1712.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies when a Boy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Placed under M. Lambercier, Minister of Bossey</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lives with a M. Bernard, Engineer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is pupil to a Greffier</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His love of Reading</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He runs away from Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Visits M. de Pontverre at Confignon in Savoy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess de Warens, a Convert to the Romish Religion, is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pensioned by the King of Sardinia, and resides at Annecy</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau is recommended to the Hospital of Turin for the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conversion of Protestants</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_117">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Abjuration of the Calvinistic Creed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is Footman to the Countess Vercelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_119">119</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Also a domestic in a noble Family at Turin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Whom he quits on a roving Expedition to revisit Madame de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warens</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_120">120</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 17. Kind reception of Jean-Jacques by that Lady</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1729.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Genius in Music</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_121">121</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Neufchâtel and Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. Madame de Warens recommends him to Employment in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a Bureau at Chambery</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_122">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. He is established at Chambery as Music-master</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1735.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_124">124</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Warens removes to Les Charmettes, where Rousseau<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">prosecutes his Studies with Ardour</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_125">125</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Confessions of Jean-Jacques with regard to this Period of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Career</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ill-health of Rousseau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_126">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Method of Notation for Music</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_127">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's Spirit of Independence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 29. His Employments at Paris, where he is encouraged</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1741.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 31. Appointed Secretary to M. de Montague, Ambassador<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Venice</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1743.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_128">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friends interest themselves for him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_129">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Mistress Thérèse le Vasseur</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_130">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau consigns their Children to the "Enfants trouvés"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reflections on the Condition of Foundlings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_131">131</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiii" id="Page_xxiii">{Pg xxiii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau eventually a Victim to his lax Principles from the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Destitution of all social Ties</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_132">132</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Visits M. Diderot, who was confined at Vincennes<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a Pamphlet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1749.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_133">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's celebrated Essay on the proposed Question, "Whether<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Progress of the Arts and Sciences had tended to corrupt or</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">ameliorate the condition of Men"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_134">134</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces the Appointment of Cashier to a Farmer-general<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Taxes</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Copies Music for a Subsistence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_135">135</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Great Success of his "Devin du Village," an Opera</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1750.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_136">136</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Essay on "The Origin of Inequality among Men"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 42. He revisits Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1754.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Poverty of Madame de Warens</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau abjures the Romish Faith, and again embraces the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reformed Religion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_137">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is invited to reside in Geneva, his native City</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame d'Epinay</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She establishes him at the Hermitage near Montmorenci,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">belonging to M. d'Epinay</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_138">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's "Les Institutions Politiques," and other literary<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">employments</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_139">139</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Writes "La Nouvelle Héloïse"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_140">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's love for the Countess d'Houdetot</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Saint Lambert</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_141">141</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cause of the Coolness between J. J. Rousseau and MM.<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Diderot and Grimm</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_144">144</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Treachery of M. Grimm</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_145">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">State of French Society under Louis XV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_147">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 46. Rousseau removes from the Hermitage to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montmorenci</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1758.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with Diderot</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_148">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes against the Establishment of a Theatre at Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sentiments expressed in his "Confessions"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marshal the Duke of Luxembourg and the Duchess of Luxembourg<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">friendly to Rousseau</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_149">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of "La Nouvelle Héloïse"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1760.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Emile," or Rousseau on Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Some admirable Maxims of that celebrated Treatise</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_150">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Malesherbes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_151">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Confession of a Savoyard Vicar"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_152">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 50. It is condemned, and Rousseau warned by the Duchess<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Luxembourg to make his escape</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1762.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_153">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He arrives at Iverdun, but is exiled by the Council of Berne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is received at Neufchâtel by the Governor, Marshal Lord<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keith</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_154">154</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Study of Botany, and herborising Rambles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_155">155</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Controversy with Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_156">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disturbances at Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxiv" id="Page_xxiv">{Pg xxiv}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau's "Lettres écrites de la Montagne"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rousseau quits Motiers through Fear of Assassination</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_157">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Resides in the Island of St. Pierre, Lake of Bienne, but is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expelled by the Council of Berne</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_158">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Dislike of Dependence prevents him from repairing to the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Court of Frederic; Fictitious Letter in that King's Name by</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horace Walpole</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Hospitably entertained by the Prince de Conti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_159">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 54. He accompanies David Hume to England</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_160">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Resides at Wotton in Derbyshire, writes there his "Confessions,"<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">receives a Pension from George III.; but his morbid Melancholy</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes him to take some groundless Alarm and to fly to</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_161">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 55. Is protected by the Prince de Conti at the Château of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trie</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1767.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_162">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 58. He is most kindly welcomed at Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1770.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_163">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Readings of the "Confessions" in Society interrupted by the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minister of Police</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_164">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lives by copying Music</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_165">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Prince de Ligne visits him, and offers him a Home</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Countess de Genlis gives Testimony of his Benevolence of Heart<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Modesty</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Abbé Bernardin de Saint Pierre gives a very favourable<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Description of Rousseau</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_167">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Respect shown for Rousseau at the Theatre by the Parisians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_168">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His morbid Sensibility verging on Madness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 66. His Death at Ermenonville, and Rumour with relation<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to it</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_169">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Inscription on his Tomb</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_170">170</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of his "Confessions"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Jealousy of literary Competitors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_171">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reveries; his Charity; Suspicion his characteristic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_172">172</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Emile" one of his most important Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_173">173</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism of his "Nouvelle Héloïse"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Eloquence, Tenderness, and Nature, in his Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_174">174</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CONDORCET.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1744-1794.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1744.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 21. His Essay on the Integral Calculus </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His scientific Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is appointed joint Secretary of the Academy of Sciences</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_175">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship with D'Alembert</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Visits M. de Voltaire at Ferney</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_176">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Edits the "Pensées" of M. Pascal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_177">177</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Friend of the Minister Turgot</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reply to M. Necker on the Corn Question</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes the "Reflections on Negro Slavery"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_178">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Refutation of De Lolme on the English Constitution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxv" id="Page_xxv">{Pg xxv}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mental Qualities of Condorcet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_179">179</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Influence at the Commencement of the French Revolution </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Writes a Declaration of the Rights of Man, on the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Convocation of the States-General</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_180">180</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Flight of Louis XVI. to Varennes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_181">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Condorcet, a Deputy of the City of Paris in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Assembly</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Speech relating to the Emigration</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_182">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Declaration" adopted by that Body</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_183">183</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character for Integrity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A vigorous Opponent to monarchical Government</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_184">184</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Theories, and Idea of public Virtue</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_185">185</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Girondists treat with the Court and lose Influence thereby</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_186">186</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis de Condorcet popular</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_187">187</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Did not vote for the Death of Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_188">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro"> Ætat. 49. Denounced as Brissot's Accomplice, is obliged to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">conceal himself</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_190">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is obliged to fly, but is seized at Chamont, and perishes of Hunger<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and Cold in a Prison</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_192">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character pourtrayed by Madame Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle de Condorcet married to Arthur O'Connor</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_194">194</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MIRABEAU.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1749-1791.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Family of the Marquis de Mirabeau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Originally Italian, and named Arrighetti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_195">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Valour of the Marquis Jean Antoine de Mirabeau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His high Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_196">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Victor, Marquis de Mirabeau, a tyrannical Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His literary Reputation founded on his "L'Ami des Hommes"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is imprisoned for writing the "Théorie de Impôt"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_197">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marries Marie Geneviève, Marchioness de Saulvebeuf, and has<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eleven Children</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_193">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Instals Madame de Pailly over his Household</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">This occasions a Separation from his Marchioness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_198">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Prejudice against GABRIEL HONORÉ DE MIRABEAU, his fifth<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Child, the Subject of this Article</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_199">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accuses him of an innate Depravity of Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_201">201</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Father makes him undergo a severe Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_202">202</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gabriel serves in the Regiment of the Marquis de Lambert, a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">strict Disciplinarian</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_203">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Marquis Victor de Mirabeau obtains a Lettre-de-cachet and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisons Gabriel</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_204">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gabriel de Mirabeau declares his love of a military Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_205">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 23. He marries Marie Emilie de Covet, Daughter of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquis de Marignane</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Incurs Debts, and is confined by his Father by means of a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lettre-de-cachet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_207">207</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvi" id="Page_xxvi">{Pg xxvi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is jealous of the Chevalier de Gassaud</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with the Baron de Villeneuve-Moans</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is imprisoned by his Father in the Castle of If, near Marseilles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_209">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 26. Is transferred to the Fortress of Joux</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1775.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_210">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His amour with Madame de Monnier (Sophie de Ruffey)</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_212">212</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He escapes from Prison</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_213">213</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is indignant at his Father's Severity </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_214">214</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 27. He flies with Madame de Monnier to Holland, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">earns a Subsistence by his Pen</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1776.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_215">215</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Monnier prosecutes him and Madame de Monnier, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">they are condemned to ignominious Punishments in their</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Absence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_216">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 28. They are arrested at Amsterdam, and Gabriel de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mirabeau is imprisoned at Vincennes</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1777.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_217">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Complaints of the long Persecution of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_218">218</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Writings during Imprisonment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Essay on Lettres-de-Cachet and State Prisons"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Son</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_219">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Endeavours to persuade his Wife to live with him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_221">221</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 31. Is enlarged after Forty-one Months'<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imprisonment</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_221">221</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Subsequent History of Madame de Monnier</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_222">222</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father conducts himself with Kindness towards him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. Mirabeau's Sentence for the Seduction of Madame de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monnier reversed</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_223">223</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He fails in a Suit to compel Madame de Mirabeau to live with<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_224">224</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 35. Visits London, but is not successful in the Profession<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of an Author</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1784.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Renewed Cruelty of his Father, who reduces him to a State of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Destitution</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_225">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 36. Returned to France, writes on financial Subjects; and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for a Pamphlet on the system of "Agiotage" is compelled to</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fly to Liege</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1785.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 38. Financial Controversy with Necker</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Exertions in favour of Revolution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_226">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Occasional Display of his powerful Eloquence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Independence as a political Economist</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_228">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. His Reputation at its height</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_229">229</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 40. Convocation of the States-General</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_230">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau excluded by the Nobility of Provence from his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Privileges as a Noble</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_231">231</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Correspondence from Berlin" condemned to be burnt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes a popular Leader of the Provençeaux, and is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">enthusiastically received at Aix and Marseilles</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_232">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disturbances in Provence, on account of Scarcity, allayed by<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mirabeau</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_233">233</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is elected Deputy for Marseilles and for Aix in the "Tiers Etat;"<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he sits for the latter Town</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxvii" id="Page_xxvii">{Pg xxvii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes a Journal of the Proceedings of the Chambers </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_234">234</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His political Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The National Assembly</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_235">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He draws a Line between the royal and legislative Power, or<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">between the Throne and the People</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_236">236</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Energy and Eloquence in the Chamber </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_238">238</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Address to Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_239">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Marquis Victor de Mirabeau </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's genuine Sorrow on that Event, forgetful of his long<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Persecution by his Father</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis' Ministers draw Troops around the Capital</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_240">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Destruction of the Bastille</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_241">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's Speech against the Court Party, on the Scarcity of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grain</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He supports M. Necker's Proposal of a Subsidy of one-fourth of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Income of all Proprietors</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_242">242</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He maintains that the Royal Authority is essential to the Balance<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Power between the Aristocracy and People</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_243">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Orléans Party</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_237">237</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Popularity of Mirabeau with the Parisians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_247">247</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">In what degree Mirabeau is to be considered the real Defender<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Monarchy</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_248">248</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He negociates with the Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_249">249</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Enthusiasm nevertheless maintains his Influence over the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Assembly</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Speech on the Establishment of the Convention</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_250">250</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 42. His splendid Style of Living</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Supposed to be supplied by the Court with Resources, as the chief<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Supporter of Royalty</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_251">251</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Deference to the Assembly, and Conciseness of his energetic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Speeches</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Original of his Treaty with the Court, in the Hand-writing of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monsieur [Louis XVIII.]</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_252">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mirabeau's ill Health</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_253">253</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His last Struggle with the Jacobins, or "Mountain"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_254">254</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sickness of Mirabeau excites the Fears of both King and People</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_255">255</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His notion of the Character of the Rt. Hon. William Pitt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Mirabeau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_256">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sepulture in the Pantheon at Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Misfortunes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_257">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His wit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character of La Fayette</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_258">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Allusion to his military Talents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_259">259</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME ROLAND.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1754-1793.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mémoires of Madame Roland, and Considerations thereon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_260">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Manon Phlipon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1751.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxviii" id="Page_xxviii">{Pg xxviii}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Care of her Education by her Father, an Engraver of some merit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_261">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Domestic Economy of her parental Roof</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Phlipon's Piety</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_262">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mademoiselle Phlipon's Residence in a Convent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Admiration of Blaise Pascal and Port Royal, or the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jansenist' Party</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She rejects the Theories of M. Helvetius</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_263">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Enthusiasm in the Cause of Liberty</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_264">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Rejection of many Suitors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_265">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Madame Phlipon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_266">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Impression of the "Nouvelle Héloïse" on the ardent Mind of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manon Phlipon</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Habits of Economy and Seclusion from Society</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_267">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">History of M. Roland de la Platière</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 25. His Offer to marry Mademoiselle Phlipon, and Refusal<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by her Father</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1779.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_268">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 26. Their Union takes place</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_270">270</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland accompanies her Husband to Switzerland and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">England</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_271">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Letters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_271">271</a>, <a href="#Page_274">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 32. Her placid Temper, and domestic Happiness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1785.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_274">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The French Revolution. M. Roland's Mission from the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Municipality of Lyon to the National Assembly on financial Affairs</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_272">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. Madame Roland's Visit to, and Residence in, Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Writings of M. Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty and political Influence of Madame Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. and Mdme. Roland form a Friendship with Brissot and the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gironde Party</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_273">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland's Opinions anti-monarchical</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Position of Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_275">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro"> M. Roland appointed Minister of the Interior</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_277">277</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">General Dumouriez Minister for Foreign Affairs</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_278">277</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Roland's Letter to Louis XVI. written by his Wife, occasions his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dismission</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_278">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Recalled to the Ministry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_280">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Massacre of Prisoners in September alarms Madame Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_280">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Robespierre, Danton, and Marat</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_281">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Madame de Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_282">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Roland exhibits considerable Intrepidity during the popular<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Agitations</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_283">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame Roland is hated by the "Mountain" Party</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_284">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Robespierre denounced by Louvet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_285">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the King</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_286">285</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Roland resigns</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_287">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrest of Madame Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_288">287</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her calm Demeanour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Reign of Terror in Paris and France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Condemnation of the Girondists</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_290">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Brissot and the Girondists executed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accusation and Defence of Madame Roland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_291">291</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxix" id="Page_xxix">{Pg xxix}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. Her Execution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_292">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interesting Character of this celebrated Authoress</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_293">293</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MADAME DE STAËL.</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">1765-1817.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker of Geneva early in life placed in a Banking-house</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Partnership in Thelusson's Firm</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Éloge de Colbert"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1773.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_295">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Minister from Geneva, and appointed Director-general of Finance<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He marries Mademoiselle Churchod</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Allusion to Gibbon the Historian</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">April 22. Birth of their only Daughter, afterwards Baronne de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Staël</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Education under the parental Roof</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_296">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">MM. Thomas, Marmontel, de Grimm, &amp;c. form the literary<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Society at M. Necker's</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Society at M. Necker's</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Talent of Conversation early acquired by Mlle. Necker</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_297">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_300">298</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She delights M. Necker by her Talents and Wit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_301">300</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of M. Necker's "Compte Rendu," or Statement of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">French Finance</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_302">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Retirement to his Estate of Saint-Ouen</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_303">302</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Purchase of Coppet on the Lake of Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_303">303</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of his financial Work, written at Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_304">303</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Administration of M. Calonne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_305">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 20. His Daughter's Marriage with the Baron de Staël<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holstein, Swedish Ambassador to France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1786.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_306">305</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Portrait given at that period of Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker Minister, Revival of public Credit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1788.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Convocation of the States-General</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1789.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_307">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVI. commands him to retire quietly from France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_308">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Troops collected round Paris, by Louis, against the People</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker generously leaves two Millions of Livres in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">National Treasury</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Description of the Journeys to and from<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Switzerland</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_309">309</a>, <a href="#Page_313">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Destruction of the Bastille, and Recall of M. Necker</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_310">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Popularity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sentiments of Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_311">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Necker again retires to Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1790.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_313">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël witnesses the Tumults of the Capital in August,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">&amp;c.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Endeavour to save M. de Lally-Tolendal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_314">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Carriage stopt by the Republicans; she claims Privilege as<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wife of a foreign Minister</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_315">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She is carried before Robespierre, Collet d'Herbois, and the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolutionary Tribunal</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_316">316</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxx" id="Page_xxx">{Pg xxx}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is saved by the Republican Manuel, who obtains Leave for her<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to quit France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Emotion on the Journey across the Jura to Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_317">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker's Pamphlet designed to save Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's "Reflections on the Peace"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1794.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Madame Necker</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_318">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Staël resides at Paris as Swedish Minister</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1795.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Residence there considered as an Epoch<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in Society</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_319">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reign of the Directory</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_320">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Napoleon Buonaparte, unfavourable to Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Interviews</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_321">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Attack on the Helvetian Republic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël retires to M. Necker's at Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1798.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_322">322</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She presents a Memorial at Paris in the Name of M. Necker,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">requiring to be erased from the List of Emigrants, and succeeds</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">therein</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 33. She Witnesses the Overthrow of the Directory by<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Buonaparte</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_323">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of Benjamin Constant</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Jealousy of Buonaparte on Account of Madame de Staël's<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Influence in Parisian Society</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_324">324</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Interview with M. Necker on his Route to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">French Police, and Fouché, Minister</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_325">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Staël Holstein recalled to Sweden</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 36. His daughter joins M. Necker at Coppet, and the Baron<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">de Staël dies</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of her "Delphine"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique of that Work </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_327">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Necker's "Last View of Politics and Finance"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Affection for her Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_328">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 37. She returns to France on the Rupture of the Peace of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Amiens</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1803.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is ordered to quit France within twenty-four Hours</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_329">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Regret on being exiled</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She is accompanied by Benjamin Constant, and receives Tidings<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of M. Necker's Decease</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1804.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She resides at Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_330">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Education of her Children</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 39. Her Visit to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on her "Corinne"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_331">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She revisits France and repairs to Rouen</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_332">332</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Not having flattered Napoleon in her Writings, she is again<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">exiled</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She visits Vienna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">At Coppet she writes her Work on "Germany"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_333">333</a>, <a href="#Page_334">334</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 44. Attempts to publish her "Germany" at Blois; the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Edition seized, anti she is again banished</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1810.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_334">334</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxi" id="Page_xxxi">{Pg xxxi}</a></span>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Forbidden to visit Aix in Savoy for the Recovery of her Son's<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Health</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_335">335</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">William Schlegel ordered to quit Coppet by the Authorities</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël makes a Tour through Switzerland in company<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of M. de Montmorency</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. de Montmorency exiled </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_336">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Persecution of Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">M. Rocca, a Spanish Officer in the French service, visits Geneva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1810.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_337">337</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He offers his Hand to Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël escapes from Coppet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1812.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Travels through Germany and Poland to Russia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_338">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Reception by the Emperor Alexander at St. Petersburg</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She visits Sweden and England</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Byron</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a>, <a href="#Page_340">340</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XVIII, repays to Madame de Staël the two Millions of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Francs advanced by Necker to Louis XVI.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1814.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_339">339</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke de Broglie marries the Daughter of Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ill-health of M. Rocca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_340">340</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Madame de Staël's Character and Sentiments</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ætat. 51. Her Death in Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1817.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of M. Rocca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_341">341</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticism on the Writings of Madame de Staël</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_342">342</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Viscount de Chateaubriand's Opinion of her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Dix Années d'Exil"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her "Germany"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her political Sentiments</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="#Page_343">343</a></div>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xxxii" id="Page_xxxii">{Pg xxxii}</a></span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h4>LIVES<br />
-
-OF<br />
-
-EMINENT<br />
-
-LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN.</h4>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<hr class="r5" />
-
-<h4><a id="VOLTAIRE">VOLTAIRE</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1694-1778.</h4>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to commence the biography of this extraordinary man
-without feelings of apprehension as to our power of well executing the
-task. To write the life of Voltaire in a full and satisfactory manner,
-is to write not only the biography of an individual author, and the
-history of French literature during the course of nearly a century, but
-also of a revolution in the minds of men, in their opinions and rules of
-action, which, if not brought about entirely by him, was fostered and
-supported by his influence, in a manner the most singular and powerful.
-We are apt, as we read his letters, to laugh at the petulance which he
-evinced when attacked, and to reprove the vehemence with which he
-attacked others in return. But when we consider that an absolute monarch
-and a powerful hierarchy supported opinions which he and his friends
-struggled to subvert, we feel that it required all his dogmatic spirit,
-all his bitterness of sarcasm and vehemence of temper, to combat
-opposition, and to support both his own courage and that of his
-followers, in his attempt.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">{Pg 1}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire has been called the Apostle of Infidelity. He denied the truths
-of revealed religion&mdash;he desired to subvert Christianity. He
-disbelieved its divine origin; he was blind to the excellence of its
-morality&mdash;insensible to its sublime tenets. It is easy to make his
-life one diatribe against the wickedness and folly of such principles and
-intentions&mdash;to intersperse the pages that compose his history with
-various epithets of condemnation of a man so lost to the knowledge of
-truth. But we do not intend to do this. We consider that Voltaire had
-many excuses, and he had also his uses. We do not mean, on the other
-hand, to write an elaborate defence of a system that cannot be defended;
-but we will mention the heads of those topics which we consider
-available for his justification to a certain limited extent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the first place, Catholicism is not Christianity. Voltaire's great
-war was against the church of Rome, and more particularly against the
-Gallican church, which was one of great persecution, bigotry, and
-misused power. We turn to the pages that record the history of his
-country, during the years that immediately preceded him, and of his own
-age, and we find them stained with brawls and cruelties, excited and
-exercised by the priesthood. The quarrels of the violinists, the
-Jansenists, the Quietists, and the disgraceful exhibitions of the
-convulsionaries, absorbed so much of the talent, and perverted so much
-the uprightness and charity, of men of first-rate genius, that we turn
-with pity and loathing from the history of the misuse of one of the best
-gifts of God. Voltaire had it deeply at heart to put an end to these
-discussions&mdash;to prevent such men as Bossuet and Fénélon from expending
-their vast talents on unworthy squabbles, and to prevent such men as
-Pascal and Racine from sacrificing their talents at the altars of
-superstition. He wished to redeem such of his countrymen as were slaves
-to the priests, from the miseries of bigotry and ignorance; and he most
-ardently desired to liberate those, whose piety was enlightened, from
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">{Pg 2}</a></span>
-persecution at the hands of bigots. The cruelties exercised on the
-Huguenots raised a tumult of generous indignation in his benevolent
-heart; the insolence and barbarity with which the French priesthood
-endeavoured to quell all rebellion to their authority roused his anger
-and pointed his sarcasms. Liberty for the soul was the aim of his
-endeavours. It was a noble and a useful one.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He went too far. There are two classes of minds among men of education.
-Those who live for the affections&mdash;for the elegances of
-literature&mdash;for moral and intellectual purposes; who are virtuous and
-enlightened, but devoid of enthusiasm for truth or the dissemination of
-opinion. There is another class, to whom what they consider truth is the
-great all in all. It is vain to talk to them of a falsehood or mistake that
-has its good uses; they consider truth, that most glorious attribute of
-God, as the best of all things&mdash;the reformer of abuses&mdash;the
-sustainer of the unfortunate&mdash;the advancer of human
-excellence&mdash;the rock in which we ought to put our trust. To them,
-truth, or what they consider truth, is light; falsehood, darkness.
-Such a mind was Voltaire. He did not distinguish the truths of the Gospel
-from the multifarious, sometimes ridiculous, but always pernicious,
-impostures of papacy. He read of, and his heart revolted from, the series
-of intolerable evils brought upon the world by the Roman Catholic religion;
-he forgot the civilisation produced by the Gospel, and even the uses of the
-system of the church of Rome during days of feudal barbarism: he saw only
-the evil, and visited the whole with his reprobation, his ridicule, his
-unflinching and unwearied opposition. He fell into great and mischievous
-mistakes. As is often the case, he destroyed, but he could not construct.
-France owed to his mighty labours and powerful influence a great and swift
-advance in civilisation, and enfranchisement from political and priestly
-thraldom. But he went beyond the useful and right in his struggle; and, not
-contented with warring against superstition, made inroads into the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">{Pg 3}</a></span>
-blessed fields of rational piety. This must be admitted and censured.
-Let some among us rise to drive him back and barricade him from his
-invasion on revealed religion; but let us do this without, rancour or
-scurrility, feeling grateful at the same time for the good he did
-achieve, and acknowledging our esteem for his motives and abilities. Let
-us, above all, in writing his life, show ourselves just and impartial.
-From the limited nature of this work, we can only present the reader
-with a sketch of his labours and their effects; it is our earnest desire
-that this sketch should be one drawn from undoubted sources, and prove
-itself to the minds of all, a fair, exact, and impartial account of so
-great a man.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-François-Marie Arouet was born at Chatenay, 20th of February, 1694. His
-enemies, in after life, displayed their spite by promulgating that his
-father was a peasant&mdash;an assertion without foundation. His father was
-a notary by profession, and filled the situation of treasurer of the
-chamber of accounts; a lucrative place, which he occupied with such
-integrity as to save but a small fortune, where others amassed great
-riches. His mother was named Marguerite d'Aumont, of a noble family of
-Poitou. The child was so feeble at the time of his birth that he was not
-expected to survive; he was hastily baptized in the house, nor
-considered sufficiently strong to be carried to church until he was nine
-months old, when he was baptized over again by the parish curate, from
-whom his age was concealed. Condorcet, in his life, remarks the
-singularity that two illustrious men of letters of that day, Voltaire
-and Fontenelle, were both born so feeble as not to be expected to
-survive, and yet lived to extreme age. He might have added the more
-curious instance of their contemporary, the marshal de Richelieu, a six
-months' child, fostered in cotton and reared artificially, who enjoyed
-strong and robust health, and lived till a still more advanced age.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The child was quick and sprightly; he had an elder brother, who was dull
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">{Pg 4}</a></span>
-and sombre. The elder, in progress of time, became a Jansenist, a
-convulsionary, and a bigot; the germ of his tendency to superstition
-existed even in childhood; and the brothers disputed, in prose and
-verse, to the amusement of the family. The abbé de Chateauneuf,
-godfather to François-Marie, took pleasure in educating him, and taught
-him some of La Fontaine's fables. The boy got hold also of a deistical
-ode, attributed to J. B. Rousseau, called the "Mosaide," a poem, which
-said&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Les hommes vains et fanatiques</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Reçoivent, sans difficulté,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Les fables les plus chimériques;</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Un petit mot d'éternité</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Les rend bénins et pacifiques;</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Et l'on réduit ainsi le peuple hébété</span><br />
-<span class="i2">A baiser les liens dont il est garrotté."</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-This was a singular production to put into a child's hand: it was more
-singular that a child should enter into its meaning. François-Marie
-quoted it against his brother in argument, and his father, frightened at
-the premature wit and freedom of speech his son betrayed, hastened to
-send him to school.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">Sidenote: 1704.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-10.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-He entered the college of Louis-le-Grand, of which the Jesuits were the
-preceptors. Here the boy learned, not to take part with the Jesuits, but
-to despise the Jansenists, against whom, as an author, he showed himself
-hostile. The talents of the child rendered him a favourite with the
-greater number of his masters; father Porée, professor of rhetoric, saw
-the germ of remarkable talents, which he took great pleasure in
-developing; and, in after life, Voltaire always expressed gratitude for
-his master's encouragement and kindness. Encouragement of a far
-different and of a pernicious sort he received from another professor,
-father le Jay, who entered into arguments with his pupil; was irritated
-by his wit and sophistry; and on one occasion, angrily exclaimed that he
-would become the "Choryphæus of Deism,"&mdash;a prophecy which this very
-denunciation helped probably to fulfil. On all sides, the boy found
-admiration for his premature genius. His godfather introduced him to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">{Pg 5}</a></span>
-Ninon de L'Enclos, then advanced in years, but still full of that warmth
-of intellect and feeling that distinguished her whole career. She
-perceived and appreciated the child's genius, and no doubt her kindness
-and conversation tended to open his mind and refine his wit at a very
-early age. When she died, Ninon left him a legacy to buy books.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On leaving college the abbé de Chateauneuf introduced his godson into
-Parisian society. There had been a time when Louis XIV. assembled the
-most distinguished men of the kingdom at his court, and wit and
-refinement were almost confined to the circles of Versailles. In his old
-age, under the tutelage of madame de Maintenon and his confessors, Louis
-disregarded every merit but that of piety which bore the Molinist stamp.
-Catinat was disgraced, notwithstanding his virtues and military talents,
-because he was suspected of freethinking; the duke de Vendôme was
-reproached bitterly for not going daily to mass: bigotry, hypocrisy, and
-dulness reigned at Versailles. But the king was old, and could no longer
-make his will the fashion of the day. Unfortunately, bigotry and
-hypocrisy are apt to beget their opposites. The society of Paris,
-throwing off the yoke of royal intolerance, gave itself up to pleasure
-and licence. The young Arouet was introduced to the circles whose
-members enjoyed pre-eminence for birth and talent; he became a
-favourite; he wrote verses; he meditated a tragedy: his whole heart was
-devoted to becoming a poet and man of letters. When, on occasion of the
-dispute between Jean Baptiste Rousseau and Saurin, the former was
-banished, the young Arouet took the part of the victim, and exerted
-himself to make a subscription in his favour. He was now known and
-admired by all the first people of Paris, though he failed when he
-wished to bring out a tragedy on the stage, and to be crowned by the
-academy. The actors rejected his play; the academicians preferred
-another poet. The disappointed youth revenged himself by writing a
-satire against his rival.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">{Pg 6}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-M. Arouet was deeply pained by the course his son was taking; he
-considered the career of a literary man that of disgrace and ruin. He
-proposed to him to accept the office of counsellor to parliament; his
-son replied, that he would not buy, but earn, distinction. His attempt
-with the academy, and the literary quarrels that ensued, raised his
-father's inquietudes to the greatest height; he threatened his son with
-various marks of his severity, and the quarrel was becoming critical,
-when the marquis de Chateauneuf, ambassador to Holland, offered to take
-him with him to that country in the quality of page. His father readily
-consented to a plan which removed him from a scene where his literary
-ambition was excited by rivalship, and fostered by admiration.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1714.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-20.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-It is, as it appears to us, a most interesting task to inquire into the
-early days of such a man as Voltaire; to find the exterior circumstances
-that influenced his mind, and the passions that were excited in his
-unformed character. The atmosphere of wit and gaiety which Voltaire
-carried with him wherever he went made him a favourite; and this favour
-again imparted zest to his desire for literary advancement. His father's
-opposition produced a thousand struggles in his mind, that tended, in
-the end, to give force to his inclinations: he became eager to exonerate
-himself, and to elevate the profession which he wished to adopt; and
-this gave dignity to his endeavours. Now, torn from his partial friends,
-and thrown on a new scene, his mind was yet further excited to gain
-strength. His curiosity, as to the manners and peculiarities of a
-strange country, was insatiable: he carried everywhere his keen
-observing spirit; and his early travels out of France tended to enlarge
-his understanding, and shake his prejudices.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Youthful passion intruded to disturb his residence in Holland. Madame du
-Noyer was born a Protestant; she abjured her religion when she married;
-and then, desirous of separating from her husband, she made religion the
-pretext, and fled to Holland with her two daughters. She resided at the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">{Pg 7}</a></span>
-Hague, where she subsisted on a sort of traffic of libels. Fear of the
-Bastille, and the laws against the freedom of the press, restrained the
-busy Parisians from publishing the vast quantity of libels, epigrams,
-and satires, which were continually being manufactured in that
-metropolis: these made their way to Holland; and the collecting of such,
-and publishing them, became a sort of trade,&mdash;infamous indeed, but
-lucrative. Madame du Noyer was at once notorious and enriched, by being
-pre-eminent in the traffic. One of her daughters was married; with the
-other&mdash;a gentle, amiable girl&mdash;Voltaire fell in love. He wished
-to save her out of the hands of such a mother. Madame du Noyer discovered
-the intercourse, and complained to the ambassador, who put his page under
-arrest, and sent an account of his son's attachment to the father. Young
-Arouet meanwhile carried on his intercourse with the young lady by
-stealth, and was again denounced to the marquis by madame du Noyer; he,
-seeing himself in danger of being compromised by the malice of a woman
-whose great desire was to create scandal, and by the perseverance of his
-page, sent him back to Paris. His father, knowing the vehement and
-resolute disposition of his son, was prepared to prevent the continuance
-of his love affair by the severest measures: he obtained an order that
-permitted him either to imprison or to transport him to the isles. The
-poor lawyer, whose career had been one of routine and respectability,
-was rendered equally miserable by both his sons; the elder having
-immersed himself in the Jansenist quarrels: and the old man declared
-that he had two fools for children, one in prose, and the other in
-verse.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On his return to Paris the young Arouet had two objects chiefly at his
-heart;&mdash;to take his mistress out of the hands of her infamous mother,
-and to reconcile himself to his father. For the sake of the first, he
-did not scruple to apply to the Jesuits, and to employ religion as the
-pretext. He applied also to M. du Noyer: he interested the court in the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">{Pg 8}</a></span>
-conversion. It was agreed that mademoiselle du Noyer should be carried
-off, and brought to the convent of New Converts in Paris; but the
-marquis de Chateauneuf opposed himself to so violent a proceeding, and
-the plan fell to the ground. In the sequel, the young lady married the
-baron de Winterfeld, and always preserved a great esteem and friendship
-for her early friend.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The young man was not less earnest to be reconciled to his father. He
-was carried away by innate genius to cultivate literature; but his heart
-was good, and he revolted from the idea of living at variance with his
-parent. He wrote a pathetic letter to him, declaring that he was ready
-to emigrate to America, and to live on bread and water, if only, before
-he went, he were forgiven. M. Arouet was touched by this mark of
-submission; and, on receiving the further one of his son's consent to
-attend the office of a procureur, or attorney, he was reconciled to him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The young poet became the pupil of M. Alain, an attorney, residing in a
-dark, obscure quarter of Paris. Disagreeable as this change was, it had
-its advantages; it strengthened his habits of industry, and it taught
-him a knowledge of business. Voltaire became in after life a rich man,
-through his excellent management of his affairs: a legal education was
-the foundation of his prosperity. He lightened his labours, also, by
-forming a friendship with another pupil. Thiriot had not his friend's
-talents, but he shared in his youth his enthusiasm for literature: an
-intimacy was formed which lasted Thiriot's life. In spite of various
-acts of faithlessness on the part of the latter, Voltaire remained, to
-the end, constant to his early friend: However, the business of
-procureur became intolerable. He still frequented the society of Paris.
-He had become deeply in love with madame de Villars: he afterwards
-averred that this was the only passion he had ever felt that was
-stronger than his love of study, and caused him to lose time. Its ill
-success made him conquer it; but the society into which he was drawn
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">{Pg 9}</a></span>
-rendered him still more averse to his legal studies. He implored his
-father to permit him to quit them; the old man asked him what other
-profession he would adopt: to this the son could not reply.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He had a friend, M. de Caumartin, who was also acquainted with the
-father, and asked permission that François-Marie should visit him at
-his chateau of St. Ange, where he could deliberate at leisure on his
-future course, and where he would be separated from the connections
-deemed so dangerous. At St. Ange the young poet found a library; and,
-plunging into study, became more than ever eager for the acquisition of
-knowledge. The father of his host was a man of great age; he had been
-familiar with the nobles of the days of Henri IV., and with the friends
-of Sully: his enthusiasm for those times and men was warm and eloquent.
-Voltaire listened to his anecdotes and eulogies with deep interest; and
-began, without yet forming a plan, to write verses in their honour.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The last years of the reign of Louis XIV. had been disastrous, through
-unfortunate wars and pernicious policy. Adversity in various forms
-visited the old age of that illustrious monarch. The generation
-immediately succeeding to him, brought up in his days of glory and
-power, died off; of the young race that remained, its hope and flower,
-the duke of Burgundy, died; he lost another of his grandsons also by
-death, and the third was removed to the throne of Spain. The successor
-to his crown was an infant only five years of age; the successor to his
-power was a prince whose dissolute character inspired the devout with
-hatred, and the thoughtful with sorrow and distrust.
-<span class="sidenote1">1715.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-21.</span>
-It was a moment full of eager interest, when Louis died; the cord that
-held the faggot snapped; and it became doubtful by whom, and in what
-way, it would again be gathered together. The pupil of Dubois became
-regent; the kingdom rang with his intrigues, his debaucheries, and the
-misconduct of his children. But the duke of Orléans, perverted as he was
-as a moral character, was a man of talent, and an enlightened ruler. He
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">{Pg 10}</a></span>
-maintained peace: and though the kingdom was convulsed during his
-regency by the system of Law, yet its general prosperity was increased;
-showing, however speculative and wild a people may be in their financial
-schemes, yet, as long as they are preserved from war, no event can
-materially injure their prosperity. The regent was, to a certain degree,
-king Log, with this exception,&mdash;that his libertinism offered a
-pernicious example, which plunged Parisian society in immorality, while
-his toleration gave encouragement to those men of talent whose aim was
-to disseminate knowledge and liberal opinions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the death of Louis XIV., young Arouet left St. Ange, and came up to
-Paris to witness the effects of the change. He found the people in a
-delirium of joy; they celebrated the death of their sovereign by getting
-drunk with delight, and by manifesting their detestation of the Jesuits,
-who had so long tyrannised over them. Paris became inundated with
-satires and epigrams: the French, as in the days of the Fronde, were apt
-to signalise their aversions in witty and libellous verses. Voltaire was
-accused of writing a piece of this kind; it was entitled "Les J'ai vu,"
-in which the author enumerates all the abuses and evils he had
-witnessed, and concludes by saying,&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">J'ai vu ces maux, et je n'ai pas vingt ans.</span>
-</div></div>
-
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1716.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-22.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire was two and twenty, but the difference was slight, and the
-verses were clever; he was accused of being their author, and thrown
-into the Bastille. The solicitations of his powerful friends were of no
-avail to liberate him. His father saw with grief the melancholy
-accomplishment of all his prognostics, and failed in his efforts to
-obtain his release. It was not till the true author of the verses,
-touched by remorse, confessed to having written them, that Voltaire was
-set free.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He passed a whole year in his prison without society or books, or ink
-and paper. We find no mention in his works or letters of the extreme
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">{Pg 11}</a></span>
-sufferings which solitary and unemployed confinement must have inflicted
-on a man as vivacious, sensitive, and restless&mdash;delicate in health,
-and vehement in temper&mdash;as Voltaire, except in the deep terror with
-which he regarded the possibility of a second imprisonment. Thrown back on
-the stores of his own mind, his latest impressions were those of the
-conversations at St. Ange with the elder Caumartin, and the enthusiasm
-excited for Henri IV. and his contemporaries. The idea of an epic on
-this subject suggested itself. It flattered his honest pride to raise a
-monument of glory to the French nation in the form of a national poem,
-while he was the victim of the government; his literary vanity was
-enticed by the idea of sending his name down to posterity as the author
-of a French epic, a work hitherto unattempted in verse. He composed the
-first two cantos in his dungeon, in his mind, committing them memory;
-and it was his boast that, in all his subsequent improvements, he never
-changed a word in the second canto. He was prouder, in after life, of
-being the author of the "Henriade" than of any other production. His
-contemporaries regarded it with admiration; even our own countryman,
-lord Chesterfield, declares it the best epic in any language, simply
-because, according to the reasons he gives, it is the most devoid of
-imagination.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Epic poetry, in its essence, is the greatest achievement of the human
-intellect. It takes a subject of universal interest; it exalts it by
-solemn and sacred sentiments, and adorns it with sublime and beautiful
-imagery, thus lifting it above humanity into something divine. While the
-mind of man enjoys the attribute of being able to tincture its earthly
-ideas with the glory of something greater than itself in its every day
-guise, which it can only seize by snatches, and embody through the
-exertion of a power granted only to the favoured few, whom we name great
-poets,&mdash;and while it can exercise this power in giving grandeur to a
-narration of lofty and sublime incidents,&mdash;while this can be done by
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">{Pg 12}</a></span>
-some, and appreciated by many, an epic must continue to rank as the
-crowning glory of literature. We find nothing of all this in the
-"Henriade." The very elevation of the sentiments is rendered commonplace
-by Voltaire's inability to mould language to his thoughts. During the
-whole poem he suffered language to be the shaper of his ideas&mdash;not the
-material which he forced to take a shape. In his letters, he quotes
-Fénélon's just opinion, that the French language might be adapted to
-lyrical poetry, but not to epic. He fancies that he disproves this
-assertion in the "Henriade;" while, in fact, he gives it entire
-support.<a name="NoteRef_1_1" id="NoteRef_1_1"></a><a href="#Note_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> The second canto is the favourite of many French critics.
-They consider the account Henri IV. gives queen Elizabeth of the civil
-struggles of France a masterpiece. It consists of a rapid and forcible
-view of that disastrous period. But it contains no poetry. Voltaire's
-imagination was fertile, versatile, and gay; in some of his tragedies,
-he even rose to the passionate and energetic; but it wanted
-elevation&mdash;it wanted the fairy hue&mdash;the sublime transfusion of
-the material into the immaterial. It wanted, above all, a knowledge and
-love of nature. There is not a word in the "Henriade" descriptive of
-scenery, or storm, or calm, or night, or day, that is not commonplace,
-imitative, and without real imagery. Of imagery, indeed, he has no notion.
-Besides this, he always acted by his own verses as by those of others, and
-corrected them into tameness. In a word, the "Henriade" has no
-pretensions to success as an epic poem, and is, in whatever view we take
-of it, dull and tiresome. Even in his days it had not enjoyed the
-reputation it reached but for his admirable powers of reciting, by which
-he fascinated the circles of Paris, and the peculiar circumstances that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">{Pg 13}</a></span>
-rendered every other opinion in France an echo of those circles.<a name="NoteRef_2_2" id="NoteRef_2_2"></a><a href="#Note_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a>
-There is an amusing anecdote told, which shows, however, that the charm
-of his reading did not always suffice to gain unqualified approbation.
-One day so many petty criticisms were flung at him, that, irritated to
-the utmost, he exclaimed, "Then it is only fit to be burnt!" and threw
-the poem into the fire. The president Hainaut sprang forward, and saved
-it, saying, as he gave it back to the author, "You must not think that
-your poem is better than its hero. Yet, notwithstanding his faults, he
-was a great king, and the best of men." "Remember," the president
-afterwards wrote, "that it cost me a pair of lace ruffles to save it
-from the fire."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The chief interest of the poem lies in the era of its conception, and in
-the fact that its composition alienated the horrors of his dungeon. At
-last he was set free. The duke of Orléans being informed of his
-innocence, he was liberated. The regent compensated for the mistake by a
-present of money. Voltaire, on thanking the regent, said, "I thank your
-royal highness for continuing to support me, but I entreat you not to
-burden yourself again with finding me a lodging." The genius and wit,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">{Pg 14}</a></span>
-however, of Voltaire, continued to expose him to calumny and danger. He
-was suspected of having written the "Philippiques," a clever, but most
-atrocious libel against the regent and his family. His frequent visits
-at Sceaux, the palace of the duchess de Maine, and his intimacy with
-Goerts, caused his name to be mingled in the intrigues which cardinal
-Alberoni excited in France. The regent, however, refused to credit his
-enemies, and limited his displeasure to an intimation that he had better
-absent himself from Paris for a time. Voltaire spent several months in
-going from one friend's chateau to another, being sedulously occupied,
-meanwhile, by the "Henriade" and other literary projects. The most
-important in his eyes was his tragedy of "Œdipus."
-<span class="sidenote2">1718.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-24.</span>
-This piece, commenced at eighteen, altered and altered again, was at
-last brought out, and had the greatest success. This was not solely
-caused by its intrinsic merit. The reputation of the author, its being
-his first tragedy, and the discussions to which it gave rise with regard
-to the ancient and modern theatre, imparted a factitious interest; it was
-attacked and defended on all sides, and pamphlets were daily published
-and hawked about on the subject. To these legitimate sources of interest
-were added the unworthy one of the calumnies in vogue against the duke
-of Orléans, which made the odious subject of the tragedy peculiarly
-piquante.<a name="NoteRef_3_3" id="NoteRef_3_3"></a><a href="#Note_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire wrote several letters on the treatment of his subject. His
-critique on the tragedies of Sophocles gives us, at once, the measure of
-his taste and learning: nothing can be more contemptible than either.
-The French <i>soi-disant</i> poet was utterly incapable of entering into
-the solemn spirit of the Athenian tragedian, and still less could he
-comprehend his sublime poetry, being even ignorant of the language in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">{Pg 15}</a></span>
-which it was written. The "Œdipus Tyrannus" of Sophocles is admirable
-as a work of art, and more admirable from a certain majesty that
-sustains the subject and characters to the end, and from the solemn,
-magnificent beauty of the choruses. All this was a dead letter to the
-sprightly Parisian, who admits that had Sophocles lived in his days, he
-had written better, but had never approached the greatness of Racine.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The life of Voltaire was an alternation of pleasure and literary labour,
-which would have been infinitely delightful but for that system of
-caballing which existed in French society, more especially among
-authors. Voltaire had to struggle with the envious and the presumptuous.
-His method of warfare was bold; it was that of attack rather than of
-defence. He was unsparing towards his enemies, and this perpetuated
-hostilities that robbed him of peace and leisure. Add to this, his
-labours were often interrupted by bodily suffering; for, though his
-constitution was strong, he was afflicted by a painful disease. Still
-pleasure waited on his moments of ease and leisure. Sometimes he resided
-in Paris, but much of his time was spent in visiting, by turns, the
-chateaus of the chief nobility; private theatricals, in which his own
-plays were got up with care and splendour, were principal amusements at
-these country residences. While at Maisons, a chateau belonging to the
-president des Maisons, he was seized with the small-pox, on the very eve
-of a festival, during which a comedy was to be acted, and he, himself,
-was to read his tragedy of "Mariamne;" he was attended by Gervasi, who
-treated him in the, then, novel manner, of letting blood and lowering
-remedies, by means of which he recovered. His friend Thiriot came up
-from Normandy, and waited on him with anxious solicitude. When he
-recovered, "Mariamne" was brought out; it went through forty
-representations, though it nearly fell on the first, through the levity
-of a Parisian audience. When, in the fifth act, Mariamne put the cup of
-poison to her lips, a man in the pit called out, "La Reine boit!" On the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">{Pg 16}</a></span>
-succeeding night the mode of her death was changed. Restless, and on the
-alert for the ridiculous, the danger of saying anything that suggested
-a ludicrous or familiar idea continually hampered a French tragedian;
-yet, with all his vanity and eagerness for success, Voltaire's lively
-spirits made him sometimes jest with peril. When "Œdipus" was acted, he
-went on the stage himself, holding up the train of the high priest, and
-played such antics that the maréchal de Villars asked who the young
-man was who was desirous of getting the piece condemned. This very
-liveliness was, however, a great cause of his universal success. The
-Parisians, and especially the nobility, desired to be amused, and no man
-was ever born so fitted to afford excitement to the circles of the rich
-and gay, as the vain, witty, restless, eager poet, who made a jest of
-everything, yet rendered all instinct with the interest imparted by his
-good heart and versatile talents.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His quarrel with Jean Baptiste Rousseau is characteristic. He visited
-Holland in 1722 with madame Rupelmonde. When passing through Brussels,
-he sought out the poet whom he had befriended in his need, and whose
-talents he admired. They met with delight. Voltaire called him his
-master and judge; he placed his "Henriade" in his hand, and read him
-various of his epistles. All went smilingly for a short time. Rousseau
-read some of his poetry in return. Voltaire did not approve. Rousseau
-was piqued. Various sarcasms were interchanged. Rousseau had composed an
-"Ode to Posterity." Voltaire told him that it would never reach its
-address. A violent quarrel ensued, and Rousseau became his bitter enemy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A more serious dissension interrupted the routine of his life. One day,
-dining at the table of the duke de Sully, one of his warmest friends, he
-was treated impertinently by the chevalier de Rohan, a man of high
-birth, but disreputable character. The chevalier asked. Who he was?
-Voltaire replied that he did not inherit a great name, but would never
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">{Pg 17}</a></span>
-dishonour that which he bore. The chevalier angrily left the room, and
-took his revenge by causing him to be seized and struck with a cane by
-his servants. Such were the prejudices then existent in the minds of the
-French noblesse, that though the duke de Sully esteemed and even loved
-Voltaire, and held the chevalier de Rohan in contempt, yet the bourgeois
-birth of the former, and noble blood of the latter, caused him to show
-himself perfectly indifferent to the insult. Voltaire resolved to avenge
-himself. He secluded himself from all society, and practised fencing
-carefully. As soon as he considered himself a match for his enemy, he
-sought him out at the opera, and demanded satisfaction. The chevalier
-appointed time and place for a duel, and then acquainted his family. The
-consequence was, the instant arrest of his antagonist, and his
-imprisonment for six months in the Bastille; to which was added the
-further injustice of an order of exile after his liberation from prison.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1728.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-34.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire took this opportunity to visit England. He had been acquainted
-with lord and lady Bolingbroke in France. He appreciated the talents of
-the illustrious Englishman, admired his various knowledge, and was
-fascinated by the charms of his conversation. Although he never appears
-to have at all understood the real foundations of English liberty, yet
-he appreciated its effects, especially at a moment when he was suffering
-so grievously from an act of despotism. Liberty of thought was in his
-eyes a blessing superior to every other. He read the works of Locke with
-enthusiasm; and while he lamented that such disquisitions were not
-tolerated in France, he became eager to impart to his countrymen the new
-range of ideas he acquired from the perusal. The discoveries of Newton
-also attracted his attention. He exchanged the frivolities of Paris for
-serious philosophy. He became aware that freedom from prejudice and the
-acquirement of knowledge were not mere luxuries intended for the few,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">{Pg 18}</a></span>
-but a blessing for the many; to confer and extend which was the duty of
-the enlightened. From that moment he resolved to turn his chief
-endeavours to liberate his country from priestly thraldom and antique
-prejudices. He felt his powers; his industry was equal to his wit, and
-enabled him to use a vast variety of literary weapons. What his
-countrymen deemed poetry, the drama, history, philosophy, and all
-slighter compositions, animated by wit and fancy, were to be put in use
-by turns for this great end. He published his "Henriade" while in
-England. It was better received than it deserved; and the profits he
-gained were the foundation of his future opulence. He wrote the tragedy
-of "Brutus," in which he imagined that he developed a truly republican
-spirit, and a love of liberty worthy of the Romans.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He spent three years in exile. He became eager to return to his country,
-to his friends, and to a public which naturally understood him better,
-and could sympathise more truly with him than the English. He ventured
-over to Paris. For a time his return was known only to a few friends,
-and he resided in an obscure quarter of the capital. By degrees he took
-courage; and the success of various tragedies which he brought out
-raised him high in public favour, and promised greater security for the
-future. He was regarded as the pride of France by the majority of his
-countrymen. The priesthood&mdash;accustomed to persecute on the most
-frivolous pretexts of difference of opinion&mdash;who had excited Louis
-XIV. to banish the Jansenists and suppress their convents&mdash;to exile
-the virtuous Fénélon&mdash;to massacre the Huguenots, who had long wielded
-religion as a weapon of offence and destruction, and had risen to a bad
-height of power by its misuse&mdash;held him in the sincerest hatred; while
-his attacks, excited by, and founded on, their crimes, unveiled to the
-world a scene which, had it not been rife with human suffering, had been
-worthy only of ridicule. A couplet in "Œdipus" first awakened their
-suspicion and hatred:&mdash;
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">{Pg 19}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Nos prêtres ne sont point ce qu'un vain peuple pense,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Notre crédulité fait tout leur science."</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-From that moment they lay in wait to crush him. It needed all his
-prudence to evade the effects of their enmity. There was a party in
-Paris, indeed, who went to the opposite extreme, by which he was
-idolised&mdash;a party which saw no medium between the superstition upheld
-by the clergy and direct disbelief, which it termed philosophy. This,
-indeed, is one of the chief mischiefs of Catholicism&mdash;by demanding too
-much of faith, it engenders entire infidelity; and by making men, sinful
-as ourselves, the directors of the conduct and thoughts, it injures the
-moral sense and deadens the conscience. The party in opposition had not
-yet risen to the height of talent it afterwards displayed; but it
-sufficed, through the rank, abilities, and number of the persons of whom
-it was composed, to encourage Voltaire in his career. Another chief
-support was derived from the liberal independence of means which he had
-attained. He inherited a competent fortune from his father and brother;
-the profits of "Œdipus" added to it; the duke of Orléans had made him
-presents; the queen of Louis XV. bestowed a pension on him; the edition
-of the "Henriade," brought out in London, augmented his means
-considerably: he was economical and careful. A fortunate speculation in
-a lottery instituted to pay the debts of the city of Paris, in which,
-from certain happy calculations, he was the chief winner, raised him to
-opulence. He was charitable and benevolent; and though, in his letters,
-we find allusions to his donations, this is never done ostentatiously,
-but with the plain speech of a man who, having fabricated his own
-fortune, knows the value of money, and keeps strict account of his
-expenditure. At this juncture we may also speak, of his change of name.
-It was the custom, as is well known, for the younger branches of noble
-families in France to assume the name of some estate, so to distinguish
-themselves from their relations. In the middling ranks the same custom
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">{Pg 20}</a></span>
-was in a manner followed. Boileau took the name of Despréaux, and his
-younger brother that of Puy Morin, to distinguish themselves from the
-elder. People in this rank did not assume the <i>de</i>&mdash;distinctive
-of territorial possession. François-Marie Arouet thought it worth while,
-however, to purchase the estate of Voltaire (as Madame Searron, at Louis
-XIV.'s instigation, had that of Maintenon), as a means of elevating
-himself to a more respectable position in the eyes of his
-contemporaries. He succeeded; and though, to our ears, Arouet had
-sounded as well as Voltaire, did it stand in the title-page of his
-works; in his own day, in spite of various petty attacks from his
-enemies, the one he assumed was regarded by his countrymen with greater
-complacency.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The heyday of youth was passing away with Voltaire; his vivacity was
-still the same: but, from the period of his return from his exile in
-England, he began to look differently on life; and while he still
-regarded literary labour as his vocation, literary glory as the aim of
-his existence, he grew indifferent to the pleasures of society. At one
-time he meditated expatriating himself; thus to acquire liberty of
-writing and publishing without fear of the Bastille. His attachment for
-madame du Châtelet caused him to alter this plan. This lady was
-distinguished for her learning, her love of philosophy, and talent for
-the abstruse sciences. She was witty, and endowed with qualities
-attractive in society; but she preferred study, and the acquisition of
-literary renown, in seclusion. This friend induced Voltaire to remain in
-France, but strengthened his purpose of retiring from Paris. Various
-persecutions were, however, in wait for him before he gained a tranquil
-retreat.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire wrote his tragedies as a means of gaining public favour. He
-knew his countrymen. As a sovereign of the French must gather popularity
-by leading them to victory and military glory, so must an author, who
-would acquire their favour, achieve eminent success, at once to raise
-their enthusiasm, and to gratify their vanity, by making them
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">{Pg 21}</a></span>
-participate in the greatness of his name. On his return from England,
-Voltaire determined to acquire the popular favour, by his triumphs in
-the drama. At first he was not as successful as he wished: his "Brutus"
-fell coldly on the gay, excitement-hunting Parisians; "Eryphile," on
-which he spent excessive pains,&mdash;remodelling and re-writing different
-portions again and again,&mdash;had faults that the author's
-quick eye discerned at once to be incurable, and he withdrew it
-after the first representation. "Zaire" repaid him for these
-disappointments;&mdash;"Zaire," which, whatever its faults may be, is so
-fresh, so eloquent, so deeply and naturally pathetic. This play was written
-in twenty-two days. It was a happy thought.
-<span class="sidenote1">1732.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-38.</span>
-Voltaire writes concerning it: "I never worked so fast; subject carried
-me on, and the piece wrote itself. I have tried to depict what has been
-long in my head,&mdash;Turkish manners contrasted with Christian manners;
-and to unite, in the same picture, all that our religion has of dignified,
-and even tender, with an affecting and passionate love." Two months
-afterwards, he writes: "I wish you had witnessed the success of 'Zaire;'
-allow me to enjoy freely, with you, the pleasure of succeeding. Never
-was piece played so well as 'Zaire' at the fourth representation. I wish
-you had been there; you would have seen that the public does not hate
-your friend. I appeared in a box, and the whole pit clapped. I blushed,
-and hid myself; but I should be deceitful did I not confess that I was
-deeply moved;&mdash;it is delightful not to be put to shame in one's own
-country." But, after this triumph, he laboured to correct his piece. He
-feared, he said, to have owed too much to the large dark eyes of
-mademoiselle Gaussin, and to the picturesque effect produced by the
-mingling of plumes and turbans on the stage. He felt, for the moment,
-that he had arrived at the height of literary renown, and that his task
-was nearly fulfilled. "What labour and pains I go through," he writes, "or
-this smoke of vain glory! Yet what should we do without the chimæra?
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">{Pg 22}</a></span>
-it is as necessary to the soul as food to the body. I shall re-write
-'Eryphile,' and the 'Death of Cæsar,'&mdash;all for this smoke. Meanwhile I
-am correcting the 'History of Charles XII.' for an edition in Holland;
-and when this is done, I shall finish the 'Letters on England,' which you
-know of,&mdash;that will be a month's work; after which I must return to
-my dramas, and finish, at lastly the 'History of the Age of Louis XIV.'
-This, dear friend, is the plan of my life."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-New persecutions were in store for him, to disturb his schemes.
-Mademoiselle de Couvreur was the most eminent actress of the time; she
-was his friend, and had shown her generosity by attending on him at the
-dangerous moment of his attack of small pox. She was worthy of his good
-opinion; there was a dignity in her character which imparted the chief
-charm to her acting, and rendered her estimable in private life. When
-she died, according to the insulting practice of the French clergy,
-burial rites and holy ground were denied the corpse, and she was
-interred on the banks of the Seine. Voltaire could not restrain his
-indignation. Warmed by esteem for his friend, and contempt for the
-priesthood, he wrote her apotheosis, which drew on him the outcry of
-impiety, and forced him to conceal himself for some months in a village
-of Normandy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Scarcely had this storm passed off, than another broke over him. His
-exile in England occurred during the reign of George II., at a time when
-literature boasted of great and glorious names; and if the principles of
-political liberty were less well understood than now, they appeared in a
-highly flourishing condition to the Frenchman. He regarded with
-admiration the blessings derived from toleration in religion, a
-comparatively free government, a press unfettered by a censorship, and
-the general diffusion of knowledge. He wished to describe these things
-and their effects to his countrymen, and he wrote his "Lettres sur les
-Anglais." There is nothing&mdash;save a passing Voltairian sarcasm here and
-there&mdash;to shock our notions in this work. It begins with an account of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">{Pg 23}</a></span>
-the Quakers,&mdash;to demonstrate that dissent in religion, joined to
-independence of thought and action, could accord with a peaceable
-fulfilment of the duties of a subject. He commences with a humorous
-description of a Quaker, to whom he was introduced, who receives him
-with his hat on, and without making a bow; speaks to him with the thee
-and thou, and defends the peculiar tenets of his sect. He goes on to
-give the history of Fox and Penn. Other letters concern the parliament,
-the government, the encouragement given to literary men, and literature
-itself, of the introduction of inoculation; and then comes his main
-topic,&mdash;the discoveries of Newton, and the philosophy of Locke. It is
-a work that would have excited no censure in England; but he was well
-aware that both it and its author would be denounced in France. When he
-thought of publishing it, he at the same time entertained the plan of
-expatriation; when he relinquished this, he meant to suppress his book;
-but it was published through the treachery of a bookseller. A <i>lettre de
-cachet</i> was granted against him, of which he received timely notice, and
-left Paris to conceal himself at Cirey, while he gave out that he was in
-England. The volume itself was publicly burnt. He obtained a cessation
-of the persecution by causing the edition to be given up; but he did not
-return to Paris, and continued to inhabit the chateau of Cirey, in
-Champagne, a property of the marquis du Châtelet, where he and his
-wife, and their illustrious friend, lived for the space of six years in
-seclusion and laborious study.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have, from various sources, descriptions of the life he led at Cirey;
-not a little instructive from the light they throw on human nature, and
-on Voltaire's own character. Voltaire tells us, himself, in his
-"Fragment of Memoirs," that, weary of the idle, turbulent life led at
-Paris, of the pretensions of the silly, the cabals of the wicked, and
-persecutions of bigots, he resolved to pass some years in the country at
-the chateau of madame du Châtelet. This lady had received a careful
-education, was perfectly mistress of the Latin language, but her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">{Pg 24}</a></span>
-inclination led her to prefer the study of metaphysics and mathematics.
-Her ardour for the acquisition of knowledge was unspeakably great, and
-she longed for retirement, where she might dedicate her whole time to
-study. Voltaire taught her English: she read Leibnitz and Newton. Both
-she and her friend aspired to the prize given by the Academy of Science,
-for a treatise on fire; and their essays were mentioned with praise,
-though the prize was gained by the celebrated Euler. Voltaire was told,
-however, by an enlightened friend, that he would never be great in
-science. He was glad of this. The arguments and taste of madame du
-Châtelet, and his own love of all that was absolutely and demonstrably
-true, led him to cultivate abstruse science; but the bent of his genius
-and imagination, fertile of plot, situation, and development of passion,
-made him turn with delight to the composition of tragedies, the
-investigation of the philosophy of history, and the writing lighter
-productions, in which he gave full scope to his sarcastic spirit, his
-wit, and, we grieve to add, the impurity of his imagination: for this
-was the great defect of Voltaire, arising from his inability to
-appreciate the sublime, and his contempt of what he considered monkish
-virtues, that he loved to indulge in jests, the point of which lay in
-the grossest indecency. Having broken loose from the fetters of
-mathematics, he wrote "Alzire," "Mérope," "The Prodigal Child," and
-"Mahomet." He laboured at his "Essay on the Manners and Spirit of
-Nations;" he collected materials for the "History of the Age of Louis
-XIV.;" and he relaxed from these labours by writing the "Pucelle
-d'Orléans." One of his chief amusements, also, was bringing out his
-tragedies at his private theatre. He was a good actor, and an admirable
-teacher of the art.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Somewhat in contrast to the sort of fairy splendour and paradisaical
-happiness which, from his memoirs and letters, we might judge to have
-been the portion of the inhabitants of Cirey, we have another account,
-which does not indeed derogate from the character of Voltaire himself,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">{Pg 25}</a></span>
-but which casts gloomy and tempestuous shadows over the picture of his
-retirement. This account is worth quoting; though, as we shall
-afterwards mention, the fair writer, from private reasons, represented
-madame du Châtelet in darker colours than she merited.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-When the marquis and marchioness du Châtelet resolved on inhabiting
-Cirey, the chateau was in a state of dilapidation. A portion of it was
-repaired, and furnished with princely magnificence; partly at the
-expense of the owners, chiefly, it would seem, at Voltaire's, who built
-a gallery and bath rooms, decorated his apartments with inlaid works of
-marble, and adorned them with a variety of precious works of art.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Usually the family party was nearly uninterrupted. Madame du Châtelet
-disliked receiving visitors who should intrude on her hours of study.
-How the marquis regarded the severe labours of his wife, and the
-permanent residence of his guest, we are not told; but he seems to have
-been easy and complaisant. When visitors arrived, Voltaire exerted
-himself to entertain them by acting plays, and by calling into
-requisition the stores of his own mind, which, various and prolific,
-never failed to enchant. There was a lady, madame de Graffigny, who had
-been very unfortunate through the ill conduct of her husband.
-<span class="sidenote1">1738.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-44.</span>
-She at last obtained a divorce; but she was poor, and nearly friendless.
-She was asked to spend a few weeks at Cirey, and joyfully accepted the
-flattering invitation. She had been residing at Lunéville, at the court
-of the ex-king of Poland: she left there a friend, who had beep brought
-up with her as a brother; and to him she poured out, in her letters, her
-enthusiasm, her joy, and her subsequent disappointment and misery.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-From the beginning, Voltaire acquired all her kindness by the cordiality
-and friendliness of his reception, and the great and delicate attention
-he paid to her comfort; while madame du Châtelet lost it by her
-coldness and selfishness. Still the wit and talent of both made it at
-first enchanted ground. "Supper was announced to me," she writes, "and I
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">{Pg 26}</a></span>
-was shown to an apartment which I recognised as Voltaire's. He came
-forward to receive me; we placed ourselves at table&mdash;I was indeed
-happy. We conversed on all subjects; poetry, the arts and sciences; and all
-in a light and witty tone. I wish I could give you an account of his
-charming, his enchanting conversation; but I cannot. The supper was not
-abundant, but it was recherché, delicate, and good, and served on a
-good deal of plate. Voltaire, placed next me, was as polite and
-attentive as he is amusing and learned. The marquis was on my other
-side&mdash;this is my place every evening; and thus my left ear is softly
-charmed, while the right is but very slightly ennuied, for the marquis
-speaks little, and retires as soon as we rise from table."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She describes the apartments of madame du Châtelet and Voltaire as
-magnificent. His was hung with crimson velvet and gold fringe, the walls
-were covered with pictures and looking-glasses, and the room crowded
-with articles of luxury in worked silver. It opened into a small gallery
-wainscotted with yellow wood, adorned by statues, furnished with books,
-and filled with tables covered with curiosities and porcelain; opening
-on a grotto that led to the garden. The rooms of madame du Châtelet
-were far more elegant and rich; splendid with mirrors in silver frames,
-and adorned with pictures of the first French artists. Her boudoir, of
-which, in her vivacious style, the guest said, "you were ready to kneel
-and worship for its elegant magnificence," opened on a terrace
-commanding a beautiful prospect: the whole was a model of luxury, taste,
-and elegance. Unfortunately, however, in repairing and furnishing, no
-attention had been paid to any apartments but those occupied by madame
-du Châtelet and Voltaire. Discomfort reigned everywhere else. Poor madame
-de Graffigny was placed in an immense chamber, ill furnished&mdash;the
-wind entering at a thousand crevices&mdash;which it was impossible to warm,
-in spite of all the wood that was burnt. "In short," she says, "all that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">{Pg 27}</a></span>
-does not belong to the lady or Voltaire is in a most disgusting state of
-discomfort."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, talent spread its charm over the place, although madame du
-Châtelet, from the first, was no favourite with her guest, yet she
-allows that she talked well, sang divinely; was witty, eloquent, and,
-when she chose, pleasing; but, devoted to the study of abstruse
-mathematics, she gave up nearly her whole time, night and day, to these
-labours. Their way of life was regulated by their excessive industry. No
-one appeared till twelve o'clock, when coffee was announced in
-Voltaire's gallery for the chosen guests, while the marquis and others
-dined. At the end of half an hour Voltaire bowed his friends out; each
-retired to their room, and did not assemble again till nine for supper.
-This was the chosen season for conversation and enjoyment. He read to
-them passages from his works, he showed a magic lantern, and exerted all
-his wit, his buffoonery, and knowledge in the explanations. Froward as a
-child, amiable as a woman, always full of vivacity, his conversation was
-an exhaustless source of laughter and delight. When any guests were
-there whom they were peculiarly desirous of pleasing, everything was
-done for their amusement: plays were acted&mdash;no moment of repose
-allowed&mdash;all was gaiety and pleasure. "Voltaire," she writes, "is
-always charming, always occupied with amusing me; he is never weary of
-paying attention; he is uneasy if I seem the least ennuied. In short, I
-find, from experience, that agreeable occupation is the charm of life. The
-lady, at first a little cold, grows kinder, and we are become
-familiar."&mdash;"Voltaire read us two cantos of his Joan, and we had a
-delightful supper. Madame du Châtelet sang with her divine voice; we
-laughed, we knew not why&mdash;we sang canons&mdash;it was a supper during
-which gaiety made us say and do we knew not what; and we laughed at
-nothing."&mdash;"The Marionettes have greatly diverted me; they are
-delightful: the piece was played in which Punch's wife hopes to kill her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">{Pg 28}</a></span>
-husband by singing <i>fagnana fagnana.</i> It was delicious to hear
-Voltaire say, seriously, that the piece was excellent. It is silly, is it
-not, to laugh at such follies? Yet I laughed. Voltaire is as delightful a
-child as he is a wise philosopher."&mdash;"This morning we were to hear an
-epistle read; but the fair lady was still in the same merry humour of
-yesterday; and she began to joke Voltaire, who, holding his epistle in his
-hand, parodied it against her in the most delightful manner: in short,
-there was no reading. He laughed at first, but was a little annoyed at
-last. For myself, I was ashamed to laugh so much; but there was so much
-wit; each word came and shone like lightning, and all accompanied
-by such vivacity and pleasantry that Heraclitus himself must have
-laughed."&mdash;"We had the Marionettes again. Voltaire declared that he
-was jealous. Do you know that I think that Voltaire shows genius in
-laughing at these follies. I sat next him to-day; it was a delightful seat.
-Yesterday evening he read an epistle which the fair lady criticised most
-wittily."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At other times, every hour was given to labour. Voltaire spent the
-entire day writing: "Does he leave his work for a quarter of an hour
-during the day," writes his guest, to pay me a visit, he does not sit down,
-saying that the time lost in talking is frightful&mdash;that no moment
-ought to be wasted, and loss of time is the greatest expense of all.
-This has gone on for a month. "When we come in to sup he is at his desk;
-we have half done before he joins us, and he is with difficulty
-prevented from returning immediately after. He exerts himself to amuse
-us during the meal; but evidently from sheer politeness: his thoughts
-are far away." Madame du Châtelet was even more industrious. "She
-spends her whole nights till five or six in the morning, writing; when
-she finds herself overcome by sleep, she puts her hands in iced water,
-and walks about the room to rouse herself. After this, instead of
-sleeping till the middle of the day, she rises at nine or ten. In short,
-she only gives two hours to sleep, and never leaves her desk except for
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">{Pg 29}</a></span>
-coffee and supper." This hard labour was productive of great ennui to
-their guests, and considerable ill health to themselves; especially to
-Voltaire, whose constitution was feeble: but the result with him was,
-his voluminous works; and with her, a degree of scientific knowledge
-surpassing that attained by almost every other adept of the day. Her
-essays were full of most abstruse reasoning, and written in a clear and
-elegant style. Madame de Graffigny had the highest opinion of her
-understanding. "I have been reading her dissertation on fire; it is
-written with admirable clearness, precision, and force of argument. I
-beg Voltaire's pardon, but it is far superior to his. What a woman! How
-little do I feel beside her! If my body grew as small, I could pass
-through a key-hole. When women do write, they surpass men; but it
-requires centuries to form a woman like this." Unfortunately, all this
-talent was darkened by a vehement and irritable temper. By degrees the
-truth became manifest, that these sages quarrelled violently. In madame
-de Graffigny's account, some of these disputes are very whimsical. These
-are trifles; but they display the inner nature of the man better than
-more important events, and deserve record. Voltaire was writing the "Age
-of Louis XIV.," in which he took great pride and pleasure, although from
-the tyranny then existing in France, the publishing of it would have
-doomed him to the Bastille. Madame du Châtelet locked up the
-manuscript, and would not let him finish it. "He is dying to do so,"
-madame de Graffigny writes; "it is the work, of all his, which he
-prefers. She justifies herself by saying there is little pleasure in
-writing a book that cannot be printed. I exhort him to go on, and to be
-satisfied with the immortality he will gain. He said, yesterday, that
-assuredly he would finish it, but not here. She turns his head with her
-geometry; she likes nothing else."&mdash;"One day, being indisposed, the
-lady could not write; so she went to bed, and sent for me, saying that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">{Pg 30}</a></span>
-Voltaire would read his tragedy of 'Mérope.' When he came, she took it
-into her head that he should change his coat. He objected, on the score
-that he might catch cold, but at last had the complaisance to send for
-his valet to get another coat. The servant could not be found. Voltaire
-thought himself let off. Not at all: she recommenced her persecution
-till Voltaire got angry. He said a few words in English, and left the
-room. He was sent for; but replied he was taken ill. Adieu to
-'Mérope!'&mdash;I was furious. Presently a visitor came, and I said I would
-go to see Voltaire, and the lady told me to try to bring him back. I
-found him in excellent humour, quite forgetful of his illness; but it
-returned when we were sent for, and he was very sullen." Another time
-she writes: "I pity poor Voltaire, since he and his friend cannot agree.
-Ah, dear friend! where is there happiness on earth for mortals? We are
-always deceived by appearances: at a distance, we thought them the
-happiest people in the world; but, now that I am with them, I discern
-the truth."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Nor was the lady always the peccant person. On one occasion madame de
-Graffigny writes: "Voltaire is in a state resembling madness. He
-torments his friend till I am forced to pity her. She has made me her
-confidant. Voltaire is really mad. One day we were about to act a
-comedy&mdash;every one was ready, when the post came in; he received
-unpleasant letters: he burst forth into exclamations of anguish, and
-fell into a species of convulsions. Madame du Châtelet came to me with
-tears in her eyes, and begged me to put off the play. Yesterday he had
-an interval of quiet, and we acted. How strange that, with all his
-genius, he should be so absurd!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire's disquiet arose from some defamatory attacks made on him by J.
-B. Rousseau and the abbé Desfontaines. We have seen the history of his
-intercourse with the former; it was unworthy the poet to revenge himself
-by libels. Voltaire had exerted his influence to save Desfontaines when
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">{Pg 31}</a></span>
-accused of a capital offence: he was repaid by the publication of
-calumnies. The attacks deserved contempt only; but Voltaire could not be
-brought to this opinion: "I must have reparation," he writes to a
-friend, "or I die dishonoured. Facts and the most shocking impostures
-are in question. You know not to what a degree the abbé Desfontaines is
-the oracle of the provinces. I am told that he is despised in Paris; yet
-his 'Observations' sell better than any other work. My silence drives
-him to despair, you say. Ah, how little do you know him! He will take my
-silence as a mark of submission; and I shall be disgraced by the most
-despicable man alive, without the smallest act of revenge&mdash;without
-justifying myself."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With these feelings he thought it necessary to write a defence. He
-proposed, at one time, entering on a lawsuit. And, to add to his
-troubles, his friend Thiriot acted a weak, tergiversating part. Weak in
-health, irritated in temper by excessive application, he was in a state
-of too great excitement to judge calmly and act with dignity. For six
-months every occupation was postponed to his desire of vengeance; a
-serious attack of illness was the consequence. With this unfortunate
-susceptibility when defamed, we must contrast his patience under every
-other species of annoyance, and his constant benevolence. He suffered
-various pecuniary losses at this time, but never complained, nor ceased
-to benefit several literary men who had no resource except in his
-generosity.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To return to Cirey and its letter-writing guest. Madame de Graffigny's
-own turn for suffering came at last. The bigotry and severity of the
-French government with regard to the press, while cardinal Fleuri was
-minister, kept Voltaire and his friend in a continual state of
-uneasiness. Twice since his retirement to Cirey he had been obliged to fly
-to Holland to escape a <i>lettre de cachet</i>; and, meanwhile, he could
-not resist writing satires on religion and government, which he read to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">{Pg 32}</a></span>
-his friends; and, their existence becoming known, the cardinal was on
-the alert. He had declared that if his burlesque of the "Pucelle"
-appeared, the author should end his days in the Bastille. Madame du
-Châtelet was more cautious and more fearful than Voltaire himself; and
-the imprudence of the latter, and the frightful evils that impended, did
-any treacherous friend either lay hands on any portion of the
-manuscript, or have a memory retentive enough to write it after it was
-read aloud, is in some degree an excuse for the otherwise unpardonable
-liberty she took to waylay, open, and read the letters of her guests.
-Madame de Graffigny had been delighted with a canto of "Joan," and sent
-a sketch of its plan in a letter to her friend. M. Devaux, in answer,
-simply replied, "The canto of 'Joan' is charming." The letter containing
-these words was opened by madame du Châtelet. Her terror distorted the
-meaning of the phrase, and represented in frightful colours the evil
-that would ensue; for she fancied that madame de Graffigny had in some
-manner possessed herself of, and sent to Lunéville, a canto of a poem
-so forbidden and guarded, that she had prevented Voltaire from
-communicating any portion of it to the prince royal of Prussia, lest any
-accidental discovery should be made. The storm broke unexpectedly and
-frightfully. Voltaire learnt and shared his friend's apprehensions. As
-a means of discovering the extent of the mischief, he, unexpectedly, the
-same evening, after madame de Graffigny had retired to her room, and was
-occupied writing letters, visited her there, saying, that he was ruined,
-and that his life was in her hands; and in reply to her expressions of
-astonishment, informed her that a hundred copies of one of the cantos of
-"Joan" were about in the world, and that he must fly to Holland,&mdash;to
-the end of the world&mdash;for safety; that M. du Châtelet was to set out
-for Lunéville; and that she must write to her friend Devaux to collect all
-the copies. Madame de Graffigny, charmed that she had an opportunity of
-obliging her kind host, assured him of her zeal, and expressed her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">{Pg 33}</a></span>
-sorrow that such an accident should happen while she was his guest. On
-this, Voltaire became furious: "No tergiversation, madam," he cried.
-"You sent the canto!" Her counter-asseverations were of no avail&mdash;she
-believed herself the most unlucky person in the world that the suspicion
-should fall on her. In vain she protested. Voltaire at length asserted
-that Devaux had read the canto sent by her to various persons, and that
-madame du Châtelet had the proof in her pocket: her justification was
-not attended to by the angry poet, who declared that he was
-irretrievably ruined. In the midst of this frightful scene, which had
-lasted an hour, madame du Châtelet burst into the room: her violence,
-her abuse, and insulting expressions overwhelmed her poor guest.
-Voltaire in vain endeavoured to calm her. At length madame de Graffigny
-was informed of the cause of the tumult and accusation; she was shown
-the phrase in her correspondent's letter,&mdash;"The canto of 'Joan' is
-charming;"&mdash;she understood and explained its meaning. Voltaire
-believed her on the instant, and made a thousand apologies. His friend was
-less placable. Madame de Graffigny was obliged to promise to write for her
-own letter containing the account of the canto of the poem, to prove her
-innocence. She did this; and till it came all her letters were opened:
-she was treated with haughtiness by the lady, and remained shut up in
-her own room, solitary and sad; for, to crown her misfortunes, the poor
-woman had not a sous in the world, and could not escape from a place
-where she was exposed to so much insult. At length her letter was
-returned. Madame du Châtelet took care to waylay it, and satisfied
-herself by reading it; and then, a few days after, she apologised to her
-unfortunate guest; and, fearful, indeed, of her ill report on the
-subject, became remarkably civil and kind. Voltaire conducted himself
-much better. "I believe," madame de Graffigny writes, "that he was
-entirely ignorant of the practice of opening my letters; he appeared to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">{Pg 34}</a></span>
-believe my simple word, and saw the illness I suffered, in consequence,
-with regret. He often visited me in my room, shed tears, and said that
-he was miserable at being the cause of my suffering. He has never once
-entered my room without the humblest and most pathetic apologies; he
-redoubled his care that I should be well attended; he even said that
-madame du Châtelet was a terrible woman&mdash;that she had no flexibility
-of heart, though it was good. In short, I have every reason to be content
-with Voltaire."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Such was the paradise of Cirey. The arduous study and ill health of
-Voltaire, the mental labours of his friend, their very accomplishments
-and wit, tended, probably, to irritate tempers, irritable in themselves.
-As to the poem, the cause of the storm, it had certainly better never
-have been written than occasion so much fear, and pain, and misconduct.
-We confess we have never read it. Its framework is indecency and
-ridicule of sacred things; chiefly, indeed, of the legends of the
-saints, which is more excusable; but still the whole is conceived in bad
-taste. We cannot understand the state of manners when such a poem could
-be read aloud to women; and we feel that we are scarcely fair judges of
-persons living in a system and actuated by motives so contrary to our
-own: so that, while we thank God we are not like them, we must be
-indulgent to faults which we have not any temptation to commit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire's residence at Cirey was marked by the commencement of his
-correspondence with Frederic the Great, then prince royal of Prussia. It
-is well known that this sovereign passed a youth of great
-suffering&mdash;that he was imprisoned for an endeavour to escape from the
-state of servitude to which his father reduced him. His dearest friend
-was executed before his eyes, and measures taken that he himself should
-be condemned to death. To avoid a recurrence of these misfortunes, he
-lived in a most retired manner during the remainder of his father's
-life; given up to the cultivation of poetry and the study of
-philosophy. He shared the universal admiration entertained of Voltaire's
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">{Pg 35}</a></span>
-genius, and his noble daring in breaking down the obstacles which the
-government and clergy of France threw in the way of the diffusion of
-knowledge, and his resolution in devoting his life to authorship. He
-addressed a letter to him at Cirey, requesting a correspondence.
-Voltaire could not fail of being highly flattered by a prince, the heir
-to a throne, who wrote to him that "Cirey should be his Delphos, and his
-letters oracles." Voltaire was far from being behindhand in compliments.
-He writes: "I shed tears of joy on reading your letter&mdash;I recognise a
-prince who will assuredly be the delight of the human race. I am in
-every way astonished: you speak like Trajan, you write like Pliny, and
-you express yourself in French as well as our best writers. What a
-difference between men! Louis XIV. was a great king&mdash;I respect his
-memory; but he had not your humanity, nor spoke French as well. I have
-seen his letters; he did not know the orthography of his own language.
-Berlin will be, under your auspices, the Athens of Germany&mdash;perhaps of
-Europe." The compliments on both sides were to a great degree sincere.
-Frederic shared the enthusiastic, almost, worship in which Voltaire was
-then generally held&mdash;and Voltaire regarding sovereigns and princes as
-powerful enemies, or at best as mischievous animals, whom it was
-necessary to stroke into innocuousness, was carried away by his delight
-in finding one who adopted his own principles&mdash;looked up to him as a
-master, and added to the value of his admiration, the fact of being
-himself a man of genius. After Voltaire had quarrelled with him, he
-spoke in a jocular tone of their mutual flattery; but still in a way
-that shows how deeply it sank at the time. "The prince," he writes,
-"employed his leisure in writing to the literary men of France, and the
-principal burden of his correspondence fell on me. I received letters in
-verse, metaphysical, historical, and political. He treated me as a
-divine man; I called him Solomon; epithets which cost us nothing. Some
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">{Pg 36}</a></span>
-of these follies have been printed among my works; but, fortunately, not
-the thirtieth part. I took the liberty to send him a very beautiful
-writing desk; he was kind enough to present me with some trifles in
-amber; and the coffee-house wits of Paris fancied, with horror, that my
-fortune was made. He sent a young Courlander, named Keyserling,&mdash;no
-bad writer of French verses himself,&mdash;from the confines of Pomerania,
-to us at Cirey. We gave him a fête, and a splendid illumination in which
-the cipher of the prince was hung with lamps, with the device, "The Hope of
-the Human Race." In his pique, Voltaire speaks too slightingly. Had he
-not been a prince, the correspondence of Frederic was worth having; it
-is full of good sense and philosophical remark. It was a more
-disagreeable task to correct his verses. Yet these are by no means had;
-they are nearly as good as Voltaire's own. There is less pretension, but
-often more spirit. The whole mass has no real claim to be called poetry;
-and in these days nobody reads either: but when they were written, and
-had the gloss of novelty, and the interest of passing events and living
-men appended, they were at least respectable specimens of a talent,
-which in its own sphere could attain much higher things.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The residence at Cirey was broken up by the necessity of attending to a
-lawsuit of madame du Châtelet at Brussels, and she and her husband and
-Voltaire proceeded thither.
-<span class="sidenote2">1740.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-46.</span>
-At this period Frederic succeeded to the throne of Prussia. The
-demonstrations of his friendship for Voltaire continued as fervent as
-ever. "See in me only, I entreat you," he writes, "a zealous citizen, a
-somewhat sceptical philosopher, but a truly faithful friend. For God's
-sake write to me simply as a man; join with me in despising titles,
-names, and all exterior splendour." Voltaire replied, "Your majesty
-orders me, when I write, to think of him less as a king than as a man.
-This is a command after my own heart. I know not how to treat a king;
-but I am quite at my ease with a man whose head and heart are full of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">{Pg 37}</a></span>
-love for the human race." Frederic, now that he was emancipated from his
-father's control, was most eager to see Voltaire. He asked him to visit
-him. Voltaire considered his friendship with madame du Châtelet as of
-more worth than the protection of a king; for although, through vivacity
-of temper and absence of self-control, they quarrelled, there was a deep
-feeling of mutual kindness and sympathy on both sides. The king had been
-ready to lavish compliments on the "divine Emily;" but his indifference
-to women, and his many and important occupations, made him shrink from
-receiving a French court lady, full of wit, caprice, and
-self-importance. He wrote: "If Emily must accompany Apollo, I consent;
-but if I can see you alone, I should prefer it." It ended in Frederic's
-forming the plan of including Brussels in a tour he made, and visiting
-his friend there. Voltaire's own account of their interview is full of
-spirit and pleasantry; showing how, in reality, a Frenchman, accustomed
-to the splendour and etiquette of his native court, could ill comprehend
-the simplicity and poverty of Prussia. He writes: "The king's ambassador
-extraordinary to France arrived at Brussels; as soon as he alighted at
-an inn, he sent me a young man, whom he had made his page, to say that
-he was too tired to pay me a visit, but begged me to come to him, and
-that he had a rich and magnificent present for me from the king, his
-master. 'Go quickly,' cried madame du Châtelet, 'I dare say he brings
-you the crown jewels.' I hurried off, and found the ambassador, who,
-instead of port-manteau, had behind his carriage a quarter of wine,
-belonging to the late king, which the reigning sovereign ordered me to
-drink. I exhausted myself in protestations of surprise and gratitude for
-this liquid mark of his majesty's goodness, substituted for the solid
-ones he had given me a right to expect, and I shared the wine with
-Camas. My Solomon was then at Strasbourg. The fancy had taken him while
-visiting his long and narrow dominions, which reached from Gueldres to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">{Pg 38}</a></span>
-the Baltic sea, to visit, incognito, the frontiers and troops of France.
-He took the name, at Strasbourg, of the count du Four, a rich Bohemian
-nobleman. He sent me, at Brussels, an account of his travels, half
-prose, half verse, in the style of Bachaumont and Chapelle; that is, as
-near the style as, a king of Prussia could attain; telling of had roads
-and the passport he was obliged to give himself, which, having with him
-a seal with the arms of Prussia, he easily fabricated; and the surprise
-his party excited&mdash;some taking them for sovereigns, others for
-swindlers. From Strasbourg he visited his states in Lower Germany, and
-sent word that he would visit me at Brussels incognito. We prepared a
-good residence for him; but falling ill at the little castle of Meuse,
-two leagues from Clèves, he wrote to beg that I would make the first
-advances. I went, therefore, to present my most profound homage.
-Maupertuis, who already had his own views, and was possessed by a mania
-to be president of an academy, had presented himself, and lodged with
-Algarotti and Keyserling in a loft of this palace. I found a single
-soldier as guard at the gate. The privy counsellor Rambonet, minister of
-state, was walking about the court, blowing his fingers; he had on large
-dirty linen ruffles, a hat full of holes, and an old judge's wig, which
-on one side reached to his pockets, and on the other scarcely touched
-his shoulder. I was told, and truly, that this man was charged with
-important state affairs. I was conducted to his majesty's apartment,
-where I saw only four walls. At length, by the light of a candle, I
-perceived, in a closet, a truckle bed, two feet and a half wide, on
-which was a little man, wrapped in a dressing-gown of coarse blue cloth.
-It was the king, trembling beneath an old counterpane, in a violent
-access of fever. I bowed to him, and began my acquaintance by feeling
-his pulse, as if I had been his first physician. When the access was
-over, he dressed and went to supper with me, Algarotti, Keyserling,
-Maupertuis, and his minister to the States General. We conversed on the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">{Pg 39}</a></span>
-immortality of the soul, free will, and Plato's "Androgynes." Counsellor
-Rambonet meanwhile mounted a hack, and, after riding all night, arrived
-at the gates of Liège, where he made a requisition in the name of the
-king, his master, which two thousand of his troops helped him to
-enforce. Frederic even charged me with writing a manifesto, which I did
-as well as I could, not doubting that a king with whom I supped, and who
-called me his friend, must be in the right. The affair was soon
-arranged, through the payment of a million, which he exacted in ducats,
-which served to indemnify him for the expense of his journey to
-Strasbourg, of which he had complained in his poetic letter. I grew
-attached to him, for he had talent and grace; and besides, he was a
-king, which, considering human weakness, is always a great fascination.
-Generally we literary men flatter kings; but he flattered me, while
-abbé Desfontaines and other rascals defamed me once a week at Paris.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"The king of Prussia, before his father's death, had written a work
-against the principles of Machiavelli. If Machiavelli had had a prince
-for disciple, he would have recommended him, in the first place, to
-write against him; but the prince royal did not understand this sort of
-finesse. He had written in good faith at a time when he was not
-sovereign; and his father inspired him with no partiality for despotic
-power. He sincerely praised moderation and justice, and in his
-enthusiasm regarded every usurpation as a crime. He had sent me the
-manuscript to correct and publish. I now began to feel remorse at
-printing the "Anti-Machiavel," while the king of Prussia, with an
-hundred millions in his treasury, took one, by means of counsellor
-Rambonet, from the poor inhabitants of Liège. I suspected that my
-Solomon would not stop there. His father had left sixty-six thousand
-four hundred excellent soldiers. He augmented the number, and seemed
-eager to make use of them. I represented to him that it was not quite
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">{Pg 40}</a></span>
-right to print his book at a time when he might be reproached for
-violating its precepts. He permitted me to stop the edition. I went to
-Holland entirely to do him this little service; but the bookseller asked
-so much money in compensation, that the king, who in his heart was not
-sorry to see himself in print, preferred being so for nothing, rather
-than to pay not to be."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have extracted this whole account as highly characteristic, and as
-explanatory of much that followed. Frederic loved and enjoyed talent,
-and was himself a man of genius; he was simple-minded as a German;
-unaccustomed to show and luxury; but he was a king and a soldier. He was
-young and ambitious. Voltaire laughed at his economy, ridiculed his
-plainness, saw through his pretensions to liberal opinions, and jested
-wittily on their friendship. Yet, withal, he was flattered by it. He saw
-a refuge and a support against the persecutions he feared in his own
-country; and though he would have preferred that a sovereign who called
-him friend had been more royal in outward show, he was forced to be
-satisfied that though badly dressed and meanly attended, yet he was
-really a king, with millions in his coffres, and thousands of soldiers
-at his command, and, above all, a man of genius. "He is the most
-delightful man in the world," he writes, "and would be sought by every
-one, even were he not a king: philosophical without austerity, full of
-gentleness, complaisance, and agreeable qualities; forgetting that he is
-a sovereign as soon as he is with his friends, and so forgetting, that
-it required an effort of memory to recollect that he was one." Such was
-the impression which the young king made on his older friend, who had
-been accustomed to courts and royalty. But still he felt that the friend
-of a king is not half as independent in the royal palace as in another
-kingdom. Probably madame du Châtelet's admirable understanding helped
-to keep him firm; at any rate, while she lived he declined all
-Frederic's invitations, and declared his tie of friendship with the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">{Pg 41}</a></span>
-"divine Emily" paramount to every other.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire and madame du Châtelet had agreed to vary their solitude at
-Cirey by visits to the metropolis. The leisure afforded by the seclusion
-of the country was congenial to labour. Far from the society and
-interruptions of Paris, they could both devote their whole minds to the
-subjects on which they were occupied; but they found difficulty in
-getting books. It was impossible at a distance from the capital for
-Voltaire to have access to the state papers necessary for the historical
-works he had in hand, or for the lady to keep up that communication with
-men of letters which, in matters of science particularly, is necessary
-to any one ambitious of extending and confirming discoveries. Yet the
-change was to be regretted. The vivacity of Voltaire's temper had caused
-him to be disturbed by the attacks of his enemies in his retirement. In
-the thick of society these attacks were more multifarious and stinging;
-and added to this, his reputation in the capital for a wit, could only
-be kept up by a sort of small money of authorship, so to speak, which
-frittered away the treasures of his mind.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The death of the emperor Charles VI. plunged Europe in war. France
-interfered to cause the elector of Bavaria to be chosen emperor, and
-attacked Maria Theresa of Austria, daughter of Charles VI. The king of
-Prussia, a potentate who had not yet figured in the wars of Europe,
-desirous of taking advantage of the distressed state of the empire,
-seized on Silesia. Twice Voltaire was employed by his court to sound the
-intentions of his royal correspondent, and to influence him to ally
-himself with France. The first mission of this sort that he undertook
-was at the request of cardinal Fleuri.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Cardinal Fleuri had been the author's friend in his early days. Voltaire
-took great pleasure in conversing with him, and collecting his anecdotes
-on the reign of Louis XIV. The cardinal was a timid man; the scope of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">{Pg 42}</a></span>
-his policy as minister, was to keep France at peace and Paris tranquil;
-to prevent all movement in the public mind, and to suppress literary
-influence, whether it tended to enlarge the boundaries of human
-knowledge, or to remark upon the events and personages of the day. He
-kept a tight hand over Voltaire. Several <i>lettres de cachet</i> had been
-issued against him, and he had declared imprisonment in the Bastille
-should punish any future literary imprudence. Voltaire could only keep
-up a semblance of kindness and toleration by giving every outward mark
-of submission. It was matter of pride to him when he was applied to by
-the minister to visit Frederic, and learn his real intentions with
-regard to his attack on Silesia. His mission was secret; so that it was
-supposed that he had taken refuge in Prussia from some new persecution;
-while Frederic himself, not well comprehending his sudden apparition,
-after his frequent refusals, guessed that it was connected with
-politics, and showed himself for a moment dubious of his integrity. But
-this cloud was soon dissipated. The king tried to tempt the poet to
-remain. He was firm in his refusal. "I have quitted a brilliant and
-advantageous establishment," he writes; "I received the most flattering
-offers, and great regret was expressed because I would not accept them;
-but how could courts and kings and emolument outweigh a ten years'
-friendship: they would scarcely console me, did this friendship fail
-me." Nor did friendship alone recal him; he was eager for the applause
-of a Parisian audience. Any one who reads his letters, will perceive how
-Voltaire was wrapt up in his writings; enthusiasm could alone sustain
-him through so much labour. He was desirous that the tragedy of f
-Mahomet' should be acted; he was allowed to choose his own censor: he
-selected Crebillon, but Crebillon refused the licence; and an intimacy
-of thirty years ended in a quarrel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To compensate for this disappointment, Voltaire brought out this tragedy
-at Lille. He found La Noue there, who was well fitted for the part of
-Mahomet; and Clairon in her youth, who took the part of Palmyre. During
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">{Pg 43}</a></span>
-an interval between the acts, a letter was brought to Voltaire,
-announcing the gain of the battle of Molwitz; he rose and read it aloud
-from his box. The applause redoubled; and he afterwards said, jestingly,
-that the victory of Molwitz had insured the success of "Mahomet." The
-tragedy was approved even by the clergy at Lille, and Fleuri, when he
-read it, saw no objection to its being acted. It was brought out in
-Paris under brilliant auspices; but the clergy formed a cabal; it was
-declared to be a covert attack on the Christian religion, and Fleuri
-weakly begged the author to withdraw it after the second representation.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1743.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-49.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-When cardinal Fleuri died, and Louis XV. declared he would have no other
-first minister, Voltaire hoped to establish his influence on surer
-foundations, through his long-established friendship with the duke de
-Richelieu. This libertine, but not unambitious, noble sought to lay the
-foundations of his power by any means, however disgraceful. By giving
-the king a mistress of his own choosing, he hoped to rule his sovereign;
-and while the duchess de Châteauroux lived, he possessed considerable
-power. One of the first advantages Voltaire wished to reap was, to
-succeed to the seat in the academy, vacant by the death of cardinal
-Fleuri.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To understand the importance Voltaire attached to success in this
-endeavour, we must consider his views and his position. The chief aim of
-his life was to diffuse in France that knowledge and freedom of
-discussion which was permitted in England, but which was barred out of
-his country with a rigorous and persecuting spirit. At the same time,
-desirous of living in his native land, and to reap there the fruits of
-his labours in the applause of his countrymen, he wished to insure his
-personal security. As a chief means to this end, he believed it
-necessary to gain the favour of influential persons about the sovereign,
-and to make himself one of a powerful society, such as formed the French
-academy. Voltaire understood his countrymen. He knew how a word can
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">{Pg 44}</a></span>
-sway&mdash;how a jest could rule them. His own temper was vivacious and
-irritable. He never spared an enemy. While accusing Boileau and Molière
-for holding up the poetasters of their day to ridicule, did any of the
-<i>literati</i> attack him, he defended himself with acrimonious sarcasm
-and pertinacious abuse. He spared no epithet of contempt, no vehemence of
-condemnation, nor any artful manœuvre, so to obtain the advantage.
-While he thus sought to annihilate his foes, and to secure himself, the
-gates of the Bastille yawned in view, and by the tremour which the sight
-inspired, added that bitterness to his sensations which the fear of
-disaster inspires. These were the causes of the virulence of his
-diatribes&mdash;of the sting of his epigrams in which he devotes Piron and
-others to everlasting ridicule. It was on this account that he sought to
-be a member of the academy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The moment he began to canvass for the vacant seat in the academy, a
-violent cabal was formed to oppose him. Maurepas, secretary of state, an
-excellent man, but narrow-minded, was the moving spring of the
-opposition. He pat forward a Theatin monk, named Boyer, as his agent.
-This man declared that the deceased cardinal's empty chair could only be
-filled properly by a bishop. He found some difficulty in finding a
-prelate who chose to undertake the invidious part; one was at last
-found, and Voltaire lost his election. The same scene was renewed when
-another vacancy recurred, during the following year. In some degree the
-poet was consoled by the success of the tragedy of "Mérope." The
-audience were transported by enthusiasm; they perceived the author in a
-box&mdash;they insisted on his coming forward. The young and beautiful
-duchess de Villars was with him. She was called upon to embrace the
-poet; at first she was embarrassed by the singular part she was called
-on to act, but, recovering herself, obeyed the call of the pit with the
-grace that distinguished a high-born Frenchwoman. Voltaire might well
-desire to achieve success with an audience of his countrymen, when such
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">{Pg 45}</a></span>
-were the tokens he received of triumph.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The king of Prussia, meanwhile, having exhausted his finances by war,
-and gained two provinces, found it eligible to conclude a peace with
-Maria Theresa; a peace, detrimental to the interests of France, which
-was thus left to carry on the war single-handed. It became matter of
-policy to induce Frederic to infringe a treaty scarcely signed. The duke
-de Richelieu requested Voltaire to be the negotiator. Again his mission
-was secret. He pretended to renounce his country, disgusted by the cabal
-carried on by Boyer against him, and he had the appearance of applying
-to Frederic for refuge and defence against the injustice he met in his
-native country. Voltaire's own account of this negotiation is written in
-his usual jesting, sarcastic style; he made a joke of the bishop, his
-successful rival; and when Frederic answered by a deluge of pleasantries
-on the subject, he took care to make his letters public. The bishop of
-Mirepoix complained to the king that he was made to pass for a fool at
-foreign courts; but Louis XV. replied that it was a thing agreed upon,
-and that he must not mind it. Voltaire remarks that this reply was
-opposed to Louis's usual character, and that it appeared extraordinary.
-But the king probably spoke in the innocence of his heart, announcing a
-mere fact, that the bishop's reputation for talent was to be sacrificed
-for the good of the state. Indeed, there is a letter from Voltaire to
-his immediate employer, Amelot, secretary for foreign affairs, which
-shows that he by no means felt easy with regard to the light in which
-Louis might view his conduct, and excuses the style of his
-correspondence with Frederic. "There are in his notes and in mine," he
-writes, "some bold rhymes, which cannot hurt a king, though they may an
-individual. He hopes that I may be forced to accept his offers, which
-hitherto I have refused, and take up my abode at the court of Prussia.
-He hopes to gain me by losing me in France; but I swear to you I would
-rather live in a Swiss village than gain at this price the dangerous
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">{Pg 46}</a></span>
-favour of a king."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After some delay, occasioned by the journeys of the king of Prussia,
-during which time Voltaire did good service for his court at the Hague,
-he arrived at Berlin, and was warmly welcomed. Fêtes, operas,
-suppers&mdash;all the amusements that Frederic could command, were put in
-requisition to please the illustrious and favoured guest. In the midst
-of these, the secret negotiation advanced. Voltaire had infinite tact,
-and could, like many of his countrymen, mingle the most serious designs
-with frivolous amusements, and pursue undeviatingly his own interests,
-while apparently given up to philosophical disquisitions or witty
-discussions. In the midst, therefore, of easy and jocular conversation,
-Voltaire discovered the real state of things, which consisted in the
-king of Prussia's desire to embroil Louis XV. with England. "Let France
-declare war against England," said Frederic, "and I march." This
-sufficed for the subtle emissary. He returned to Paris, and negotiations
-ensued which terminated in a new treaty between France and Prussia, and
-the following spring Frederic invaded Bohemia with a hundred thousand
-men. Voltaire, however, reaped no benefit from his zeal. The king's
-mistress, the duchess de Châteauroux, was angry that she had not been
-consulted. She managed to obtain the dismission of M. Amelot, secretary
-for foreign affairs, under whose direction Voltaire had acted, and he
-was enveloped in the disgrace, that is to say, he gained no court
-smiles, nor any solid compensation, for his trouble.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His life was now passed between Paris and Cirey&mdash;society and solitude.
-He and the du Châtelets shared the same house in the capital; their
-studies and their amusements were in common. We are told<a name="NoteRef_4_4" id="NoteRef_4_4"></a><a href="#Note_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a> that on one
-occasion, when madame du Châtelet went to court, and engaged in play,
-during which she lost a great deal of money, Voltaire told her in
-English that she was being cheated. The words were understood by others
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">{Pg 47}</a></span>
-who were present, and the poet thought it prudent to absent himself for
-a time. He asked refuge from the duchess du Maine at Sceaux. Here he
-passed two months in the strictest retreat; and when danger was past, he
-repaid his hostess by remaining in her chateau, and contributing to her
-recreation by getting up plays, and writing for her. "Zadig" and others
-of his tales were composed on this occasion. Operas, plays, concerts,
-and balls varied the amusements. Madame du Châtelet and Voltaire took
-parts in these theatricals. The lady was an admirable actress, as well
-as musician: she shone in comedy, where her gaiety, grace, and vivacity
-had full play. Voltaire was also a good actor. The part of Cicero in his
-own tragedy of "Rome Sauvée" was his favourite part. At other times,
-leaving these pleasures, he and his friend retired to Cirey and to
-labour. We have an amusing account of several of their migrations, from
-the pen of Longchamp, who, from being the valet of madame du Châtelet,
-became elevated into the secretary of Voltaire. There is a great
-contrast between this man's account, and the letters before quoted of
-madame de Graffigny. In both descriptions, we find mentioned the
-vivacity and petulance both of the poet and his friend; but the darker
-shadows thrown by irritability and quarrelling, do not appear in the
-pages of Longchamp; and, above all, the fair disciple of Newton is
-delineated in far more agreeable colours. "Madame du Châtelet," he
-writes, "passed the greater part of the morning amidst her books and her
-writings, and she would never be interrupted. But when she left her study,
-she was no longer the same woman&mdash;her serious countenance changed
-into one expressive of gaiety, and she entered with ardour into all the
-pleasures of society. Although she was then forty, she was the first to
-set amusement on foot, and to enliven it by her wit and vivacity." Nor
-does he make any mention of the violence and ill-humour from which her
-guest suffered so piteously. "When not studying," he remarks, "she was
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">{Pg 48}</a></span>
-always active, lively, and good-humoured." At Cirey, she was equally
-eager to afford amusement to her friends. "When the report of her
-arrival," writes Longchamp, "was spread through the neighbouring
-villages, the gentry of the country around came to pay their respects.
-They were all well received; those who came from a distance were kept
-for several weeks at the chateau. To amuse both herself and her guests,
-madame du Châtelet set on foot a theatre. She composed farces and
-proverbs; Voltaire did the same; and the parts were distributed among
-the guests. A sort of stage had been erected at the end of a gallery,
-formed by planks placed upon empty barrels, while the side scenes were
-hung with tapestry; a lustre and some branches lighted the gallery and
-the theatre; there were a few fiddles for an orchestra, and the evenings
-passed in a very gay and amusing manner. Often the actors, without
-knowing it, were made to turn their own characters into ridicule, for
-the greater gratification of the audience. Madame du Châtelet wrote
-parts for this purpose, nor did she spare herself, and often represented
-grotesque personages. She could lend herself to every division, and
-always succeeded."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-From this scene of gaiety, at once rustic and refined, the pair
-proceeded to the court of king Stanislaus at Luneville. Here Voltaire
-employed himself in writing during the morning, and, as usual, the
-evening was given up to amusement. The theatricals were renewed; all was
-gaiety and good humour. The marquis du Châtelet, passing through
-Luneville, on his way to join the army, was enchanted to find his wife
-in such high favour at king Stanislaus' court.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1748.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-54.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire left the gay scene to overlook the bringing out of his tragedy
-of "Semiramis." In this play he endeavoured to accustom his countrymen
-to greater boldness of situation and stage effect. It was necessary to
-banish that portion of the audience, the dandies of the day, who, seated
-on the stage itself, at once destroyed all scenic illusion, and afforded
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">{Pg 49}</a></span>
-too narrow a space for the actors. A formidable cabal opposed these
-innovations, headed by Piron and Crebillon; and Voltaire, himself, was
-obliged to have recourse to means which had been unworthy of him under
-other circumstances, and to place a number of resolute friends in the
-pit, to oppose the adverse party. The piece was successful, and the poet
-eager to return to Luneville. He was suffering greatly in his health.
-During his stay in Paris, he had been attacked by low fever; and his
-busy life in the capital, where his days were given up to society, and
-his nights to authorship, exhausted the vital powers. Notwithstanding
-his suffering, he resolved to set out, and proceeded as far as Chalons,
-where he was obliged to give in, and take to his bed. The bishop and
-intendant of Chalons visited him; they sent him a physician; but,
-without showing outward opposition, Voltaire followed none of his
-prescriptions, and endeavoured to get rid of the intruders. He felt his
-danger; he entreated his confidential servant, Longchamps not to abandon
-him, and, as he said, to remain to cover his body with earth when he
-should expire. His fever and delirium increased, and his resolution not
-to take the remedies prescribed was firm: every one expected to see him
-die; he, himself, anticipated death, and gave his secretary instructions
-how to act. On the sixth day, though apparently as ill as ever, he
-resolved to proceed on his journey, declaring that he would not die at
-Chalons. He was lifted into his carriage; his secretary took his place
-beside him; he did not speak, and was so wan and feeble, that Longchamp
-feared that he would never arrive alive: but as they went on, he grew
-better; sleep and appetite returned; he was much recovered when they
-reached Luneville; the presence of madame du Châtelet reanimated him; a
-few days with her caused all his gaiety to return, and he forgot his
-sufferings and danger.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This appears to have been a very happy portion of Voltaire's life. His
-friendship for madame du Châtelet was ardent and sincere. Her talents
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">{Pg 50}</a></span>
-were the origin of their sympathy in tastes and pursuits; her gaiety
-animated his life with a succession of pleasures necessary to compose
-and amuse his mind after intense study; her good sense enabled her to be
-his adviser and support when calumny and scandal disturbed, as was
-easily done, his equanimity. Voltaire, when writing, was absorbed by his
-subject; this enthusiasm inspired and sustained him. It allowed him to
-labour hard, and made him put his whole soul into every word he penned.
-His friend participated in his eagerness; and by entering earnestly into
-all his literary plans, imparted to them a charm which he appreciated at
-its full value. This friend he was about to lose for ever; but he did
-not anticipate the misfortune.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1749.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-9.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-A portion of the following year was spent at Paris and Cirey, and they
-again visited Luneville; for king Stanislaus had invited them again to
-join his court. Pleasure was once more the order of the day. Every one
-in the palace was eager to contribute to the king's amusement; and he
-was desirous that all round him should be happy. In the midst of this
-routine of gaiety, the industry of Voltaire surprises us. He wrote
-several tragedies at this period, and his letters are full of
-expressions marking the eagerness of authorship, and the many hours he
-devoted to composition. Emulation, joined to great disdain for his
-rival, spurred him on. He was mortified and indignant at the praise
-bestowed on Crebillon by the Parisians; and he took the very subjects
-treated by this tragedian, believing that, thus brought into immediate
-contrast, his grander conceptions and more classic style would at once
-crush the pretender. "I have written 'Catiline,'" he writes, "in eight
-days; and the moment I finished, I began 'Electra.' For the last twenty
-years I have been rendered indignant by seeing the finest subject of
-antiquity debased by a miserable love affair,&mdash;by two pair of lovers,
-and barbarous poetry; nor was I less afflicted by the cruel injustice
-done to Cicero. In a word, I believed that I was called upon by my
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">{Pg 51}</a></span>
-vocation to avenge Cicero and Sophocles&mdash;Rome and Greece&mdash;from
-the attacks of a barbarian."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This ardour for composition, and these pleasures, were suddenly arrested
-by the afflicting event of madame du Châtelet's death. She died soon
-after her confinement, unexpectedly, when all danger seemed past.
-Whatever might have been the disputes of the friends, these did not
-shake their friendship; and if they clouded, at intervals, the happiness
-they derived, they left no evil trace behind. Voltaire was plunged in
-the deepest affliction; the expressions he uses mark the truth of his
-regrets. "I do not fear my grief," he writes to his friend, the marquis
-d'Argental; "I do not fly from objects that speak to me of her. I love
-Cirey; and although I cannot bear Luneville, where I lost her in so
-frightful a manner, yet the places which she adorned are dear to me. I
-have not lost a mistress; I have lost the half of myself,&mdash;a soul for
-which mine was made,&mdash;a friend of twenty years. I feel as the most
-affectionate father would towards an only daughter. I love to find her
-image everywhere; to converse with her husband and her son."&mdash;"I have
-tried to return to 'Catiline;' but I have lost the ardour I felt when I
-could show her an act every two days. Ideas fly from me; I find myself,
-for hours together, unable to write; without a thought for my work: one
-idea occupies me day and night." To these laments he adds her eulogy, in
-another letter, with which we may conclude the subject. Her errors were
-the effect of the times in which she lived, and of an ardent temper. We
-would deprecate any return to a state of society that led the wisest
-into such grievous faults, but we will not defraud the victim of the
-system of the praise which, on other scores, she individually
-merited.<a name="NoteRef_5_5" id="NoteRef_5_5"></a><a href="#Note_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> "A woman," writes Voltaire, "who translated and explained
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">{Pg 52}</a></span>
-Newton, and translated Virgil, without betraying in her conversation
-that she had achieved these prodigies; a woman who never spoke ill of
-any one, and never uttered a falsehood; a friend, attentive and
-courageous in her friendship: in a word, a great woman, whom the common
-run of women only knew by her diamonds and dress. Such must I weep till
-the end of my life."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After this sorrowful event Voltaire established himself in Paris. The
-house which he and Madame du Châtelet rented conjointly, he now took
-entirely himself. He invited his widowed niece, madame Denis, to preside
-over his establishment. At first he continued plunged in grief; he saw
-no one but count D'Argental and the duke of Richelieu, who were among
-his oldest friends. One or the other, or both, passed the evenings with
-him, and tried to distract his mind from its regrets. They sought to
-awaken in him his theatrical tastes, which were strong, and which, if
-once roused, would effectually draw him from solitude. Voltaire at last
-showed sparks of the old fire; other friends were brought about him; he
-was implored to bring out his newly written tragedies; he objected, on
-the score of the quarrel that subsisted between him and the actors of
-the Comédie Français,&mdash;he having endeavoured to improve their manner
-of acting, and they haughtily rejecting his instructions. This
-difficulty was got over by erecting a private theatre in his own house,
-and gathering together a number of actors chosen from various private
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">{Pg 53}</a></span>
-companies; for, as in the time of Molière, the sons of the shopkeepers
-in Paris often formed companies together, and got up theatricals. It was
-thus that Voltaire became acquainted with Le Kain, who has left us an
-interesting account of his intercourse with the illustrious poet.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le Kain was the son of a goldsmith. Voltaire saw him act, and,
-perceiving his talent, begged him to call upon him. "The pleasure caused
-by this invitation," the actor writes, "was even greater than my
-surprise. I cannot describe what passed within me at the sight of this
-great man, whose eyes sparkled with fire, imagination, and genius. I
-felt penetrated with respect, enthusiasm, admiration, and fear; while M.
-de Voltaire, to put an end to my embarrassment, embraced me, thanking
-God for having created a being who could move him to tears by his
-declamation." He then asked the young man various questions; and when Le
-Kain mentioned his intention of giving himself entirely up to the stage,
-in spite of his enthusiasm for the theatre, Voltaire strongly dissuaded
-him from adopting a profession held disreputable in his native country.
-He asked him to recite, but would not hear any verses but those of
-Racine. Le Kain had once acted in "Athalie," and he declaimed the first
-scene, while Voltaire, in a transport of enthusiasm, exclaimed, "Oh!
-what exquisite verses! and it is surprising that the whole piece is
-written with the same fervour and purity, from first scene to last, and
-that, throughout, the poetry is inimitable." And then, turning to the
-actor, he said, "I predict that, with that touching voice, you will one
-day delight all Paris,&mdash;but never appear upon a public stage." At the
-second interview Voltaire engaged Le Kain and his whole company to act
-at his own theatre, Le Kain himself taking up his residence in the house
-of the generous poet. Le Kain owed his success to him, and felt the
-warmest gratitude. "He is a faithful friend," he writes; "his temper is
-vehement, but his heart is good, and his soul sensitive and
-compassionate. Modest, in spite of the praises lavished on him by kings,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">{Pg 54}</a></span>
-by literary men, and by the rest of the world. Profound and just in his
-judgment on the works of others; full of amenity, kindness, and grace,
-in the intercourse of daily life, he was inflexible in his aversion to
-those who had offended him. He was an admirable actor. I have seen him
-put new life into the part of Cicero, in the fourth act of 'Rome
-Sauvée,' when we brought out that piece at Sceaux, in the August of
-1750. Nothing could be more true, more pathetic, more enthusiastic, than
-he was in this part." Voltaire instructed the actors when they performed
-his own tragedies; his criticisms were just, and given with that
-earnestness and vividness of illustration that marked the liveliness of
-his sensations. "Remember," he said to an actor who whined out the part
-of Brutus, "remember that you are Brutus, the firmest of Romans, and
-that you must not make him address the god Mars as if you were saying,
-"O holy Virgin! grant that I may gain a prize of a hundred francs in the
-lottery." He insisted with mademoiselle Dumesnil that she should put
-more energy into the part of Mérope. "One must be possessed by the
-devil," said the actress, to declaim with such vehemence."&mdash;"You are
-right," said Voltaire; "and one must be possessed to succeed in any
-art."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire passionately loved theatrical representations. The tragedies of
-Corneille, and, above all, of Racine, inspired him with sensations of
-the warmest delight. He wrote his own plays in transports of enthusiasm,
-and corrected them with intense labour. But he had a further intention
-in erecting his theatre; he aimed at popularity and at court favour, as
-a safeguard from persecution, and as insuring his personal safety if he
-should excite ministerial displeasure by any philosophical works. It was
-for this cause that he endeavoured to propitiate the new mistress of
-Louis XV., madame de Pompadour. He had known her before she attracted
-the king's attention; and after she became the royal mistress, she
-continued for a time on a familiar footing with her old friend. Eager to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">{Pg 55}</a></span>
-form a party, and to insure her own popularity, madame de Pompadour
-patronised literature and the arts, and at first showed partiality for
-Voltaire; the courtiers followed her example with eager emulation, and
-the sovereign himself was induced to regard him with some show of
-favour. He named him gentleman in ordinary to his chamber, and
-historiographer of France,&mdash;places which Voltaire eagerly accepted,
-and regarded as so many bulwarks to resist the attacks of his enemies. The
-duties of the first-named place were, however, onerous, as they
-necessitated a frequent attendance at court; he was permitted to dispose
-of it, and he sold it for 30,000 francs; while, as a peculiar mark of
-favour, he was allowed to preserve the title and privileges.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He was, moreover, elected member of the academy; but he purchased this
-doubtful honour by the sacrifice of much honest pride. He was not
-elected till he addressed a letter full of professions of respect for
-the church and the Jesuits. No advancement would have induced him to
-this act; but he believed that it was necessary to secure his safety
-while he continued to inhabit the capital. At the same time, these
-concessions embittered his spirit, and added force to his sarcasms and
-hostility, when, by expatriation, he had secured his independence. When
-we consider, however, that his concessions were made in vain, we regret
-that any motive urged him to them; for if truth be the great aim of
-intellectual exertions, the more imperative that those who aspire to
-glory in the name of truth should rise far above subterfuge and
-disguise. While madame du Châtelet lived, he had occupied a more
-dignified position; and, in the retirement of Cirey, remained aloof from
-the intrigues necessary to curry favour with an uneducated, bigoted
-king, and his ignorant mistress. When his accomplished friend died, the
-versatile and ambitious poet sailed at first without pilot or rudder.
-What wonder that he was wrecked? and he deserves the more praise, when
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">{Pg 56}</a></span>
-he retrieved himself after wreck, and attained independence and dignity
-in his seclusion in Switzerland.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A member of the academy, and enjoying places at court, Voltaire, for a
-short interval, believed that he should reach the goal he desired, and
-become the dictator of the literary world, under the protection of his
-sovereign. He was soon undeceived: Louis remembered too well cardinal de
-Fleuri's lessons, not to regard him with distrust and dislike. Madame de
-Pompadour watched the glances of the royal eye, and guided herself by
-them. Crebillon was set up as Voltaire's successful rival: he felt his
-immeasurable superiority, and was filled with scorn at the attempt made
-to bring them on a level. He struggled at first; but still the court and
-people called out for Crebillon; and, in a fit of disgust, he accepted
-the reiterated invitation of the king of Prussia, hoping that a
-temporary absence might calm the attacks of his enemies, and awaken the
-partiality of the people.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Frederic received his friend with transports of joy. His undisguised
-delight, his earnest request that he would exchange Paris for Berlin
-permanently, the charm that his talents spread over the poet's life, and
-the security he enjoyed, were all alluring. Frederic spared no
-professions of friendship, no marks of real personal attachment; more
-than once he kissed the poet's hand, in a transport of admiration. This
-singular demonstration of affection from man to man, more singular from
-king to author, helped, with many others in addition, to enchain
-Voltaire. He, himself, assures us that they turned his head. "How could
-I resist," he writes, "a victorious king, a poet, a musician, a
-philosopher, who pretended to love me? I believed that I loved him. I
-arrived in Potzdam in the month of June, 1750. Astolpho was not better
-received in the palace of Alcina. To lodge in the apartment which the
-maréchal de Saxe had occupied, to have the king's cooks at my orders
-when I chose to eat in my own rooms, and his coachmen when I wished to
-drive out, were the least favours shown me. The suppers were delightful.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">{Pg 57}</a></span>
-Unless I deceive myself, the conversation was full of wit and genius.
-The king displayed both; and what is strange, I never at any repast
-enjoyed more freedom. I studied two hours a day with his majesty; I
-corrected his works, taking care to praise greatly all that was good,
-while I erased all that was bad. I gave him a reason in writing for all
-my emendations, which composed a work on rhetoric and poetry for his
-use. He profited by it, and his genius was of more service to him than
-my lessons. I had no court to pay, no visits to make, no duties to
-fulfil. I established myself on an independent footing, and I can
-conceive nothing more agreeable than my situation."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With these feelings, it is not strange that he listened to his royal
-friend's request, that he should resign his places in the court of
-France, and accept that of chamberlain in Prussia, as well as a pension
-for his life and that of his niece, and that he should permanently fix
-himself in his royal friend's dominions; yet, while he accepted these
-offers, he had many qualms. Madame Denis, his niece, to whom he
-communicated his new plans, argued warmly against them. Her letter has
-not come down to us; but she evidently took a keen and true view of the
-annoyances and mortifications to which he might be exposed. She was
-acquainted with her uncle's irritable temper,&mdash;his unguarded
-conversation when carried away by the spirit of wit,&mdash;his vehemence
-when struggling against control. She felt, and truly, that a king
-accustomed to command was the last person to show indulgence for such
-foibles when they clashed with himself. She prophesied that Frederic would,
-in the end, be the death of his friend. Voltaire showed this letter to the
-king, and he, in answer, wrote one to the poet, the expressions of which
-won him entirely. "How," wrote Frederic, "could I cause the unhappiness
-of a man whom I esteem, whom I love, and who sacrifices for me his
-country, and all that is dear to man? I respect you as my master in
-eloquence,&mdash;I love you as a virtuous friend. What slavery, what
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">{Pg 58}</a></span>
-misfortune, what change can you fear in a country where you are as much
-esteemed as in your own, and with a friend who has a grateful heart? I
-promise you that you shall be happy here as long as you live."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire sent this letter to count d'Argental, whom he always named his
-guardian angel, as his apology for expatriating himself. "Judge," he
-writes, "whether I am excusable? I send you his letter,&mdash;you will
-think that you are reading one written by Trajan or Marcus
-Aurelius,&mdash;yet I am not the less agitated while I deliver myself
-over to fate, and throw myself, head foremost, into the whirlpool of
-destiny which absorbs all things. But how can I resist? How can I forget
-the barbarous manner with which I have been treated in my own country?
-You know what I have gone through. I enter port after a storm that has
-lasted thirty years. I enjoy the protection of a king; I find the
-conversation of a philosopher&mdash;the society of a delightful
-man&mdash;united in one, who, for the space of sixteen years, has
-exerted himself to comfort me in my misfortunes, and to shelter me from
-my enemies. All is to be feared for me in Paris; here I am sure of
-tranquillity: if I can answer for anything, it is for the character of
-the king of Prussia." He wrote with even more enthusiasm to his niece.
-"He is the most amiable of men; he is a king; it is a passion of sixteen
-years' standing; he has turned my head. I have the insolence to think
-that nature formed me for him. There is a singular conformity in our
-tastes. I forget that he is master of half Germany, and see in him only
-a good, a friendly man."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To establish the poet at his court, Frederic named him his chamberlain,
-and gave him the brevet of a pension of twenty thousand francs for
-himself, and four thousand for his niece, who was invited to come and
-take up her abode with her uncle at Potzdam. Before he accepted these
-bounties, it was necessary to obtain permission from his own sovereign,
-of whom he was placeman and pensioner. Frederic himself wrote to solicit
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">{Pg 59}</a></span>
-the consent of the king of France. To Voltaire's surprise, Louis showed
-displeasure. Monarchs are usually averse to any display of independence
-on the part of their subjects and servants. He accepted the poet's
-resignation of the place of historiographer, which Voltaire had hoped to
-keep, but permitted him to retain his title of gentleman in ordinary and
-his pension. Yet this was done in a manner that showed Voltaire that if
-he were forced to leave Prussia, his position in his native country
-would be more perilous and stormy than ever.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He felt, also, deeply disappointed in finding himself obliged to give up
-the idea of having his niece, Madame Denis, with him in Prussia. "The
-life we lead at Potzdam," he writes, "which pleases me, would drive a
-woman to despair; so I leave her my house in Paris, my plate, and my
-horses, and I add to her income." Still his niece and his friends were
-not content at his throwing himself so entirely into the power of
-Frederic, and their suggestions inspired a thousand doubts as to the
-prudence of his choice, especially when the severity of the winter made
-him feel that the climate was ill suited to his feeble constitution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, he manfully opposed himself to the objections raised against
-his choice, and the sufferings which the long icy winter caused him to
-endure. He devoted himself to authorship. His chief occupation was his
-"Age of Louis XIV.," of which he was justly proud. He felt that he could
-write with greater freedom while absent from France. "I shall here
-finish," he writes, "the 'Age of Louis XIV.,' which, perhaps, I had
-never written in Paris. The stones with which I erect this monument in
-honour of my country had, there, served but to crush me; a bold word had
-seemed a lawless licence, and the most innocent expressions had been
-interpreted with that charity that spreads poison through all." Again he
-writes: "I shall be historiographer of France in spite of my enemies,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">{Pg 60}</a></span>
-and I was never so desirous of doing well the duties of my place as
-since I lost it. This vast picture of so illustrious an age turns my
-head. If Louis XIV. be not great, at least his age is. It is an immense
-work: I shall revise it severely, and shall endeavour, above all, to
-render the truth neither odious nor dangerous."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Besides this great undertaking, he corrected his tragedies. As usual, he
-infected all round with his love of the drama. A theatre was established
-at court; the brothers and sisters of the king took parts in his plays,
-and submitted to his instructions. This was a species of flattery well
-suited to turn a poet's head; yet soon, very soon, the dark cloud
-appeared in the horizon, and his attention became roused to assure
-himself whether indeed he heard the far off thunder of an approaching
-storm. These dawnings of fear and distrust are ingenuously detailed in
-his letters to his niece.
-<span class="sidenote2">Nov.<br />
-6.<br />
-1750.</span>
-"It is known, then, at Paris," he writes, "that we have acted the death
-of Cæsar at Potzdam; that prince Henri is a good actor, has no accent,
-and is very amiable; and that pleasures may be found here. All this is
-true&mdash;but&mdash;the suppers of the king are
-delicious&mdash;seasoned by reason, wit, and science&mdash;liberty
-reigns over them&mdash;he is the soul of all&mdash;no ill-humour, no
-clouds&mdash;at least, no storms; my life is independent and occupied;
-but&mdash;but&mdash;operas, plays, carousals, suppers at
-Sans-souci&mdash;warlike manœuvres, concerts, study, readings;
-but&mdash;but&mdash;the weather, my dear child, begins to be very
-cold&mdash;&mdash;"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Such were the first expressions of distrust inspired by observing a
-certain degree of deceit in the king. He found that he could turn those
-into ridicule whom he flattered most to their face; and he also found
-that such blowing of hot and cold with the same breath, which is deemed
-almost fair in some societies, was fertile of annoyance when practised
-by a king whose word is law, whose smiles are the ruling influence of
-the day, whose slightest remark is reported, magnified, and becomes the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">{Pg 61}</a></span>
-rule of action to all around; and he began to feel that the chain that
-bound him and the king, which he flattered would be worn equally by
-both, fell heavily round him only. He became aware that the king was not
-the less despotic and self-willed for being a philosopher. In truth,
-Frederic and Voltaire had a mutual and sincere love for each other. They
-agreed in their opinions, they sympathised in their views. Each enjoyed
-the conversation, the wit, the gaiety, the genius of the other; but
-Voltaire panted for entire independence: to think, to speak, to write
-freely, was as necessary as the air he breathed. To gain these
-privileges he had quitted France; and though he passionately loved
-flattery and distinction, yet these were only pleasing when they waited
-upon his every caprice; and became valueless when he was called upon to
-sacrifice the humour of the moment to gain them. The king delighted in
-Voltaire's talents; but, then, he wished them to be as much at his
-command as a soldier's valour, which deserves reward, but which may only
-be displayed at the word of command.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The moment a feeling of injustice on one side, and of assumption of
-direction on the other, showed themselves, a thousand circumstances
-arose to embitter the intercourse of the unequal friends. The king had a
-favourite guest, la Metrie, a physician by profession, the worst,
-Voltaire tells us, that ever practised, an unprincipled fellow, but
-witty and vivacious; whose good spirits, and bold and infidel opinions,
-pleased Frederic, who made him his reader. This sort of man is never
-suited to a court. The same restless aspiration after independence that
-renders a man an infidel in opinions makes him a bad courtier.
-<span class="sidenote1">Sept.<br />
-2.<br />
-1751.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-57.</span>
-"La Metrie," writes Voltaire to his niece, "boasts in his prefaces of
-his extreme felicity in being near a great king, who sometimes reads his
-poems to him; but, in secret, he weeps with me; he would leave this
-place on foot: and I&mdash;why am I here? You will be astonished at what I
-tell you. La Metrie swore to me the other day, that, when speaking to
-the king of my pretended favour, and of the petty jealousy that it
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">{Pg 62}</a></span>
-excites, he replied, 'I shall not want him for more than a year longer:
-one squeezes the orange, and throws away the peel.'"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These words sank deep in Voltaire's mind; and not less deeply did the
-king feel an expression of the irritable poet, who called himself
-Frederic's laundress, and said, when he corrected the royal poems, that
-he was washing the king's dirty linen. Such heedless speeches, carried
-from one to the other by the thoughtless or the malicious, destroyed
-every feeling of attachment, and circumstances soon concurred to inspire
-both with mistrust, to inspire the weaker with a desire of throwing off
-his chains, and the stronger with a more unworthy determination of
-adding to their weight.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The first circumstance of any importance that occurred was a pecuniary
-transaction between Voltaire and a Jew. Voltaire says, that after the
-speech of Frederic, reported to him by la Metrie, he wished to put his
-orange peel in safety. Whether his transaction with the Jew concerned
-the placing of his money cannot be told; it is enveloped in great
-obscurity; however, what is certain is, that it was submitted to a legal
-trial, the Jew condemned, and Voltaire entirely exonerated from blame.
-The mere fact, however, of an accusation being made against him, and
-fault found, was matter of triumph to his enemies. A thousand libels
-were circulated in Paris and Berlin, and a thousand falsehoods told.
-Frederic, when he heard of the dispute, referred it to the decision of
-the law. In this he did well. But he affected to distrust Voltaire; he
-forbade him to appear at court till the decision of the judges was
-known. Voltaire was far above peculation and pecuniary meanness. The
-king committed an irremissible crime in friendship, whether he really
-distrusted Voltaire, or merely pretended so to do. But a king of Prussia
-is an absolute monarch; all belonging to him are his creatures; and that
-one of these should venture out of bounds, either to secure his property
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">{Pg 63}</a></span>
-or to augment it, was regarded as a deep offence. Voltaire must be
-humbled. Treated like a servant, not a friend, what wonder that the
-sensitive poet felt that the orange was squeezed a little too hardly,
-and began to earnestly desire to save as much of it as he could. A sort
-of reconciliation, however, ensued; again all appeared smiling on the
-surface, though all was hollow beneath. Voltaire engaged in printing his
-"Age of Louis XIV.," was desirous of finishing it before he quitted
-Prussia; meanwhile he had a sum of money to the amount of 300,000 livres,
-about 15,000<i>l</i>., which he wished to place; he took care not to
-put it in the Prussian funds, but secured it advantageously on certain
-estates which the duke of Wirtemburg possessed in France. Through the
-infidelity of the post Frederic discovered this transaction, and felt
-that it was a preparation for escape. Accordingly, he made more use of
-him than ever as a corrector of his literary works. In spite of all
-these disturbances, there was something in the life of Potzdam
-peculiarly agreeable to Voltaire. "I am lodged conveniently," he writes,
-"in a fine palace. I have a few friends about me of my own way of
-thinking, with whom I dine regularly and soberly. When I am well enough,
-I sup with the king; and conversation does not turn either upon
-individual gossip or general ineptities, but upon good taste, the arts,
-and true philosophy; on the means to attain happiness, on the mode of
-discerning the true from the false, upon liberty of thought: in short,
-during the two years I have spent at this place, which is called a
-court, but which is really a retreat for philosophers, not a day has
-passed during which I have not learnt something instructive." Thus
-Voltaire tried to blind himself, while he really enjoyed the
-conversation and friendship of Frederic, and while the cloven foot of
-despotism remained in shadow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Among other modes of civilising Prussia and spreading the blessings of
-knowledge, Frederic had established an academy. This was a favourite
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">{Pg 64}</a></span>
-creation, and it did him honour. The president was Maupertuis, a man of
-some ability, but whose talents were vitiated by the taint of envy. He
-had considered himself the first <i>bel esprit</i> at court till Voltaire
-appeared. He and the poet had corresponded heretofore, and Voltaire had
-not spared flattery in his letters; but he neglected to mention
-Maupertuis's name in his speech when he took his seat in the French
-academy. This was not an injury to be forgiven; and though Voltaire paid
-him every sort of attention, the other could ill brook his superior
-favour, especially as Frederic, who had never relished his conversation,
-frequently excluded him from the royal suppers, and joined with Voltaire
-in making him the object of their endless pleasantries. At first
-Voltaire only jested, because he was a wit and could not help it; but
-Maupertuis contrived to rouse a more bitter spirit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He had discovered a new principle in mechanics, that of the <i>least
-power</i>: this principle met much opposition, and Kœnig, a Prussian
-mathematician, not only argued against it, but quoted a fragment of a
-letter of Leibnitz, in which this principle was mentioned and objected
-to. Kœnig confessed that he possessed only a copy of the letter in
-question, acknowledging that the original was lost. Maupertuis took
-advantage of this circumstance; he induced the academy, of which he was
-president, to summon Kœnig to produce the original; and when this was
-allowed not to be found, he proceeded to accuse him of forgery. He got
-up a meeting of such academicians as he could influence, by whom Kœnig
-was declared unworthy to be any longer a member, and his name erased
-from the list.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Kœnig had formerly instructed madame du Châtelet in the philosophy of
-Leibnitz. Voltaire consequently knew and esteemed him, and was indignant
-at the persecution he suffered; he took his part openly, and was only
-restrained from crushing his adversary by Frederic's personal request
-not to make a jest of his academy or its president. The seeds of
-animosity, however, between him and Maupertuis, long sown, sprung up and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">{Pg 65}</a></span>
-flourished with vigour. Maupertuis contrived to excite a disreputable
-person of the name of La Beaumelle to attack the poet. His calumnies
-ought to have met with contempt only; but Voltaire was irritated, and
-his dislike to Maupertuis increased. The president published a book full
-of philosophical follies, which Voltaire satirised unsparingly. He wrote
-a diatribe called "Akakia," and read it to the king; Maupertuis was the
-butt of a thousand witticisms, and the royal suppers rang with laughter
-at his expense. But Voltaire was not content to make a jest of
-Maupertuis only in the royal presence, and Frederic, beginning to think
-that to attack his president was to attack his academy and also himself,
-published two pamphlets against Kœnig, which also inculpated Voltaire.
-The poet was indignant. "I see," he writes to his niece, "that the
-orange is squeezed; I must now try to save the rind. I am going to write
-a small dictionary for the use of kings, in which it will be shown that
-<i>my friend, means my slave; my dear friend, you are becoming indifferent
-to me; I will make you happy, I will endure while I need you; sup with
-me this evening, you shall be my butt to-night.</i> Seriously, my heart is
-wounded. Speak to a man with tenderness, and write pamphlets against
-him&mdash;and what pamphlets! Tear a man from his country by the most
-solemn promises, and treat him with the blackest malignity. What a
-contrast!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire was not a man to suffer these attacks without punishing them
-with a visitation of his unbridled wit. Fearful of attacking Frederic,
-he revenged himself on Maupertuis, and published "Akakia."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He belonged to the republic of letters, and did not understand that it
-should be ruled by the will of one man. And then, while he vehemently
-reprehended those authors who had made their literary enemies the
-objects of public satire, he, himself, indulged in the most bitter
-attacks. Frederic considered "Akakia" as a satire, deserved by
-Maupertuis, and thus a blameless source of merriment at his supper
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">{Pg 66}</a></span>
-table, where he had no objection to turn his president into ridicule;
-but the publication was quite another affair; by this he considered his
-academy, and consequently himself, attacked; and he retaliated by a
-still more flagrant outrage. He caused the diatribe to be burnt by the
-hands of the hangman in the public square of Berlin. Voltaire had a
-right to be deeply incensed by this act. He did not attack the honour or
-morality of Maupertuis in his diatribe, but simply ridiculed his
-opinions; and though "Akakia" has only that slight merit, dependent on
-associations of the day, now lost, which rendered it amusing to a
-circle, and was not adapted for general reading nor posterity, still, as
-it was not libellous, the act of the king of Prussia was an insolent
-exertion of intolerable despotism. He meant, perhaps, to break
-Voltaire's spirit by such an insult. Knowing that he could not return to
-Paris, he fancied him at his mercy. Voltaire had, however, but one
-wish&mdash;to escape, and to feel himself once more free. On this outrage
-he instantly returned "the king's baubles," as he called them,&mdash;the
-key of chamberlain, his cross, and the brevet of his pension,&mdash;with
-these verses:&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Je les reçus avec tendresse,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Je les renvoie avec douleur,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Comme un amant, dans sa jalouse ardeur,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Rend le portrait de sa maitresse."</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-Thus trying to soften the acquisition of his freedom to Frederic
-himself. He at the same time said that he was ill, and asked permission
-to drink the waters of Plombières. The king, desirous of keeping him on
-his own terms, replied by sending some bark, and, observing that there
-were as medicinal waters in Silesia as at Plombières, refused
-permission for his journey.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire had but one other resource: he asked permission to see the
-king. They met, and the pleasure they took in each other's society
-seemed at once to obliterate the recollection of offence and wrong. It
-is said that Voltaire appeared before the king with "Akakia" in his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">{Pg 67}</a></span>
-hand; on entering the room, he threw it into the fire, saying, "There,
-sire, is the only remaining copy of that unhappy hook which caused me to
-lose your friendship." The king, in his German simplicity, fancied that
-the poet spoke the simple truth; he rushed to the fire to save the
-pamphlet from among the burning fagots. Voltaire struggled to poke it
-in. Frederic at length drew out the half-burnt pages in triumph. He
-embraced his friend. They supped together. "A supper of Damocles,"
-Voltaire calls it; but to the king it was one of triumph, since it
-appeared to be the sign that he had bent Voltaire's spirit to pass over
-the indignities heaped on him, and secured him as a submissive courtier
-for ever. As a token of his renewed servitude, he gave him back "the
-baubles." Maupertuis, himself, was not spared by the friends, who, as
-far as wit could go, sacrificed him at the shrine of their
-reconciliation. Voltaire, however, had but one end in view. He used his
-regained influence to obtain permission for a journey to Plombières,
-promising to be absent only a few months&mdash;a promise he did not mean to
-keep. But as Francis I. broke the treaty which Charles V. forced him to
-make in prison in Madrid, so might Voltaire consider any promise he made
-to Frederic void, while the frontiers of Prussia were guarded by an
-hundred and fifty thousand men, and independence had become necessary to
-his existence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire exulted in escaping from the palace of Alcina&mdash;as he named
-the abode of Frederic; but he did not think it prudent to venture to Paris,
-where his enemies were in vigour, and strengthened by the displeasure
-with which Louis XV. regarded the poet's having exchanged his court for
-that of Frederic. Instead, therefore, of taking refuge in his own
-country (if the subject of an arbitrary monarch can be said to have a
-country), he remained some time at Leipsic. Here he received a
-ridiculous challenge from Maupertuis, which only tended to add zest to
-his pleasantries upon him; and he then proceeded to the court of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">{Pg 68}</a></span>
-duchess of Saxe Gotha, a most excellent and enlightened princess, "who,
-thank God," says Voltaire, "did not write verses." He breathed again
-without fear, believing that he hail secured his freedom. He continued
-his journey to Frankfort, where he was met by madame Denis. The bad
-state of Voltaire's health rendered a woman's presence and attentions
-necessary; and he was proud also of the heroic sacrifice it seemed in
-those days when a lady, enjoying the pleasures of Parisian society,
-quitted them to attend on a sick old uncle, even though that uncle were
-Voltaire. Here a sort of tragi-comic adventure ensued, to the temporary
-annoyance of the poet, and the lasting disgrace of the king of Prussia.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Frederic's angry feelings were roused by several just causes of
-annoyance. He learned that "Akakia" was published in Holland, and he
-remembered the scene of its pretended destruction by its author with
-indignation. He was angry, also, that the poet had escaped, and was no
-longer liable to the effects of his displeasure, and fear of ridicule
-added poignancy to these feelings. Frederic at once wished to punish his
-former friend, and to shield himself from the shafts of his ridicule.
-Voltaire had taken with him a volume of Frederic's poems, privately
-circulated and given to him. The king feared that his corrector might
-strip his verses of their borrowed feathers, and deliver up the
-unfledged nurslings to the laughter of the world. He sent orders to his
-agent at Francfort to demand back this volume, as well as the baubles
-before returned and restored. His agent was a Jew of low character, and
-totally illiterate. He proceeded against Voltaire, as if he had been a
-servant suspected of running away with his master's plate. The precious
-volume which Freitag called <i>L'Œuvre de Poésie du Roi son Maître</i>,
-had been left at Leipsic. Voltaire and madame Denis were kept under
-strict arrest till this unfortunate book arrived at Francfort; and as
-there are always ill-omened birds who scent ill fortune, and take
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">{Pg 69}</a></span>
-advantage of it; so, now, a bookseller of the Hague, whom Voltaire had
-employed, many years ago, to print the "Anti-Machiavel" of Frederic,
-brought forward a balance of twenty crowns with interest and compound
-interest, which the poet was forced to pay. At last, after a
-disagreeable and strict imprisonment of nearly a month's duration,
-Voltaire and his niece were allowed to depart.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Thus ended the treaty of equal friendship between king and poet. The
-pettiness of the details is striking. We find neither the magnanimity of
-a hero in one, nor the calmness of a philosopher in the other. Voltaire
-had the excuse that he avenged his injured friend Kœnig in his satire
-on Maupertuis. He had dreamed of independence in a palace; and from the
-moment he discovered his mistake he was eager to be free. Frederic,
-meanwhile, was taught by his enemies to regard him as a restless,
-intriguing Frenchman. He had written to him, at the beginning of their
-quarrel: "I was glad to receive you. I esteemed your understanding, your
-talents, your acquirements; and I believed that a man of your age, weary
-of skirmishing with authors and exposing himself to the storm, would
-take refuge here as in a tranquil port. First, you exacted from me, in a
-singular manner, that I should not engage Freron to correspond with me,
-and I had the weakness to yield. You visited the Russian minister, and
-talked to him of affairs in which you had no right to interfere; and it
-was believed that I commissioned you. You had a dirty transaction with a
-Jew, and filled the city with clamour. I preserved peace in my house
-till you arrived; and I warn you, that if you have a passion for
-intrigue and cabal, you have addressed yourself very ill. I like quiet
-people; and if you can resolve to live like a philosopher, I shall be
-glad to see you; but if you give way to your passions, and quarrel with
-everybody, you had better remain at Berlin. * * * * I write this letter
-with unpolished German good sense, which says what it thinks, and
-without adopting equivocal terms and soft palliations to disfigure the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">{Pg 70}</a></span>
-truth."<a name="NoteRef_6_6" id="NoteRef_6_6"></a><a href="#Note_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> This letter shows that Frederic believed himself to be in the
-right, and had conceived a bad opinion of his friend. We all know the
-height to which misunderstandings can rise when fostered by malicious
-and interested persons. We cannot wonder that men of quick tempers like
-Frederic and Voltaire should disagree; but it was to be lamented that
-they made their pettish quarrels a spectacle for all Europe.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire had now a new life to fix upon. He was eager to secure his
-entire independence. The tranquillity he had at first enjoyed in Prussia
-made him feel the value of peace. This he could never find in his own
-country, and he henceforth looked upon expatriation as the only means of
-securing his tranquillity. Chance assisted him in forming the choice of
-an abode, which, from the independence it afforded, placed him in a high
-and dignified position in the eyes of all Europe. He had at first
-entertained the plan of establishing himself in Alsatia, in which
-province he spent two years, after leaving Prussia, occupied in writing
-the annals of the empire; but he was disturbed by the attacks of the
-Jesuits, who were angry because they had failed in an endeavour to
-convert him. He found that he could not visit Paris with safety; and he
-hesitated where to establish himself. Meanwhile, his health being, as
-ever, bad, he was advised to try the waters of Aix, in Savoy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In his way thither he passed through Lyons. Cardinal Tencin refused to
-receive him, on account of his being out of favour at court. Voltaire
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">{Pg 71}</a></span>
-was piqued; but the inhabitants of Lyons compensated for the insult.
-They entertained him with public honours; got up his tragedies, that he
-might be present at the representation, and receive the enthusiastic
-applause of an audience who gloried in the opportunity of thus rewarding
-the author of works which excited so much admiration. Proceeding from
-Lyons to Savoy, he passed through Geneva, and here he consulted
-Tronchin, a physician, whom every one looked on as holding life and
-death in his hands. Tronchin dissuaded him from trying the waters, but
-promised to restore his health if he would make some stay near him.
-Voltaire gave readier faith than could have been expected from a
-ridiculer of the medical art. He consented to remain in the
-neighbourhood of Geneva; and, finding that it was an established law
-that no Catholic might purchase land in Protestant Switzerland, it
-pleased his whimsical mind instantly to buy an estate in the territory
-of Geneva.
-<span class="sidenote1">1755.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-61.</span>
-Add to which motive, he fully appreciated the advantages he must derive
-from living out of France, yet in a country where French was spoken, and
-where liberty of speech and of the press had hitherto reigned
-undisturbed. His house, named Les Delices, was beautifully situated. He
-describes it as commanding a delightful view. The lake on one side, the
-town of Geneva on the other; the swift swelling Rhone formed a stream at
-the end of his garden, fed by the Arve and other mountain rivers. A hundred
-country houses with their gardens adorned the shores of the lake and of
-the rivers; and the Alps were seen afar off,&mdash;Mont Blanc and its
-range, whose picturesque snow-clad peaks for ever presented new aspects,
-as the clouds or the varying sunlight painted them. A philosopher, blest
-with affluence, might well be happy in such a seclusion. Soon after his
-arrival, Voltaire wrote the fragment of his autobiography, to explain
-his quarrel with the king of Prussia. These memoirs are one of his most
-entertaining works. The playful sarcasm, which characterises every page
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">{Pg 72}</a></span>
-he ever wrote, in this production reaches home, yet can scarcely be said
-to sting. He laughs at Frederic and his <i>Œuvres des Poésies</i>; he
-laughs at his own illusions; and then lingers with fondness on the
-retreat he had at last found from the tumult of society and the
-friendship or enmity of kings. He congratulates himself on having made
-his own fortune, and confesses that this was done by speculations in
-finance. "It is necessary to be attentive to the operations to which the
-ministry, always pressed and always changing, makes in the finances of
-the state," he observes. "Something often occurs of which a private
-individual can profit without being under obligations to any one; and it
-is vastly agreeable to fabricate one's own fortune. The first step is
-troublesome, the rest are easy. One must be economical in one's youth,
-and in old age one is surprised at one's wealth. Money is at that time
-more necessary, and that time I now enjoy. After having lived with
-kings, I am become a king in my home. I possess all the conveniences of
-life in furniture, equipages, and good living. The society of agreeable
-and clever people occupy all the time spared from study and the care I
-am forced to take of my health. While I enjoy the most pleasant style of
-life that can be imagined, I have the little philosophic pleasure of
-perceiving that the kings of Europe do not taste the same happy
-tranquillity; and I conclude that the position of a private person is
-often preferable to that of royalty."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These words were singularly verified in the renewal of his
-correspondence with the king of Prussia. Frederic had begun it by
-sending him an opera he had founded on "Mérope."
-<span class="sidenote2">1756.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-62.</span>
-Soon after the coalition was formed against Prussia, which, victorious
-at first, brought Frederic to the position of rebel against the empire.
-The loss of a battle reduced him to extremities; and, rather than submit
-to his enemies, he resolved to commit suicide. He wrote a long epistle
-in verse announcing his intention: Voltaire answered it in prose, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">{Pg 73}</a></span>
-combated his idea by every argument that seemed most likely to have
-weight. Frederic was in some sort convinced; he dismissed the idea of
-self-destruction; but he resolved to fall on the field of battle, unless
-the victory was decided in his favour.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This more heroic resolution was rewarded by the gain of two battles, in
-which scarcely a Prussian fell, and the defeat of the enemy was
-complete. Frederic wrote triumphantly to his friend to announce his
-victories.
-<span class="sidenote1">1758.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-64.</span>
-Soon after, Voltaire was applied to by cardinal Tencin, who had refused
-to receive him at Lyons, to forward letters which were to negotiate a
-peace. The wily philosopher consented: he was aware that the cardinal
-would fail, and he was malicious enough to wish to enjoy the sight of
-his mortification. The cardinal did fail, and more disgracefully than he
-expected; and the disappointment cost him his life. "I have never been
-able to understand," Voltaire observes, "how it is that people are
-killed by vexation, and how ministers and cardinals, whose hearts are so
-hard, retain sufficient sensibility to die from the effects of a
-disappointment. It was my design to mortify and laugh at, not to kill
-him."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire had secured his safety, and could give himself up to that
-ardent love of study, that restless aspiration for fame, that eager
-endeavour to overthrow the superstitions (and, unfortunately, more than
-the superstitions, the religion) of Europe, and that more noble
-resolution to oppose all abuses, and to be the refuge and support of the
-oppressed, which animated his soul through a long life chequered by
-physical suffering. In his retreat of Les Delices, he brought out his
-historical work on the "Manners and Spirit of Nations." He composed
-several of his best tragedies; he wrote "Candide," a book rendered
-illustrious by its wit and penetrating spirit of observation, in spite
-of its grossness and implied impiety, which are the reigning blemishes
-of Voltaire's writings. As usual, also, he erected a theatre in his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">{Pg 74}</a></span>
-house. Added to his habitual love for theatrical amusements, he hoped to
-impart a taste for them to the Genevese, and so to weaken that ascetic
-spirit of repulsion of intellectual pleasure to which, whether enjoined
-by monks or recommended by Calvin, he was hostile.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All, however, was not labour, peace, and amusement. The publication of
-the poem of the "Pucelle" threatened a renewal of the persecutions of
-which he had been the victim in his earlier days. Several forged verses
-in ridicule of Louis XV. and madame de Pompadour had been foisted into
-the surreptitious edition that appeared, and it was with difficulty that
-his friends proved that he was not the writer. Voltaire, indeed, was
-always in a state of inky war. A man who had provoked the priesthood of
-Europe, and whose talent for perceiving and pourtraying the ridiculous
-was unequalled and unsparing, could not fail in creating a host of
-enemies. Satires, epigrams, and libels rained on him. In his retirement
-of Les Delices, he might, if he had chosen, have been insensible to
-these attacks; but not one but found their way; he answered all, dealing
-about his shafts dipped in sarcasm and irony, and spreading abroad a
-sort of terror that served as a wholesome check to his enemies. A word
-or line from his pen marked a man for ever. Several among those thus
-attacked were forced to hide themselves till a new victim was immolated,
-and their own disgrace forgotten. In his "Life of Molière," speaking of
-the epigrams with which Boileau and Molière attacked, and, it is said,
-caused the death of Cotin, Voltaire called this the sad effect of a
-licence rather perilous than useful, which is more apt to flatter the
-malignity of men than to inspire good taste; and in his "Essay on
-Satire," he severely blames Boileau for naming the poets whom he
-censures. Yet, with blind inconsistency, Voltaire never spared an enemy.
-He conceived that, if attacked by, he had a fair right to annihilate, as
-he well could, the stinging gadflies of literature. The society of Paris
-was kept alive by his multitudinous epigrams. This engendered a baneful
-spirit of sarcasm, and spread abroad an appetite for injuring others by
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">{Pg 75}</a></span>
-ridicule, slander, and jests that wound. They rendered society more
-heartless and more cruel than ever.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire, himself, was visited by the effects of the disturbed state of
-feeling he helped to engender. He had hoped to find a safe asylum in the
-Genevese territories. But his attacks on their prejudices created a host
-of enemies. He began to feel that the dark shadows of persecution were
-gathering round.
-<span class="sidenote1">1762.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-68.</span>
-He found that, although his presence in Paris would not be permitted, he
-might, in safety, take up his abode in a remote part of France. He
-purchased, therefore, the estate of Ferney, on the French territory,
-within a short distance of Geneva; and thus with a foot, as it were, in
-two separate states, he hoped to find safety in one if threatened with
-hostility in the other.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He was more fortunate than he anticipated. The persecutions he
-afterwards endured were reduced to little more than threats, and were
-less than might be expected by a man who first raised the voice of
-hostility to, and resolved on, the destruction of a system of religion
-supported by a powerful hierarchy which was in possession of half the
-wealth of the nations who professed their faith, and which was regarded
-as the bulwark of their power by the monarchs of Europe. Voltaire's poem
-on the law of Nature, and his version of Ecclesiastes, were burnt in
-Paris as deistical and blasphemous, although the latter had no fault but
-that of turning the sublime into commonplace. A poem on the earthquake
-at Lisbon was also produced at this time; and "Candide" was written and
-published. To collect together the most dreadful misfortunes, to heap
-them on the head of a single individual, and in one canvass to group all
-of disastrous that a fertile imagination can paint, and present this as
-a picture of life, does not seem at first sight the most worthy
-occupation of a philosopher. Voltaire himself, though he had met
-reverses, was a living refutation of "Candide." But as, in truth,
-whether by sudden reverse or the slow undermining of years, all human
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">{Pg 76}</a></span>
-hope does fade and decay, as life proceeds to its close; so Voltaire,
-now nearly seventy years of age, might, on looking back, consider
-disappointment and sorrow as the mark of humanity; and, by showing these
-ills to be inevitable, inculcate a philosophical indifference. Still the
-tone of "Candide" is not moral, and, like all Voltaire's lighter
-productions, is stamped with a coarseness which renders it unfit for
-general perusal. In addition to these minor productions, Voltaire
-laboured at the correction and enlargement of his historical work on the
-"Manners and Spirit of Nations,"&mdash;one of the greatest monuments which
-his genius achieved.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-While Voltaire was at Berlin, d'Alembert and Diderot had set on foot the
-project of the "Encyclopédie." Their plan was, to write a book which
-would become indispensable to every library, from its containing the
-most recent discoveries in philosophy, and the best explanations and
-details on every topic, and this mingled with an anti-catholic spirit,
-that would serve to sap the foundations of the national religion.
-Voltaire contributed but few, and those merely literary, articles to
-this work&mdash;whose progress, however, he regarded with lively interest.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The outcry against the "Encyclopédie" was of course prodigious; every
-one who did not belong to the party formed by the lovers of innovation
-rose against it. Parliament and clergy pronounced its condemnation, and
-succeeded so far in suppressing it, that the editors were obliged to
-continue it clandestinely. They, however, did not submit without a
-struggle: a literary war was declared, which raged furiously. Voltaire
-was considered at the head of the liberal party, and he gave his mighty
-aid to turn the opposers of his opinions into ridicule. One after the
-other, they sank under the shafts of his wit, and were forced to take
-shelter in retirement from the ridicule with which his epigrams had
-covered them. Voltaire considered his thus abetting his friends a sacred
-duty. "I belong to a party," he wrote, "and a persecuted, party, which,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">{Pg 77}</a></span>
-persecuted as it is, has nevertheless gained the greatest possible
-advantage over its enemies, by rendering them at once odious and
-ludicrous."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is pleasant to turn from these matters, which often display the
-self-love and intolerance of the philosophers of the day, to such acts
-as stamp Voltaire as a generous man, full of the warmest feelings of
-benevolence, and capable of exerting all his admirable faculties in the
-noblest cause,&mdash;that of assisting and saving the unfortunate. A great
-niece of Corneille lived in indigence in Paris. A friend of hers
-conceived the happy thought of applying to Voltaire for assistance; and
-that which he instantly afforded, at once rescued her from privation and
-care. His answer to the application deserves record. "It becomes an old
-follower of the great Corneille to endeavour to be useful to the
-descendant of his general. When one builds chateaux and churches, and
-has poor relations to support, one has but little left to assist one,
-who ought to be aided by the first people in the kingdom. I am old. I
-have a niece who loves the fine arts, and cultivates them with success.
-If the young lady of whom you speak will accept a good education under
-my niece's care, she will look on her as a daughter, and I will be to
-her as a father." This offer was of course gratefully accepted. The
-young lady was clever, lively, yet gentle. Voltaire himself assisted in
-her education. "I do not wish to make her learned," he writes, "but
-desire that she should learn how to conduct the affairs of life and to
-be happy." He was rewarded for his exertion by his protégée's docility
-and gratitude. As a means of obtaining a dowry for her, he wrote his
-elaborate commentary on Corneille's works, and published it, with an
-edition of the great tragedian's works, by subscription&mdash;inducing the
-monarchs and nobles of Europe, through his mighty influence, to send in
-their names, and thus fabricated a fortune for the orphan.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Soon after, another and more important occasion offered itself for
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">{Pg 78}</a></span>
-serving his fellow creatures, and he acquitted himself of the task with
-resolution and success.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The frightful spirit of persecution of the Huguenots, engendered by the
-revocation of the edict of Nantes, by Louis XIV. and his
-dragoon-missionaries, still survived in the provinces; and not only
-embittered the minds of the ignorant, but influenced the legal
-authorities, and led them always to associate the ideas of crime and
-Protestantism together. Jean Calas had been a merchant of Thoulouse for
-forty years. He was a Protestant&mdash;an upright and good man, and by no
-means bigoted. One of his sons was a convert to Catholicism; but, far
-from showing displeasure. Calas made him an allowance for his
-maintenance. A female servant who had been in his family for thirty
-years was a Catholic. One of his sons, named Marc-Antoine, committed
-suicide. He was a young man of a restless, sombre, discontented
-disposition; he disliked trade, and found himself excluded by the laws
-against his religion from entering on any profession. He read various
-books on suicide&mdash;conversed on the subject with his friends&mdash;and
-one day, having lost all his money in play, resolved on the fatal act. The
-family supped together; they had a guest with them&mdash;a young man only
-nineteen, named Lavaisse, known for his amiable and gentle disposition.
-After supper, Marc-Antoine left them; and when, shortly after, Lavaisse
-took his leave, and the father went down stairs to let him out, they
-discovered his son hanging from a door: he had undressed himself, folded
-up his clothes, and committed the act with the utmost deliberation. The
-family were seized with terror. They summoned medical aid and officers
-of justice; their cries and terror gathered a crowd about the house. The
-only error they committed was, that, knowing the horror in which suicide
-was held, they at first declared that the unfortunate man had died a
-natural death. The falsehood of this assertion being at once detected,
-the most frightful suspicions were the consequence.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">{Pg 79}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The people of Thoulouse were peculiarly fanatical&mdash;they regarded
-Protestants as monsters capable of any crime: a whisper was raised that
-Jean Calas had murdered his son. A story was quickly fabricated and
-believed. It was alleged that Marc-Antoine was on the point of abjuring
-Protestantism, and that his family and Lavaisse had murdered him, to
-prevent him from putting his design into execution. A thousand other
-details were swiftly invented for the purpose of adding terror to the
-scene. The chief magistrate of Thoulouse, named David, excited by these
-rumours, and paying no attention to possibility or proof, without even
-proceeding with legal forms, threw the whole family of Calas, their
-Catholic servant, and Lavaisse into prison. In the frenzy of the moment,
-they turned the supposed victim into a martyr, and buried him in the
-church of St. Etienne, as if he had already abjured his faith, and died
-in consequence. One of the religious confraternities of the town
-celebrated his funeral with pomp; a magnificent catafalque was raised to
-his honour, on which was placed a skeleton, who was supposed to
-represent Marc-Antoine, which was made to move; it held a pen, with
-which it was supposed to sign the act of abjuration. The people, excited
-by their priests, were transported with fanaticism: they invoked the son
-as a saint; they demanded the execution of the father as a murderer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The details of the trial of the unfortunate man accused of murdering his
-own son were not less frightful and unjust: of twelve judges, six
-acquitted him&mdash;it required a plurality of voices for his condemnation.
-Two judges were terrified into retiring; others were gained over; a
-majority of two was obtained, and the unfortunate Calas broken on the
-wheel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The whole circumstances were full of contradiction and absurdity. Calas
-was sixty-eight years of age,&mdash;a kind father and a good man. If he had
-committed the murder, the whole of his family must have been equally
-guilty, as it was proved that they spent the evening together, and that
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">{Pg 80}</a></span>
-he had never quitted them for a moment. The judges paused, however,
-before they condemned mother, brothers, sisters, the youth, their guest,
-and their Catholic servant; they deferred their trial till after the
-death of the old man, under the pretence that he might confess under
-execution. Calas died in torture, however, protesting his innocence; and
-the judges were perplexed what to do next. At first they pronounced a
-sentence of acquittal; but, feeling that this decision was in too
-glaring contradiction with that which condemned the father to the wheel,
-they practised on the weakness of Pierre Calas to induce him to become a
-Catholic: fear led him to show signs of yielding, at first; but the
-weakness was temporary, and he fled from the monastery in which he had
-been induced to take refuge. The unfortunate widow, Lavaisse, and the
-servant were liberated. Deprived of fortune, covered with infamy,
-reduced to destitution, the wretched family took refuge in Geneva. Their
-case was mentioned to Voltaire; he sent for the surviving victims to
-Ferney; he questioned them rigorously; the mere fact that the parliament
-of Thoulouse had condemned the father, and liberated those who, had a
-murder been committed, must have been accomplices, sufficed to show that
-the sentence was unjust, and the execution of the unfortunate old man a
-legal assassination. He obtained the documents of the proceeding from
-Thoulouse; he found the narration of the Calas faithful in all its
-parts, while their appearance and words bore the stamp of undeniable
-truth. He was struck with horror, and exerted that energy which formed
-his prominent characteristic to obtain justice for them,&mdash;an
-undertaking which must strike any one familiar with narratives of judicial
-proceedings in France, at that time, as full of nearly insuperable
-obstacles. He interested the duke de Choiseul, a man of known humanity,
-in their favour. The duchess d'Enville was then at Geneva, having come
-to consult the famous Tronchin. She was an amiable and generous woman,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">{Pg 81}</a></span>
-and superior to the prejudices and superstition of the age. She became
-the protectress of the Calas. The family were sent to Paris; the widow
-demanded a trial, and surrendered herself to prison. Voltaire was
-indefatigable in drawing up memoirs and papers in their justification.
-He did what no other man could have done: he roused all Europe to take
-interest in their cause, and kept alive the memory of their wrongs by
-writings that at once pourtrayed their sufferings and argued in favour
-of toleration,&mdash;a word which then appeared synonymous with blasphemy,
-and even to this day is not imprinted with sufficient depth in the minds
-of men. The legal proceedings were carried on at his expense. These
-extended to a great length. Two years passed before a definitive
-judgment was pronounced; "so easy is it," remarks Voltaire, "for
-fanaticism to condemn and destroy the innocent, so difficult for reason
-to exculpate them." The duke de Choiseul had named a tribunal which was
-not implicated with the tortuous and intolerant policy of the French
-parliaments, to try the cause. But endless formalities succeeded one to
-the other. The spirit which Voltaire had raised in their favour was
-fervent in Paris. Persons of the first distinction visited the accused
-in prison, and every one vied with the other in administering
-consolation and support. In England a large subscription was raised in
-their favour. At length the day of their acquittal arrived. The judges
-unanimously pronounced that the whole family was innocent, and the
-memory of the unfortunate father was redeemed from infamy. All Paris was
-alive with joy and triumph: the people assembled in various parts of the
-town; they were eager to see the persons to whom justice was at last
-done; they clapped their hands in triumph when they appeared; the judges
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">{Pg 82}</a></span>
-addressed the king to supplicate him to repair the pecuniary losses of
-the family, and the sum of 36,000 livres was given for this purpose.
-Voltaire, in his seclusion among the Alps, heard of the success, and of
-the enthusiastic joy with which his countrymen hailed the triumph of
-innocence; he had a right to look on himself as the cause, not only of
-the justice at last done to the wronged, but of the virtuous sympathy
-felt by all Europe in their acquittal. He, whose sensations were all so
-keen, felt deeply the gladness of victory. He knew that many blessed his
-name; he felt himself to be the cause of good to his fellow-creatures,
-and the epithet of the saviour of the Calas was that in which, to the
-end of his life, he took most pride and joy. His letters at the moment
-of the final decision show the depth of his emotion.
-<span class="sidenote2">1765.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-71.</span>
-"Philosophy, alone, has gained this victory," he writes; "my old eyes
-weep with joy." To conclude the history, David, the magistrate whose
-fanaticism and cruelty hurried on the death of the miserable old man,
-was deprived of his place; struck by remorse and shame, he lost his
-reason, and soon after died.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire, known as the protector of the innocent, was soon called upon
-to render a similar service for another family. A girl of the name of
-Sirven had been carried off from her Protestant family, and, according
-to the barbarous custom of the times, was shut up in a convent; where,
-not yielding to conversion as readily as was expected, she was treated
-with such severity that in a fit of desperation she threw herself into a
-well and was drowned. Instead of punishing the priests and nuns for the
-effects of their persecution, her family was accused of her death. They
-had time to escape, but were condemned to death for contumacy. The
-unfortunate father and mother resolved to apply to Voltaire. Reduced to
-destitution, they were forced to make the journey on foot, and presented
-themselves in a miserable state at Ferney. Voltaire was eager to raise
-his voice in their favour, though he was aware that the public, having
-lavished all their pity on the Calas would listen coldly to a new story.
-The spirit of toleration, which, nevertheless, he had spread abroad,
-served him in this case, as the enthusiasm of compassion had in the
-other; such delays, however, occurred, that the unfortunate mother died
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">{Pg 83}</a></span>
-while the cause was yet pending. He could not obtain that the case
-should be tried in Paris. The accused were obliged to surrender to the
-parliament of Thoulouse. The principal people of that town had become
-eager to exonerate themselves from the charges of persecution and
-injustice which their former conduct had raised. The trial was carried
-on impartially, and Sirven was acquitted. Seven years, however, had
-elapsed before this tardy act of justice was completed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Another instance of religious intolerance, more frightful in some of its
-details than the preceding, roused Voltaire to combat the sanguinary
-clergy of his country with renewed zeal. But in this instance he could
-not save the victims already immolated by the malignancy of private
-enmity, and the cruel bigotry of public tribunals.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Some very young men resident at Abbeville had rendered themselves
-notorious for the freedom of their religious opinions. They read and
-praised with enthusiasm various infidel books then in vogue. They had
-been known to sing blasphemous songs at their supper table; and once, on
-returning home late at night after a drunken frolic, one struck with his
-cane a wooden crucifix placed by the road side. These acts, committed,
-as they were, by boys under twenty, deserved blame, and even it might be
-deemed punishment, but punishment suited to their few years and
-consequent thoughtlessness; but it was a frightful exaggeration to
-consider them criminals in the eye of the law, especially as none
-existed in France against misdemeanours of this nature, and they could
-only be punished by an act of arbitrary power. This was exerted to
-punish them with a barbarity which is supposed to characterise the
-Spanish inquisition alone; though if we read the history of the Gallican
-church, we find that the priests of its powerful hierarchy were behind
-those of no nation in the spirit of sanguinary and merciless
-persecution. Unfortunately, in the present instance, one of the
-principal actors in this foolish scene, a boy of seventeen, had a
-personal enemy. A rich and avaricious old man of Abbeville, named
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">{Pg 84}</a></span>
-Belleval, had an intrigue with madame de Brou, abbess of Villancour.
-This lady's nephew, the chevalier de la Barre, came to pay her a visit;
-he and his friends were in the habit of supping in the convent, and he
-was considered the successful rival of Belleval. This man resolved to be
-revenged. He spread abroad in Abbeville the history of their blasphemous
-conversations; he excited the spirit of fanaticism against them among
-the populace, and raised such clamour in the city that the bishop of
-Amiens thought it necessary to visit it for the purpose of taking
-informations with regard to the circumstances reported to him. Belleval
-busied himself in collecting witnesses, and in exaggerating every
-instance of folly committed by these youths. Unfortunately, not only the
-populace and priests of the city, but the tribunals by whom the cause
-was tried, seconded too frightfully his iniquitous designs; although the
-very fact of the misconduct of the abbess, by bringing the Catholic
-religion into disrespect among these boys, ought to have pleaded in
-their favour. The young men were condemned to a cruel death. Amongst
-them was numbered Belleval's own son; this was unexpected by the
-informer; and, in despair, he contrived that, he should escape, together
-with two of his young associates. The remainder were not so fortunate.
-La Barre, a youth, scarcely seventeen, condemned to undergo the torture
-and to have his tongue cut out, and then to be decapitated, underwent
-his sentence. When too late, the people of France awoke to a just sense
-of horror at the cruelty committed. Voltaire was transported by
-indignation. "You have heard," he wrote to d'Alembert, "the account from
-Abbeville. I do not understand how thinking beings can remain in a
-country where monkeys so often turn to tigers. I am ashamed to live even
-on the frontier. This, indeed, is the moment to break all ties and carry
-elsewhere the horror with which I am filled. What! at Abbeville,
-monsters in the guise of judges, sentence a child of sixteen to perish
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">{Pg 85}</a></span>
-by the most frightful death&mdash;their judgment is confirmed&mdash;and the
-nation bears it! Is this the country of philosophy and luxury? It is that
-of St. Bartholomew. The inquisition had not dared to put in execution what
-these Jansenist judges have perpetrated."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire's horror could not save the victim, for the evil was committed
-before the news of the trial reached him. The populace, it is true, even
-before the execution of the victims, returned to their senses, and
-Belleval was held in such execration that he was forced to fly from
-Abbeville, to avoid being torn to pieces. But the king and parliament of
-Paris refused to repair their fault towards the survivors. Voltaire did
-what he could. He recommended one of the victims who had fled, the
-chevalier d'Etallonde, to the king of Prussia, whose service he entered;
-and he endeavoured to open the eyes of government to the justice and
-propriety of repairing its crime. But the duke de Choiseul feared to
-act, and the parliament of Paris was a bigoted and intolerant body.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To his honour, we find that he was unwearied in his endeavours. When
-Louis XVI. succeeded to the crown, and a milder reign commenced, he
-renewed his exertions. D'Etallonde had, from good conduct, been promoted
-in the Prussian army. He invited him to Ferney, and endeavoured to
-interest the ministers of Louis in his favour, and to prevail on them to
-revoke his sentence: in vain; the government had not sufficient justice
-to avoid a fault, nor humanity to desire to repair it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Such were the crimes committed in the outraged name of religion, that
-animated Voltaire with the desire of wresting the power of doing ill
-from the hands of the priesthood of his country, and which made him the
-unwearied and active enemy of a system which sanctioned such atrocities.
-In the present instance, something of fear added a sting to his
-feelings. The "Philosophical Dictionary," a work he denied having
-written, but of which, in reality, he was the author, was mentioned
-among the books, a respect for which formed one of La Barre's crimes,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">{Pg 86}</a></span>
-and it was burned in Paris, while exertions were made to denounce and
-punish him as the author. These failed; but they embittered Voltaire's
-enmity. He spread abroad the history of the enormities, which the
-perpetrators, ashamed too late, were desirous of hushing up. Lalli, a
-barrister, who was accused of having a principal part in the nefarious
-proceeding, wrote to Voltaire at once to excuse himself, and threaten
-the author. Voltaire replied, by an anecdote in Chinese history. "I
-forbid you," said the emperor of China, to the chief of the historical
-tribunal, "to mention me." The mandarin took out his note book and
-pen&mdash;"What are you doing?" said the emperor. "I am writing down the
-order which your majesty has just pronounced."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As some sort of compensation for these acts of horror and cruelty,
-Voltaire heard of the banishment of the Jesuits from France. This
-community had long reigned paramount in that kingdom; one of the society
-was, by custom, always selected as confessor of the king. It had
-signalised itself by every possible act of intolerance and persecution.
-The Jansenists, the Huguenots, and the Quietists were exiled,
-imprisoned, and ruined, through their influence. France was depopulated.
-In bitterness of spirit, the truly pious and wise of the kingdom,
-Boileau, Racine, Pascal, Fénélon, Arnaud, and a long list more, knew
-that their zeal for a pure religion exposed them to persecution.
-Voltaire disliked the Jansenists, and ridiculed the Quietists; but he
-was too just not to revolt from persecution; and though, from the
-prejudices of early education, he was inclined to look favourably on the
-Jesuits, he rejoiced in their fall from the power which they misused,
-and their expulsion from a country, so many of whose most virtuous
-inhabitants they had visited with exile and ruin.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In writing Voltaire's life, we have too often to turn from acts denoting
-a benevolent and generous spirit, to others which were inspired by
-self-love, and a restless spirit that could not repose. Among these, his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">{Pg 87}</a></span>
-conduct to Rousseau has disgraceful prominence. It is true that the
-citizen of Geneva had provoked him first; but Rousseau was the victim of
-the system of tyranny which Voltaire so fervently deprecated. Even if
-his intellects were not impaired, he had, from the unfortunate
-susceptibility of his disposition, and the misfortunes that pursued him,
-become an object of commiseration, at least to one who sympathised in
-his opinions and views. But once attacked, Voltaire never forgave. He
-could not be injured, yet he avenged the intended injury. Had he
-confined his ridicule and blame of Rousseau to conversation and letters,
-it had, considering his influence in society, been sufficient revenge;
-but when, to a great degree excited by Rousseau, those troubles and
-tumults occurred in Geneva, from which Voltaire was so far the sufferer,
-that he thought himself obliged to sell his property of Les Delices, he
-made the tumults the subject of a licentious and burlesque poem, in
-which Rousseau was held up to ridicule. The disgrace, however, recoiled
-on himself. His most enthusiastic friends blamed his conduct, and
-disliked his poem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire ran a more fortunate career than befalls most men. He was rich,
-and he had been wise enough to adopt a system that insured his
-independence. At a distance from the capital, he was in reality removed
-from the cabals of literature, the turmoils of society, and from the
-excitement, so often attended by disappointment, that belongs to the
-life of a literary man of high reputation. He led what he himself terms
-a patriarchal life; his niece was at the head of his household. The
-niece of Corneille, adopted by him, had married M. Dupuis, a gentleman
-of some fortune in the neighbourhood of Geneva, and resided in his
-house. No foreigner ever passed from France to Italy without paying a
-visit to Ferney. All those of any note or merit were received with
-cordial hospitality, and the chateau was never free from guests: above
-fifty persons of different grades&mdash;masters, guests, and
-servants&mdash;inhabited it. In the midst of this turmoil, Voltaire led a
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">{Pg 88}</a></span>
-laborious life. His health was feeble. During the winters, which the
-neighbourhood of the eternal snows render peculiarly severe, he was
-nearly always confined to his bed. But physical suffering never tamed
-his spirit. From the bed of sickness, he sent abroad various writings,
-some in support of the best interests of humanity (as in the cases of
-Calas, &amp;c.), others historical and poetic, and not a few replete with
-that malicious pleasantry that caused him to be universally feared.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1766.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-72.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Few things occurred to interrupt the tenour of his life. At one time,
-his niece, madame Denis, and his protégés, monsieur and madame Dupuis,
-left him to visit Paris, and he was left for nearly two years alone in
-his retreat. A thousand reports were current as to the cause of this
-separation; but, in time, it became acknowledged that Voltaire's own
-account of it was true. "I have been," he wrote to madame du Deffand,
-"the innkeeper of Europe for fourteen years, and I am tired of the
-trade. I have received three or four hundred English, who are so fond of
-their country, that not one has recollected me since their departure,
-except a Scotchman, of the name of Brown, who has written against me. I
-have had French colonels, with their officers, who have remained a
-month, but who serve their king so well, that they have never written to
-me. I have built a chateau and a church. I have spent five hundred
-thousand francs in these pious and profane works; and my illustrious
-debtors in Paris and Germany, conceiving that these acts of magnificence
-did not become me, have thought proper to curtail my means to teach me
-wisdom. I found myself suddenly almost reduced to philosophy. I have
-sent madame Denis to urge the generous French; I have taken the generous
-Germans on myself. My seventy-four years and continual illnesses condemn
-me to seclusion and moderation. This life cannot suit madame Denis, who
-acted against the grain in coming to live with me in the country. She
-needs perpetual company and pleasures to make her endure this desert,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">{Pg 89}</a></span>
-which, according to the Russians themselves, is for five months of the
-year worse than Siberia. Madame Denis had need of Paris; the niece of
-Corneille had greater need, as she only saw it at an age and in a
-situation which did not permit her to become acquainted with it. I made
-an effort to separate myself from them, that they might enjoy the
-pleasures of the capital."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After a visit to Paris of nearly two years, they returned to him again.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A visit to Ferney was an event in a traveller's life. In personal
-intercourse, Voltaire was, according to the testimony of the king of
-Prussia, and of every other contemporary, and singularly delightful and
-entertaining. "You are agreeable in conversation, and instruct and amuse
-at the same time. You are the most fascinating creature in the world;
-and, when you choose, no one could resist loving you: your wit and
-genius are so graceful, that, even while you offend, every one is ready
-to forgive you." This is the description that Frederic gives of him. Nor
-did age diminish the lustre of his wit, the vivacity of his spirit, or
-the alternate gaiety and impressive charm of his conversation. It was
-only at a distance that his tendency to what the French call
-<i>tracasserie</i>&mdash;an inherent love of disturbance&mdash;and the
-vehement, uncourteous, and unfair manner with which he carried on a
-dispute, made his contemporaries, while they viewed him with wonder and
-delight, yet alternately fear and censure him. He appeared particularly
-amiable to those who sought his protection, for he was ever generous in
-pecuniary points, and lavish of his praises to literary men, as long as
-they paid worship at his shrine. His intercourse with Marmontel illustrates
-this subject, and we shall extract his account of his visit to Ferney, as
-giving a vivid picture of the vivacity, and whimsical and capricious
-disposition, of this singular man; who in age and suffering was as
-energetic, active, and enthusiastic as a youth just entering warm and
-undeceived on the scene of life.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">{Pg 90}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Marmontel had several years before been excited by him to venture on a
-literary career in Paris. On his arrival, Voltaire received him with a
-cordiality that warmed the young man's heart; his purse and house were
-open to him. Nor did he stop at mere offers; he encouraged him in his
-arduous endeavours, and he showed paternal joy in his success. These are
-real and absolute virtues in a great man. There is so little
-encouragement to literary ambition abroad in the world, especially in
-this country. Those who hold the place of judges in the literary world
-(including in this class those whose trade is criticism as well as
-amateurs) are so afraid of compromising their reputation; and the rest
-of society dare not pronounce an opinion for themselves; so that, except
-in those instances in which, by a happy hit or servile fosterage of
-prejudices, popular favour is gained, and a speedy sale of an edition
-gives undeniable proof of success, authors of promise do not meet with
-the tithe of the encouragement necessary to sustain them hopeful and
-glad in their laborious career. Voltaire's sensitive heart felt that
-praise and sympathy were the proper food of the young aspirant, and as
-necessary as food, in keeping up that buoyant and confiding spirit which
-alone enables him to develope all his powers; he displayed, therefore,
-in voice and manner, and in actions, such earnest sympathy as served as
-the dearest reward and encouragement to the author. His kindness to
-Marmontel was unalterable, but their intercourse was broken off by his
-expatriation. Marmontel, accompanied by a friend, visited him at Les
-Delices soon after his arrival in Switzerland. "Our welcome," he
-narrates, "was the most singular and original in the world. Voltaire was
-in bed when we arrived: he held out his arms, and wept with joy, as he
-embraced me. 'You find me dying,' he said, 'and you come to restore, or
-to receive my last sigh.' My companion was frightened at this
-commencement; but I, who had heard Voltaire declare himself dying a
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">{Pg 91}</a></span>
-hundred times before, made him a sign not to be alarmed. In fact, a
-moment afterwards, the dying man made us sit by his bedside. 'My friend,'
-said he to me, 'I am delighted to see you&mdash;especially at a time
-when I have a man with me whom you will be glad to hear. It is M. de
-l'Ecluse, formerly surgeon-dentist to the late king of Prussia, now
-possessor of an estate near Montargis; he is a delightful man. Do you
-not know him?'&mdash;'The only M. de l'Ecluse I know,' I replied, 'was an
-actor at the comic opera.' 'That is he, my friend&mdash;the very man. If
-you know him, you have heard him sing the song of the Remouleur, which he
-acted and sang so well.' And then, with his bare arms and sepulchral
-voice, Voltaire began to imitate l'Ecluse. We laughed heartily; but he
-continued, seriously,&mdash;'I imitate him badly&mdash;you must hear M. de
-l'Ecluse&mdash;it is truth itself&mdash;how delighted you will be! Go and
-see madame Denis. Ill as I am, I shall rise to dine at table. The pleasure
-of seeing you has suspended my sufferings, and I feel quite alive
-again.'
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"Madame Denis received us with that cordiality which is the charm of her
-character. She presented M. de l'Ecluse to us, and at dinner Voltaire
-encouraged him by the most flattering praises to give us the pleasure of
-hearing him. We appeared charmed&mdash;need was&mdash;for Voltaire would
-not have forgiven faint applause. Our subsequent ramble in his garden was
-employed in talking of Paris&mdash;the newspapers, the theatres, the
-'Encyclopédie,' and the unhappy 'Le Franc de Pompignan,' the butt of
-all his jests. His physician, he said, having ordered him to hunt him
-every day for two hours, he charged me to assure our friends that they
-should receive a fresh epigram every day; and he was faithful to his
-promise. On our return from our walk, he played at chess with M.
-Gaulard, who respectfully allowed him to win; then we talked of the
-drama, and of the revolution in acting brought about by Mlle. Clairon. I
-exhausted all the little eloquence I possessed to inspire him with the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">{Pg 92}</a></span>
-same enthusiasm that I felt myself for this actress; and I was enjoying
-the impression I appeared to make, when, interrupting me, he exclaimed with
-transport&mdash;'That is exactly like madame Denis&mdash;she has improved
-most astonishingly. I wish you could see her play Zaire, Alzire,
-Idamè&mdash;it is the perfection of talent.' Madame Denis compared to
-Clairon! My ardour was checked in a moment; so true it is that taste
-accommodates itself to the objects it possesses. In the evening, I drew
-Voltaire out about the king of Prussia. He spoke with a sort of lofty
-magnanimity; like a man who disdained an easy revenge, or as a lover
-pardons a mistress, whom he deserts, for the indignation and blame she
-expresses. The conversation at supper turned on the literary men he most
-esteemed; and it was easy to discern those whom he really loved&mdash;it
-was those who made the most public boast of his friendship. Before we went
-to rest, he read us two new cantos of the 'Pucelle,' and Madame Denis
-remarked to us that this was the only day since his arrival at Les
-Delices that he had passed without shutting himself up in his study
-during some portion of it. The next day we had the discretion to leave
-him during a part of the morning to himself. I told him that we would
-wait till he rang. He was visible at eleven o'clock, but was still in
-bed. 'Young man,' said he to me, 'I hope you have not renounced
-poetry: let me see what you have lately written.' * * * Before dinner he
-took me to pay some visits in Geneva; and, speaking of his intercourse
-with the Genevese, he said, 'It is agreeable to live in a country whose
-sovereigns send to ask you to lend them your carriage when they come to
-dine with you.' His house was open to them, they passed whole days
-there. * * *
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"In the evening, at supper, our kings and their mistresses were the
-subjects of conversation; and Voltaire, while making a comparison of the
-gallantry of the old court and the present one, displayed that abundant
-memory from which nothing interesting escaped. From madame de la
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">{Pg 93}</a></span>
-Vallière to madame de Pompadour, the anecdotic history of the two
-reigns, with that of the regency between, passed in review with a
-rapidity and a brilliancy of design and colouring quite dazzling.
-However he reproached himself for having robbed M. de l'Ecluse of
-moments which he said he could have rendered far more diverting, and
-begged him to repair his fault by giving us some scenes of the
-'Ecosseures,' at which he laughed like a child.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"The next was our last day. As we were to depart early on the following
-morning, we agreed with madame Denis and messieurs Hubert and Cramer to
-prolong the pleasure of being together, by sitting up and conversing
-till the hour of departure. Voltaire insisted on making one of us: in
-vain we pressed him to go to bed; more wakeful than ourselves, he read
-us several cantos of 'Joan.' I was delighted; for, if Voltaire, in
-reading serious poetry, affected, as it appeared to me, too monotonous a
-cadence, and too marked an emphasis, no one ever recited familiar and
-comic verses with so much native grace and tact: his eyes and smile had
-an expression I never saw in any other man. Our mutual adieu moved us to
-tears; more on my part, indeed, than his, as was fit; for, in addition
-to my gratitude, and the many causes I had for being attached to him, I
-left him in exile."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Marmontel's account relates to Voltaire's early residence in the
-neighbourhood of Geneva. Madame de Genlis visited him in 1776. Being at
-Geneva, she wrote to propose paying him a visit. The poet replied
-graciously. "When I received his answer," she continues, "I was seized
-with sudden fright. I remembered all I had heard related of those who
-paid Ferney a first visit. It is the custom, especially for young women,
-to tremble, grow pale, and even faint, on perceiving Voltaire: they
-throw themselves into his arms, they weep, and show an agitation which
-resembles the most passionate love. This is the etiquette of a
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">{Pg 94}</a></span>
-presentation at Ferney; and M. de Voltaire is so used to it, that calm
-and politeness must appear either impertinent or stupid.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"I left Geneva in time, according to my calculation, to arrive at Ferney
-just before Voltaire's dinner hour; but my watch was wrong, and I did
-not discover my error till I arrived. There is no awkwardness more
-disagreeable than to be too early when going to dine with those who know
-how to occupy their mornings. Wishing really to please a celebrated man,
-who was kind enough to receive me, I dressed myself with elegance, and
-never before wore so many feathers and flowers. I took with me a German
-painter, M. Ott: he was very clever, but with very little literary
-knowledge, and, above all, had never read a line of Voltaire; but he
-felt the desirable enthusiasm only by hearing of him. He was in a state
-of ecstacy on approaching Ferney. I admired and envied his transport. We
-entered the drawing room; it was empty. The servants seemed surprised
-and hurried; the bells rang, and all gave signs of the truth, that we
-had arrived an hour too soon. We saw, at the end of the room, an oil
-painting magnificently framed; we hurried to examine it; and, to our
-great surprise, found it was a mere daub, representing Voltaire with a
-glory round his head, with the family of Calas kneeling before him,
-while he trod under foot his enemies Freron and Pompignan. The picture
-was the invention of a bad Genevese artist, who made a present of it to
-Voltaire. But it seemed the silliest thing in the world to hang it up in
-his drawing room. At length the door opened, and madame Denis and madame
-de Saint Julien entered; they announced that Voltaire would soon appear.
-Madame de Saint Julien was very amiable, and is passing the summer at
-Ferney. She calls Voltaire 'my philosopher,' and he calls her 'my
-butterfly.' She proposed a walk to me, and I was delighted; for I felt
-embarrassed at the idea of seeing the master of the house, and was glad
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">{Pg 95}</a></span>
-to delay for a few minutes the formidable interview. We went on the
-terrace, from which the magnificent view of the lake and mountains might
-have been seen, had they not had the bad taste to raise a trellice,
-covered with a thick foliage that concealed all, so that the view was
-only to be perceived through little openings too small for my head; and,
-besides, the trellice was so low, that my feathers caught every moment.
-I was obliged to stoop, and this fatiguing attitude was ill suited to
-enable me to enjoy the conversation of madame de Saint Julien, who,
-short, and in a morning dress, walked at her ease, and conversed
-agreeably. At length we were told that Voltaire was in the drawing room.
-I felt so harassed and frightened that I would have given the world to
-have found myself in my inn at Geneva; but my companion, judging me by
-herself, drew me along quickly. We returned to the house. As soon as I
-had collected myself we entered, and I found myself in the presence of
-Voltaire. Madame de Saint Julien invited me to embrace him, saying that
-it would please him. I addressed him with the respect due to his genius
-and his age. He took my hand and kissed it, and I know not why, but I
-was touched by this act of common gallantry coming from him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"During dinner, M. de Voltaire was by no means agreeable; he appeared to
-be continually angry with his servants, calling to them so loudly that I
-started. I had been told beforehand of this habit, so singular before
-strangers; but it was evident that it was merely a habit, for the
-servants neither appeared surprised nor troubled. After dinner, knowing
-that I was a musician, Voltaire asked madame Denis to play. She had a
-method which reminded one of the music of the days of Louis XIV. She had
-just finished a piece of Rameau, when a little girl of seven years old
-entered, and threw herself into Voltaire's arms, calling him papa. He
-received her caresses with sweetness; and, seeing that I looked on the
-picture with extreme pleasure, he told me that this was the daughter of
-the descendant of the great Corneille, whom he had adopted. Several
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">{Pg 96}</a></span>
-visitors from Geneva dropped in, and afterwards he proposed a drive, and
-he and his niece, madame de Saint Julien, and myself entered the
-carriage, and he took us to the village to see the houses he is
-building, and the charitable establishments he has founded. He is
-greater here than in his books, for so ingenious a goodness appears in
-all, that one wonders that the same hand which wrote so much blasphemy,
-could form such noble, wise, and useful works. He shows this village to
-all strangers, but unpretendingly. He speaks of it with kindness and
-simplicity; he mentions all that he has done, but with no appearance of
-boasting. On returning to the chateau, the conversation was very
-animated: it was night before I took my leave.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"The portraits and busts of Voltaire are all very like; but no artist
-has painted his eyes well. I expected to find them brilliant and full of
-fire; and they are, indeed, the most expressive of intellect that I ever
-saw; but they are full, at the same time, of softness and inexpressible
-tenderness. The very soul of Zaire shone in those eyes. His smile and
-laugh, which is very malicious, changed at once this charming
-expression. He is very decrepit; and his old-fashioned dress makes him
-look older. He has a hollow voice, which produces a singular effect,
-especially as he is in the habit of speaking very loud, although he is
-not deaf. When neither religion nor his enemies are mentioned, his
-conversation is simple, unpretending, and delightful. It appeared as if
-he could not endure the expression of opinions differing from his own on
-any point. On the slightest contradiction his voice became shrill and
-his manner decided. He has lost much of the manners of the world: and
-this is natural; ever since he has lived on this estate no one visits
-him but to cover him with flattery. His opinions are oracles; all around
-is at his feet. The admiration he inspires is the continual subject of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">{Pg 97}</a></span>
-conversation, and the most extravagant exaggerations now appear ordinary
-homage. No king has ever been the object of such excessive adulation."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire, however, though he liked flattery, often avoided it, by not
-receiving the guests that poured in. Madame Denis did the honours of the
-house; and many a traveller, who had gone far cut of his way to visit
-the Man of the Age, left the chateau without seeing him. It was thus he
-treated the comte de Guibert, esteemed in those days as a young man of
-promising talents, but who is best known to us as the object of
-mademoiselle de l'Espinasse's attachment. Guibert, after passing five
-days at Ferney, left it without seeing its master. Arriving at Geneva,
-he sent him four verses, which wittily, though somewhat blasphemously,
-expressed his regret. The wit pleased; the blasphemy, perhaps, pleased
-still more, as showing him to be of his own way of thinking; and
-Voltaire instantly sent after him, invited him back, and treated him
-with kindness and distinction. Many anecdotes are told of the bad
-reception he gave others. But as every one, and in particular every
-pretender to literature, thought it necessary to visit Ferney, no wonder
-that he was often pushed to extremities by their intrusion and
-pretensions, and, impatient and whimsical as he was, got rid of them, as
-the humour dictated, by open rudeness or covert ridicule.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The astonishing vivacity and energy of Voltaire's temperament led him to
-create, like Don Quixote, giants with whom to fight; but he was not
-always moved by the heroic benevolence that animated the Spanish knight,
-but by childish or more blameable whims. He had built a church at Ferney
-(the one belonging to the parish being mean and in disrepair), and went
-to mass, for the edification of his tenantry. After mass he delivered an
-exhortation against theft (some of the builders of his church having
-been guilty of carrying off old materials), which, being against all
-canonical rules, scandalised the congregation and incensed the priest.
-The bishop of the diocese, an ignorant, intolerant man, hearing of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">{Pg 98}</a></span>
-desecration, applied to the king of France for a <i>lettre de cachet</i>
-against Voltaire. His request was not listened to; but the imagination
-of Voltaire was set on fire by the intelligence; nor can we wonder,
-considering that he had entered the Bastille, as a prisoner, three
-different times. He burnt a vast quantity of papers; he dismissed every
-guest; and remained alone with his secretary and father Adam, an
-ex-Jesuit, who resided with him. At first he thought it would be
-necessary to fly; but soon his restless fancy suggested another mode of
-defending himself. The bishop, carrying on the war, forbade any of his
-inferior clergy to confess, absolve, or administer the communion to the
-seigneur of Ferney. Considering his avowed and contemptuous disbelief in
-Christianity, it had been more dignified in Voltaire to abstain from
-participating in its mysteries; but he had not the most remote idea of
-the meaning and uses of dignity. His impetuosity, his love of the
-ridiculous, his determination to vanquish and crush his enemies, by
-whatever means, were paramount to any loftier sentiment of calm disdain.
-He said, "We shall see whether the bishop or I win the day."
-Accordingly, he feigned illness, took to his bed, and insisted on
-receiving religious consolations as a dying man. The priest of the
-parish refused to comply for a length of time; and Voltaire, to gain his
-point, signed a paper declaratory of his respect for the Catholic
-religion. The whole scene was indecorous,&mdash;insulting to the priest,
-and unworthy of the poet. He gained his point at last, and frightened the
-curate so much that he fell ill and died; while his conduct in the
-church, his angry expostulations with the clergy, and his confession of
-faith became the wonder and gossip of Paris.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is more pleasing to contemplate the good deeds of this versatile and
-extraordinary man, whose activity astonished his contemporaries<a name="NoteRef_7_7" id="NoteRef_7_7"></a><a href="#Note_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a>, and,
-considering his infirmities and age, seem almost superhuman. The civil
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">{Pg 99}</a></span>
-troubles of Geneva caused a number of exiles. The fugitives, destitute
-and suffering, were received at Ferney, and treated with hospitality and
-generosity. Voltaire's first idea was to found the little town of
-Versoi, on the banks of the lake of Geneva. He applied to the duke de
-Choiseul for protection and funds. These were at first granted; but the
-disgrace of the minister ruined the infant town, and its founder was
-obliged to restrict his exertions to his own colony at Ferney. He caused
-commodious houses to be built, and the place, which was before a
-miserable hamlet, inhabited by peasants in the last degree of penury,
-became a pleasant village, filled by industrious artisans, who carried
-on a considerable trade in watchmaking. It is to this village that
-Voltaire led madame du Genlis, and the sight of it filled her with
-respect for his enlarged views and benevolent heart.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Nor was this the only place that owed the blessings of prosperity to
-him. By most persevering and courageous representations he induced the
-chancellor Maupeou to enfranchise the peasants of a territory among the
-mountains of Jura, who were serfs to the monastery of St. Claude, and
-suffered the most unendurable grievances from the feudal laws still in
-force. Afterwards, when Louis XVI. came to the throne, he asked for
-various exemptions from taxes from the minister Turgot for the town of
-Gex, which flourished in consequence, till Turgot was exiled, his
-ordinances cancelled, and the town was ruined. His colony fell under the
-same ban, and he shared the general loss. He was grieved, but not
-disheartened. "It is true," he wrote to his valued and steady friend the
-comte d'Argental, "that I have had the folly, in my eighty-third year,
-to commence an undertaking above my strength. I must abandon it, and
-wait till I grow younger. My strange fate, which led me from Paris to
-the frontiers of Switzerland, and forced me to change a filthy hamlet
-into a pretty town, a quarter of a league long, follows me; she does not
-restore my youth, but crushes me with the stones of the houses I have
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">{Pg 100}</a></span>
-built. A change of ministry in France has deprived my colony of all the
-advantages I had obtained; and the good I have done my new country has
-turned to mischief. I put the last drop of my blood into this useful
-establishment, without any view except that of doing good&mdash;my blood is
-lost, and all I have to do is to die of a consumption." He wrote to
-another friend: "Ferney, which you saw a wretched village, has become a
-pretty town. I scarcely know how this has been brought about; but I know
-that it has ruined me. It was ridiculous in so insignificant a man as me
-to build a town."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The correspondence which this undertaking necessitated was immense. To
-this occupation he added a dispute on the merits of Shakspeare, in which
-an entire want of taste and of knowledge, and a superfluity of flippancy
-and insult, were the prominent features. It raised a laugh among a few,
-but did no honour either to his cause or himself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-What, at its outset, seemed a more tranquil and happy reign, had begun
-in France. The latter days of Louis XV. were utterly disgraceful. He had
-dispersed the parliament, it is true, which, by its prejudices and
-injustice, had become odious; but it was replaced by another, which
-reformed no abuse, while it was conspicuous only for servile submission to
-the royal authority. Enlightened and popular ministers&mdash;Choiseul and
-Turgot&mdash;were exiled to make room for men of the old leaven, who had no
-apprehension of the growing necessities of the times; while his
-thrusting upon the court a low-born and infamous mistress, completed the
-degradation of the king's position: and the society of Paris, opposed to
-that of the court, acquired influence and dignity. The first acts of
-Louis the Sixteenth's reign, being to recal the disgraced and popular
-ministers, and to exhibit every token of sympathy for the distresses of
-the subject, inspired hope. Voltaire ardently desired to revisit the
-capital, to feel himself among his friends, and to enjoy the sensation
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">{Pg 101}</a></span>
-which his presence, after so long an absence, would not fail to create.
-The inhabitants of Ferney saw their benefactor depart with tears. He
-promised to return in six weeks; and so firmly intended to keep this
-resolution, that he put no order into his affairs or papers before his
-departure, thinking it not worth while, as his absence would be so
-short.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1788.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-84.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-On the 10th of February he arrived in the capital, accompanied by
-monsieur and madame de Villette and madame Denis. Madame de Villette was
-a protégée of Voltaire. She had been destined for a convent by her
-parents; and, in despair, wrote to the patriarch of Ferney to extricate
-her from such a fate. He offered her a home in his house. She was
-gentle, beautiful, and clever. M. de Villette, a gentleman of fortune,
-fell in love with and married her. She went by the name of Belle et
-Bonne among her friends. Voltaire had the peculiarity, which usually
-attends men of genius, of gathering about him a society composed
-principally of women, and she was a chief favourite.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Voltaire brought with him his newly written tragedy of "Irene." He had
-the notion indelibly impressed, that, to secure his position in Paris,
-he must acquire popularity; and that a successful tragedy was the sure
-means of acquiring it. In the present instance he did not need such
-support. No conqueror, returned from enslaving a province, was ever
-received with such enthusiastic marks of triumph. La Harpe well
-observes, that the generation who had witnessed Voltaire's earlier
-struggles and clouded fame, had nearly died away; all those born during
-the space of the last forty years found the world full of his fame. His
-persecutions, his mode of life, his attacks on religion and on persons,
-the mischief he had caused, and the good he had done, were the chief
-topics of interest: more than all, the brilliancy of his genius dazzled,
-its versatility delighted mankind. Even his pettishnesses, his whims,
-his follies, ever varying and upheld by him with earnestness and vigour,
-kept alive public attention. That this man, the subject of all tongues
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">{Pg 102}</a></span>
-and all pens, should emerge from his seclusion among the Alps, and, in
-his eighty-fifth year, come to take his part in society, and gather the
-applause of a theatrical audience, excited, nearly to frenzy, the
-curiosity, the admiration, and interest of every inhabitant of Paris.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet, who witnessed his arrival, in his "Life of Voltaire," madame
-du Deffand, in her "Letters to Horace Walpole," and Grimm, in his
-"Literary Correspondence," give a vivid picture of this last triumphant
-but fatal visit to Paris. He arrived in good health; though his first
-note to madame du Deffand said, "I arrive, dying; and only wish to
-revive to throw myself at your feet." He received all his friends with
-cordiality and gaiety, and delighted them with the charm that belonged
-to his manners. All Paris pressed to see him; his apartment was never
-empty: he received more than 300 persons, one after the other, and had
-something witty and agreeable to say to all. Meanwhile, as he was in
-reality afflicted by a weakening and very painful disease, his more
-familiar friends began to tremble for the result of this new and
-exciting scene. "I paid him my second visit yesterday," writes madame du
-Deffand, "on the 22d of February. It was not so agreeable as the first.
-We were received by his niece, who is certainly the best woman in the
-world, but the most tiresome; by M. de Villette, who is the dullest man,
-and his young wife, who, they say, is amiable, and goes by the name of
-Belle et Bonne with Voltaire and his friends. We did not find him in the
-drawing-room; he was shut up with his secretary, and begged me to wait.
-His friends told me that he was overwhelmed with fatigue; that he had
-read the whole of his tragedy that afternoon to the actors, and had made
-them rehearse, and was so exhausted that he could scarcely speak. I
-wished to go away; but they detained me, and Voltaire sent me four lines
-he had made on his statute by Pigal, to engage me to remain. After a
-good quarter of an hour he came in. He said that he was dead&mdash;that he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">{Pg 103}</a></span>
-could not speak. I offered to leave him; but he would not let me. He
-spoke to me of his play. He has no other subject in his head: it has
-caused him to come to Paris, and it will kill him if it does not
-succeed."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Nor was his tragedy his only subject of anxiety. He was told that Louis
-XVI. had asked, on hearing of his arrival, if the interdiction to his
-residence in Paris had ever been taken off. A question which seemed to
-show his disapprobation; but the young queen and her friends, and the
-count d'Artois, were borne away by the stream of fashion and friendlily
-inclined. A few days after his arrival he fell ill. His mode of life in
-Paris was very different from that which he led at Ferney; there he was
-subject to none of the calls of society; he saw few visitors, and left
-madame Denis to do the honours of the house&mdash;enjoying in his own
-person the most entire liberty, passing the greater part of his day in bed,
-or in study; at other times walking in his grounds and over his estate,
-directing the improvements and enjoying the pleasure of creating his
-colony, and witnessing its prosperity. His new mode of life deranged his
-health, a vomiting of blood came on, and his life was in danger. The
-vivacity of the French disposition was shown at this moment. All Paris
-was in alarm. The priests gathered round&mdash;Voltaire thought it right to
-quiet them by making a profession of faith. How far the all-seeing and
-infinitely pure Being can be propitiated by a falsehood on the lips of a
-dying man, may be considered doubtful; but the clergy thought more of
-their own temporal victory than the higher questions of religion and
-morality. These might have been satisfied by a declaration given by
-Voltaire to a friend, which said, "I die worshipping God, loving my
-friends, not hating my enemies, and detesting superstition." Nor was
-this the only disquiet that attended his sick-bed: his friends
-quarrelled round it concerning the physicians who attended, and
-wrangling and dissension&mdash;the fruits of the vanity, not the affection,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">{Pg 104}</a></span>
-of his friends&mdash;disturbed the peace necessary for his convalescence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The vital principle was still strong, and he recovered. He made use of
-his renewed strength to visit the academy, and to be present at the
-representation of his tragedy. The enthusiasm was at its height. He was
-almost crushed to death both at the Louvre and the theatre,
-notwithstanding the exertions of the soldiers to keep a passage clear.
-The academicians received him rather as the sovereign of literature than
-as an equal. At the theatre his reception was still more flattering. His
-bust was crowned on the stage, and the audience were in a transport of
-delight; tears of enthusiasm and joy marked the feeling of the
-spectators, who saw his attenuated figure with sorrow, and every one was
-eager to offer him assistance when he left the theatre. His triumph
-failed only in that the court still looked askance on him; and his very
-presence in Paris was rather connived at than permitted. Still the
-manifestations of public favour might satisfy a man even insatiable of
-applause. He was deeply touched. "They wish to smother me with roses,"
-he exclaimed, as he felt his feeble frame sink from exhaustion.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At this moment, at the very zenith of human glory,&mdash;when the whole
-population of the then most civilised capital in the world seemed to
-breathe his name only, to see him only in the world, to crowd round him
-in admiration and triumph,&mdash;and while their cry, "There is the saviour
-of the Calas," rewarded him for his benevolent exertions,&mdash;then, had
-he retired to his tranquil seclusion at Ferney, he might have prolonged his
-existence. But this he was not permitted to do. Madame Denis was
-heartily tired of the mountain solitude, which, as Voltaire grew older
-and more averse to show himself, became a complete seclusion. He
-earnestly desired to return; but, day after day, the solicitations of
-his friends induced him to prolong his stay. His secretary, Wagner,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">{Pg 105}</a></span>
-gives a lively picture of the struggles between him and his niece. The
-physician, Tronchin, had begged Voltaire to return to Ferney. "You must
-feel," he said, "that a tree transplanted at eighty-four years of age
-must perish." "Am I able to support the journey?" asked the old man.
-"Yes, I answer for it on my head," said Tronchin; and Voltaire, charmed
-with the prospect, gave instant orders for his departure. Madame Denis
-argued against it. "I must return," he replied. "I adore the country; it
-gives me new life. You, who detest it, can remain here, and amuse
-yourself." "Who told you that I hated it?" asked his niece. "My
-experience," he replied quickly and sternly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The cabals which formed the spirit of French society in those days
-multiplied to keep the old man in Paris. He was induced to buy a house;
-but he made the purchase more for madame Denis than himself, and said
-"that instead of a dwelling he had bought a tomb." He still persisted,
-while he was in Paris, in attending the academy, where he wished to
-introduce the plan of a new dictionary, and in interesting himself with
-theatrical concerns. He drank coffee to support himself when he felt his
-strength failing; and this producing fever and pain, he took opium to
-procure calm. Soon his illness took a dangerous turn, and no remedies
-could alleviate it; a mortification came on, which caused him
-unspeakable agonies. At length, he fell into a state of exhaustion and
-torpor, and died on the 30th of May, 1778.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-According to the scandalous custom of the French clergy, impediments
-were raised to his decent interment. To baffle these, his death was kept
-secret for several days. A grave was denied him in the parish where he
-died, and the body was transported to the Abbey de Scellieres, in the
-diocese of Troyes, belonging to his nephew, and buried in the church. A
-stone was placed above, bearing the words, only&mdash;"CI-GIT VOLTAIRE." At
-the same time orders were issued by the government forbidding the
-newspapers to comment on his death either for praise or blame; the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">{Pg 106}</a></span>
-actors to represent his plays; and the masters of schools to allow their
-pupils to learn his verses. Such arbitrary and puerile acts always
-destroy themselves, and add to, instead of detract from, the reputation
-of the man against whom they are levelled.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Other governments showed more liberality. Catherine of Russia, who had
-corresponded with him, and whom he had held up to the admiration of the
-world, openly mourned his death. His old friend Frederic of Prussia
-caused his academy to hold a meeting in his honour, during which an
-elaborate eulogium, written by himself, was pronounced.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The character of Voltaire is displayed in the preceding pages. He was a
-zealous, a warm, and constant friend. When Thiriot acted weakly and
-injuriously&mdash;sending to Frederic of Prussia the libels published
-against his friend&mdash;madame du Châtelet and others implored him to
-renounce him; but Voltaire, while he reproved, let no word of unkindness
-escape. In later days, d'Alembert wrote to tell him that the duke de
-Richelieu was acting a false part by him, and prevented his plays from
-being acted. Voltaire could not be touched in a more sensitive place; but
-he replied, "that such might be true, but that he could not quarrel with a
-friend whom he had known for fifty years." He was, it is true, a rancorous
-enemy&mdash;never pardoning, but visiting any injury done him with the
-severest retaliation of sarcasm and ridicule. He was singularly
-benevolent and generous. His letters are crowded with instances. His
-exertions in favour of the oppressed have been partly recorded in the
-preceding pages; it would require many more to commemorate every
-instance of his active and enlightened benevolence. When, on the death
-of Louis XV., he thought he could get annulled the sentence against the
-chevalier d'Etallonde, he procured his leave of absence from the king of
-Prussia, supplied him with money for his journey to Ferney, and kept him
-there a year, while he vainly exerted his utmost influence in his
-favour. He bitterly deplored his failure. The spectacle of injustice
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">{Pg 107}</a></span>
-filled him with anguish. His mind endured torture from the sense of
-injury done others, and he felt it imperative to prevent or repair
-crime. The sight, the idea only, of a triumphant or unpunished
-oppressor, excited the liveliest emotions of compassion and indignation
-in his sensitive and proud spirit. His private benevolence was not less
-active. The bookseller Jore, whose imprudence and want of fidelity had
-endangered his liberty, applied to him in distress, and was relieved,
-with expressions of kindness. A friend died in Paris; his wife, who had
-been living separate from him, seized on all he left, and an old and
-faithful servant was left destitute. Voltaire instantly made her an
-allowance. We might multiply such instances; and while this sad world is
-filled with the needy, the afflicted, and the oppressed, it is
-impossible not warmly to admire a man who sympathises in the necessities
-of his fellow-creatures and alleviates their sufferings.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The great and lasting blame attached to him arises from the inveterate
-and bitter hostility he expressed to Christianity. The texture of his
-mind partly occasioned this. He was incapable of understanding or
-feeling the sublime, the simple, and the pure. The poetry of the Bible
-was a dead letter to him; and this may be the more readily accounted
-for, as the living French poet, La Martine, whose nature is pious and
-reverential, mentions that he never felt its sublimity till a few years
-ago, when translated by his friend M. de Genoude. Impurity and grossness
-was also a part of Voltaire's nature; and these led him to depreciate
-the beauty of the Saviour's character, and the morality of the gospel.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The French clergy of those days must bear, however, much of the blame.
-Voltaire ardently desired to crush a church which, in power, showed
-itself utterly devoid of the principles of Christianity. Arnaud,
-Fénélon, the recluses of Port Royal, and the Quietists, had been its
-victims. Racine, Boileau, men of highly moral and pious characters, were
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">{Pg 108}</a></span>
-injured and calumniated; and this because they did not belong to the
-reigning party in the church. What wonder, then, that Voltaire and his
-friends were led to despise men who made their religion the pretence for
-indulging their worst passions, and were even induced to think ill of
-the system of which they proclaimed themselves the sole fitting
-supports. Let Christians be real disciples of the Gospel, and men like
-Voltaire will neither have the power nor the will to injure the religion
-they profess.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have no space for elaborate criticism of Voltaire's works. We have
-alluded to many in the progress of this biography. His "Historical Essay
-on the Manners and Spirit of Nations," in spite of its mistakes in facts
-and errors of opinion, is a monument of vast genius. His "Age of Louis
-XIV." is a beautiful work, though we are not sure that his mode of
-dividing the subject is the best. Many long chapters, devoted to the
-narration of wars, unmixed by the detail of individual passions or
-public struggles, which are thrown into separate portions of the work,
-break and weaken the interest.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His plays have not the loftiness of Corneille, nor the soft tenderness
-of Racine; but many of them possess much passion and power. His poetic
-faculties, such as they were, decayed soonest; his latter tragedies are
-weak and poor compositions. As a didactic poet, he ranks low; as an
-epic, he is not considered in these days to take any rank at all; as a
-burlesque, grossness and indelicacy occasion his verses to be read only
-by those whose praise is not worth having; as a critic, he was unfair
-and uncourteous, always ready to make ridicule stand for argument, and
-not unwilling to advance what was false, when the truth did not
-sufficiently support him. Thus he could translate a speech of Falstaff,
-declaring that it was meant to be tragic, because it occurred in a
-tragedy. His lighter productions are among his best, and, though sullied
-by his peculiar defects, are full of genius. The great characteristic of
-Voltaire is, that he scarcely ever penned a line that is not instinct
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">{Pg 109}</a></span>
-with spirit and life and genius. If you open by chance any volume of his
-works, you will be struck at once by the strength and felicity of his
-expressions&mdash;the vivacity of the sentiment&mdash;the penetration with
-which he detects the false&mdash;the wit which gives sparkle and point to
-all he says. He was, it is true, of the second order of minds, but first
-among the second; and such was his perfection in his art, as far as it
-went, that he contrived, while living, to fill a first place, and will
-always receive a larger share of attention and praise than his intrinsic
-merits deserve.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">{Pg 110}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_1_1" id="Note_1_1"></a><a href="#NoteRef_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a>His own high opinion of the "Henriade" is manifested in
-certain verses he wrote on the subject, which may be mentioned as proof,
-at once, of his vanity and his entire inability to understand and
-appreciate poetry. These verses, indeed, only embody, in a few lines,
-his "Essay on Epic Poetry," in which he proves that absence of
-imagination is the chief merit of a poet.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_2_2" id="Note_2_2"></a><a href="#NoteRef_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a>That we may be impartial, we quote the opinion expressed of
-this poem by a modern French critic. Barante, in his "Essay on French
-Literature of the Eighteenth Century," remarks, "Voltaire has most
-fallen in his reputation as an epic poet. He flattered himself in vain
-that he had bestowed an epic on France. Such a work could not be
-produced in the times in which he lived, nor with a character like his.
-For epic poetry we need the lively and free imagination of the first
-ages: knowledge must not have weakened faith, enthusiasm of feeling, nor
-the variety and vigour of character. . . . . By a serious and melancholy
-character, and pure and true feelings, and the memory of adversity
-brooded over in solitude, an epic might be rendered as touching as it
-has been rendered sublime, and interest might stand in place of
-imagination. But if Virgil secluded himself from the influence of the
-court of Augustus, Voltaire was far from avoiding that of the court of
-the regent. He composed an epic poem with the same degree of interest as
-would have sufficed to enable him to write an epistle in verse. He
-fancied that an epic consisted in certain forms agreed upon, in
-prescribed supernatural agency. He fulfilled these rules, and believed
-that he had achieved a great work. He was not aware that it is not a
-dream, a recital, and the introduction of divinities, that constitutes
-an epic poem; but an elevated and solemn imagination; and, above all,
-simplicity and truth, under whatever form. The Iliad does not resemble
-the Odyssey in the arrangement of its parts: these poems have nothing in
-common, except the epic spirit." So far the enlightened critic speaks.
-Then, to soothe ruffled French vanity, he adds, "Nevertheless, it cannot
-by denied that the 'Henriade' contains great beauties; the poetry is not
-epic, but is sometimes elevated and pathetic."</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_3_3" id="Note_3_3"></a><a href="#NoteRef_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a>The love of scandal, which belongs to humanity, always
-busies itself in exaggerations. In a virtuous and primitive state of
-society, slight peccadilloes serve the turn of the backbiter; the
-inventions grow with the necessity of surpassing the fact. If the regent
-had been a Quaker, he would have been accused of kissing any favoured
-lady by stealth: being unfortunately a profligate, he was accused of
-incest; the next step beyond the fact which it was necessary for slander
-to make.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_4_4" id="Note_4_4"></a><a href="#NoteRef_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a>Mémoires de Longchamp.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_5_5" id="Note_5_5"></a><a href="#NoteRef_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a>It is difficult to decide on madame du Châtelet's
-character. With regard to the immorality of her liaison with Voltaire,
-we will merely refer to the clever preface of the English editor to
-madame du Duffand's correspondence with Horace Walpole, in which the
-stale of society in that age is so well described; and only remark, that
-such was the system, that a devoted and enduring friendship for so great
-a man was considered highly respectable, even though that friendship
-militated against our stricter notions of social duties; it not being
-considered the business of any one to inquire into, or concern
-themselves with, a question that related only to the persons immediately
-implicated. With regard to madame du Châtelet's general character, she
-was unpopular through the vehemence of her temper, and even the ardour
-with which she devoted herself to study. She had several of the faults
-attributed to literary women, which arise from their not having the
-physical strength to go through great intellectual labour without
-suffering from nervous irritation In other respects she was evidently
-generous and sincere. Her judgment was sound; her common sense clear and
-steady. She was witty and vivacious, and had as much to bear from
-Voltaire's petulance, whimsicalness, and vehemence, as he from her more
-imperious temper.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_6_6" id="Note_6_6"></a><a href="#NoteRef_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a>When the correspondence was renewed between Frederic and
-Voltaire, they could not help alluding to the past, and their
-expressions show that each thought himself in the right. Voltaire says,
-"I am unutterably surprised when you write that I have spoken harshly to
-you. For twenty years you were my idol, '<i>je l'ai dit à la terre, au
-ciel, à Guzman même</i>;' but your trade of hero, and your situation of
-king, do not render the disposition tender: it is a pity, for your heart
-was made for kindness; and were it not for heroism and a throne, you
-would have been the most amiable man in the world." Frederic replied,
-with greater force, "I well know that I adored you as long as I thought
-you neither mischievous nor malicious: but you have played me so many
-tricks, of all kinds. Let us say no more; I have pardoned you. After
-all, you have done me more good than ill. I am more amused by your
-works, than hurt by your scratches."</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_7_7" id="Note_7_7"></a><a href="#NoteRef_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a>Lettres de Madame du Deffand à Horace Walpole, vol. II.</p></div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="ROUSSEAU">ROUSSEAU</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1712-1778.</h4>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to imagine a character in stronger contrast with
-Voltaire, than that of Rousseau. They possessed but one quality in
-common. It is difficult to know what to call it. In ordinary men it
-would be named egotism, or vanity. It is that lively and intimate
-apprehension of their own individuality, sensations, and being, which
-appears to be one of the elements of that order of minds which feel
-impelled to express their thoughts and disseminate their views and
-opinions through the medium of writing;&mdash;men of imagination, and
-eloquence, and mental energy. This quality is good as long as it renders
-an author diligent, earnest, and sincere; it is evil when it deprives
-him of the power of justly appreciating his powers and position, and
-causes him to fancy himself the centre, as it were, of the universe.
-Rousseau was its victim; it was exaggerated till his mind became
-diseased; and one false idea becoming fixed and absorbing, a sort of
-madness ensued. He was too alive to the sense of his own actions and
-feelings; and as he had committed many faults, not to say crimes, the
-recollection of these, joined to his sincere love of virtue, produced a
-struggle in his mind full, of misery and remorse.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Jean Jacques Rousseau was born at Geneva, on the 28th June, 1712. His
-birth cost the life of his mother, and was, he says, "the first of his
-misfortunes." His father was a watchmaker, and clever in his trade&mdash;it
-was all he had to subsist upon. Jean Jacques was born weakly, and with
-some organic defect, that rendered the rearing difficult and precarious.
-A sister of his father devoted herself to him. According to his own
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">{Pg 111}</a></span>
-account, his childish years were happy. Loved and caressed by many
-relations, and watched over by his aunt, he was indulged without being
-spoiled. His father taught him to read, after the business of the day
-was over. That his attention might be excited, the long romances of
-Scudéri and the elder Crebillon were put into his hands. His father
-shared the pleasure he took in this occupation, and parent and child
-often sat up all night to indulge in it: a taste for the romantic, and a
-precocious knowledge of the language of passion and sentiment, were thus
-impressed upon the boy. When the collection of romances was ended, they
-turned to other books. They had a good collection, being a portion of
-the library of his mother's father, a minister of the church. The
-"History of the Church and the Empire," by Le Seur; Bossuet's "Discourse
-on Universal History;" Plutarch's "Lives;" Ovid's "Metamorphoses;" the
-works of Molière, La Bruyère, and Fontenelle, were among them. The boy
-read to his father as he sat at work.
-<span class="sidenote2">1720.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-8.</span>
-"I thus," Rousseau writes "imbibed a singular taste, perhaps unexampled
-at my age. Plutarch, above all, became my favourite reading, and the
-pleasure I took in it cured me somewhat of my love for romances, and I
-soon learnt to prefer Agesilas, Brutus, and Aristides, to Oorondates,
-Artamenes, and Juba. These delightful books, and the conversations to
-which they gave rise between my father and me, formed that independent
-and republican spirit, that proud untameable character, impatient of
-yoke and servitude, which has tormented me through life, in situations
-ill adapted to foster it. "With my thoughts continually occupied by Rome
-and Greece,&mdash;living, so to speak, with their great men, born myself
-the citizen of a republic, and the son of a father whose strongest passion
-was love of his country,&mdash;I warmed by his example&mdash;I fancied
-myself Greek or Roman&mdash;I became the man whose life I read. The account
-of acts of constancy and intrepidity which struck me caused my eyes to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">{Pg 112}</a></span>
-flash, and gave expression to my voice. One day, as I was relating at table
-the history of Scævola, the listeners were frightened to see me advance and
-hold my hand above a brazier to represent his action."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These happy days, which, had they continued, might have blotted many
-pages of error and suffering from Rousseau's life, ended too soon. The
-darling of all, he lived in an atmosphere of love. He had one elder
-brother, who, treated with negligence, ran away, and took refuge in
-Germany. Not long after, his father had a quarrel with a French officer;
-and rather than submit to the short, but, as it appeared to him, unjust,
-imprisonment with which he was menaced in consequence, expatriated
-himself, leaving his little son with his sister, who had married his
-wife's brother; and the family was thus doubly related. Jean Jaques was
-now sent, together with a young cousin, to board at Bossey, with a
-minister named Lambercier. His life here was more pleasurable than
-generally falls to the lot of childhood;&mdash;the boys had their hours of
-tuition, and their hours of play&mdash;they quarrelled and made it
-up&mdash;they had their childish schemes, their holidays,&mdash;they were
-happy. Rousseau, in his "Confessions," well describes how these days of
-innocence and childish enjoyment were disturbed by an unjust punishment.
-The injustice sunk deep into the children's minds,&mdash;it despoiled their
-country home of all its charm; and this circumstance deserves mention, as
-it will always be found that the more children are treated with kindness
-and familiarity, the more necessary it is to guard against the slightest
-show of injustice. At a great school, accusation and punishment are
-often the effect of accident, and the boys lay less store by them; they are
-not pregnant with disgrace or shame,&mdash;many others, like themselves,
-are subject to the like, and it appears simply as one of the common
-hardships of life. But in domestic education they feel themselves to be
-a portion of the whole; and if that whole be harmonious, a discord, an
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">{Pg 113}</a></span>
-act of tyranny, that falls peculiarly on themselves, makes a frightful
-impression; it appears to enfranchise them from the tacit vow of
-obedience under which they before lived, and causes them to regard their
-elders as treacherous enemies.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Leaving their country pension, the boys continued to lead a happy life
-at the house of Bernard, who was an engineer. He brought up his son to
-the same profession, and Rousseau shared his cousin's lessons. At length
-it was decided that he must adopt some calling, by which to earn his
-livelihood: he was placed with a <i>greffier</i>, or attorney; but he
-disliked the employment, and neglected his duties; he was dismissed, and
-apprenticed to an engraver. Here he appears to have been neglected by
-his relations; and the vulgarity and violence of his master had the
-worst effect on his character. There was that in Rousseau, which is
-often found in the early years of genius,&mdash;detestation of
-control&mdash;rebellion against all forced application. Eager to occupy
-himself, if allowed the choice of employment; revolting from a routine,
-in which his own purposes and inclinations were not consulted; it is one
-of the Sphinx's riddles, not yet divined, how to break in the daring and
-aspiring spirit of youth to the necessities of life, without exciting
-discontent and rebellion. The heart opening at that age more warmly to
-the affections, nature seems to point out the way,&mdash;but who in
-society, as it is formed, takes nature for a director?
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Beaten, maltreated, hard worked, Rousseau became idle, timid, and lying.
-It is strange, but true, how, in the little republic of Geneva, money is
-perhaps more the main spring of existence than in larger states, and how
-early the children of the artizans are subjected to the grinding evils
-of penury. Brought up to earn their subsistence as soon as is
-practicable, the parents are eager to cast them wholly on their own
-exertions: and the numerous class of young people, male and female,
-decently born and bred, who, in that city, live by attendance in shops,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">{Pg 114}</a></span>
-by the needle, or the workman's tool, suffer much of the excess of
-labour and poor living to which the inferior classes in our
-manufacturing towns are subject.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau, timid of heart, but with an imagination that warmed him to
-daring, was led into mischievous scrapes: the very ardour of his
-disposition occasioned his faults: he was treated like a vulgar
-apprentice, and he fell into the vices of such a position, without at
-the same time blunting that eagerness and romance that formed the
-essence of his character. In the midst of disgraceful scrapes, his love
-of reading returned. He had none of those fixed principles which would
-lead him to give due time to the work required of him by his master, and
-his leisure to his books; a new volume in hand, every other occupation was
-sacrificed to it;&mdash;he was beaten and ill-treated for his negligence;
-he became obstinate and taciturn, but never gave up his point. His
-books, and the day-dreams founded on them, which fabricated and painted
-a thousand romantic scenes, filled his heart in solitude; real life was
-replete with indignity and suffering; in reverie, he was enterprising,
-noble, and free.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sunday&mdash;the day of leisure and liberty&mdash;was spent in rambles
-and games with his comrades. It is the law of Geneva to shut the gates
-early in the evening, and they are not opened on any pretence for any
-one till the following morning. The lad, once or twice too late, was
-punished severely for his negligence. On the third occasion he resolved
-rather to run away than to encounter the menaced chastisement. His last
-act was to send for his cousin Bernard, to take leave of him: the boy
-did not press him to stay&mdash;did not offer to mediate for him; he
-returned to his parents, while Rousseau turned his steps from his native
-city&mdash;a vagrant and a beggar.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-No such aspect of things presented itself to the wanderer himself;&mdash;he
-was in his own eyes a hero in search of adventures;&mdash;he dreamt of all
-of brilliant and festive of which he had read in his romances, and while he
-slept under the roofs of peasants with whom he was acquainted, and who
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">{Pg 115}</a></span>
-received him with cordial hospitality, his reveries pictured castles and
-enamoured damsels, a fortune the gift of love, and lasting happiness the
-effect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau was unfortunate at the outset. He had wandered about till he
-found himself at Confignon, in Savoy, a place two leagues distant from
-Geneva. He paid the curate, M. de Pontverre, a visit. His own account of
-his motives is suspicious: he says that he was anxious to see the
-descendant of men who figured in the history of the republic; that M. de
-Pontverre received him well, asked him to dinner, and invited him to be
-converted to the Roman catholic religion; and that he had not the heart
-to say nay to his kind entertainer. There is&mdash;and there was in those
-days still more&mdash;a great spirit of proselytism kept up among the
-priesthood of Savoy, hovering, as they do, close to a nest of heresy.
-Still, we cannot help imagining that the scheme was Rousseau's own, and
-that he presented himself as a willing convert&mdash;expecting thus to be
-made much of, and introduced in triumph to the houses of the catholic
-nobility. At any rate, M. de Pontverre behaved ill: he ought to have
-felt that it was more for the youth's permanent advantage to send him
-back to his friends, mediate for his pardon, and exhort him to regular
-and virtuous courses; and that to make a proselyte of him, and thus
-render his relations entirely hostile, and him an object of disgrace in
-his native city, while it opened no future career for earning an honest
-livelihood, was the worst step in the beginning of life that a young man
-could take. But M. de Pontverre, as a priest, thought differently;&mdash;if
-he did not invite the youth to abjure the religion of his country, he
-facilitated a scheme that sprang from any feeling rather than piety.
-Rousseau felt his pride fall, when his host told him that he would give
-him a letter to a charitable lady living at Annecy, who would forward
-his views. He saw, however, no other resource against starvation; and he
-yielded. Furnished by the curate with a letter, he set out&mdash;his head
-full of princesses, palaces, and castles, and in great hopes that some
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">{Pg 116}</a></span>
-fortunate adventure would present a more brilliant prospect than the one
-before him. None occurred. He arrived at Annecy; he saw madame de
-Warens; and in her and her kindness found embodied one of those romances
-of real life, which, if of less fairy and glittering hue to the eye, are
-equally magic-like to the heart, and do not less serve to alter the
-course of existence, and to metamorphose the soul.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The comtesse de Warens was a native of Vevay, in the Pays de Vaud: she
-had married when very young; and having no children, and not being happy
-in her marriage, she took occasion, when the king of Savoy, Victor
-Amadeo, was at Evian, to cross the lake, throw herself at his feet, and
-claim his protection as a convert to Catholicism. The king, who was
-zealous in the cause of his religion, received her graciously, and
-settled on her a pension of 1500 Piedmontese livres. She was much loved
-at Vevay, and there was some danger of her being rescued against her
-will: to preserve his proselyte, the king was obliged to have her
-escorted to Annecy by a detachment of guards; where, under the direction
-of the titular bishop of Geneva, she abjured protestantism. She had
-lived for six years at Annecy, and was eight and twenty, when Rousseau
-first saw her. She was beautiful, and, above all, an expression of
-angelic sweetness and benevolence beamed in her face, that inspired him
-at once with hope, confidence, and gratitude. She felt the folly of the
-step he had taken; but, surrounded by priests and spies, she feared to
-show compassion, or to give him good advice; the few words she did say,
-to induce him to return to his father, were of no avail. Yet it was not
-easy to find the means of subsistence for him. At length one of her
-guests proposed that he should go to Turin, and enter the hospital
-established for the instruction of proselytes, where he could remain
-until his abjuration, when it might be supposed some charitable person
-would come forward to his assistance. Sad and humble was the prospect
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">{Pg 117}</a></span>
-held out; but there appeared to be no other resource except to return to
-Geneva,&mdash;an alternative he obstinately rejected. Some respectable
-persons were found who were going to Turin, and he accompanied them. The
-journey was performed on foot, and lasted nine days&mdash;nine happy
-days&mdash;when casting away all thought of the future, unincumbered by
-luggage, his expenses attended to by others, he wandered among the
-valleys of the Alps, crossed their summits, and beheld the happy garden
-which Piedmont presents to the traveller, just emerging from the snows
-of Savoy. The recollection of this delightful journey often made him
-wish to renew it in after life&mdash;and a pedestrian tour always appeared
-to him one of the chief happinesses of existence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Once established in the hospital, he began to feel the importance of the
-step he was about to take. His conscience told him that he was making a
-traffic of religion, and he dimly appreciated the sin and disgrace of
-such a proceeding. Brought up in a bigoted calvinist city, he had been
-taught a holy horror for catholic ceremonies; still he fancied there was
-no escape: false shame&mdash;fear of starvation&mdash;a determination not
-to return to Geneva, caused him to silence his better thoughts. Yet he was
-eager to delay the fatal act;&mdash;he argued with the priests employed to
-teach him a new religion; and it was found necessary to provide one
-especially, who was capable of mastering the catechumen's objections by
-the arms of logic and learning. Finding that he could not answer the
-priest's arguments, Rousseau began to think that he might be in the
-right; and he yielded with good grace to the act of abjuration. After
-being received into the catholic church&mdash;after being absolved by a
-father inquisitor for the crime of heresy&mdash;twenty francs, collected at
-the church door, were put into his hands; he was recommended to be
-faithful to his new religion, and to lead a good life; and then he was
-dismissed, and found himself&mdash;the doors of his late abode closed
-behind&mdash;friendless and alone in the streets of Turin. Newly recovered
-liberty, however, at first sufficed to inspire him with happy
-sensations; and the very sight of the well-built and well-peopled
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">{Pg 118}</a></span>
-streets filled him with hopes for the future. Where there were so many
-rich and great, there could not fail, he thought, to be found a thousand
-eligible resources against want.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The resources he really found were in ill accord with the pictures his
-imagination formed. He was obliged to hire himself as a servant. At
-first he served a fair shopkeeper; and then became the attendant of an
-old countess Vercelli, with whom he lived till her death, which occurred
-only three months after. It was on this occasion that he committed that
-fault, remorse for which pursued him till his death. During the illness
-of his mistress he had abstracted a riband from her wardrobe, with the
-intent of bestowing it on a maidservant of the house. The riband was
-missed, sought for, and found on him. False shame led him to deny the
-theft; and, when more closely questioned, he declared that the stolen
-riband had been given to him by the very girl on whom he had intended to
-bestow it. The two were confronted; the innocent servant implored him
-with tears to retract his falsehood, but he resolutely maintained his
-story. He was believed. He tells this tale in his "Confessions;" he
-declares that the avowal cost him more pain than any other&mdash;that
-remorse never ceased to pursue him&mdash;the image of the injured girl,
-reproaching him for the wrong he had done her, often haunted his
-dreams&mdash;it weighed on his conscience as the most atrocious crime.
-He had sought merely to shelter himself, and false shame prevented his
-retracting the accusation once made; but the thought of his victim
-driven to want and infamy by his lie made him often look on his after
-sufferings as but the just retribution of his crime. This is one of the
-laws of life. The shadows of our past actions stalk beside us during our
-existence, and never cease to torment or to soothe, according as they
-are ill or good, that mysterious portion of mind termed conscience.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau was now again thrown back upon independent poverty. His time
-was not all lost: he frequented the society of an excellent man, a
-Savoyard abbé, M. Gaime, who enlightened his mind as to his real
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">{Pg 119}</a></span>
-duties, instructed him in the better part of religion, and corrected his
-false estimate of society. These lessons were often forgotten, at least,
-inasmuch as they ought to have served as guides for conduct; but they
-were as dew upon a field; in due time, the hidden seeds of thought, then
-sown, sprang up. While thus unemployed, and not looking beyond the hour,
-the nephew of his late mistress sent for him, and told him that he had
-found a situation: he was to become a domestic in a noble family of
-Turin: this was a fall for the youth's pride, but he had no other
-resource against want.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He was treated with infinite kindness by the various members of the
-family: he distinguished himself by his intelligence; and the younger
-son, who was destined for clerical honours, became interested for him:
-he questioned him as to his acquirements; and, finding that he had
-received the rudiments of education, undertook to teach him Latin. He
-might now have been happy: had he shown himself steady, he would have
-been advanced by his protectors. The Italians, satisfied with the
-acknowledged distinctions of rank, have no ridiculous pride, and are
-ready to treat inferiors on an equality, if their education raises them
-to their mental level. Many careers, closed against the ignoble in
-France, were open in Italy; and these were offered to Rousseau's view as
-spurs to his ambition. He was won for a brief period; but, though he
-dreamt of climbing, he did not like going up the ladder&mdash;and a caprice
-ruined all. He fell in with a merry fellow, who had been his fellow
-apprentice in Geneva, and who was about to return to that city.
-Rousseau, charmed by his wild gay spirits&mdash;allured by the attractions
-of a mountain journey made on foot, with the idea of madame de Warens in
-the misty distance&mdash;threw up his situation with a careless show of
-ingratitude that disgusted his protectors, and set out again a beggar,
-but rendered wildly happy by the project of travelling among the valleys
-and over the mountains of Savoy, with a little toy fountain as all his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">{Pg 120}</a></span>
-treasure; round which he believed the peasants would gather, and pay for
-their amusement by their hospitality. The fountain was soon spoiled; but
-they had a little money, and enjoyed their rambles till the sight of
-Annecy recalled Rousseau to the realities of life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Warens had, however, none of that rigid uprightness which
-thrusts the young into misery because their untaught impulses lead them
-astray. She received the wanderer with simple kindness. "I feared you
-were too young," she said, "for this journey; I am glad, however, that
-it has not turned out as ill as I expected." She received him into her
-house, and with maternal care sought to find some permanent occupation
-for which he was fitted. For some time her endeavours were vain. He was
-pronounced to be incapable of being able even to learn Latin enough for
-a country curate. Her heart must have been indeed warm with natural
-charity, not to have been chilled by these rebukes of any vanity she
-might have felt in patronising the outcast. A taste which Rousseau
-developed for music at length afforded her some hope. She placed him
-with M. le Maître, music master to the cathedral choir.
-<span class="sidenote2">1729.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-17.</span>
-Here he remained for a year studying the art. M. le Maître, however,
-had a quarrel with a canon of the cathedral; and, to revenge himself,
-absconded with his case of music on the eve of the holy week, when his
-services were most wanted. Unable to dissuade him from this folly,
-madame de Warens permitted Rousseau to aid and accompany him in his
-flight. He did not go far: at Lyons poor Le Maître fell into an
-epileptic fit; and Rousseau, frightened, hastily gave him in charge to
-the bystanders, made his own escape, and returned to Annecy. This, he
-says, is his "second painful confession." It is here mentioned, as well as
-his first, to show&mdash;as in the more heinous one that follows&mdash;that
-Rousseau's real defect was a want of moral courage to meet any menacing
-and uncertain evil, and absence of fixed principle to enable him to
-conquer this defect, and to recognise the omnipotent claims of duty. He
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">{Pg 121}</a></span>
-returned to Annecy, and found that madame de Warens had departed for
-Paris. Thrown on his own resources, he felt uncertain as to the means of
-gaining his bread. He was asked by madame de Warens' maid-servant to
-accompany her to Fribourg, her native place; she also being left without
-explanation by her mistress. A wandering life of some years commenced
-with this journey. In writing this portion of Rousseau's biography, we
-labour under the disadvantage, that we but abridge details, which he
-gives with all the glow and charm of romance and the interest of
-reality&mdash;while, limited in space, we can scarcely do more than mark
-epochs;&mdash;we pass over, therefore, the history of his adventure at
-Lausanne, where he pretended to furnish a concert of musicians with a
-piece of music of his own composition, although ignorant of the first
-principles of the art. Still he had studied music for some time, and had
-a taste for it,&mdash;and this led him to endeavour to earn his livelihood
-by teaching it. He remained for nearly two years at Neufchâtel, exercising
-the calling of music master: the temptation held out by a sort of Greek
-swindler led him to give up his career: he engaged himself to this man
-as interpreter, but was rescued out of his hands by M. de Bonac, the
-French ambassador, who treated him with great kindness, and gave him an
-introduction at Paris to be tutor to a young gentleman who had just
-entered the army. This scheme did not succeed. Rousseau was disgusted by
-the treatment he met; he left his employer, and returned to Savoy on
-foot: he had reached Paris in a similar manner.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1733.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-21.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Arriving at Chambery, he found madame de Warens returned. She presented
-him on the instant to the intendant-general of the province, who gave
-him employment as clerk, or, as he was styled, secretary, in an office
-instituted to make a census of the estates of the nobles of the country.
-And thus, he says, after five years, which had elapsed since his flight
-from Geneva&mdash;after many follies and many sufferings, for the first
-time he began to earn his livelihood in a creditable situation. He was
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">{Pg 122}</a></span>
-still a mere boy&mdash;or rather, had just arrived at that age where
-boyhood ceases and manhood begins.&mdash;He had led a precarious life. The
-kindness of madame de Warens was all in which he could put his trust; and
-that had failed him during the space of nearly two years. Want had
-frequently stared him in the face. He could gain bare necessaries only by
-his own exertions. Of a romantic unsteady disposition, any stable position,
-holding out positive remuneration and demanding regular conduct, was
-swiftly abandoned; while he also, through some strange conformation of
-mind, appeared incapable of using the genius then in embryo within him,
-for the acquirement of such knowledge as would have insured him an
-honourable position. Thus the precious years of youth wasted away
-imperceptibly, and all that he gained, apparently, as of account for
-future years, was a knowledge of music. It may be that this wandering,
-desultory, precarious existence, fed by romantic dreams and burning
-affections, was best adapted to develope his peculiar talents&mdash;but it
-certainly was not such as to form habits of mind conducive to happiness.
-It engendered a sort of bold and restless self-confidence, founded
-rather on that which he could do without, than on that which he could
-attain it inspired mistrust or disdain for the assistance of others as
-being of no ultimate avail to his welfare; he acquired through it a
-capacity of living for the present day, without care for the coming one;
-and an inability to endure restraint, even when restraint was an
-imperious duty;&mdash;in short, a restless sense of unused liberty.
-Independence is assuredly the basis of true genius&mdash;but then it is
-that which holds fast by duty;&mdash;this last better portion was not
-developed in Rousseau till a later day&mdash;and then in so imperfect a
-manner, and tainted by so much, first of whim, and lastly of madness, that
-he reaped little benefit from the lessons of experience.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He continued to fulfil his duties as secretary for two years; and showed
-his aptitude for things beyond, by making a study at the same time of
-arithmetic and geometry. But his steady course of life was suddenly
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">{Pg 123}</a></span>
-interrupted. An illness confined him to his chamber, and during this
-time Rameau's treatise on harmony fell into his hands. It served still
-more to develope a passion for music of which he had already given many
-tokens. He prevailed on madame de Warens to give a weekly concert; he
-became absorbed in the art&mdash;neglected his office&mdash;and at length
-proposed to his protectress to give up his situation, that he might devote
-himself entirely to the study of composition. She struggled against a
-scheme which offered little prospect of future good, and was to be
-followed by the immediate sacrifice of a respectable position and habits
-of sober industry.
-<span class="sidenote1">1735.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-23.</span>
-Rousseau's ardour caused him to prevail; and he became music master at
-Chambery, that he might earn a livelihood while he prosecuted his
-studies. He was thus thrown among the best society of the town; and
-found it far more agreeable to teach well-born and agreeable young
-ladies, than to spend eight hours a day in a close dark office, in
-company with under-bred uncombed clerks. Fortunately, where the salt of
-intellect prevails, nothing but absolute slavery of mind to an absorbing
-and uninstructive pursuit can prevent a man of talent from turning the
-various events of life to profit. Among his pupils was a M. de
-Conzié&mdash;a man of some talent, but with no real taste for the art which
-Rousseau was to teach: conversation was therefore usually substituted
-for the lesson; and Rousseau, led by him to read Voltaire's works,
-acquired something of the tone of the literature of the day, and felt
-himself rapidly carried away into the very heart of philosophical
-discussions;&mdash;he himself began to desire to write with elegance,
-charmed by the brilliant style of his great contemporary.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to dwell upon the minutia of his life for the five
-following years; they were important&mdash;they led him through early
-manhood, and during their course he developed his taste for the
-acquirement of knowledge&mdash;educating himself intellectually and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">{Pg 124}</a></span>
-morally, as well as he could, by the light of little else than his own
-natural reason.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At first, his head was perpetually full of projects for advancement. He
-made many little journeys to Lyons, Geneva, and Niort, for the sake of
-prosecuting schemes, which he believed to be fraught with advantages;
-but which failing each in turn, he returned penniless to his home with
-madame de Warens. By degrees, however, he fell into a bad state of
-health. Feeling an inexplicable weakness pervade his frame, he believed
-he had but a short time to live, and lost his desire for advancement in
-the languor and bodily inaction produced by disease. His protectress,
-for the sake of securing a friend at the court of Savoy, rented a house
-of a Piedmontese noble at Chambery, which no one else would take, being
-close and damp. In the summer, she escaped from this species of prison
-to a small country house. Les Charmettes, near Chambery. There, in
-solitude and tranquillity, Rousseau gave himself up to study.
-Mathematics and Latin were his principal occupations: he worked hard:
-there was an inaptitude to remember in him which made knowledge
-difficult to acquire; but he acquired the power of reflection&mdash;he
-learnt to distinguish his ideas&mdash;he recognised moral principles and
-philosophical truths&mdash;he penetrated deeply into the secret springs
-of human action. Man's nature was often exposed as a map before
-him&mdash;and he knew its various bearings and powers&mdash;although he
-was ill able then, as ever, to control its impulses as they existed
-within himself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The confidential domestic of madame de Warens died; and Rousseau, in
-some sort fulfilling his avocations, discovered the ruin into which his
-protectress was plunged, through her love of scheming, and the ready ear
-she gave to every quack and swindler who sought her for the sake of
-plunder. It became his desire to save her; and, if that were impossible,
-to make such a fortune as would enable him to be of use to her in his
-turn.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">{Pg 125}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is not our intention to enter into the details of Rousseau's
-connection with this lady. To any one who loves to make a study of human
-nature, the "Confessions" are an invaluable book, and disclose the
-secret of many hearts to those who have courage to penetrate into the
-recesses of their own. But, to be useful, they must be read as they are,
-with the author's observations and minute anatomy of motive; and a mere
-abridgment would disgust without advantage. It is not to-day that we
-have learnt, that it is not true, that when a woman loses one virtue she
-loses all. The true distinctive virtue of woman's nature is her
-promptitude to self-sacrifice, and a capacity to bind up her existence
-in the happiness and well-being of the objects of her attachment.
-Experience shows us, that as far as a woman does this, and is neither
-worldly nor depraved, she preserves, in spite of error, the more lovely
-qualities of her nature. Personal fidelity is the purifier and preserver
-of the affections; and whoso fails in this, either man or woman,
-degrades human nature&mdash;the glory of which is to ally the sensations of
-love to the emotions of the heart and the passions of the soul. If we
-examine the conduct of madame de Warens by this rule, we find her
-wanting; and whether she be a real personage, and did and felt as
-Rousseau describes, or an imaginary being, we may pass judgment on her,
-and assert that the event proves that depravity of conduct led her to
-fail in fulfilling the duties which the affections impose.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau, having somewhat recovered his health, returned to his projects
-for worldly advancement, and his journeys that carried him hither and
-thither in search of it. On one occasion he visited Montpellier for the
-sake of consulting a physician; he returned&mdash;his hopes of renovated
-health gone, his resolve to dedicate himself to his benefactress
-strengthened. He returned, to find another in his place&mdash;his friend's
-heart changed&mdash;the paradise he cherished desecrated. He did not the
-less resolve to serve her. "Reduced," he writes, "to form a fate for myself
-independent of her, and not being able even to imagine such, I sought it
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">{Pg 126}</a></span>
-wholly in herself&mdash;and I did this so entirely, that I succeeded in
-almost forgetting myself. The ardent desire of seeing her happy absorbed
-all my affections. In vain did she separate her happiness from mine; I
-saw it in hers, in spite of her. Thus the virtues whose seed were in my
-soul, and which study had matured, began to germinate with my
-misfortunes, and waited but for the operation of adversity to bud
-forth." This exalted state of mind, however, could not last. Finding his
-rival totally unworthy of his attempts to educate him, and that he was
-plunging the unfortunate madame de Warens deeper in inevitable ruin, he
-hurried from the scene. The employment of tutor to the children of M. de
-Mabli, at Lyons, was offered him; he undertook it; but soon became
-disgusted. At a distance, the tranquil happiness of Les Charmettes
-recurred to his memory; he began to fancy that he was in fault&mdash;that
-he had but to return to find love and peace. He did return, and the
-illusion was dispelled for ever. For a short time he gave himself up to
-study, while he revolved a thousand projects for his future life. Music
-was still a favourite pursuit. He had invented a method of noting music
-which he considered more facile and perfect than the one in use. He
-believed that, if known, it would be generally adopted; and that, if he
-took it to Paris and showed it to the professors, they would at once
-perceive its advantages, and his fortune would be made. His imagination
-speedily warmed with the idea, and he hurried to execute it. "I had
-brought," he writes, "some money with me from Lyons; I sold my books to
-acquire a sum sufficient for my journey. My design was taken and
-executed within the space of fifteen days. In short, full of magnificent
-ideas&mdash;and ever the same in all times&mdash;I left Savoy with my
-system of music, as before I had quitted Turin with my toy fountain."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau pauses&mdash;his biographers usually pause&mdash;at this epoch,
-when he was about to enter on a new life,&mdash;leaving the country and
-solitude for the busy capital of France. He was nine and twenty; his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">{Pg 127}</a></span>
-character was formed. The love of adventure, which had first caused his
-flight from Geneva, had turned into a love of scheming. While
-censuring madame de Warens for this turn of mind; he little felt how
-entirely&mdash;he participated in it. His life was made up of schemes;
-which his ardent disposition exalted into passions. The genuine impulses
-of his soul were; his genius, developed in authorship; his passionate
-heart; which wasted its fondest impulses on one (madame d'Houdetot) who
-loved another. These were not schemes; but his stoicism&mdash;his
-hermitism (if this word he allowed)&mdash;his independence carried to an
-extravagant pitch; were all schemes; and succeeded; consequently; as ill
-as possible. "With this scheming head; a heart yet full of romance; and
-a mind stored beyond his own knowledge with observation and sagacity; he
-left every old friend; every old association; and plunged; poor and
-unknown; into a new life, in the most civilised and most profligate city
-in the world.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1741.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-29.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau entered Paris this time, as it appeared to him, under good
-auspices. He found a friendly and cordial welcome from several French
-ladies, to whom he had letters of introduction. His system of noting
-music was examined, eulogised, and neglected by the Academy; and Rameau
-detecting a radical defect, its inventor cast it aside; but he found
-employment as secretary to madame Dupin and M. Franceuil; and better
-prospects opened themselves when he was appointed secretary to M. de
-Montaigu, ambassador to Venice.
-<span class="sidenote1">1743.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-31.</span>
-Here the influence of an evil destiny was manifest. Had the ambassador
-been a man of honour and sense, Rousseau might have passed a happy life,
-fulfilling an honourable career; but M. de Montaigu was avaricious to a
-degree that made him sacrifice propriety as well as dignity to his
-saving propensities. "The character of this ambassador," says Bernardin
-de Saint Pierre, "is well known. I have heard from good authority
-several traits of his avarice. 'Three shoes,' he often said, 'are
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">{Pg 128}</a></span>
-equivalent to two pair, because one is sooner worn out than the other;'
-and he therefore always had three shoes made at a time." This man,
-silly, insolent, and grasping, crushed the last ambition of Rousseau. He
-treated him with such indignity that he was forced to leave him.
-Plundered and ill treated, while every one at Venice at the time was
-eager to furnish testimonials of his excellent conduct&mdash;and his
-dispatches had merited high praise&mdash;he received no compensation from
-the court he served. The iniquitous maxim of the French government, never
-publicly to acknowledge the misconduct of those whom it employed, joined
-to the circumstance that Rousseau was not a Frenchman, sufficed to
-render his representations of no avail. This thoroughly, and with
-reason, disgusted him from seeking employment under a system where all
-worth was trampled on by rank and wealth.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He returned to Paris, and was kindly received by all his friends, with
-one exception only, of a highborn lady, who could not imagine that a
-<i>roturier</i> had any right to quarrel with a noble. His friends madame
-Dupin and M. Franceuil continued their employment; the latter
-subsequently endeavoured to place him advantageously as cashier in his
-office, he being farmer-general; but Rousseau could neither rest nor
-sleep while the money-chest was under his care; and falling ill in
-consequence, gave up his situation. M. de Franceuil was somewhat
-alienated by this act; he began to think that there were no means of
-befriending a man who shrunk from a lucrative and easy employment.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On his first arrival from Venice, Rousseau enjoyed the intimate
-friendship of an enlightened Spaniard, a man of noble nature and great
-powers of mind. They agreed to live under the same roof, and allied
-themselves in the closest friendship. D'Alcuna was recalled to his
-native country, and Rousseau felt the void. He had been accustomed to
-domestic society, and in addition he felt that he needed the kind
-attentions of a woman, and this want led to the fatal act from which
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">{Pg 129}</a></span>
-sprung so many of his misfortunes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In his native country, or in England, Rousseau would, under the
-influence of public opinion, probably have married. He would not have
-been content in forming so solemn a tie without being satisfied with the
-connections of her who hereafter was to share his life; he would have
-desired still more to assure himself of the qualities of her heart and
-mind. Unfortunately his residence in Savoy and in Paris had deprived him
-of all primitive simplicity in his principles of moral conduct; and he
-had none of that fastidious taste that made him shrink from the society
-of the vicious. For purposes of economy he dined at a sort of
-table-d'hôte frequented by persons lost to all sense of decency;
-refinement was out of the question. He found a poor girl there, who was
-too modest for the depraved and brutalised men who frequented the house.
-Rousseau took her part, ties of kindness were formed between them, and
-it appearing a matter of convenience to himself, he induced her to
-become his mistress.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Therese le Vasseur was not an ill-conducted girl on certain points; she
-was always faithful, as far as is known, to her tie to Rousseau; but she
-was not only ignorant and illiterate, but wanting in common
-understanding. Rousseau boasts that she could give excellent advice on
-emergencies; but this common sense did not lead her to resist the
-influence of her mother, a low cunning woman; while Rousseau, not liking
-to have the burden of her destiny, future as well as present, thrown
-wholly on himself, felt no inclination, at the commencement of their
-intercourse, when alone it was possible, to separate her from
-association with her family, which tended to keep her vulgar-minded and
-artful.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Even in his Confessions, where Rousseau discloses his secret errors, he
-by no means appreciates the real extent of his misconduct on this
-occasion. He allied himself to a girl whom he despised too much to allow
-her at first even to share his home; he took her as a sort of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">{Pg 130}</a></span>
-convenience, and when inconveniences arose from the connection, he was
-disposed to get rid of them on the easiest possible terms. Theresa was
-about to become a mother. According to the profligate code of French
-morals, this fact would dishonour her; though the illicit intercourse,
-if not openly acknowledged, did not. Rousseau did not like to multiply
-ties between himself and his mistress and her family: he was needy: he
-had heard young men of rank and fortune allude vauntingly to the
-recourse they had had on such occasions to the Foundling Hospital. He
-followed their criminal example.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He at first acted, he says, without serious examination of the morality
-of his conduct; but when he commenced author, he gave attentive
-consideration to the point, and satisfied himself that he did right, and
-continued his course of conduct. Five of his children were thus sent to
-a receptacle where few survive; and those who do go through life are
-brutified by their situation, or depressed by the burden, ever weighing
-at the heart, that they have not inherited the commonest right of
-humanity, a parent's care.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is insulting the reader to dwell on the flagrancy of this act. But it
-is a lesson that ought to teach us humility. That a man as full of
-genius and aspiration after virtue as Rousseau, should have failed in
-the plainest dictates of nature and conscience, through the force of
-example and circumstances, shows us how little we can rely on our own
-judgment. It shows too, that a father is not to be trusted for natural
-instincts towards his offspring; for the mother wept, and it needed the
-control of her own mother, and strong necessity, to induce the
-weak-minded and misguided girl to consent to part with her offspring.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We say little of Rousseau's vain excuses as to the probable destiny of
-his children. They were better, he says, brought up by the public, than
-rendered rogues by madame le Vasseur, or led into evil courses as
-dependants on madame d'Epinay and the maréchale de Luxembourg. This
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">{Pg 131}</a></span>
-futile reasoning does not need elaborate refutation. Rousseau talks of
-public care, as if that were, in such a place as a Parisian foundling
-hospital, aught else but public desertion. The poor children in all
-probability died in their infancy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau was indeed short-sighted. Brought up in virtue and honour, as a
-man of his talents ought to have brought up his offspring,&mdash;or genius
-were a vainer gift even than it is,&mdash;these children might have
-clustered round him in his days of desolation, have cheered his house with
-smiles, and been a help and support in his age. He would not have felt
-friendless, nor been driven to suicide by the sense of abandonment and
-treachery. He indeed sowed the wind, and reaped the whirlwind. France
-was on the eve of a sanguinary revolution. The social state of things
-was about wholly to change. Who knows of what use Rousseau's sons might
-have been to check barbarous outrages, to teach justice, or display
-fortitude? Such ideas are vain, but will present themselves. Our first
-duty is to render those to whom we give birth, wise, virtuous, and
-happy, as far as in us lies. Rousseau failed in this,&mdash;can we wonder
-that his after course was replete with sorrow? The distortion of
-intellect that blinded him to the first duties of life, we are inclined
-to believe to be allied to that vein of insanity, that made him an
-example among men for self-inflicted sufferings. We now dismiss this
-subject. It was necessary to bring it so far forward as to show the evil
-effects of so bad a cause; it is too painful to dwell further upon.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-By degrees Rousseau overcame his dislike to its being known to his
-friends that he had formed this sort of connection with Theresa, and he
-made common household with her. This species of intercourse was looked
-upon in a different light in France than in England. She was regarded as
-Rousseau's housekeeper, and respected as such; and no one thought that
-they had a right to scrutinise their real relations, or to censure them.
-This had been praiseworthy as a proceeding founded on tolerant and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">{Pg 132}</a></span>
-charitable principles; but when we find that this kindly-seeming society
-was a Moloch, whom to pacify, little children were ruthlessly
-sacrificed, the whole system takes a revolting and criminal aspect from
-which we turn with loathing.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-However, to go back to narrative. Rousseau instituted Theresa his
-housekeeper, assisted in the maintenance of her relatives, and found, in
-the convenience and attention which these domestic arrangements brought
-with them, a great alleviation to his physical sufferings.
-<span class="sidenote2">1749.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-37.</span>
-This same year was memorable on another and important score. Among his
-Parisian friends, there was none to whom he was more attached than
-Diderot, a man of an amiable disposition, and possessed of greater
-abilities in the eyes of those who personally knew him, than he has
-developed in his writings. Some people in power were displeased at
-certain personal allusions in his "Letter on the Blind." According to
-the nefarious system of the old regime, the result was, a <i>lettre de
-cachet</i>, and his being imprisoned in the keep of the castle of
-Vincennes. Rousseau was penetrated by indignation and anguish. He
-fancied that his friend would never be liberated; he figured to himself
-all that a man of ardent and yet feeble temperament would suffer in
-solitary confinement. He wrote to implore madame de Pompadour to exert
-her influence, either to procure his liberation, or to admit of him,
-Rousseau, being shut up with him. On all occasions he was energetic in
-representing the unmerited sufferings to which his friend was exposed.
-After a period, the confinement of Diderot was mitigated. The castle and
-park of Vincennes, on parole, were given him for a prison, with liberty
-to see his friends. Rousseau hastened to avail himself of this
-permission, and frequently walked to Vincennes to pass the afternoons in
-relieving the solitude of his friend. The way was long, the summer
-sultry, his pace slow. He read as he walked along; and once took with
-him the "Mercure de France" to beguile the way; as he looked it over, he
-fell upon the question proposed by the Academy of Dijon, as the subject
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">{Pg 133}</a></span>
-for the prize of the following year&mdash;"Whether the progress of the arts
-and sciences had tended to corrupt or purify the manners of men." The
-words touched a chord that revealed a power, latent in his heart,
-undreamt of before. The scroll of society unrolled itself before him,
-such as he found it, blotted and tainted, in the city of the earth that
-boasted to be the most advanced in the cultivation of the arts and
-sciences. And beside it he placed a picture of pristine innocence,&mdash;of
-man enjoying the full development of his physical powers; living for the
-day as it rose, untouched by care, unbewildered by intellectual
-speculations,&mdash;by vanity, emulation, or pride;&mdash;man liberated
-from the control of opinion and the tyranny of his own unreasonable
-desires. Words descriptive of such a state poured into his mind;
-expressions of burning eloquence seemed to cluster on his lips, and to
-demand a voice. Before he could transfer his thoughts to paper, much was
-lost; but enough remained to gain for him the reputation of being one of
-the most eloquent authors that ever lived.<a name="NoteRef_8_8" id="NoteRef_8_8"></a><a href="#Note_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The eloquence with which he represented the evils of civilisation, and
-the blessings of a state of nature, as he called it, fascinated every
-reader. The freshness and energy of his style charmed; the heart he put
-into his arguments served instead of reason, and convinced. The
-opponents of his system were sufficiently in the wrong, to make him appear
-absolutely in the right. Yet, in point of fact, nothing can be more
-unnatural than his natural man. The most characteristic part of man's
-nature is his affections. The protection he affords to woman&mdash;the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">{Pg 134}</a></span>
-cares required by children; yet Rousseau describes his natural man as
-satisfying his desires by chance,&mdash;leaving the woman on the instant;
-while she, on her side, goes through child-bearing, child-birth, and
-child-nurture alone. Much may be granted to the strength that human
-beings enjoy in savage life; much to the little needed by the
-inhabitants of those happy isles where food grows beneath their feet;
-but, in all, man has ever been found (except in one or two cases, where
-the human animal descends below brutes), the protector of women, and the
-source of his children's subsistence; and among all societies, however
-barbarously constituted, the gentler and nobler individuals among them
-have loved their wives and their offspring with constant and
-self-sacrificing passion. Let us advance civilisation to its highest
-pitch, or retrograde to its origin,&mdash;and let both bring freedom from
-political and social slavery; but in all let us hold fast by the
-affections: the cultivation of these ought to be the scope of every
-teacher of morality, every well-wisher to the improvement of the human
-race. Poor Rousseau, who had thrust his offspring from parental care to
-the niggard benevolence of a public charity, found some balm to the
-remorse that now and then stung him, by rejecting the affections out of
-his scheme of the state of natural man.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His work had a sudden and prodigious success; and as the ideas that
-inspired it disclosed a new and intellectual world to him, so did the
-favour of the public open a new scene of life. It was soon after writing
-this essay, that M. de Franceuil offered him the place of cashier. The
-uneasiness he felt, and other circumstances, combined to give him a fit
-of illness. During the delirium of fever, and during the reveries of
-convalescence, he formed a plan for securing his independence. He
-believed that he had but a few years to live; and he saw no prudence in
-working for a fortune he could never enjoy. He resolved therefore to
-renounce his place of cashier, to give up that of secretary to madame
-Dupin, and to gain his subsistence by copying music. In Paris, men of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">{Pg 135}</a></span>
-letters, frequenting the highest society, often live in the most frugal
-manner, and need only the wherewithal to buy their daily bread. Rousseau
-determined to reduce himself to this situation, to limit his expenses to
-bare necessities, and to guard the independence he coveted, by
-decreasing his wants. His friends heard of his resolution with
-incredulity, surprise, and subsequent disapprobation. The family of
-Therese le Vasseur were dependent on him, and he thus condemned them
-also to indigence. Rousseau was not to be moved. His new reputation as
-an author caused him to be sought by the most chosen societies of Paris;
-his idea of adapting his manners and life to his theories gave piquancé
-to his appearance and society. "I avow," he says, in his second letter
-to M. de Malesherbes, "that the name I acquired by my writings greatly
-facilitated the plan I adopted. It was necessary that I should be
-thought a good author, to become with impunity a bad copyist, and to
-find work notwithstanding; without the first title, I might have been
-disregarded in the other; and though I can easily brave ridicule, I
-should have supported contempt with difficulty." As it was, all he did
-seemed to increase his reputation. He was considered eccentric,&mdash;but
-he was sought as a man of genius.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1750.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-38.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Another circumstance concurred to raise him to the pinacle of fashion.
-This was the success of the "Divin du Village." He had before composed
-an opera; but the envy of Rameau had robbed him of the fame: the "Divin
-du Village" was all his own. It was represented at Versailles before the
-king and assembled court, and received with enthusiasm. It became the
-topic of conversation in Paris; he was invited to be presented to Louis
-XV.; and it was supposed that a pension would be conferred on him.
-Independence, pride, false shame, all concurred to make him renounce the
-intended honour and emolument: his friends reproved him severely, but he
-was not to be shaken. Still he made a few hundred louis by the piece,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">{Pg 136}</a></span>
-and was thus, with his frugal habits, placed above want for several
-years to come.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The academy of Dijon proposing another question&mdash;the Origin of
-Inequality among Men. Rousseau seized the opportunity of further
-developing his opinions, and of asserting still more boldly the
-superiority of what he termed the natural man over the nurslings of
-civilisation.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1754.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-42.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-He soon after visited his native town. He dwells slightly on the motives
-of this journey: a wish to revisit the scenes which he had quitted a
-penniless adventurer, and to enter Geneva attended by the celebrity he
-had already gained, were no doubt principal motives. Theresa and his
-friend Gauffecourt accompanied him. He saw madame de Warens sunk in a
-low abyss of poverty; he implored her to leave Savoy, and to take up her
-abode with him in Paris; she refused, and he left her, never to see her
-more. While at Geneva he abjured the Roman catholic religion, and
-entered again the protestant church. The pedantic clergy of Geneva were
-very desirous that he should make a speech on the occasion; Rousseau
-would not have been sorry to comply, but he broke down at the outset. He
-was treated with great distinction by the most distinguished of his
-fellow citizens, and the design soon suggested itself of his
-establishing himself entirely among them; a place of librarian, worth
-about 50<i>l</i>, a year, was offered him, to secure the respectability of
-his situation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After some time spent in revisiting scenes dear through youthful
-association, and of entrancing beauty in themselves, he returned to
-Paris; and here he was assailed by many doubts as to his plans for the
-future. The idea of residing an honoured and distinguished citizen in
-his native town, so flattering at first, began to lose its charm. In his
-heart he doubtless felt that the sort of inquisitorial and pedantic tone
-that reigned in Geneva, clothed in the garb of virtue and reason, was
-more likely to shackle the free expression of his genius than the
-versatile society of Paris. Voltaire also had just taken up his
-residence at les Delices. Without any taint of envy, Rousseau might
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">{Pg 137}</a></span>
-naturally shrink from living under his shadow. Older than him, rich, of
-established reputation, arrogant beneath all his playfulness, and so
-mischievously meddling, that even the king of Prussia found him a
-troublesome inmate, a very little knowledge of the world would have told
-Rousseau that they could only agree, when in vicinity, through continual
-deference on his part; and the views they took of the social system were
-so different, and both were by disposition so eager to disseminate their
-respective opinions, that deference was out of the question, and open
-hostilities must have been the consequence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Still Rousseau doubted, and was disturbed. Madame d'Epinay relates the
-nature of his deliberations, which betray great foresight and prudence.
-"Rousseau is perplexed," she says; "nor am I less, with regard to the
-advice that he asks of me. He has received letters pressing him warmly
-to return and live in his native country. 'What ought I to do?' he said,
-'I neither can nor will reside in Paris, I am too miserable. I should be
-glad to visit and to pass several months in my republic; but the
-propositions made me are of a nature to fix me there; and if I accept
-them, I must remain. I have some acquaintance, but no friends. These
-people scarcely know me, and they write to me as a brother; this I am
-aware is the result of the republican spirit, but I distrust such warm
-friends. On the other hand, my heart warms at the idea, that my country
-invites me; but how quit Grimm, Diderot, and yourself?'"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame d'Epinay was, when left to herself, a woman of generous impulses
-and an affectionate heart. She conceived a method of cutting the gordian
-knot, and acted on it at once. At the entrance of the forest of
-Montmorenci, there was a small house belonging to M. d'Epinay, called
-the Hermitage. M. d'Epinay was adding a new wing to the chateau; his
-wife persuaded him to allow some of the workmen to enlarge and fit up
-this house: all was executed with zealous speed. She then offered
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">{Pg 138}</a></span>
-Rousseau the dwelling with all the grace a woman puts into an obligation
-she confers; she was desirous, at the same time, of adding to his
-income; but he at once refused the latter proposition, while he accepted
-the first. He could not help being deeply touched by so kind and tender
-a mark of affection. The active attention she paid to the details of his
-removal, when all was arranged, taking him and his two gouvernantes in
-her carriage, and herself giving them possession, were marks of real
-attachment and sympathy.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1756.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-44.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau found the spot exactly calculated to please him: however much
-the society of Paris might be necessary at times to entertain, he had
-been bred in the country; his young and happy days had been passed
-there, and he could not view a secluded abode in the midst of forest
-glades, and the advance of spring, as it clothed the landscape with
-verdure, without a burst of transport. The house was small, but neat and
-comfortable; and that all was the gift of friendship rendered it
-inestimable in his eyes.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is difficult not to dwell, as he has done, on the delight he
-experienced during the commencement of his abode at the Hermitage. At
-first he could only enjoy the woodland walks; the budding of the trees;
-the balmy winds of opening spring; the aspect of nature. He deliberated
-as to his occupations; he arranged his papers. He still considered
-copying music as the calling by which he was to gain his bread; but he
-revolved many literary projects. The editing the manuscripts of the
-Abbé de Saint Pierre; an original work he named "Les Institutions
-Politiques;" a metaphysical discussion on the effects of external
-circumstances on the human mind; and, to crown all, a system of
-education, on which he had been requested to occupy himself, by a lady
-to whose sons he had at one time acted as tutor;&mdash;such were his
-schemes&mdash;the subject of his meditations during his walks. These
-meditations were, however, soon merged into reveries and day-dreams,
-that absorbed his heart and soul. The long summer days passed beneath
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">{Pg 139}</a></span>
-the shades of the forest, recalled the wanderings of his youth, and the
-passions that had warmed his young heart.&mdash;A settled life with
-Theresa; the cares and discontents he had endured in Paris, his literary
-occupations and theories, engrossing his thoughts, had banished love.
-Now, in his solitary rambles, as his memory reverted to the illusions of
-bygone years, his imagination fired, his heart swelled, his being became
-absorbed. No real object presenting itself, he created chimerical
-beings, on whom he exhausted the most passionate sentiments, the most
-brilliant imaginations. His day-dreams became extatic: he was drunk with
-an abstract love for one who lived only as he painted her, in the form
-most delightful to his thoughts: he charmed himself by figuring various
-situations&mdash;by addressing letters to her&mdash;by fancying those he
-received in return. He checked himself in his vague reveries, and gave a
-form and place, a name and a habitation to his creations: the lover and
-beloved, and the friend dear to both, were imaged and placed in a spot
-carefully selected as beautiful in itself, and associated with his fondest
-recollections. Julie, Claire, and Saint Preux, lived and loved at Vevay,
-beside his native lake, in the midst of the most majestic and lovely
-scenes that exist on earth.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The winter was passed tranquilly; he occupied himself by completing and
-copying the first two parts of the "Nouvelle Heloise." When spring
-returned he again delivered himself up to his entrancing reveries, and
-wandered in the woods, as he composed the latter parts of his work. In
-these there reigns a sort of paradisaical peace&mdash;a voluptuous yet
-innocent transport of acknowledged bliss, that charms the reader, as it
-inspired the writer. That to be thus engrossed by ideas of passionate
-love, however we may imagine that we can restrain them within proper
-bounds, leads at last to the errors of passion, cannot be doubted.
-Rousseau instinctively felt this truth when he made death the
-catastrophe of his novel; not so much to mar the scene, as to prevent
-sin and remorse from defacing it still more; he felt it in his own
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">{Pg 140}</a></span>
-person, when his unguarded and softened heart was suddenly possessed by
-a passion the most vehement and unfortunate that ever caused a frail
-human being to thrill and mourn.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The countess d'Houdetot was the sister of M. d'Epinay, and was married
-to a young noble, who had been given her as a husband in her youth, in
-the way marriages were made in France, neither knowing nor caring for
-the other. He was an insignificant person, very fond of money, and
-totally neglectful of his wife. The usual course in such marriages was,
-that the wife should have a lover, and if the husband were content to
-shut his eyes, and she continued constant to one person, she was looked
-on as living respectably. Madame d'Houdetot was not even pretty; but she
-had a look of youth, preserved by the ingenuousness of her mind and the
-kindness of her heart. Every one loved her. Gay, gentle, full of
-tenderness, and admirably true and sincere; she added to these qualities
-a giddiness of disposition&mdash;a childish but bewitching
-frankness&mdash;a wit that never hurt, but always charmed, as springing
-from the natural gladness of an innocent heart; and, protected by these
-genuine virtues, she escaped the contamination of Parisian society. Her
-lover, M. de Saint Lambert, was a man distinguished for his talents,
-moving in the highest society, a gallant soldier, an admired poet, a
-handsome man; his attachment, according to the code of morals of the
-society to which they belonged, reflected honour on its object.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She came several times, at the desire of Saint Lambert, to visit
-Rousseau at the Hermitage. He had desired her to go, believing that the
-ties of friendship established between the three would be of mutual
-benefit; and Rousseau being aware of their attachment, the openness of
-heart that reigned in the intercourse was another attraction. She spoke
-of her lover with enthusiasm: Rousseau listened, and before he was
-aware, felt for her all that she expressed for another. When, after her
-departure, he turned his thoughts to Julie, hitherto the idol of his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">{Pg 141}</a></span>
-imagination, he found her image displaced by that of madame d'Houdetot,
-and with a pang recognised the new power that possessed him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sophist, as on many occasions Rousseau undoubtedly was, he reasoned on
-his feelings till the very causes that ought to have made him resolve to
-crush the nascent passion, were changed by him into motives for
-fostering it. He had enounced a severe code of morality, and called the
-permitted liaisons of Parisian society by the harsh name of adultery;
-and it would have been base indeed to have been tempted into forming
-such himself. There was no danger of this. Madame d'Houdetot loved
-another, superior to himself in all qualities that attract, with warmth
-and truth. He duped himself, therefore, by the vain sophism, that he
-only injured himself by nourishing an unreturned passion.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Could he have confined it to his own heart, the injury would have been
-great enough; disturbing his peace, wrecking the little of proud
-consolatory thoughts which he preserved. But from the first he avowed
-his love to its object, and continued to pour the fervent expressions it
-inspired into her ear; secure in the mistaken notion, that as he did not
-seek to win her, but only to unburden his heart, the indulgence was
-innocent. He says that he should blame madame d'Houdetot for listening,
-had he been young and good-looking: still he was not so very old;
-perhaps suffering added years to his appearance; but at all events the
-lady acted with great imprudence. Her artless noble character lifts her
-far above unworthy suspicion; but she was thoughtless and inexperienced;
-the dupe of mistaken compassion. She allowed Rousseau to visit her
-frequently; to write to her; to pour out the declarations of his love;
-never feeling inclined to participate in his sentiments, she yet wished
-to preserve his friendship and to enjoy his society. For four months
-they were continually together. He walked over to her house at
-Eaubonne&mdash;they met half-way&mdash;they rambled together in the
-neighbouring country. Such unguarded conduct excited remark. Madame
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">{Pg 142}</a></span>
-d'Epinay, to say the least, was exceedingly annoyed that her
-sister-in-law should thus expose herself to calumny. We have two
-accounts of these unfortunate events, one by Rousseau, the other from
-her pen. She passes rather slightly over them, but expresses even
-disgust; she was aware, she says, of her sister's innocence, but pained
-by her imprudent conduct. Theresa became violently jealous; and while
-she tried to pacify her, she blamed those who so needlessly excited her
-jealousy. Rousseau, on the contrary, accuses her of the utmost baseness;
-of fostering remark; of writing to Saint Lambert a garbled and false
-statement of facts; of exciting Theresa's jealousy, and even instigating
-her to steal any letters she might find, and betray them to her. There
-is, probably, exaggeration in this; at the same time it is plain that
-the intercourse between Rousseau and madame d'Houdetot was the chief
-topic of conversation at the chateau of her sister-in-law; that they
-were greatly blamed; and it is certain that Saint Lambert received an
-anonymous letter, informing him of what was going on. Probably Therese
-or her mother wrote it; we can hardly suspect madame d'Epinay of so base
-and vulgar a proceeding. It is remarkable that these accounts not only
-differ materially in circumstances, but that the notes of madame
-d'Epinay, as given by her, are written in quite another tone from those
-quoted in the Confessions. As whenever Rousseau's copies have been
-collated with the originals, they have been found faithful, we suspect
-the lady of falsifying hers. In fact, while Rousseau gains our
-confidence, even while we perceive that he acted a highly blameable
-part, there is a studied, though apparently negligent, glozing of facts
-in madame d'Epinay's which excites suspicion.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Saint Lambert did not suspect madame d'Houdetot; but he thought that
-Rousseau was highly blameable for declaring love for her; and that she
-was very unwise in listening to him. He interfered, though with kindness
-and consideration for his unhappy rival; the intercourse was broken off.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">{Pg 143}</a></span>
-Rousseau, with a heart worn by passion, and bursting with the struggles
-that tormented it, was thrown back on himself, to find his friends
-alienated, his home disquieted, and sympathy nowhere.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Many other circumstances contributed to his unhappiness; circumstances
-which would scarcely enter into the history of any other man as eminent
-as Rousseau; apparently trifling, but rendered important through his
-sensitive and umbrageous disposition. He had two intimate male friends:
-Diderot, whom he had known many years, and to whom he was sincerely
-attached; and Grimm. Diderot was a singular man, and enjoyed during life
-more reputation than has afterwards fallen to his lot. He had great
-talents, joined to a sensibility, which was real in him, but which
-produced a style in France, that may be termed the ejaculatory, the most
-affected and tiresome in the world. His opinions became feelings; these
-feelings engrossed him; he was in a perpetual state of exaltation and
-enthusiasm about trifles. As an instance, we are told, that at one time
-he could not sleep at nights, because Virgil had not praised Lucretius,
-till at length he found a verse in the Georgies&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Felix qui potuit rerum cognosccre causas;"</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-and interpreting it into an encomium on the great metaphysical poet of
-antiquity, he regained his tranquillity. He had a tender heart, but
-though he possessed some genius, he had not understanding enough to
-serve as an equilibrium. Rousseau was in very bad hands as regarded the
-<i>gouverneuses</i>, as he called them. The mother of Theresa was a
-grasping, artful, gossiping, selfish old woman. Rousseau was poor; she
-complained to his friends, and Diderot and Grimm thought it right to make
-her a small allowance. They did this unknown to their friend, and were
-certainly wrong; for there is nothing more improper than to interfere
-secretly with the household of others. Giving this money, they thought
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">{Pg 144}</a></span>
-they had a right to interfere further. The le Vasseurs, mother and
-daughter, had no desire to pass the winter, away from their Parisian
-acquaintance, in the forest of Montmorenci. They complained bitterly,
-and Diderot wrote to remonstrate with Rousseau. To read his letter, you
-would imagine that his friend thought of wintering at the North Pole;
-his earnestness on stilts on such a petty occasion ought to have excited
-a smile; it gave birth to a storm in the breast of the sensitive
-philosopher&mdash;this was at last appeased&mdash;but still the thunder
-growled. The unfortunate passion of Rousseau for madame d'Houdetot at first
-made him solitary and abstracted&mdash;then miserable. Every demonstration
-of suffering was interpreted as springing from melancholy engendered by
-solitude.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His other friend, Grimm, was German, who had appeared in Paris in an
-obscure situation, as tutor to the children of the count de Schomberg.
-Rousseau was one of his first acquaintance; their common love of music
-brought them together. Grimm was a man of ambition as far as society
-went. His personal affectations did not stop at brushing his nails,&mdash;a
-mark of effeminacy indignantly related by Rousseau,&mdash;but by painting
-his cheeks white and red, which gained for him the nickname of Tyran le
-Blanc. Rousseau introduced him to madame d'Epinay. This lady was
-suffering bitterly from the infidelity of her lover Franceuil;&mdash;she
-permitted herself to be consoled by Grimm; who, while he became <i>l'ami
-de maison</i>, seems to have determined that he should be single in that
-character. He did all he could to undermine Rousseau with madame
-d'Epinay, inducing her to resent his faults, his sensitiveness, his
-imperious calls for sympathy and service, which she had hitherto
-regarded with affectionate indulgence. She was slow to submit to the
-law, and placed him in the Hermitage against Grimm's will;&mdash;to eject
-him from this abode was the aim of his false friend.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Of course, there are a thousand contradictions in the various accounts
-given of these quarrels; and we seek the truth rather from the letters
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">{Pg 145}</a></span>
-written at the time, if these be not falsified. Grimm accused Rousseau
-of being in love with madame d'Epinay: he denies this; and at least,
-when he loved madame d'Houdetot, he no longer cared for her
-sister-in-law. Was she piqued by his coldness, as Rousseau insinuates;
-or was it merely that she yielded more and more to Grimm's
-representations that he was a dangerous person? The final cause of her
-quarrel, as she relates, was his speaking of her detractingly to
-Diderot, who refused to be acquainted with her. There seems some
-foundation for this accusation. She accuses him of speaking falsely; and
-there are certainly traces of his having spoken unreservedly. This was
-inexcusable, admitted as he was familiarly, and covered with benefits
-and kindness;&mdash;especially to one to whom she was a stranger. Grimm
-pushed things to extremities: he kept madame d'Epinay firm in her
-resentment; he embittered Diderot's feelings. The latter acted with his
-usual exaggerated and absurd sentimentality. Madame d'Epinay was very
-ill, and resolved on going to Geneva to consult the famous Tronchin.
-Diderot wrote a violent letter to Rousseau, insisting on his
-accompanying her, and saying, that, if his health did not allow him to
-bear the motion of a carriage, he ought to take his staff and follow her
-on foot. There is no trace that madame d'Epinay wished him to accompany
-her; on the contrary, she was doing all she could to throw him off.
-Rousseau felt himself outraged by this letter&mdash;he fell into a
-transport of rage&mdash;he complained to every body, and took the
-resolution of quitting the Hermitage. When it came to the point, winter
-setting in, he found this inconvenient; and wrote to madame d'Epinay,
-then at Geneva, to mention his intention of staying till spring. In her
-answer, she very decidedly tells him that he ought not to delay his
-departure so long. Why this abrupt and rude dismissal? Did it spring
-from Grimm's advice; or did she really feel resentment arising from the
-knowledge that he had either traduced her, or revealed her secrets to
-Diderot? On careful examination, we own, we incline to the latter
-opinion, and cannot exculpate Rousseau.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">{Pg 146}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-What a pitiful and wretched picture of society does all this present!
-People of refinement, of education, and genius,&mdash;Rousseau, a man so
-richly gifted with talent&mdash;Diderot, enthusiastic on the subject of
-every social duty&mdash;Grimm, a man of sense&mdash;madame d'Epinay, a
-woman of talent, whose disposition was injured by the state and opinions
-of society, but who was naturally generous, confiding, and
-friendly,&mdash;yet each and all acting with intolerance and bitterness.
-The passions were the sources of these dissensions,&mdash;Rousseau's for
-madame d'Houdetot&mdash;Grimm's for madame d'Epinay;&mdash;but why
-should not these feelings have inspired toleration and kindness? They
-were fostered unfortunately by temper and vanity. Each had microscopic
-eyes for the faults of the other&mdash;neither could perceive his own.
-Had they at once dismissed their mutual cavillings, reproaches, and
-explanations, and gone their own way in silence and toleration, they
-might have been unhappy,&mdash;for such must be the result of illicit
-love,&mdash;but they had not presented to all the world, and to
-posterity, so humbling a proof of the worthlessness of talent in
-directing the common concerns of life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau, of course, at once quitted the Hermitage. He had a horror of
-entering Paris: he was greatly embarrassed as to where to go, when M.
-Mathas, procureur-fiscal to the prince of Condé, hearing of his
-uncomfortable situation, offered him a small house in his garden of Mont
-Louis, at Montmorenci: he accepted it at once, and removed thither. But
-his soul was still in tumults; still passion convulsed his heart, which
-would not be at peace. He desired to establish a friendship between
-himself, St. Lambert, and madame d'Houdetot; but they drew back&mdash;from
-the alleged motive that "Rousseau's attachment was the talk of Paris,
-and that therefore she could not have any intercourse with him." It was
-likely enough that the old woman, le Vasseur, or twenty others, might
-have been the cause of this gossip; but Rousseau chose to fix the blame
-on Diderot, and to quarrel with him outright. Strange that these
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">{Pg 147}</a></span>
-sensitive men should have so little real affection in their nature that,
-for the sake of personal offences, real or imagined, they could at once
-throw off those whom they had loved, as they pretended, so well and so
-long; showing how much more deeply rooted and engrossing was <i>self</i>,
-than the interests and intercourse of their friends. A few years after,
-Diderot sought to be reconciled to his former friend; he engaged a mutual
-acquaintance to mediate between them. Rousseau declined his advances. He
-replied:&mdash;"I do not see what M. Diderot, after seven years'
-silence, all at once demands of me. I ask nothing of him&mdash;I have no
-disavowal to make. I am far from wishing him ill&mdash;and am yet further
-from doing or saying aught to injure him. I know how to respect the ties
-of an even extinguished friendship to the end; but I never renew
-it&mdash;that is my inviolable maxim." Rousseau was in exile and misfortune
-when Diderot made this advance, which was honourable to him; he was
-doubtless piqued by the refusal; but we cannot excuse him when, many
-years afterwards, after the death of his friend, he attacked him in one
-of his works. It would have been better to forget. And gladly would we,
-in spite of the publicity given, have passed over these details&mdash;but
-that they formed an intrinsic portion of the picture of Rousseau's life;
-and were the cause why, in after times, he became suspicious even to
-madness&mdash;miserable even to death.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1758.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-46.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-With the new year, Rousseau, quitting the Hermitage, began a new life;
-as much as an entire casting away of old friends, and seeking fresh
-ones, can change the tenor of existence. But Rousseau was ever the same.
-His passions, masked even to himself by their intensity, ruled his
-destiny; and it was a miserable one. The semblance of tranquillity,
-however, awaited him at first; and he gave himself to study and
-authorship uninterruptedly. The "Encyclopædia" undertaken by d'Alembert
-and Diderot engaged the attention of the literary world: it was made the
-vehicle of their opinions, and the engine for propagating them. Voltaire
-was residing at the Délices. He was disgusted by the pedantic, austere,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">{Pg 148}</a></span>
-puritanic tone of society at Geneva: he considered the drama as an
-admirable means of enlightening and refining a people; and, in concert
-with him, D'Alembert, in his article on "Geneva," wrote in favour of the
-establishment of a theatre in that city, where hitherto it had been
-forbidden. Rousseau, in his dreams of primitive innocence, considered
-this as an innovation on the simple manners of his country-people; and
-he took up his pen in opposition. He wrote with fervour and eloquence:
-he detailed the miseries resulting from a sophisticated state of
-society; and argued that the drama, by treating concerning, nourished
-the passions, and weakened the principles of morality. In the state in
-which society was in Paris, he had many arguments in his favour; and he
-might well consider the introduction of libertinism and luxury as
-pernicious, contrasted even with the narrow, bigoted spirit reigning at
-Geneva. The eloquence of his letter gave it vogue. In a note appended,
-he announced his rupture with Diderot,&mdash;accusing him at the same time
-of betraying him. This was fairly regarded as an unwarrantable attack,
-though he imagined it to be an act of heroism. It was an error, to make
-the public a confidant in their quarrel; and the doing so arose from the
-belief that all the world was occupied with him: but it was worse
-publicly to accuse a former friend.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau does his best, in the "Confessions," to show how contented and
-happy he was in his new abode&mdash;the number of friends he still
-retained&mdash;and his delight at being still at a distance from Paris. He,
-with proper pride, boasts of his contempt for party spirit, and the
-formation of cabals in literature, in which Paris was rife. Nothing
-debases literary men more than owning dependence, for praise or blame,
-on aught but the public at large.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Not far from his abode of Mont Louis was the chateau of Montmorenci,
-where the marshal duke de Luxembourg, with his family, usually passed
-the summer. On their first visit after his arrival, they seem courteous
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">{Pg 149}</a></span>
-messages and invitations; but Rousseau, with proper pride, shunned
-advances, the nature of which he did not fully comprehend. This
-occasioned further demonstrations. The duke visited him&mdash;he became an
-habitual guest at the château&mdash;rooms were furnished for him in a sort
-of pleasure-house, or smaller château, in the grounds&mdash;and he was
-treated by the whole family with all that cordial and winning grace
-peculiar to French persons of rank in those days. He read the "Nouvelle
-Heloïse" and "Emile" to the duchess, who paid him the most flattering
-attentions. Both she and her husband displayed warm interest in his
-fortunes; and the noble, amiable character of the marshal was a pledge
-that such would prove neither treacherous nor evanescent. They were
-serviceable, without impertinent interference&mdash;kind, without
-pretension.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This may be considered a happy period in Rousseau's life. The works on
-which his fame is chiefly founded were finished or composed during these
-years. The "Nouvelle Heloïse" was published at the end of 1760. With
-all its errors, this novel is full of noble sentiments and elevated
-morality&mdash;of true and admirable views of life&mdash;and an eloquence
-burning and absorbing. Its success was unparalleled. Parisian society,
-engrossed by intrigues and follies, yet felt at its core that passion was
-the root even of these&mdash;depraved and distorted as passion was by their
-social laws and opinions; and, thus brought back to its natural expression,
-they were carried away by enthusiastic admiration. The women in
-particular, who are always the losers in a system of heartless
-gallantry,&mdash;since they seldom, if ever, cultivate a love of pleasure
-destitute of sentiment&mdash;as is the case with a number of
-men,&mdash;were charmed by a book which increased their influence by
-exalting love. Another interest was excited by the notion generally spread,
-that the book contained the history of the author's early life. Rousseau
-was identified with St. Preux, and gained by the idea. This work was
-followed by the "Emile,"&mdash;a book that deserves higher praise. That he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">{Pg 150}</a></span>
-adopted certain views from Locke and others, who had previously written
-on education, does not in the least deteriorate from its merit; that, as
-a system, it is full of faults and impracticability takes little from
-its utility. He shows the true end of education; and he first explained
-how children ought to be treated like younger men, not as slaves or
-automata. His success in casting an odium on the habit of putting infants
-out to nurse&mdash;his admirable aphorism, that children ought to be
-rendered happy, since childhood is all of life they may ever know&mdash;his
-exhortations to prepare the pupil to be a man in the first place,
-instead of considering him as a noble or gentleman in embryo&mdash;are
-among the most admirable of his principles. Others may regard the work
-disparagingly; but every parent who in any degree superintends the
-education of his offspring&mdash;every mother who watches over the health
-and welfare of her babes&mdash;will readily acknowledge the deepest
-obligations to the author of "Emile."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It fills the soul with bitterness to think that this admirable work,
-whence generations of men derive wisdom and happiness, was the origin of
-violent persecution against the author; and, by expelling him from his
-home, and exposing him bare to the assaults of his enemies, drove him
-into a state of mind allied to madness, and devoted him to poverty and
-sorrow to the end of his life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The printing and publishing of the work had been greatly assisted, not
-only by the duke and duchess de Luxembourg, but by M. de Malesherbes, a
-man of known probity and kindness of disposition. Rousseau had a
-quality, belonging to the warm of heart, and unknown to the cold and
-dull,&mdash;that of desiring to confide in, and to be fully known to, those
-whom he respected and loved. The benevolent attentions of M. de
-Malesherbes, even to the whims and groundless suspicions of a man who,
-from his state of health, believed himself to be dying, and feared to
-leave his unpublished works in the hands of enemies, evinced that warmth
-and truth of sympathy which is the golden treasure of human nature,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">{Pg 151}</a></span>
-wherever it be found. Won by his benevolence, Rousseau addressed four
-letters to him, explaining and describing his opinions, motives, and
-conduct. These letters are, as it were, an introduction to the
-"Confessions." They are written with the same persuasive eloquence, and
-passionate love for the good and beautiful, that reigns in the last
-parts of the "Nouvelle Heloïse," and forms their charm.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He had been ill during the publication of the "Emile," and rendered
-vehemently anxious by delays of the press. At length the book
-appeared;&mdash;but it bore a stamp to intimidate his admirers and silence
-their public applause; and it was therefore received more silently than
-any other of his works. The Confession of the Vicar of Savoy is a
-declaration of pure deism; and, in particular, is levelled against
-various pernicious errors of Catholicism. The great foundation stone of
-papacy is auricular confession, which enables the clergy to put all sins
-against the ordinances of the church in the first class; and to look on
-falsehood, treachery, and intolerance, as virtues, when exercised for
-its sake. The Confession allies religion and morals&mdash;makes the Gospel
-a rule of conduct; and, though it doubts the mysteries of the Christian
-faith, it speaks of them with reverence, but in a protestant spirit,
-totally at variance with Catholicism. This portion of his book excited
-remark, and exposed the author to the persecutions of the French
-priesthood.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But Rousseau felt perfectly secure. There was nothing said in the
-Confession of the Vicar of Savoy that had not appeared before in the
-last part of the "Nouvelle Heloïse." He had himself, notwithstanding
-these considerations, been exceedingly averse to publishing his work in
-France: the method then, with any book bringing forward forbidden
-opinions, being to publish it at Brussels, which sheltered the author
-from the French laws. But the duchess of Luxembourg and M. de
-Malesherbes persuaded him to let them undertake an edition in France;
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">{Pg 152}</a></span>
-and it was brought out at their instigation, against his own conviction:
-they, therefore, were responsible for his security; and he did not
-entertain the slightest doubt but that they would provide against his
-incurring any evil consequences.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was as the shock of an earthquake, therefore, when, a few days after
-the publication of the "Emile," he was disturbed in the middle of the
-night by a message from the duchess of Luxembourg, saying that a decree
-of arrest of his person would be executed on the following morning, at
-seven o'clock, if he remained, but that, if he fled, he would not be
-pursued; and begging him to come to her immediately. It was greatly to
-the interest of the duchess to get Rousseau away, that the whole affair
-might be hushed up; since any examinations would betray her connivance
-in the publication. Rousseau was aware of this.
-<span class="sidenote2">June.<br />
-15.<br />
-1762.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-50.</span>
-He saw the duchess agitated;&mdash;he felt that, however much
-he might wish to shield her during his examination, any mistake on his
-part might compromise her; and he knew his habitual want of presence
-of mind. He consented at once to fly&mdash;he was not allowed to
-deliberate; the morning was given to preparations and adieus; at four
-o'clock in the afternoon he departed. His friends were safe&mdash;he
-alone the sufferer.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His first idea was to establish himself in his native town; but this
-plan was speedily deranged. Nine days after the decree of the parliament
-of Paris, the council of Geneva, instigated by the French government,
-sentenced the "Emile" to be burnt, and its author to be imprisoned if he
-entered their territory. Rousseau might well feel disdain and
-indignation for the folly and intolerance of his country-people; nor was
-it in human nature for his heart not to ferment with resentment and
-scorn at the universal attack levelled against him from all sects, all
-parties, all countries, on account of a book whose chief pretension was
-to bear the stamp of impartial truth, and to become (and he succeeded in
-his attempt) highly beneficial to the human race. Its fault is that it
-is anti-christian; but the most devout follower of our Saviour, if
-charitable, must be impressed by the sincerity of the author, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">{Pg 153}</a></span>
-respect the love of truth that dictated his declarations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau had arrived at Iverdun, in the canton of Berne. Exiled from
-Geneva, he resolved to remain there. He had friends; and a house was
-offered him, which he had accepted&mdash;when he heard that the council of
-Berne had sent an order desiring him to quit their state. Thus
-persecuted, he had but one resource. Neufchâtel and its territory
-belongs to the kingdom of Prussia: he believed that he should find
-toleration at the hands of Frederic the Great.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He found far more in the governor of Neufchâtel&mdash;marshal lord Keith, a
-man eminent for his virtue. Marshal Keith had entertained many false
-notions with regard to Rousseau; but he was filled with sentiments of
-benevolence towards him; and the king of Prussia, influenced by him, was
-desirous of rendering his residence in his stated agreeable. Rousseau
-refused the offers of a house, and of supplies of wood, corn, wine,
-&amp;c., which were offered him in lieu of money, as likely to be more
-readily accepted; indeed, in his "Confessions," he speaks with contempt of
-these offers, as coming from Frederic: but he acquired the
-friendship&mdash;the affection&mdash;of the amiable and benevolent lord
-Keith; and found in it, while it was spared to him, the consolation of his
-life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He took up his residence in the village of Motiers, in the
-Val-de-Travers, in the comté of Neufchâtel. If we read the
-correspondence of Voltaire, and other writings of his enemies, we should
-believe that he lived in a state of habitual warfare;&mdash;that his soul,
-ever in tumults, continually exhaled itself in vituperation and
-philippics; that he was perpetually engaged in underhand cabals and
-petty manœuvres. Rousseau disdained to be of any party. He admired
-Voltaire, as a man of vast genius&mdash;but refused to bow before the
-literary throne on which he had seated himself. This was his crime; and
-his punishment was the insolent sarcasms and brutal railleries of the
-great master of wit.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We may turn in all security from such false pictures to the reality,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">{Pg 154}</a></span>
-depicted not only in his "Confessions," in his letters, and in his
-"Promenades d'un Solitaire"&mdash;these, as written by himself, might be
-open to suspicion&mdash;but to accounts afforded by impartial persons.
-Among these, the comte d'Escherney gives an interesting narration of his
-intercourse. A little distrust was shown on one occasion by the
-persecuted philosopher, but their friendship, except on this one
-occasion, was unclouded. The comte habitually dined with Rousseau: he
-praises his simple table, and the excellent cooking of Thérèse; whom,
-at the same time, he blames severely for the mischief she did by her
-unbridled and malicious tongue,&mdash;exciting against herself, and
-consequently against Rousseau, a spirit of dislike in the neighbourhood.
-He felt this&mdash;and at one time wished to remove; but did not put his
-desire in execution. While at Motiers he addicted himself sedulously to
-botany. In his herborising expeditions, he was accompanied by M. du
-Peyrou, an American settled at Bié&mdash;an excellent and respectable man,
-who became his fast friend; by the colonel De Puri, father-in-law of M.
-du Peyrou&mdash;both good botanists; and by the comte&mdash;who was obliged
-to learn the science, not to be thrown out entirely in conversation. Some
-of these expeditions were extensive; and the comte, after the lapse of
-years, speaks of them with pleasure, and dwells on the charm thrown over
-them by the conversation, the genius, the kind heart of Rousseau. The
-latter had many other friends in the neighbourhood, whom he tenderly
-loved. He remained at Motiers-Travers three years: he might have spent
-his life there, honoured, happy, and independent. When we relate the
-circumstances that drove him from it, we leave to impartial judges to
-decide whether he were in fault or his persecutors&mdash;who, for the most
-part, <i>soi-disant</i> philosophers and free thinkers, excited the spirit
-of bigotry against him, and did not hesitate hypocritically to assume the
-language of religion to destroy him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Of what was he guilty? The accusations against him are few. The first,
-that he desired to attain notoriety by assuming the Armenian dress. All
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">{Pg 155}</a></span>
-singularity in externals is foolish; and, though he excuses himself on
-the score of convenience, it was certainly unwise in him to dress so as
-to attract universal observation&mdash;especially in a country where the
-ignorant are easily taught to hate and fear that which they do not
-understand. But this fault is trivial. His second crime was his
-participating in the communion. He had re-entered the protestant church,
-some years before, at Geneva. He announced the greatest respect for the
-religion of the Gospel; but, as his Confession of a Savoyard Vicar
-argues against the divine nature of our Saviour, he had better have
-abstained from making this outward manifestation of orthodox belief.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The fault most urged against him was his renunciation of the citizenship
-of Geneva. No further attack on him had been made by the government of
-that city during the space of a year; and, considering the spirit of
-persecution abroad against him, it had been more prudent to have
-remained tranquil: but this very spirit, manifested in all writings, in
-all societies, roused him to assert himself. He had committed no crime,
-and he was sentenced as guilty. He had endeavoured to persuade his
-fellow citizens to rescind their decree; various representations were
-made to the council, not only by himself, but by the citizens and
-burgesses of Geneva. There could be no evil motive in his desire, or in
-the attempts he made to be reinstated in his rights in his native city;
-but this justice was refused him; and with anger and disdain he
-renounced his claims as citizen, and thus withdrew from their
-jurisdiction. This act can scarcely be deemed blameable; he, however,
-was attacked, and the council was defended, in several pamphlets, with
-acrimony and violence. The chief among these were "Lettres écrites de
-la Campagne," by M. Tronchin. The talent of the author gained the field
-fora moment. "Siluit terra!" Rousseau exclaims: no defender rose for
-him; it was deemed that he alone was able to reply. For a time he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">{Pg 156}</a></span>
-refused; but at last yielded to the representations of his friends, and,
-parodying the title of the attack, brought out his "Lettres écrites de
-la Montagne." This had no influence over the council: they persisted in
-their refusal&mdash;and even reiterated their decree. From that moment
-Rousseau declared that he would mingle no more in public affairs;&mdash;and
-he kept his word.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But the mischief was already done. The quarrel between the citizens and
-council of Geneva, on the subject of the right of the latter to enact
-decrees without consulting the former, was attended with disturbances
-and bloodshed. The whole country was in tumults. The "Letters from the
-Mountain" were more anti-christian than any of his preceding works. The
-clergy were enraged: the peasantry of Neufchâtel were taught to regard
-him as a monster; from execration they proceeded to personal attack;
-stones were thrown at him during his walks&mdash;and at last, the ferment
-arriving at its height, his house was attacked in the night by the
-country people: it appeared certain that his life was in the utmost
-danger; the officers of government were disquieted by the apprehension
-of more fatal disturbances, and the probability of his being
-assassinated: he himself was sick at heart at finding himself the object
-of open and loud execration. Resolving to leave Motiers, he felt
-uncertain whither to go. His Parisian friends had interested David Hume
-in his behalf, and exhorted him to take up his abode in England.
-Frederic invited him to Berlin, where the friendship of lord Keith
-assured him a cordial welcome from at least one friend. He was inclined
-to a far wilder scheme;&mdash;the Corsicans had asked him to frame a code
-of laws, and he entertained the idea of establishing himself in their
-island. The sudden necessity of instant removal drove this idea from his
-mind; and another presented itself that accorded with his tastes. During
-his botanical rambles he had visited the island of St. Pierre situated
-in the lake of Bienne, and dependent on the canton of Berne. The aspect
-of the isle had enchanted him. A difficulty arose, from his having been
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">{Pg 157}</a></span>
-ordered to quit the state of Berne on first arriving in Switzerland;
-but, on sounding the chiefs of the state, he was told that they were
-ashamed of their past conduct, and very willing that he should establish
-himself at St. Pierre.
-<span class="sidenote1">1765.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-53.</span>
-Here, then, in the month of September, he took up his abode: Theresa
-joined him: they boarded with the receiver of the island, who was its
-only inhabitant: the profits of his works, and a slight pension allowed
-him by lord Keith, assured him a frugal subsistence. Recurring, in after
-years, to his brief residence in this island, he fondly dilates on his
-excursions on the water&mdash;on his botanical studies&mdash;on the calm
-that possessed his soul, and his total indifference to all intercourse
-with the world. As an excuse for the persecutions he suffered, he is
-accused of intriguing and creating disturbances even in his solitude;
-but no facts are mentioned&mdash;no proofs are advanced. We cannot,
-indeed, believe that the morbid spirit of distrust so fatal to his
-peace, which soon afterwards manifested itself, did not in any degree
-exist; but there are no letters, no documents, to support the
-accusations&mdash;made principally, indeed, by the <i>soi-disant</i>
-philosophers&mdash;and, above all, by Voltaire, who could not endure
-that any other than himself should be a subject of interest; and who,
-more than an infidel&mdash;a blasphemer&mdash;joined with the most
-bigoted religionists in persecuting Rousseau.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau was not permitted long to enjoy the tranquil pleasures of his
-island residence. Suddenly, without preparation, he received an order
-from the state of Berne to quit their territory in three days. It was a
-clap of thunder&mdash;he could but obey&mdash;again he was a wanderer: some
-friends implored him to take up his residence at Bienne, an independent
-town; he almost consented, when a popular tumult, of which he was the
-object, drove him away.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He quitted Switzerland on the 29th of October. His first idea was to
-repair to Berlin. On arriving at Strasbourg he changed his mind: he
-gives no reason for this, except that he did not think that he could
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">{Pg 158}</a></span>
-support the journey; and that the kindness of the Strasburghers made him
-meditate passing the winter in their city. He was, in fact, deliberating
-between Prussia and England. He feared the influence of the Parisian
-philosophers on Frederic's mind; he knew that the king preferred the
-writings of Voltaire to his; he felt that they would not suit&mdash;that
-Frederic would neither take pleasure in his society, nor reverence him:
-he would fall into a subordinate position and humble obscurity&mdash;not as
-a private man, whose independence repays him for all, but as a neglected
-courtier and pensioner of royalty. These natural struggles, founded on
-common sense and knowledge of the world, were misinterpreted by his
-enemies.&mdash;Horace Walpole, who did not appreciate his genius, wrote a
-burlesque letter, as if from the king of Prussia&mdash;the point of which
-was, that Rousseau could not be happy unless persecuted: the sorrowful
-truth, and the miserable effects of persecution which were subverting
-even his reason, found no pity at the hands of these men.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But he had friends. The duchess of Luxembourg (the duke had died in the
-interim) and the countess de Boufflers, who were aware of the generosity
-of his conduct when he fled from France, exerted themselves to procure
-him an asylum. David Hume offered to escort him to England, and to
-establish him respectably there. Rousseau did not like the English; but
-the plan offered many advantages, and he consented. He took Paris in his
-way, where the prince of Conti received him with princely hospitality.
-"The prince," Rousseau writes, "chooses that I should be lodged and
-entertained with a magnificence which he well knows does not suit my
-tastes; but I comprehend that, under the circumstances, he wishes to
-give public testimony of the esteem with which he honours me." He
-received a great many visits; crowds followed him when he walked in the
-streets;&mdash;it is no wonder that he loved a people and a country where
-he received such flattering tokens of kindness and admiration.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">{Pg 159}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Yet he was eager to quit Paris; he was in France on sufferance; he even
-received intimation from the duke de Choiseul not to prolong his stay.
-<span class="sidenote1">1766.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-54.</span>
-On the 2d of January, he departed with Hume and a M. de Luze, a Genevese
-and a friend of his. There was great difficulty in knowing where to
-place the exile, when he arrived in England: his scanty income was far
-too slight to afford mere necessaries in this country: many plans were
-discussed; Rousseau rejected several. Thérèse le Vasseur was the great
-obstacle to his comfort. It was with difficulty that the prejudice
-against her as Rousseau's mistress could be got over; but worse remained
-in her own character. De Luze represents her as ignorant, mischievous,
-and quarrelsome; add to this, that heretofore Rousseau had treated her
-as a mere housekeeper, and she did not dine at table with his
-guests&mdash;now he insisted that she should be placed on an equality with
-himself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Still he and Hume continued on friendly terms; and the latter
-entertained a sincere esteem for him. He wrote: "He is mild, gentle,
-modest, affectionate, disinterested, and, above all, endowed in a
-supreme degree with sensibility of heart." Rousseau insisted on
-establishing himself in solitude at a distance from London: an eligible
-residence was at last found for him. He passed two months in London and
-Chiswick. He was visited by all persons of distinction. "English
-manners," he wrote to a friend, "suit my taste; they can testify esteem,
-without cajolery." He then repaired to Wotton in Derbyshire&mdash;a house
-belonging to Mr. Davenport, but seldom inhabited by him: his host, to
-satisfy his delicacy, received nominal payment for his board and
-lodging; and here Rousseau and Thérèse took up their abode.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Here he wrote the first portion of his "Confessions;" and for a short
-time he appeared to take pleasure in his retreat, and to feel grateful
-to the friend who had procured it for him. A few weeks altered his
-feelings. He became acquainted with the pretended letter of the king of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">{Pg 160}</a></span>
-Prussia, fabricated by Horace Walpole: he began to suspect that Hume
-allied himself to his detractors and enemies, and he renounced all
-commerce with him. So far indeed were his suspicions founded, that Hume
-had changed his opinion with regard to him. He still spoke of him as the
-most delightful man in the world, when in good humour, but found his
-distrust and suspicions, and accesses of melancholy, detract from the
-pleasure which his society afforded. He had joined also in the laugh
-raised by Walpole's letter, which, considering that Rousseau was his
-peculiar guest and friend, was indelicate and insulting. Brooding in
-loneliness, with only the ignorant, mischief-making Thérèse for a
-companion, during a dreary English winter, Rousseau's mind, ever
-distrustful, at once became fraught with suspicion. He felt himself
-deserted by Hume,&mdash;he believed himself to be betrayed. Living in
-obscurity and neglect in a country of the language of which he was
-ignorant, his imagination suggested that his enemies had entered into a
-combination to keep him there, so to gain an opportunity, undetected, of
-falsifying his writings and calumniating his character. These thoughts
-fermented in his brain till a species of insanity ensued. He fancied
-that all his letters were opened; that he was, in a manner, imprisoned
-at Wotton; and that the object of his enemies was to seize on his
-"Confessions;" the knowledge of their existence having excited this
-persecution. A pension of 100<i>l</i>. a year, which was conferred on him
-by George III. in honourable terms, did not appease his anxieties nor calm
-the fever of his mind. Under the dominion of these false
-ideas,&mdash;suddenly, after a year's residence, during which he had been
-treated with singular consideration and kindness, he left Wotton,
-traversed England, embarked; and when he arrived at Calais congratulated
-himself on his escape, as if honour and life had depended on it. The
-letter he left behind addressed to Mr. Davenport, and those he wrote to
-his friends, accusing his English protectors of treachery, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">{Pg 161}</a></span>
-denouncing an universal conspiracy against his reputation and writings,
-by proving that he was possessed by insanity, ought to have excited
-pity;&mdash;he met with none. An indignant cry was raised by Hume and
-echoed by his enemies, accusing him of base ingratitude, and a wicked
-intention to vilify his friends. This conduct served to excite his
-monomania to its highest pitch, by giving some colour to his suspicions;
-and he appeared to himself most calm and reasonable while he was the most
-entirely under the dominion of the species of insanity that had come
-over him. We must not, however, be misunderstood. Rousseau was very
-ill-treated; Voltaire and his sect spared no ridicule, no opprobrium;
-his friends, even Hume, would join in the laugh excited by Horace
-Walpole's fabrication; Baron d'Holbach and his coterie, reigned over by
-Grimm, never spoke of him except as a mixture of impostor and madman.
-Here was much for Rousseau to resent. But his madness consisted in the
-idea that there was an organised combination formed against him, which
-was to destroy his reputation while living, falsify his writings, and
-hand him down to posterity in the darkest colours. Such combinations are
-never formed; and those who fancy themselves the object of such are
-decidedly insane.<a name="NoteRef_9_9" id="NoteRef_9_9"></a><a href="#Note_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1767.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-55.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The consequence was that his personal friends continued to treat him
-with consideration. The prince of Conti offered him an asylum in his
-chateau de Trie, near Amiens. He remained there about a year. The
-unfortunate disposition of Thérèse soon turned all the servants and
-dependants of the place into enemies. He quickly felt the effects of the
-mischief she excited, and fancying that the cause existed not in her,
-but others, was glad to get away.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-An exile and a wanderer, he could not tell where to take up his abode.
-At one time he appears to have become aware of the bad disposition of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">{Pg 162}</a></span>
-Thérèse, and to have resolved to separate from her. It would appear
-that at this time he was married to her; but this act did not satisfy
-her discontent. She deserves blame certainly; but he deserves more for
-having chosen, in the first place, an ignorant woman, who had no
-qualities of heart to compensate for stupidity; and, secondly, for
-having injured instead of improving her disposition by causing her to
-abandon her children, and taking from her the occupations and interests
-that attend maternity. Dragging about with him this companion, he
-resided for some time in Dauphiné. His time was chiefly spent in
-herborising. He seemed
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"The world forgetting, by the world forgot;"</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-but he was not satisfied. His restless dissatisfaction, and the
-unfortunate notion that an universal conspiracy was formed against him,
-caused him to renounce the pension which the king of England had
-conferred. The same passions engendered a thousand varying plans. He
-contemplated returning to Paris. As a first step, he remained for a
-short time at Lyons, and here satisfied his vanity as well as his better
-feelings by subscribing to the erection of a statue of Voltaire. The
-subscription, and the letter accompanying it, were applauded, much to
-the mortification of the latter, who tried vainly to have his name
-erased. Soon after, he repaired to the capital. As a preliminary, he
-quitted the Armenian dress which he had worn nearly ten years, being
-told officially that he would not be allowed to remain in Paris, if he
-attracted public attention by his singular costume. The permission he
-received to inhabit that city was, indeed, only tacit, and burdened with
-the condition that he should not publish any work,&mdash;a condition that
-displays in its most odious light the intolerance and tyranny of the old
-regime of France,
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1770.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-58.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-His arrival in Paris created a sensation; he was welcomed with
-enthusiasm. Madame du Deffand, who did not know him, and who dared not
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">{Pg 163}</a></span>
-like him, since Horace Walpole spoke of him with contempt, and who only
-saw through the eyes of the high society she frequented, speaks
-slightingly of his reception by what she calls "the populace of <i>beaux
-esprits</i>;" but she mentions also that he will have nothing to do with
-the great ladies of her acquaintance, nor their friends, and courtiers.
-Grimm (and we must remark that, though Grimm often speaks disparagingly
-of Rousseau, there is nothing absolutely false in his accounts in his
-Correspondence) writes that his return was the subject of conversation
-for many days. The people followed him in crowds in the street; he was
-invited out to dinner every day; and it only rested with him to frequent
-Parisian society most distinguished for talent and rank.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His object in returning to Paris appears to have been, in the first
-place, to give publicity to his "Confessions." Soon after his arrival he
-read them aloud before the count and countess d'Egmont, prince
-Pignatelli, the marquise de Mesmes, and the marquis de Juigné. We
-cannot justify his thus dragging the private life of his existent
-friends before the world: it is the most flagrant dishonesty in
-civilised society, and ought to be put on a par with picking pockets. We
-excuse Rousseau in a slight degree, since his act sprung from insanity.
-He believed that his enemies coalesced to defame him; that he could
-exculpate himself only by these "Confessions;" which, unless rendered
-public during life, would be falsified after he was dead; and he
-endeavoured to keep the secrets of his friends; though he limited his
-complaisance in this to hinting how much he could tell, if he liked.
-Madame d'Epinay was justly annoyed, and even alarmed, at the idea of
-being made the fable of the day. This lady had no excess of delicacy,
-since she left behind her memoirs that unveil the secrets of her life;
-but she could not endure that her name and actions should be made topics
-of public conversation during her life. She applied to M. de Sartine,
-lieutenant of police, to suppress any future readings; and apparently he
-complied with the wish, as there is only trace of one more, before seven
-auditors, which took place at the instigation of a man who sought to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">{Pg 164}</a></span>
-establish an intimate friendship with their author.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau now established himself at Paris. Several persons have detailed
-their recollections of him during this latter part of his life; and
-there is something touching in the mixture of friendliness and distrust,
-of gloom and gaiety, of frugality and hospitality, which the various
-details record. Every word we read stamps the "Confessions" with truth,
-and animates them with a living image; for when we find how eloquent,
-agreeable, and warm-hearted he was, even when oppressed by long physical
-suffering and heavy mental disquietudes, we may believe that he was
-fascinating in his younger days.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He lived in Paris, in Rue Platiere, in a fourth story. His one room was
-furnished with mere necessaries&mdash;two little beds, a chest of drawers,
-a table, a spinnet, and some chairs; and he was triumphantly happy when,
-having paid for these few things, he could call them his own. Some boxes
-and pots filled with plants stood in his window, where he often
-scattered crumbs for the sparrow's: all was neat and clean; and the
-simplicity and peace that reigned in the little chamber imparted the
-most agreeable impressions. He occupied himself by copying music, which
-he did with exquisite neatness and correctness: the only use he made of
-his celebrity was to ask rather a high price for his work. Many persons
-employed him, so to find a pretence for intruding on his solitude and
-staring at him. He did not scruple to be rude to those whom he saw were
-attracted by mere impertinent curiosity&mdash;to all others he was civil if
-not complaisant. The sole real blot on his household was Thérèse, whom
-every one mentions with dislike and disrespect.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The prince de Ligne describes the visit he paid: he went under the
-pretence of seeking a M. Rousseau of Thoulouse, and contrived, while
-excusing himself for the mistake, to slide into conversation. Rousseau
-submitted to be drawn out by an utter and unnamed stranger, without the
-slightest appearance of distrust. The prince asked him about his music,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">{Pg 165}</a></span>
-and then alluded to literature, and quoted one of the opinions Rousseau
-had himself advanced, of the danger of certain literary acquirements: in
-a moment he was on the alert to reply, entering into the argument with
-more eloquence than he had ever showed in his writings, and developing
-his ideas with delicacy and precision; for it is remarkable that the
-embarrassment and confusion of ideas, of which Rousseau complains as
-habitual to him in conversation, never occurred, except when he fancied
-that something was expected, and his extreme shyness interfered to
-perplex his ideas, and even his utterance. But in the common course of
-conversation all agree in describing him as more than entertaining, as
-fascinating, through his eloquence, his perspicuity, and the vivacity
-and energy of his imagery and ideas; but these were not to be exercised
-on the trivial topics of the day, but on the high moral and
-philosophical sentiments and opinions that warmed his soul. On leaving
-him, the prince wrote him a letter, telling him who he was, and offering
-him an asylum in his states. His letter is a singular one; he tells him
-that no one knew how to read in his country, and that he would neither
-be admired nor persecuted. He continues: "You shall have the key of my
-books and my gardens; you shall see me or not as you please; you shall
-have a small country-house a mile from mine, where you can sow and plant
-just as you like; as, like you, I dislike thrones and dominations, you
-shall rule no one, and no one will rule you. If you accept my offers. I
-will lead you myself to the Temple of Virtue&mdash;such shall be the name
-of your abode, though we will not call it thus; I will spare your modesty
-all the triumphs you have well deserved."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The prince declares that this letter was written in the sincerity of his
-heart; afterwards it was spread through Paris as a bad imitation of
-Horace Walpole's fabrication, and Rousseau himself believed that it was
-a trick. However, at first he took it as sincere, and called on the
-prince: he described his misfortunes, his enemies, the conspiracy of all
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">{Pg 166}</a></span>
-Europe against him, with an eloquence that charmed while it inspired
-pity. "His eyes were two stars," the prince writes: "his genius shone in
-his face and electrified me; he was touched by the effect he produced,
-and, convinced of my enthusiasm, he showed gratitude for the interest I
-took in his welfare."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Genlis made acquaintance with him soon after his return to
-Paris. She says she never met a literary man with less pretension, and
-more amiable: he spoke of himself with simplicity, and of his enemies
-without bitterness; he did entire justice to the talents of Voltaire; he
-had a most agreeable smile, full of delicacy and gentleness; he was
-communicative, and often very gay. He talked extremely well on music, in
-which he was a real connoisseur. Rousseau dined with this lady and her
-husband frequently. Their first quarrel arose from M. de Genlis sending
-him two dozen bottles of a wine he had praised, instead of two, which he
-had consented to accept. Nothing could be in worse taste than the
-pleasure which all the rich acquaintance of Rousseau took in making him
-presents, after he had declared he would not receive any. He always sent
-them back; and they reaped the pleasure of at once displaying their
-generosity without expense, and of railing at his misanthropy. The
-quarrel which put an end to his acquaintance with madame de Genlis is
-somewhat unintelligible. Rousseau took offence at something that passed
-at a theatre; and, instead of supping with his friends as he had agreed,
-walked sullenly away. Madame de Genlis was offended in her turn, and
-their intercourse was never renewed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Bernardin de Saint Pierre, author of "Paul and Virginia," has left
-delightful details of his visits to the recluse. They are far too long
-to quote: we can only mention that they impress the reader with love and
-esteem for Rousseau. Sometimes Saint Pierre was hurt by outbursts of
-Rousseau's umbrageous temper, and on one occasion complained of his
-morose manner and unjust suspicions, and asked whether he desired to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">{Pg 167}</a></span>
-quarrel with him. Rousseau replied, with emotion, "I should be sorry to
-see you too often, but still more sorry not to see you at all. I fear
-intimacies, and have closed my heart against them; my temper masters me,
-do you not perceive it? I suppress it for a time, but at last it
-overcomes me, and bursts forth in spite of my endeavours. I have my
-faults; but, when we value the friendship of any one, we must take the
-benefit with all its burdens." Saint Pierre adds, "that these fits of
-distrust were rare, that he was usually gay, confiding, and frank; when
-I saw him gloomy, I knew some sad thought perplexed him: I began talking
-of Plutarch, and he came to himself as if awakening from a dream."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Saint Pierre gives a pleasing account of the respect in which the
-Parisians held him. They went together to hear the "Iphigenia" of Gluck:
-the crowd and pressure were great; Rousseau was old; Saint Pierre felt
-desirous to name him, and so to obtain protection: he hesitated, fearful
-to offend; at length he whispered it to one or two, begging them to keep
-the secret. Scarcely was the word uttered than a deep silence ensued,
-the crowd looked respectfully on him, and emulated each other in
-shielding him from pressure, without any one repeating the name that had
-been revealed. At one time he suspected Saint Pierre of being in league
-with his enemies; his friend insisted on an explanation, and succeeded
-in convincing him of his innocence, though he still believed that his
-enemies had endeavoured to make a cat's-paw of him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He thus lived for some years in Paris, occupied by copying music, and
-sometimes seized with a desire for composing it; herborising in the
-environs of the capital, seeing a few friends, and too often brooding in
-solitude over the combination he believed formed against him throughout
-Europe. As his health grew worse, these last fatal ideas became more and
-more engrossing. He quarrelled with Gluck for writing music to French
-words, saying that his only object was to give him the lie, because he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">{Pg 168}</a></span>
-had declared the French language to be unfit for music. He was angry
-when he heard that the "Divin du Village" was represented and applauded;
-saying that it was done under the pretence that the music was stolen. He
-occupied himself on his unfortunate work of "Rousseau Juge de Jean
-Jaques," which is a monument of the frenzy which it served to confirm;
-yet at the same time he wrote his "Promenades d'un Solitaire," which,
-with the exception of some of the letters of the "Nouvelle Heloise," and
-a few passages in the "Confessions," are the most finished, the most
-interesting, and eloquent of his works: the peculiar charm of Rousseau
-reigns throughout; a mixture of lofty enthusiasm, of calm repose, and of
-the most delicate taste.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The friends about him saw traces of attacks of absolute madness: he
-could no longer apply himself to his task of copying music, and the
-miseries of poverty began to be felt in his household. M. de Corancez
-tried to bring a remedy, by offering him a house at Sceaux, in which to
-live: Rousseau refused, yet hesitated. M. de Girardin offered his house
-at Ermenonville, where the superb gardens, of which he was proprietor,
-might well tempt a lover of nature. Thérèse favoured this
-offer&mdash;Rousseau consented to accept it, and his removal was effected
-with some precipitancy. It might have been supposed that the charm of
-his new abode would have calmed his mind and restored his health. It was
-not so. Great obscurity hangs over the last scene of his life.
-<span class="sidenote2">1778.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-66.</span>
-He died suddenly at Ermenonville, on the 2d of July, two months after
-his departure from Paris. The surgeons who examined his body pronounced,
-at their examination, that he died of a serous apoplexy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Many circumstances combine to engender the suspicion that this opinion
-was given merely to prevent scandal, and that in reality he shot
-himself. It is certain that, at the moment of death, instead of being
-senseless, he was carried to the window, which he caused to be thrown
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">{Pg 169}</a></span>
-open; the weather was beautiful, and he contemplated the fair scene
-spread around, the shady gardens and serene sky, while he bade a calm
-adieu to life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The cause of his suicide, if he really committed it, must be found in
-his perpetual physical sufferings, in his weariness of life, and in the
-accesses of insanity with which he was certainly sometimes visited: to
-this M. de Corancez adds a discovery of the worthless character of
-Thérèse. The last is merely conjecture. She married a groom of M.
-Girardin, a year after her husband's death; and he gives her credit for
-a criminal intercourse with this man, discovered by Rousseau, during his
-life.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His existence had become a dream of bodily and mental suffering; and
-whether the disease that preyed on him affected his brain with death, or
-excited him to arm himself against his own life, is a secret difficult
-to penetrate. The latter seems most probable. He died peacefully, and
-the heart that had beat so wildly, and the brain pregnant with an ardent
-love of truth, and with so many wild delusions, were delivered over to
-the peace of the grave.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a protestant he could not be buried in sacred ground, he was
-therefore interred in the island of Poplars, in the gardens of
-Ermenonville. The funeral took place in the evening. The solitary spot
-shadowed over by trees, through whose foliage the moon shone, the calm
-of the evening hour, and the lonely grave, were in accordance with the
-singular but noble character of the man.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On his tomb was inscribed&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<blockquote><p class="center">
-ICI REPOSE<br />
-L'HOMME DE LA NATURE<br />
-ET DE LA VÉRITÉ.<br />
-<br />
-<i>Vitam impendere vero.</i></p></blockquote>
-
-<p>
-These last words he had adopted as his device. His grave ought to have
-been held sacred; but, in the rage for desecration that possessed the
-French at the period of the revolution, the body was exhumed and placed
-in the Pantheon. When the allies invaded France, out of respect for his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">{Pg 170}</a></span>
-memory, Ermenonville was exempted from contribution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau has described himself; but, though sincere in an unexampled
-degree, it is difficult to appreciate his character from the
-"Confessions." A recent writer, Barante, founding his opinion on this
-work, considers him a proud and envious egotist, full of vague
-aspirations after virtue, incapable of a virtuous deed; yet we find
-Saint Pierre, who knew him during the latter years of his life, when the
-struggle between circumstances and his disposition had ceased, and his
-character was formed, applaud his firm probity, his mild benevolence,
-his frankness and natural gaiety of heart. One fact stamps Rousseau with
-nobleness of soul. We turn to the pages of Voltaire's Correspondence,
-and find it full of the most vilifying and insolent epithets applied to
-his great contemporary&mdash;the opprobrium and insult with which he loads
-his name bearing the stamp of the impurity and arrogance of his own
-heart. Rousseau never spoke ill of Voltaire: when others dispraised, he
-defended him; this might be the result of pride, but it was a noble and
-generous pride.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau was proud; nourished in dreams of ancient virtue or chivalrous
-romance, he respected himself, and he felt deeply aggrieved if he did
-not meet respect in others. It is a strange anomaly to find this proud
-man confessing the most degrading errors; but this arose from the
-highest pride of all, and the most mistaken: he declared his faults, and
-yet assumed himself to be better than other men.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Was Rousseau envious? Grimm says, that anger at finding men of greater
-genius preferred engendered most of his ill-humour against society. But
-who were these superior men? not Voltaire, with whom, as older than
-himself, he never competed: it was Helvetius, Thomas, and, above all,
-Diderot. Whatever merits Diderot had in society and conversation, he is
-so poor a writer that Rousseau could never have been really hurt by any
-mistaken preference shown him. Envy, base as it is, does not stoop to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">{Pg 171}</a></span>
-envy that which is immeasurably inferior. Rousseau had certainly
-sufficient cause to be displeased with Diderot, the tone of his letters
-being arrogant and presumptuous; but his real displeasure was caused by
-the belief that he had betrayed him, when he confided to him his
-sentiments for madame d'Houdetot: balked and trampled on all sides, he
-was stung to resent his disappointment somewhere, and he selected
-Diderot for his victim. This was very wrong and self-deceptive: he
-quotes good authority for proving the propriety of declaring to the
-world that he and Diderot wore no longer friends, and there was no great
-harm in so doing; but when he appended the quotation from Ecclesiastes
-in a note, accusing Diderot of a great social crime, the betraying the
-secret of a friend, he erred grossly, and cannot be defended.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Rousseau had passed his existence in romantic reveries. This abstraction
-of mind always engenders an indolence that concentrates the mind in
-self, and hates to be intruded upon by outward circumstances. Pride and
-indolence conjoined, created the independence of spirit for which he
-took praise to himself. Independence is of two sorts. When we sacrifice
-our pleasures and our tastes to preserve the dear privilege of not
-deferring our principles and feelings to others, we foster an exalted
-virtue; but the independence that finds duty an unwelcome clog&mdash;that
-regards the just claims of our fellow-creatures as injurious and
-intolerable, and that casts off the affections as troublesome
-shackles&mdash;is one of the greatest errors that the human heart can
-nourish; and such was the independence to which Rousseau aspired when he
-neglected the first duty of man by abandoning his children. He often
-dilates on simple pleasures&mdash;the charms of unsophisticated affections,
-and the ecstasy to be derived from virtuous sympathy&mdash;he, who never
-felt the noblest and most devoted passion of the human soul&mdash;the love
-of a parent for his child! We cannot help thinking that even while Rousseau
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">{Pg 172}</a></span>
-defends himself by many baseless sophisms, that this crime, rankling at
-his heart, engendered much of the misery that he charged upon his
-fellow-creatures. Still Barante is unjust when he declares Rousseau's
-life to have been devoid of virtuous actions. He was unpretendingly
-charitable; and his fidelity to Thérèse, unworthy as she was, deserves
-praise. It would have been easy to cast her off, and gain a more
-suitable companion; but he bore her defects; and even to the last, when
-it has been suspected that her worthlessness drove him to suicide, he
-never complained. There was, with all his errors, great nobleness in
-Rousseau's soul. The pride and envy of which he is accused led him to
-cherish poverty, to repel benefits, to suspect his friends, but never to
-cringe, or grasp, or lie. Distrust was his chief error&mdash;a mighty
-one&mdash;but it did not injure others, while it destroyed himself.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Of his works, the "Emile" stands in the first rank for its utility: his
-theories however engendered some errors. The notion to which he was
-attached, that entire independence, even of natural duties, was the
-state congenial to man, mars many of his views. He would not allow a man
-to be a father, scarcely a woman to be a mother; yet such are the
-natural and imperative duties of life, even in the most primitive states
-of society. We may add a further defect, gathered partly from the
-continuation he projected. Sophie proves faithless; and Emile,
-meditating on the conduct he ought to pursue, makes himself the centre
-of his reflections, nor reverts to the claims which his unhappy wife and
-blameless child have still on him. He leaves both to the mercy of a hard
-world, and affords another proof of Rousseau's natural deficiency in a
-sense of duty. Barante well observes that the "Emile" is the less
-useful, because it gives no rules for public education; and public
-education is doubtless the best fitted to form the character of social
-man. Properly carried on, it prevents all need of having recourse to
-those plans and impostures which deface Rousseau's system. The little
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">{Pg 173}</a></span>
-world of boys brings its own necessities and lessons with it: the chief
-care devolving on the master, to prevent the elder and stronger from
-domineering over the young and weak.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He perverts virtue and vice in the "Heloïse" still more glaringly, and
-clashes against the prejudices of every country. In France, the fault of
-an unmarried girl was regarded as peculiarly degrading and even
-ridiculous, and the early error of Julie therefore could find little
-sympathy in that country. In ours we commiserate such; but we turn
-disgusted from her wedding another man; and the marriage with the
-elderly Wolmar, which Rousseau makes the crown of her virtue, is to us
-the seal of her degradation. His ideas also of a perfect life are
-singularly faulty. It includes no instruction, no endeavours to acquire
-knowledge and refine the soul by study; but is contracted to mere
-domestic avocations, and to association with servants and labourers, on
-their own footing of ignorance, though such must lead to mean and
-trivial occupations and thoughts.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-No author knows better than Rousseau how to spread a charm over the
-internal movements of the mind, over the struggles of passion, over
-romantic reveries that absorb the soul, abstracting it from real life
-and our fellow-creatures, and causing it to find its joys in itself. No
-author is more eloquent in paradox, and no man more sublime in
-inculcating virtue. While Voltaire taints and degrades all that is
-sacred and lovely by the grossness of his imagination, Rousseau
-embellishes even the impure, by painting it in colours that hide its real
-nature; and imparts to the emotions of sense all the elevation and
-intensity of delicate and exalted passion.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">{Pg 174}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_8_8" id="Note_8_8"></a><a href="#NoteRef_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a>He describes this moment of spontaneous inspiration in one
-of his letters to M. de Malesherbes, and in his Confessions, with
-enthusiastic eloquence. Diderot denied the truth of the statement,
-saying, that in fact Rousseau had shown him the question in the
-newspaper, in the park of Vincennes, and said, that he meant to write in
-favour of the arts and sciences; but, on the representation of Diderot,
-he found that finer things might be said on the other side, and
-consequently adopted it. We doubt all this. Our own experience has shown
-us the great mistakes people can fall into, when they pretend to recount
-the thoughts and actions of others. Rousseau would never have written
-this detail to M. de Malesherbes, had he not believed it to be true; and
-we think that he is more likely to have known the truth than
-Diderot.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_9_9" id="Note_9_9"></a><a href="#NoteRef_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a>There is an admirable letter addressed by the countess de
-Boufflers to Hume, which proves the ill-treatment which Rousseau met,
-and the general spirit of unkindness and treacherous ridicule in vogue
-against him; while at the same time the writer does not defend
-Rousseau's extravagant suspicions and conduct. The good sense and good
-taste of the whole letter is remarkable. Unfortunately placid David Hume
-had suffered himself to be led away by anger, and it was of no
-avail.</p></div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="CONDORCET">CONDORCET</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1744-1794.</h4>
-
-<p>
-Marie Jean Antoine de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet, was born at Saint
-Quentin, in Picardy, on the 17th of September, 1744. It is said that at
-an early age he gave tokens of the talents that distinguished him. The
-bent of his genius led him to the study of the exact sciences. It is the
-distinction of these pursuits that they lead at once to celebrity. A
-discovery in mathematics can neither be denied nor passed over.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet, at the age of twenty-one, was the author of a memoir on the
-integral calculus, one of the highest branches of the pure mathematics,
-in which at that time but small advances had been made, although it has
-since become one of the most powerful instruments of physical
-investigation. This essay gave him at once a title to be regarded as a
-successor worthy of Newton and Leibnitz, whose discoveries in the
-infinitesimal analysis he subsequently extended. This essay was
-published in the <i>Mémoires des Savants Étrangers</i>, and he was elected
-coadjutor of Grandjean de Fouchy, in the secretaryship of the Academy of
-Sciences. Eager to justify the choice of the Academy, he continued
-successfully to direct his labours to the higher mathematics. Among his
-essays on these branches of science may be mentioned a general method of
-finding the integral of an equation in finite terms whenever such an
-integral exists, and the general solution of the problem of maxima and
-minima. Had he continued to cultivate pure mathematics, there can be no
-doubt that he would have attained the greatest celebrity in that
-department of science.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet's mind was one of those in which reason preponderates to the
-exclusion of the imagination, so that whatever could not be definitively
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">{Pg 175}</a></span>
-proved to his understanding he considered absurd. This texture of
-intellect, at a time when philosophy was at work to discard, not only
-the errors of Catholicism, but to subvert Christianity itself, led him
-to ally himself with men who, while they exerted themselves to enlighten
-and enfranchise their fellow-creatures from the miseries of
-superstition, unfortunately went a step beyond, and overthrew, though
-they knew it not, the boundaries of morals as well as of religion. These
-men, for the most part, benevolent, studious, and virtuous, believed it
-easy to lead their fellow-creatures into the same road which they
-themselves trod; and that, bigotry and superstition being overthrown,
-persecution would vanish, and mankind live in a brotherhood of peace.
-Their passions being under their control, they supposed that, could
-reason be equally developed in all men, they would become, like
-themselves, dispassionate and tolerant. Condorcet was the intimate
-friend of D'Alembert; he visited Voltaire with him at Ferney, and was
-hailed as the youngest and most promising of his disciples. The latter
-certainly did not possess the calmness and disciplined mind of
-D'Alembert, but his genius and ardent benevolence brought excuses for
-the errors of his temper; and Condorcet, while he saw his faults, paid
-the tribute of flattery which the patriarch of French literature
-considered his due. As he became intimate with these philosophers, and
-participated in their views, he began to consider that there were truths
-of more importance than mathematical demonstrations,&mdash;truths that
-would subvert the impostures of priests, and give men nobler and higher
-rules of action than those instituted by the papal church. It is the
-misfortune of Catholicism that, by entangling the absurd and the true,
-those who throw off its errors are too apt, without examination, to cast
-away the truths which it has overgrown and distorted; but which minds of
-truer discernment can see and acknowledge. Condorcet, on first engaging
-in the labours of moral philosophy, took the easier path of refuting
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">{Pg 176}</a></span>
-others, rather than developing novel ideas of his own. His application
-and his memory had caused his mind to be richly stored with every kind
-of knowledge&mdash;add to this he was a profound logician. His first work
-of polemical philosophy was a refutation of the "Dictionnaire des Trois
-Siècles," by Sabathier de Castres. He assumed the epistolary form of
-argument, which is at once the easiest, and affords the fairest scope
-for the various arms of ridicule and reasoning. Voltaire hailed his work
-with delight, and bestowed a degree of praise highly encouraging to the
-young author.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His next labour was the arrangement and examination of the "Pensées" of
-Pascal. That illustrious Christian founded his system on the original
-weakness and sin of man. He represented him as a miserable, feeble,
-suffering being; spawned, as it were, by eternity, and cast on a narrow
-shoal of time; unknowing of the past, terrified by the future, helpless
-and lost in the present; and showed that the knowledge and the promises
-of the Redeemer were the only stay and the only consolation of his
-trembling, painful, and yet sinful existence. Condorcet took an opposite
-view of human nature. He regarded it as a power that by its laws
-assimilated all reason, all good, all knowledge, to its essence, but
-that tyranny and error stepped between; and the frauds of priests and
-the oppression of political institutions, taking from this being leisure
-and freedom of thought, reduced him to the feeble, ignorant, erring
-state in which most men are sunk. Casting the blame of the faults and
-ignorance of man on governments, he declared that these ought to be the
-objects of improvement and enlightenment to the philosopher; for, if
-these were in the advance of human knowledge, instead of lagging so far
-behind, mankind would speedily rise to a higher level, and grow, like
-the laws they obeyed, wise, just, and equal. This work appeared of such
-importance to Voltaire that he reprinted it himself, adding a preface,
-in which he said, "This true philosopher holds Pascal in the scales, and
-is the weightier of the two."
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">{Pg 177}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet was the friend of Turgot, a minister whose virtues and genius
-attached to him all the more enlightened men of the day. His ministry,
-however, was stormy, since he was among the first who endeavoured to
-bring a remedy to the ruined finances of France, without being permitted
-to strike at the root of the evil&mdash;unequal taxation and extravagant
-expenditure. His edict touching the sale of corn excited popular
-commotions, and was attacked by Necker. Condorcet undertook to answer
-Necker's book, but was on the unpopular side, and therefore not read. He
-wrote a series of laudatory biographical essays on various academicians,
-and men of science and celebrity, Euler, Franklin, D'Alembert, and
-others. In these he, at the same time, developed his scientific
-knowledge and his theory of the perfectibility of the human species.
-Every useful and liberal cause found him its partisan. He was one among
-the opponents of negro slavery; and, feeling that diatribes against the
-cruelty and wickedness of the slave trade would not avail with those who
-regarded it as advantageous to the country, he argued to prove its
-political and commercial inexpediency. He was a laborious and prolific
-writer, urged on by a strong sense of duty; for, firmly believing that
-the wisdom of philosophers was of vast influence in improving the moral
-condition of mankind, he believed it to be the primal duty of thinking
-men to propagate their opinions. In his life of Turgot he details his
-theories of the perfectibility of his species, which the minister had
-also entertained. He undertook an edition of the works of Voltaire, and
-wrote the life of that great wit, one of the best and most elegant of
-his works. To escape persecution, or to give greater force to his
-writings, he published several of his writings under fictitious names.
-In this manner, he brought out his "Reflections on Negro Slavery" under
-the name of Swartz, a pastor of Bienne. A biographer observes on this
-work, that "the simplicity, elegance, and precision of the style; the
-forcible arguments, respect for misfortune, and indignation at crime;
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">{Pg 178}</a></span>
-the tone which inviolable probity inspires, and which art cannot
-imitate, obtained signal success for this work. Those who were fortunate
-enough to be intimate with Condorcet easily raised the veil under which
-he concealed himself." In the same way, he adopted the name of a citizen
-of Newhaven, when he wrote to refute a book by De Lolme, in praise of
-the English constitution, insisting, in particular, on the benefits
-arising from two legislative chambers. Condorcet argued that all just
-government ought to be founded on giving preponderance to the majority;
-and he brought all his logic to prove that to confide the task of
-legislation to two chambers, one of which should propose and the other
-sanction laws, was to give to the minority a power superior to that
-enjoyed by the majority; since that which had been proposed unanimously
-in one chamber might be rejected by a slight majority in the other. He
-went on to establish maxims and legal fictions by which it would be
-possible to ascertain the desires of the majority in a state,&mdash;a
-question that occupied his serious consideration in other works.
-Condorcet, in these writings, showed his attachment to all that should
-ameliorate the social condition, and enlarge the sphere of intellect
-among his fellow-creatures. He did not, in his reasonings, give
-sufficient force to the influence of passion, especially when exerted
-over masses, nor the vast power which the many have when they assert
-themselves, nor the facility with which the interested few can lead
-assembled numbers into error and crime. D'Alembert called Condorcet a
-volcano covered by snow. There are men of great personal susceptibility,
-uncontrollable passions, and excitable imaginations, who have the same
-power over their fellow-creatures that fire has over materials cast upon
-it&mdash;they impart their energy, even though it be for self-destruction,
-to all around. There are others, and among such was Condorcet, of great but
-regulated enthusiasm of soul;&mdash;which enthusiasm, derived from abstract
-principles and founded on severe reason, is more steady, more
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">{Pg 179}</a></span>
-disinterested, and more enduring than that springing from passion; but
-it exercises little immediate influence over others, and is acknowledged
-and appreciated only in hours of calm. Amidst the tempest of political
-struggles it is passed by as timid, cold, and impotent.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A philosopher of this sort was destined to have great influence at the
-commencement of the French Revolution, while men acted from a sense of
-right and a virtuous desire to found the changes they brought about on
-reason, justice, and the good of mankind. His integrity caused him to be
-respected, and his powers of mind to receive attention.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He anticipated change, and had contributed to it by spreading abroad his
-opinions for the enfranchisement of the French people from the laws and
-customs that ground them to the earth. When the ferment began he
-assisted in directing it by his writings, and assembled at his house the
-most distinguished men of the liberal party. He was now no longer a
-young man. Habit had confirmed all his opinions, while mature years
-imparted that calm which caused him to see clearly and act firmly, but
-without precipitation or violence. On the convocation of the states
-general, he wrote a declaration of the rights of man, to serve as a
-guide and model to the future legislators of his country. He caused it
-to be translated into English by Dr. Gems, and brought it out as the
-work of an American.
-<span class="sidenote1">1788.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-44.</span>
-When the states general met, he became more and more absorbed by the
-political state of his country. He did not make one of the assembly; but
-the influence from without was of vast importance, not only to inspire
-the members with energy and constancy, but to daunt the court and the
-nobles, who scarcely understood and longed to spurn the claimants of a
-power of which they had long held possession, while they misused it to
-the ruin first of their country and then of themselves. Condorcet wrote
-a refutation of an address presented in favour of the court and the
-privileged orders, and demanded a partial confiscation of church
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">{Pg 180}</a></span>
-property to pay the national debt. He published a pamphlet, entitled "On
-what has been done, and what remains to do," full of clear and useful
-views for the future. He thus became a portion of the revolution, and
-allied himself with its more illustrious chiefs, who afterwards formed
-the girondist party,&mdash;a sect which was republican in heart, but which
-would have been satisfied with a limited monarchy, could they have
-depended on the fidelity of the king to the constitution. The chief
-object of Condorcet's attacks was the church. He was an infidel, and
-believed philosophy to be a better guide than religion both for states
-and individuals; besides this, he looked on the French clergy as a
-peculiarly obnoxious priesthood. The quarrels of the molinists and
-jansenists,&mdash;the extermination of the huguenots,&mdash;the war they
-carried on against all knowledge and freedom,&mdash;made him ardently
-desire to limit their power within strict bounds, and he was eager to
-lessen their wealth, as the first sure step towards decreasing their
-influence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On every occasion he came forward to enlighten and guide the decisions
-of the assembly by his published arguments. He discussed the injury to
-arise from a division of the legislative power into two chambers, and
-showed great sagacity when he demonstrated the evils attendant on the
-system of assignats.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The weakness of the unfortunate king, who yielded to the new state of
-things only on compulsion, and turned his eyes towards the emigrants and
-foreign potentates as deliverers, still hoping for a restoration to
-absolute power, caused the moderate party of girondists to abandon the
-cause of royalty altogether, and to believe that there was no
-possibility of confirming the blessings which they believed that their
-country reaped from the revolution, nor of protecting the nation from
-invasion, and the re-establishment of absolutism armed with foreign
-soldiers for the execution of vengeance, except in the dethronement of
-the king and erection of a republic. The flight of Louis to Varennes put
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">{Pg 181}</a></span>
-the seal of conviction on these opinions. It was believed that he fled
-only to return with the Austrians and the emigrants, armed to
-exterminate the friends of liberty. Condorcet pronounced on this
-occasion a violent speech against monarchy, and followed up his attack
-by a series of bitter articles in a paper called "The Republican." His
-popularity increased greatly through this course. He was designated by
-the jacobins as governor of the dauphin, but Louis refused to ratify the
-nomination.
-<span class="sidenote1">1791.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-47.</span>
-He was also appointed commissioner of the treasury; which, at his
-desire, changed its name to the national instead of the royal treasury;
-and he was elected member of the new representative assembly by the
-electors of the city of Paris itself. He drew up the article of "The
-National Assembly" in the "Chronicle," on this occasion, to enlighten
-his colleagues on the state of the nation, and the measures proper to be
-taken for its security.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In all his speeches and projected decrees he mingled the most determined
-opposition to such acts and establishments as he believed to be hostile
-to the liberty of his country, with mildness and justice towards
-individuals. Thus, on the 25th of October, he made a speech on the
-subject of emigration, which at the time that it was delivered excited
-the warmest applause, and the printing of it was voted. In this
-discourse, he drew a line between the emigrants who left their country
-for the sake merely of withdrawing from the political disturbances, and
-those who entertained the nefarious project of exciting foreign powers
-to invade France, and meditated carrying arms themselves against their
-countrymen. He denounced the connivance of the court with the intrigues
-at Coblentz. He showed the necessity of firm measures, and asserted that
-an unasked pardon held out to the emigrants gave birth to contempt
-merely among the haughty nobles who expected a speedy triumph over a
-class of men whom they despised. A few days after, the mountain party
-attacked his purposed decree as insufficient and feeble, and it was
-abandoned.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">{Pg 182}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This alliance with foreign governments and the complicity of the court
-with the emigrants, roused a spirit in France, at first noble and
-heroic, till, led away by base and sanguinary men, grandeur of purpose
-merged into ferocity, and heroism became a thirst of blood such as
-mankind had never displayed before towards men of the same colour and
-language as themselves, and can be compared only to the conduct of the
-Spaniards in the newly discovered world.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But the first burst of generous indignation against the traitors who
-carried arms against their country, and the crowned foes who denounced
-the actual government of France as rebellious, to be punished by the
-devastation and subjection of the nation, found an echo in every
-patriotic heart not misled by enthusiasm for royalty. On the 27th of
-December Vergniaud proposed an address to the French people, which was
-greatly applauded though not adopted. Two days after Condorcet presented
-his declaration, which was received with triumphant and unanimous
-acclamations. This declaration is dignified and firm, and shows the just
-as well as generous spirit which animated the greater portion of the
-assembly, till the panic engendered by the advance of the armies threw
-the power into the hands of the ferocious minority. "At the moment when,
-for the first time since the acquirement of liberty,"&mdash;thus ran his
-manifesto,&mdash;"the French people may find themselves reduced to exercise
-the terrible right of war, her representatives owe to Europe and to all
-humanity a declaration of the motives that have guided the resolutions
-of France, and an exposition of the principles that will rule their
-conduct. The French nation renounces the entering on any war with a view
-of making conquests, and will never employ her force against the liberty
-of any country. Such is the sacred vow by which we have allied our
-welfare to the welfare of every other nation, and to which we will be
-faithful. France will take up arms with regret but with ardour, to
-insure her own safety, her internal tranquillity; and will lay them down
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">{Pg 183}</a></span>
-with joy when she no longer fears for that liberty and equality which
-are become the only elements in which Frenchmen can live." When, soon
-after, the country seemed menaced by civil war, the departments
-regarding with fear and jealousy the proceedings in Paris, Condorcet
-again ascended the tribune to propose an exposition of their conduct, as
-due, not to the calumniators of the revolution, but to those timid and
-mistaken men, who, at a great distance, were led away by false and
-fabricated accounts. He then read an address which contained the history
-of the labours of the assembly and an exposition of its principles. The
-address was voted by acclamation, and ordered to be printed and
-distributed in the departments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The integrity of Condorcet raised him high in the esteem of his
-countrymen; as springing from the class of nobles, his disinterestedness
-could not be doubted. He loved his country, he loved reason and
-knowledge, and virtuous conduct and benevolent sentiments. He was, with
-all this, a determined republican. His favourite theory being the
-perfectibility of mankind, he rejected that view of human nature which
-inculcates the necessity of ruling the many by the few, and sinking the
-majority of his fellow-creatures in ignorance and hard labour; he wished
-all to be enlightened as to their duties, and all to tend equally to the
-improvement of their intellectual and moral nature. These theories, if
-they be mistaken, emanate from benevolent and just feelings. They made
-him a democrat, because the very corner-stone of royalty and aristocracy
-is the setting apart a class of men to possess the better gifts of
-fortune and education, and the reduction of the rest to a state of
-intellectual dependence and physical necessity.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1792.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-48.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-When the king exercised his veto, and put a stop to the measures
-considered necessary by the assembly for the safety of France,
-Condorcet, even as early as the month of March, represented the
-monarchical power as at open war with the nation, and proposed that the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">{Pg 184}</a></span>
-king should be considered as having abdicated. His view met with few
-co-operators at that crisis, and was set aside. He busied himself, at
-the same time, in forming a plan of national education, and brought
-forward a system on a more philosophical and comprehensive scale than
-had hitherto been meditated. It was his design to secure to the human
-race, to use his own expressions, the means of satisfying their
-necessities, and securing their welfare; of knowing and exercising their
-rights, and of understanding and fulfilling their duties; giving scope
-to all to carry their industry to a state of perfection, and to render
-themselves capable of the social functions which they were called upon
-to exert; to develope to their extent the talents given them by nature;
-and thus to establish in the nation a real equality, so to meet the
-political equality established by law.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The system of instruction which was to realise so blessed a state of
-society he considered as properly placed in the hands of government. He
-looked forward, indeed, to the time when public establishments for
-education would become superfluous and even detrimental; but this would
-only be when right reason prevailed, and it was no longer necessary for
-the wiser few to labour to destroy the prejudices and mistakes of the
-ignorant many; when superstition should be no more; and when each man
-should find in his own knowledge, and in the rectitude of his mind, arms
-sufficient to combat every species of imposition.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet looked on virtue as capable of exact demonstration, as
-conducive to public and individual happiness, and on man as a
-sufficiently reasonable being to follow its dictates, if sufficiently
-enlightened, without the aid of religion or the coercion of punishment.
-He regarded the passions as capable of being controlled by the
-understanding. He, benevolent and conscientious, practising no vice,
-carefully extirpating from his mind all that he believed to be error,
-was to himself a mirror in which the whole human race was reflected.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">{Pg 185}</a></span>
-Also, like all the French politicians of that day, he wished to treat
-mankind like puppets, and fancied that it was only necessary to pull
-particular strings to draw them within the circle of order and reason.
-We none of us know the laws of our nature; and there can be little doubt
-that, if philosophers like Condorcet did educate their fellows into some
-approximation to their rule of right, the ardent feelings and burning
-imaginations of man would create something now un thought of, but not
-less different from the results he expected, than the series of sin and
-sorrow which now desolates the world. It is not for this that we would
-throw a slur over the upright endeavours of the pious and the good to
-improve their fellows; but we do over any endeavour of government to
-bind the intellect in chains. It was, therefore, in some degree, for the
-best, that his views were not followed out. When his plan for national
-education and a national society of arts and sciences, charged with the
-duty of overlooking and directing public instruction,&mdash;for the purpose
-not only of enlightening the present generation, but of preparing the
-human species for an indefinite advance in wisdom and virtue,&mdash;when
-this plan was presented by the chief Girondists to the court, a friend of
-Condorcet, struck with dismay at the degree of power that would accrue
-to the rulers, said, "If they adopt your plan, our freedom is
-destroyed." "Fear nothing," replied Condorcet, "ignorance and vanity
-will make them reject it." Unfortunately, the treaty carried on by the
-Girondists with the court on this occasion injured their popularity. The
-French were at a crisis that demanded that their rulers should think
-only of measures and acts adapted to it. The mountain party felt this,
-and acted for the day, and thus succeeded in overthrowing their rivals,
-who philosophically and calmly legislated for future generations, while
-their single object ought to have been to save the living one from the
-foreign foe and their own evil passions.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">{Pg 186}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The manifesto of the duke of Brunswick was the first cause of the
-madness which was soon to make France an example of the crimes that may
-be committed by a people in the name of liberty. When first this
-manifesto spread indignation and fear through France, Condorcet made
-himself conspicuous by a speech proposing an address to the king to
-express the discontent of the assembly at his lukewarm disapprobation of
-the actions of the emigrants, and his want of energy in repulsing the
-offers of foreign potentates to deliver him from the hands of his
-subjects and the shackles of the constitution which he had accepted. The
-subsequent dethronement of the king and establishment of a republic were
-events after his own heart.
-<span class="sidenote2">1792.</span>
-A commission had been named, during the first days of August, to examine
-the question of the abolition of monarchy, and Condorcet was named
-reporter. He considered it, in the first place, necessary to explain to
-the people the grounds on which he went, and drew up a paper which he
-called "Instruction préparatoire sur l'Exercise du Droit de
-Souveraineté;" in which he expounded, that as foreign potentates had
-denounced every Frenchman who defended the liberties of his country as
-rebels to be punished by death, and as the monarch treacherously
-weakened their powers of defence against the foe, so was it right and
-necessary that the nation should take the sovereignty into their own
-hands. When the events of the 10th of August had sealed the fate of the
-unhappy Louis, Condorcet proposed a declaration of the motives that led
-to his being set aside, which, while it strongly accused the monarch and
-his court of betraying the cause of the people, was animated by a spirit
-of fairness, moderation, and dignity, that did honour to the cause which
-he espoused.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet's popularity was now at its height and he was courted even by
-the jacobins and the mountain party. He was invited by several
-departments to represent them in the new convention. Madame Roland
-accuses him of pusillanimity: perhaps her accusation is partly founded
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">{Pg 187}</a></span>
-on the fact that at this moment of fierce rivalship and strife between
-the Girondists and Mountain, he rather strove to conciliate the latter
-than to drive the struggle to extremities. He had a high esteem for the
-talents of Danton, and often remarked, with regard to the jacobins, that
-it were better to moderate than to quarrel with them. He was named at
-this time one of the committee to draw up a constitution, and his
-labours were chiefly employed on this object.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Looking upon the king as the treacherous enemy of the new state of
-things in France, and therefore, according to his reasoning, of France
-itself, he did not hesitate to name Louis a traitor during the debate
-that followed the monarch's trial; but he did not vote for his death.
-"All different degrees of punishment for the same offence," he argued,
-"was an offence against equality. The punishment of conspirators is
-death; but this punishment is contrary to my principles, and I will
-never vote it. I cannot vote for imprisonment, for no law gives me the
-power; I vote for the heaviest punishment established in the penal code
-that is not death." He afterwards voted for the reprieve for the king
-until the peace; but the struggle of the Girondists to save the
-monarch's life was, as is known, useless.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In drawing up a constitution the philosopher thought more of future
-generations than the present: he considered France as ground cleared of
-all encumbrance, on which to raise an edifice of government designed in
-strict accordance to justice and the permanent welfare of mankind: to
-continue the metaphor, he gave no heed to the more than inequalities of
-soil,&mdash;the gulfs and chasms produced by the earthquake-revolution. His
-report of the labours of the committee, together with the speech he made
-on presenting it, was, however, received at first with acclamation, and
-ordered to be printed. The jacobins disapproved tacitly in the
-commencement, but by degrees they raised accusations against Condorcet
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">{Pg 188}</a></span>
-on account of the limited power which he committed to the people.
-Underhand disapprobation was spread abroad, but did not become so
-current, but that the committee of public safety applied to him to draw
-up a manifesto, which the convention wished to address to every nation
-and government, with regard to the violation of the law of nations in
-the persons of four deputies delivered up by Dumouriez to the Austrians:
-they admired him as a writer, and believed that their cause would be
-eloquently and well defended by his pen. He wrote with great fervour
-both against Lafayette and Dumouriez, as having betrayed the cause of
-their country, and appealed against the conduct of Austria to the
-interests and sense of justice of every free country.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1793.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-49.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Even on the approach of the 31st of May, notwithstanding his intimacy
-with Roland and other Girondists on whom the Mountain party were about
-to seize, Condorcet continued to be consulted and employed by the
-committee of public safety. Those of the girondists who, foreseeing the
-anarchy that must ensue from the triumph of the jacobins, considered
-their overthrow of more immediate importance than the repulsing the foe
-from the soil of France, disapproved of Condorcet's working for their
-enemies: he kept apart from both, while he laboured for the cause of the
-republic, and remarked that his friends were offended because he did not
-break with the committee of public safety; and the committee, on the
-other hand, desired that he should refrain from all intercourse with his
-friends. "I endeavour," he added, "that each party shall think less of
-itself and a great deal more of the commonwealth." He began to perceive,
-however, that it was impossible any longer to use measures of
-conciliation with Robespierre, but he hoped to restrain him by fear: the
-latter, however, triumphed. The 31st of May brought with it the decree
-of arrest of twenty-two Girondists: Condorcet was not among them. He
-might by silence and prudence have continued for some time longer to sit
-in the convention; but he saw with indignation the empty benches on
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">{Pg 189}</a></span>
-which his friends used to appear, and the growing power of a ferocious
-oligarchy. He denounced the weakness of the convention, and the tyranny
-exercised over it by a few ambitious and resolute men, in a letter to
-his constituents, which was denounced and sent for examination to the
-committee of public safety. From this moment the jacobins marked him out
-also for a victim; and the ex-capuchin Chabot denounced him for having
-written against the new constitution of 1793; which superseded the one
-he had drawn up: he was summoned to the bar, and a decree of arrest
-passed against him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The sanguinary characters and tenets of the leading jacobins had already
-made him say that no one was sure of six months of life, and he
-considered the decree of arrest synonymous to a sentence of death. He
-escaped pursuit, and concealed himself. A generous woman, before unknown
-to him, and who has never revealed her name to the world, gave him
-refuge in her house. Denounced on the 3d of October, as Brissot's
-accomplice, there was no doubt that had he been taken he had shared the
-fate of the deputies who were guillotined in the month of November; but
-his place of concealment was not suspected, and he remained in safety
-till the August of the following year.
-<span class="sidenote1">1794.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-50.</span>
-During this long seclusion, he projected occupation in writing. At
-first, he meditated detailing the history of his political career; but
-he reflected that his many labours for his country were irrefragable
-documents; and, more attached to opinions which he considered pregnant
-with the welfare of mankind, than to facts which were but the evanescent
-forms of change, he applied himself to developing his theories in an
-"Historical Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind." This is his most
-celebrated work. It is full of error and even of intolerance; still the
-clearness of the views, the enthusiasm with which he developes them, the
-order, precision, and the originality of his theories, render it
-remarkable. He glances over the past, and argues that each succeeding
-epoch in the history of mankind has brought moral improvement and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">{Pg 190}</a></span>
-increase of knowledge. There are two views to be taken of human nature.
-Condorcet insists that the moderns have more knowledge and wisdom and
-moral power than the ancients. He founds this opinion on the great
-progress made in scientific truths, and does not hesitate also to oppose
-French literature to the Greek, as demonstrating the advance of the
-human intellect in every branch. He compares also the states, wars, and
-crimes of antiquity with modern society and institutions, and deduces
-that we are more virtuous, more humane, and more reasonable than
-preceding generations.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-No greater poet has appeared since Homer composed the Iliad,&mdash;no more
-acute philosopher than Aristotle,&mdash;no more virtuous character than
-Socrates, nor sublimer hero than Regulus. By standing on ground reached
-by the ancients, the mass may climb higher than the masses that went
-before; but, in making progress, we do not develope more genius and
-sagacity, but rather less, than those who prepared our way. It is to be
-doubted, therefore, whether mankind can progress so as to produce
-specimens superior to Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, Regulus, and many
-others who adorned antiquity.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-But it cannot be doubted, on the other hand, that progress has been made
-in the general diffusion of knowledge and in the amelioration of the
-state of society. Philosophers ought, therefore, not to dream of
-removing the bounds of human perfection, such as we find it among the
-best, but in bringing the many up to the standard of the few, and
-causing nations to understand and aim at wisdom and justice with the
-same ardour as individuals among them have been found to do.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Condorcet developed his views of human perfection while the principle of
-evil was making giant inroads in France, and blood and terror were the
-order of the day. Separated from all dear to him, his wife and child,
-and not daring himself to see the light of heaven, he did not lose the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">{Pg 191}</a></span>
-cheerfulness of his temper, nor mourn vainly over his disasters. In this
-situation, he wrote an epistle to his wife in the character of a Pole
-exiled to Siberia in 1768. In this are to be found a couplet since often
-quoted relative to political victims,&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Ils m'ont dit, 'Choisis d'être oppresseur ou victime:'</span><br />
-<span class="i2">J'embrassai le malheur, et leur laissai le crime."</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-A couplet peculiarly applicable to him who would have been gladly
-received by the violent party, and had the way open to him to rule,
-instead of being sacrificed as a victim. He declares in this poem that
-the anticipation of a violent death did not alter the serenity of his
-soul, and speaks of the occupations that banished ennui from his
-solitary place of refuge.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He was soon to lose this shelter: a newspaper fell into his hands in
-which he read the decree that outlawed him, and denounced the pain of
-death against any one who should harbour one of the proscribed. He
-instantly resolved no longer to endanger his generous hostess,&mdash;she
-endeavoured to dissuade him from this fatal step, but in vain: he
-disguised himself as a countryman, and passed the barriers without a
-passport. He directed his steps to Sceaux, where he hoped to find refuge
-in the house of a friend; but he was absent in Paris, nor expected back
-for three days, and Condorcet was obliged to hide in the neighbouring
-quarries. After several days spent miserably in this spot, hunger forced
-him to enter the little inn of Chamont. The avidity with, which he ate
-the food placed before him, and his squalid appearance, drew the
-attention of a member of the committee of public safety of Sceaux, who
-happened to be present. He was asked for his passport, and, not having
-one, was arrested and interrogated. No ready he hung on the lips of the
-worshipper of truth, and his unsatisfactory answers, and a Horace found
-in his pocket with marginal notes in pencil, contributed to reveal his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">{Pg 192}</a></span>
-name. He was taken to Bourg-la-Reine. Such was his state of exhaustion
-that he fainted at Châtillon, and it was found necessary to mount him on
-a vine-dresser's horse. On his arrival at Bourg, he was thrown into a
-dungeon, and forgotten by the jailor for the space of twenty-four hours,
-when he was found dead; some suppose from the effects of poison; but the
-probabilities are that he died of exhaustion, hunger, and cold.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The accusation against Condorcet, found in madame Roland's memoirs,
-where she speaks of his cowardice, cannot be passed over, though we do
-not give it absolute credence. Her asperity is not measured, though she
-speaks highly of his intellect. "It may be said," she remarks, "of his
-understanding and his person that it is a fine essence absorbed in
-cotton. The timidity that forms the basis of his character, and which he
-displays even in society, in his countenance and attitudes, does not
-result from his frame alone, but seems inherent in his soul, and his
-talents have furnished him with no means of subduing it." There must be
-both misapprehension and exaggeration in this picture. We find no
-pusillanimity in his last acts or writings. When he might have saved
-himself among the Mountain party, he chose to share the fate of the
-proscribed Girondists. This conduct could spring only from conscientious
-and noble motives, and a courageous spirit. His numerous political
-labours give no sign of lukewarmness or tergiversation. They are clear,
-fervent, and bold with regard to those principles which he held dear. If
-not profound, nor endowed with the highest order of genius, yet his
-erudition, ready talent for argument, and admirable memory, give him a
-high place among men of talent. As a politician, his unflinching war
-against royalty and aristocracy place him among those politicians who
-look on mankind as a species, and legislate for them as an equal whole,
-instead of dividing them into ranks and tribes. His benevolence made him
-the enemy of oppression, and he expressed this when he exclaimed, "Peace
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">{Pg 193}</a></span>
-with cottages, war on castles!" which, had it comprised the history of
-revolution, the history of France were not stained with its darkest
-pages. The <i>sans-culottes</i> did not spare cottages: they made war on
-all who were not as ferocious as themselves: Condorcet was among the
-victims. Benevolence, justice, and attachment to the cause of freedom,
-remained warm in his heart to the end. Not long before his death,
-anticipating the speedy close of his existence, he put on paper his last
-wishes with regard to his daughter. He desired that she should be
-educated in republican simplicity, and taught to crush every feeling of
-vengeance towards his destroyers. "Let her know," he wrote, "that none
-ever entered my heart."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His wife was a woman of great beauty, merit, and talent, and was the
-author of some philosophical works. She was thrown into prison by
-Robespierre, but escaped the guillotine, and did not die till 1822,
-having lived many years in Paris, surrounded by the remnants of the
-French republicans and philosophers of 1793. His daughter was
-distinguished for her unpretending virtues and accomplished mind. She
-became the wife of the celebrated Arthur O'Connor.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">{Pg 194}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="MIRABEAU">MIRABEAU</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1749-1791.</h4>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to imagine a greater contrast of character than that
-between the subject of the preceding memoir and the present. Condorcet
-was a man of warm affections, well regulated mind, and clear precise
-understanding; his enthusiasm was lighted up by benevolence, and the
-love of that which he considered truth. He was timid, yet firm; mild,
-yet resolute. Mirabeau resembled his Italian ancestors, rather than the
-usual French character. His violent passions governed him, and caused
-him to govern others through his earnestness and vehemence. His
-intellect showed itself rather in eloquent bursts than in works of
-reason, and yet he could apply himself more sedulously than almost any
-other man when he had an object in view. Profligate, extravagant, and
-proud, ardent and ambitious, with a warm kind heart, and a mind which
-erred only under the influence of passion, he passed a life of adversity
-and oppression, to die at the moment he reached a degree of power which
-is allotted to few men not born to its inheritance.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The family and progenitors of Mirabeau were all remarkable. He left, in
-manuscript, a sketch of the family history, and a more detailed life of
-his grandfather, in which we find singularly displayed the energy, iron
-will, and pride of the race. The name they originally bore was
-Arrighetti; the family was Florentine, and driven from that city in
-1268, during one of the revolutions occasioned by the quarrels of the
-Guelphs and Ghibelines. A sentence of perpetual exile was pronounced
-against Azzo Arrighetti and his descendants, and Azzo took refuge, as
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">{Pg 195}</a></span>
-many other ghibelines had done, in Provence; and the name of Riquetti is
-found on various occasions in the history of Marseilles. Those who bore
-it played at all times a foremost and bold part: they were eagle-eyed
-men, fierce and headstrong, yet discerning. During the war of the fronde
-the family was royalist, and was rewarded by a patent of Louis XIV.,
-which erected their estate of Mirabeau into a marquisate. Jean Antoine,
-grandfather of the subject of this memoir, was one of five sons, who all
-ran an eccentric, bold, and active career. He passed his younger days in
-the army, and went through many hairbreadth perils and incredible
-adventures. The last campaign in which he served was that of the duke de
-Vendôme, in Italy. He performed prodigies of valour in the battle of
-Cassano, and was left for dead on the field. Found by the enemy with
-some slight signs of life, prince Eugene, who knew and esteemed him,
-sent him, without ransom, to the French camp, that the operation
-necessary for his preservation might not be delayed. His life was saved,
-but he survived frightfully mutilated, and a martyr to severe physical
-suffering to the end of his life. He returned home to find his fortune
-dilapidated, but never to lose that intrepidity and pride that formed
-the foundation of the family character. He married, and found in the
-admirable character of his wife the reward and solace of his sufferings:
-she had been struck by the heroism of his character; and it is related
-of her, that some expressions of pity for her being the wife of a
-cripple, and of a man of a haughty, imperious character, having met her
-ear, she exclaimed, "Ah! if you knew how happy one is to be able to
-respect one's husband." He was an admirable landlord and a careful
-father; and his family flourished under his superintendence, till
-implicated, through the imprudence of his wife's brother, in the system
-of Law, he was ruined on the breaking of the bubble. From that time he
-lived in retirement, bending all his efforts to the paying his debts and
-repairing his fortune. He died in 1737, at the age of seventy-one,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">{Pg 196}</a></span>
-feared yet beloved by all in connexion with him.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He left three sons: Victor, the eldest, succeeded to the honours and
-possessions of the house. This man was a strange mixture of good
-intention and evil doing;&mdash;a general philanthropist, and yet the
-persecutor and enemy of his own family; against various members of which
-he obtained, at different times, fifty-seven lettres de cachet, nearly a
-score of which were levelled against his eldest son. He had more vanity
-than pride, and his haughtiness was unaccompanied by a spirit of
-justice, yet joined to a perfect conviction that he was always in the
-right. Implacable towards others, indulgent with regard to himself:
-hence spring the contradictions observable in his character; we find
-displayed a mixture of sternness and softness, rancour and good humour.
-Had he been as severe with himself as others, his whole character had
-been rigid, but he would have been more just and virtuous: as it was, we
-find him plastic to the influence of his own passions or vanity, and
-become gentle and even playful under their influence: whatever jarred
-with these found him despotic and unforgiving. Thus he grew into a
-domestic tyrant, and while he ran after popularity in his own person, he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">{Pg 197}</a></span>
-disdained and crushed the talents of his son. His literary reputation
-did not begin till he had passed mid-life; it was founded on "L'Ami des
-Hommes," a work in five volumes, which, in the midst of great
-diffuseness and confusion, is yet remarkable for the knowledge it
-displays in agriculture and statistics, and for many clear and liberal
-views. His "Théorie de l'Impôt," published in 1760, caused him,
-through his attack on the financiers of the day, to be imprisoned in the
-fortress of Vincennes. He wrote many other works on the same species of
-subjects. It is a curious circumstance that, while he adopted in his
-publications a bad, inflated, and obscure style, his private letters are
-witty, gay, and flowing. He had, of course, served in his youth; but
-disappointment with regard to promotion, combined with his desire to
-acquire a literary reputation, caused him to quit the army. He married a
-young widow of good birth and fortune, Marie Geneviève de Vassam, who
-had been previously married to the marquis de Saulvebeuf. His desire of
-shining in literature made him approach Paris, and he bought the estate
-of Bignon, not far from Nemours, and gave himself up to what he
-considered his vocation. For many years the disturbances of his domestic
-life were confined under his own roof. He had a family of eleven
-children: he was passionately attached to his mother, whom he regarded
-with a filial veneration that belonged to the old school of manners and
-piety. Fifteen years changed the scene; quarrels and litigations arose
-between him and his wife. She was violent and indiscreet; he was
-tyrannical and unjust; and conjugal infidelity rendered their separation
-final. Madame de Pailly, a young woman of great beauty, to whom he was
-attached, installed herself at Bignon, and exercised a most powerful and
-sinister influence over his conduct towards his family. His wife was
-indignant: he replied to her resentful representations by the most
-odious acts of despotism, and conceived a violent hatred against the
-mother of his children. A scandalous lawsuit was the result; the
-fortunes of both parties were irreparably injured; and the unfortunate
-offspring were in a worse situation than orphans;&mdash;hated by their
-father,&mdash;not daring to see their mother, who was shut up in a
-convent,&mdash;treated with the utmost severity on one hand, and without
-resource in maternal affection on the other. Added to his matrimonial
-dissensions were the attacks made on him in his quality of author.
-"L'Ami des Hommes," as the marquis de Mirabeau was commonly called from
-his book, carried all the impetuosity, self-sufficiency, and haughtiness
-of his race into his literary career; and it may be supposed that
-became as stormy as his father's had been on the field of battle. His
-confidence in his own talents and powers was unbounded: he never
-attributed the misfortunes that pursued him to any error or rashness of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">{Pg 198}</a></span>
-his own; he looked on them as the dispensation of Providence, or as
-arising from the folly and injustice of his fellow-creatures. No
-hesitation, no doubt with regard to himself, ever entered his mind;
-every thing was sacrificed to his opinions, his convictions, his
-mistaken sense of his duties. He was blinded, as a French biographer
-observes, by the most deceptive of all fanaticisms&mdash;that of his own
-infallibility. The passions that in another he would have regarded as
-crimes, he looked on as virtues in himself: he could never perceive the
-shadow of right or justice in any cause or views at variance with his
-own. Such was the father who became the bitter enemy and persecutor of a
-son, endowed with all the genius, passions, and faults of his race.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Gabriel Honoré was the fifth child of the marquis: through the previous
-death of a brother in the cradle, he was, at the time of his birth, the
-only son. He was born at Bignon. He came into the world with teeth, and
-was an enormously large infant. It was remarked of him, that, destined
-to become the most turbulent and active of men, he was born with a
-twisted foot; and, gifted with extraordinary eloquence, he was
-tongue-tied. At three years of age he had the small-pox, and his mother,
-who dabbled in medicine, making some experiments on the pustules, the
-result was that he remained frightfully seared and marked. His father
-was evidently deeply mortified, and wrote to his brother, "Your nephew
-is as ugly as if he were Satan's." His other children being remarkably
-handsome, this circumstance became more disastrous to the sufferer. The
-boy, however, early showed talent, which was nurtured by an excellent
-tutor, and less judiciously overlooked by his father, who resolved to
-give him an education of unequalled excellence&mdash;that is, one of
-perpetual restraint, reprimand, and chastisement. We have interesting
-details of his infancy and youth, in extracts from a series of letters
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">{Pg 199}</a></span>
-which passed between the marquis and his brother.<a name="NoteRef_10_10" id="NoteRef_10_10"></a><a href="#Note_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> The bailli de
-Mirabeau was entered by his father into the order of knights of Malta in
-his infancy. He served in the French navy for the space of thirty-one
-years, when he retired without recompence, except such as he derived
-from a high reputation. He was a proud, austere, and resolute man,
-possessing at the same time extreme piety, great goodness, and
-unblemished integrity of character, together with a foundation of good
-sense that contrasts with his brother's intemperate sallies.
-Uncompromising even to roughness, he was ill suited to a court, while
-his bravery and sound understanding fitted him for public service. Proud
-of the antiquity of his race; openly disdainful of the new-created
-noblesse; frank, upright, but somewhat discontented, as he well might
-be, at the small reward his services received; yet at the same time too
-haughty to wait obsequiously on the great, or even to take the measures
-necessary to refresh their memory, he passed the latter part of his life
-in retirement. He devoted his fortune to his brother's service, whom he
-respected as the head of the family, and regarded with warm fraternal
-affection. A correspondence subsisted between the one, living either at
-Paris or Bignon, and the other, who was serving his country at a
-distance, or established at Mirabeau, which discloses the secrets of the
-family, and unveils the motives and passions that swayed the conduct of
-the marquis. The bailli was deeply interested in the child who was to
-transmit the family name, and, being at the time of the boy's birth
-governor of Guadaloupe, wrote earnestly home for information with regard
-to him. The child early developed quickness of intellect and turbulence
-of temper, joined to kindness of heart. Poisson, his tutor, was a
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">{Pg 200}</a></span>
-careful but severe guide, and if ever he was softened, the marquis
-stepped in to chastise. Soon, too soon, the paternal scoldings and
-punishments became angry reprimands and constant disapprobation, which
-verged into hatred. These feelings were increased by the imprudences and
-vivacity of the boy, the misjudged quarrels of the mother, the artful
-manœuvres of madame de Pailly, and the bitter hatred conceived by an
-old servant named Gervin, who, from some unknown cause, exercised
-extraordinary influence over the marquis. The chief fault particularised
-by the father was the boy's habitual untruths. A love of or indifference
-to truth is one of the characteristics with which human beings are born.
-The former may be cultivated, the latter checked, but the propensities
-do not the less remain; and it is the most painful discovery that a
-parent can make, to find that his child is not by natural instinct
-incapable of falsehood. This innate and unfortunate vice, joined to the
-boy's wildness and heedlessness, caused the father to write of him in
-severe terms, scarcely suited to his' childish years. "He seems to me,"
-he writes, "in addition to all the baseness of his natural character, a
-mere fool, an unconquerable maniac. He attends a number of excellent
-masters; and as every one, from his confessor to his playmate, are so
-many watchers, who tell me every thing, I discern the nature of the
-heart, and do not believe that he can come to any good." The first
-master, Poisson, set over him, however, took a liking to the boy, and
-praised his prodigious memory and good heart. The father, instead of
-being pleased, grew angry. He declared that he would now be utterly
-spoilt, and took him out of his hands to place him in those of an abbé
-Choquart, a severe disciplinarian, who was bid not to spare punishment.
-The severity of the marquis may be judged by this one circumstance, that
-taking his son from a tutor whom he loved, and placing him in a school
-to which he was sent as to a prison, he insisted that he should go by
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">{Pg 201}</a></span>
-another name. "I did not choose," he writes, "that an illustrious name
-should be disgraced on the benches of a school of correction, and I
-caused him to be entered as Pierre Buffière.
-<span class="sidenote1">1764.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-15.</span>
-My gentleman struggled, wept, argued in vain. I bid him win my name,
-which I would only restore when he deserved it." Had the father been
-just the youth would soon have regained his affections and name. The
-abbé Choquart, at first severe with his pupil, soon became attached to
-and proud of him. His progress was astonishing, his memory prodigious.
-The dead and living languages, mathematics, drawing, and music, and
-various manly exercises, occupied him by turns, and he distinguished
-himself in all. In the midst of the marquis's vituperations we find no
-absolute facts. He calls his son lying by nature, base, and so vicious
-that the worst consequences are to be apprehended: this is carried so
-far that, when he mentions that his masters applaud and his comrades
-love him, he adds that the boy ought to be smothered, if it were only
-for his powers of cajolery and fascination.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This severity frightened but did not conquer the youth. He worked hard
-to obtain his father's approbation; but indiscretions came between to
-widen the breach. Perpetually in expectation of some degrading or
-excessive punishment, he lived in a state of excitement, and even
-terror, ill fitted to inspire the gentleness and repose of spirit which
-is the best ingredient of honour and virtue. As he grew older his
-turbulence became more dangerous; and his father, considering it
-necessary to tame him by increased hardships, placed him in the army. "I
-am going to send him," he writes, "as volunteer, to the strictest and
-most laborious military school. A man, a chip of the old times, the
-marquis de Lambert, has founded one in his regiment. He pretends that
-the exclusive atmosphere of honour, and a hard and cold moral regimen,
-can restore beings the most vitiated even by nature. I have requested
-him to name as Mentor an officer who, not from reason and deduction, but
-from instinct, should have a disgust and natural scorn for all baseness.
-I have named Gervin as his other Mentor, and the only servant-master of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">{Pg 202}</a></span>
-this young man. Severity will cost me nothing, for with him it is my
-right and my duty." The perpetual recurrence to the accusation of
-baseness affords some excuse for the father's inveteracy; yet it was
-certainly ill judged to set a servant over a proud aspiring youth as
-master, and this servant, who hated him, was one of the chief engines of
-perpetuating the marquis's bad opinion.
-<span class="sidenote2">1767.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-18.</span>
-However, by placing him beyond the paternal control, under the impartial
-jurisdiction of a regiment, the young man had a chance of being fairly
-treated, and the consequence was that his good conduct was acknowledged
-and a brevet rank promised him. He was not allowed to reap any
-advantage: his father kept him so wholly without money that he incurred
-a few debts; he lost, also, four louis in play, a vice to which he
-showed no predilection in after life, and we may therefore judge that
-this trifling loss was accidental. His father's wrath flamed out. "He is
-cast," he wrote to his brother, "in the mould of his maternal race, and
-would devour twenty inheritances and twelve kingdoms if he could lay his
-hands on them. But I can endure as little as I like of that species of
-evil, and a close and cool prison will soon moderate his appetite and
-thin him down."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Added to this error was the unfortunate circumstance of an amour, the
-first outbreak of his passionate nature on emerging from boyhood, in
-which he was the successful rival of his superior officer, who thus
-became his enemy, and joined with the father to crush the young man's
-spirit. Mirabeau, in after years, always spoke with great bitterness of
-M. de Lambert's discipline. He escaped from it on this occasion, and
-took refuge in Paris with his father's intimate friend, the duke de
-Nivernois. His brother-in-law, husband of his sister, the marquis du
-Saillant, mediated between him and his father: he defended himself
-against accumulated accusations. His father speaks of his defence as a
-mass of falsehood and ingratitude: he meditated, or, rather, was
-instigated, to send him to the Dutch colonies in India, but milder
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">{Pg 203}</a></span>
-thoughts prevailed;&mdash;he would not kill, but only tame, as with blows,
-the fiery-spirited boy; so he caused him to be imprisoned in the
-fortress of the Isle de Rhé; and the youth felt that all the world was
-his enemy, and the chief his harsh implacable parent. In his eloquent
-letter to the marquis, written some years after, in the prison of
-Vincennes, he alludes with bitterness to this period of his existence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"I may say," he writes, "that from my earliest years, and on my first
-entrance into life, I enjoyed few marks of your kindness; that you
-treated me with rigour before I could have merited it; and yet that you
-might have soon perceived that my natural impetuosity was excited,
-instead of repressed, by such treatment; that it was as easy to soften
-as to irritate me; that I yielded to the former, and rebelled against
-the latter. I was not born to be a slave; and, in a word, that, while
-Lambert ruined, Vioménil would have preserved me. Allow me also to
-remind you, that, before you restored me to your favour, you confessed
-in one of your letters that you had been on the point of sending me to
-one of the Dutch colonies. This made a profound impression, and
-influenced prodigiously the rest of my life. What had I done at eighteen
-to merit a fate the thought of which makes me tremble even now?&mdash;I had
-loved."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In his prison, Mirabeau acquired the friendship of the governor, whose
-mediation only added to his father's irritation. He was, however,
-induced to liberate him, and permit him to join an expedition to
-Corsica. He was entered as sub-lieutenant of foot in the regiment of
-Lorraine. The same mixture of wild passion, unwearied study, and eager
-aspiration for distinction, marked this period. He wrote a history of
-Corsica; he fabricated an itinerary of the island, founded on his
-personal inquiries and perambulations; the manuscript, the
-voluminousness of which testified his industry, were deemed of such
-value by the Corsicans themselves, that they desired its publication;
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">{Pg 204}</a></span>
-but it was destroyed by the marquis. In addition, he studied his
-profession&mdash;he felt a vocation for a military life&mdash;the aspect
-of danger calmed his fiery spirit, and he was ambitious of
-glory&mdash;he dedicated all his time to the study of tactics, and
-declares that there was no book in any language, living or dead, that
-treated of the art of war that he had not read at this period, making,
-as he went on, voluminous extracts. In after times he wrote to his
-sister&mdash;"I deceive myself greatly, or I was born for a military
-life; for in war alone I feel cool, calm, gay, and without impetuosity,
-and I am sensible that my character grows exalted."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On returning from Corsica, he was allowed to visit his uncle, the
-bailli, at Mirabeau, and soon acquired the favour of this unprejudiced
-man, who was astonished by his talents, his industry, and his genius.
-His heart warmed, and the praises that overflowed had some effect on his
-father, still distrustful, still fearful of showing favour. The first
-mark of kindness which he gave was to insist that his son should throw
-aside all his favourite pursuits, and dedicate himself to political and
-agricultural economy, studying them in the works which he had himself
-written. Mirabeau, per force, obeyed, and thus somewhat propitiated his
-parent, so that he consented to see him during a visit he paid to
-Provence. He put the young man to hard trials, and made him labour
-indefatigably, preaching to him the while, and forcing political economy
-down his throat. The marquis was averse to his following the military
-profession, and by turning him from it plunged him in adversity. The
-excessive activity of Mirabeau's mind, and his physical vigour, could be
-satisfied in no other career: his exuberance of spirits and unwearied
-strength rendered every other vocation tame and trivial; however, he
-laboured at various occupations devised for him by his father, and was
-rewarded, at the earnest solicitation of all the relations, by being
-restored to his name&mdash;he having for some years gone by that of Pierre
-Buffière. His father was so far won by his manifestations of talent as
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">{Pg 205}</a></span>
-to permit him to visit Paris, and pay his court at Versailles:&mdash;"He
-behaves very well," the marquis writes; "his manners are respectful
-without servility&mdash;easy, but not familiar.
-<span class="sidenote1">1771.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-22.</span>
-The courtiers look on him as half mad, but say that he is cleverer than
-any of them, which is not discreet on his part. I do not intend that he
-shall live there, nor follow, like others, the trade of robbing or
-cheating the king: he shall neither haunt the dirty paths of intrigue,
-nor slide on the ice of favour; but he must learn what is going on: and
-if I am asked why I, who never would frequent Versailles, allow him to
-go so young, I reply that 'he is made of other clay.' For the rest, as,
-for 500 years, Mirabeau, who were never like the rest of the world,
-have been tolerated, he also will be endured, and he will not alter the
-reputation of the race."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This gleam of paternal favour was soon clouded over. Mirabeau himself
-accuses those around his father of inspiring him with distrust; but
-there was something in the young man's character that jarred with the
-father's, and produced a perpetual state of irritation and
-dissatisfaction. The self-will, pedantry, economy, and self-sufficiency
-of the marquis were in perpetual contradiction with the genius,
-activity, recklessness, the winning frankness and plausible fascinations
-of his son. In vain the youth transacted some troublesome business for
-his father with diligence and success&mdash;in vain he entered into his
-agricultural projects&mdash;the father writes bitterly, "His infancy was
-monstrous, his adolescence turbulent, and both seem the worthy exordium
-of his life, which is now a mixture of indiscretion, misconduct, and
-garrulity; and at the same time so turbulent, so presumptuous, and so
-heedless, that the enterprise of saving him from the dangers which his
-years and his character present, is enough to fatigue and deter thirty
-Mentors, instead of one." At length, tired of the young man's society,
-and urged by those about him, he sent him (December, 1771) to Mirabeau,
-to endeavour to pacify and regulate the dissensions subsisting among the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">{Pg 206}</a></span>
-tenants of the marquis, which his usual agents were incapable of
-rectifying. The young man fulfilled his task with zeal and ability: he
-became known and liked in Provence, and his success inspired the idea of
-settling him in marriage&mdash;so to calm down his turbulence in domestic
-life: his father had before entertained this project, believing that a
-woman of good sense would exercise the happiest influence over his mind.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The young lady pointed out was an heiress. A number of men of higher
-pretensions than himself on the score of fortune aspired to her hand.
-This circumstance, and the avarice of his father, who acted with his
-usual parsimony, at first deterred Mirabeau; but, urged on by the
-marquis's sarcasms, he exerted himself to overcome all difficulties and
-succeeded, though the measures he took, which compromised the reputation
-of the young lady, were highly reprehensible, and naturally excited the
-disgust and disapprobation of his father.
-<span class="sidenote2">1772.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-23.</span>
-Marie Emilie de Covet, only daughter of the marquis de Marignane, was
-then eighteen: she was a lively brunette, scarcely to be called pretty,
-but agreeable, witty, and superficially clever. Although an heiress, she
-enjoyed a very slender fortune during the life of her father; and the
-marquis, while he entailed the family estate on his son, allowed him
-scarcely any income, and advanced him nothing for the expences of his
-nuptials. This was the worst sort of marriage that Mirabeau could have
-made. Marrying in his own province a girl of good family, and surrounded
-by the <i>éclat</i> that attends an heiress, he was led to desire to make
-an appearance suitable to his name and his father's fortune. He incurred
-debts. Madame de Sévigné remarks that there is nothing so expensive as
-want of money. Debt always begets debt. Mirabeau was constitutionally
-careless with regard to expense. His father lent him the chateau of
-Mirabeau to live in: he found the ancestral residence as furnished by
-his progenitors; and, obliged to make some repairs, he went to the other
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">{Pg 207}</a></span>
-extreme, and fitted up the apartments destined for his wife with
-splendour. False pride caused him to load her with presents, and to
-dress her richly, in spite of her remonstrances. At the same time he had
-projects for the improvement of the culture of the estate, the proceeds
-of which, he believed, would cover all his expenses. His father still
-pursued the degrading plan of employing hirelings as spies over him.
-These men, to cover their own peculations, represented that he was
-selling the furniture of the chateau and injuring the property. Every
-plan Mirabeau formed to pay his debts, as the best foundation of
-retrenchment, was opposed by his father. Feeling the storm about to
-break, and resolved to proceed no further on the road to ruin, he
-commenced a system of rigid economy; but his father, deaf to all
-explanations, excited by the representations of his servants, and
-exasperated in the highest degree, obtained a lettre de cachet, and used
-it to order his son to quit the chateau, and to confine himself in the
-little town of Manosque. This sort of confinement was ill calculated to
-appease the spirit of Mirabeau, who ought rather to have been thrown
-into an arduous career, so to fill and occupy his mind. At Manosque he
-was reduced to a scanty income of about 50<i>l</i>. a year, to support
-himself, his wife, and child; his only employment was study, to which he
-gave himself up with ardour, but it was not sufficient to tame and
-engross him. He wrote here his "Essay on Despotism," a work full of
-passion and vigour, into which he poured his own impatience of control.
-He left behind him no good reputation among the people of Manosque; and,
-if his wife afterwards refused to join him, she had the excuse that his
-behaviour as a husband was such as to disgust any young lady of feeling
-and delicacy. His own conduct did not, however, prevent him from being
-jealous himself, and this passion, awakened toward his wife, renewed, by
-the actions it occasioned, the persecutions of his father.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A girlish and innocent correspondence had been carried on by his wife
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">{Pg 208}</a></span>
-before her marriage with the chevalier de Gassaud. This, and other
-circumstances, combined to excite jealousy in the mind of the husband; a
-duel became imminent; till, pacified by the representations of the young
-man's family, and consideration for the reputation of Madame de
-Mirabeau, he became willing to listen to an explanation. The previous
-scandal, however, threatened to break an advantageous marriage, on foot
-between the chevalier and the daughter of the marquis de Tourette.
-Mirabeau, resolving not to be generous by halves, left Manosque
-secretly, and repaired with all possible speed to the town of Grasse: he
-pleaded the cause of the chevalier with such earnest eloquence that the
-family dismissed their objections, and he hastened to return to his
-place of exile.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Most unfortunately he met on his way back the baron de Villeneuve-Moans.
-This man had, a short time before, grossly insulted his sister, the
-marquise de Cabris. The brother demanded satisfaction, which being
-refused, he now, meeting him by accident, struck him. The baron
-proceeded legally against him, and thus his evasion from his place of
-exile came to light.
-<span class="sidenote2">1774.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-25.</span>
-The implacable father demanded a stricter imprisonment; and Mirabeau,
-taken from his wife and his infant son, then dangerously ill, was
-conducted to the chateau of If, a dismal fortress, built on a naked rock
-by the sea-shore, near Marseilles. He was here at the demand of his
-father, interdicted all visits and correspondence; and the marquis also
-took the pains to write to the commander of the castle, Dallegre,
-exaggerating the faults of his son, and blackening his character; but
-here, as before in the Isle de Rhé, the commander was won by the
-frankness, courage, and fascinating qualities of his prisoner, and wrote
-to the marquis to entreat his liberation. "All the province knows," he
-wrote, "that you have made the freedom of the count de Mirabeau depend
-on the report I shall make of his good conduct. Receive, then, the most
-authentic attestation that, since the count has been confined at the
-chateau d'If, he has not given me, nor any other person, the slightest
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">{Pg 209}</a></span>
-cause of complaint, and has always conducted himself admirably. He has
-sustained with extreme moderation the altercations I have sometimes
-entered into for the purpose of trying his temper, and he will carry
-away with him the esteem, friendship, and consideration of every one
-here." Madame de Mirabeau made a journey to Bignon to intercede with his
-father, who at length explained that his purpose was to try his son;
-that he meant to keep him yet longer in the chateau of If; and if, by a
-miracle, he committed no new fault, he should be transferred to some
-other fortress where his perseverance in a good course should continue
-to be put to the test, till by degrees he should be restored to his
-privileges of husband and father. When we consider that Mirabeau really
-filled these sacred functions, and that his sole crime towards his
-father was debt,&mdash;a crime the consequences of which visited him only,
-and visited him severely,&mdash;we revolt from the insolent tyranny
-exercised against him.
-<span class="sidenote1">1775.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-26.</span>
-In pursuance of this plan, he was transferred to the fortress of Joux,
-near Pontarlier, and placed in the hands of the governor, count
-Saint-Mauris. He submitted to this new exile among the mountains of
-Jura, away from his wife and child, from every friend and connection,
-with entire resignation; still hoping, by patience and good conduct, to
-vanquish the prejudices and gain the good will of his father.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Until now we appear to detail a series of cruel and causeless
-persecutions. The conduct of Mirabeau, tried by the laws of morality,
-had been vicious, but not criminal, and was punished as the latter. He
-had, to a certain degree, redeemed his extravagance, by living for a
-considerable period within the limits of an income scarcely sufficient
-to afford the necessaries of life. He had obtained the favourable
-attestation of the man under whose guard he was placed: it was evident
-to every one, except his inexorable father, that the husband ought to be
-restored to the young wife, already suspected of indiscretion&mdash;the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">{Pg 210}</a></span>
-father to his child; a young man of ambition and talents, to the
-enjoyment of liberty and of the privileges of his birth.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau painted his feelings eloquently in a letter to his uncle, dated
-from the fortress of Joux, 22d of August, 1775. "Ought I," he writes,
-"to be for ever excluded from a career in which my conduct and
-endeavours, aided by your counsels, might give me the means of one day
-becoming useful and known. Times are mending, and ambition is permitted.
-Do you believe that the emulation that animates me ought to remain
-sterile, and that, at the age of twenty-six, your nephew is incapable of
-any good? Do not believe it; deliver me; deign to deliver me: save me
-from the frightful agitation in which I live, and which may destroy the
-effects produced on me by reflection and adversity. Believe me, that
-there are men whom it is necessary to occupy, and that I am of that
-number. The activity which accomplishes all things, and without which
-nothing is achieved, becomes turbulent, and may become dangerous, if
-left without object or employment." His father was insensible to these
-representations, and, although the pretence of his continued
-imprisonment was, that he should regain by degrees the paternal favour,
-the marquis's letters prove that it was his heartfelt wish to drive his
-son to extremities; and he too fatally succeeded.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau had hitherto wasted his ardent nature on vulgar amours; he had
-never felt real love. Had he been allowed to follow an active career, it
-is probable that love, in an absorbing and despotic form, had never
-governed him. Driven into solitude, separated from all the ties of
-nature, friendless and persecuted, his heart in an unfortunate hour
-became inflamed by a passion that sealed his ruin. The fortress of Joux
-is situated in the neighbourhood of Pontarlier; the only family of note
-resident in that town was that of De Monnier. Madame de Monnier belonged
-to a family of the name of Ruffey, distinguished for a piety carried to
-bigotry, and a parental severity, that caused them to devote several
-children to a monastic life. Sophie was married at eighteen to M. de
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">{Pg 211}</a></span>
-Monnier, who was more than fifty years her senior. She joined to
-gentleness of disposition and sweetness of temper great decision and
-ardour of character. The young people became acquainted. She saw only
-the bright side of Mirabeau's character; and, while she consoled him in
-his misfortunes, she became entangled by the fascinations of passion. It
-is impossible to conceive a more unnatural position, than that of a girl
-sacrificed according to the old customs of France. Sophie de Ruffey was
-taken from the nursery, and given, even without her consent being asked,
-to a morose, avaricious, decrepit old man; who only married to annoy his
-daughter. He was unamiable in all the relations of life; and the home of
-the ardent girl was dull, and yet full of harassing cares. She had no
-children; none of the sweet hopes and expectations that ought to attend
-opening life; and, while she devoted herself to an existence full of
-ennui and annoyance, she reaped no reward in the kindness and confidence
-of her husband. It is not strange that, placed in this position, her
-heart should be open to impression, and before she knew her danger she
-was in love. The enthusiasm and fervour of her disposition caused her to
-exalt her lover into the idol of her imagination. Misled by passion, she
-began to regard her tie to her septuagenarian husband as
-criminal&mdash;fidelity and devotion to her lover as a paramount duty.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau knew better what life was. He felt love for the first time in
-all its truth and intensity, and he trembled at the prospect. According
-to a wise poet,
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"Love is too young to know what conscience is;</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Yet who knows not that conscience is born of love?"</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-and thus he, who hitherto had looked on love as a mere sensual
-enjoyment, and who, accustomed to occupy himself in arduous study for
-the third of each day, had little leisure to employ in pursuits of empty
-gallantry, became aware of the absorbing nature of real passion, and to
-fear the misery that must ensue from its indulgence. He wrote letters of
-eloquent supplication, imploring to be removed from a neighbourhood
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">{Pg 212}</a></span>
-which he found so dangerous: his father treated his appeals with
-contempt; he then wrote to his wife a long letter, entreating her to
-join him with their child, feeling that the presence of those who were
-united to him by such sacred ties would check his pursuit, and at once
-crush the affection of her he loved. Madame de Mirabeau was a frivolous
-and weak woman: a separation of more than a year had alienated her from
-her husband, whose conduct had been far from irreproachable, and she
-replied to his supplications by a dry note of a few lines, in which she
-treated him as out of his wits. Still Mirabeau struggled against the
-seductions of love, and had the unfortunate pair been treated, not to
-say with kindness, but with prudence, all had been well. It so happened
-that the governor, count de Saint-Mauris, who was nearly seventy years
-of age, was also in love with madame de Monnier, who had received his
-declarations with the disdain which they deserved. His rage knew no
-bounds, when he perceived the success of his prisoner. He roused the
-suspicions of the husband, and, the better to wreak his revenge, took
-advantage of his knowledge of a promissory note for a small sum, which
-Mirabeau, left in a state of destitution by his father, had been obliged
-to grant to procure necessary raiment, to report him to the implacable
-marquis as incurring new debts, and so obtained a fresh order to confine
-him strictly in the fortress of Joux. Mirabeau learnt the fate awaiting
-him, and finding that his system of resignation had availed him nothing,
-and shuddering at the prospect of a dungeon guarded by a malignant
-rival, escaped from his surveillance, and secreted himself at
-Pontarlier.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His position demanded the most careful reflection. His angry father
-spared no pains to discover his place of refuge: he wrote to
-Saint-Mauris, telling him to prepare a "healthy and dry, but well barred
-and bolted dungeon for his son; and not to permit him the slightest
-communication by writing or in person with any one." Hopeless of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">{Pg 213}</a></span>
-softening the marquis, Mirabeau wrote to Malesherbes, the minister so
-distinguished in France for benevolence and liberality; but Malesherbes
-mediated in vain with his father, and, at length, told Mirabeau that he
-had but one resource, which was to withdraw from his country, to enter
-foreign service, and pursue the career of arms, for which his birth,
-talents, and bravery, fitted him. Mirabeau was averse to renouncing his
-country; again and again he applied by letters, written either by
-himself or mediating friends, to his father, who at last replied, that
-he renounced having any thing to do with him&mdash;told him that no country
-was so foreign to him as his own; and, banishing him for ever from his
-family, dissolved all natural and social ties that still held his son to
-France.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Treated with this haughty cruelty, Mirabeau could not avoid contrasting
-the marks of hatred and scorn, which he received from every other, with
-the devoted love of her who was ready to sacrifice all to him. But,
-though conjugal fidelity was held in slight regard and little practised
-in France in those days, the carrying off a married woman was treated as
-a crime to be punished by death or perpetual imprisonment, and Mirabeau
-could not yet consent to lose himself or his mistress utterly. M. de
-Monnier, informed by Saint-Mauris of the attachment of his wife,
-surrounded her by spies, and treated her with the utmost severity. By
-the advice of Mirabeau she left her husband, and took refuge with her
-own family at Dijon. She found no kindness there; her angry father
-refused to see her&mdash;her mourning mother caused her to be strictly
-watched&mdash;her brother and sister taunted and insulted her. She was
-driven to despair, and declared to her lover that she would destroy
-herself, if by no other means she could escape the cruelty shown by all
-around. For several months Mirabeau combated the passion rooted in his own
-heart, and that which drove madame de Monnier to desperation. He had
-escaped from France and gained the frontier: he might easily have now
-entered on a military career in a foreign state, but devoted love bound him
-to Sophie, who was on the eve of being imprisoned in a convent, and who,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">{Pg 214}</a></span>
-revolting from such tyranny, believed that every genuine duty and
-affection of life bound her to him she loved, and had become resolved to
-devote her life to him. After much hesitation, many months spent in
-wanderings in Switzerland, dogged close the while by emissaries of his
-father, whose pursuit he baffled, and whose strength and patience he
-wearied out; after many fruitless endeavours to avoid the catastrophe,
-the hour at last arrived, when Mirabeau, cast off by father, wife, and
-country, doomed to exile and a career dependent on his industry, and
-feeling in the affection of his mistress his only solace in this
-accumulation of disaster, and assured also that, if he deserted her,
-Sophie, driven to desperation, would destroy herself, consented to their
-flight.
-<span class="sidenote2">1777.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-27.</span>
-She escaped from her husband's house and joined him at Verrières
-Suisses, whence, after a fortnight's delay, they proceeded to Holland.
-On the 7th of October they arrived at Amsterdam, and took a lodging at
-the house of a tailor, where, destitute and friendless, Mirabeau was at
-once forced to earn their daily bread, and to conceal his name and
-identity, so to escape further persecution. He sought for occupation in
-translating for a bookseller. After some delay he obtained work from
-Rey, and was able to earn a louis a-day by means of extreme hard labour.
-From six in the morning till nine in the evening he was at his desk: his
-only recreation was an hour of music: but the lovers were happy
-together. Sophie, fallen from a life of ease to one of privation, yet
-regarded it no sacrifice to exchange annoyance and ennui, though
-surrounded by luxury, for seclusion with one whose ardent affection,
-brilliant imagination, and entire confidence, could easily supply every
-void, and fill her existence with interest and delight.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The social law that bound Sophie to her husband was nefarious and
-unnatural; but in breaking it she devoted herself to all the misfortunes
-which attend an attachment not sanctioned by society: for a time love
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">{Pg 215}</a></span>
-may gild the scene, and, as was the case with Sophie, conscience be
-satisfied that she had a right to exchange her forced ties with a
-decrepit old husband, to whom she owed nothing, for a union with the man
-of her choice. But the world and its laws dog the heels of a felicity
-they condemn, and are sure at last to hunt down their prey. M. de
-Monnier proceeded against his wife and her lover in a court of law, and
-on the 10th May, 1777, sentence was passed on Mirabeau for rape and
-seduction. He was condemned to be decapitated in effigy and to pay
-40,000 livres as damages to the husband; while Sophie was condemned to
-be confined for life in a house of refuge established at Besançon, to
-be shaven and branded in common with the other prisoners, who were girls
-of depraved life, and to lose all the advantages of her marriage
-settlement. Such was the severity of the old French laws against
-matrimonial infidelity&mdash;laws which permitted the most depraved state
-of society ever known, and only made themselves felt in eases of exception,
-when the most severe moralist would find excuses for, and be inclined to
-pardon the errors of passion, which society punished only because the
-victims refused to practise the hypocrisy which would have been accepted
-as atonement.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The marquis de Mirabeau at first rejoiced in the catastrophe which
-exiled his son for ever from the soil of France, and was willing to
-forget his existence. Not so the family of Sophie: her mother, induced
-by mixed feelings of religion, resentment, and even affection, was eager
-to obtain possession of the person of her daughter, to separate her from
-her lover, and induce her by severity or persuasion to return to her
-husband. Through an imprudence the place of their retreat was
-discovered, and the marquis writes to his brother, "He is in Holland,
-and lives on the earnings of his pen. De Brugnierres is setting out to
-fulfil a bargain made with madame de Ruffey, to seize her mad daughter,
-for which he is to be paid 100 louis. I have profited by the occasion
-and made the same arrangement&mdash;to be paid only if the man is taken to
-his destination."
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">{Pg 216}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1777.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-28.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau and his companion had lived eight months at Amsterdam: they had
-made friends; and some among these told them that their retreat was
-discovered, and an arrest impending. At first a treaty had been
-commenced to induce Mirabeau to place madame de Monnier in the hands of
-the French authorities, offering money and liberty as his reward: he
-spurned these propositions and prepared to fly with her to America; yet
-still the lovers were too secure, and delayed for the sake of obtaining
-a sum of money. The very night on which they were to depart they were
-arrested. Sophie, who, till the crisis arrived, was calm and serene,
-though serious and resolved, was seized by despair: she resolved to
-destroy herself. Mirabeau was her stay: he gained the goodwill of the
-men about them, revealed his fears, and obtained the consent of M. le
-Noir, lieutenant-general of police, to see her once, and afterwards to
-correspond with her. His persuasions were all powerful, and she
-consented to live. She was taken to Paris and imprisoned in a sort of
-asylum for women, while Mirabeau was shut up in the donjon of Vincennes.
-At first no gleam of hope lighted on the prisoners: all that bound them
-to existence was the correspondence they kept up with each other, and
-the fact that Sophie was about to give birth to a child. The letters
-that Mirabeau wrote to his mistress from his prison fell afterwards into
-the hands of a man who published them: certainly Mirabeau would have
-been the last person in the world to have permitted the publication of
-letters intended for the eye of his mistress alone, and drawn from a
-nature whose paramount vice was excess of passion, now wrought to
-intensity by close imprisonment and enforced separation from her whom he
-ardently loved. These letters are in parts grossly indelicate and unfit
-for perusal; but they display the burning ardour of his nature, and the
-excess of his attachment for the unhappy woman whom he had drawn into
-participation in his wretched destiny. For nearly two years these
-letters are stamped with a hopelessness, often carried to desperation.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">{Pg 217}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"There is no peace with my implacable enemies," he writes, at one time;
-"there will be none except in the tomb. No pity can enter their souls of
-gall: as barbarous as they are unjust, their commiseration will never
-yield that which their iniquity denies. It is too much! I know not
-whether, proscribed by that destiny which permits guilt to triumph, and
-innocence to suffer, I am destined to die of despair, or to merit my
-fate by the perpetration of crime, but the agony that precedes the
-catastrophe endures too long, and I feel transports of indignation and
-hatred, such as never before had influence over my soul." Again he
-writes, "The rules of this house are so excessively, I had almost said
-so atrociously severe, that I must perish if I remain longer. No species
-of society is permitted: the turnkeys who wait on us are forbidden to
-remain in our cells, or to speak to us&mdash;we have but one hour of
-exercise out of the twenty-four. Alone with sorrow&mdash;no literary
-occupation&mdash;few and bad books&mdash;interminable delays in the
-fulfilment of our most innocent wishes and our simplest wants&mdash;no
-musical instruments&mdash;in a word, no recreation&mdash;every
-consolation denied by a barbarous tyranny, such is but a feeble sketch
-of our situation. A man who has any soul or mind cannot resist such a
-mode of life, in which his talents, his acquirements, and his most
-praiseworthy sentiments, instead of solacing, must produce his ruin."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-As a proof of the energy and fortitude of Mirabeau's soul, it must be
-mentioned, that frequent opportunities of escape presented themselves,
-but he declared that he would not desert Sophie and unlink his fate from
-hers; nor renounce all hope of being restored to his station and rights
-in his country. While he strung his soul to endure, his very strength of
-purpose gave additional force to his hatred of tyranny. He, as being the
-victim of his family, and not a state prisoner, was in the sequel
-permitted many indulgences not allowed to any other. Books materials for
-writing&mdash;connivance at his correspondence&mdash;more time allowed to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">{Pg 218}</a></span>
-his walks&mdash;the visits of some of the superiors, who became his
-friends&mdash;such were the licences permitted him; but we find him
-complaining that he was forbidden to sing in his cell, and detailing the
-frightful physical sufferings, to which he was the victim through
-confinement. A state prisoner would have been treated with yet greater
-rigour; and the sense of this, and the knowledge that others whose
-crimes were often their virtues, were his fellow-sufferers, lighted up a
-horror of despotism in his heart, which made him ever after its
-determined and bitter enemy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With all his energy and fortitude, Mirabeau bore up with difficulty
-under the hardships of his dungeon: at one time, he resolved on suicide,
-and was saved only by the remonstrances of M. le Noir, whose kindness to
-his prisoner was zealous and unalterable. Consenting to live, he found
-study his sole resource, and he dedicated himself with ardour, and to
-the injury of his health, to his pen. His works during his imprisonment
-were numerous. He translated the "Kisses" of Johannes Secundus, with
-abundant notes, containing extracts from all the erotic poets of
-antiquity. He wrote a treatise on mythology; an essay on the French
-language; another on ancient and modern literature; works undertaken for
-the instruction and amusement of madame de Monnier. His "Essay on
-Lettres-de-cachet and State Prisons" belongs also to this period.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His father, meanwhile, felt no compunction, no doubt as to the justice
-of his conduct; no pity softened his heart, nor did he by any notice of
-his son answer his many supplications. He declared that, having searched
-and purified his heart each day before God, he is only the more
-determined to persist; and the resolution in which he was to persist was
-that of suffering his son to languish and perish in his dungeon.
-<span class="sidenote2">Oct.<br />
-8.<br />
-1778.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-29.</span>
-A circumstance happened, however, to change this resolve. His grandson,
-the only son of Gabriel-Honoré, died. The mother resided with her child
-at her father's chateau. She was surrounded by relations, collateral
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">{Pg 219}</a></span>
-heirs to her fortune if she died childless: some suspicion arose that
-these persons had poisoned the boy; he was five years old, and of great
-promise from the sweetness and docility of his disposition. The
-grandfather was deeply afflicted: he could not doubt the uprightness of
-his conduct nor the purity of his motives, so blinded was he by the
-passions that urged him to persecute his family; but he was led to doubt
-the support of Providence on which he had heretofore relied. From this
-moment he began to meditate the liberation of his son. He was not
-induced by justice nor compassion, but by pride: he could not endure
-that the name of Mirabeau should be extinguished. "I reflected," he
-wrote afterwards to his brother, "for a long time. It is certain that,
-if my grandson had not died, I had insisted on the maintenance of the
-promise made me, to keep the father in prison, and even to destroy all
-trace of him. But, after the death of our poor little Victor, I found
-that you felt as I did with regard to the extinction of our race; for,
-however one may argue, however one may submit and resign one's self, a
-feeling once entertained cannot be effaced." The marquis, however,
-proceeded fair and softly in his design. Resolved both to punish and to
-tame his son, he issued fresh orders, that he should be allowed no
-indulgences; but he put several persons in action, through whose
-suggestions Mirabeau commenced a correspondence with his uncle: the
-letters were shown to his father, and some were addressed to the latter;
-but he was not moved either by the protestations or representations they
-contained to move faster or to alter his plan. In pursuance of this, he
-declared that the liberation of his son depended on the intercession of
-his wife. The countess de Mirabeau accordingly wrote to her
-father-in-law, requesting that her husband should be set free; and
-Mirabeau, hearing this, was touched by the generosity of her act. From
-the moment, indeed, that hope gleamed on him of softening his father's
-resolves, he became much more humble, and very ready to acknowledge his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">{Pg 220}</a></span>
-faults. Sophie, also, with that generous ardour of disposition that was
-at once the cause and excuse of her actions, wrote to the marquis,
-taking all the fault of their attachment and flight on herself. Even the
-old economist felt the nobleness of her conduct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The affair, however, still lagged. M. de Marignane detested his
-son-in-law. It was the interest of the relations around to prevent the
-reunion of husband and wife: the countess was a weak and timid woman;
-she resolved never to disobey, she feared to offend her father; and
-besides, living as she did, in the midst of ease, luxury, pleasure, and
-freedom, she had no wish to return to a life of penury with a husband
-whom she no longer loved. Often, therefore, while receiving harsh
-letters from his uncle, Mirabeau was ready to sink under multiplied
-delays. He tried to cheat time by occupation; he gave himself up to
-study&mdash;he learnt Greek, English, Italian, Spanish&mdash;translated a
-portion of Tacitus&mdash;and this, in spite of failing eyes and ruined
-health.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">May,<br />
-1780.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-31.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Another event, sad to a parent's heart, and deeply lamented by Mirabeau,
-happened to facilitate his freedom. His child, the daughter of Sophie,
-died of a fever of dentition: this event acted as a spur to the marquis.
-He permitted his only child with whom he was on friendly terms, madame
-du Saillant, to correspond with her brother, dictating her letters, and
-reading the replies&mdash;he allowed (for no step was taken except by his
-permission, and even suggestion,) his son-in-law, M. du Saillant, to
-offer to become his surety. And, at last, after many disappointments and
-delays, he gave the signal, and the prison gates were opened.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">Dec.<br />
-13.<br />
-1780.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-31.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-It was impossible to avoid giving the details of this unfortunate
-portion of Mirabeau's life. Forty-one months spent in a dungeon forms
-too important an epoch in a man's existence for a biographer to pass it
-over; or to shun the detail of the causes and effects. Forty-one months
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">{Pg 221}</a></span>
-of solitude and privation&mdash;of alternate hopes and fears wound to their
-highest pitch&mdash;of arduous study&mdash;of excessive physical
-suffering&mdash;must colour a human being's whole after-existence. The
-devoted love of Sophie ennobled his sufferings. She erred&mdash;but her
-error was redeemed by her heroism and self-abnegation. Resolved in her own
-thoughts that she was not the wife of the poor old man to whom her parents
-had forced her to give her hand, but of him who possessed her heart, she
-believed it to be her duty to bear all rather than concede. That her too
-ardent nature required the stay of religion cannot be denied, but her
-generosity and heroism are undoubted, and shed a grace over details which
-would otherwise he revolting.<a name="NoteRef_11_11" id="NoteRef_11_11"></a><a href="#Note_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau quitted his prison, eager to gain his father's good will, and
-redeem himself in the eyes of the world. He stept out, from so long a
-series of suffering and imprisonment, with a spirit as vigorous and free
-as in boyhood. All were astonished by his mingled gentleness and
-vivacity; his submission to his father, joined to reliance in his own
-powers. Some months passed before the marquis would see him, but, when
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">{Pg 222}</a></span>
-he did, he expressed himself to his brother in more favourable terms
-than he had ever before done. Occupied in the task of reforming, he even
-began to praise him. It is to be remarked, that the interloper in the
-family, madame du Pailly, was absent at this time, and the son was
-allowed to make his own way with his father.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The end of all the marquis's actions was to reunite his son to his wife.
-This was a matter of difficulty, and the greater on account of the
-sentence pronounced against Mirabeau at Pontarlier, on occasion of his
-flight with madame de Monnier. Many plans were projected to get rid of
-this sentence; the readiest was, to obtain letters of abolition from the
-king. But Mirabeau refused a line of conduct which would have saved him
-only; he was determined that his cause should not be separated from that
-of Sophie.
-<span class="sidenote2">1782.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-33.</span>
-With a resolution worthy of his impetuous and energetic nature, he
-surrendered, and constituted himself prisoner at Pontarlier while the
-cause was again tried. He was counselled to take the line of a timid
-defence, but he refused. Convinced of the irregularity of his trial, and
-the want of all judicial proof against him, he met the most imminent
-danger calmly and resolutely. His father writes:&mdash;"His conduct is
-firm, and his position as advantageous as possible. He is praised for his
-nobleness and audacity in the singular tone of his appeal against a
-capital sentence. Now that I see him in saddle, he holds himself well,
-and has this real advantage with the public, of entirely exculpating his
-accomplice, on which he is resolved at all events. You have no idea of
-what your nephew is on great occasions." Nor did the imprisonment of
-months in an unhealthy and narrow dungeon move him. When his father
-desired to attempt measures of conciliation with the adversary, he
-declared that the view of the scaffold under his window would not make
-him accept any propositions while in prison. "I have said to my father,"
-he wrote to his brother-in-law, M. du Saillant, "and I repeat to you,
-that, before God and man, no one has a right to interfere in my affairs
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">{Pg 223}</a></span>
-against my will, my consent, my opinion; and with this firm conviction
-I declare, that I will consent to no accommodation until former
-proceedings are reversed; and I will sign nothing in which my simple and
-entire acquittal, that of madame de Monnier, the restitution of her
-dowery, an annuity for her, and the payment of my own expenses, are not
-comprised." His memoirs and defence are eloquent and resolute, and in
-them first shone forth that brilliant genius which afterwards ruled
-France.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At length an accommodation on his own terms, with the exception of the
-pecuniary condition that regarded himself, was completed. Mirabeau left
-his prison on the 14th of August, 1782. He left it, indeed, a beggar and
-in debt; his father denied him every assistance, and refused, in
-opprobrious terms, to become his surety. His courage sank under these
-misfortunes; he wrote to his sister, "I am free, but to what use shall I
-put my liberty? Disowned by my father; forgotten, hated perhaps by my
-mother, for having desired to serve her; avoided by my uncle; watched
-for by my creditors, not one of whom has been paid, though I have been
-deprived of the means of subsistence under the pretence of satisfying
-them; menaced by my wife, or those who govern her; destitute of every
-thing&mdash;income, career, credit&mdash;O! that it pleased God that my
-enemies were not as cowardly as they are malicious, and a thrust of a sword
-would end all!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To please his family and obtain an income, Mirabeau next entered into a
-law-suit to force his wife to become reconciled with him. This was an
-unworthy act. In the pleadings, where he stood forth as his own
-advocate, he exerted an overwhelming eloquence, that silenced his
-adversaries, and drew an immense audience of gentry belonging to
-Provence to the hall where the trial was carried on. He however failed,
-and a decree of separation was passed in the law courts of Provence, and
-confirmed in Paris.<a name="NoteRef_12_12" id="NoteRef_12_12"></a><a href="#Note_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> By this time the marquis had become as
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">{Pg 224}</a></span>
-inveterate as ever against his son: he did not imprison him, but he kept
-the royal order, permitting him to assign him his place of residence,
-hanging over his head, so to be able to remove him from his own vicinity
-if he became troublesome.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau felt the necessity of forming a career for himself, and earning
-a subsistence. He failed in his first attempts in Paris, and, as a last
-resource, turned his eyes towards England.
-<span class="sidenote2">1784.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-35.</span>
-His visit to London, however, was full of mortification and
-disappointment. He found no path open by which a French author could
-maintain himself. His letters are full of bitterness at this period; his
-father refused him the slightest provision, and, he says, used all his
-address to cause him to die of hunger, since he could not hope to make
-him rob on the highway. It is difficult for those who live in the
-sunshine of life, as well as for those who are brought up to earn their
-bread in a profession, or by trade, to understand the degree of
-exasperation engendered in the heart of a rich man's son, reduced to
-penury by the injustice of his parent. He finds it impossible to make
-money of his talents, and indignities, unknown to the merest labourer,
-swarm around him. It is much if he can earn a bare and precarious
-subsistence, eaten into by previous debts, and dependent on the
-selfishness and caprice of others. Mirabeau tasted of the dregs of
-poverty; his natural inaptitude to calculation increased his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">{Pg 225}</a></span>
-difficulties; he was generous and profuse, even when what he gave or
-spent reduced him to absolute want.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1785.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-36.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-On his return to France, he found the public mind engrossed by questions
-of political finance. Mirabeau entered on the discussion with his
-accustomed eagerness. He published several pamphlets, which attracted
-general attention and added to his notoriety. The minister Calonne at
-first made use of his pen, but they afterwards disagreed. Under his
-patronage, Mirabeau endeavoured to get diplomatic employment in Germany.
-He visited Berlin at the period of Frederic the Great's death, and
-several times subsequently. His correspondence from Berlin is not,
-however, worthy of his character or genius. It was not published at this
-time; he kept it back till 1789, when, under the necessity of acquiring
-money to carry on the expenses of his election in Provence, he had no
-other resource except bringing out a book, sure to acquire notoriety
-from the scandalous anecdotes it contained, but not adapted to sustain
-the credit of the author. His pamphlets on finance, which attacked that
-system of gambling in the public funds, called, in France, <i>agiotage</i>,
-which, while it enriches individuals, is ruinous to the country, deserve
-the highest praise for their utility. They, however, attacked powerful
-interests; and one of them was suppressed by a decree of government, and
-even his personal liberty was menaced.
-<span class="sidenote1">1787.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-38.</span>
-He saved himself by a timely retreat to Liege. He here entered into a
-financial controversy with Necker, which was rendered the more
-conspicuous by the allusions made by Mirabeau to the necessity of
-assembling the states-general and establishing a constitution. The
-convocation of notables, which occurred during this year, was a sort of
-commentary on his views. He expected to be named secretary to the
-assembly, but that place was given to Dupont de Nemours; and, when he
-returned to Paris in September, the notables were already dismissed.
-Mirabeau, in his letters at this period, displays that deep interest in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">{Pg 226}</a></span>
-politics which afterwards was to engross his life, and led to his
-success and triumph. "It is impossible," he writes, "to witness the
-excess of shame and folly which combine to engulf my country without
-consternation. It is not given to human wisdom to guess where all this
-will find a term." Meanwhile his pen was never idle; and in the midst of
-various journeys, and multiplied occupations, he published a variety of
-political works, which drew public observation on him; though now for
-the most part they are forgotten, as belonging to a state of things sunk
-in perpetual oblivion. In these he never ceased to attack the abuses of
-government; to urge the necessity of framing a constitution for his
-country; and to announce with enthusiasm his love of political liberty
-and independence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the history of Mirabeau, so far, we find his life divided into two
-parts. The first, up to the age of two and thirty, was stormy and
-disastrous; but the accidents that marked it did not take him from
-private life. Proud of his station and name, and ambitious of
-distinction, yet the vices of youth wrecked him at the very outset, and
-the conduct of his father, who acted the part of Cornish wrecker, rather
-than taking his natural post of pilot, threatened his perpetual
-submersion. As lord Brougham observes, in his observations on his
-character, "There is, perhaps, no second instance of an individual whose
-faults have been committed under such a pressure of ill-treatment, to
-besiege and force his virtue, rather than of temptation, to seduce and
-betray it." The extraordinary energy of his character alone saved him;
-and he merited the praise, not only of delivering himself, through his
-resolute and unwearied exertions, from the dungeon in which, had he been
-a weaker man, he had been left to perish, but also of making good use of
-the leisure which the sad and solitary hours of imprisonment afforded,
-to store his mind with knowledge.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the second portion of his life, till the election of deputies for the
-states-general, he was no longer pursued by private enemies; and his
-passions, though they were not sobered, yet, not being violently
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">{Pg 227}</a></span>
-opposed, no longer afforded a topic for public scandal. At first, he
-chiefly endeavoured to obtain a maintenance, since his father's
-parsimony reduced him to indigence. His pride and fortitude continued to
-support him in so hard a trial. We have no instance of any application
-of his for help from the rich and powerful&mdash;he was extravagant, but
-never mean; and he could labour industriously without stooping to any
-dishonourable shifts. By degrees he acquired such name and esteem among
-men in power as induced them to employ him in public services. Then, as
-the political atmosphere of France became overcast, and the howlings of
-the coming tempest audible, Mirabeau felt within himself that the hour
-was approaching when he should acquire greatness. He had displayed his
-wonderful power of public speaking, during his law-suit with his wife,
-some years before: the recollection of the effects produced by his
-forcible and impetuous eloquence, which almost gained his cause against
-reason and justice, gave foundation to his hopes of distinction, if he
-should be allowed to speak for the public cause. These feelings did not
-make him weakly eager to put himself forward; he was calm in the
-knowledge of his power. "Leave me, then, in my obscurity," he wrote, in
-1787, to the satellite of a minister,&mdash;"I say, in my obscurity, for it
-is really my design to remain unalterably in it, until a regular order
-of things arises from the present state of tumult, and till some great
-revolution, either for good or ill, enjoins a good citizen, who is
-always accountable for his suffrage and even his talents, to raise his
-voice. This revolution cannot be long delayed. The public vessel is in a
-strait, equally short and difficult. An able pilot could doubtless guide
-it into the open sea; but he cannot, without the consent of the crew,
-and at this moment no one sailor can be despised."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau deserves the praise of keeping at this season far above all
-petty traffic of his influence and pen. He saw the safety and glory of
-France, and the rise of a national constitution, in the opposition of
-the parliament to the court, and in the consequent necessity of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">{Pg 228}</a></span>
-assembling the states-general. He represented these convictions to the
-minister Montmorin, but without avail; on the contrary, Montmorin
-earnestly requested him to undertake his defence, and to attack the
-parliament. Mirabeau, in reply, set before the minister the errors of
-his views, and refused, with dignity, the task offered him. "Do not," he
-concludes, "compromise a zealous servant, who will despise danger when
-called upon to devote himself for his country, but who would not, even
-for the price of all earthly crowns, prostitute himself in an equivocal
-cause, the aim of which is uncertain, the principle doubtful, and the
-progress fearful and dark. Should I not lose all the little talent of
-which you exaggerate the influence, if I renounced that inflexible
-independence which alone gains me success, and which only can render me
-useful to my country and my king? When the day arrives, when, animated
-by my conscience, and strong in my conviction, an honourable citizen, a
-faithful subject, an honest writer, I cast myself into the <i>melée</i>, I
-shall be able to say, 'Listen to a man who has never varied in his
-principles, nor deserted the public cause.'"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-And it must be remarked, in honour of Mirabeau, when doubts are cast
-upon his subsequent career, that, at the moment that he refused the aid
-of his pen to a powerful minister, he was suffering the extreme of
-penury, aggravated by its being shared by a dear friend. When,
-therefore, he afterwards accepted the pay of the court, we may believe,
-unworthy as was the act, that he compromised no principle; but, though a
-reformer, not being a republican, the support he engaged to give to the
-king had the suffrage of his conscience.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1788.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-39.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The reputation of Mirabeau was now at its height; but, though his genius
-was acknowledged, he was not esteemed a good member of society. It is
-strange on what reputation depends: it may seem a paradox to say, that
-it often depends on modesty. Notoriety, and even success, may follow the
-unblushing man; but the good word of our fellow-creatures clings rather
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">{Pg 229}</a></span>
-to him whose worth is crowned by the graceful and conciliating virtue of
-modesty. Mirabeau had been oppressed&mdash;he had suffered much; his
-ostensible errors were venial, and such as many a man might have
-committed without entire condemnation; but the publicity that attended
-them, and the readiness with which he exposed his faults, and his family
-persecution, to public view, displeased and offended. He was feared as a
-false friend, as well as a dangerous enemy. Yet, wherever he appeared,
-he gained the hearts of those whom he addressed. He had the art of
-rendering himself agreeable and fascinating to all. The truth is that,
-though in theory and absence, we may approve the unblameable, the
-torpid, and the coldly good, our nature forces us to prefer what is
-vivacious, exhilarating, and original. This is the secret of the
-influence exercised by men, whose biographers labour to excuse and to
-account for the spontaneous ebullitions of sympathy and affection that
-follow their steps. Mirabeau was easy, complaisant, gay, and full of
-animation and variety in his conversation; he had, in a supreme degree,
-what his father named the dangerous gift of familiarity. It was his
-delight to cast aside all etiquette, and to reduce his intercourse to
-the interchange of the real emotions of the heart and expression of
-ideas, unaccompanied by any disguise or conventional refinements;&mdash;for
-this, he did not scruple to appear at times rude and even vulgar; but
-also by this he inspired confidence, as being frank and true.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At length, the hour long expected, long desired, came, when the
-states-general were convoked by a royal decree of the 27th December,
-1788. Mirabeau passionately desired to belong to the assembly; and,
-relying on the popularity which he enjoyed in his native province,
-departed for Aix early in the following month.
-<span class="sidenote1">1789.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-40.</span>
-The nobles and high clergy of Provence were vehemently opposed to the
-changes they apprehended in government, and were zealously wedded to the
-privileges of their order. They entered a protest against certain
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">{Pg 230}</a></span>
-portions of the royal decree which threw power into the hands of the
-people. When Mirabeau arrived among them as the partisan of the dawning
-liberty of his country, he was received as an enemy. He raised his voice
-against the protest, and naturally took his place at the head of the
-liberal party. The nobles commenced their attack against him by
-excluding him from among them, on the pretext that he did not (as an
-elder son merely) possess any fief. Mirabeau protested against this
-exclusion, as well in his own name as in those of every other in a
-similar situation with himself; but in vain. On the 8th of the following
-February, in an assembly of the nobles, on the proposition of the
-marquis de Fare, his exclusion was pronounced, as not possessing either
-estate or fief in Provence. Mirabeau spared neither pamphlets nor
-speeches on the occasion; though, occupied by the calls made on him by
-his party during the day, he could only give the hours of night to
-composing and publishing. "I do not write a line," he says, in one of
-his letters, of the date of the 8th February, "that I am not interrupted
-thirty times, and to such a degree, that I can only labour at public
-affairs by night. You know what cardinal de Retz said:&mdash;'<i>The chief
-hinderance of the head of a party is his party.</i>' A thousand minor
-annoyances, a thousand important arrangements, a thousand inevitable
-interruptions, deprive me, during the day, of all presence of mind to
-compose, and of all coherence of ideas and style."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Besides these labours, he had the more difficult task of keeping clear
-of brawls and duels among a class of men whose dearest wish was to
-provoke him to the committal of an outrage. Proud and arrogant
-themselves, they hoped to taunt one yet prouder into some deed of
-violence that would give them the advantage over him. But haughty as
-Mirabeau was, he was yet wiser; the peculiarity of his genius was a
-quick perception of the proper line of conduct, and he preserved his
-dignity, while he showed himself forbearing.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">{Pg 231}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He had to meet yet another difficulty. He published his correspondence
-from Berlin at this moment, for the purpose of acquiring the funds
-necessary for his election: this work was condemned to be burnt, by the
-parliament. It had been published anonymously; but, as the name of the
-author was well known, Mirabeau saw himself forced to make a journey to
-Paris, for the purpose of silencing his enemies, and giving courage to
-his friends, who quailed under the attacks made against him. This
-journey and short absence served but to raise to enthusiasm the favour
-with which he was regarded by the population of Provence. Deputations of
-the <i>bourgeoisie</i> of Marseilles and Aix met him on his return, with
-all the manifestations of affection and joy which the people of the south
-render so cordial and demonstrative. The road he traversed was strewn
-with flowers; fireworks were let off; a crowd of 50,000 persons
-assembled round his carriage, while cries of "Vive Mirabeau!" rent the
-air. No noble dared show himself in the streets. "If you hate oppression
-as much as you love your friends," Mirabeau said to the assembled
-citizens, "you will never be oppressed." He was, within a few days
-after, received with similar demonstrations at Marseilles: 120,000
-inhabitants filled the streets to welcome him; two louis were paid for a
-window to look on him&mdash;his carriage was covered with laurels&mdash;the
-people kissed the wheels&mdash;the women brought their children to him.
-Mirabeau, who saw, in his elevation in the public favour, the stepping
-stone to success, beheld these demonstrations with proud delight; they were
-the signals of his triumph over the party who trampled on him&mdash;over
-that series of adversity which, from his cradle to that hour, had never
-ceased to crush him. The report, carefully spread, that this triumph had
-been got up by his friends, vanished before the fact that the whole
-population were his friends, and that the getting up was merely his
-assent to receive the marks of their enthusiastic favour. That he had
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">{Pg 232}</a></span>
-done his best to curry favour with the people is true: that fault abides
-with him, if it be one.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Among other manœuvres he had, it is said, opened a clothier's shop at
-Marseilles. There is no foundation for this story, although Marat, and
-other partisans of equality of his own day, asserted it. He had been
-obliged, indeed, to make himself free of the town, when candidate for
-the deputyship. His only chance was to make friends with the people. He
-was treated with contumely by the nobles; and even now his triumph was
-not devoid of drawback, occasioned by the indignities cast on him by the
-class to which he properly belonged: their insults did not fail to sting
-his pride, and rouse him to revenge, even while he successfully
-preserved himself from open quarrelling.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The popularity he acquired he was soon called upon to exert. M. Caraman,
-military commander in Provence, applied to him to allay the disturbances
-occasioned by a scarcity. The nobles regarded the pending famine as a
-means of taming the people; and the same marquis de Fare, who had
-originated the exclusion of Mirabeau from the assembly, insolently
-exclaimed,&mdash;"Do the people hunger?&mdash;let them eat the dung of my
-horses." Such a speech, and such a spirit, manifested by the wealthy,
-naturally exasperated the poor. The weakness of the magistrates, who
-decreed so great a reduction in the price of food that the traders could no
-longer afford to sell it, only augmented the public peril: the granaries
-were pillaged,&mdash;blood was spilt in the streets. At the request of M.
-de Caraman, Mirabeau stept forward,&mdash;he persuaded the governor to
-withdraw the soldiery,&mdash;he induced the bourgeois youth to take arms to
-keep the peace. His eloquence, the credit given to his sincerity and good
-intentions, pacified the people, and first at Marseilles, and afterwards
-at Aix, he restored peace and security. At this period, while he
-fulfilled the noble part of pacificator and of a citizen, powerful only
-through the influence of his genius and patriotism, he was elected, both
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">{Pg 233}</a></span>
-by Marseilles and Aix, deputy of the <i>tiers état</i> in the approaching
-assembly of the states-general. He gave the preference to the latter, as
-circumstances rendered it doubtful whether his election for Marseilles
-would be admitted by his colleagues.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We now arrive at the epoch when he developed the whole force of his
-genius, and acquired immortality, as the great leader of a revolution
-which, at its first outbreak, commanded the sympathy and respect of the
-world which looked on; beholding with gladness and hope the overthrow of
-feudal abuses, and the restoration of the oppressed majority of the
-French nation to the rights of men and citizens.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The first steps that Mirabeau trod towards greatness were taken on
-slippery ground. The eyes of the crowd sought for him with avidity,
-during the procession of the king and states-general to the church of
-St. Louis, on the 4th May. He appeared, with his dark shaggy hair, his
-beetling brows, and luminous eyes, stepping proudly on. A murmur of
-disapprobation was raised;&mdash;he looked round, and all was silent; yet
-in that moment he felt the struggle, the combat that would ensue: his fiery
-nature made him also, perhaps, rely on victory. When the names of the
-deputies were called over, and those of other popular men were
-applauded, hisses of disapprobation followed his. They did not daunt
-him: he walked across the chamber to his place with an air of resolution
-and haughtiness that spoke of perseverance and vigour in the coming
-struggle.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To give himself notoriety and weight, he commenced by publishing a
-journal of the proceedings of the chambers. This publication was seized
-by government, and he then changed its title to that of letters to his
-constituents. He excited animosity by this publication in the chamber
-itself, but it added to his weight and influence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The first combat of the <i>tiers état</i> with the two other chambers is
-well known. They demanded that their consultations should be held in
-common, while the noblesse and clergy desired each their chamber, secure
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">{Pg 234}</a></span>
-that the lower one would be crushed by the union of the two higher with
-the king. Mirabeau, at first, recommended that system of passive
-resistance which is all powerful when resorted to resolutely by numbers.
-During the interval that succeeded, Mirabeau had an interview with
-Necker, by the desire of his friend Duroverai; but it availed nothing.
-Mirabeau regarded Necker as a weak man, though he acknowledged his
-unimpeachable honesty; and he was soon after carried far beyond any
-necessity of recurring to his patronage for advancement, when, by
-echoing the voices of many men, and giving expression and direction to
-their passions, his eloquence filled France with the cry of liberty, and
-gave power and authority to the hesitating deputies.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He met with a check, when the name he wished the assembly of <i>tiers
-état</i> to assume (deputies of the people) was rejected, with ill-founded
-indignation. The term people was regarded as disgraceful and
-humiliating. "The nation," he wrote on this occasion, "is not ripe; the
-folly and frightful disorder of the government have forced the
-revolution as in a hotbed; it has outgrown our aptitude and knowledge.
-When I defended the word people, I had nearly been torn to pieces. It
-was circulated that I had gone over to the government:&mdash;truly I am
-said to have sold myself to so many, that I wonder I have not acquired a
-universal monarchy with the money paid for me."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The resolution of the <i>tiers état</i>, now naming themselves the national
-assembly, excited mingled contempt and alarm. The nobility protested
-against their assumption, and the king was counselled to oppose their
-resolves by a royal decree; the hall of the deputies was closed, under
-pretence of preparing for the royal visit; the deputies adjourned to a
-neighbouring tennis court, and took a solemn oath to stand by each other
-to the last. On the following day, the 23d of June, the <i>seance
-royale</i> had place, and the decree promulgated that the three orders
-should vote separately. Satisfied that this exertion of royal power would
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">{Pg 235}</a></span>
-tame at once the rebellious deputies, the royal cortege&mdash;the
-ministers, the nobles, and the clergy&mdash;left the chamber; the
-<i>tiers état</i>, the self-constituted national assembly, remained. A
-gloomy silence ensued, broken by Mirabeau, who rose, and, warning them
-of the danger to be apprehended, added, "I demand of you to seek shelter
-in your dignity and legislative powers, and that you take refuge in the
-faith of your oath, which does not allow you to separate till you have
-formed a constitution." The grand master of ceremonies, de Brézé, now
-entered, for the purpose of dispersing the deputies, saying, that they
-had heard the orders of the king. The president, Bailly, replied that he
-would take those of the assembly. At that moment, on which the public
-cause hung,&mdash;for on the boldness and perseverance of the deputies
-depended their success,&mdash;at that moment of hesitation, Mirabeau
-rose, and with a manner full of majesty, and a calm voice, he replied,
-"The commons of France intend to deliberate. We have heard what your
-king has been advised to say, but you, sir, cannot be his interpreter to
-the national assembly; you have neither place, nor voice, nor right to
-speak here. But, to prevent delay, go tell your master, that we are here
-by the power of the people; and that the power of the bayonet alone
-shall drive us out."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Victor Hugo, in his essay on the character of Mirabeau, remarks, that
-these words sealed the fate of the monarchy of France. "They drew a line
-between the throne and the people; it was the cry of the revolution. No
-one before Mirabeau dared give it voice. Great men only pronounce the
-words that decide an epoch. Louis XVI. was afterwards more cruelly
-insulted, but no expression was used so fatal and so fearful as that of
-Mirabeau. When he was called Louis Capet, royalty received a disgraceful
-blow; but, when Mirabeau spoke, it was struck to the heart."<a name="NoteRef_13_13" id="NoteRef_13_13"></a><a href="#Note_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a>
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">{Pg 236}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The immediate effect of this outburst was, first, that de Brézé,
-losing all presence of mind, backed out of the chamber, and the
-deputies, electrified by the audacity of their self-constituted leader,
-arose with acclamations, and passed a decree to confirm his words.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The national assembly, which by law was attached to the person of the
-king, sat at Versailles; the distance from Paris was short, and the
-capital regarded with growing interest the actions of the deputies.
-Crowds assembled in the streets, and various tumults ensued: these have
-been variously attributed to different factions, which excited the
-people for the purpose of carrying on their own designs. There does not
-seem much foundation for that opinion; the public cause, the natural
-turbulence of the Parisians, which had been manifested during every
-reign of past times; the heat and agitation of the crisis, easily
-account for the alarming tumults in the metropolis. The chief suspicion
-at the time rested on the party of the duke of Orléans. Mirabeau did not
-belong to this; he had no connection with the leaders of the mob; his
-impracticable and vehement character kept him aloof from coalition with
-others. He was not sufficiently trusted to be selected as chief, he
-disdained any other post; feeling that, without descending to manœuvre
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">{Pg 237}</a></span>
-and consultations, his energy, eloquence, and presence of mind, would
-place him in the van of war. He remained, therefore, independent; uneasy
-when others obtained influence in the assembly, visiting Paris as a
-looker on, and waiting his time, which soon came. For it must be
-remembered, that, at this period, notwithstanding the distinguished part
-he had acted, Mirabeau's supremacy was by no means acknowledged. There
-was a large party against him, and Barnave was held up by it as the more
-eloquent and greater man. The errors of his youth were remembered, and a
-thousand calumnies spread abroad against him; the people were even
-influenced by them, and though, at one time they were ready to carry him
-in triumph, a moment after the hawkers cried about <i>the great treason of
-count de Mirabeau.</i> When his private conduct was attacked, Mirabeau was
-silent; "Because," he says, with graceful dignity, "a strict silence is
-the expiation of faults purely personal, however excusable they may be;
-and because I waited till time, and my services, should win for me the
-esteem of the worthy; because, also, the rod of censure has always
-seemed respectable to me, even in the hands of my enemies; and, above
-all, because I have never seen any thing but narrow egotism and
-ridiculous impropriety in occupying one's fellow citizens in affairs not
-belonging to them." But when his public conduct was attacked, he
-defended it with an energy and truth that bore down all attack, and
-raised him higher than ever in the general esteem.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-To return to the epoch at which we are arrived. To quell the capital and
-subdue the deputies, the king and his counsellors summoned troops to
-surround Paris. Fifteen regiments, composed chiefly of foreigners,
-advanced. It became evident that the design was formed of using the
-bayonet, to which Mirabeau had referred, as the only power to which they
-would submit. He now again came forward to stop the progress of the
-evil. He proposed an address to the king, demanding that the march of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">{Pg 238}</a></span>
-the troops should be countermanded. He still preserved a respectful
-style towards the monarch, but he did not spare the measures of
-government, and exposed in open day the direct approach of war and
-massacre. His speech was covered with applause, and he was commissioned
-to draw up an address to the king. It was short and forcible: it
-prophesied, with sagacity, the dangers that must ensue from the presence
-of the military; it protested with dignity against the force about to be
-exercised against the assembly, and declared the resolution of the
-deputies, in spite of snares, difficulties, and terror, to prosecute
-their task and regenerate the kingdom. "For the first time," says madame
-de Staël, "France heard that popular eloquence whose natural power is
-augmented by the importance of events." "It was by Mirabeau," Brougham
-observes, "that the people were first made to feel the force of the
-orator, first taught what it was to hear spoken reason and spoken
-passion; and the silence of ages in those halls was first broken by the
-thunder of his voice, echoing through the lofty vaults now covering
-multitudes of excited men."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Dumont, in his "Souvenirs de Mirabeau," asserts that he drew up this
-address. On several other occasions, he assumes the merit either of
-writing for Mirabeau or suggesting his speeches. He speaks of him as a
-great plagiarist, putting all his associates to use in collecting
-materials for him, and contenting himself with giving them form, or
-sometimes only voice. This sort of accusation is exceedingly futile. The
-capacity of gathering materials, lying barren but for the life he puts
-into them, is the great attribute of genius: it hews an Apollo out of
-the marble block; places the colours of Raphael on the bare canvass;
-collects, in one focus, the thoughts of many men inspired by passion and
-nature: it, as with Mirabeau, takes the spirit of the times, the
-thoughts and words excited during a crisis; and, by giving to them a
-voice of command or persuasion, rules the minds of all. In this manner,
-Mirabeau was a plagiarist, but none but he could use, to govern and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">{Pg 239}</a></span>
-subdue, the weapons fabricated, it might be, by other hands. To quote
-the apt metaphor of Carlisle, he might gather the fuel from others, but
-the fire was his own. He was not a man formed of shreds and patches
-taken from other men, nor was Dumont endowed with creative powers to
-call such a being into life. Mirabeau was a man of God's own making,
-full of wild passion and remorseful error, but true to the touch of
-nature; fraught with genius and power; a natural king among those whom
-he used as his subjects to pay tribute to, and extend the sphere of, his
-greatness.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1789.<br />
-July<br />
-11.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The death of the marquis de Mirabeau, at the age of seventy-three, took
-place at this period. From the time that his son figured in the
-assembly, he became deeply interested in his career; declaring that his
-success was "glory, true glory." He was suffering by a chronic pulmonary
-catarrh, and evidently declining. Mirabeau frequently visited him, and
-was well received, though they never discussed politics during these
-short visits. But the marquis caused the speeches of his son to be read
-to him, as well as the papers that recounted the sittings of the
-assembly in which he figured. On the 11th of July, while he was
-listening to his grand-daughter reading, he closed his eyes&mdash;his
-breathing failed&mdash;and when she looked up he was dead, with a smile on
-his face.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau, who venerated his father, in spite of the injuries he had
-sustained from him, was deeply affected by this loss: perhaps pride
-added to his demonstrations of affliction. He wrote to his constituents,
-that all the citizens in the world ought to mourn; he scarcely appeared
-in the assembly, and for a few days gave himself up to sorrow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was not a period when a great political character could withdraw
-himself for more than a few days. The crisis was at hand.
-<span class="sidenote2">July<br />
-14.</span>
-The king had returned a cold answer to the address drawn up by Mirabeau,
-and presented by the most distinguished deputies; the court still
-pursued the plan of assembling troops; Necker was dismissed from the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">{Pg 240}</a></span>
-ministry; the investment of the capital by the military became
-imminent,&mdash;when the people, animated by mixed fear and indignation,
-rose: they seized on all the arms they could obtain; the bastille was
-demolished; for the first time the Parisians felt their power, and
-tasted of the triumph of shedding the blood of those who resisted them.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The terror of these acts spread to Versailles. The assembly sent
-deputation after deputation to the king, imploring him to pacify Paris
-by countermanding the troops. When the destruction of the bastille was
-known, a fifth deputation was prepared to be presented to the monarch.
-It was composed of twenty-four members: they were about to leave the
-chamber on this errand, when Mirabeau stopped them, and with increased
-vehemence exclaimed,&mdash;"Tell the king, that the hordes of foreigners
-that surround us were yesterday visited by the princes, the princesses, and
-their favourites, who caressed and exhorted them, and covered them with
-presents. Tell him that, during the night, these foreign satellites,
-gorged with gold and wine, predicted, in their impious songs, the
-servitude of France, and brutally invoked the destruction of the
-national assembly. Tell him that, in his own palace, his courtiers
-mingled in the dance to the sound of such music, and that similar to
-these were the preparations of Saint Bartholomew. Tell him, that
-Henry IV., whose memory the whole world blesses, he, who ought to be his
-model among his ancestors, sent provisions to Paris when it revolted,
-and he was besieging it in person; while, on the contrary, his ferocious
-advisers keep the corn, brought by trade, from his starving and faithful
-capital." The deputation was about to carry his words to the king, when
-the arrival of Louis, without guards or escort, was announced. A murmur
-of glad welcome ran through the assembly. "Wait," said Mirabeau gravely,
-"till the king has announced his good intentions. Let a serious respect
-receive the monarch in this moment of sorrow. The silence of the people
-is the lesson of kings."
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">{Pg 241}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Thus did this wonderful man, by means of the fire and impetuosity of his
-character, enter at once into the spirit of the hour, while his genius
-suggested the expressions and the tone that gave it direction and voice.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is impossible to enter into the detail of all Mirabeau's speeches and
-acts. A rapid glance at his votes and declarations during this period
-must suffice. Mirabeau detested despotism, whose iron hand had fallen so
-heavily on himself. The aid given by the government of his country to
-his father's tyranny,&mdash;the ban placed on him by the nobility who
-were his equals,&mdash;the burning desire for distinction that consumed
-him,&mdash;his contempt for his inferiors in talent,&mdash;his faith in
-the revolution,&mdash;such were the passions that gave force to his
-genius. But his genius showed itself omnipotent nowhere except in the
-tribune. When he wrote, he but half expressed his thoughts; his passions
-were but half excited; and Mirabeau's power lay in the union of his
-passions and his genius. Apart, the former degenerated into vice, and
-the latter showed itself either exaggerated, sophistical, or inert. In
-the tribune, their union was complete. When he began to speak he was at
-first confused,&mdash;his breast heaved,&mdash;his words were
-broken,&mdash;but the sight of his opponents,&mdash;the knowledge of the
-sympathy he should find in the galleries,&mdash;the inspiration of the
-moment,&mdash;suddenly dispersed all mistiness; his eloquence became
-clear, fervid, sublime,&mdash;the truth conjured up images at once
-striking and appalling. When he was farther excited by the difficulties
-of a crisis, his courage rose to meet it,&mdash;he stept forward with
-grandeur; a word or a look, which his talent and ugliness at once
-combined to render imposing, shone out on the
-assembly,&mdash;electrified and commanded it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This power of seizing on the spirit of the question, clearing the view
-of the assembly, and leading it onward in the right road, he exerted
-memorably on the 24th September, when Necker, to remedy the disastrous
-state of the finances, proposed a patriotic contribution of a fourth of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">{Pg 242}</a></span>
-the incomes. A committee, after three days spent in examination,
-approved the plan. Mirabeau, the known enemy of Necker, spoke, to engage
-the assembly to adopt it at once, on the recommendation of the minister,
-without taking any responsibility on itself. The friends of Necker saw
-the snare, and accused him of injuring the plan of the minister, while
-he pretended to support it. Mirabeau replied, that he was not the
-partisan, but, were he the dearest friend of the minister, he should not
-hesitate to compromise him rather than the assembly. Necker might
-deceive himself, and the kingdom receive no detriment; but that the
-public weal were compromised, if the assembly lost its credit. These
-words had some effect, but still the discussion went on, and still the
-deputies hesitated to adopt Necker's proposition, till Mirabeau, again
-ascending the tribune, burst forth with a torrent of overwhelming
-eloquence in its favour: he painted the horrors of a national
-bankruptcy, and the consequent guilt of incurring it; he expatiated on
-the wide-spread misery that must ensue. He continued,&mdash;"Two centuries
-of robbery and depredation have opened a gulf in which the kingdom is
-nearly swallowed; this gulf must be filled up. Here is a list of French
-proprietors; select among the richest, so to lessen the number of
-victims; but still select&mdash;for must not a few perish to save the many?
-Two thousand notables possess enough to fill up the deficit, to bring
-back order into your finances, and peace and prosperity to the kingdom.
-Strike! immolate without pity these hapless victims&mdash;precipitate them
-into the abyss;&mdash;it will close! Ha! you draw back with horror.
-Inconsistent pusillanimous men! Do you not see that when you decree
-bankruptcy, or, what is still more odious, when you render it inevitable
-without decreeing it, you stain yourselves with a still greater and yet
-a gratuitous crime? for this sacrifice will at least fill up the
-deficit. But do you think, because you do not pay, you will no longer be
-in debt? Do you believe that the thousands, the millions of men, who in
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">{Pg 243}</a></span>
-one moment will lose by the explosion, or by its reaction, all that made
-the comfort of their lives, and, perhaps, their only means of support,
-will allow you to reap the fruits of your crime in peace? Stoical
-contemplators of the incalculable ills which this catastrophe will bring
-on France! Insensible egotists! who think that the convulsions of
-despair and misery will pass away like every other, and the more quickly
-as they are more violent;&mdash;are you sure that so many men, without
-bread, will tranquilly permit you to taste the viands whose quantity and
-delicacy you will not suffer to be diminished? No!&mdash;you will perish in
-the universal conflagration that you do not tremble to set a-light, and
-the loss of your honour will not preserve one of your detestable
-enjoyments.
-</p>
-
-<p class="center">
-* * * * *
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Vote, then, for this extraordinary subsidy;&mdash;may it suffice! Vote it;
-because, if you have any doubts with regard to the means (vague and
-uncertain doubts), you have none on its necessity, and our want of power
-to replace this proposition by any other&mdash;at least for the present.
-Vote it; for public affairs will not endure procrastination, and we are
-accountable for all delay. Beware of asking for time. Ruin never gives
-that. Some days ago, gentlemen, in reference to a ridiculous tumult in
-the Palais Royal&mdash;a laughable insurrection which had no importance
-except in feeble minds&mdash;you heard the violent cry uttered, 'Cataline
-is at the gates of Rome, and you deliberate!' and then certainly we had
-near us neither Cataline, nor danger, nor faction, nor Rome. But now
-bankruptcy, hideous bankruptcy is before us; she menaces to consume
-you,&mdash;your possessions and your honour,&mdash;and you deliberate!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These words raised a tumult of enthusiasm in the assembly. A deputy rose
-to reply, but the cries overbore him; and, frightened by his task, he
-remained motionless and mute. "I was near Mirabeau," writes madame de
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">{Pg 244}</a></span>
-Staël, "when he thus delivered himself. Nothing could be more
-impressive than his voice; his gestures and words were pregnant with an
-animation, the power of which was prodigious. The assembly at once
-received the report of the committee, and adopted the plan of the
-minister." "This," remarks Thiers, "is the triumph of eloquence; but he
-alone could obtain it who was animated by the passions and just views of
-Mirabeau."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau hated the assumptions of the aristocracy, but he looked upon
-royalty as a necessary defence between the lower and the higher orders;
-at the same time he believed that the welfare of his country demanded
-that the people should have a voice in the state.
-<span class="sidenote2">Oct.<br />
-25.</span>
-He expressed his opinion on this subject in a letter to his uncle the
-bailli. He says,&mdash;"I have always thought, and now more than ever
-think, that royalty is the only anchor of safety which can preserve us from
-shipwreck. And how many efforts I have made, and make each day, to
-support the executive power, and combat the distrust which induces the
-national assembly to go beyond the mark! For the rest, we must judge of
-the revolution by the good and evil of its result, not by the license
-which prevails at present, which forms a state too violent to be
-durable. I am reassured with regard to the future, by the consideration,
-that the revolution, be it injurious or beneficial, is, in fact,
-consummated. The most enlightened men feel that they must assist the
-change, to lessen its violence; that resistance is as useless as it must
-be disastrous; and that every citizen, whether zealous or indifferent, must
-tend to the same end,&mdash;facilitate the consolidation of the empire,
-and give the machine that movement which will allow us to judge of its
-excellence or its defects. You recommend me to support the executive
-power; but you will easily discern that the obstinate resistance of one
-order of the state, by exciting fresh causes of revenge, and producing
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">{Pg 245}</a></span>
-new commotions, would destroy that power round which the supreme law of
-the state commands us now to rally."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was in this spirit that he spoke for the veto, though fear, perhaps,
-of compromising his popularity made him abstain from voting. The veto
-had become a sort of bugbear. When Mirabeau visited Paris, the mob
-thronged round his carriage, imploring him to prevent the king from
-having the veto. They were slaves, they said, if the king had the
-veto;&mdash;the national assembly was useless. "Mirabeau," says Dumont,
-"carried it off very well: he appeased the people; and, using only vague
-expressions, dismissed the mob with patrician affability."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At the period of the revolution, when the passions of men were excited
-to bandy calumny with eager voices and pens dipt in gall, Mirabeau was
-accused of being an Orleanist. It is difficult to say what an Orleanist
-was. The duke himself, weak but ambitious, never made one step forward
-but he made two back; so that it became a saying that the duke of
-Orléans did not belong to the Orleanists. His name, meanwhile, and money
-were employed to form a party rather inimical to Louis XIV. than
-favourable to himself. It added to the tumult and tempest of the times,
-but was of no real influence in the direction of events. Dumont declares
-that, living intimately with Mirabeau, the most indiscreet and confiding
-of men, he saw no trace of his complicity in any plot against the court:
-but that, familiar with the duke as with every one, his manner gave
-colour to a report which had no other foundation. That he was at this
-time the enemy of the court is, however, undoubted. When the fatal feast
-of the <i>gardes du corps</i>, at Versailles, was denounced in the
-assembly, and the cry of calumny was raised by the royalists, Mirabeau
-burst out with impetuosity, and declared that he was ready to accuse by
-name the principal actors in this sacrilegious orgie, on condition that it
-were first decreed that the person of the king only was inviolable. This
-expression, pointing at and criminating the queen, silenced the
-discussion.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">{Pg 246}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-During the days of the 5th and 6th October, Mirabeau sought to
-tranquillise, without any attempt at leading, the multitude. When he first
-heard of the approach of the rabble rout of <i>poissardes</i> and their
-followers from the capital, for the purpose of forcing the acceptance of
-the constitution on the king, Mirabeau addressed the president Mounier,
-saying, "Paris is marching on us: make an excuse; and go to the castle
-and tell the king to accept the constitution purely and simply." "Paris
-marches," replied Mounier; "so much the better: let them kill us
-all&mdash;all, without exception&mdash;the nation will be the gainer." When
-the crowd had invaded Versailles, Mirabeau was not seen. Dumont found him
-in bed before eleven o'clock in the evening. He rose, and they went
-together to the national assembly, where he displayed his accustomed
-dignity by calling on the president to cause the assembly to be
-respected, and to order the chamber to be cleared of the strangers who
-filled it. It required all his popularity to succeed. The <i>poissardes</i>
-in the gallery, with their usual familiarity, cried out, "Mother
-Mirabeau must speak&mdash;we must hear mother Mirabeau!" but he was not a
-man to make a show on these occasions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The king humiliated&mdash;the court, driven to extremities, yet still
-struggling, looked round for agents and supporters. The talents and
-influence of Mirabeau would render his accession to their party
-invaluable; Necker had named him "Tribun par calcul, et aristocrate par
-goût;" and this character, joined to his debts, his bad reputation, his
-known vices, and the very report that he acted for the duke of Orléans,
-inspired the notion that he was venal.
-<span class="sidenote2">Nov.</span>
-There can be no doubt that, at this period, a thousand different schemes
-and hopes agitated this strange and powerful man. He detested the
-aristocracy and despotism; but he was attached to royalty and the image
-of the English constitution; and various advances made him by the court
-led him to believe that a conscientious support of royalty might be
-combined with his personal interests. Dumont mentions a conversation he
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">{Pg 247}</a></span>
-had with him, in which he showed him a plan for the retreat of the king
-to Metz&mdash;the necessity the assembly would find itself under of
-following him there, and the consequent quelling of the anarchical power in
-France. Dumont, foreseeing that civil war and massacre would follow such
-attempts, argued strongly against it. Mirabeau replied that the court
-was resolved, and that he thought it right to combine to ensure its
-success, and cause them to act so as to preserve the liberty of the
-country. His purpose was, however, shaken by the arguments of Dumont,
-and the whole plan was subsequently given up. Thiers gives a somewhat
-different account. He narrates that in an interview with a friend, in
-the park of Versailles, that lasted the whole night, Mirabeau declared
-that he was resolved for the sake of his glory, for the good of his
-country, and the advancement of his own fortune, to remain immovable
-between the throne and the disorganisers, and to consolidate the
-monarchy while he participated in its power. His pride, however, stood
-in the way of any debasing steps. When the court made him offers, it was
-informed that he would make no sacrifice of principles; but that, if the
-king would be faithful to the constitution, he was ready to become his
-staunch supporter. His conditions were, that his debts should be paid, and
-that he should have a place in the ministry. According to law, the
-ministers could neither speak nor vote in the assembly&mdash;before
-accepting place, Mirabeau endeavoured to get this law repealed. He failed;
-and during the discussion Lanjuinais proposed that the actual deputies
-should be forbidden to accept place. Mirabeau angrily replied, that so
-baneful a decree ought not to be passed for the sake of one man; but
-that he would vote for it with the amendment, that a place in the
-ministry should not be forbidden all the deputies, but only to M. de
-Mirabeau, deputy for Aix. This outburst of frank audacity had no effect;
-Lanjuinais' motion passed; and Mirabeau felt exceedingly indignant
-towards the assembly, and often spoke of the members with bitter
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">{Pg 248}</a></span>
-contempt; yet his letters bear the impress of generous forbearance,
-inspired by enlarged views of the duties of a citizen. "I do not say,"
-he writes, "that the assembly is not somewhat severe towards me; with
-all that, nothing can prevent, when the occasion presents, this
-struggling, tumultuous, and, above all, ostracising assembly, from
-returning under my influence: that results from the firmness of my
-principles, and the support given by my talent. It was from the bottom
-of my heart that I once wrote, 'Malheur aux peuples reconnaissants!' One
-is never quit towards one's country. One gains glory, at least, by
-serving it in whatever state. No element of public servitude ought to
-exist&mdash;and gratitude is a very active one."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-There is generosity, but not absolute wisdom in this dictum. In
-republics, more evil arises from want of accord and stability of purpose
-than from leaning on one man, especially among the French, who, vain by
-nature, are more apt each to believe in his own capacity than rely on
-that of another. Unfortunately, this distrust of public servants took
-firm root during the revolution. First, no deputy was allowed to be
-minister, so that no man of business could be deputy. Afterwards, the
-members of one assembly were not allowed to be elected in the succeeding
-one, so that inexperience, crude views, and want of mutual reliance,
-became the characteristic of the French legislators.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1790.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-41.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Mirabeau's negotiations with the court meanwhile went on; he even
-received for a short time a pension from Monsieur, the king's eldest
-brother; the queen treated him with winning condescension&mdash;and she was
-won also by the charm of his superiority and frankness. Thus he did not
-sell his principles, which remained unchanged, yet he made a mart of
-them; and, in the eye of history, falls from the high position of a man
-above the reach of gold. His want of docility, meanwhile, often
-displeased the court&mdash;he refused to compromise his popularity at its
-beck, and despised the men who wished at once to make use of him and yet
-to render him useless.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">{Pg 249}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His position, though it seem dubious, was plain enough. He wished to
-lead a moderately royal party, and give stability to the monarchy. He
-desired to oppose the jacobins and disorganisers; but his views did not
-meet the sanguine and senseless hopes and wishes of the court&mdash;which
-aimed at nothing less than a return to the <i>ancien régime.</i> He stood
-therefore companionless&mdash;seizing at times on and thundering from the
-tribune&mdash;making his power felt whenever he was roused, but walking in
-darkness, uncertain of the means which yet he grappled at, whereby to
-confirm his greatness.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the assembly he continued to extend his influence by means of his
-enthusiasm, and his power of expressing it. Various methods had been
-made use of to get rid of the constituent assembly, and elect
-another&mdash;under the pretence that, the work of forming a constitution
-being accomplished, their task was at an end, and that the continuation
-of their power was illegal and a usurpation over the throne. In the
-midst of the cries which these words called forth, Mirabeau rose. "We
-are asked," he said "when the deputies of the people, became a national
-convention? I reply, on that day when, finding the entrance to their
-chamber surrounded by soldiers, they hastened to assemble in the first
-place they could find, and swore to perish rather than to betray or
-abandon the rights of the nation. Our powers on that day changed their
-nature. Whatever these powers may be which we have exerted, our efforts
-and our labours have legitimated them, and the adhesion of the whole
-nation has sanctified them. Do you remember the heroic words of the
-great man of antiquity, who had neglected the legal forms in saving his
-country? Summoned by a factious tribune to swear whether he had observed
-the laws, he replied, f I swear that I have saved my country!'
-Gentlemen, I swear that you have saved France!" At this grand oath, the
-whole assembly, carried away by a sudden impulse, closed the discussion
-and dismissed the question.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The same power gave him the victory, when he was accused of conspiring
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">{Pg 250}</a></span>
-with the duke of Orléans to produce the commotions of the 5th and 6th of
-October, and caused the accusation to be cast aside as devoid of
-credit.<a name="NoteRef_14_14" id="NoteRef_14_14"></a><a href="#Note_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1791.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-42.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-We have an interesting picture of his position at the commencement of
-the year 1791 from Dumont&mdash;who though his friend, and at times his
-secretary, or rather, as he affirms, the composer of some of his most
-successful speeches, gives no signs of partiality. "I dined several
-times at the house of Mirabeau, who told me that he was on terms with
-the court, and directed its counsels; and that his hopes were well
-founded&mdash;as the royal personages had begun to see the necessity of
-attaching him to their cause, and of no longer listening to the advice
-of the emigrants and princes. He now lived in good style, and his house
-was handsomely fitted up: he was better off than he had ever been, and
-showed no discretion in the use of his money. I was surprised to see him
-show off, after dinner, a case in which were several jewels. This was
-proclaiming his being on the civil list, and I wondered that his
-popularity did not suffer by it. His table was splendid, and his company
-numerous. His house was filled early in the morning, and it was a
-perpetual <i>levée</i> from seven o'clock till the hour of his repairing to
-the assembly; and a great crowd frequently assembled at that time to
-enjoy the felicity of seeing him pass. Although titles were abolished,
-he was still the comte de Mirabeau, not only with his servants and
-visiters, but also the people, who love to decorate their idols. I could
-have learnt from him the secret of his intercourse with the court, his
-views, means, and intrigues, for he was well disposed to open himself to
-me; but I neither wished to be censor nor flatterer. He insinuated
-twenty times that his only object was to save the monarchy, if it were
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">{Pg 251}</a></span>
-possible. That means were necessary to accomplish this end; that trivial
-morality was hostile to that on a large scale; that disinterested
-services were rare; and that hitherto the court had wasted its money on
-traitors.<a name="NoteRef_15_15" id="NoteRef_15_15"></a><a href="#Note_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"During the last week of my stay in Paris, I saw him in a new
-situation, which he had often pretended to despise, but more from
-mortification than indifference. He was president of the
-assembly,&mdash;never was the place so well filled. He displayed new
-talents. He put an order and clearness into the work, of which no idea had
-hitherto been formed. By a word, he threw light on a question; by a
-word, he appeased a tumult. His deference to all parties, the respect he
-always testified for the assembly, the conciseness of his speeches, his
-answers to the various deputations that came to the bar,&mdash;which,
-whether spontaneous or prepared, were always delivered with dignity and
-grace, and gave satisfaction even in refusals,&mdash;in a word, his
-activity, impartiality, and presence of mind added to his reputation
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">{Pg 252}</a></span>
-and success in a place which had been a stumbling block to his
-predecessors. He had the art of putting himself foremost, and drawing the
-general attention on himself, even when, not being allowed to speak from
-the tribune, he appeared to have fallen from his best prerogative. Several
-of his enemies and rivals, who had chosen him for the sake of putting him
-in eclipse, had the chagrin of finding that they had added to his glory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"He was far from being in good health, and told me that he felt himself
-perishing away. I observed that his style of life would long ago have
-killed a man less robust than himself. He had no repose from seven in
-the morning till ten or eleven at night. He was in continual
-conversation and agitation both of thought and feeling. When we parted, he
-embraced me with an emotion he had never before displayed.&mdash;'I shall
-die at the oar,' he said, 'and we probably shall never meet again. When
-I am gone my worth will be acknowledged. The evils that I have arrested
-will burst over France, and the criminal faction that trembles before me
-will no longer be bridled. I have only prophecies of evil before my
-eyes. Ah! my friend, how right we were when we desired at the beginning
-to prevent the commons from declaring themselves a national
-assembly,&mdash;that was the origin of our evils. Since they were
-victorious, they have not ceased to show themselves unworthy; they have
-desired to govern the king, instead of governing through him. Now neither
-they nor he will have authority; a vile faction will domineer over them,
-and fill France with terror."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He lived for three months after saying these words, and lived still to
-triumph, and to add to his glory. The last scene of moment in which he
-displayed his mighty influence was during the discussion of the law
-against emigration. Mirabeau opposed it as tyrannical and unjust: the
-popular voice went the other way, and cries were uttered against him.
-His thunder silenced their more feeble demonstrations. "The popularity,"
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">{Pg 253}</a></span>
-he exclaimed, "which I desired is but a feeble reed; but I will force it
-into the earth, and it shall take root in the soil of reason and
-justice!" Applause followed this burst. "I swear," he continued, "if a
-law of emigration passes, I swear to disobey you." He descended from the
-tribune, having silenced his enemies, and astonished the assembly. The
-discussion went on, and the adjournment was moved, to give time to
-prepare a law different from the one under discussion, and so to calm
-the people. The tumult continued, and cries of applause or
-disapprobation drowned every other sound, till Mirabeau demanded
-attention. A deputy, M. Goupil, who some time ago had attacked Mirabeau
-with the cry that Cataline was at their doors, now exclaimed,&mdash;"By
-what right does M. de Mirabeau exercise a dictatorship?" At these words
-the orator threw himself into the tribune. The president
-remarked,&mdash;"I have not accorded the right to speak; let the
-assembly decide." The assembly listened.&mdash;"I beg my interruptors,"
-said Mirabeau, "to remember that through life I have combated against
-tyranny, and I will combat it wherever it is to be found." Speaking
-thus, he turned his eyes from right to left, while applause followed his
-words;&mdash;he continued:&mdash;"I beg M. Goupil to remember that not
-long ago he was mistaken as to the Cataline whose dictatorship he now
-resists. I beg the assembly to remark that the question of adjournment,
-simple in appearance, comprehends others, since it supposes that there
-is a law to form." Murmurs rose from the left; the orator fixed his eyes
-on the inimical party, and its leaders, Barnave and Lameth. "Silence
-those thirty voices," he cried: "I am content also to vote for the
-adjournment, but on condition that no sedition follows."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This was the greatest, and it was the last struggle that Mirabeau had
-with the jacobins,&mdash;his last attempt to stop the progress of that
-revolution to which he had given form and dignity during its primal
-struggles. "I would not," he wrote, in a letter meant for the eye of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">{Pg 254}</a></span>
-king,&mdash;"I would not have laboured only at a vast destruction." Thus
-pledged by his principles and his promises to the court to prop the
-monarchy, his task was becoming one that demanded more force than, even
-giant as he was, he possessed. The shades of death cover the
-probabilities of the future; but it can scarcely be doubted that he must
-have modified his views, animated the king to a more resolute and
-popular course, or been swept away in the torrent of blood so soon about
-to flow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For some time, incessant labour and excitement undermined his life. The
-ophthalmias, which had first attacked him in his prison, in Vincennes,
-were renewed, and he Was often obliged to apply leeches to his eyes
-during the intervals of one day's sitting of the assembly. The sense of
-disease at work within seemed to him to resemble the effects of poison;
-and the medicines he took added to, instead of diminishing, his
-conviction that he was perishing. His last and fatal seizure was
-accompanied by intense pain and agonising spasms; and the only physician
-he admitted, who was his friend, began to lose hope. As soon as his
-illness became publicly known, his house was surrounded by an anxious
-and mute multitude. In the hour of danger they remembered him as their
-leader, their preserver, their hope. The bulletins of his progress were
-seized on with avidity. Louis XVI. sent ostensibly twice a day, and much
-oftener in secret, to hear how he went on. For a moment, the king and
-the people appeared united by a common interest, and had a desire of
-currying favour with the revolutionary party animated the monarch, and
-induced him to visit the dying man, he had acquired a popularity never
-to be forgotten. The demagogues feared that he might have been led to
-such an act; but it was out of character with Louis, who clung longer to
-the etiquettes than to the reality of royalty.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The last days of Mirabeau were divided between agonising pain and calm
-and affectionate conversation with his friends. While he hoped to
-recover, he gave up all his thoughts to his cure; and even refused to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">{Pg 255}</a></span>
-receive his friends, that the remedies might have a fairer chance. But,
-when he felt the sure approach of death, he was eager to have them
-around, and talking with them, holding their hands, and looking
-affectionately on them, found deep enjoyment in the consciousness of their
-sympathy and love. Already he spoke of himself as dead&mdash;with great
-reluctance he allowed another medical man to be called in, whose
-remedies proving ineffectual, Mirabeau said, "You are a great physician,
-but there is one greater than you; he who created the wind that destroys
-all&mdash;the water that penetrates and produces all&mdash;the fire that
-vivifies or decomposes all." He heard with emotion of the demonstrations of
-affection made by the people. His last hours were marked by mingled
-philosophy and gaiety: he called his friends about him, and discoursed
-of himself and public affairs, with a view to futurity after he was
-gone; he made his will&mdash;the legacies of which the count de Lamark, who
-had been his means of communication with the court, promised should be
-paid. The visit of his enemy, Barnave, who came in the name of the
-jacobins to inquire concerning him, afforded him pleasure. He gave M. de
-Talleyrand a discourse he had prepared for the tribune; and, speaking of
-Pitt, he said "he is a minister of preparations, and governs by threats:
-I should have given him some trouble had I lived." He felt the approach
-of his last hour. "I shall die to-day, my friend," he said, to Cabanis;
-"no more remains than to crown one's self with flowers, and surround
-one's self with music, so to pass peacefully into eternal sleep."
-Hearing the report of cannon, fired for some ceremony, he exclaimed,
-"Hark! the funeral rites of Achilles are begun!" As he lost his speech,
-he yet smiled softly and serenely on his friends. The spasms returned
-with renewed violence. Unable to speak, he wrote, asking, that opium
-might be given him to appease them; but, before he could take it, he was
-no more. His death took place on the 20th of April, 1791, at the age of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">{Pg 256}</a></span>
-forty-two. The news quickly spread through the court, the town, the
-assembly. Every party had placed their hopes in him, and he was mourned
-by all except such as might envy his fame. On hearing the fatal
-intelligence, the assembly interrupted its sitting; a general mourning
-was ordered, and a public funeral.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-He was buried in the Pantheon (formerly church of Sainte Geneviève),
-which had been dedicated "Aux grands hommes la patrie reconnoissante;"
-and Mirabeau was the first buried there. His funeral took place on the
-morrow of his death. The ministers and magistrates, the assembly, the
-army, the municipalities, in short, the members of every public
-institution, accompanied the procession. He was more numerously and
-honourably attended, and he was more sincerely mourned, than kings and
-princes had been, or than any other great man of his own times. During
-the reign of terror his remains were torn from the tomb, and scattered
-to the winds, as those of a traitor to the nation.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The peculiarity of Mirabeau, as we before remarked, was the union of
-great genius with impetuous passions. The last, manifesting themselves
-in boyhood, in a family which, while the members were remarkable for
-vehemence in themselves, exacted the most entire filial obedience from
-their offspring, caused him to be opposed, persecuted, and oppressed.
-Seventeen <i>lettres de cachet</i> had been issued against him, while he
-felt that his crimes were rather errors in which the public or the state
-had no concern. Shut up in a narrow fortress or narrower cell, his hatred
-of tyranny was strongly excited, and he sought in his writings to express
-it; and, when the occasion offered, he combated it with impetuous
-eloquence and determined resistance. At that time, aware how much his
-influence was lessened by the errors of his youth, he had been known,
-when he felt his progress checked by the disrepute in which his private
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">{Pg 257}</a></span>
-character was held, to weep, and to exclaim, "I cruelly expiate the
-errors of my youth!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-With all his errors he was a warm and kind-hearted man, and gifted with
-undaunted courage. During his political career, his enemies were
-perpetually endeavouring to embroil him in duels, which he avoided
-without the most distant suspicion of cowardice being attached to him.
-He was a man of wit, and many of his sayings are recorded. They are
-often bitter epigrams on his enemies, and inspired by hatred rather than
-truth. He called the virtuous La Fayette Grandison-Cromwell; and said of
-him that he had <i>bien sauté pour reculer</i>, as his latter conduct did
-not come up to his first entrance on life when he went to America. He
-was the implacable enemy of Necker, who, he says, was "a clock always
-too slow." While speaking in the national assembly, he pointed to a
-picture, emblemising Time, with his scythe and his hour-glass always
-full, exclaiming, "We have taken his scythe, but we have forgotten his
-time-piece." Of the national assembly he said, "It has Hannibals in
-plenty, and needs a Fabius." It was the fashion to call
-Clermont-Tonnerre the Pitt of France: "As you please," said Mirabeau;
-"but how would Pitt like to be called the Clermont-Tonnerre of England?"
-His faculty of wit rose sometimes into grandeur. When he spoke of the
-convulsions that would ensue on the entire overthrow of the monarchy, he
-cried, "You will have assassinations and massacres; but you will never
-rise to the execrable height of a civil war." Talleyrand said that he
-dramatised his death. It is a strange moment for vanity to become
-paramount; and the chief trait of his death-bed was his gentleness and
-serenity, and the affection he showed to his friends. Politics occupied
-him at times; and he said to those about him, "Après ma mort, les
-factieux se partageront les lambeaux de la monarchie."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The great quality of his mind was the power of seizing on any word or
-idea presented to him, and reproducing it at the right moment, with such
-vigour and fire as made it omnipotent. It was the eagle eye that enabled
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">{Pg 258}</a></span>
-him on the instant to discern the right path, or the commanding idea,
-and to express it with force and majesty. With a lion heart, untiring
-perseverance, and the strength of a giant, he swept away opposition,
-inspired confidence, and fixed his standard far within the ranks of the
-enemy, where none dared touch it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-So well could he adapt his very ugliness, his flashing eyes, abundant
-hair, and marks of physical power, to the sentiments which he expressed,
-that an actor on hearing him speak in the tribune exclaimed, "Ah! what a
-pity he was born a gentleman; he has missed his vocation!" He was
-greater as an orator than a leader. But each day he lived he advanced in
-the science of party strife. At the last, when he contemplated an
-organised opposition to the jacobins, he became expert; but it may be
-believed that he would have found an insuperable obstacle to success in
-the passions of the people.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In early life his misfortunes arose from not having embarked in a
-fitting career. As a military man, a century before, as a marshal under
-Louis XIV., he had replaced Turenne; a few years later, he might have
-emulated Napoleon. As it was, had he been allowed to seek active service
-in the army, his turbulence had found vent in the midst of hardship and
-danger&mdash;a general would have been given to his country. Another school
-was needed to form the leader of the revolution: the exasperation
-engendered by tyranny, the resolution born in the solitude of a dungeon,
-the ambition nurtured by contempt of inferior men&mdash;all that had
-quelled a feebler man&mdash;gave force and direction to his passions,
-perception and enthusiasm to his genius, and made that Mirabeau, whom his
-countrymen regard as one of the greatest of their leaders, and whose name
-is a light that burns inextinguishably amidst the glory that illustrated
-the commencement of the French revolution.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">{Pg 259}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_10_10" id="Note_10_10"></a><a href="#NoteRef_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a>These extracts form the best part of the "Memoirs of
-Mirabeau," by M. Lucas Montigny, his adopted, or, rather, his natural
-son,&mdash;a work of zeal and labour, but undigested, diffuse, and
-ill-judged. Had the author published a selection from these letters,
-which were placed in his hands by the family, we should have an
-invaluable work. As it is, we are often as much tantalised by what is
-omitted, as edified by what is given, of the correspondence. When the
-extracts from it cease, the pages of the memoirs lose all their charm
-and value: they degenerate into little else than extracts from
-newspapers, and vapid discussions by the author.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_11_11" id="Note_11_11"></a><a href="#NoteRef_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a>The subsequent history of this hapless victim of a
-depraved state of society which set the seal of guilt on her attachment,
-may be briefly stated. After the birth of her child, Sophie was taken
-from the asylum in which she was first placed, and confined in the
-convent of Saintes-Claires, at Gien. By degrees many indulgences were
-allowed her, and she received visits. Mirabeau became jealous, and
-angrily expressed his jealousy, both in letters, and in a single
-interview which they had after his liberation from Vincennes. Had
-Mirabeau come to this interview with a candid mind and a constant heart,
-he had at once have acknowledged Sophie's innocence. But his attachment
-had waned, and he was intent on completing his reconciliation with his
-father, and contriving one with his wife. He played the part of the wolf
-with the lamb in the fable; and, to the utter destruction of the nobler
-portion of his nature, the ties of love and affection, the knitting of
-which had occasioned misery and ruin to both, were broken for ever. Soon
-after, the death of her husband restored Sophie to her liberty, but she
-chose to continue to reside within the precincts of the convent, though
-she used her liberty to make visits and excursions. She was greatly
-loved by all who knew her. Her sweetness and gentleness attached many
-friends: her charity and kind sympathy caused her to be beloved by the
-poor, by whom her memory was long gratefully preserved. She formed a
-second attachment for a gentleman to whom she was about to be married,
-but his death prevented their union. Sophie resolved not to survive him.
-Immediately on receiving his last sigh, she prepared to die. She shut
-herself up with two braziers of burning charcoal; and was found on the
-morrow dead. She died on the 8th September, 1789, in the 37th year of
-her age.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_12_12" id="Note_12_12"></a><a href="#NoteRef_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a>The subsequent life of Madame de Mirabeau was singular.
-For some years she continued under her father's guidance, and, at his
-wish, to live a life of pleasure; theatricals and every sort of
-dissipation being the order of the day. A reconciliation was set on
-foot, and had nearly been accomplished between her and her husband at
-the period of his death. She emigrated with her father during the
-revolution, and suffered a good deal of poverty. She subsequently
-married a count de Rocca, and visited Paris, to endeavour to recover
-some portion of her property. Her husband died soon after, and she
-resumed the name of Mirabeau, of which she became proud, reviving the
-recollections of past times, surrounding herself with every object that
-could remind her of the husband of her youth. She lived in intimacy with
-his sister, madame du Saillant, and extended her kindness to the young
-man whom Mirabeau had adopted. Though frivolous, she had never been ill
-conducted, and her faults, being those of timidity, are chiefly to be
-attributed to her father, who, loving ease and pleasure, and glad to
-have his daughter with him, prevented her by every means in his power
-from fulfilling her duties towards her husband. She passed her last
-years in the hotel de Mirabeau, and died in the year 1800, in the same
-room where her husband had expired.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_13_13" id="Note_13_13"></a><a href="#NoteRef_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a>There is a fragment preserved of Mirabeau, remarkable for
-its know, ledge of human motives, which shows the stress he laid on a
-resolute line of conduct. It deserves to be quoted:&mdash;</p>
-
-<p>
-"If I wrote a book on the military art, the chapter on enthusiasm should
-not be the shortest. If I wrote a treatise on politics, I would treat
-largely of the <i>art of daring</i>, which is not less necessary for the
-success of civil enterprises than of military operations; and also to
-try the strength of the man who leads; for it is the further or nearer
-boundary-line of the possible that marks the difference of men.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"In reading history, I find that almost all the faults committed by the
-chiefs, of whatever party, arise from indecision in their principles,
-and obliquity of conduct. They revolt by halves; they are faithful by
-halves: they dare not entirely cast aside duty, nor entirely sacrifice
-their passions. The first steps, which ought to be full of confidence,
-are vacillating and ill-assumed: they arrange a retreat, and take
-several roads to reach the goal. Artifices, that favourite resource of
-ordinary politicians, are the effect of this timidity of the
-understanding or the heart. They negotiate to disguise themselves, to
-attract partisans, while they ought to walk straight to the object in
-view by the shortest line. What is the invariable result? He who wishes
-to deceive is deceived; they have failed in seizing the decisive moment,
-and have persuaded no one. As much as extremes are unwise in the course
-of daily life, so much are half measures insufficient in critical
-events; and the most dangerous, as well as the most inconsistent
-conduct, is to get half rid of prejudices. But there are nearly as few
-resolute bad men as decided honest ones; and most men want character."</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_14_14" id="Note_14_14"></a><a href="#NoteRef_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a>The compiler of the memoirs and correspondence of La
-Fayette makes no doubt that Mirabeau belonged to the Orleanist faction
-till after the 6th of October, when he began to treat with the court.
-This was evidently La Fayette's own conviction, apparently founded on
-the evidence laid before the assembly, August 7th, 1790, which Mirabeau
-refuted, as mentioned in the text.</p></div>
-
-<div class="footnote">
-
-<p><a name="Note_15_15" id="Note_15_15"></a><a href="#NoteRef_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a>Copy of a treaty with M. de Mirabeau.&mdash;"First, The king
-gives M. de Mirabeau the promise of an embassy: this promise shall be
-announced by Monsieur himself to M. de Mirabeau. Second, The king will
-immediately, until that promise be fulfilled, grant a private
-appointment to M. de Mirabeau of 50,000 livres a month, which
-appointment will continue at least for the space of four months. M. de
-Mirabeau pledges himself to aid the king with his knowledge, influence,
-and eloquence, in all that he may judge useful to the welfare of the
-state and the interest of the king&mdash;two things that all good citizens
-undoubtedly look upon as inseparable; and, in case M. de Mirabeau should
-not be convinced of the solidity of the reasons that may be given him,
-he will abstain from speaking on the subject.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left: 50%;">(Approved) LOUIS.</p>
-
-<p style="margin-left: 50%;">(Signed) LE COMTE DE MIRABEAU."</p>
-
-<p>
-"<i>Note.</i>&mdash;The original of this article is in the handwriting of
-Monsieur, at present Louis XVIII."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This paper is published in vol. II. appendix, no. V. of the memoirs of
-Lafayette. It was found in the iron closet, discovered in the Tuileries
-on the 10th of August, 1792, containing secret papers. In the same
-receptacle is an autograph letter from Louis XVI. to La Fayette, begging
-him to concert with Mirabeau respecting the subjects most important to
-the welfare of the state and the king's service and person. This letter
-La Fayette suspects to have been dictated by Mirabeau himself, and was
-never received by him. It is dated June 29th, 1790. The treaty first
-quoted is printed without a date. This alliance of the court with
-Mirabeau was first brought about by Monsieur, the king's eldest brother.
-Afterwards, it would seem that some other was entered into, negotiated
-by the count de la Mark, afterwards prince d'Aremberg, which was
-mentioned to Bouille, Feb. 6th, 1791. The prince d'Aremberg lived in
-Brussels till 1833, and said to La Fayette, that Mirabeau only made
-himself be paid to be of his own opinion; yet the stipulation of
-silence, when not convinced by the court, in the above treaty, looks
-like a still more entire sale of his influence.</p></div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="MADAME_ROLAND">MADAME ROLAND</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1754-1793.</h4>
-
-<p>
-Madame Roland, strictly speaking, can scarcely be classed among persons
-of literary reputation. Her fame rests even on higher and nobler grounds
-than that of those who toil with the brain for the instruction of their
-fellow creatures. She acted. What she wrote is more the emanation of the
-active principle, which, pent in a prison, betook itself to the only
-implement, the pen, left to wield, than an exertion of the reflective
-portion of the mind. The composition of her memoirs was the last deed of
-her life, save the leaving it&mdash;and it was a noble one&mdash;disclosing
-the nature of the soil that gave birth to so much virtue; teaching women
-how to be great, without foregoing either the duties or charms of their
-sex; and exhibiting to men an example of feminine excellence, from which
-they may gather confidence, that if they dedicate themselves to useful and
-heroic tasks, they will find helpmates in the other sex to sustain them
-in their labours and share their fate.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In giving the life of this admirable woman, we have at once the
-advantage and disadvantage of drawing the details of her early years
-from her autobiography. We are thus secure from false statements and
-meagre conjecture; but our pages must appear cold and vapid, as
-containing only an abridgment of details which she recounts with a
-glowing pen. Under these circumstances, it is better to refer the reader
-to her work for minutia, and to confine ourselves to results; and
-instead of lingering over a dry statement of facts, to seek for the
-formation of character, and to give a rapid view of the causes of her
-greatness; and to find what was the position and education of a woman
-who, in a country usually noted for frivolity and display, exhibited
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">{Pg 260}</a></span>
-simplicity joined to elevation of character and strength of mind, of
-which few examples can be found in the history of the world.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Manon Phlipon was of bourgeoise, and even humble, though respectable
-birth. Her father was an engraver; he had a slight knowledge of the fine
-arts, and wished to become an enamel painter: he failed in this as well
-as in an after attempt to enrich himself by trading in jewels, which
-brought on his ruin. During the early years of his daughter he was well
-to do, and employed several workmen under him. His wife was refined in
-character, and might have hoped for a partner of a more delicate and
-enlightened mind; but her sense of duty and sweetness of temper
-reconciled her to her lot. Manon was the second of seven children, but
-the only one who survived infancy. She was put out to be nursed by a
-peasant in the country, as was the practice in those days, and returned
-home when two years old, to pass the remainder of her girlhood beneath
-the parental roof, under the care of her gentle and excellent mother,
-who found it an easy task to regulate the disposition of one whose
-earliest characteristic was sensibility. "While I remained in my
-peaceful home," she writes of herself, "my natural sensibility so engrossed
-every quality, that no other displayed itself&mdash;my first desire
-was to please and to do good." Naturally serious and fond of occupation,
-she loved reading from infancy; books and flowers were her earliest
-passion; and as she records this in her prison, torn from all she loved,
-expecting the death to which those about her were being led by turns,
-"still," she says, "I can forget the injustice of men and my sufferings
-among books and flowers."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Every sort of master was given her by her fond parents, and she applied
-herself with an ardour and a delight that led her instructors to prolong
-her lessons, and to take deep interest in teaching her. Her father, who
-had no idea of education except by reprimand and punishment, was soon
-led to cease to interfere in the guidance of her conduct; he caressed
-her, taught her to paint, and showed her every kindness; while the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">{Pg 261}</a></span>
-cultivation of her mind and heart was left to her mother, who found it
-easy to lead her by appeals to her reason or her feelings. Passionately
-fond of reading, she seized on hooks wherever she could find them: there
-were not many in her father's house, but Plutarch fell into her hands at
-nine years old, and more delighted her than all the fairy tales she had
-ever read; she drank in republicanism even then. Her imagination and her
-heart were warmed meanwhile by reading Fénélon and Tasso. As she
-remarks, had she had indiscreet companions, this early development of
-feeling might have led to an untimely awakening of passion; but under
-the shelter of her mother, with her only for a companion, her heart
-sympathised with the emotions of others, without any reference to
-herself&mdash;occupation and innocence protected her.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She lived in all the simplicity that belonged to a tradesman easy in his
-means. The bourgeoisie of Paris of those days were a remarkable class.
-They detested and despised the debauchery of the noblesse, and the
-servility of their parasites; while they held themselves far above the
-brutal ignorance and licentiousness of the populace. The women of this
-class passed laborious and secluded lives, enlivened only by the
-enjoyments their vanity might gather on days of festivals, when they
-showed off their fine clothes and pretty faces in the public promenades.
-The habits of this class, as madame Roland describes them from
-experience, were remarkable for frugality. She accompanied her mother to
-market&mdash;occasionally she was sent alone, which she thought somewhat
-derogatory&mdash;but did not complain. There was but one servant, and
-sometimes she assisted in the kitchen; at the same time, the fondness of
-her mother displayed itself by dressing her elegantly and richly on
-Sundays and visiting days. Dancing, in which she excelled, was among her
-accomplishments. Her mother was pious: by degrees the sensibility of her
-character found a vent for itself in religion. The first time she left
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">{Pg 262}</a></span>
-her mother's roof was, at her own request, to prepare herself in a
-convent to receive her first communion. During her retreat she formed a
-friendship with a young companion. After leaving the convent, their
-intercourse continued by letters; and this, she tells us, was the origin
-of her love of writing, and caused her, by exercise, to acquire
-facility.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After passing a year in the convent, she passed another with her
-paternal grandmother, and then she returned to her father's roof. Her
-days were chiefly passed in study; her meditative mind speculated on all
-she read; her mother permitted her to read every book that fell in her
-way, and the self-taught girl preferred philosophical works to every
-other; she thus enlarged the sphere of her ideas; formed opinions, and
-erected rigid rules of morality as her guide. The severe principles of
-Pascal and the writers of the Port-Royal had a great attraction for her
-ardent mind; and when she sought in philosophy for principles of equal
-self-denial, she endeavoured to adopt the system of the stoics. All that
-ennobled the soul and exalted the moral feeling attracted her. She was
-dispirited when she turned to the pages of modern French philosophy. The
-theories of Helvetius saddened her, till she was relieved by the
-consideration that his narrow and derogatory view of human motive and
-action was applicable only to the corrupt state of society such as he
-found it in France. She believed that she ought to study this author as
-a guide in the depraved world of Paris; but she rejected his doctrines
-as explanatory of the movements of the human soul in a virtuous simple
-state of society; she felt herself superior to the principle of self
-which he made the law of our nature; she contrasted it with the heroic
-acts of antiquity, and thus she became enthusiastically attached to
-those republics in which virtue flourished; she became persuaded that
-freedom was the parent of heroes; she regretted that her lot had not
-been cast among such, and disdained the idea of associating with the
-corrupt race of her day. The aspirations after the examples set by the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">{Pg 263}</a></span>
-great, the virtuous, the generous, and the wise, which she thus
-nourished, gave a charm to her solitary life; but her studies excited
-far other feelings when she was led to remark how little they accorded
-with the state of society in France.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Sometimes she was taken to visit certain ladies who claimed to be noble,
-and who, looking upon her as an inferior, sent her to dine with their
-servants. Once she paid a visit of eight days at Versailles, and
-witnessed the routine of a court. How different were the impertinent
-pretensions of these silly women, and the paltry pomp of royalty, from
-the majesty of the solitary reveries in which she associated with the
-heroes and philosophers of old! Her soul rejected distinctions of rank
-such as she found them in her own country,&mdash;empty in themselves, as
-far as regarded real excellence, and degrading to her in her
-position,&mdash;and she hurried back to take her proper place in
-creation, not the humble daughter of an obscure mechanic, but one whose
-mind was refined by philosophy, enlarged by knowledge; whose heart beat
-with generous impulses, and who already felt her bosom swell with the
-heroism which her future actions displayed. "I sighed," she writes, "as
-I thought of Athens, where I could have equally admired the fine arts,
-without being wounded by the spectacle of despotism; I transported
-myself in thought to Greece&mdash;I was present at the Olympic games,
-and I grew angry at finding myself French. Thus, struck by all of grand
-which is offered by the republics of antiquity, I forgot the death of
-Socrates, the exile of Aristides, the sentence of Phocion; I did not
-know that heaven had reserved it to me to witness errors similar to
-those of which they were the victims, and to participate in a similar
-persecution, after having professed similar principles."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She regarded the position she held in society with bitterness. Vain of
-her accomplishments and knowledge, proud in the consciousness of her
-integrity and of the lofty meditations in which she indulged, the
-condescension of the petty noblesse towards the daughter of an artisan
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">{Pg 264}</a></span>
-made her bosom swell with haughty emotion. She does not disguise that
-this feeling caused her to hail the revolution with greater transport.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It is usual to accuse the lowly of envy, so to cast a slur over their
-motives when they espouse with enthusiasm the cause of freedom. In all
-societies there must be difference of position, arising from the
-distribution of property, and no passion is more mean than that which
-causes the poor to view with envy the luxuries and ease of the rich. But
-the disdain which springs from knowing that others assume superiority
-from mere adventitious circumstances&mdash;that there is an impassable
-barrier, on the outer side of which the ignobly born must remain, vainly
-desiring a career in which to distinguish themselves&mdash;is a noble
-feeling, and is implanted in the human heart as the source of the
-highest virtues. Human weakness mingled, probably, some-pettiness in the
-pride of the beautiful and studious bourgeoise, but she knew how to rise
-above it; and when she sealed her ambition with her blood, she proved
-that it was honourable, and that her desire of distinction was founded
-on a generous love of the good of her species.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The only child of a prosperous artisan, it was supposed that she was an
-heiress: this idea, joined to her personal attractions, elicited
-numerous pretensions to her hand, and her indulgent parents conceded to
-her the privilege of replying to them. Her sensibility was great, and
-she looked on wedded life as the source of every felicity; but this very
-notion made her scrupulous in her choice. The young men of the quarter
-passed in review before her, and were, one after the other, rejected. A
-little hesitation ensued when a physician proposed&mdash;she hoped for more
-refinement and knowledge in one of the learned professions. In the end, he
-also was refused,&mdash;her heart continued untouched; she would have been
-glad if any one had appeared whom she could have looked upon as worthy
-of her; but, as this did not happen, she rejoiced to escape the proposed
-shackles, and turned to her peaceful studious home, the affection of her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">{Pg 265}</a></span>
-mother, and the attachment of her friends, with renewed delight. The
-account she gives of the many proposals she received, and the way in
-which they were finally dismissed, is one of the most amusing portions
-of her book, and affords a pleasant and vivid picture of the French
-system with regard to marriages.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her mother's health became enfeebled, and this excellent parent regarded
-her daughter's future prospects with anxiety. Phlipon had become
-careless in his business; his customers deserted him, his speculations
-failed; he grew fond of pleasure, and habits of industry were thrown
-aside. His wife was aware of the advances of poverty, and of the slight
-confidence she could place in her husband; she reasoned with her
-daughter, and tried to persuade her to accept the offer of a young
-jeweller, who had youth and good habits to recommend him; but Manon
-shrunk from uniting herself with one whom she could not regard as the
-sharer of her studies nor the guide of her conduct.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her mother died suddenly of paralysis. Madame Roland gives a vivid
-picture of the affliction she felt on this event, which conducted her to
-the brink of the grave. It was long before she could be roused from the
-intense grief that overwhelmed both mind and body. She became incapable
-of application, and struggled in vain to cast off the melancholy that
-made her a burden to herself and others. By degrees, her regrets grew
-less passionate and more tender. At this moment a friend, abbé Legrand,
-put the "Nouvelle Heloise" into her hands,&mdash;it succeeded in exciting
-her attention, and in calling her thoughts from her loss. "I was
-twenty-one," she says, "and Rousseau made the same impression on me then
-as Plutarch had done when I was eight. Plutarch had disposed me to
-republicanism,&mdash;he had awakened the energy and pride which are its
-characteristics; he inspired me with a true enthusiasm for public virtue
-and freedom. Rousseau showed me domestic happiness and the ineffable
-felicity I was capable of tasting." From this time, she returned to her
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">{Pg 266}</a></span>
-quiet routine of life, her studies, and her habits of observation. "I
-was placed," she says, "in solitude, but on the borders of society, and
-could remark much without being intruded on." Several men of letters
-interested themselves in her, and delighted in her society. Finding that
-she was in the habit of writing her remarks, some among them
-prognosticated that she would become an author; but she had no
-inclination to seek publicity in that manner. "I soon saw," she says,
-"that an authoress loses more than she gains. My chief object was my own
-happiness, and I never knew the public interfere with that for any one
-without spoiling it. There is nothing more delightful than to be
-appreciated by those with whom one lives, and nothing so empty as the
-admiration of those whom we are never to meet." Other cares, however,
-intruded themselves; she saw that her father's fortune was wasting away,
-and anticipated ruin for him and poverty for herself. He was
-young&mdash;and dissipated, and might marry again. Meanwhile, he was
-never at home, and interfered in her life only to annoy her, without
-affording the paternal protection or domestic society that she needed.
-She felt that her situation grew precarious, and the energy of her
-character determined her to meet rather than await the evil. She secured
-to herself a scanty income of about 25<i>l</i>. a year from the wreck of
-her father's fortune, and retired on it to a convent. She rented a small
-room in the congregation, and established herself in her retreat,
-determined to limit her wants to her means. Her plan demanded
-unflinching resolution, and this she displayed. Her food was simple, and
-prepared by herself. She only went out to visit her relations, and cast
-a careful eye over her father's household. The rest of her time was
-spent in her little solitary chamber. She gave herself up to study, and
-fortified her heart against adversity; determined to deserve the
-happiness which fate denied her.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">{Pg 267}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She at this time by no means foresaw the course of life she was destined
-to pursue, although she was already acquainted with her future husband.
-M. Roland de la Platiere, belonged to a family of Lyons, distinguished
-in what the French call the robe; that is, by having filled with credit
-legal employments. As the youngest of five sons, he was destined for the
-ecclesiastical profession; to avoid which, he left the paternal roof at
-the age of nineteen, and, alone and almost penniless, traversed France
-to Nantes, with the intention of embarking for India. He was dissuaded
-by a stranger to whom he had applied for information with regard to his
-projected voyage, who interested himself in his fate, and saw that he
-was too weakly in health to encounter the hardships of emigration. He
-found employment in the administration of manufactures at Rouen and
-Amiens. He possessed great simplicity and integrity of character; he
-loved study, and applied himself sedulously to gathering knowledge with
-regard to the manufactories of which he had the superintendence. He
-wrote several works that treated of such subjects. He was a man
-generally esteemed for his sound plain sense; his austere and simple
-manners inspired confidence, though he was more respected than loved on
-account of a certain coldness of character that repelled. He was known
-to Sophie, Mlle. Phlipon's convent friend; he heard her speak of her
-correspondent with admiration, and often asked to be allowed to make
-acquaintance with her during his yearly visit to Paris. At length,
-Sophie gave him an introduction.
-<span class="sidenote1">1775.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-23.</span>
-"This letter," she wrote, will be delivered to you by the philosopher I
-have often mentioned, M. Roland de la Platiere, an enlightened and
-excellent man, who can only be reproached for his great admiration of
-the ancients at the expense of the moderns, whom he despises, and his
-weakness in liking to talk too much about himself." Mlle. Phlipon liked
-him better than this sketch promised. His manners were a little cold and
-stiff; he was careless in dress, and no longer youthful either in years
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">{Pg 268}</a></span>
-or appearance; but she discerned and appreciated his simplicity and
-benevolence of character. He took pleasure in the society of the serious
-and reflective recluse, and paid her long though not frequent visits.
-His age prevented any idea of impropriety on the score of his being an
-admirer, add to which her father, while he ran after pleasure himself,
-left his daughter to pursue her way without interference. Roland was
-about to make a tour in Italy. He chose his new friend as the depositary
-of his manuscripts, and, before he departed, introduced to her his
-brother, a benedictine, prior of the college of Clugny at Paris. Through
-the intervention of this brother she saw the letters and observations
-that Roland sent from Italy. On his return, they continued friends; his
-conversation was a great resource to her, while the habit he indulged of
-seeing her often, at last rendered her society necessary to him, and
-love&mdash;slow and chill, but of deep growth&mdash;arose in his heart.
-Five years after the commencement of their acquaintance he disclosed his
-sentiments. She was flattered by the proposal&mdash;his good birth
-during the old regime was a tangible good, to which she was by no means
-insensible, but her pride led her to represent to him that she was a bad
-match&mdash;her family ignoble, and she herself, instead of being an
-heiress, ruined through her father's imprudence. Roland persisted in his
-address, and she permitted him to apply to her only surviving parent,
-which he did by letter from Amiens. Phlipon did not like his austerity,
-and was not pleased by the tone of his letter; thinking only of his own
-feelings, and without consulting his daughter, he sent a rejection
-couched in rude and even impertinent terms.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His daughter, when informed of what he had done, was a good deal
-shocked; for the last few months she had looked on Roland as her future
-husband, and attached herself to him. She wrote to him saying, that the
-event had justified her fears with regard to her father, and that he had
-better abandon his pursuit. At the same time she resolved to render
-herself independent&mdash;that if Roland persisted, he should not again be
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">{Pg 269}</a></span>
-annoyed. It was on this occasion that she retired to a convent, and
-bound herself to subsist on the scanty income which was all that she
-possessed. At first Roland wrote to complain of her father's treatment,
-and though still expressing attachment, appeared to regard the paternal
-rejection as putting an end to his hopes. Six months afterwards he
-visited Paris; the sight of his friend at the convent grate renewed the
-feelings which absence and disappointment had blunted; he pressed his
-offer, and sent his brother, the benedictine, to persuade her. I
-reflected deeply," she writes, "on what I ought to do. I could not
-conceal from myself that a younger man would not have delayed, for
-several months, entreating me to change my resolution, and I confess
-that this circumstance had deprived my feelings of every illusion. I
-considered, on the other hand, that this deliberation was an assurance
-that I was appreciated; and that if he had overcome his pride, which
-shrunk from the disagreeable circumstances that accompanied his marrying
-me, I was the more secure of an esteem I could not fail to preserve. In
-short, if marriage was, as I thought, an austere union, an association
-in which the woman usually burdens herself with the happiness of two
-individuals, it were better that I should exert my abilities and my
-courage in so honourable a task, than in the solitude in which I lived."
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1780.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-26.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-With these feelings she married. Of a passionate and ardent disposition,
-she devoted herself to a life of self-control; and, resolved to find her
-happiness in the fulfilment of her duty, she delivered herself up with
-enthusiasm and without reserve to the task she undertook. She was her
-husband's friend, companion, amanuensis; fearful of the temptations of
-the world, she gave herself up to labour; she soon became absolutely
-necessary to him at every moment, and in all the incidents of his life;
-her servitude was thus sealed; now and then it caused a sigh; but the
-holy sense of duty reconciled her to every inconvenience.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">{Pg 270}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She visited Switzerland and England. In this country her husband's
-connection with the scientific world led her to the society she best
-liked. They then took up their abode at the family residence of Clos la
-Platière near Lyons, with her husband's mother and elder brother.
-Madame Roland had one child, a little girl;&mdash;to educate her; to render
-her husband happy; to spread the charm of peace and love around, and in
-the midst of this to cultivate in her own pure mind the most elevated as
-well as the gentle virtues; to be useful to their peasantry, and
-mitigate as well as she could the many hardships to which the poor in
-France were exposed;&mdash;this was the scope of her life, and the entire
-prospect spread out before her. Her husband had so little expectation of
-change, that he endeavoured to get his right to letters of nobility
-acknowledged, as, madame Roland observes, "who would not have done the
-same in those days?" The time was apparently far off when it could be of
-general good to reject the privileges of class; and these privileges
-were so great that the sphere of usefulness was considerably extended to
-any one who possessed them. Failing in this attempt, the republican pair
-sometimes deliberated emigrating to America, that they might there enjoy
-equal institutions, and the sight of public happiness and prosperity.
-The age of M. Roland was an insurmountable obstacle, however, to this
-plan.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her letters, during this period, afford a picture of her mind; showing
-her love of duty and of study; her enjoyment of the beauties of nature,
-and, above all, the warm affectionateness of her disposition, which made
-her supremely happy in the happiness of others, and caused her to share,
-with tender sympathy, all the joys or sorrows of those she loved. Her
-husband's relations were disagreeable, but she bore the interference
-that prevented her living exactly in the manner she preferred with an
-unruffled temper.
-<span class="sidenote2">1786.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-32.</span>
-She tolerated every fault in others, and secluded herself to secure her
-liberty: she never repines. "Seated in my chimney corner," she writes to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">{Pg 271}</a></span>
-M. Bose, "at eleven before noon, after a peaceful night and my morning
-tasks&mdash;my husband at his desk, and my little girl knitting&mdash;I am
-conversing with the former, and overlooking the work of the latter;
-enjoying the happiness of being warmly sheltered in the bosom of my dear
-little family, and writing to a friend, while the snow is falling on so
-many poor wretches overwhelmed by sorrow and penury. I grieve over their
-fate, I repose on my own, and make no account of those family annoyances
-which appeared formerly to tarnish my felicity.&mdash;I am delighted at
-being restored to my accustomed way of existence." This country life was
-alternated by visits to Lyons, where Roland had employment, where she
-mingled in society; but the provincial tone that reigned was little
-consonant with her taste.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The revolution came in the midst of this peaceful existence, to give new
-life and expression to opinions which she had hitherto considered as
-merely theoretical, and for which no scope for practice had been
-afforded in the state of society before that epoch. All at once, from
-out of ancient wrong and tyranny, from the midst of the great miseries
-and intolerable oppressions which her country groaned under, the spirit
-of justice, of redress, and of freedom, sprung up. It seemed, at first,
-to every strong and honest mind, that France would throw off outworn,
-yet still subsisting and oppressive, abuses, and grow wise, virtuous,
-and happy, under the fosterage of liberty and equality.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-How gladly her soul hailed these hopes! Soon she found that they were
-accompanied by fears, and that the popular party grew insolent and
-despotic in prosperity. "Is the question to be whether we have one
-tyrant or a hundred," she writes, and she became eager to ally herself
-to the liberal, but constitutional, party, by which freedom would be
-secured, without anarchy or public convulsion.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1789.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-35.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Almost immediately on the breaking out of the revolution, her husband
-was elected into the municipality of Lyons. His integrity and firmness,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">{Pg 272}</a></span>
-and his attachment to the popular party, of course excited many enemies;
-but he was immovable in his course, and denounced all the abuses which
-had multiplied in the administration of the finances of the city. It was
-discovered that Lyons had 40,000,000 of livres of debt; the
-manufactories, meanwhile, were suffering, during a period of popular
-ferment, and 20,000 workmen were thrown out of employ. It was necessary
-to represent these things to the national assembly, and to ask for aid.
-Roland was charged with this mission.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1791.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-37.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Madame Roland had not visited Paris for five years. She was familiar
-with the names of the heads of the various parties, and a commerce of
-letters and civilities had had place between her husband and Brissot,
-chief of the girondists. He visited them, and her house became the
-rendezvous of his party. Her talents, beauty, and enthusiasm, produced
-an effect of which she was scarcely aware herself, and which the party
-itself rather felt than acknowledged. "Roland," writes Thiers, in his
-"History of the French Revolution," "was known for his clever writings
-on manufactures and mechanics. This man, of austere life, inflexible
-principles, and cold repulsive manners, yielded, without being aware, to
-the superior ascendancy of his wife. Madame Roland was young and
-beautiful. Nourished in seclusion by philosophical and republican
-sentiments, she had conceived ideas superior to her sex, and had erected
-a strict religion from the then reigning opinions. Living in intimate
-friendship with her husband, she wrote for him, communicated her
-vivacity and ardour, not only to him but to all the girondists, who,
-enthusiastic in the cause of liberty and philosophy, adored beauty, and
-talent, and their own opinions, in her." She, meanwhile, did all she
-could to render her influence covert. She might converse with energy and
-freedom with the different members of the party during their chance
-visits; but when they assembled in her house to discuss present
-proceedings and future prospects, she was present, but maintained
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">{Pg 273}</a></span>
-silence. Apart from the deliberators, occupied by needlework, or writing
-letters, she listened, nor interfered till, the conference breaking up,
-she could in privacy, and without ostentation, express her sentiments to
-them individually. This reserve caused all her friends to speak of her
-with respect, and yet to discuss their opinions eagerly with her. She
-had the fault, in which those who are wedded to opinions are apt to
-indulge, of preferring the men who agreed with her, who hated royalty
-and courts, and aimed at equality and republicanism, to those of
-superior endowments and virtues, but who differed from her. Discontented
-at the same time with the talents of the former, she found most of the
-men thus collected about her far below the estimate she had formed at a
-distance: they talked at random; they had no fixed plan; theoretical
-rather than practical, they could make paper constitutions, but knew
-little how to deal with their fellow men during the clash of interests,
-and the tempest of revolutionary passions. She had none of the vanity
-that seeks to shine in conversation, and grew impatient when witty
-sallies and argumentative discussions, instead of serious resolves and
-heroic acts, occupied her friends.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Roland's mission retained them at Paris for seven months. They were
-months crowded with events pregnant with the fate of France. Madame
-Roland, in her letters to her friend, Henri Brancal, then in London,
-paints the various events, and the sentiments they inspired. She was a
-warm partisan of liberty and equality, and mourned over the lukewarmness
-of the national assembly on these great questions; or, rather, the
-number of the moderate party who wished to assimilate the government of
-France to the English constitution. To prevent the extension of these
-views, the jacobins agitated and excited the people. Madame Roland at
-first approved their measures: she saw no safety for the newly acquired
-freedom of her country, except in the enthusiasm by which it was
-defended by the many. She had to learn, through tragical experience, how
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">{Pg 274}</a></span>
-much more difficult it is to restrain than to excite the French. Her
-letters breathe impatience and disapprobation with regard to the actual
-state of things. "Represent to yourself," she writes, "a number of good
-citizens carrying on a perpetual, active, painful, and often fruitless
-struggle with the mass of the ambitious, the discontented, and the
-ignorant." The flight of the king filled her with alarm, mingled with
-enthusiasm, as she saw danger approach herself and her friends; danger
-to proceed from the triumph of despotism&mdash;she could not then imagine
-that any would arise from freedom. "While we were at peace," she writes,
-"I kept in the back ground, and exercised only the sort of influence
-suited to my sex; but, when the departure of the king declared war, it
-appeared to me that every one ought to devote himself without reserve. I
-caused myself to be received in fraternal associations, persuaded that
-the zeal and intelligence of any member of society must be useful in
-critical moments." The arrest and return of the king and his family
-kindled a thousand hopes. "It would be a folly, an absurdity, almost a
-horror," she writes, "to replace the king on the throne. To bring Louis
-XVI. to trial would doubtless be the greatest and most just of measures;
-but we are incapable of adopting it." Little did she anticipate the
-progress of events.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Meanwhile the project of her party was to suspend the king from
-exercising the royal functions. It must be remembered that we, from a
-distance, judge Louis from facts, as history records them: then, when
-events were passing, no one could fairly judge the other; and while the
-French expected invasion, and saw in the flight of their king the
-infraction of the oath he had taken to maintain the constitution, those
-attached to it regarded him as a traitor. Madame Roland sided with those
-who regarded his dethronement as the safety of France, and the erection
-of a republic as the promise of its welfare. She thought that both were
-imminent. "I have seen," she writes, "the flame of liberty lit up in my
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">{Pg 275}</a></span>
-country; it cannot be quenched, and late events have served as fuel;
-knowledge and reason are united to instinct to maintain and augment it;
-it must devour the last remains of despotism, and subvert thrones. I
-shall die when nature pleases, and my last sigh will be a breathing of
-joy and hope for the generations to come." The tumults, however, that
-succeeded seemed to crush these hopes. Brissot fell into disrepute:
-there was an endeavour to crush the republican party, which, in the
-moment of danger, had been willing to ally itself to the most violent
-jacobins. In the midst of this agitation and tumult the mission of
-Roland came to a close, and he prepared to leave Paris. The elections
-were about to commence, and he was candidate for Lyons, but was not
-elected. The autumn, therefore, was spent in the country. Madame Roland
-was evidently dispirited by the obscurity of her life and absence from
-the scene of action. "I see with regret," she writes, "that my husband
-is cast back on silence and obscurity. He is habituated to public life:
-it is more necessary to him than he is himself aware; his energy and
-activity injure his health when not exercised according to his
-inclinations: in addition, I had hoped for great advantages for my child
-in a residence at Paris. Occupied there by her education, I should have
-excited and developed some sort of talent. The recluse life I must lead
-here makes me tremble for her. From the moment that my husband has no
-occupation but his desk, I must remain near to amuse him, and diversify
-his daily labours, according to a duty and a habit which may not be
-eluded. This existence is in exact contradiction to that suitable to a
-child of ten years of age. My heart is saddened by this opposition of
-duties, already too deeply felt. I find myself fallen into the nullity
-of a provincial life, where no exterior circumstances supply that which
-I cannot do myself, and a dark veil falls over the future. If I believed
-that my husband were satisfied, it would be otherwise; hope would
-embellish the prospect. However, our destiny is fixed, and I must try to
-render it as happy as I can."
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">{Pg 276}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The discontent of madame Roland was natural to her ardent disposition.
-She desired to be great, not for the sake of riches, or even power; but
-to have scope afforded her to exercise those virtues which, nourished in
-solitude, and excited by important events, inflamed her heart to
-enthusiasm. She wished to be great as her favourites in Plutarch were
-great: she did not look forward to actual peril, but to a life of
-activity and usefulness on a grand scale, and to be numbered among those
-whose names were to be recorded in future history as the parents of the
-liberty of her country.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1792.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-38.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-In the December of the same year they returned to Paris, and in the
-following March, a new ministry being formed from the girondist party,
-Roland was named minister for the interior. It was a post of honour, but
-heavily burdened with responsibility. Dumouriez, then fluctuating,
-attracted by a court that flattered, yet desirous of conciliating his
-own party, was minister for foreign affairs. At first Roland felt
-assured of the good dispositions of the king towards the new state of
-things. "I could not believe," writes his wife, "in the constitutional
-vocation of a monarch born under a despotism, brought up for it, and
-accustomed to exercise it; and I never saw my husband leave me to attend
-council, full of reliance on the good intentions of the king, but I
-exclaimed, in my heart, 'What new folly will now be committed!'" She
-goes on pleasantly to relate the surprise excited at court, when Roland
-appeared in his quaker-like costume, his round hat, and his shoes tied
-with riband. The master of the ceremonies pointed him out to Dumouriez,
-with an angry and agitated mien, exclaiming&mdash;"Ah! sir,&mdash;no
-buckles to his shoes!" "Ah! sir," replied Dumouriez, with mock solemnity,
-"all is lost!"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have no space for the details of Roland's ministry, nor the events
-then passing. The king had undertaken the difficult game of satisfying
-his enemies by slight concessions and apparent good humour; but he
-refused to sanction a severe decree against the clergy, which their
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">{Pg 277}</a></span>
-inveterate opposition to the party in power rendered necessary in the
-eyes of the lovers of liberty; and another to establish a camp of 20,000
-volunteers to protect the assembly and the capital, during a grand
-federative assembly to be held during the summer. It was projected to
-address a letter to the king, on this refusal, in the name of all the
-ministers: but they declined presenting it. Madame Roland insisted that
-her husband should singly remonstrate with the monarch, and he resolved
-on so doing. She wrote the letter. It was one calculated to irritate
-rather than to persuade Louis; but she liked bold measures, and Roland,
-once persuaded, was obstinate. The girondists wished, in fact, to bring
-the king to an explanation, and preferred a rupture to uncertainty. Some
-obstacles arising to Roland's reading his letter to the king, he sent it
-to him; but this was not enough; and he took a speedy occasion to read
-it aloud in full council, and to force the king to hear the rebukes and
-remonstrances it contained. Louis listened with admirable patience, and,
-on retiring, said he would make known his intentions. On the following
-day, Roland and two of his more zealous colleagues were dismissed, while
-Dumouriez took on himself to reform the ministry.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was certainly a bold, and, if not beneficial, a presumptuous act in a
-woman thus to put herself forward during these political agitations.
-Madame Roland hated monarchical institutions, and her desire to subvert
-them in her own country partook of the vehemence with which women too
-usually follow up their ideas. She had always been accustomed to copy
-and arrange her husband's writings. At first she did this servilely: by
-degrees she emancipated herself from the task of being a mere copyist.
-The pair were agreed in views, opinions, and plans of action. There was
-a driness and hardness in Roland's writings that did not please her more
-demonstrative nature. When he became minister, they conferred together
-as to the spirit of any proposed writing, and then she, who could better
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">{Pg 278}</a></span>
-command leisure, took up the pen. "I could not express any thing," she
-writes, "that regarded reason or justice, which he was not capable of
-realising or maintaining by his character and conduct; while I expressed
-better than he could whatever he had done or promised to do. Without my
-intervention Roland had been an equally good agent: his activity and
-knowledge, as well as his probity, were all his own; but he produced a
-greater sensation through me, since I put into his writings that mixture
-of energy and gentleness, of authority and persuasion, which is peculiar
-to a woman of a warm heart and a clear head. I wrote with delight such
-pieces as I thought would be useful, and I took greater pleasure in them
-than I should have done had I been their acknowledged author."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Of the letter itself, we may say that it is eloquent, but very ill
-judged, if it was meant to conciliate the king; but it was not. It was
-written in a spirit of contempt for Louis's conduct; of menace, if he
-did not pass the decrees; and of sturdy independence and republicanism
-as far as regarded the minister himself. It naturally alienated the
-monarch; but Roland and his wife were too enthusiastically attached to
-the cause of liberty and equality, not to glory in expressing their
-sentiments openly and boldly at the foot of the throne, even at the
-expense of loss of office. On this event they secluded themselves in
-private life, living in an obscure and modest abode in Rue St. Jaques.
-They mingled in no intrigues, while they deplored the misfortunes of
-their country, being persuaded that the king and his friends were about
-to call in foreign troops to destroy its new-born liberty.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-After the events of the 10th of August, Roland was recalled to the
-ministry. He and his wife, both hating monarchy, could not understand
-why the ruins of it in France should not at once be cast aside, and a
-republic erected on the vacant space. Hitherto they had feared
-monarchical reaction; add to which many of the tumults in the preceding
-months had been fomented by the court party under the idea that popular
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">{Pg 279}</a></span>
-outrage would cause a return to loyal feeling among the moderate party.
-The fear of the success of the court had made them, together with
-Barbaroux and Servan, consult how far it would be possible to found a
-republic in the south of France, if monarchy triumphed in the north.
-There was no fear of this now: Louis XVI. was dethroned and imprisoned;
-and the lovers of their country witnessed a more frightful scene than
-any that had yet stained its annals, when the more violent jacobins, who
-went by the name of the Mountain, excited the people to fury, so to
-maintain their own power. Marat, Robespierre, and Danton were beginning
-their reign of terror.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At the beginning of September, during the massacres in the prisons,
-madame Roland wrote to Brancal, "We are under the knife of Robespierre
-and Marat, These men agitate the people, and endeavour to turn them
-against the national assembly and the council: they have a little army,
-which they pay with money stolen from the Tuileries, or which is given
-them by Danton, who, underhand, is the chief. Would you believe that
-they meditated the arrest of Brissot and Roland? Had the arrest been
-executed, these two excellent citizens had been taken to the abbey and
-massacred with the rest. We are not yet secure; and, if the departments
-do not send a guard for the assembly and the council, both will be
-lost." Again she wrote, "My friend, Danton leads all; Robespierre is his
-puppet; Marat holds his torch and dagger: this ferocious tribune reigns,
-and we are his slaves until the moment when we shall become his victims.
-If you only knew the frightful details of what is going on. You are
-aware of my enthusiasm for the revolution; well, I am ashamed of it: it
-is deformed by monsters, and become hideous. "What may happen within a
-week? it is degrading to remain, but we are not allowed to quit Paris:
-they shut us in to murder us when occasion serves." From this moment
-madame Roland struggled unflinchingly to overthrow the power of the
-jacobins. Her ill success conducted her to the scaffold.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">{Pg 280}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The moderation and opposition of the girondists rendered them hateful to
-the mountain, and every endeavour was made to excite the Parisians
-against them. They cast on Roland the stigma of being governed by his
-wife. When it was proposed in the national assembly to invite him to
-resume the ministry, Garat said, "We had better invite madame; she is
-the real minister." They accused her of using every feminine art to
-secure partisans. These were the mere calumnies of the day, powerful for
-her ruin, but not tarnishing her after-glory. Every impartial pen
-describes her as carrying her simplicity and grace into her political
-enthusiasm, and charming even those whom she did not convince.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Le Montey writes of her&mdash;"I met madame Roland several times in former
-days: her eyes, her figure, and hair were of remarkable beauty; her
-delicate complexion had a freshness and colour which, joined to her
-reserved yet ingenuous appearance, imparted a singular air of youth. She
-spoke, too, well, yet there was no affectation in what she said; it was
-merely nature carried to a great degree of perfection. Wit, good sense,
-propriety of expression, keen reasoning, naïve grace, all flowed
-without effort from her roseate lips. I saw madame Roland once again at
-the commencement of her husband's first ministry. She had lost nothing
-of her air of freshness, youth, and simplicity: her husband resembled a
-quaker, and she looked like his daughter. Her child flitted about her
-with ringlets reaching to her waist. Madame Roland spoke of public
-affairs only, and I perceived that my moderation inspired pity. Her mind
-was highly excited, but her heart remained gentle and inoffensive.
-Although the monarchy was not yet overthrown, she did not conceal that
-symptoms of anarchy began to appear, and she declared herself ready to
-resist them to the death. I remember the calm and resolute tone in which
-she declared that she was ready, if need were, to place her head on the
-block. I confess that the image of that charming head delivered over to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">{Pg 281}</a></span>
-the axe of the executioner made an ineffaceable impression&mdash;for party
-excesses had not yet accustomed us to such frightful ideas. Thus, in the
-sequel, the prodigious firmness of madame Roland and her heroic death
-did not surprise me. All was in harmony, nor was there any affectation
-in this celebrated woman: she had not only the strongest but the truest
-mind of our revolution."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Dumont writes of her&mdash;"Madame Roland had every personal attraction,
-joined to excellence of character and understanding. I saw many
-assemblies of ministers, and the principal girondists, held at her
-house. A woman seemed somewhat out of place among them; but she did not
-mingle in the discussions: she usually sat at her desk, writing letters,
-and appeared to be occupied by other things, while she did not lose a
-word. Her modest style of dress did not lessen her attractions, and,
-though her occupations were those of a man, she was really adorned by
-all the grace and exterior accomplishments of her sex. I reproach myself
-now that I did not perceive then the full extent of her merit; but I was
-rather prejudiced against female politicians; and I found in her a too
-great tendency to mistrust, which springs from want of knowledge of the
-world."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The influence of earnestness, sincerity, and clear views were great over
-her husband and his party. If she had, from a rooted disapprobation of
-royalty, urged him to any extremities with Louis, not less did she abhor
-anarchy, and fearlessly incite him to oppose it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-During the frightful massacres of the 2d and 3d of September Roland
-displayed an energy and heroism worthy of the woman who was said to be
-the soul of his counsels. On the 3d, while terror still reigned, he
-wrote to the mayor, Petion, who was in ignorance of the atrocities that
-were going on, and to Santerre, who remained in ignominious inaction,
-pressing them earnestly to come forward. He addressed a letter also to
-the assembly, in which he fearlessly denounced the crimes of the people;
-offering his own head as the sacrifice, but calling on the authorities
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">{Pg 282}</a></span>
-to suppress the massacres. The assembly applauded the letter; while
-Marat and his partisans denounced him as a traitor, and issued an arrest
-against him. Danton, whose views were more systematic, intervened, and
-prevented an act which at that time had injured the jacobins more than
-the party against whom it was directed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Roland was not awed by the danger he incurred. When, on the 23d of
-September, he gave in a report on the state of the capital and of
-France, he described the disorders of Paris with energy, and insisted on
-their causes, and the means of preventing a recurrence of them. His
-character gained with his own party, and still more with posterity, by
-this unflinching and persevering struggle with the jacobins; but he was
-not seconded by men of sufficient vigour, and, wearied at length by an
-anarchy so opposed to his probity and inflexible love of order, he
-offered his resignation. The girondists, in reply, proposed that the
-assembly should invite him to remain in office, while the mountain, of
-whom Danton was the mouthpiece, complained of his feebleness and of his
-being governed by his wife. His letter of the 3d of September was cited
-as sufficient exculpation from the charge of weakness. The assembly,
-without expressing an opinion, passed to the order of the day. The
-girondists, and every worthy member, entreated Roland to remain in the
-ministry; and he wrote to the assembly&mdash;"Since I am calumniated, since
-I am threatened by dangers, and since the convention appear to desire it,
-I remain. It is too glorious," he continued, alluding to his wife, "that
-my alliance with courage and virtue is the only reproach made
-against me."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These accusations against madame Roland, and the hatred borne her by the
-mountain, were increased by the influence she continued to exercise.
-Society, such as the Parisians had once gloried in&mdash;assemblies of the
-wise, the witty, and the fair&mdash;were at an end. The drawing-room of
-madame Roland was the only one in which elegance, and sense, and good
-breeding reigned. Barbaroux, named, from his beauty, the Antinöus of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">{Pg 283}</a></span>
-France, Louvet, Guadet, and others, met there, and added to the elegance
-of the coteries of past times, the serious and deeper spirit of the
-present hour. Too soon they were swept away by the torrent of the
-revolution.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the 24th of October Roland again came forward with a report on the
-state of the capital, which was written with dignity, but with a strict
-adherence to truth: he described with energy, and strongly reprobated,
-the crimes committed on the 2d September. He cast the accusation of
-sanguinary outrage on a few; but he blamed the many for their culpable
-weakness in permitting such crimes. Robespierre rose to answer him; but
-his known complicity with the Septembriseurs excited abhorrence and
-confusion in the chamber. It was on this occasion when Robespierre,
-relying on the terror felt by his enemies, defied them to accuse him,
-that Louvet crossed the chamber to the tribune and exclaimed with
-energy&mdash;"Yes; I accuse you!" The rest of the girondists supported him.
-The speech that followed this denunciation was full of energy, daring
-truths, and resolute measures. Had they been followed up on the instant,
-France had been spared the reign of terror. Robespierre, confused,
-overwhelmed, ghastly with terror, could only ask a delay to prepare his
-defence. A disinterested but mistaken love of order and justice caused
-his adversaries to assent to his request.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Marat had also been attacked by Louvet; Danton was enveloped more
-remotely in the accusation; and these men, together with Robespierre,
-saw safety only in the extirpation of the girondists. They spared no
-pains to calumniate the party, and madame Roland shared in the odium
-they cast upon her husband. They were accused of forming a society for
-the purpose of corrupting the public mind, and of conspiring to separate
-France, founded on the idea already mentioned, of establishing a
-republic in the south, if the king should subjugate the north. Vague
-charges were magnified into crimes, and punished by death, when the
-people were above law, and anarchy prevailed.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">{Pg 284}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1793.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-39.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Roland continued to struggle with the mountain party which each day
-gained ascendency. The execution of Louis XVI. showed him that these
-struggles were vain. He looked on the death of the monarch as a signal
-for a course of sanguinary measures which he had no power to avert.
-Roland had hitherto resolved to resist the men who steeped their country
-in blood and crime; but he was now discouraged, not by the dangers which
-he felt gather round himself, but by the impossibility of stemming the
-tide of evil, and he sent in his resignation on the 23d of January. The
-moderate party in the convention dared not utter a remonstrance, so
-completely were they under the domination of the mountain. Roland
-published his accounts, which exonerated him from the calumnies cast
-upon him, but his enemies refused to sanction them by a report. He made
-no other effort, but remained in seclusion, seeing only his intimate
-friends, the girondists, and often discussing with them the possibility
-of awing the capital through the influence of the southern departments.
-Meanwhile the advance of the foreign armies plunged the nation in
-terror, and induced it to place yet more entire confidence in the
-demagogues who promised victory at the cost of the lives of all the
-citizens who opposed them. The struggle between the girondists and
-mountain party thus continued for several months, till the latter
-completely triumphed, and passed a decree of arrest against twenty-two
-of the opposite party. Some among them surrendered, to display their
-obedience to the law. Others fled, for the purpose of exciting the
-departments to resist the tyrants of the capital.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-For some time madame Roland had expected arrest and imprisonment. She
-had feared the entry of the mob into her house, and had slept with a
-pistol under her pillow, that, if laid hands on by ruffians, she might
-deliver herself by death from outrage. Latterly, finding her husband and
-herself quite powerless for good, she had made preparations for
-returning to the country, whither strong personal motives caused her to
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">{Pg 285}</a></span>
-wish to retire; she was delayed by illness, and before she recovered
-strength, danger thickened. When the men came, on the 31st of May, to
-execute the order of arrest on Roland, she resolved to announce this
-circumstance, and his refusal to obey the order, herself, to the
-convention. She hurried alone, and veiled, to execute her purpose. Her
-entrance was opposed by the sentinels&mdash;she persisted, and sent in a
-letter she had prepared, for the president, soliciting to be heard. The
-disturbance that reigned in the assembly, and want of resolution on the
-part of her friends who still sat there, prevented its being read. She
-waited some time; penetrated by indignation, by compassion for her
-country, while all she loved were exposed to peril, she was far above
-personal fear; and earnestly desired to be permitted to speak, feeling
-that she should command attention. Failing in her attempt, she returned
-home. Roland was absent&mdash;he had already taken measures for
-flight&mdash;she sought and found him, related her ill success, and again
-returned to the assembly. It was now ten at night. When she arrived at the
-Place du Carrousel, she saw an armed force around; cannon were placed
-before the gate of the national palace; the assembly itself was no longer
-sitting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She returned home. Roland was safe&mdash;she resolved to remain and await
-the event, indifferent to her own fate. Since the resignation of Roland she
-had lived in great retirement. There is a belief, more a tradition than
-an asserted fact, that this noble-hearted woman, whose soul was devoted
-to the fulfilment of her duties, to whom life was matter of indifference
-compared to her affections and her sense of virtue, had felt for the
-first time, now in mature life, the agitations and misery of passion. It
-is supposed that Barbaroux, deputy from the commune of Marseilles, was the
-object of her attachment,&mdash;Barbaroux, who was called. Antinöus from
-his beauty: he was full of courage, ardour, and those republican dreams
-so dear to madame Roland. In her portraits of various chiefs of the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">{Pg 286}</a></span>
-revolution, she says of him that he was active, laborious, frank, and
-brave, with all the vivacity of a Marsellais: full of attachment to
-freedom, and proud of the revolution, he was one of those whom an
-enlightened party would wish to attach, and who would have enjoyed great
-reputation in a republic. She adds that when Roland resigned they saw
-more of him: his open character and ardent patriotism inspired them with
-confidence. No word she writes shows that he was regarded by her in any
-light except that of her friend; but, in other portions of her memoirs,
-she alludes darkly to the struggles of love; and it is evident that her
-project of retiring into the country originated in her resolution to
-conquer her own heart. And now this passion was there, with its
-hopelessness and misery, to elevate her far above fear of prison or
-death.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Emissaries came to inquire vainly for Roland. Disappointed in their
-purpose they left a sentinel at her door. She at last retired to rest;
-but, after an hour's sleep, she was awakened by her servant who
-announced that the officers of the section demanded to see her. She
-guessed at once their errand, nor was she deceived. For a moment she
-deliberated whether she should resist an arrest, which, as being made in
-the night, was illegal. But she saw that would be useless. Seals were
-put on her effects: the house was filled by above 100 men. At seven
-o'clock she left her home, amidst the tears and cries of her child and
-servants. Outside she was hailed by the sanguinary cries of the mob. "Do
-you wish the windows to be closed," said one of the men seated beside
-her in the carriage. "No, gentlemen," she replied; "innocence, however
-oppressed, will never assume the appearance of guilt. I fear the eyes of
-no one, and will not hide myself." "You have more firmness than most
-men," replied her guard.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Shut up in the prison of the abbey, she delayed only till the next day
-to arrange her room, and make plans for her prison life. She asked for
-books&mdash;Plutarch's Lives, Thomson's Seasons, in French, and a few
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">{Pg 287}</a></span>
-English books, were those she chose. She turned her mind from her sorrows,
-to occupy herself by her mode of life and duties. She resolved to limit her
-wants to mere necessities. A whim seized her to try on how little she
-could subsist. She retrenched the number of her meals, and gave up
-coffee, and chocolate, and wine: the money she saved by these privations
-she distributed among the poorer prisoners.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-At first, at the instigation of friends, she addressed letters to the
-convention, and to the ministers, appealing against her imprisonment:
-they met with no notice. She then occupied herself by drawing up notes
-concerning the revolution, her views and conduct, and the characters of
-the chiefs&mdash;wishing to leave behind a full exculpation of her opinions
-and actions.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the 24th of June she was exposed to a most cruel deception. She was
-told that she was free&mdash;she left the abbey&mdash;but, on alighting at
-her home, she was again arrested, and carried to the prison of St. Pélagie.
-The change was greatly for the worse; the prisoners were of the lowest
-and most infamous class of both sexes. She roused her courage to meet
-this fresh indignity, for she felt keenly the insolent play exercised on
-her feelings. Some hours' reflection restored calm to her firm soul. She
-resolved again to cheat time and anxiety by occupation. "Had I not my
-books and leisure?" she writes: "was I no longer myself? I was almost
-angry at having felt disturbed; and thought only of making use of life,
-and employing my faculties with that independence which a strong mind
-preserves even in chains, and which disappoints one's most cruel
-enemies." "Firmness," she continues, "does not only consist in rising
-above circumstances by an effort of will, but by maintaining the tone of
-mind by regulations that govern it." And thus, in the midst of terror
-and death, she schooled herself to fortitude and peace. She portioned
-out her days in various studies. She never left her cell, for her
-immediate neighbours were women of that class which is lost to decency
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">{Pg 288}</a></span>
-and shame; she could not shut her ears to the conversation they held
-from their windows with the men in the opposite cells. After a time this
-shocking state of things was altered. The wife of the goaler,
-compassionating her situation, gave her another room above her own; and
-she was thus delivered from her unhappy neighbours, the sight of
-turnkeys, and the depressing routine of prison rules. Madame Bouchaud
-waited on her herself, and surrounded her with all that could soften
-imprisonment. Jasmine was trailed round the bars of her window; she had
-a piano in her room, and every comfort that the narrow space would
-admit. She could almost forget her captivity, and began to indulge hope.
-Roland was in a place of safety; her daughter under safe guardianship;
-her fugitive friends were at Caen, assembling partisans, and she fancied
-that political events were tending towards amelioration. Resigned for
-the present, she was almost happy. She saw a few friends; Bose brought
-her flowers from the Jardin des Plantes; and her occupations filled up
-the intervals of the day.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Seeing no speedy termination to her imprisonment, it became eligible to
-choose an occupation that would carry her forward from day to day,
-imparting interest to their course. She began her own memoirs; at first
-she almost forgot sorrow as she wrote; but the horrors that were
-happening, the massacres, guillotinings, and sufferings of her country
-grew thick and dark around, and often she interrupted herself, in
-pictures of domestic peace, to lament the fate of lost friends, and the
-ghastly ruin that overwhelmed all France. Nor could she always keep calm
-the tenour of her personal cares and feelings. Separated from her child
-and all she loved best, hearing only of distress and tyranny, she was
-sometimes overpowered by grief. In spite of the kindness of the gaoler
-and his wife, she saw and heard too much of vice and misery, such as is
-ever found within a prison, more especially at a period when so many
-innocent were victims, not to be frequently dispirited. The brutality of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">{Pg 289}</a></span>
-a prison visitor in authority disturbed the little peace she had
-acquired. He saw with anger the comforts of her room; and, saying that
-equality must be maintained, ordered that she should be transferred to a
-cell. A hard lesson on equality was this to the republican heroine;
-equality between the guilty and the innocent, which mingled in revolting
-association the victim of injustice with the votaries of vice.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The reign of terror had begun. A decree was passed to bring the
-twenty-two accused deputies to trial. Her prison became filled with her
-friends, and, as one after the other they were led to the guillotine,
-they were replaced by fresh victims. She made some struggles, by letters
-to men in power, to be liberated, since, as yet, she was accused of no
-crime: these failing, she meditated suicide. At the beginning of October
-she writes, in the journal of her last thoughts, "Two months ago I
-aspired to the honour of ascending the scaffold. Victims were still
-allowed to speak, and the energy of great courage might have been of
-service to truth. Now all is lost: to live is basely to submit to a
-ferocious rule, and to give it the opportunity of committing fresh
-atrocities." She bade adieu to her husband, her child, her faithful
-servant, her friends; to the sun, to the solitary country where she had
-lived in peace, to hours of meditation and serene thoughts; and she
-exclaims, "God! supreme being! soul of the world! source of all I feel
-of great, good, and happy! thou in whose existence I believe, for I must
-have emanated from something better than what I see, I am about to
-re-unite myself to thy essence." With these thoughts she wrote
-directions for the education of her Eudora, and a letter, in which she
-bids her child "remember her mother."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The act of accusation against the chief girondists, among whom she was
-included, and her expected examination before the revolutionary
-tribunal, caused her to dismiss this purpose: she hoped to do some good
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">{Pg 290}</a></span>
-by speaking the truth courageously to her assassins. One after the
-other, her friends underwent the mockery of a trial, while her turn was
-delayed from day to day. The tenderness, the greatness of her mind
-displayed itself in the most touching manner during this suspense. She
-wrote to her friends, but her thoughts chiefly lingered round her child;
-and again she wrote to] the person who had the charge of her in few, and
-simple, but strong words, conceived in all the energy of maternal love.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the 31st of October, the day of the execution of her revered friend
-Brissot, she was transferred to the <i>conciergerie</i>, and placed in a
-squalid cell amidst all the filth of a crowded prison. Her examination
-took place on the following day, and continued for several days after.
-Her crime was her intercourse with her friends, the deputies of the
-gironde, now proscribed. She was scarcely permitted to answer, but her
-courage enforced attention. She was bid choose an advocate for her
-trial: she named Marceau, and retired with serene and even cheerful
-dignity, saying to her accusers, "I wish, in return for all the ill you
-bring on me, peace equal to that which I preserve, whatever may be the
-value attached to it."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The following night she occupied herself by writing her defence. It is
-eloquent and full of feeling, and concludes by a wish that she may be
-the last victim immolated to party frenzy, and a declaration that she
-shall joyfully quit an unhappy land drowned in the blood of the just.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This defence was not spoken. After her examination some witnesses were
-examined; the act of accusation was drawn up, and judgment delivered,
-which pronounced that "There existed a horrible conspiracy against the
-unity and indivisibility of the republic, the liberty and safety of the
-French people; that madame Roland was proved to have been an accomplice
-in this conspiracy, and was therefore condemned to death; and that the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">{Pg 291}</a></span>
-judgment was to be put in execution within twenty-four hours."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-During the few eventful and miserable days which this courageous woman
-passed in the <i>conciergerie</i>, she often forgot herself in endeavours
-to console her companions in adversity. Riouffe, in his "Mémoires d'un
-Détenu," who was confined in the same prison, writes, "The blood of the
-twenty-two victims was yet warm when madame Roland arrived at the
-<i>conciergerie.</i> Perfectly aware of the fate that awaited her, her
-tranquillity was not disturbed. Though past the bloom of life, she was
-yet full of attractions: tall, and of an elegant figure, her physiognomy
-was animated; but sorrow and long imprisonment had left traces of
-melancholy in her face that tempered her natural vivacity. Something
-more than is usually found in the eyes of woman beamed in her large dark
-eyes, full of sweetness and expression. She often spoke to me at the
-grate with the freedom and courage of a great man. This republican
-language falling from the lips of a pretty French woman, for whom the
-scaffold was prepared, was a miracle of the revolution. We gathered
-attentively round her in a species of admiration and stupor. Her
-conversation was serious without being cold. She spoke with a purity, a
-melody, and a measure, which rendered her language a sort of music, of
-which the ear was never tired. She spoke of the deputies, who had just
-perished, with respect, but without effeminate pity; reproaching them,
-even, for not having taken sufficiently strong measures. Sometimes her
-sex had the mastery, and we perceived that she had wept over the
-recollection of her daughter and her husband. The woman who waited on
-her said to me one day&mdash;'Before you she calls up all her courage; but
-in her room she remains sometimes for hours together leaning against the
-window, weeping.'"
-</p>
-
-<p>
-On the 10th of November she was led to die. She went to the scaffold
-dressed in white. As she went, she exerted herself to inspire another
-victim who accompanied her, whose fortitude failed him, with resolution
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">{Pg 292}</a></span>
-similar to her own. Twice, it is said, she won him to smile. Arriving at
-the place of execution, she bowed before the statue of Liberty, saying,
-"Oh, Liberty! how many crimes are committed in thy name!" She then bade
-her companion ascend first, that he might not have the pain of seeing
-her die. Her turn followed; and to the last she preserved her courage,
-and her calm and gentle dignity of manner.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She perished at the age of thirty-nine. Her death crowned her life, and
-has bequeathed her name to an illustrious immortality.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her husband was in safety at Rouen when he heard of her death. He
-resolved not to survive her. He consulted with his friends whether he
-should deliver himself up to the revolutionary tribunal, or destroy
-himself. The interests of his child made him determine on the latter, as
-his legalised execution would have caused his fortune to be confiscated.
-He left the house where he had taken refuge, to prevent the friends who
-sheltered him from suffering persecution. He stabbed himself with the
-blade of a sword-stick, on the 15th of November, on a high road near
-Rouen. In his pocket was found a paper, declaring the cause of his
-death. "The blood that flows in torrents in my country," he wrote,
-"dictates my resolve: indignation caused me to quit my retreat. As soon
-as I heard of the murder of my wife, I determined no longer to remain on
-an earth tainted by crime."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The grandeur, courage, and sincerity of madame Roland's character fill
-us with admiration; her sweetness, and tenderness, and virtue add charms
-to the impression. How easy it is in all that is human to spy defects!
-Her autobiography is full of traits that betray considerable vanity; and
-her husband, it is said, would have been spared much ridicule had she
-not put herself so forward during his ministry. It does not appear,
-however, that Roland wished to be spared his share of the ridicule which
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">{Pg 293}</a></span>
-low-minded men delight in affixing on superior beings of the other sex.
-We entertain a conviction that, if her husband had wished her to mingle
-less in his deliberations and labours, she would at once have yielded;
-but her enthusiasm and her aid was in his eyes the reward of his upright
-and manly conduct, and he gave token by his death that life was
-valueless when he was deprived of her sympathy and affection.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">{Pg 294}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="MADAME_DE_STAEL">MADAME DE STAËL</a></h4>
-
-<h4>1766-1817.</h4>
-
-<p>
-According to the custom of the people of Geneva, which is to throw their
-children on their own resources very early in life, the parents of
-Necker sent him to Paris at the age of fifteen, as clerk in the
-banking-house of Vernet. He quickly displayed talents for business, and,
-becoming a partner in the house of Thellusson, laid the foundation of his
-fortune. He quitted the bank, as better speculations opened, when he was
-named resident for the republic of Geneva at the French court. The duke
-de Choiseul liked and advanced him. He named him administrator of the
-French East Indian company; and at this post, and by speculations in the
-English funds, he made a large private fortune.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His early years were devoted to these pursuits, and he was so absorbed
-by them that he enjoyed few of the pleasures of youth. He, meanwhile,
-acquired both experience and knowledge in finance. Wishing to bring
-himself into notice, he wrote the "Eloge de Colbert" in 1773, which
-gained the prize in the French academy. His essay on the corn laws
-increased his reputation. Maurepas consulted him when alarmed by the
-disastrous state of the finances; and, by degrees, all eyes turned
-towards him as the man who alone could save France from bankruptcy,
-through his knowledge of business, and the great resources which his
-plans opened in the regulation of the taxation and expenditure of the
-country. As difficulty, distress, and alarm gathered thick and dark
-round the government, and the expectation of a war rendered it necessary
-to supply the requisite expenses, the hopes placed in Necker caused him,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">{Pg 295}</a></span>
-in 1777, to be raised to the office of director-general.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Soon after his appointment as minister from the republic of Geneva, he
-had married mademoiselle Churchod. The name of this lady is familiar to
-the English reader as being that of the object of the first and only
-love of the historian Gibbon. On the mother's side she was descended
-from a high French protestant family of Provence, which had been driven
-into exile by the edict of Nantes. Her father was a clergyman, and
-exercised the function of minister in a Swiss village. He had spared no
-pains in the education of his daughter. She was versed in several dead
-and living languages; her understanding was sedulously cultivated, and
-her beauty and amiable disposition combined to render her an
-extraordinary woman. She was devotedly attached to her husband, and he
-regarded her with a mixture of admiration, reverence, and love. The
-object of her life was to make him happy. She gathered the beaux esprits
-of Paris round their table to divert him after the fatigues of the day.
-Their house became the resort of the best society. They were considered
-exemplary and clever, yet dull and pedantic. The talents of Necker,
-however, were respected; and madame Necker, though she was adorned by
-none of the light and trifling, yet winning and elegant, manners and
-conversation of a Parisian lady, yet pleased by her beauty, and a
-certain ingenuousness and purity of mind, that gave sweetness to her
-countenance and a native grace to her manners.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This exemplary pair had an only daughter. She was born in Paris on the
-22d April, 1766. Her mother was desirous of bestowing on her a perfect
-education. Madame Necker possessed great firmness of character, and a
-strong understanding. She submitted every feeling and action of her life
-to the control of reason. She carried her love of logical inference into
-the smallest as well as the most important events of life; and fulfilled
-to the letter every the slightest duty of daily and hourly occurrence.
-Finding her young daughter apt and willing to learn, she thought she
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">{Pg 296}</a></span>
-could not teach her too much, nor store her mind with too many facts and
-words. This was not done as an English mother would have practised in
-the seclusion of the schoolroom, but in the midst of society, in which
-the young lady soon learnt to shine by her eloquent sallies and
-vivacious spirits. We have a sketch of what mademoiselle Necker was at
-eleven years of age, which presents a singular picture of the diversity
-of the objects and modes of education on the continent from our quiet
-and reserved notions of what is becoming in childhood. Madame Necker was
-desirous of establishing a friendship between her daughter and a
-mademoiselle Huber, the child of an old friend of the family. The young
-people were introduced to each other, and mademoiselle Necker showed
-transports of delight at the idea of having a companion, and promised
-her, on the instant, to love her for ever. "She spoke," mademoiselle
-Huber writes, "with a warmth and facility which were already eloquence,
-and which made a great impression on me. We did not play like children.
-She immediately asked me what my lessons were, if I knew any foreign
-languages, and if I went often to the play. When I said I had only been
-three or four times, she exclaimed, and promised that we should often go
-together, and when we came home write down an account of the piece. It
-was her habit, she said; and, in short, we were to write to each other
-every day.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"We entered the drawing-room. Near the arm-chair of madame Necker was
-the stool of her daughter, who was obliged to sit very upright. As soon
-as she had taken her accustomed place, three or four old gentlemen came
-up and spoke to her with the utmost kindness. One of them, in a little
-round wig, took her hands in his, held them a long time, and entered
-into conversation with her as if she had been twenty. This was the abbé
-Raynal; the others were Messrs. Thomas, Marmontel, the marquis de Pesay,
-and the baron de Grimm. We sat down to table. It was a picture to see
-how mademoiselle Necker listened. She did not speak herself; but so
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">{Pg 297}</a></span>
-animated was her face that she appeared to converse with all. Her eyes
-followed the looks and movements of those who talked: it seemed as if
-she guessed their ideas before they were expressed. She entered into
-every subject; even politics, which at this epoch was one of the most
-engrossing topics of conversation. After dinner, a good deal of company
-arrived. Each guest, as he approached madame Necker, addressed her
-daughter with some compliment or pleasantry: she replied to all with
-ease and grace. They delighted to attack and embarrass her, and to
-excite her childish imagination, which was already brilliant. The
-cleverest men were those who took greatest pleasure in making her talk.
-They asked her what she was reading, recommended new books, and gave her
-a taste for study by conversing concerning what she knew, or on what she
-was ignorant."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Thus this extraordinary woman imbibed, as it were with her mother's
-milk, a taste for society and display. She learnt to take intense
-pleasure in the communication of ideas with intelligent men, and in
-sharing in the sparkling wit that gathered round her. She enjoyed the
-excitement of spirits that results from the sense of expressing her
-thoughts, and at the same time having the sphere enlarged by the instant
-interchange with others. The sensations of success in society, of praise
-and reputation, were familiar to her in childhood, and no wonder they
-became as necessary as her daily bread in after years.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was her mother's plan to tax her intellects to their height. She was
-incited to study diligently, to listen to conversation on subjects
-beyond her years, to frequent the theatre; her pleasures and occupations
-alike were so many exertions of mind. She wrote a great deal. Her
-writings were read in society, and applauded. The praises she received
-developed also the feelings of her heart. She passionately loved her
-parents and her friends; she read with an enthusiasm and interest that
-made books a portion of her existence. She was accustomed to say, that
-the fate of Clarissa Harlowe was one of the events of her youth.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">{Pg 298}</a></span>
-Susceptible of impression, serious in the midst of her vivacity, she
-rather loved what made her weep rather than laugh.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The species of perpetual excitement in which she lived, and the
-excessive application and attention required of her by her mother, had
-at length a bad effect on her health. At the age of fourteen it became
-apparent that she was declining. The advice of Tronchin was asked; he
-was alarmed by the symptoms, and ordered her to be removed into the
-country, to spend her life in the open air, and to abandon all serious
-study. Madame Necker was deeply mortified. She saw all the materials for
-a prodigy of learning and knowledge in her daughter, and was almost
-angry that her frame was injured by the work she required from her to
-bring her to the perfection she meditated. Unable to continue to its
-height her system of education, she abandoned it altogether. Henceforth
-no longer looking on her as her own work, she ceased to take interest in
-her talents, which she regarded as superficial and slight; when she
-heard her praised, she replied, "Oh! it is nothing, absolutely nothing,
-in comparison to what I intended to make her."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The young lady meanwhile enjoyed the leisure she obtained: no longer
-called upon to store her mind with words and facts, she gave herself up
-to her imagination. She and her friend passed the summer at St. Ouen, a
-country-house of Necker, two leagues from Paris; they dressed themselves
-like muses; they composed poetry, and declaimed it; they wrote and acted
-plays. Giving the rein to her fancy, and impelled by natural vivacity,
-she became poetess, tragedian, actress, thus, almost in childhood. The
-carelessness that her mother showed, after her disappointment with
-regard to her education, had the effect of developing in the young girl
-the chief passion of her heart&mdash;filial affection towards her father:
-she had now leisure to seek his society; and his great goodness, his
-admiration of herself, and the perfect friendship and openness of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">{Pg 299}</a></span>
-communication that subsisted between them, gave rise to the passionate
-attachment towards him which she dwells upon in her writings with so
-much fervour. She seized every opportunity of enjoying his society; and
-he perceived and delighted in her talents, which displayed themselves
-with peculiar advantage when with him. She saw that, overwhelmed as he
-was by public cares and engrossing business, he needed to be amused in
-his moments of leisure. He adored his wife, but no one was ever less
-amusing; his daughter, on the other hand, exerted herself to divert him:
-she tried a thousand ways and risked any sally or pleasantry so to win
-him to smile, and smiles quickly came at her bidding. He was not
-prodigal of his approbation; his eyes were more flattering than his
-words; and he believed it to be more necessary and even more amusing to
-rally her for her defects, than to praise her for her excellences. She
-saw that his gay reproofs were just, and modelled herself by them. She
-often said to her friends, "I owe to the inconceivable penetration of my
-father the frankness of my character and the sincerity of my mind: he
-unmasked every affectation or pretension, and when near him I got into
-the habit of thinking that every feeling of my heart could be read."
-Madame Necker grew a little jealous of the superior power her daughter
-possessed of amusing her husband; besides, although she had ardently
-wished her to shine in society, yet she had desired her to be remarkable
-for her attainments and knowledge, not for her wit and imagination. She
-looked coldly therefore on the admiration she excited, and even
-protested against it. The young girl turned from her chilling and prim
-rebuffs to the encouragement she found in her father's sympathy and
-gladdening smiles. In the drawing-room she escaped from the side of
-Madame Necker, who regarded the mistakes which her giddiness and
-vivacity caused her to make with severe and correcting eyes. She
-listened with respect when reproved, but gladly sheltered herself behind
-her father's chair; at first silently, then throwing in a word, till at
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">{Pg 300}</a></span>
-last, one after the other, the cleverest men in the room gathered round
-to listen to her sallies and to be charmed by her eloquence.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The position that her parents held was exceedingly calculated to enchain
-the affections and raise the enthusiasm of the ardent girl. Her father
-was looked up to as the man whose exertions and talents were saving
-France. When named director-general of finances, he had refused the
-salary appended to the situation, that he might feel more free to
-diminish that of others, and benefit France by his economy with a
-clearer reputation. Her mother used his power for the most admirable
-purposes. She ameliorated the condition of the hospitals in the capital;
-and established near Paris, at her own expense, a charitable
-institution, so well directed that it became the model of every other.
-The young are apt to think their parents superior to the rest of the
-world. The claims which M. and Madame Necker possessed to real
-superiority, from their virtues and talents, naturally added to the
-warmth of their daughter's affection. The distinction in which they were
-held made the path of her life bright; and even the first check that
-occurred in her father's career tended to excite still more her
-admiration for him, as opposition gives form and strength to every power
-exerted to overcome it. Necker was too conscientious and too firm in his
-schemes of reform not to have enemies: he was too vain also not to
-desire to have his plans universally known and approved. Publicity is
-indeed the proper aim of every honest public man; but it was in utter
-variance with the policy of the old French government.
-<span class="sidenote2">1781.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-15.</span>
-For the purpose of making his system known to the nation, Necker
-published his "Compte Rendu," which was a statement of the past and
-present condition of the finances, addressed to the king. It occasioned
-a great clamour. His daughter read his pamphlet, and heard the
-discussions concerning it. She addressed an anonymous letter to her
-father on the subject: he recognised the style; and his affection was
-increased by this testimony of her talents and filial affection. The
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">{Pg 301}</a></span>
-"Compte Rendu," however, increased the number and importance of his
-enemies; the impropriety of the act was urged upon the king: Maurepas
-had already become hostile to him. Necker was attacked and calumniated.
-He, and his wife still more, were very susceptible to public blame: they
-wished to silence the libellers, who grew the more bitter and active the
-more they perceived that their stings were felt. Necker then demanded a
-sign of favour from the king, necessary, he thought, for the support of
-his influence: he asked for the <i>entrée au conseil</i> (a seat in the
-cabinet), which was refused on the score of his being a protestant. On
-this he committed an act which he ever after regretted, an act that
-showed that he preferred his own private feelings to the good of the
-country which he had promised to save,&mdash;he resigned his office.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-His daughter gathered pleasure rather than mortification from his
-resignation. It was acknowledged that by so doing he had plunged the
-royal family in distress. He had repaired, on the first moment of his
-returning to a private station, to St. Ouen: all France, as she calls
-it&mdash;that is, all the nobility and all the best society of the capital,
-the magistrates, the clergy, the merchants and men of letters&mdash;came to
-see him, to express their regrets, their fears for France, their hopes
-that he would return to office. She heard that Paris was in commotion.
-At the theatre, every verse in the play of the night ("Henri IV." was
-acted, and the mention of Sully afforded wide scope) that could be
-converted into an allusion to the favourite minister was applauded with
-acclamations; the public walks, the <i>cafés</i>, every public place, were
-filled by an eager yet silent crowd. Consternation was painted on every
-face&mdash;ruin was anticipated for the country which Necker had abandoned.
-From St. Ouen the ex-minister proceeded to Switzerland. He bought the
-mansion and estate of Coppet; on the lake of Geneva, and varied his
-residence between that place and visits to Paris. He was addressed by
-various sovereigns&mdash;Catherine II., Joseph, emperor of Austria, and the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">{Pg 302}</a></span>
-king of Naples, to undertake their affairs as minister of finance; but
-he preferred literary leisure and domestic peace, with a wife whom he
-adored, and a daughter who was becoming each day dearer and more
-interesting.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the retreat at Coppet he published a work on finance, of which 80,000
-copies were sold in one day. Mdlle. Necker shared the triumph; she was
-his companion, his friend. On her part she was not idle; and, even at an
-early age, began the career of authorship in which in after life she
-became so distinguished. It was the custom in French society to meet to
-hear an author read his productions. In this country, such a style of
-amusement would be considered very dull and tiresome; but it was
-otherwise in Paris. The audience was easily pleased. The women wept at
-the right moment&mdash;the men were ready to start from their chairs:
-enthusiasm became contagious. If the subject were pathetic, the room
-resounded with sobs and suppressed cries; if comic, with bursts of
-laughter. Mediocre authors reaped easy but animating success; and many
-works, like the "Saisons" of St. Lambert, were vaunted to the skies by
-listening friends, which were acknowledged to be poor and wearisome when
-published. In the same way, the plays and tales of Mdlle. Necker were
-read by her in numerous companies. These productions were afterwards
-printed, and possess slight merit. The plays are flat, and what in
-common parlance is called maudlin; the tales inflated, and without
-originality: when read in society, they were applauded with transport.
-It cannot be doubted that this sort of encouragement must rouse to its
-height the power of an author of real genius. In this country, writers
-receive little praise except that which results from the number of
-copies that are sold; and must rely entirely on the spirit of
-inspiration to carry them through the toils of authorship. How seldom,
-how very seldom, does an English author hear one word of real sympathy
-or admiration! Over reserve, over fear of compromising our opinions, and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">{Pg 303}</a></span>
-being laughed at for being in the wrong, holds us in. Madame de Staël,
-animated by the fervour of her French friends, believed in her own
-genius, even before it was developed; and self-confidence gave it a
-strength of wing that enabled her to soar to the extreme height that her
-abilities permitted.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The were stirring days in which she lived. Calonne succeeded to Necker
-as minister, and, having thrown every thing into confusion, was obliged
-to yield his place; he was succeeded by Fouquereux and Villedeuil, men
-of nothing, who abandoned the state of finances as hopeless. Lomenie de
-Brienne, archbishop of Toulouse, replaced them; and he caused the king
-to engage to assemble the states-general, and plunged the finances in a
-worse state than ever. Necker looked on with anxiety, partly for France,
-and partly for himself; for he felt sure that he would be summoned to
-save the country at the last gasp, and trembled to lose his reputation
-if called in too late. "Why have they not given me the archbishop's
-fifteen months?" he exclaimed, when at the end of that time he was
-called in to repair Brienne's faults. Calonne had attacked his "Compte
-Rendu." He wrote a memoir, addressed and sent to the king, to defend
-himself, which the king requested him not to publish. But Necker laid
-great store by the public voice, and did not hesitate to act in
-opposition to the king's wish, and, in consequence, was exiled by a
-<i>lettre de cachet</i> to forty leagues from Paris; but four months after
-he was recalled and named minister.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1788.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-22.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-We dwell upon these circumstances of Necker's life, as they were the
-events that chiefly interested his daughter. She had been struck with
-dismay at the moment of his exile. She was married at this time; but it
-is a singular circumstance that in her life her marriage is a very
-secondary event, and her husband's name seldom mentioned. As the only
-daughter of a millionaire, Mdlle. Necker's hand had been asked by many
-French nobles; but it was determined not to marry her to a Catholic, at
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">{Pg 304}</a></span>
-the same time that she and her parents were anxious to make a marriage
-that should enable her to reside in France, and to appear at court. It
-is told of the childhood of madame de Staël, that, at the age of
-eleven, she offered to marry Gibbon. He being a favourite friend of her
-parents, she hoped to please them by giving them a son-in-law of whom
-they were fond, with little regard to his strange repulsive figure and
-ugly face. And now she thought of station and convenience, and not at
-all of finding a friend or companion&mdash;far less a lover&mdash;in her
-husband. The baron de Staël Holstein, chamberlain to the queen of Sweden,
-had resided in Paris for some years, first as counsellor to the Swedish
-embassy, and afterwards as ambassador. He frequented the society of the
-French liberals, was a friend of Necker, and entered the lists of his
-daughter's admirers. He was a protestant and a noble, and he was also an
-amiable honourable man. The only objection to the union was the
-likelihood of his being recalled to his own country. The king of Sweden,
-Gustavus III., with whom he was a favourite, favoured the match, and
-promised that he should continue for several years to be ambassador at
-the French court. In addition, M. de Staël promised never to take her
-to Sweden without her own consent. On these considerations the marriage
-took place in the year 1786, when she was just twenty. Madame de Staël
-appeared at court. It is related that, desirous as she had been of
-acquiring this privilege, yet Parisian society was ill-naturedly amused
-by the numerous mistakes in etiquette which the young ambassadress had
-made on her presentation. She gaily related them herself, so to disarm
-her enemies. At this time, also, she appeared as an authoress in print,
-publishing her letters on the writings of Rousseau. We find in this work
-all the traits that distinguished madame de Staël's writings to the
-end,&mdash;great enthusiasm and eloquence, a pleasure in divining the
-mysteries of existence, and dwelling on the melancholy that attends
-it,&mdash;considerable power of expressing her thoughts, and much beauty
-and delicacy in the thoughts themselves, but an absence of strength and of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">{Pg 305}</a></span>
-the highest elevation both of talent and moral feeling.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-We have a "portrait" of madame de Staël at this epoch, such as it was
-the fashion for friends to write of friends in Paris at that time. It is
-a favourable description, yet marked by distinctive features and
-characteristic touches. "Zulma advances; her large dark eyes sparkle
-with genius; her hair, black as ebony, falls on her shoulders in waving
-ringlets; her features are more marked than delicate, yet they express
-something superior to the destiny of her sex. There she is! every one
-cried, when she appeared, and all became breathless. When she sang, she
-extemporised the words of her song; the celestial brightness of
-composition animated her face, and held the audience in serious
-attention; at once astonished and delighted, we knew not which most to
-admire, her facility or perfection. When her music ceased, she talked of
-the great truths of nature, the immortality of the soul,&mdash;love of
-liberty&mdash;of the fascination and the danger of the passions; her
-features meanwhile have an expression superior to beauty, her physiognomy
-is full of play and variety, the accents of her voice have a thousand
-modulations, and there is perfect harmony between her thoughts and their
-expression. Without hearing her words, the inflections of her tones, her
-gestures, her look, cause her meaning to be understood. When she ceased,
-a murmur of approbation ran round the room; she looked down modestly,
-her long eyelashes covered her flashing eyes, and the sun was clouded
-over." There were many people in Paris, who, of course, were willing to
-turn the pretensions of the young and brilliant improvisatrice into
-ridicule; but though her want of beauty, her heedlessness, which often
-led her into mistakes, her vivacity, which over-stept the mark of
-feminine grace, opened a field for sarcasm, no one could listen to her
-in public without admiration, no one could associate with her in private
-without love. She stept, as on to a stage, in the first brilliancy of
-youth, to be admired and to enjoy; but public events were swelling and
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">{Pg 306}</a></span>
-disturbing the stream of time, and it became a tempestuous flood, that
-wrecked her dearest hopes, and consigned her at last to that domestic
-retirement and peace, for which her outset in life had not formed her,
-and which, instead of being a haven of rest and enjoyment, was as a dead
-sea on which she weltered in misery and despair.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Necker was restored to the ministry in August, 1788; public credit
-revived under favour of his name, and famine and alarm were exchanged
-for plenty and security. He found the king pledged to assemble the
-states-general, and he did not hesitate in advising him to redeem his
-word; yet he met the questions and difficulties that arose with regard
-to the details of the measure with an irresolution that showed that,
-however clever he might be in matters of finance, he was ill fitted for
-weightier questions of general politics.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The convocation of the states excited the national enthusiasm to its
-height; and Necker, giving the weight of his influence to the liberal
-party, augmented his own popularity. He admired greatly the English
-constitution, and wished it to be imitated in France. Madame de Staël
-coincided in his views, and viewed the assemblage of the different
-orders with sentiments resembling rapture. According to her views, the
-horrors of approaching famine and the perils of bankruptcy were to be
-averted by this measure, and the future welfare of France, individual
-liberty, and national prosperity, were to be placed on durable
-foundations. The first struggles of the <i>tiers état</i> with the king and
-privileged orders excited her sympathy. Yet her father wished to act a
-moderate part, while even his moderation seemed treason to the blinded
-royalists. He thus incurred the distrust of both parties. Though
-minister, he was not permitted to direct the counsels of the king; and,
-at the same time, by only partially upholding the pretensions of the
-commons, he began to excite the mixed contempt and aversion of the more
-democratic leaders. During the struggle of the <i>tiers état</i> to obtain
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">{Pg 307}</a></span>
-a voice in the direction of affairs, he advised the king to meet their
-demands half way; but the court resolved to crush them altogether, and
-so fell itself into the pit. Necker saw with terror the purpose of the
-king in collecting troops round the capital to overawe both the
-Parisians and the deputies, and his remonstrances showed that he would
-be no party in the scenes of massacre that must ensue. He offered
-several times to resign; but the court party felt that it risked too
-much in the odium which his dismissal would excite. Driven on, however,
-by evil counsellors, who saw no good to arise in the constitutional
-liberty of their country, and weighed the blood of their countrymen as
-nothing in the opposite scale to their power and privileges, the king
-assembled troops, and the moment drew near when the people and their
-representatives were to feel the power of the bayonet, and to be reduced
-to obedience under the bolts of the artillery. The temporising spirit of
-Necker was more hated by the royal than the popular party, since the
-former saw injury, and the latter benefit, in any the least infraction
-of the old state of things. But the king well knew that Necker would
-never consent to the measures which he had in view, and that, before the
-military were called on to destroy his subjects, it was necessary to
-remove a minister round whom the popular party would rally with
-confidence. Necker continued to attend the king each day, but no affair
-of importance was discussed before him. This silence filled him with
-disquiet; he expected to be arrested, and communicated his suspicion to
-his wife and daughter. Madame de Staël wished him to go a step
-further in enouncing his opinions, and so to confirm the popular favour;
-but Necker considered his obligations as servant to the king as
-paramount. On the 11th of July, as he was about to sit down to dinner,
-he received a letter from Louis XVI., ordering him to send in his
-resignation, and to quit France without exciting observation. <i>Sans
-bruit</i> were the words that signified the fears of the court that his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">{Pg 308}</a></span>
-dismissal should become the signal of popular commotion. Necker obeyed
-to the letter and the spirit of the command. No one person was informed.
-He and his wife stept into the carriage prepared for their usual evening
-airing, and, without change of dress or attendant, travelled day and
-night till they reached Brussels. On the morning of the 12th of July
-madame de Staël received a letter from her father, announcing his
-departure, and bidding her retire into the country, lest the Parisians,
-for his sake, should pay her public homage. She obeyed, and, a new
-courier having brought her intelligence of his route, she set out on the
-15th July to join him. "When I reached them," madame de Staël writes,
-"three days after, they still wore the full dress which they had on
-when, after a large dinner party, and while no one suspected the
-agitating position in which they were placed, they silently quitted
-France, their friends, their home, and the power which they enjoyed.
-This dress, covered with dust, the name assumed by my father for the
-sake of avoiding recognition in France, and so detention through the
-favour in which he was still held,&mdash;all these circumstances filled me
-with feelings of reverence that caused me to throw myself at his feet as
-I entered the room of the inn where I found him." Necker had chosen
-Brussels as his way to Switzerland, as not being the direct road, and so
-less likely to betray him to the population. To this mark of obedience
-to the king, he added a testimony of love for France, which, in the days
-of mammon, was an act of heroism in a moneyed man. Necker had borrowed
-two millions of livres for the royal treasury, for the purpose of
-purchasing corn for starving Paris. He had secured this loan on his
-private fortune. The transaction was not completed when he was
-dismissed; and he feared that the news of his exile would retard the
-supply. He wrote, therefore, to confirm his guarantee. These
-circumstances find place in the biography of madame de Staël, because,
-the ruling passion of her heart being love and veneration of her father,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">{Pg 309}</a></span>
-we mark the acts that naturally, by their virtue, excited to their
-height her filial feelings.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-True to his resolve of avoiding his partizans in France, Necker
-proceeded to Basle through Germany. He was accompanied by M. de Staël.
-His wife and daughter followed more slowly by a different route. At
-Frankfort, the latter were overtaken by the king's courier that recalled
-Necker for the third time to the ministry. The commotions in Paris, the
-destruction of the Bastille, frightened the court into submission to the
-people. The recall of Necker was a necessary mark of acquiescence in the
-wishes of the nation. At Basle the family met together, and Necker
-resolved to return. He was not dazzled by his triumph; he felt the
-perils he was about to encounter. He wished to serve France as a
-constitutional minister, but he apprehended a further system of
-innovation; and he felt he should lose the favour of the people by
-opposing it, as he had lost the king's by refusing to support his
-arbitrary measures. He felt, as Burke afterwards expressed it, that he
-was recalled, like Pompey, for his misfortune; and, like Marius, that he
-sat among ruins; but he thought that his return at the present crisis
-would be serviceable to the sovereign and his adherents, and he resolved
-on it at once. "What a moment of happiness, notwithstanding," Madame de
-Staël writes, "was our journey from Basle to Paris, when my father
-decided to return! I do not think that the like ever occurred to any man
-who was not sovereign of the country. The French nation, ever so
-animated in the demonstration of its sentiments, gave itself up, for the
-first time, to hopes, the boundaries of which experience had not yet
-taught them. Liberty was then only known to the enlightened classes by
-the noble emotions with which it was associated; and, to the people, by
-ideas analogous to their necessities and sufferings. Necker appeared as
-the precursor of the expected good. The liveliest acclamations
-accompanied every step: the women threw themselves on their knees afar
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">{Pg 310}</a></span>
-off in the fields when they saw his carriage pass: the first citizens of
-the different places we traversed acted as postilions; and in the towns
-the inhabitants took off the horses to drag the carriage themselves. It
-was I that enjoyed for him&mdash;I was carried away by delight, and must
-not feel ungrateful for those happy days, however sad were the ones that
-followed." Various circumstances occurred to display to the returning
-exiles the overthrow of the royalists and the triumph of the people.
-Madame de Polignac had already arrived at Basle, on her way to
-emigration. At ten leagues from Paris, they heard of the arrest of the
-baron de Besenval, who was being led back prisoner to the capital, where
-he would infallibly have been massacred in the streets. Necker
-interfered to keep him where he was till further orders. He, as his
-first act, went to Paris, to the Hôtel de Ville, to obtain the pardon
-of M. de Besenval, and a universal amnesty. He was followed and welcomed
-by joyful acclamations; delight at his restoration to power calmed, for
-the moment, all party spirit, all political hatred; the assembled people
-granted all he asked with transport. Madame de Staël and her mother
-accompanied him. "Oh! nothing," she writes, "can equal the emotion that
-a woman feels when she has the happiness of hearing the name of one
-beloved repeated by a whole people. All those faces, which appear for
-the time animated by the same sentiment as one's self; those innumerable
-voices, which echo to the heart the name that rises in the air, and
-which appears to return from heaven after having received the homage of
-earth; the inconceivable electricity which men communicate to
-each other when they share the same emotions; all those mysteries of
-nature and social feeling are added to the greatest mystery of
-all&mdash;love&mdash;filial or maternal, but still love; and the soul sinks
-under emotions stronger than itself. When I came to myself, I felt that I
-had reached the extreme boundary of happiness."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She had reached it, and the recoil soon came. The popular party, each
-hour rising in power, disdained the half measures and weak concessions
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">{Pg 311}</a></span>
-of the minister:&mdash;from that hour, in spite of his feeble, though
-virtuous, endeavours to restrain popular violence, and, at the same
-time, to supply the wants of the people, and mitigate their sufferings
-by great and unwearied exertions and personal sacrifices, the popularity
-of Necker declined. His propositions were weak and inconsistent; the
-king had no confidence in him; the people withdrew their favour. His
-daughter could not perceive that his want of energy, and total
-incapacity to cope with the necessities of the times, were the occasion
-of this change; she saw only ingratitude, perversity, and ignorance. Her
-father still continued, in her eyes, the first of men; when he triumphed
-he was a hero, when he fell he was a martyr.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Staël witnessed nearly all the more deplorable events of the
-revolution. On the 5th October, when she heard of the march of the
-people to Versailles to bring the king and queen to Paris, she hastened
-to join her parents, who were in attendance at court. When she arrived,
-Necker hastened to the castle to join the council, and madame Necker and
-her daughter repaired to the hall preceding the one where the king
-remained, that they might share Necker's fate. The tumult, the
-inquietude, the various projects, and the trembling expectation of the
-hour agitated all, and augmented as night approached. A noble arrived
-from Paris with the latest news. He appeared in the royal presence in a
-common dress. It was the first time that any man had entered the king's
-apartment, except in court dress. His recital of the furious armed
-multitude, which was gathering and approaching, increased the general
-terror. On the morrow the storm burst. Murder assailed the gates of the
-palace, and the royal personages, for the first time, were attacked by
-those outrages, at once sanguinary and insulting, which, thus beginning,
-never stayed till their destruction was accomplished.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Staël was present during the whole scene. She stood near when
-the crowd forced the queen to appear before them, and when at their
-demand the royal family were carried to Paris. Such scenes could never
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">{Pg 312}</a></span>
-be forgotten. When the king and queen set off to the capital, the family
-of Necker repaired by another route. "We crossed," madame de Staël
-writes, "the Bois de Boulogne; the weather was beautiful, the breeze
-scarcely stirred the trees, and the sun was bright enough to dispel alt
-gloom from the scenery. No exterior object replied to our sadness." When
-they arrived at the Tuileries, the Parisian palace of the kings of
-France, which had not been inhabited for many years, they found that the
-beds of the royal children were put up in the room where the queen
-received them; Marie Antoinette apologised. "You know," she said, "that
-I did not expect to come here." Her beautiful face expressed anger as
-she spoke; and madame de Staël must have felt that her father, as
-popular minister, and herself, as a lover of liberty, were included in
-the sentiments of resentment which filled the queen's heart.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1790.<br />
-Sept.<br />
-8.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The resignation and departure of Necker, some months after, was a
-circumstance full of mortification for his daughter. He traversed the
-France which had hailed him with such transport on his return from
-Basle, and found himself surrounded by enemies. Execrations followed his
-steps, and he was arrested at Arcis-sur-Aube, and obliged to wait for a
-decree, of the national assembly before he was suffered to proceed; his
-name was held in detestation&mdash;his acts reviled. He did not deserve
-this; for, though weak as a politician, his acts were those of an
-honourable and generous man. The immediate cause of his resignation of
-office was the issue of the assignats, which he looked on as the ruin of
-the public credit; yet he left 2,000,000 of francs, the half of his
-fortune, in the funds, to run a risk of loss, which he himself deemed,
-as indeed it proved, inevitable. He retired to Coppet, while his
-daughter was detained in Paris by illness.
-<span class="sidenote2">1791.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-25.</span>
-She continued to remain there, and, according to French manners, mingled
-deeply in various political intrigues. Her friend M. de Narbonne was
-named minister of war, and many of his projects were discussed in her
-drawing-room. She shared in the project set afoot by Lafayette, of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">{Pg 313}</a></span>
-facilitating the escape of the king to the army at Metz. Narbonne, at
-the head of the royal guard, and several thousand national guards
-belonging to the department of Jura, were to carry off Louis by force
-from the Tuileries. Talleyrand was informed of the plan, and approved,
-but the king rejected it; he was averse to any project that needed the
-co-operation of Lafayette, whom he hated. Soon after Narbonne was
-dismissed, and the nomination of Dumouriez and Roland placed the power
-in the hands of the girondists.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1792.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-26.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Staël was in Paris during the fatal August that decided the
-fate of the French monarchy. On the 9th of that month she stood at her
-window with some friends, and heard the forty-eight tocsins of Paris
-sound the alarm, which continued all night their monotonous, frequent,
-and lugubrious tolling. The volunteer patrole sent her intelligence of
-all that passed, but no one knew what the morrow would bring forth. The
-attack on the Tuileries began early in the morning; madame de Staël was
-told that three of her friends, who guarded the outside of the palace,
-had been seized and massacred. She instantly, with all the intrepidity
-of a French woman, hurried out to learn the truth. Her carriage was
-stopped on the bridge. She was told that the work of slaughter was going
-on the other side. Still she persisted, and, after a delay of two
-hours, crossed the bridge, and learnt that her friends were alive, and
-hiding from the enraged multitude. In the evening she went to see them
-in the obscure houses in which they had taken refuge; drunken men were
-lying about on the steps of doors, who roused themselves only to
-vociferate oaths and execrations. Many women were in the same state;
-their howlings were still more frightful. She fled when the patrole
-approached; for they maintained order by protecting the assassins, and
-assisting them in the work of murder. The interval between the 10th of
-August and the 2d of September was one of horror; arrests were frequent,
-and it became known that the massacre of the prisoners was meditated.
-The outlawed friends of madame de Staël went from house to house as
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">{Pg 314}</a></span>
-danger menaced; she received two in her own, hoping that, though her
-husband was absent, the name she bore, of Swedish ambassadress, would
-protect her from a domiciliary visit. She was mistaken; the
-commissioners of police, men named from among the lowest class,
-accompanied by the soldiery, who guarded the outlets of the house to
-prevent escape, demanded to search. She resolved to dispute their right,
-as the only means of saving her friends. She talked to the men; told
-them that the laws of nations declared an ambassador's house inviolable,
-and assured them that Sweden was a country on the frontiers of France,
-and that it would declare war at once if its ambassadress were insulted.
-She perceived that her arguments made some impression; and, while her
-heart sank within her, she roused herself to joke them on the folly of
-their suspicions, and dismissed them with every appearance of politeness
-and gaiety.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She had already prepared to leave France, and obtained passports. She
-delayed a few days, anxious to be re-assured with regard to her friends,
-before she placed herself in safety. During this interval she exerted
-herself to save M. de Lally-Tollendal, and succeeded, by applying to
-Manuel, a member of the commune of Paris: he who published Mirabeau's
-letters, written in the prison of Vincennes, and who, six months
-afterwards, during the reign of terror, died on the scaffold. On the 2d
-of September, when the news of the taking of Longwy and Verdun had
-roused the ferocity of the Parisians to the utmost, and those massacres
-of helpless prisoners began which remain a perpetual sanguinary stain on
-the French character, she prepared to set out. Her passports were all
-regular; and, fancying that the title of wife of a foreign ambassador
-would be her safeguard, she set out in her carriage, drawn by six
-horses, and her servants in full livery. Her calculations failed;
-scarcely had her carriage advanced a few steps when it was surrounded by
-a crowd of furious women, who seized the horses, and, with ferocious
-cries, ordered the postilions to drive to the assembly of the section of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">{Pg 315}</a></span>
-St. Germain, to which she belonged. She entered the chamber of the
-assembly, which was in full deliberation, and by it she was ordered to
-proceed to the Hôtel de Ville. To reach this latter place she was
-obliged to traverse Paris; and on the steps of the Hôtel de Ville
-several men had been assassinated on the 10th of August. She trembled to
-obey, and yet had no resource. She was three hours on her way, as she
-was slowly drawn through a crowd who threatened death with hideous
-shouts and unremitting cries. She addressed several gendarmes who passed
-near, asking protection; they replied by disdainful and menacing
-gestures. At length, one gendarme, who had been put in the carriage with
-her, was touched by her situation (she was with child), and promised to
-defend her at the peril of his life. She alighted from the carriage at
-the Hôtel de Ville, in the midst of an armed multitude, and advanced
-under an avenue of pikes. As she went up the steps a man pointed one
-against her; the gendarme protected her with his sabre, and she reached
-the chamber of the commune, where Robespierre presided. Collet d'Herbois
-and Billaud Varennes acted as his secretaries. The hall was full of
-people&mdash;men, women, and children, shouting <i>Vive la nation!</i> She
-was taken to the raised platform where the president sat, and told to sit
-down. While she was representing her right, as ambassadress from Sweden,
-to depart, Manuel, whom she had persuaded to liberate Lally-Tollendal,
-entered: he was astonished to see her in such a miserable position, and,
-answering for her, withdrew her from the dreadful hall, and shut her up
-in his cabinet with her maid. They remained for six hours, oppressed by
-hunger, thirst, and terror. The windows of the room looked on the Place
-de Grève, and assassins passed from the prisons, their arms bare and
-covered with blood, uttering horrible shouts. Her carriage remained in
-the square. The crowd wished to pillage it: it was defended by Santerre.
-He respected the daughter of Necker, whose exertions to victual Paris
-during the scarcity he had witnessed; and besides he made this task his
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">{Pg 316}</a></span>
-pretext for not doing his duty in protecting the prisoners. He boasted
-to Madame de Staël of the service he rendered her; but she could not
-help reminding him of the manner in which he ought to have been
-employed. Manuel exclaimed, as he entered, "Ah! how glad I am I set your
-two friends at liberty yesterday!" When night came on he conveyed her
-home in his carriage. The lamps were not lighted in the streets, but men
-passed with torches, whose flare occasioned more terror than darkness
-itself. The following day she was allowed to depart with her maid only,
-and a gendarme to conduct her as far as the frontier, so to make sure
-that she should take with her none of the unfortunate outlaws doomed to
-death. Tallien conducted her to the barrier. After some difficulties it
-was passed. "Leaving the capital," she writes, "the tempestuous waves
-grew calmer, and the mountains of Jura gave no token of the frightful
-tumults of which Paris was the theatre." And there she found calm refuge
-beneath her father's roof. Such were the scenes that awaited the early
-womanhood of madame de Staël:&mdash;the sight of every cruel and horrible
-passion in action in others,&mdash;pity, fear, and generous self-devotion
-excited to their height in her own heart,&mdash;harrowing grief, when those
-whom she loved were butchered,&mdash;throbs of transport, when she felt
-that she had secured their safety. Had she been of a concentrated
-disposition, such scenes and emotions must have given sublimity to her
-character. As it was, it confirmed the active generosity and warm
-benevolence of her disposition; it gave animation to her expression of
-every sad and heart-moving feeling; while to her credit it must be said,
-that, even in the midst of such iniquitous and cruel scenes, she
-gathered no misanthropy, no gall, no hatred, and no revenge.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She paid at this period a short visit to England, and then returning to
-Geneva, found personal safety and peace with her parents at Coppet; but
-the political events passing in France, and the horrors of the reign of
-terror, spread darkness and dismay even to Switzerland. Her father
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">{Pg 317}</a></span>
-published a pamphlet, the object of which was to save Louis XVI.; and
-she wrote an eloquent appeal in favour of Marie Antoinette. Soon even
-the impression made by the fate of these illustrious victims was almost
-lost in that of the death of added thousands immolated by Robespierre.
-Madame de Staël by turns feared for the lives and deplored the death of
-beloved friends, who day after day died under the axe of the guillotine.
-She concealed in her house many of the friends of liberty outlawed by
-the revolutionary tribunal. They assumed Swedish names, under the
-sanction of M. de Staël. Scaffolds were erected for them on the
-frontier by their countrymen, as enemies of freedom; foreign nations
-held them in detestation, as accomplices of the butchers of Paris; but
-Necker and his daughter, with sounder views and more humane hearts,
-befriended and saved virtue, whatever might be the opinions which it
-assumed as the guise in which to manifest its spirit to the world. "One
-of the reflections that struck us most," madame de Staël writes, "in
-our long walks on the shores of the lake of Geneva, was the contrast of
-the beautiful nature by which we were surrounded with the desolation of
-mankind." In these walks she conversed with her father: his benevolence;
-the pain he expressed at the idea of being hated by the French, to serve
-whom he had sacrificed so much; the interchange of intimate and virtuous
-thought, filled her heart with still more ardent affection towards him,
-and made him, in her eyes, the greatest as well as the best of men.
-<span class="sidenote1">1794.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-28.</span>
-It was at this time of comparative retirement that she wrote
-"Reflections on the Peace," which Fox quoted as full of sound political
-views and just argument.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-This period was checkered by the illness, and finally the death, of
-madame Necker. She died of a lingering nervous disorder. Her husband was
-unwearied in his attentions and watchful tenderness, and madame de
-Staël shared his fatigues, and sympathised with and consoled him in his
-grief. The warmer kindness testified by her father caused her to prefer
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">{Pg 318}</a></span>
-him; and madame Necker herself, looking on her daughter as a rival in
-her husband's affections, had repelled her. But death obliterated these
-passions, and madame de Staël acknowledged her mother's talents and
-virtues; she lamented her death, and respected her memory.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It might be thought that madame de Staël, escaped from the sanguinary
-scenes of the reign of terror, would have been averse to returning to
-that Paris which had been the theatre of such harrowing tragedies. Far
-from it. Accustomed to the society of the French, the pedantic, precise,
-and presumptuous tone of the Genevese was particularly disagreeable to
-her. While considering herself a French woman, she was eager to mix in
-the busy scenes that followed the death of Robespierre&mdash;to be of use
-to her friends, and even to influence the choice of a system of government
-which was to be established in France. She had some remorse in quitting
-her father; but he encouraged her to go. He felt for her struggle
-between her dislike to leaving him and her tastes, her friends, her
-hopes of glory, which called her to France; and, with the truest
-feelings of sympathy, persuaded her to seek her own happiness, promising
-to find his in her letters from the scene of action.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1795.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-29.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-M. de Staël being sent by the king of Sweden as minister to Paris, she
-repaired thither. Her arrival formed an epoch in society. She threw open
-her drawing-rooms, and all foreigners of distinction, ambassadors, and
-literary men were charmed to meet in them. It attracted universal
-attention, and became the signal of the revival of refinement in the
-capital. Her chief exertions tended to getting the names of various
-friends erased from the list of emigrants, which, while party spirit ran
-so high, and the name of monarch and Bourbon was still held in
-detestation and terror, was matter at once of difficulty and odium.
-Legendre, a man who had figured during the reign of terror, denounced
-her in the tribune of the convention, while the newspapers complained of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">{Pg 319}</a></span>
-the influence exercised by women in their <i>salons dorés</i>, as they were
-vulgarly called, and by the society that gathered there. She succeeded
-in benefiting several of her friends, and this happiness counterbalanced
-the attacks made against her.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1797.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-31.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-During the whole of the reign of the directory, the influence of madame
-de Staël was great. The expectation of a civil war became more imminent
-as the royalists rested their hopes on the armies of la Vendée, and the
-victories of the republican troops on the eastern frontiers, supporting
-the new state of things, gave energy to the men in power. Moderate and
-enlightened lovers of freedom desired to reconcile the two parties, and
-prevent a struggle. Madame de Staël attempted to effect this
-reconciliation. She had no desire for the return of the Bourbons; for
-such a change could only have been operated through the subjugation of
-France by foreign troops, a circumstance to be looked upon as the lowest
-fall in its political greatness. She was the centre of a brilliant
-society, which, while it regarded the chiefs of the republic as vulgar,
-was attached to a form of government full of promise of distinction and
-power to able and daring men. In France the influence of women is one of
-the engines used by the other sex for their advancement. Madame de
-Staël had already placed one of her friends in an elevated post; she
-exerted herself for others. She was generous and active. No gall&mdash;no
-bad feelings of hatred, or love of mischief, mingled in her desire to be
-influential. But passionately loving glory, and eager to take a part in
-the busier scenes of life, she made her house the rendezvous of all
-parties, and sought her own elevation in trying to reconcile them all,
-and to diffuse abroad a spirit of moderation and mutual toleration, and
-was often exposed to the danger of imprisonment and exile from the
-preponderance of the more popular party. Her mind was active, her
-imagination lively; but she was without prudence. Her father said of
-her, that she was like the savages, who sell their cabin in the morning
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">{Pg 320}</a></span>
-and find themselves without shelter at night. Ardent but without
-forethought, ambitious of distinction without selfishness, she looked on
-danger as a crown of laurel, and, as far as she was personally
-concerned, cared more for the excitement of the combat than the repose
-of success. Thus, though she failed in her attempts to reconcile
-contending factions, she felt neither despondency nor sorrow. Meanwhile,
-the struggle of parties&mdash;the violence of each occasioning the weakness
-of all&mdash;became the stepping-stone to the man who, raising himself by
-the sword, and establishing and increasing his power by the same method,
-fell, when his weapon failed to be able to deal with all the enemies
-from the extremities of the earth whom he challenged to the contest.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Bonaparte and madame de Staël were neither impressed favourably by the
-other when first they met. He saw in her a factitious but a not the less
-powerful influence with which he could only cope by trampling it in the
-dust; and she found in him a man unimpressible by words or sentiments,
-aiming at one goal, and wholly indifferent to the thousands to be mowed
-down or the one tortured by the methods he used for his success. In
-their encounter she felt her existence strike against a rock which,
-while it wrecked whole fleets, did not disdain to swamp a skiff which
-had every right to expect shelter beneath its shadow. When, after the
-treaty of Campo-Formio, Bonaparte arrived in Paris, he and madame de
-Staël often met in society. She declared that a feeling of fear always
-overcame her in his presence. She was struck by his superiority, but
-repelled by a certain coldness that remained as a wall between them.
-When, for the sake of amassing funds for his expedition to Egypt,
-Bonaparte proposed the invasion of Switzerland to the directory, madame
-de Staël regarded the cause of the independence of that country as so
-sacred, that she sought a conference with the general for the purpose of
-turning him from his design. Nothing can better show the difference of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">{Pg 321}</a></span>
-French manners from ours than this circumstance; and Bonaparte, a child
-of the army, little conversant with the spirit of French society,
-regarded a woman's interference on such a subject as impertinent and out
-of character with her sex; but, although he was not to be moved by her,
-such was her acknowledged influence that he did not disdain to discuss
-the question with her with an appearance of candour, till, having
-pronounced certain words which he considered sufficient to refute her
-arguments, declaring that men must have political rights, and advancing
-the falsehood that the Swiss would have more as a portion of France than
-as an independent insignificant state, he turned the conversation, and
-talked of his love of retirement,&mdash;of the country and the fine
-arts,&mdash;expressing himself as sharing many of the lady's own tastes.
-Madame de Staël felt the influence of his power of pleasing, but was
-mortified to be treated like a mere woman. He, on the other hand,
-perceiving that she had talents sufficient to persuade and influence
-men, and that she was likely to exert this power against himself,
-conceived a dislike, which he afterwards showed in a series of
-persecutions.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1798.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-32.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The invasion of Switzerland being resolved on, madame de Staël quitted
-Paris to rejoin her father at Coppet. His name was still on the list of
-emigrants, which, as he was a Genevese, was altogether unjust. His
-daughter implored him not to risk the danger of being condemned to death
-when the country he inhabited should be occupied by a French army; but
-he refused to stir: he would not in his old age wander over the earth,
-nor would he quit the neighbourhood of the tomb of his wife, which had
-been erected under her own directions, with the fervent hope that her
-husband's remains would repose near hers. When the day came, fixed for
-the violation of the Swiss territory by the French armies, Necker and
-his daughter, with her infant children, remained alone at Coppet. Their
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">{Pg 322}</a></span>
-servants assembled in the avenue to see the passage of the troops, while
-they themselves stood in a balcony which commanded the high road. It was
-mid winter, but the weather was clear: the alps were reflected in the
-lake at their feet, while the sound of military music alone broke the
-silence of the scene. Madame de Staël's heart beat with fear for her
-father's sake. Her vivid imagination painted, her impetuous heart
-anticipated, a thousand horrors which transported her with terror. She
-perceived an officer quit a troop on its way, and direct his steps
-towards the château,&mdash;it was Suchet. He came charged by the directory
-to offer a safeguard to her father. Thus re-assured with regard to the
-dearest interest of her life, she began to feel fresh anguish for the
-Swiss, attacked thus against the law of nations. She heard at Coppet the
-cannon of the battle between the Bernese and French;&mdash;her heart, for
-the first time, was against the latter. As soon as the triumph of France
-united Geneva to its own territory, it became necessary that Necker's
-name should be erased from the list of emigrants. Madame de Staël
-visited Paris, and presented a memorial from her father to the
-directory. His request was accorded instantly and unanimously; and his
-daughter, so much more easily moved to kindly than angry emotions, felt
-grateful for this act of simple justice. She endeavoured also to treat
-with the French government for the payment of the two millions of francs
-which Necker had deposited in the public treasury. The directory
-acknowledged the debt, and were ready to defray it from the property of
-the church. Necker refused so to be repaid, from the noble motive of not
-choosing to mingle his worldly interests in the great question of the
-revolution, and so to forfeit the reputation for impartiality by which
-he laid store.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1799.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-33.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Staël witnessed, in Paris, the 18th Brumaire, when Bonaparte
-overthrew the power of the directory and established his own supremacy.
-Her feelings were much divided: if the jacobins triumphed, sanguinary
-scenes might be renewed; but she anticipated with prophetic grief the
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">{Pg 323}</a></span>
-result of Bonaparte's success. As she always lived in a numerous circle,
-and openly discussed her opinions, the first consul soon heard of the
-dissatisfaction that she expressed with regard to his rising power.
-Joseph Bonaparte, to whom she was partial, came to her and said, "My
-brother complains of you. 'Why,' he said yesterday, 'does not madame de
-Staël attach herself to my government? What does she want? The payment
-of her father's deposit? I will order it to be made. To remain in Paris?
-I will permit it. In short, what does she want?'" "The question," she
-replied, "is not what I want, but what I think."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-A tribunate made a portion of the constitution instituted in the first
-instance by Bonaparte. The tribunes were to have the right to speak. The
-first consul was aware that he must please the French at first by a
-shadow of freedom; but a few men were found among the tribunes who
-wished to turn the shadow into substance, and then Bonaparte put forth
-his power, and claimed the lion's share. Benjamin Constant, on the eve
-of attacking a measure proposed by the first consul, consulted madame de
-Staël. She encouraged him, through noble and conscientious motives,
-while she felt in her heart the injury that might redound to herself.
-The possibility of being forced to quit Paris filled her with alarm and
-wretchedness: her love for its society, her horror of retirement, had
-been implanted, as we have seen, in her breast from her earliest
-infancy; her brilliant powers of conversation fostered the taste, and
-she well knew also that Bonaparte was aware of her weakness, and would
-wound her through it. "He joined," she writes, "to the power by which he
-could threaten, and the wealth by which he could entice, the
-dispensation of ennui, which is held in terror by the French." Her
-drawing-room on this occasion was crowded by men ready to give in their
-adherence to the new government. Benjamin Constant drew near, and said,
-"your room is filled with persons whose society is pleasing to you: if I
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">{Pg 324}</a></span>
-speak, to-morrow it will be a desert. Think of this." "One must follow
-one's conviction," she replied. In narrating this anecdote, she frankly
-adds that she spoke on the impulse of the moment; but that, if she could
-then have foreseen the sufferings in store, she should not have had
-strength to refuse the offer Constant made to remain silent. He proved a
-true prophet. On the following day she received multiplied excuses for a
-party she gave. As they came she felt disturbed, and she began to find
-fault with her courage of the preceding day. To add to her inquietude,
-the minister of police, Fouché, sent for her to say, that the first
-consul suspected that she had excited her friends to speak against him.
-She replied that Constant was a man of too superior talents to need the
-interference of a woman in his political conduct. The result was that
-Fouché advised her to go into the country for a few days, saying that
-all would be well on her return. Such is the account that she gives of
-the commencement of Bonaparte's persecution. Other writers vary. The
-flatterers of Napoleon insinuate that she wished to gain an interest in
-his heart. Napoleon himself, when at St. Helena, says, that she became
-his enemy because he would not become her pupil. It were, perhaps, a
-fairer statement to assert, that he oppressed her because she refused to
-be his tool. At the same time it must be remembered, in exculpation of
-Bonaparte's arbitrary acts with regard to her, that he was then making
-difficult way up the slippery path of power; that she opposed his
-progress not only by epigrams and repartees, but by political intrigues.
-It was necessary to reduce her to silence and inaction. But this does
-not excuse his after persecution, which was wanton and unmanly.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Soon after, when Bonaparte passed through Switzerland on his way to
-Italy, having expressed a wish to see Necker, the latter waited on him,
-and spent two hours in conversation. The fallen and aged minister was
-gratified by this mark of interest on the part of the first consul, and
-pleased with his conversation. He did not mention, as a meaner minded
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">{Pg 325}</a></span>
-man would have done, the debt owed him by the French government; but he
-alluded to his daughter's position, and spoke of her as one whose name
-and talents would adorn the society of the capital. The first consul
-replied with courtesy; and the result was that she was hereafter to be
-permitted to reside in Paris.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Bonaparte felt that his present power needed the prop of opinion.
-Perhaps he hoped to gain the daughter by his civility and apparent
-respect for the father. But neither were to be bent from their
-convictions. This became apparent when, towards the end of the same
-year, she published her work on literature. Her talents had now reached
-their full development, and this book is one of the most masterly that
-has emanated from her pen. It is full of liberal opinions; it restored
-her to popularity; her salons again became thronged. Her society was
-chiefly composed of foreigners and the <i>corps diplomatique.</i> Fouché
-granted various requests made by her with regard to emigrants, and she
-had thus the pleasure of being useful to, and moreover became popular
-among, a class distinguished for urbane manners and the various charms
-that attend refinement. But her book added to the irritation nourished
-against her by the first consul. He wished the world to be filled with
-his name; and, in this point of view, the influence possessed by
-literary persons was of value in his eyes. Madame de Staël had not
-mentioned him, nor alluded to his achievements, in her work; and he
-looked on the omission as a wilful and galling insult. She never
-appeared at his court; he said of her that every one left her house less
-attached to him than when they went in; the rebel tribunes were among
-her friends; and all tended to nourish his discontent. One day she was
-asked to dinner by general Berthier, in company with Bonaparte. As she
-heard that he often expressed himself sarcastically with regard to her,
-she conjectured that he might address her with some of those rude
-speeches which were so much feared by the courtiers; and, afraid of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">{Pg 326}</a></span>
-losing her presence of mind, she went prepared with various studied
-repartees. But he scarcely spoke to her, and she had the comfort of
-believing that he feared to sting a dangerous enemy.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She spent her summers at Coppet with her father. In 1799, M. de Staël
-had been recalled to Sweden. His extravagance had occasioned a
-separation from his wife, who feared that the fortunes of her children
-might be injured.
-<span class="sidenote2">1802.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-36.</span>
-A reconciliation was, however, set on foot, and it was agreed that the
-whole family should take up their residence at Coppet. On their way
-thither M. de Staël fell ill and died, his wife attending on his last
-moments.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her novel of "Delphine" appeared about this time. It was attacked by the
-French critics as immoral. Madame de Staël was indignant. "They dared
-blame a book approved by Necker!" she exclaims. "Delphine" affords
-scope, however, for such criticism. She allows that it displays too
-eager a desire for happiness, the result of young and ardent feelings;
-but, worse than this, it inculcates no spirit of courage under disaster.
-Balwer speaks of "fortitude, the virtue of the ancients, and
-resignation, the duty of Christians," as the chief aim of a philosophic
-or pious mind: madame de Staël&mdash;and in this she is the founder of the
-Byronic school&mdash;made the chief feeling of her work impatience of life
-under sorrow, suicide in despair. This at once blights existence. To
-feel that adversity and prosperity are both lessons to teach us a higher
-wisdom, the fruition of which we hope hereafter to inherit, and which at
-the same time is the ornament and crown of good men during life, ought
-to be the aim of every writer. Sorrow is rife with desperation; we fly
-to the pages of the sage to learn to bear; and a writer fails in his
-duty when he presents poison instead Of medicine. With all this,
-"Delphine" is a beautiful book. The character of the heroine is full of
-charm: the hero is delineated with a truth, a fervour, and a reality,
-that reaches home. The characters of madame de Valmont and her daughter
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">{Pg 327}</a></span>
-are finely portrayed. "Delphine," it was said, was an ideal of the
-authoress herself; and the false friend was drawn from Talleyrand. "They
-tell me," he said to her, "that you have put us both in your novel in
-the character of women." Madame de Staël could well bear this sarcasm:
-she was truly feminine; her very faults belonged to her sex.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her father published a book at this time which greatly irritated
-Bonaparte, and added to his dislike of the daughter. In his "Last View
-of Politics and Finance" Necker unveiled the progress which the first
-consul of the republic was making towards a throne. This untimely
-disclosure of his secret ways injured Bonaparte: he spoke bitterly of
-Necker, and said of madame de Staël that she should not visit Paris
-again, since she conveyed such false impressions to her father.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Love for this father was the master passion of madame de Staël's life.
-She looked on him as the wisest and best of men; but, more than this,
-his kindness and sympathy gifted him with something angelic in her eyes.
-He was her dearest friend&mdash;the prop of her fortunes; her adviser, her
-shelter, her teacher, her approver&mdash;the seal of her prosperity and her
-glory. He was an old man, and this imparted unspeakable tenderness to
-her attachment. Her very love of Paris, and her consequent absences from
-him, added force to her feelings. While away she gathered anecdotes and
-knowledge for his amusement. Their correspondence was regular and full.
-It contained a thousand narrations and sallies, observations on events
-and persons full of piquancy, a gaiety adopted for the purpose of
-diverting him; and over all was spread a tone of tenderness and
-reverence, which accompanied the very idea of her father. When she
-returned to him, she checked a little the demonstrations of her delight,
-but it overflowed in her conversation. Things, men, and politics, the
-effect she had herself produced, were all related with an effusion of
-joy, accompanied by caresses, by tears of gladness, and laughter full of
-love. Necker listened with proud delight. He loved her fondly. Her very
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">{Pg 328}</a></span>
-faults, her want of forethought, which made his cares necessary; her
-uncertainty and doubts with regard to all the minor affairs of life,
-which she joyfully submitted to his direction; her exuberant yet
-uncertain spirits; her imagination that often plunged her in gloom, were
-so many ties to unite father and daughter in bonds of the fondest
-affection.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Yet she could not contentedly remain with him long. She disliked
-Genevese society; she was wrapt up in that of Paris. Her parents had
-planted the seeds of this love of display and eager desire for the
-arena, where wit and all that is the salt of life is to be met in
-perfection, and it was but fair that her father should reap the fruits
-of the education he had bestowed. He felt for her, and was deeply
-grieved that his publication had augmented the annoyances of her
-position.
-<span class="sidenote2">1803.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-37.</span>
-When the peace of Amiens was broken, and Bonaparte and all France were
-occupied by the meditated descent on England, she hoped to be forgotten.
-She drew near Paris, and established herself at the distance of thirty
-miles. The first consul was told that the road to her retreat was
-crowded by people paying her visits. This was not true, but it alarmed
-his jealousy; she heard that she should receive an order to depart.
-Hoping to escape by leaving her home, she went from house to house of
-her friends, but in vain. She was at that of madame Recamier when she
-received the fatal order to leave France in twenty-four hours. She would
-not at once yield; she asked for day after day of reprieve. Junot and
-Joseph Bonaparte interceded with the first consul for her; she pleaded
-as for life; but the petty resentment of the great man could not be
-mollified. He has done worse deeds during his reign, but take the worst
-said of madame de Staël, by his chief flatterers, and still no revenge
-could be meaner, no act of tyranny more flagrant, than that which exiled
-from his capital, and the country he ruled over, a woman, whatever
-offence she had committed against him, who promised silence; who asked
-but for the society of a few friends; whose crime was that she would not
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">{Pg 329}</a></span>
-celebrate the liberticide in her writings.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Forced to go, she could not persuade herself to appear disgraced and
-driven away among the Genevese. She hoped, and her father hoped for her,
-that new scenes, and the welcome afforded her among strangers, would
-blunt the blow she had received, and revive her spirits. She determined
-to visit Germany, with the intention of seeing its great writers,
-studying their productions, and of afterwards presenting the French with
-an account of the, to them, sealed book of German literature. Joseph
-Bonaparte gave her letters of introduction for Berlin, and she set out.
-Benjamin Constant accompanied her; yet this very kindness was the source
-of pain, as he also was partial to a residence in Paris. "Every step of
-the horses," she writes, "was a pang; and, when the postilions boasted
-that they had driven fast, I could not help smiling at the sad service
-they did me. I travelled forty leagues before I recovered possession of
-myself. At length we stopt at Chalons, and Benjamin Constant rousing him
-self, through his wonderful powers of conversation, lightened, at least
-for a few moments, the burden that weighed me down."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Constant continued to accompany her. She was well received at Weimar and
-Berlin. She was at Berlin at the time of the assassination of the duke
-d'Enghien, and shared the horror that this unnecessary act of cruelty
-excited. This circumstance added to her detestation of Napoleon.
-Meanwhile she greatly enjoyed the kindness she found, and the vast field
-of knowledge opened before her.
-<span class="sidenote1">1804.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-38.</span>
-A fatal event put an end to her pleasure. She received tidings of the
-dangerous illness of her father&mdash;the intelligence of his death quickly
-followed. She left Germany. She returned to Coppet overwhelmed with
-grief. Generally speaking, there is exaggeration and traces of false
-sentiment in her writings. Her best work for style and simplicity of
-narration is her "Dix Années d'Exil;" and the best portion of this book
-describes her feelings during her journey from Weimar to Coppet. All who
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">{Pg 330}</a></span>
-have suffered the worst of sorrows&mdash;the death of one dearly
-loved&mdash;will find the echo of their inmost thoughts in that passage.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The death of Necker changed the course of her existence, as far as
-internal feelings operate on the exterior of life. Her father had looked
-on her as incorrigibly thoughtless in all worldly and pecuniary
-concerns; but she was no longer in the heyday of youth; experience
-taught her prudence; and, being thrown entirely on herself, her
-conscience bade her preserve the fortunes of her children. She was a
-good mother. Having obeyed and reverenced her father&mdash;she exacted the
-same towards herself from her offspring; nor did she ever regard them
-with the exuberant trembling tenderness she had lavished on her beloved
-parent. But was kind&mdash;ever ready to serve them, and eager for their
-well-being. Her notions on education were sensible and just: she did not
-give trust to extraordinary systems; she contented herself by inspiring
-them with piety and generous sentiments; and was perfectly open and true
-in her conduct. They sincerely loved, while they a little feared her.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The society of her children and her friends could not console her for
-the loss of her father and exile from the country she loved. Her first
-occupation was to publish the writings of Necker, accompanied by a
-biographical memoir, in which she pours forth, with touching
-earnestness, all the ardour of her filial affection. Her health sunk
-beneath her sorrow.
-<span class="sidenote2">1805.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-39.</span>
-To revive her spirits and change the scene she visited Italy. There, as
-everywhere, her astonishing powers of conversation gathered an admiring
-audience round her. She enjoyed, with all the warmth of her disposition,
-the delights afforded by that enchanting country; and, impelled to
-express on paper the overflowing of her thoughts, she embodied her
-enthusiasm, her pleasure, and the knowledge she gained, in her novel of
-"Corinne." There is a charm in that work that stamps it as coming from
-the hand of genius. The personages live, breathe, and speak before you.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">{Pg 331}</a></span>
-We hope or fear for, admire or censure them, as if they were our
-friends. She speaks of love with heartfelt knowledge of the mighty
-powers of passion, and of all those delicate, so to speak, fibres and
-evanescent tints that foster and adorn it. The faults of such a book are
-a very secondary consideration. The Italians will not allow that it is
-by any means a true representation of society in their country; and any
-one who has lived there can perceive that she had but a superficial
-knowledge of Italy and the Italians; still she gives a true picture of
-the surface such as she saw it. Her account of Corinne's life in England
-is admirable. The English, with all their pride, are less vain than the
-Italians, and readily acknowledge their faults. Every English person is
-at once astonished and delighted with the wonderful truth of her sketch
-of county society in England. In this novel, as in "Delphine," the
-heroine dies broken-hearted. Her lover proving false, she lives
-miserably a few years, and then closes her eyes on a world grown dark
-and solitary. Madame de Staël was naturally led to portray death as the
-result of sorrow; for when we are miserable, we are apt to dwell on such
-as the dearest relief; yet we do not die. The authoress also might wish
-to impress on men an idea of the misery which their falsehood produces.
-That is a story as ancient as Dido, and told by Virgil more impressively
-and beautifully than by any other writer. For the dignity of womanhood,
-it were better to teach how one, as highly gifted as Corinne, could find
-resignation or fortitude enough to endure a too common lot, and rise
-wiser and better from the trial.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Madame de Staël was exiled to forty leagues from Paris; her love of
-France caused her to approach so near to its capital. She established
-herself first at Auxerre and afterwards at Rouen. Here she terminated
-and brought out "Corinne." She exercised the utmost caution in her
-conduct, saw but few friends, and observed that silence with regard to
-politics which Napoleon rigorously exacted throughout his empire.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">{Pg 332}</a></span>
-Fouché, who had no love of wanton mischief, allowed her to settle
-herself within twelve leagues of Paris. But the publication of her novel
-put an end to this indulgence, and redoubled the oppression in force
-against her. She continued to refuse to advert to Napoleon's victories
-and Napoleon's power; and the great man, than whom no hero was ever less
-a hero in all magnanimous sentiments, ordered her to quit the country.
-She returned to Coppet half broken-hearted.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote2">1807.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-41.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-The visits she received from her friends and illustrious foreigners
-somewhat relieved the tedium of her life. She was occupied by her work
-on Germany, and visited Vienna to gather additional materials for it. On
-her return, she devoted two years to its completion. She tried to make
-an existence for herself at Coppet, but did not succeed. Alas! for her.
-Goldsmith's lines on French society are but too applicable to her state
-of mind:&mdash;
-</p>
-
-<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
-<span class="i2">"For praise too warmly loved, or dearly sought,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Enfeebles all internal strength of thought;</span><br />
-<span class="i2">And the weak soul, within itself unblest,</span><br />
-<span class="i2">Leans for all pleasure on another's breast."</span>
-</div></div>
-
-<p>
-She was, with all her vivacity, naturally melancholy. The <i>society of
-nature</i>, as she termed it, nursed her darkest reveries, and she turned
-from her own thoughts as from a spring of bitterness. As existence
-became stagnant, <i>ennui</i> generated a thousand imaginary monsters of
-mind; she felt lost and miserable. Death and solitude were, in her mind,
-closely allied. Take away the animation of conversation; the
-intercommunication of ideas among the many; the struggle, the applause,
-the stirring interest in events; the busy crowd that gave variety to
-every impression; and the rest of life was, in her eyes, a fearful vigil
-near the grave. It is beautifully said, that God tempers the wind to the
-shorn lamb. Sometimes, however, the exact contrary has place, and our
-weak and sore points are sought out to be roughly handled. Thus madame
-de Staël, brought up to act a foremost part on the brilliant theatre of
-the civilised world, was cast back on herself, and found there only
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">{Pg 333}</a></span>
-discontent and misery. To us sober English, indeed, her life at Coppet
-seems busy enough. She assembled all travellers about her; her domestic
-circle was large; she acted plays; she declaimed; but it would not do:
-Paris was interdicted, and she was cut off from happiness.
-</p>
-
-<p><span class="sidenote1">1810.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-44.</span></p>
-
-<p>
-Having finished her "Germany," she desired to overlook its progress
-through the press at the permitted distance of forty leagues from Paris.
-She established herself near Blois, in the old château of
-Chammont-sur-Loire, erst inhabited by cardinal d'Amboise, Diane de
-Poitiers, Catherine de Medicis, and Nostradamus. A few friends gathering
-round her, she enjoyed the amusements and occupations she shared with
-them. Madame Recamier was chief among them, and very dear to her. Her
-plan was, as soon as her book was printed, to reach England by America,
-that being the only path left open to our island by Napoleon. She had
-submitted her work to the censor, and, having made all the alterations
-exacted, she felt herself safe. But the storm gathered, and broke
-unexpectedly. She had not praised Napoleon; she had not mentioned the
-success of the French armies in Germany; she had tried even to enlarge
-the sphere of French literature, by introducing a knowledge of and taste
-for the German&mdash;an attempt anti-national in the emperor's eyes. He did
-not hesitate to condemn such a work. The duke de Rovigo, minister of
-police, sent to seize on the edition, to demand the manuscript, and to
-order her to quit France in three days. She was proud of her book, and
-had every right to be so; and she gladly anticipated the applause and
-increased reputation that would follow it. The loss of this could be
-borne, but the renewed sentence of exile struck her to the heart. She
-was forced to obey. Her first idea was to embark for America; but her
-purpose in so doing was to get on board an English ship, and reach
-England. Her plans were disturbed by an intimation from Savary that she
-must embark only at the ports of France furthest from her desired goal.
-The minister wrote to her with flippancy, that her book was not French,
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">{Pg 334}</a></span>
-and that her exile was the consequence of the course she had followed
-for years. The air of France evidently disagreed with her; but the
-French were not reduced to seek for models in the countries which she
-admired. Savary was still more frank when speaking on the subject. He
-asked why she had made no mention of the emperor or his armies? He was
-told that such allusions were out of place in a book that treated solely
-of literature. "Do you think," he replied, "that we have carried on a
-war in Germany for eighteen years for so well-known an author to omit
-all mention of us? The book shall be destroyed, and we should do well to
-send the writer to Vincennes."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her plans disturbed, hope dead within her, she returned to Coppet,
-almost resigned to pass her life in the château; but the hour had
-passed away when she was allowed to enjoy the tribute of visits from
-foreigners of distinction, and to gather round her such friends as she
-best loved. A series of the most tormenting and cruel persecutions were
-instituted, that acting on an imagination easily disquieted, and on a
-temperament that needed the atmosphere of joy to feel at ease, drove her
-into a state of intense and uninterrupted suffering. She gave up all
-idea, which must always be agreeable to an author, of publishing; she
-scarcely dared write. All her acquaintance as well as friends were
-looked on with unfavourable eyes. She could not venture to ask a guest
-to dinner; she was so afraid of compromising the whole family of any one
-who came near her. The prefect of Geneva was changed as being too
-favourably disposed. The new magistrate urged her to eulogise Napoleon
-as the sure means of putting an end to all her annoyances: would she
-only celebrate the birth of the king of Rome? She replied that she did
-not know how to do so: she could only express her hopes that he would
-have a good nurse. The prefect took his leave, and never came near her
-again. Her children were forbidden to enter France. She went to Aix, in
-Savoy, for the benefit of the health of her youngest son; she was
-ordered to return; she was advised never to go further than two leagues
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">{Pg 335}</a></span>
-from Coppet. William Schlegel, whom she had engaged to live with her to
-assist in the education of her children, was ordered to quit her
-château. He had published a work, in which he showed a preference to
-the Phædra of Euripides over that of Racine; he was judged
-anti-Gallican; and she was told that his society was injurious to her. A
-thousand terrors seized her. Confined within narrow precincts, deprived
-of her friends, she began to fear a prison, where she would have been left
-to perish, miserable and forgotten. She resolved to escape&mdash;it was
-difficult to choose a route. She was told that she would be arrested on
-her way through any country under the dominion of the French. She passed
-her life, she says, in studying a map of Europe, to find how she could
-escape beyond the wide-spread poison tree of Napoleon's power. She
-traced a route through the Tyrol on her way to Russia and Sweden, and
-thence to England. A thousand difficulties presented themselves for the
-execution of this plan, but it was her best.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-"There is physical pleasure," she writes, "in resisting unjust power;"
-the act of resistance was animating, but when the hour of defeat came
-all was stagnant, fearful, and oppressive. The worst blow dealt her was
-when she found that any friend who visited her was involved in the same
-oppression. An old friend, M. de Montmorency, visited Coppet; the
-delight of seeing him made her blind to danger. She made a tour through
-Switzerland with him in spite of the advice given her not to go further
-than two leagues from Coppet. They afterwards returned to her château,
-where M. de Montmorency speedily received an order of exile. This news
-plunged her in agony&mdash;that her friends should be wounded through her
-was worse than her own misfortunes. While still suffering from this
-disaster, she received a letter from madame Recamier, saying that she
-was on her road to Aix, in Savoy, and announcing her intention of
-visiting Coppet in her way. Madame de Staël implored her not to come;
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">{Pg 336}</a></span>
-but her generous friend could not pass so near without spending a few
-hours with her;&mdash;a few hours only, but they sufficed to call down
-banishment on her head: henceforth she was driven from her home and
-friends, and forced to take up her residence at Lyons in solitude and
-exile. All this was done to drive her to dishonour herself by praising
-him whose tyranny made him every day more odious, as the persecutor of
-herself and the oppressor of France. The prefect of Geneva was ordered
-to annul her, and he took pains to impress every one with the dangers
-that would accrue from any intercourse with her. He waylaid every
-stranger, and turned them aside from the path to her house; her
-correspondents in Paris were exiled; she felt that she ought to refrain
-from seeing any one. By a natural struggle of feeling she was disquieted
-when her friends generously sought, and still more miserable when they
-selfishly abandoned her.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She never saw the day return, she says, that she did not repine at being
-obliged to live to its end. She was married again at this time. This
-event, which was kept secret till after her death, is one of the most
-singular of her history.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-In the year 1810 there came to Geneva a young Spaniard of the name of
-Rocca. He was an officer in the French army, and had been wounded
-dangerously in Spain. He inspired great interest through the reputation
-he enjoyed for brilliant courage and for talent. He was young and very
-handsome; but his wounds had reduced him to a state of great weakness
-and suffering; and the contrast was striking and interesting between his
-youth and noble physiognomy, and his extreme pallor and attenuated
-figure. He heard madame de Staël talk, and was seized with enthusiastic
-admiration. Necker said of his daughter that her conversation imparted
-an idea of the beautiful; and thus, though twenty years older than
-himself, and, except for her eyes, with no beauty of face, the young
-Rocca was attracted by that of her mind, and said, "I shall love her so
-much that at last she will marry me." These words were soon fulfilled.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">{Pg 337}</a></span>
-But she refused to acknowledge a marriage which, from disparity of age,
-might have excited ridicule; and in all things of that sort madame de
-Staël was singularly timid. She was averse also to change her name.
-"Mon nom est à l'Europe," she replied to Rocca, when they were in
-England, and he jestingly asked her to marry him. She does not in her
-narratives advert to this marriage; but the fear must have haunted her
-that Napoleon would exile Rocca from Coppet; while, on the other hand,
-she found it difficult to leave an infant child, the offspring of their
-union, uncertain when again she could rejoin it.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-These terrors and doubts threw her into a nervous state of the most
-painful kind. Now, she thought it wrong and foolish to leave her house,
-where she enjoyed every bodily comfort and the society of her
-children,&mdash;again, the fear of prison, the terror of who next among her
-friends would be the tyrant's victim, distracted her. At length she
-resolved to depart, and ultimately to reach England; whether by Russia
-and Sweden, or Greece and Constantinople, was to be decided by
-circumstances that might occur during her progress.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her account of her journey is full of interest. An abridgment can give
-little idea of its difficulties,&mdash;the petty yet stinging annoyances by
-which she was beset,&mdash;the delays, the terror, the disappointments. Now
-she feared for her daughter's health,&mdash;and then still more for the
-safety of M. Rocca. The order for his arrest as a French officer had
-been forwarded through Germany. It is true he had sent in his
-resignation, his wounds preventing him from active service; but, if he
-had been taken, there is no doubt that he would have been treated with
-the utmost rigour. They were often obliged to separate, and he rejoined
-her once or twice in moments full of peril to himself. She traversed
-Germany and Poland in this way; and even in Russia she was not sure of
-escape from Napoleon. His armies had entered that vast empire, and were
-close behind her.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">{Pg 338}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-It was matter of joy to her when at last, after passing through Moscow,
-she arrived at St. Petersburg, to find the emperor Alexander full of
-resolution and ardour to resist the despot. He treated her with great
-distinction; and she proceeded on her way to her old friend Bernadotte,
-at that time crown prince of Sweden. She remained eight months at
-Stockholm. She had begun a portion of her "Dix Années d'Exil" at
-Coppet, it being copied as fast as written by her friends, feigned
-English names and old dates being substituted for the real; since under
-Napoleon's police regulations it was not safe to preserve a page of
-manuscript in which he was blamed.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-From Sweden she passed over to England, where she occupied herself in
-publishing her "Germany." She was courted as a <i>lion</i> in English
-fashionable society; and, though her style of life and conversation were
-very opposite to our manners, still she impressed every one with high
-ideas of her talents and genius. The Whig party were a little surprised
-at her tone in politics. They were not yet accustomed to regard Napoleon
-as the tyrant and oppressor, and they thought that madame de Staël had
-changed her principles when she warmly advocated war against the
-emperor. She was intimate with all the English of distinction. Her
-compliments seemed a little <i>outré</i> to us, and she made a few mistakes
-that excited smiles; still she was liked. Lord Byron was among her
-favourites,&mdash;his genius possessed fascination for her. There was a
-notion at one time that he would marry her daughter, whom he admired;
-but Albertine was reserved for a better fate.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-All her patriotism as a Frenchwoman was painfully roused when the allies
-entered France; still she hailed the overthrow of Napoleon, and the
-restoration of the Bourbons, with delight, hoping that the latter would
-deserve well of their country. She was liked by Louis XVIII., who repaid
-her the two millions which Necker had lent the state. The return of
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">{Pg 339}</a></span>
-Napoleon from Elba filled her with terror, and she instantly left Paris
-for Coppet. He, who now appeared with a professed attachment to
-constitutional liberty, invited her to return and assist him in
-modelling a constitution. She replied, "He did without me or a
-constitution for twelve years, and has no liking for either of us." The
-occupation of France by the allies filled her with grief; that her
-"belle France" should be held in these degrading chains seemed
-desecration, and she retreated to Coppet not to witness the humiliating
-spectacle.
-<span class="sidenote1">1816.<br />
-Ætat.<br />
-50.</span>
-She was there when lord Byron resided at Diodati in 1816. He visited
-her, and she gave him a good deal of advice to which he listened, and
-was induced to make an attempt to be reconciled to his wife. When she
-preached lessons of worldly wisdom, he quoted the motto to
-"Delphine"&mdash;"Un homme doit savoir braver l'opinion, une femme s'y
-soummettre." But she replied that she feared that both sexes would reap
-evil only from resistance.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-The marriage of her daughter to the duke de Broglie, and the admirable
-character of this lady, formed the chief happiness of her latter life.
-Her children were all dutiful and affectionate. Her chief sorrow
-resulted from the ill health of M. Rocca, who tottered on the brink of
-the grave. He deserved the affection he inspired. His tenderness towards
-her was extreme, and his admiration never waned. His chivalrous
-sentiments, his wit, and his poetic imagination, varied and filled her
-life. His ill state of health, while it disquieted her, yet annihilated
-their difference of age. At one time she visited Pisa, that he might be
-benefited by a milder climate. He was there at the point of death: she
-compared herself to marshal Ney, who was then expecting at each moment
-to receive his sentence. Endowed by an imagination which never blunted
-any sorrow, but which exaggerated all, she said afterwards that she had
-composed a book, with the title, "The only Misfortune of Life, the Loss
-of a Person beloved."
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Her character softened as she advanced in life, and she appreciated its
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">{Pg 340}</a></span>
-real blessings and disasters more rationally, at the same time that she
-acquired greater truth and energy in her writings. This may often be
-observed with women. When young, they are open to such cruel attacks,
-every step they take in public may bring with it irreparable injury to
-their private affections, to their delicacy, to their dearest prospects.
-As years are added they gather courage; they feel the earth grow
-steadier under their steps; they depend less on others, and their moral
-worth increases. She was an affectionate and constant friend, and the
-sentiments of her heart replaced the appetite she formerly had for the
-display of talent: she placed a true value on courage and resignation,
-when before she had reserved her esteem for sensibility. She grew
-calmer, and ceased to fabricate imaginary woes for herself, happy when
-she escaped real ones. She grew pious. From her earliest years she had
-strong feelings of religion, resulting from dependence on Providence,
-from adoration for the Supreme Being, and hope of a future life. The
-Christian principles mingled more entirely with these sentiments in her
-latter years. As her health declined, her sleepless hours were spent in
-prayer, and existence lost, as it often does to those about to leave it,
-its gay and deceptive colours. "Life," she said, "resembles Gobelin
-tapestry: you do not see the canvass on the right side; but when you
-turn it the threads are visible. The mystery of existence is the
-connection between our faults and our misfortunes. I never committed an
-error that was not the cause of a disaster." And thus, while the idea of
-death was infinitely painful, the hope of another life sustained her.
-"My father waits for me on the other side," she said, and indulged the
-hope of hereafter being rejoined by her daughter.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She perished gradually: the use of opium, from which she could not wean
-herself, increased her danger; nor could medicine aid her. She died in
-Paris on the 14th July, 1817, in her fifty-second year. Rocca survived
-her but a few months.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">{Pg 341}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p>
-She possessed too much merit not to have many enemies during her life,
-and these were increased by her passion for display, and the jealous
-spirit with which she competed with those whom she looked on as rivals.
-The eagerness with which during the days of the republic she mingled in
-politics, and her attempts to acquire influence over Napoleon, were arms
-that she put into the hands of her enemies to injure her. They accused
-her of an intriguing meddling disposition, saying of her, that to make a
-revolution she would throw all her friends into the river, content with
-fishing them out the next day, and so showing the kindness of her heart.
-But her faults were more than compensated among her friends by the truth
-and constancy of her attachment. Her temper was equable, though her mind
-was often tempest-tost, clouded by dark imaginations, torn by unreal but
-deeply felt anxieties and sorrows. "I am now," she said, in her last
-days, "what I have ever been,&mdash;sad, yet vivacious." To repair wrong,
-to impress on the minds of princes benevolence and justice, were in her
-latter years the scope of, so to speak, her public life. She loved
-France with passion. Lord Brougham records the alarm and indignation
-which caused her to pant for breath, as she exclaimed, "Quoi donc, cette
-belle France!" when lord Dudley, half in jest half seriously, wished the
-Cossacks, in revenge for Moscow burnt, to nail a horse-shoe on the gates
-of the Tuileries.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Our memoir has extended to so great a length that we can only advert
-cursorily to her writings. M. Anneé, a French critic, observes of her,
-that her understanding had more brilliance than profundity; and yet that
-no writer of her epoch had left such luminous ideas on her route.
-Chateaubriand, while he deplores the party spirit which gave irritation
-to her sentiments and bitterness to her style, pronounces her to be a
-woman of rare merit, and who would add another name to the list of those
-destined to become immortal. She wrote on a vast variety of subjects,
-and threw light on all. Yet she gathered her knowledge, not by profound
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">{Pg 342}</a></span>
-study, but by rapid dipping into books and by conversation with learned
-men; thus her opinions are often wrongly grounded, and her learning is
-superficial. Still her conclusions are often admirable, granting that
-the ground on which she founds them is true. She has great felicity of
-illustration, and her style is varied and eloquent, the fault being that
-it sometimes abounds in words, and wants the merit of concentration and
-conciseness; often, too, she is satisfied with a sentiment for a reason.
-Her wit is not pleasantry, but it is pointed and happy. She neither
-understood nor liked humour; but she enjoyed repartee: many are recorded
-as falling from her, and they are distinguished by their point and
-delicacy. Her "Dix Années d'Exil" is the most simple and interesting of
-her works; but her "Germany," perhaps, deserves the highest rank, from
-its research, and the great beauty of its concluding chapters. Of her
-novels we have already spoken. They do not teach the most needful
-lesson&mdash;moral courage; but they are admirable as pictures of life and
-vivid representations of character, for subtle remark and vivid detail
-of what in youth forms our joys and sorrows. She puts much of herself in
-all; and thus adds to the charm and truth of her sentiments and ideas.
-Her "Considerations on the French Revolution" is valuable, from its
-affording us a personal picture of the impressions made by that epoch;
-but the great preponderance of praise which she gives to Necker renders
-it a work of prejudice. Like him, she had no strong republican
-sentiments. She desired an English constitution; she disliked the
-girondists as well as the mountain, and attempted the impossible task of
-reconciling the interests of the nation as established by the revolution
-with that of the <i>ancienne régime.</i> Her feelings are praiseworthy, but
-her views are narrow.
-</p>
-
-<p>
-Such is the defect of human nature that we have no right to demand
-perfection from any individual of the species. We may sum up by saying
-that, though the character and writings of madame de Staël, in some
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">{Pg 343}</a></span>
-respects, display weaknesses, and though she committed errors, her
-virtues and genius raise her high; and the country that gave her birth,
-and which she truly loved, may, with honest pride, rank her among its
-most illustrious names.
-<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">{Pg 344}</a></span>
-</p>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-
-<h4><a id="INDEX_I">INDEX</a></h4>
-
-
-<p>A.</p>
-
-<p>Abbeville, condemnation of the<br />
-chevalier de la Barre at, II. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Academy, the French, its judgment<br />
-on the "Cid," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Cardinal de<br />
-Richelieu's marginal observations<br />
-on that critique, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Question of<br />
-electing Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>. La Fontaine,<br />
-academician, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Boileau's<br />
-election, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. The "Dictionary"<br />
-of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. Furetière's Dictionary<br />
-in competition to it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Academy of Sciences, the French<br />
-Royal, II. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Æschylus, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40718
-</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Alembert, <i>see</i> <a href="#DAlembert">D'Alembert</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Amelot, M., secretary of state, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Angennes, Mlle. Julie d', deity of<br />
-the Hôtel Rambouillet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br />
-Duchess of Montauzier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Angennes, Angélique, married to<br />
-the chevalier de Grignan, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Anne of Austria, regent during the<br />
-minority of Louis XIV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br />
-She withdraws from Paris, with<br />
-the young king and Mazarin, to<br />
-St. Germain, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. The capital<br />
-blockaded by Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. A short<br />
-peace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Antoine, Faubourg St., battle<br />
-between Condé and Turenne near<br />
-the gates of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Turenne<br />
-victorious, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arbuthnot, Dr., character of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Argenson, M. d', anecdote relative<br />
-to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Argental, count d', II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ariosto, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Imitated by La Fontaine,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aristotle, controversy respecting,<br />
-excited by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Ramus's<br />
-Anti-Stagyrite, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arlechino, or Harlequin, Italian<br />
-actor, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arnaud, Antony, the abbé, controversialist,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arnaud d'Andilli, brother of Antony,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arnaud, Angélique, abbess of Port<br />
-Royal, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Arouet, M., father of Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_4">4</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_7">7</a>. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Artagnan, M. d', I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Assoucy, d', musician and poet,<br />
-kindly entertained during his<br />
-peregrinations by Molière and his<br />
-brother comedians, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Atmospheric air, properties of, I.
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>B.</p>
-
-<p>Bacon, Francis lord, his opinion of<br />
-Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ballads, Spanish and Moorish, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Balzac, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Barante, M., his "Literature of the<br />
-Eighteenth Century," II. <a href="#Page_14">14</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Bardou, French poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Baron, excellent comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>.<br />
-
-Barre, chevalier de la, execution of<br />
-the, II. <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Beauvilliers, duke de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Béjart, brothers, comedians in Molière's<br />
-troop, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. Facetiousness<br />
-of the younger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Béjart, Madeleine, actress, her<br />
-beauty, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Béjart, Armande, is married by<br />
-Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. Their union infelicitous,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Implores<br />
-Louis XIV. that her deceased<br />
-husband should be buried in holy<br />
-ground, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. She marries M.<br />
-Guérin, comedian, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bellay, du, archbishop of Paris,<br />
-friendly to Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-Ambassador from Francis I. to<br />
-Paul III., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. He receives Rabelais<br />
-in his household at Paris,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. Supposed dying message by<br />
-Rabelais to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bellerose, Pierre le Meslier named,<br />
-tragedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Benedictine order, claims of for<br />
-respect, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Benserade, court poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bergerac, Cyrano de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bernier, traveller in the East, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bible, English, an example for<br />
-language, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boccaccio, his works acknowledged<br />
-to be diverting by La Fontaine, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boétie, Etienne de la, friendship of<br />
-Montaigne for, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Latin poem<br />
-by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Death-bed of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boileau Despréaux, Nicholas, epigram<br />
-on Corneille by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His<br />
-high estimate of Molière's genius,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. His regret for the<br />
-loss of Molière's early farces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-He criticises "Les Fourberies de<br />
-Scapin," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. His advice to Molière,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. His poetry remarkable<br />
-for wit, but without humour,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. His observations on La<br />
-Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. In favour<br />
-with Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Is elected<br />
-of the French Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-His admiration of the "Lettres<br />
-Provinciales" of Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br />
-His father, Giles Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>.<br />
-Birth of Nicholas in 1636, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>.<br />
-At school he commenced writing<br />
-poetry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. Studies law, and<br />
-named advocate, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Attacks<br />
-Chapelain and Cotin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-Substitutes fresh victims of his<br />
-satire in place of such as had<br />
-surrendered at discretion, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-His friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. He speaks of<br />
-his own success, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>, n. His "Art<br />
-Poétique," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. The "Lutrin,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. Passages from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br />
-Leigh Hunt's parallel of Boileau<br />
-and Pope, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>, n. Boileau eulogises<br />
-Louis XIV., and is favourably<br />
-received at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Is<br />
-named historiographer conjointly<br />
-with Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. These poets<br />
-accompany Louis to Ghent, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>.<br />
-Is liable in camp to alarms,<br />
-his phlegmatic disposition, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>.<br />
-His conversations with madame<br />
-de Maintenon and Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br />
-Desires a seat in the French<br />
-Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Repairs to<br />
-the baths of Bourbon for health,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>. His correspondence by<br />
-letter of much interest, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. Is indignant as to Perrault's<br />
-"Siècle de Louis Quatorze,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His Satire on Women,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>. His pension, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. His<br />
-tender regard for Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>.<br />
-He loses his valued friend, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>.<br />
-His interview with Louis as sole<br />
-historiographer, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. His retirement,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. His amusements in<br />
-old age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. Sells his house at<br />
-Auteuil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. His piety, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br />
-Completes an edition of his works,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Account of several of his<br />
-works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. <i>et passim.</i> Dies of<br />
-dropsy on the chest at seventy-five<br />
-years of age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. His superior<br />
-wit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. His verses highly<br />
-finished and regular, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>. The<br />
-"Lutrin" his best poem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>.<br />
-Teaches Racine that easy versification<br />
-is the result of painstaking,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. He reconciles Antoine<br />
-Arnaud, and Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. His<br />
-enduring kindness for Racine,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. His name of Despréaux, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boisrobert, French poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bonaparte, general, his first interview<br />
-with madame de Staël, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_322">322</a>. Appointed first consul, <a href="#Page_323">323</a>.<br />
-Surmises as to the causes of Bonaparte's<br />
-enmity, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>. His interview<br />
-with M. Necker, <a href="#Page_325">325</a>. He<br />
-permits madame de Staël to reside<br />
-in Paris, <a href="#Page_326">326</a>. Not being lauded<br />
-by her, he seizes her "Germany,"<br />
-and exiles her from France, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>.<br />
-On his return from Elba, invites<br />
-her to assist him in forming a<br />
-constitution; her answer, <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bonnecorse, French writer, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bordeaux, the father of Montaigne<br />
-mayor of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Michel Montaigne<br />
-(the Essayist) mayor, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Re-election<br />
-of Montaigne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Warfare<br />
-of the Fronde against the<br />
-royal party, at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. The prince of<br />
-Condé joyfully received by the<br />
-Bordelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Molière patronised<br />
-by the duke d'Epernon at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bose, M., letter from madame Roland<br />
-to, II. <a href="#Page_272">272</a>. He visits her in<br />
-prison, <a href="#Page_289">289</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bossuet, bishop of Meaux, witnesses<br />
-the death of the duke of Rochefoucauld,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. His intended marriage,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. Abandons it for the<br />
-church, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. Appointed preceptor<br />
-to the dauphin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. His<br />
-funeral oration on Henrietta, duchess<br />
-of Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>, n. His "Discours<br />
-sur l'Histoire Universelle,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. He causes the misfortunes<br />
-of Fénélon by his zeal against the<br />
-doctrines of quietisme, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>. No<br />
-reconciliation takes place between<br />
-Bossuet and Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bonhours, le père, jesuit, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Bouillon, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His death<br />
-of typhus fever, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bouillon, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Niece<br />
-of Mazarin, 158. She conducts La<br />
-Fontaine to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bouillon, M., his "Joconde," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bourdaloue, le père, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>, n.<br />
-Said to surpass his instructor,<br />
-Bossuet, in pulpit eloquence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boursault, French dramatic author,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>. His visit to Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bretons, character of this race, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Their loyalty romantic and<br />
-excessive, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Brissot, M., and the Girondists, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_273">273</a>. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>. He falls into disrepute,<br />
-<a href="#Page_276">276</a>. Their known moderation,<br />
-<a href="#Page_281">281</a>. <a href="#Page_283">283</a>. Louvet accuses Robespierre,<br />
-but is ill supported except<br />
-by the Gironde deputies, <a href="#Page_284">284</a>. Act<br />
-of accusation against them, <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
-Execution of Brissot, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Brittany, province of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-Affairs of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Broglie, duke de, espouses Albertine,<br />
-daughter of madame de<br />
-Staël, II. <a href="#Page_340">340</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bruyère, <i>see</i> <a href="#La_Bruyere">La Bruyère</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Buchanan, George, applauds the<br />
-early teaching Latin to Montaigne,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Budæus, referred to as to Rabelais,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Burke, right hon. Edmund, his opinion<br />
-of Oliver Goldsmith, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Burgundy, duke of, grandson of<br />
-Louis XIV., his preceptors, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_359" class="ext">359</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="Bussy_Rabutin">Bussy-Rabutin</a>, Roger, count de,<br />
-cousin of madame de Sévigné, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Her letters to the count,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His letters to madame de<br />
-Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Particulars of<br />
-his career, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>, n. His licentious<br />
-works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>C.</p>
-
-<p>Cailhava, his "Art de la Comédie,"<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Calas, Jean, inquiry into the injustice<br />
-of the condemnation of, II. <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Calonne, administration of this financier,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Calvin, John, his reproof of Rabelais,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Castro, Guillen de, the "Cid" of, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Catherine II., her correspondence<br />
-with M. de Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caumartin, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cavoie, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chamfort, his éloge of Molière, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Champmélé, mademoiselle de, celebrated<br />
-actress, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Charles VI., the emperor, death of,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chapelain, French poet and critic,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Character of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His<br />
-poem of "La Pucelle d'Orléans,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n. Other allusions to,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chapelle, poet, education of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-His good-fellowship, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>.<br />
-Allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chateauneuf, the abbé de, II. <a href="#Page_5">5</a>. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chateauneuf, marquis de, II. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Châteauroux, duchess of, II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Châtelet, marquis du, his castle of<br />
-Cirey affords a refuge to Voltaire,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Châtelet, madame du, Voltaire's<br />
-intimacy with, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. She learns<br />
-English of Voltaire, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. Her<br />
-literary taste, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_29">29</a>. She revisits<br />
-Paris with Voltaire, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. Visits<br />
-Sceaux, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. Her death, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Châtillon, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chaulnes, duke of, governor of Britany,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chaulnes, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chavigni, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chevreuse, duchess de, favourite of<br />
-Anne, regent of France, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is banished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chimène, or Ximena, part of, critique,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Choiseul, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>. <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Cid," the, of Guillen de Castro, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Cinna," tragedy of, by Corneille,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cirey, château of the marquis du<br />
-Châtelet in Champagne, II. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_27">27</a>.<br />
-Voltaire's mode of life there, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Clairon, mademoiselle, actress, II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Clement VII., pope, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Clement XI., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colbert, minister of Louis XIV., I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colletet, French author, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Comedy, French: Corneille's "Mélite,"<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. His "Illusion," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br />
-His "Le Menteur," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. Racine's<br />
-"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Theatre">Theatre</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Condé, the great prince of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br />
-Defeats the Spaniards at Rocroi,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Blockades Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Is imprisoned,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. And liberated by de<br />
-Retz and the Frondeurs, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br />
-Joined by the Spaniards in the<br />
-south of France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Quits Guienne<br />
-to join the forces of the duke of<br />
-Nemours, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Perilous journey,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Is opposed by Turenne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>.<br />
-Contest between these great commanders<br />
-near Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. The Parisians<br />
-show great regard for him,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. On occasion of a tumult and<br />
-partial massacre, he incurs their<br />
-hatred, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. His admiration of<br />
-Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. Further allusions<br />
-to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine de<br />
-Caritat, marquis de, born in Picardy,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_175">175</a>. His scientific works,<br />
-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>. <i>et seq.</i> His examination of<br />
-the "Pensées de Pascal," <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
-Intimacy with men of science, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
-Replies to Necker's book, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>. His<br />
-edition of Voltaire, and a life of<br />
-that author, <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>. Replies to<br />
-De Lolme on the English Constitution,<br />
-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>. Character of Condorcet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_179">179</a>. What share he had in the<br />
-French revolution, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>. Violent<br />
-speech of against monarchy, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>. His political writings, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_184">184</a>. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>. Supports in his speeches<br />
-the cause of liberty, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>. <a href="#Page_184">184</a>. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>.<br />
-Esteemed for his integrity, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.<br />
-His metaphysical deductions, <a href="#Page_185">185</a>.<br />
-His enlarged views regarding<br />
-national education, <a href="#Page_186">186</a>. His vote<br />
-went to save Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_188">188</a>.<br />
-Denounced by Chabot, as an<br />
-accomplice of Brissot, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>. His<br />
-"Historical Sketch of the Progress<br />
-of the Human Mind," <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.<br />
-His views of human perfection,<br />
-<a href="#Page_191">191</a>. His epistle in verse<br />
-to his wife, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. He retires to<br />
-Chamont, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>. Is discovered, and<br />
-imprisoned at Bourg-la-Reine,<br />
-<a href="#Page_193">193</a>. Dies of cold and hunger in<br />
-jail, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. His character as given<br />
-by madame Roland, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. His wife<br />
-escaped the dangers of the revolution,<br />
-<a href="#Page_194">194</a>. She wrote some philosophical<br />
-works, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.; and died<br />
-in 1822, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>. Mademoiselle de<br />
-Condorcet married Arthur<br />
-O'Connor, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Conti, Armand de Bourbon, prince<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Engaged in the civil<br />
-war on the side of the Fronde,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Holds out in Bordeaux<br />
-and Guienne for several years,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>, n. Educated in the college<br />
-of Clermont, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. He patronizes<br />
-Molière at Pezenas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. Allusions<br />
-to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Conti, the princess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Conti, the prince of, entertains<br />
-J. J. Rousseau, II. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Affords<br />
-him a refuge, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Corbinelli, M., account of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>.<br />
-His wit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. His letters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Corneille, Pierre, the father of<br />
-French tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. His parents,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. His brother, Thomas<br />
-Corneille, also a dramatist of celebrity,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His sister Marthe,<br />
-mother of Fontenelle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Taught<br />
-at Rouen by Jesuits, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His first<br />
-work, "Mélite," a comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>.<br />
-Mediocrity of his first dramas,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Corrects the plays of Richelieu,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His associates in that<br />
-task, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. He retires from Paris<br />
-to Rouen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His poems to madame<br />
-Du Pont, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His "Medée"<br />
-unsuccessful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. "Illusion," a<br />
-comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. His genius fires with<br />
-the study of Spanish dramas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br />
-Reads the "Cid" of Guillen de<br />
-Castro, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Corneille's drama of<br />
-the "Cid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Its plot<br />
-and action, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Its renown, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br />
-Critique of the "Cid," by the Académie<br />
-Française, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. Richelieu's<br />
-observations thereon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>.<br />
-Corneille's tragedy of "Horace,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>. His tragedy of "Cinna,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. "Polyeucte," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>. His<br />
-comedy of "Le Menteur," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br />
-"Rodogune," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Ill success of<br />
-"Don Sancho," "Theodore,"<br />
-and "Pertharite," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. His "Essays<br />
-on the Theatre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br />
-translation of the "Imitation of<br />
-Jesus Christ," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Tragedy of<br />
-"Œdipe," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Its success, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br />
-genius afterwards unequal to his<br />
-former fame, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Pension granted<br />
-him by Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Character<br />
-of the great dramatist, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br />
-His fruitless attempts in later<br />
-tragedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. His "Agesilas<br />
-and Attila," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His wife and<br />
-sister described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Is established<br />
-in Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Parallel of Racine<br />
-and Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. "Berenice,"<br />
-a subject treated by both poets,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Corneille less successful than<br />
-his rival, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. "Pulchérie," and<br />
-"Suréna," his last plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>.<br />
-Death of Corneille, aged seventy-nine,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Unison of his character<br />
-with his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Public applause<br />
-of the poet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Eloge of,<br />
-by Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. A great-niece of,<br />
-adopted by Voltaire, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>, n. II. <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.<br />
-His sons, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Corneille, Thomas, dramatic author,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Success of his "Timocrates,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. "Le Comte d'Essex"<br />
-popular, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. He and his<br />
-brother Pierre marry the demoiselles<br />
-de Lamperière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Harmony<br />
-of the Corneille family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br />
-Some quotations from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>, n.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Corneille, Marthe, the mother of<br />
-Fontenelle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cotin, l'Abbé, his death hastened<br />
-by critics and satirists, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-Molière's attack on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Boileau's<br />
-satire on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Coulanges, Marie de, baronne de<br />
-Chantal, mother of madame de<br />
-Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Coulanges, Christophe de, abbé de<br />
-Livry, takes charge of his orphan<br />
-niece, madame de Sévigné, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His consolations afforded her<br />
-on the death of the marquis her<br />
-husband, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Coulanges, M. de, cousin of madame<br />
-de Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Lawsuit<br />
-of, pleaded by himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Dialogue<br />
-in verse by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>, n. Impromptu<br />
-by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>. His death,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Coulanges, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Celebrated<br />
-for wit and beauty, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Couvreur, mademoiselle, death and<br />
-mode of sepulture of this actress,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_23">23</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Crébillon, dramatic poet, II. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.<br />
-A rival of Voltaire, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cuspidius, Lucius, will of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>D.</p>
-
-<p><a id="DAlembert">D'Alembert</a>, M., proverbial saying<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Remarks of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br />
-His éloge of Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. The Encyclopédie, II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>.<br />
-His friendship with Condorcet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_176">176</a>.<br />
-<br />
-D'Angeau, marquis do, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His<br />
-fortune at play, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Dauphin, the, son of Louis XIV.,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Davenport, Mr., permits Rousseau<br />
-to occupy his house at Wotton in<br />
-Derbyshire, II. <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Denis, madame, niece of Voltaire,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>. <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Descartes, his celebrity for science,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Desfontaines, the abbé, II. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Deshoulières, madame, her sonnet<br />
-on Racine's "Phèdre," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Des Marais, bishop of Chartres, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Des Marets, French academician, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Devaux, M., II. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Diderot, M., writes a large portion<br />
-of the Encyclopédie, II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. That<br />
-work was condemned by the parliament<br />
-and clergy, and suppressed,<br />
-<a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Is confined at Vincennes<br />
-for publishing a pamphlet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_133">133</a>. Visited by J. J. Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_133">133</a>. High reputation of, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Drama, the: France indebted to<br />
-Spanish tragic authors, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br />
-In comedy to Lope di Vega, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br />
-The Greek drama not suitable to<br />
-modern times, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>. Voltaire's critique<br />
-on the tragedies of Sophocles,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <i>See</i> <a href="#Theatre">Theatre</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Dubois, cardinal, II. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Du Deffand, la marquise, letter<br />
-from Voltaire to, II. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Dumouriez, general, minister for<br />
-foreign affairs, II. <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. <a href="#Page_278">278</a>. <a href="#Page_314">314</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Dupin, madame, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Duprat, chancellor, invades the<br />
-privileges of the faculty at Montpellier,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. The gift of tongues<br />
-an introduction of Rabelais to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Dupuis, M. and madame, II. <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Duverdier, the Bibliothèque Française<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His Prosographie,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>E.</p>
-
-<p>Encyclopédie, by MM. Diderot,<br />
-d'Alembert, Voltaire, and others,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Enville, duchess d', II. <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Epinay, madame d', II. <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Etallonde, the chevalier d', II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Euripides, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>F.</p>
-
-<p>Fables of La Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br />
-180. Gay's, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>. Anonymous<br />
-English fables imitated from La<br />
-Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fayette, countess de la, her novel<br />
-of "La Princesse de Clèves," I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Her taste and erudition, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br />
-Friendship of the duke of Rochefoucauld<br />
-for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her mansion<br />
-the resort of French literati, &amp;c.,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Her portrait or character of<br />
-de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fénélon, François de Salignac de<br />
-la Mothe, born in 1651, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His<br />
-ancestry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His education, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br />
-Takes his degree at Cahors, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>.<br />
-The abbé Fénélon's sermons at<br />
-nineteen applauded, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. His strict<br />
-attention to the sacerdotal duties,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. His purpose of becoming missionary,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. Louis XIV. desires<br />
-him to convert the Huguenots,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. Is the pupil and friend of Bossuet,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>. Writes on female education,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>. His "Telemachus,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. Appointed archbishop<br />
-of Cambrai, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. Is deceived<br />
-by the zeal and pretended<br />
-visions of madame Guyon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a>.<br />
-Declines approval of Bossuet's<br />
-condemnation of her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>. Louis<br />
-XIV. did not like Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n.<br />
-Exiled to his diocese, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>.<br />
-His "Exposition des Maximes<br />
-des Saints sur la vie intérieure,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a>. The pope condemns the<br />
-book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_352" class="ext">352</a>. Controversy on this<br />
-subject among the great prelates,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>. Fénélon's letters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>.<br />
-His religious principles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. <i>et<br />
-passim.</i> Is visited by the duke of<br />
-Burgundy at Cambrai, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His<br />
-active charity, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Louis XIV.<br />
-becomes sensible of his unjust<br />
-treatment of this great prelate,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>. The archbishop's sickness<br />
-and death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>. His character,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>. His conversation, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>.<br />
-Ramsay, a Scottish baronet, describes<br />
-his habits and disposition,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>. His dialogues on eloquence,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>. Political views in<br />
-his "Telemachus," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fénélon, marquis de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_367" class="ext">367</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ferney, château of, Voltaire's seclusion<br />
-at the, II. <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. Visitors to,<br />
-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Marmontel, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>. Countess de<br />
-Genlis, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ferney, village of, II. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fleuri, cardinal de, II. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. <a href="#Page_42">44</a>.<br />
-His death.<br />
-<br />
-Fleury, abbé de, sous-précepteur<br />
-of the princes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fontaine, <i>see</i> <a href="#La_Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>.<br />
-&amp;c.<br />
-<br />
-Fontenelle, nephew of Corneille, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Observations by, on La Fontaine,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fouquet, minister of finance, incites<br />
-Pierre Corneille to write<br />
-"Œdipe," a tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. His<br />
-mistake in entertaining his monarch<br />
-too sumptuously, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Offends<br />
-mademoiselle de la Vallière.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Louis XIV. restrains his<br />
-anger during the fête given by<br />
-the financier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. His disgrace,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Is brought to trial, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br />
-Imprisoned in Pignerol until his<br />
-death in 1680, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His correspondence<br />
-seized, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>.<br />
-<br />
-France, the civil war between Catholics<br />
-and Huguenots, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-Consequences of civil war, the<br />
-rise of statesmen and warriors,<br />
-and next of poets and authors,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Events on the death of Louis<br />
-XIII., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Corruption of manners,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Condé and Turenne<br />
-defeat the Spaniards, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Broils<br />
-and adventures in the contest of<br />
-the Fronde against Mazarin and<br />
-the court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>. The kingdom<br />
-suffers in commerce, learning,<br />
-arts and sciences; and demoralization<br />
-a further consequence of<br />
-civil war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Licentiousness<br />
-resulting from the war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br />
-French manners liable to ridiculous<br />
-interpretation, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. Molière<br />
-lashes these foibles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>.<br />
-Anecdotes descriptive of the state<br />
-of society, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
-Literature not good at the commencement<br />
-of Louis XIV.'s<br />
-reign, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. War of the Spanish<br />
-succession, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Invasion of<br />
-Flanders, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. The nation vain,<br />
-and fond of glory, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. Intolerance<br />
-of the clergy of, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. <a href="#Page_108">108</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Franceuil, M., his friendship for<br />
-J. J. Rousseau, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Francis I., court of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. He<br />
-protects Rabelais against the Sorbonne,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Franciscan order, the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Frederic the Great, king of Prussia,<br />
-his correspondence with Voltaire,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_35">35</a>. He visits Strasbourg,<br />
-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. Voltaire's interview with<br />
-Frederic at the castle of Clèves,<br />
-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. Description of the monarch,<br />
-<a href="#Page_39">39</a>. <a href="#Page_41">41</a>. He attacks the principles<br />
-of Machiavelli, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>. He seizes on<br />
-Silesia, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>. Concludes peace with<br />
-the empress Maria Theresa, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.<br />
-Negotiations with France, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.<br />
-The king welcomes Voltaire to<br />
-Potsdam, and grants him a place<br />
-and a pension, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>-<a href="#Page_65">65</a>. Appoints<br />
-Maupertuis, president of the Royal<br />
-Academy, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Refuses permission<br />
-to Voltaire to quit his service,<br />
-<a href="#Page_67">67</a>. Their interview, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
-Reconciliation effected, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. Frederic<br />
-sends to Voltaire at Frankfort<br />
-for a volume of the king's<br />
-poems, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Voltaire's arrest until<br />
-he can receive the volume left<br />
-at Leipsic, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Frederic defeated<br />
-in battle, addresses an epistle in<br />
-verse to Voltaire, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>. He gains<br />
-two victories, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. His opinion of<br />
-Voltaire's powers of conversation,<br />
-<a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Invites J. J. Rousseau to<br />
-Berlin, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
-<br />
-French language: affected and extravagant<br />
-style of Mlle. de Scudéri<br />
-and others of the Hôtel<br />
-Rambouillet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fronde, civil war of the, described,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. &amp;c. Great men of this party<br />
-enumerated, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>. The new and<br />
-old Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Character of<br />
-the times of the Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br />
-<i>See</i> Life of <a href="#Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Furetière, abbé, his Dictionary, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. Anger of against the French<br />
-Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>G.</p>
-
-<p>Galen, edition of, by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. "Ars Medicinalis" of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Galileo, his investigation of atmospheric<br />
-laws, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gallanous, Peter, controversy of<br />
-respecting Aristotle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gamache, viscountess de (Eléanore<br />
-de Montaigne), I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Gargantua, the Giant, and Pantagruel,"<br />
-of Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Supposed<br />
-personages pourtrayed in,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. Editions thereof, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gascony and Guienne, character of<br />
-the people of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gassendi, astronomer and mathematician,<br />
-instructs Chapelle and<br />
-Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gaussin, Mademoiselle, celebrated<br />
-and beautiful actress, II. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gauthier Garguille, excellent comedian,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gay's Fables, comparison of La<br />
-Fontaine's with, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Geneva, residence of "Les Délices"<br />
-acquired by Voltaire near to,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.362
- <a href="#Page_75">75</a>. Quits it for the<br />
-château de Ferney, on the adjacent<br />
-French territory, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. Rousseau's<br />
-early years passed at<br />
-Geneva, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. Kind reception of<br />
-him at a later period by his<br />
-countrymen, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. Voltaire and<br />
-d'Alembert desirous of softening<br />
-the tone of society in, by establishing<br />
-dramatic, representations,<br />
-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>. Rousseau replies to<br />
-their article for that object in the<br />
-Encyclopédie, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>. Ferment at,<br />
-in which the writings of Rousseau<br />
-were concerned, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Genlis, countess de, narrates her<br />
-visit to Voltaire at Ferney, II. <a href="#Page_194">94</a>.<br />
-Rousseau offended by, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gex, town of, II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gibbon, Edward, esq. the historian,<br />
-an admirer of mademoiselle<br />
-Churchod, the mother of madame<br />
-de Staël, II. <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gilbert, tragedy of "Rodogune" by,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ginguené, M., criticisms of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Goldsmith, Oliver, opinions relative<br />
-to his conversation, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gournay le Jars, Marie de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>.<br />
-Publishes the Essays of Montaigne,<br />
-who had treated her as a<br />
-daughter by adoption, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gourville, secretary to de la Rochefoucauld,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. His<br />
-Memoirs referred to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Graffigny, madame de, II. <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grammont, count de, espouses<br />
-miss Hamilton, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Greek, Rabelais familiar with, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Greek tragedy, unities of the,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grignan, count de, his marriage,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Praise of him by madame<br />
-de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. He repairs to<br />
-Provence as lieutenant-governor,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grignan, countess de, daughter of<br />
-madame, de Sévigné, educated<br />
-by her mother, II. <a href="#Page_218">218</a>. Is presented<br />
-at court, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>. Appeared at the<br />
-fêtes of Versailles, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>. Her<br />
-beauty celebrated by Benserade,<br />
-<a href="#Page_226">226</a>. Accepts the hand of the<br />
-count de Grignan, a widower,<br />
-<a href="#Page_227">227</a>. Accompanies her husband<br />
-to Provence, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. Portraiture of<br />
-the countess, <a href="#Page_229">229</a>. Visits of madame<br />
-de Sévigné to her in Provence,<br />
-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. <a href="#Page_241">241</a>. Madame de<br />
-Grignan attends her mother in<br />
-Paris when ill, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. But returns<br />
-to Provence herself in ill health,<br />
-<a href="#Page_246">246</a>. Renewed journeys to see<br />
-her mother, and to Provence, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_247">247</a>. <a href="#Page_249">249</a>. Her children, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>. Is<br />
-on terms of affection with her<br />
-mother, <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. Attended in sickness<br />
-by her mother, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grignan, marquis de, their son, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grignan, chevalier de, an uncle,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grignan, Pauline de, daughter of<br />
-the countess, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. She<br />
-marries the marquis de Simiane,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grimm, baron de. Correspondence<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. II. <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. J. J. Rousseau's<br />
-friendship for, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. Account of<br />
-the baron, <a href="#Page_145">145</a>. His report as to<br />
-Rousseau, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gros Guillaume, comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gros René, comedian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gros René, madame, actress, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guibert, count de, II. <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guise, duke of, assassinated at Blois,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guyon, madame, enthusiasm or<br />
-mysticism of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a>. <i>et seq.</i> Her<br />
-fervour occasions the disgrace of<br />
-Fénélon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>. He speaks in her<br />
-cause to Bossuet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>. Her party<br />
-punished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>H.</p>
-
-<p>Hamilton, la belle, countess of<br />
-Grammont, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hardy, early French dramatic author,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Harlay de, archbishop of Paris, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Harpe, La, M., critical remarks of<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. II. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Helvetius, M., II. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. Madame<br />
-Roland's opinion as to, <a href="#Page_263">263</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="Henrietta">Henrietta</a> of England, duchess of<br />
-Orléans, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Her death,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Henry, king of Navarre, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Henry IV. king of France, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-Character of his court warlike and<br />
-unlettered, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. The "Henriade"<br />
-a history of this great monarch<br />
-and his times, II. <a href="#Page_12">12</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Herbault, Puits d', monk of Fontevrault,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hippocrates, edited or translated by<br />
-Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. His system,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Holland, lord, on the Spanish<br />
-Drama, &amp;c., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Houdetot, countess d', II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Her<br />
-visit to J. J. Rousseau at the Hermitage,<br />
-<a href="#Page_141">141</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Huguenots, blame attached by<br />
-Montaigne to their party, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-Oppression of the, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Bourdaloue<br />
-sent into the south to<br />
-convert protestants, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>, n. Fénélon<br />
-commissioned to convert<br />
-the Huguenots, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. Out of the<br />
-pale of the Romish church, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. The <i>dragonnades</i>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hume, David, persuades Rousseau<br />
-to visit England, II. <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Is indignant<br />
-at the folly and jealousies<br />
-of Jean Jacques, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>I.</p>
-
-<p>Innocent X., condemns the five propositions<br />
-on grace and election,<br />
-said to be from the book on Augustin<br />
-by Jansenius, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Intolerance, cases of, II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>. <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>J.</p>
-
-<p>James II., arrival of, in France, I.<br />
-<a href="#Page_251">251</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jansenius, Cornelius, bishop of<br />
-Ypres, five propositions selected<br />
-by the Jesuits from his work on<br />
-St. Augustin, and condemned by<br />
-the Sorbonne, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jansenists, origin of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-Controversies respecting the abbé<br />
-Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.; and the Lettres<br />
-Provinciales, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Praise of<br />
-education by the Jansenists, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>.<br />
-Their spirit of controversy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br />
-Fénélon opposed to Jansenism,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Persecution of the, II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jesuits, order of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. They<br />
-employ themselves particularly in<br />
-education, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Polemical spirit<br />
-infused by the religious orders,<br />
-and an apathy for the affairs of<br />
-this world, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Banishment of<br />
-the, II. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jordan, Mrs., her excellent taste,<br />
-and vivacity in comedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jura Mountains, peasants of the,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>K.</p>
-
-<p>Keith, lord, his regard for Rousseau,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Kœnig, Prussian mathematician,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>L.</p>
-
-<p>La Beaumelle, his attack on Voltaire<br />
-in Prussia, II. <a href="#Page_66">66</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="La_Bruyere">La Bruyère</a>, his critique on Rabelais,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Describes Corneille's<br />
-conversation and manner, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. His<br />
-portrait of La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br />
-<br />
-La Fare, anacreontic poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="La_Fontaine">La Fontaine</a>, Jean de, versifier of<br />
-Rabelais' Tales, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. His life<br />
-peaceful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. Born in 1621 at<br />
-Château Thierry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. His father,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. He enters the community<br />
-of the Pères de l'Oratoire,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Renounces the cloister, and<br />
-espouses Mlle. Marie d'Héricart,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Becomes master of the royal<br />
-domains in his district, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br />
-Hears Malherbe's ode on the assassination<br />
-of Henri IV., and<br />
-commences poet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. Studies<br />
-the Roman poets, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. Verses by,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. His "Adonis" in heroic<br />
-verse, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. His character indolent<br />
-and <i>insouciant</i>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. Resides<br />
-long at Château Thierry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-Fights M. Poignan, on account<br />
-of madame de la Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br />
-That officer disarms the poet both<br />
-of sword and jealousy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Divers<br />
-reports as to the placid temper<br />
-of his wife, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. Visits Paris,<br />
-but neglects business, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. Becomes<br />
-domiciled with the duke<br />
-and duchess of Bouillon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br />
-His intimacy with Racine, Molière,<br />
-and Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. Comfortable<br />
-amid Parisian society, he<br />
-forgets his wife and his home, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br />
-Fouquet grants him a pension,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. He solicits that finance<br />
-minister's pardon from Louis<br />
-XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His "Contes et<br />
-Merveilles en vers," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. Tale<br />
-of "Pysche and Cupid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>.<br />
-Noticed by Henrietta duchess of<br />
-Orléans. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. His tale of "Joconde,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. His "Fables," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. Is elected of the French<br />
-Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Anecdote on that<br />
-subject, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. He has the ill luck<br />
-to displease the abbé Furetière<br />
-by an inadvertence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. La Fontaine<br />
-incorrigibly forgetful, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br />
-Forgets that he has a son, and<br />
-admires him as a stranger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br />
-Anecdotes exhibiting him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>,<br />
-&amp;c. Resides in the house of madame<br />
-d'Hervart, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>. Decline<br />
-of his health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. The<br />
-priests constrain him to destroy<br />
-some of his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>. And to<br />
-make public reparation for the<br />
-evil influence of his "Fables,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. He recovers and writes<br />
-more tales, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Dies, aged<br />
-seventy-four, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Criticism on<br />
-his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>. His dramatic<br />
-pieces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. His tables and tales,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. English fables compared<br />
-with, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>. Opinions by his<br />
-contemporaries of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. Epitaph<br />
-by himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br />
-<br />
-La Harpe, M., criticisms of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. II. <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lally-Tolendal, M. de, saved by<br />
-madame de Staël, II. <a href="#Page_315">315</a>. <a href="#Page_316">316</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lamb, Miss, pretty song by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br />
-<br />
-La Metrie, physician at Potzdam,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lamoignon, M. de, premier président,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Langeron, the abbé de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>.<br />
-"Langey, Chevalier de, Military<br />
-Stratagems and Prowess of," by<br />
-Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-La Noue, tragedian, II. <a href="#Page_43">43</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Leibnitz, letter of the celebrated,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Le Kain, tragedian, II. <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. He resides<br />
-with Voltaire, and performs<br />
-on his stage, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Le Nôtre, architect, &amp;c., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lettres Provinciales of Pascal, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Object of this work explained,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Condemnation of<br />
-the book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Misfortunes resulting<br />
-therefrom at Port Royal,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br />
-<br />
-L'Huilier, M., engages Gassendi to<br />
-educate Chapelle the poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ligne, prince de, visits Rousseau<br />
-incognito, II. <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. Declares himself<br />
-by letter, and kindly offers<br />
-a home to J. J. Rousseau, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Locke, John, works of, II. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
-His "Treatise on Education,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Longueville, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Longueville, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Her<br />
-beauty, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Various allusions to<br />
-this princess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Her character<br />
-and religious sentiments,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Louis XIII., accession of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br />
-Death of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. M. Poquelin and<br />
-his son Molière his deputy, valet-de-chambre<br />
-to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. The king<br />
-causes M. de Cinq-Mars and De<br />
-Thou to be beheaded, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Allusions<br />
-to this monarch, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Louis XIV., grants a pension to<br />
-Pierre Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. His attachment<br />
-to Henrietta duchess of<br />
-Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Splendour of his<br />
-court begins to be remarkable,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Takes a part in the ballets at<br />
-court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Discontinues to<br />
-do so, from a passage in "Britannicus"<br />
-alluding to Nero, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>,<br />
-n. His journeys, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. Flattery<br />
-of by the poets and savants, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br />
-Did not comprehend La Fontaine,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. And delays his ratification<br />
-of his being received in the French<br />
-Academy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. Trial of Fouquet,<br />
-finance minister, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. The king refuses to pardon<br />
-him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. The fêtes at Versailles,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>. Tournament at, Louis<br />
-representing count Roger, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br />
-His affection for the beautiful<br />
-La Vallière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. His court described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n.<br />
-His queen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. Secret marriage<br />
-with madame de Maintenon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. His reign, animadversions<br />
-on, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Age of<br />
-Louis XIV. described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. Louis<br />
-XIV. conceives a dislike for Fénélon,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_346" class="ext">346</a>. Perceives his injustice,<br />
-but burns his papers, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>.<br />
-Anecdotes of the king, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br />
-Preceptors to his son and grand-sons,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>, n. The Gallican<br />
-church, its state in the reign of<br />
-Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. References<br />
-to Louis XIV., in the life<br />
-of Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Louis XV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_368" class="ext">368</a>. II. <a href="#Page_44">44</a>. <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. <a href="#Page_47">47</a>. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_57">57</a>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. His inglorious old age,<br />
-<a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Louis XVI., II. <a href="#Page_86">86</a>. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. <a href="#Page_104">104</a>. <i>For<br />
-the historical events of his reign<br />
-and fall, see the Lives of Condorcet,<br />
-Mirabeau, &amp;c.</i> in Vol. II.<br />
-<br />
-Love and gallantry, novels breathing<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Ill taste of<br />
-language relating to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Purity<br />
-of sentiment aimed at nevertheless,<br />
-108.<br />
-<br />
-Lucian, by whom imitated, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lucretius, II. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lulli, musical composer, solicits<br />
-La Fontaine to write the opera of<br />
-"Daphne," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. His death<br />
-described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Luxembourg, maréchal duc de, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_149">149</a>. His kind attentions to his<br />
-neighbour Jean Jacques Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Luxembourg, duchess of, II. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>. Her conduct with regard to<br />
-Rousseau, when he was danger of<br />
-arrest, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lyons, almanacs calculated under<br />
-the meridian of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>M.</p>
-
-<p>Machiavelli, studied by La Fontaine,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Frederic the Great's<br />
-work against the principles of, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_40">40</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maillezieux, bishop of, correspondence<br />
-of Rabelais with the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. "Letters from Italy" to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maine, duchess du, festivities at her<br />
-château of Sceaux, II. <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maintenon, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her<br />
-portrait of the duke de la Rochefoucauld,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Her friendship for<br />
-madame de Coulanges, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>.<br />
-Anecdotes of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Her estate of<br />
-Maintenon, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mairet, his tragedy of "Sophonisbe,"<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Malesherbes, M. de, Rousseau's correspondence<br />
-with, II. <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. His<br />
-benevolent attentions to Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_151">151</a>. <a href="#Page_152">152</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Manardi, Medical Epistles of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mancini, nieces of cardinal Mazarin,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marmontel, M., his visit to Voltaire<br />
-at Ferney, II. <a href="#Page_90">90</a>-<a href="#Page_94">94</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marot, Clément, admired by La<br />
-Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marsillac, prince de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His advice<br />
-to the duchess de Chevreuse,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. <i>See</i> Duke de la <a href="#Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marsillac, prince de, son of the<br />
-above, assists the duke of Rochefoucauld<br />
-in the battle of St. Antoine,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Espouses his cousin,<br />
-Mlle. de la Roche-Guyon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br />
-Attends the duke his father in<br />
-his last illness, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mattecoulon, M. de, brother to<br />
-Montaigne, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maucroix, poet and scholar, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maupertuis, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. <a href="#Page_65">65</a>. His<br />
-dissension with Voltaire at Potzdam,<br />
-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>. "Akakia," a satire by<br />
-Voltaire on, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>. He challenges<br />
-Voltaire, who laughs at<br />
-him, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maurepas, count de, II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>. <a href="#Page_295">295</a>. <a href="#Page_302">302</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mauroy, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mazarin, cardinal, succeeds Richelieu,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is minister in the<br />
-regency of Anne of Austria, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br />
-Imprisons the princes Condé,<br />
-Conti, and Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Is<br />
-obliged to fly, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Successes of,<br />
-in the royal cause, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Is displaced<br />
-for a time, for the sake of<br />
-an accommodation of the civil<br />
-dissensions, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. On his return to<br />
-power he permits de la Rochefoucauld<br />
-to appear at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mazarin, duchess of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ménage, instructs Marie de Rabutin-Chantal,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mersenne, le Père, scientific correspondence<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mirabeau, Gabriel Honoré, marquis<br />
-of, descended from an Italian<br />
-family named Arrighetti, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_195">195</a>. His grandfather, Jean Antoine,<br />
-<a href="#Page_196">196</a>. His father, comte Victor<br />
-de Mirabeau, wrote "L'Ami<br />
-des Hommes," <a href="#Page_197">197</a>. The comté's<br />
-marriage, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>. His lady's domestic<br />
-happiness obstructed by a madame<br />
-de Pailly, a beautiful woman, who<br />
-chose to reside with them, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>.<br />
-The marquis's idea of his own<br />
-infallibility, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. He became a<br />
-persecutor of his son, Gabriel<br />
-Honoré, the fifth child, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.; who<br />
-was born with teeth, and suffered<br />
-severely from the small-pox, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>.<br />
-His early talent, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>. Memoirs<br />
-of Mirabeau, by M. Lucas Montigny,<br />
-noticed, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, n. Madame<br />
-de Pailly cruel to this boy, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.<br />
-His early education, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>. Severity<br />
-of his father, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. The abbé<br />
-Choquart, his preceptor, proud<br />
-of him, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>. Is sent to join the<br />
-marquis de Lambert's regiment,<br />
-<a href="#Page_202">202</a>. His subsequent expostulations<br />
-with his hard-hearted parent,<br />
-who had imprisoned him in<br />
-the fortress of the Isle of Rhé,<br />
-<a href="#Page_204">204</a>. The governor sends him on<br />
-the expedition to Corsica, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.<br />
-His history of that island, and an<br />
-Itinerary from personal observation,<br />
-<a href="#Page_204">204</a>. He avows his liking<br />
-for the military profession, <a href="#Page_205">205</a>.<br />
-His father praises him on his return,<br />
-<a href="#Page_206">206</a>. Marries the daughter<br />
-of the marquis de Marignane,<br />
-<a href="#Page_207">207</a>. He incurs debts, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>. His<br />
-father procures a lettre-de-cachet<br />
-to confine him, <a href="#Page_208">208</a>. He writes<br />
-an "Essay on Despotism," <a href="#Page_208">208</a>.<br />
-Becomes jealous of the chevalier<br />
-de Gassaud, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>. On hearing his<br />
-explanation, he escapes to forward<br />
-his projected marriage by<br />
-pleading for him, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>. Meets a<br />
-nobleman who had insulted his<br />
-sister, and gives him a blow, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.<br />
-His father hearing of his evasion,<br />
-shuts him up in a dismal castle,<br />
-<a href="#Page_209">209</a>. His love adventures, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.<br />
-He escapes with Sophie de Ruffey<br />
-de Monnier, to Holland, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.<br />
-Translates for the booksellers of<br />
-Amsterdam, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>. M. de Monnier<br />
-proceeds against the fugitives,<br />
-who are condemned to<br />
-punishment, <a href="#Page_216">216</a>. He is imprisoned<br />
-at Vincennes, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. His<br />
-letters, <a href="#Page_217">217</a>. Fate of Sophie<br />
-de Monnier, <a href="#Page_222">222</a>, n. He quits<br />
-prison on coming to terms with<br />
-his father, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>. He tries by law<br />
-to oblige his wife to live with<br />
-him, <a href="#Page_224">224</a>. Fails in his suit,<br />
-<a href="#Page_224">224</a>. Is no longer injured by<br />
-private enemies, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>. Is esteemed,<br />
-and employed in public services,<br />
-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. His impetuous eloquence,<br />
-<a href="#Page_228">228</a>. He foresees the<br />
-revolution, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>. Desires to be<br />
-elected a representative to the<br />
-states-general, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>. The nobles<br />
-of Provence exclude him<br />
-by a vote from their body,<br />
-<a href="#Page_231">231</a>. The people greet him on<br />
-his return towards Paris, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>.<br />
-Allays some outbreaks of the<br />
-people of Marseilles and of Aix,<br />
-<a href="#Page_233">233</a>. Is elected deputy from both<br />
-those places, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. Takes his seat<br />
-in the tiers-état, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>. He declares<br />
-the power of the people to<br />
-be independent of the crown,<br />
-<a href="#Page_236">236</a>. His eloquence in the debates,<br />
-<a href="#Page_239">239</a>. Death of his father,<br />
-<a href="#Page_240">240</a>. His speeches all-powerful<br />
-with the assembly, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>. Supports<br />
-the financial proposition of<br />
-Necker for a tax on property, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.<br />
-His influence preponderates over<br />
-every other, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>. Accused of<br />
-being an Orleanist, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>. <a href="#Page_247">247</a>. His<br />
-negotiations with the court, <a href="#Page_248">248</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_249">249</a>. His speech on the question<br />
-of the National Convention,<br />
-<a href="#Page_250">250</a>. His hôtel sumptuously<br />
-provided, <a href="#Page_251">251</a>. His <i>treaty</i> with<br />
-the court, in the handwriting of<br />
-Louis XVIII., <a href="#Page_252">252</a>. He declines<br />
-in health, <a href="#Page_253">253</a>. His right to stand<br />
-up as a dictator in the assembly<br />
-questioned, <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. His policy was<br />
-to head a moderate party of royalists,<br />
-and to repress the Jacobins,<br />
-<a href="#Page_248">248</a>. <a href="#Page_250">250</a>. <a href="#Page_254">254</a>. The king and<br />
-the people alike anxious for his<br />
-recovery, <a href="#Page_255">255</a>. His opinion of<br />
-William Pitt, 256. His death,<br />
-aged forty-two, in 1791, <a href="#Page_256">256</a>.<br />
-He was the first buried in the<br />
-Pantheon, <a href="#Page_257">257</a>. Courageous and<br />
-warm-hearted, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>. His sayings<br />
-and bon-mots are on record, <a href="#Page_258">258</a>.<br />
-His style of oratory, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>. His<br />
-military talents, <a href="#Page_259">259</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Misanthrope, Le," of Molière, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Molière, Jean Baptiste Poquelin,<br />
-considered by Boileau as the first<br />
-writer of his day, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. His parentage<br />
-respectable, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Education<br />
-of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. Taught by Gassendi,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. Does the duty of valet-de-chambre<br />
-to Louis XIII. for his<br />
-father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Studies the law at<br />
-Orléans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Private theatricals<br />
-with some young friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-Makes the stage his profession,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. His company of actors, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-Ill success of his "Thebaid" prevents<br />
-his writing tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br />
-His early comedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Performs<br />
-in the provinces, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-On the restoration of tranquillity<br />
-at Paris, his company perform in<br />
-presence of Louis XIV. and the<br />
-queen-mother, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. They are<br />
-styled "Les Comédiens de Monsieur,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. His success in dramatic<br />
-satire, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. His "Ecole des<br />
-Maris," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Account of<br />
-"Les Fâcheux," a satirical farce,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Louis XIV. commands Molière<br />
-to introduce a sporting character,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. Anecdotes of the rebuffs<br />
-experienced by the dramatist<br />
-as royal valet-de-chambre, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-Louis protects him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>. Scandal<br />
-relative to Molière refuted, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>, n.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. His marriage, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>. Not<br />
-productive of Felicity, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br />
-Writes the "Critique de l'Ecole<br />
-des Femmes" in reply to his detractors,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His "Impromptu<br />
-de Versailles," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Louis XIV. is<br />
-godfather to Molière's eldest child,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. Molière performs "Sganarelle,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. His "Tartuffe,"<br />
-anecdotes as to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. Tumult<br />
-of soldiers at his theatre,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>. The "Misanthrope," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br />
-"Amphitryon," scene from the,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. "George Dandin," scene<br />
-from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. "L'Avare," criticised<br />
-by Schlegel, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Success of "Le<br />
-Tartuffe" on its representation,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Molière a favourite of Parisian<br />
-society, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Anecdotes of<br />
-his circle of friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His<br />
-house at Auteuil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. His portraiture<br />
-of himself, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>, n. His<br />
-"Monsieur de Pourceaugnac,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. "Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme"<br />
-approved by Louis XIV.,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. "Fourberies de Scapin,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. "Les Femmes Savantes,"<br />
-scene from, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a>. His "Malade<br />
-Imaginaire," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. His own malady<br />
-unfeigned, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Death of<br />
-Molière, aged fifty-one, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-Mode of his burial because a<br />
-player, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>. His generosity,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. Talent as an actor, 144. Criticism<br />
-of his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Eloge<br />
-of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. Marriage of his widow,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.; and of his daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br />
-His prediction as to "le bon homme"<br />
-La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. Molière<br />
-willing to employ Racine as a<br />
-young dramatic writer of promise,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His quarrel with Racine on<br />
-the ill-success of "Andromaque,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His admiration of Racine's<br />
-"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>. Further<br />
-allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Molina, the jesuit, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Molinists, their controversy with<br />
-the Jansenists, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Louis XIV.'s<br />
-predilection for their doctrine,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mondorge, comedian, relieved by<br />
-Molière when in need, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montaigne, Michel de, born Feb. 8.<br />
-1533, in Périgord, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Pierre<br />
-Eyquem, seigneur de Montaigne,<br />
-his father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Education of Michel,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. Taught to speak Latin<br />
-from his cradle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Tardiness<br />
-of his mind in infancy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. He<br />
-loses at school the power of<br />
-speaking good Latin acquired as<br />
-a child, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Fond of Ovid's "Metamorphoses,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Reads Virgil, Terence,<br />
-and Plautus, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Memory<br />
-defective, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. His cheerful temper,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>, n. Lively imagination, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>, n.<br />
-Pourtrays the character of Etienne<br />
-de la Boétie, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Poem of<br />
-the latter on their friendship, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>.<br />
-Death of Boétie, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. He marries,<br />
-and is a good husband and tender<br />
-father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. He loses his father<br />
-Pierre Eyquem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. Is careful of<br />
-his paternal inheritance, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Domestic<br />
-habits, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Writes his Essays,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. 10. His travels in France,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Visits the court and capital,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. His moderation in politics,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. He complains of the religious<br />
-feuds, and of his being pillaged,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. Takes no measures for<br />
-defence of his château of Montaigne,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. Is surprised by an<br />
-officer and his party, who refrain<br />
-from injuring him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. His calm<br />
-composure again preserves him<br />
-from danger when taken prisoner,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Afflicted by painful disorders<br />
-he resorts to Plombières for the<br />
-waters, and proceeds to Munich,<br />
-&amp;c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. He visits Venice and<br />
-Rome, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Is well received by<br />
-the pope, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Familiar with Roman<br />
-history, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. He prints two<br />
-books of his Essays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Mode<br />
-of treating the papal censures,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His pleasure on being declared<br />
-a citizen of Rome by a<br />
-bull for that purpose, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. He<br />
-offers a silver sculptured tablet,<br />
-at the shrine of Loretto, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br />
-His wife, and daughter Eléanore,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Sojourns at Lucca, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Is<br />
-elected mayor of Bordeaux,<br />
-crosses Mont Cénis and arrives<br />
-at his château of Montaigne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br />
-Is commanded by the king to till<br />
-the office of mayor, and is re-elected<br />
-to the same, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. His decline<br />
-and bad state of health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br />
-His friendship for mademoiselle<br />
-Marie de Gournay le Jars, and<br />
-portrait of that lady, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>, n. His<br />
-resignation when attacked with a<br />
-fatal quinsy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. His devout behavioural.<br />
-Dies 13th Sept. 1592.,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. His disposition and vivacity,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Descendants of, by his daughter<br />
-Eléanore, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>, n. Edition of<br />
-his Essays dedicated to Richelieu,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Instructive and entertaining<br />
-character of the Essays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Their<br />
-originality, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montaigu, M., ambassador to Venice,<br />
-his character, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montauzier, duke of, husband of<br />
-Julie d'Angennes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montespan, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montfleuri, tragedian, cause of his<br />
-death, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montpellier, the faculty at, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-Duprat, chancélier, deprives the<br />
-physicians of their privileges, who<br />
-are defended by Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montpensier, mademoiselle de,<br />
-daughter of Gaston d'Orléans, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Her spirit in the contest before<br />
-the walls of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. Her<br />
-intercourse with madame de Sévigné,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>N.</p>
-
-<p>Nantes, revocation of the edict of, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Necker, M., minister to Louis XVI.<br />
-<i>See</i> <a href="#Stael">Staël</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Nemours, duke of, joined by the<br />
-great Condé, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Is wounded<br />
-in the battle of St. Antoine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-Killed in a duel by his brother-in-law<br />
-the duke of Beaufort, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Nevers, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Newcastle, duke of, his "Sir Martin<br />
-Marplot" an imitation of<br />
-"L'Etourdi" of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Newton, sir Isaac, II. <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. <a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Nicole, M., theologian, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ninon de l'Enclos, a trust confided<br />
-to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>, n. Molière reads his<br />
-"Tartuffe" to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. The marquis<br />
-de Sévigné her admirer, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>.<br />
-The marquis de Grignan, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>, n.<br />
-Ladies of the court friendly to<br />
-her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Noailles, de, archbishop of Paris<br />
-and cardinal, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Noyer, madame du, II. <a href="#Page_7">7</a>. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Noyer, mademoiselle du, admiration<br />
-of Voltaire for, II. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. She marries<br />
-the baron de Winterfeld, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>O.</p>
-
-<p>"Œdipe," tragedy by Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Œdipe," Voltaire's, II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Olivet, l'abbé, observations on La<br />
-Fontaine by, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Orléans, Gaston duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-<i>See</i> <a href="#Henrietta">Henrietta</a>, duchess of.<br />
-<br />
-Orléans, duke of, regent, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_10">10</a>. Voltaire suspected of writing<br />
-the "Philippiques," a satire on<br />
-the regent, <a href="#Page_15">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ormesson, M. d', I, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>P.</p>
-
-<p>"Pantagruel," by Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Editions of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Pantagruelian<br />
-caricatures, wood-cuts,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. "Pantagrueline Prognostication,<br />
-the," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Panurge, portraiture by Rabelais, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Paris, day of the barricades, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-Blockade of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. The troops<br />
-of the capital despised, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Riot<br />
-and licentiousness, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. The prince<br />
-of Condé defeated by Turenne<br />
-under the walls of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. Paris not<br />
-favourable to stage representations<br />
-during the civil war, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-Parisian society ridiculed by Molière<br />
-in his plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Parisian<br />
-society in the time of Voltaire, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_6">6</a>. <i>et seq.</i> Reception of Voltaire<br />
-at Paris in 1788, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. Paris during<br />
-the Revolution, see vol. II., lives<br />
-of Mirabeau, &amp;c.<br />
-<br />
-Pascal, Blaise, exalted character of,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>. His family noble, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>. His<br />
-parents, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>. Education as proposed<br />
-by his father Etienne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br />
-His companions, men of science,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. His untutored exertions in<br />
-mathematics, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. His father's<br />
-delight on discovering his studies,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. Reads Euclid by himself,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Writes on conic sections,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. His sisters, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Jacqueline<br />
-Pascal assists in obtaining their<br />
-father's recal by Richelieu, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br />
-He studies languages and metaphysics,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Chronical ill-health<br />
-the result of excessive application,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His arithmetical<br />
-computator, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His investigation<br />
-of the properties of atmospheric<br />
-air, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. "On the Equilibrium<br />
-of Liquids," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. "On<br />
-the Weight of the Atmosphere."<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. His early piety, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. His<br />
-loss of health, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. And of his<br />
-father, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. An accident in a<br />
-coach influences his mind, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-His seclusion from worldly intercourse,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. His visits to Port<br />
-Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. "Lettres Provinciales"<br />
-by, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Success of Pascal,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Reputation of his work<br />
-among the learned for style and<br />
-eloquence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>. His adherence<br />
-to rules of privation, &amp;c. causes<br />
-chronical maladies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His solution<br />
-of the problem of the cycloid,<br />
-and other questions in<br />
-geometry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His challenge to<br />
-furnish a solution of these problems<br />
-accepted by Wallis and<br />
-Huygens, &amp;c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. Pascal's triumph<br />
-therein, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His self-denial<br />
-and consequent debility,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a>. His "Lettres Provinciales"<br />
-condemned by the parliament<br />
-of Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. His<br />
-communications on his death-bed,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. His death at thirty-nine<br />
-years of age, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. Consideration<br />
-of his virtues and piety,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. His "Pensées," 211. His argument<br />
-against atheism, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His<br />
-genius, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. Fénélon's opinion of,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. His "Pensées" arranged<br />
-and attacked by Condorcet, II. <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pascal, Etienne, indebted to his<br />
-children's talent for his recal from<br />
-exile, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Made intendant at<br />
-Rouen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. His decease, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pascal, Jacqueline, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-Particulars relative to her death<br />
-when sub-prioress of the convent<br />
-of Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Paul III., pope, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Rabelais<br />
-requests his holiness to excommunicate<br />
-him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pelisson, the abbé, epigram on,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pelletier, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Père la Chaise, cemetery of, Molière's<br />
-cenotaph, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Perefixe, bishop of Rhodes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Perier, madame (Gilberte Pascal),<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. Alleged miraculous<br />
-cure of her daughter, a nun, at<br />
-Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>. Her life of her<br />
-brother, Blaise Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>, n. She<br />
-blames him for the moroseness<br />
-of his seclusion and rules of life,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Perrault, Charles, his "Siècle de<br />
-Louis XIV.," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. Boileau<br />
-directs his satire against him,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. his "Mother Goose's Tales,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Perrin, translator of the "Æneid,"<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pintrel, translator of Seneca's Epistles,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Piron, ridiculed by Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
-50.<br />
-<br />
-Plato, studied by La Fontaine, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-"Plutarch's Lives," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Poggius, the "Facetiæ" of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Poison, when innocent, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>.<br />
-"Polyeucte," tragedy, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pompadour, madame de, II. <a href="#Page_55">55</a>. <a href="#Page_57">57</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pomponius Lætus, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pont, madame du, poems addressed<br />
-by Corneille to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pontanus, ridiculed by F. Rabelais<br />
-in his romance, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pontverre, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pope, Alexander, quotation from<br />
-his works, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Port Royal, abbey of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Angelica<br />
-Arnaud, abbess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br />
-Learned men who lived in retirement<br />
-near this cloister, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Controversy<br />
-of the abbé Arnaud with<br />
-the Sorbonne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Alleged miracle<br />
-at, regarding the cure of a<br />
-niece of Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Dispersion<br />
-of the nuns, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pradon, satirized by Boileau, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-His "Phèdre," brought out in<br />
-opposition to Racine's tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Puy Morin, M. de, a brother of<br />
-Boileau Despréaux, II. <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.<br />
-"Précieuses Ridicules, les," satirical<br />
-comedy of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. A<br />
-satire of French manners, affected<br />
-language, and of the clique of<br />
-l'Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>.<br />
-"Pucelle d'Orléans" of Chapelain,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>, n.<br />
-"Pucelle d'Orléans," of Voltaire,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>. <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Puy de Dôme, Pascal's experiment<br />
-on atmospheric pressure, on the,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>O.</p>
-
-<p>Quakers, Voltaire describes the, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Quesnel, le Père, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Quietism, account of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>. II. <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.<br />
-"Quinquina, le," poem by la Fontaine<br />
-on bark or, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>R.</p>
-
-<p>Rabelais, Francis, designated a<br />
-great jester by lord Bacon, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-Born about 1483 at Chinon, in<br />
-Touraine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Parentage of, and<br />
-reputed propensity to wine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-Educated in a monastery, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br />
-Takes the habit of the order of<br />
-St. Francis, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Envy at his<br />
-preaching, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Malice of the<br />
-Franciscans at, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Budæus laments<br />
-it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Alleged reasons for<br />
-confining him on short commons,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Personates St. Francis and<br />
-laughs at devotees, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. For which<br />
-he is whipt, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Relieved by<br />
-gaiety and learning, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Joins the<br />
-order of St. Benedict, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. He<br />
-next studies medicine at Montpellier,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Lectures on Hippocrates<br />
-and Galen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Defends<br />
-the privileges of the faculty of<br />
-Montpellier, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. His scarlet gown,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. How diminished, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. He<br />
-practises at Lyons, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Accompanies<br />
-cardinal du Bellay to<br />
-Rome, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. In what character,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. His epistolary correspondence,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Interview with<br />
-Paul III., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His notion as to<br />
-excommunication, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. <i>Bruits</i> as<br />
-to the method of his return to<br />
-Lyons and journey to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br />
-Takes his own supposititious poison,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. Is librarian, &amp;c. to Du<br />
-Bellay, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His "Lives of the<br />
-Giants Gargantua and of Pantagruel,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Privilege of publication<br />
-by king Francis, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Aristotelian<br />
-controversy ensuing<br />
-thereon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. His work condemned<br />
-by the Sorbonne, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. He<br />
-attacked the popes and clergy of<br />
-Rome, and the monastic orders,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Account of his book, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br />
-And of his religious principles, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br />
-De Thou's account of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. La<br />
-Bruyère, La Fontaine, favourable<br />
-opinions of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Bayle and Voltaire<br />
-contemn him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Exposition<br />
-of his views, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Imitators<br />
-of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. Various writings of specified,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. "Letters from Italy,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Poetry of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Parallel of<br />
-Swift and Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Editions<br />
-of his "Giants Gargantua<br />
-and Pantagruel," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. The<br />
-"Rabelæsiana," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His acquisitions<br />
-as an universal linguist,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Also in science, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His noble<br />
-carriage and expressive physiognomy,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His fulfilment of duties<br />
-as curé de Meudon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Death<br />
-aged seventy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His death-bed,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Epitaphs for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Further<br />
-allusions to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rabutin, family of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rabutin, Bussy, count de, cousin of<br />
-madame de Sévigné, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. <i>See</i><br />
-<a href="#Bussy_Rabutin">Bussy-Rabutin</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Racine, Jean, a rival of the great<br />
-Corneille, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His comedy of<br />
-"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Pathos of<br />
-his tragedy of "Bérénice," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br />
-His "Britannicus," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. His<br />
-daughter describes the demeanour<br />
-of La Fontaine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. Is received<br />
-at the court of Louis XIV.,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. Historiographer together<br />
-with Boileau, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>. They accompany<br />
-the king to the siege of<br />
-Gaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Racine makes several<br />
-campaigns, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>. They<br />
-read their history to the king,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Affair of his and Boileau's<br />
-pensions, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. His parents respectable;<br />
-left Racine and his<br />
-sister, orphans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His education<br />
-at Beauvais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His predilection<br />
-for the Greek tragedy,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. His studies at Port Royal,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. Removes to the university<br />
-of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a>. His ode entitled<br />
-"Nymphes de la Seine," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br />
-Colbert rewards his early genius.<br />
-301. His ambition excited, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br />
-Visits his uncle, le Père Sconin,<br />
-at Uzès in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>. His<br />
-letters at that time, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>. His dislike<br />
-of the patois of Provence,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. His study of Virgil and St.<br />
-Thomas Aquinas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. His "Bath<br />
-of Venus," a poem, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Begins<br />
-a play of "Theagines and Charicles,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. He returns to Paris,<br />
-occupied with poetry and the<br />
-drama, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. He writes for Molière,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His "Alexandre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>.<br />
-It occasions a quarrel betwixt<br />
-Molière and the aspirant for fame,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. Racine teaches la Champmélé<br />
-to recite, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Critics attack<br />
-him keenly, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. His reply to M.<br />
-Nicole of Port Royal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>.<br />
-Writes his great tragedies, "Britannicus,"<br />
-"Bajazet," "Iphigénie,"<br />
-"Mithridates," "Phèdre,"<br />
-&amp;c., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Writes "Bérénice"<br />
-in rivalry with Corneille's<br />
-tragedy of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. His comedy of<br />
-"Les Plaideurs" the result of a<br />
-lawsuit in which he had been<br />
-tired out and foiled, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Humour<br />
-of this comedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br />
-Takes his seat in the French Academy,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. His "Phèdre" brings<br />
-him into disputes, which produce<br />
-desire to lay down his pen, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His religious principles,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His marriage, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>. Madame<br />
-Racine's ignorance of poetry, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br />
-His daughters take the veil, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br />
-His new mode of life induces him<br />
-to seek reconciliation with the<br />
-abbé Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Succeeds<br />
-therein, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Writes "Athalie,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. His "Esther," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. His<br />
-conversations with Louis XIV.<br />
-and madame de Maintenon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. Dies of an abscess, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>.<br />
-Displayed the force of friendship<br />
-in his last parting with Boileau,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. Critique, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. "Phèdre"<br />
-and "Athalie," his best tragedies;<br />
-"Bérénice" and "Britannicus"<br />
-the most pleasing,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Racine, Louis, son of the tragic<br />
-poet, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rambonet, Prussian councillor of<br />
-state, II. <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rambouillet, Hôtel de, literary society<br />
-of the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Celebrated<br />
-authors who frequented it, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Molière's "Précieuses Ridicules"<br />
-designed as a satire on,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rameau, musical composer, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_136">136</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ramus, Peter, engaged in the controversy<br />
-on Aristotle, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rennes, in Britany, political affairs<br />
-at, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Severe example made,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Retz, cardinal de, ambition of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-His projects and partisans, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br />
-Temporary success of the Fronde,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His affray with Rochefoucauld<br />
-in the palace of justice, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br />
-In danger of violence from the<br />
-mob of Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His intrigues<br />
-and artifices, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. A relation<br />
-of the marquis de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br />
-His disgrace and imprisonment,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. He escapes from the citadel<br />
-of Nantes, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. He repairs to<br />
-Spain, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. Esteem of madame<br />
-de Sévigné for, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. His death,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. His "Memoirs" quoted, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Richelieu, cardinal de, Montaigne's<br />
-Essays dedicated to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Policy<br />
-of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His dramas, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-The "Comédie des Tuileries,"<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. His theatre, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. He invites<br />
-the French Academy to criticise<br />
-the "Cid" of Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. He<br />
-represses the powerful nobles of<br />
-France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. His great authority,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His expedition<br />
-into Rousillon when his<br />
-death was approaching, with<br />
-Louis XIII. in the same condition,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Execution of Cinq-Mars,<br />
-and of de Thou, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. He<br />
-revived the arts in France, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Richelieu, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_53">53</a>. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="Rochefoucauld">Rochefoucauld</a>, de la, François,<br />
-duke, his experience at court, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. His Maxims declare self-love<br />
-the chief motive principle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br />
-Dignity and ancient power of his<br />
-family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. Obliged to quit the<br />
-court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Was at first called<br />
-Prince de Marsillac, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His return<br />
-on the death of Richelieu,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Meets the duchess de Chevreuse<br />
-on her way to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Is<br />
-wounded at the siege of Mardike,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Is governor of Poitou, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br />
-His attachment for the duchess<br />
-de Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>. His gallantry<br />
-and wounds, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Is desirous of<br />
-the restoration of peace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Succeeds<br />
-his father as duke de la<br />
-Rochefoucauld, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Raises troops<br />
-in Guienne, and endeavours to<br />
-defend Bordeaux, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Seizes de<br />
-Retz in the palace of justice, but<br />
-refrains from slaying him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br />
-Is wounded by an arquebuse in<br />
-the action of St. Antoine at Paris,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>. He retires to Danvilliers to<br />
-recover from his wounds, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. He<br />
-quits the party of Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. His<br />
-active life concludes with the<br />
-pacification, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. He gives Gourville<br />
-an honourable employment<br />
-in his family, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Is an ornament<br />
-of the literary coterie<br />
-of the Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>.<br />
-His friendship for the countess de<br />
-la Fayette, a celebrated novelist,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. De Retz's character of the<br />
-duke, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>, n. Rochefoucauld's<br />
-couplet for the picture of the<br />
-duchess of Longueville, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His<br />
-portrait of cardinal de Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>, n.<br />
-Personal and moral qualities of<br />
-Rochefoucauld, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Character of,<br />
-by his contemporaries, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>.<br />
-His sons, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Madame de Sévigné's<br />
-account of his last illness,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. His "Maxims"<br />
-reviewed, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. His<br />
-"Memoirs of the Regency of<br />
-Anne of Austria," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>. Some quotations<br />
-from his Memoirs, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>, &amp;c.<br />
-<br />
-Roche-Guyon, Mlle. de la, her marriage<br />
-with the prince de Marsillac,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rochelle, siege of La, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. English<br />
-descent on the Isle of Rhé<br />
-for relief of the town, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Rodogune," tragedy of Corneille,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Gilbert's tragedy of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rohan, chevalier de, his ill usage of<br />
-Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>. Does not choose<br />
-to fight the poet, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Roland, madame (Manon Phlipon),<br />
-her opinion of the marquis of<br />
-Condorcet, II. <a href="#Page_187">187</a>. <a href="#Page_193">193</a>. Her<br />
-literary reputation, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>. Her<br />
-Memoirs, <a href="#Page_260">260</a>. Condition of<br />
-her parents, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>. Receives a<br />
-careful education, <a href="#Page_261">261</a>. Her<br />
-early habits, <a href="#Page_262">262</a>. Her admiration<br />
-of Pascal and the Port-Royal,<br />
-<a href="#Page_263">263</a>. Vain of her intellectual<br />
-powers and acquired<br />
-talents, <a href="#Page_264">264</a>. Her suitors, <a href="#Page_265">265</a>. Impressions<br />
-on reading the "Nouvelle<br />
-Héloise," <a href="#Page_266">266</a>. Her habit of<br />
-writing her remarks, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>. She<br />
-lives in a convent on a scanty<br />
-income, <a href="#Page_267">267</a>. M. Roland de la<br />
-Platière, <a href="#Page_268">268</a>. His high character,<br />
-<a href="#Page_268">268</a>. Sues for her hand,<br />
-and is referred to her father,<br />
-who rejects him, <a href="#Page_269">269</a>. Conduct<br />
-on this event, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>. Their<br />
-union takes place, <a href="#Page_270">270</a>. They<br />
-travel through Switzerland and<br />
-England, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. Wish to go to<br />
-America, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>. Her letters, <a href="#Page_271">271</a>.<br />
-She gladly hails the revolution,<br />
-<a href="#Page_272">272</a>. Her fears as to its nature,<br />
-<a href="#Page_272">272</a>. Monsieur Roland deputed<br />
-on financial affairs from Lyons to<br />
-the National Assembly, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. She<br />
-returns to Paris, and is greatly<br />
-admired, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. Her husband consorts<br />
-with the Girondists and<br />
-Brissot, <a href="#Page_273">273</a>. Her political sentiments<br />
-on the crisis, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>. Her<br />
-republican love of liberty, <a href="#Page_275">275</a>.<br />
-Roland appointed minister of the<br />
-interior, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. His costume at<br />
-court, <a href="#Page_277">277</a>. Is dismissed, <a href="#Page_278">278</a>.<br />
-Recalled by Louis XVI., <a href="#Page_279">279</a>. Her<br />
-dread of Robespierre, Marat, and<br />
-Danton, <a href="#Page_280">280</a>. Description of madame<br />
-Roland by Le Montey, <a href="#Page_281">281</a>.<br />
-Dumont's testimony of her modesty<br />
-of demeanour, <a href="#Page_282">282</a>. Energy<br />
-of M. Roland against the Septembriseurs,<br />
-<a href="#Page_282">282</a>. He is the chief<br />
-hope of the Girondist party, <a href="#Page_283">283</a>.<br />
-He endeavours to repress the<br />
-Mountain party, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Execution<br />
-of Louis XVI., whereupon M.<br />
-Roland resigns his office, <a href="#Page_285">285</a>.<br />
-Madame Roland in danger of arrest,<br />
-<a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Prepares to leave Paris,<br />
-<a href="#Page_285">285</a>. Prevented by sickness, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>.<br />
-On the order to arrest her husband<br />
-she determines to appear before<br />
-the Convention to expostulate,<br />
-<a href="#Page_286">286</a>. Escape of her husband<br />
-and fortitude with regard her own<br />
-peril, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>. She was said to ad.<br />
-mire the handsome Barbaroux,<br />
-deputy for Marseilles, <a href="#Page_286">286</a>. Her<br />
-calmness on being arrested, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>.<br />
-Arranges a systematic mode of<br />
-life in the Abbaie, <a href="#Page_287">287</a>. Commits<br />
-her observations on the leaders<br />
-of the revolution to writing,<br />
-<a href="#Page_288">288</a>. Deceptive assurance of her<br />
-being at liberty, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>. But carried<br />
-to Ste. Pélagie, <a href="#Page_288">288</a>. She<br />
-names Marceau to be her advocate,<br />
-<a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Her defence written<br />
-by her over-night, <a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Her sentence,<br />
-<a href="#Page_291">291</a>. Is guillotined, <a href="#Page_292">292</a>.<br />
-Her dying address to the statue<br />
-of Liberty, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>. M. Roland, in<br />
-safety at Rouen, stabs himself,<br />
-not to outlive his wife, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>. Her<br />
-courage and sweetness of character<br />
-recorded, <a href="#Page_293">293</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Romance, Spanish, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rome, visit of Rabelais to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-Facetiousness of Rabelais elicited,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. He attacks the vices of the<br />
-high clergy and ignorance of the<br />
-monks, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rotrou, poetry of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, banished<br />
-on his dispute with M. Saurin,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>. His quarrel with Voltaire,<br />
-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rousseau, Jean Jacques, ridiculed<br />
-by Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_88">88</a>. Born at Geneva<br />
-in 1712, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>. His studies in<br />
-that town, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>. Early life of, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.<br />
-His "Confessions," <a href="#Page_113">113</a>. <i>et passim.</i><br />
-His rambles, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>. Visits the curé<br />
-Pontverre, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>. Visits madame de<br />
-Warens at Annecy, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Is sent as<br />
-a proselyte to an hospital at Turin,<br />
-<a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Errors and consequent remorse,<br />
-<a href="#Page_119">119</a>. Leads a vagabond<br />
-life, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>. Returns to madame de<br />
-Warens, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. His want of moral<br />
-courage, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>. She departs for<br />
-Paris, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. Becomes a music-master<br />
-at Neufchâtel, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>. And<br />
-at Chambery, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>. His projects,<br />
-<a href="#Page_125">125</a>. Resides with madame de<br />
-Warens at Les Charmettes, near<br />
-Chambery, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>. His new method<br />
-of noting music, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>. Arrives<br />
-in Paris, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Accompanies<br />
-M. Montaigu as secretary to Venice,<br />
-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>. Returns to Paris, and<br />
-is kindly received by his former<br />
-friends, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>. His mistress, Thérèse<br />
-le Vasseur, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. <a href="#Page_162">162</a>. He<br />
-sends their children to the Foundling<br />
-Hospital, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>. His account of<br />
-this act in his "Confessions,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_130">130</a>. Remissness of his moral sentiments,<br />
-<a href="#Page_132">132</a>. His friendship for<br />
-Diderot, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. Laments his<br />
-friend's imprisonment, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>. The<br />
-academy of Dijon having proposed<br />
-a question as to the influence of<br />
-the progress of arts and sciences on<br />
-the happiness and virtue of man,<br />
-Jean Jacques, in an essay, asserts,<br />
-it to be of evil tendency, and so<br />
-eloquently as to bear off the palm<br />
-<a href="#Page_134">134</a>. This success acquires him<br />
-consideration, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. He refuses<br />
-the offer of a place with a farmer-general,<br />
-although a road to fortune,<br />
-<a href="#Page_129">129</a>. <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. Earns a livelihood<br />
-by copying music, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>. His "Devin<br />
-du Village," <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. It becomes<br />
-the fashion with the great to encourage<br />
-and soothe him, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>. Revisits<br />
-Geneva, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. Abjures the<br />
-Romish faith, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>. He inhabits<br />
-the Hermitage, near the wood of<br />
-Montmorenci, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>. His writings,<br />
-<a href="#Page_139">139</a>. His meditations and day<br />
-dreams, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. His "System of<br />
-Education," <a href="#Page_139">139</a>. Writes the<br />
-"Nouvelle Héloise," <a href="#Page_140">140</a>. <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. His<br />
-declarations to madame d'Houdetot,<br />
-<a href="#Page_142">142</a>. His mental sufferings<br />
-nurtured by this hopeless passion,<br />
-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>. Accusation against Grimm's<br />
-loyalty in his conduct to Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_145">145</a>. Diderot's letter to<br />
-Rousseau respecting madame<br />
-d'Epinay, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. Indecision of Jean<br />
-Jacques, <a href="#Page_146">146</a>. Removes to Montmorenci,<br />
-<a href="#Page_147">147</a>. Diderot having offended<br />
-him, seeks a reconciliation,<br />
-and is repulsed, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>. The<br />
-nobility court him with compassionate<br />
-regard, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>. His religious<br />
-principles unsettled, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>. "The<br />
-Confession of the Vicar of Savoy,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_152">152</a>. Consequences of the publication<br />
-of "Emile," <a href="#Page_153">153</a>. The<br />
-"Emile" of Rousseau condemned<br />
-to the flames at Geneva, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.<br />
-Rousseau proceeds to Iverdun,<br />
-in the territory of Bern, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.<br />
-Exiled by the states of Bern<br />
-and Geneva, he settles at Motiers,<br />
-near Neufchâtel, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>. Engages<br />
-in a controversy of the Genevans,<br />
-<a href="#Page_157">157</a>. His "Lettres écrites de la<br />
-Montagne," <a href="#Page_157">157</a>. Resides in the<br />
-island of St. Pierre, lake of Bienne,<br />
-<a href="#Page_158">158</a>. Accompanies David<br />
-Hume to England, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>. Writes<br />
-the first portion of his "Confessions"<br />
-at Wotton, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>. George<br />
-III. grants him a pension of 100<i>l.</i><br />
-per annum, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. Being half deranged,<br />
-he flies to France, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.<br />
-Is protected by the prince of Conti,<br />
-<a href="#Page_162">162</a>. He quits the Armenian<br />
-dress he had worn for ten years,<br />
-<a href="#Page_163">163</a>. Is welcomed in Paris, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.<br />
-Reads his "Confessions" to a<br />
-circle of acquaintance, <a href="#Page_164">164</a>. His<br />
-mode of life, and diligence in<br />
-earning a subsistence, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. The<br />
-prince de Ligne takes an interest<br />
-in his welfare, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>. His objection<br />
-to receive presents, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
-Respect shown for him by a<br />
-Parisian audience at a theatre,<br />
-<a href="#Page_168">168</a>. His death, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. Inquiry<br />
-into his state of mind, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>. <i>et<br />
-passim.</i> Inscription on his tomb,<br />
-<a href="#Page_170">170</a>. His character, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>. His reveries,<br />
-<a href="#Page_172">172</a>. Critique on the<br />
-"Emile," <a href="#Page_173">173</a>. On the "Nouvelle<br />
-Héloise," <a href="#Page_174">174</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>S.</p>
-
-<p>Sablière, madame de la, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Her<br />
-society of poets, philosophers, &amp;c.,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Her husband, the marquis<br />
-de la Sablière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. His<br />
-fate, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sacy, M. de, friend of Pascal, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. And of Racine, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Saint Cyr, scene of madame Guyon's<br />
-impassioned mysteries, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_342" class="ext">342</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sainte Helène, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Saint Lambert, M. de, II. <a href="#Page_141">141</a>. <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scaramouche, Italian actor, instructs<br />
-Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scarron, abbé, imitator of Rabelais<br />
-in facetiousness, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>. Allusions<br />
-to, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Schomberg, count de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Created<br />
-marshal, 215. II. <a href="#Page_145">145</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Sciomachie, La," by Rabelais, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scott, sir Walter, his Essay on<br />
-Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>, n. Allusion<br />
-to his works, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Schlegel, his criticisms on Molière,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Schlegel, William, not permitted by<br />
-Buonaparte to reside at madame<br />
-de Staël's at Coppet, II. <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scudéri, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. His attack<br />
-upon Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scudéri, mademoiselle, her novels,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Their extravagant style<br />
-in language and argument, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br />
-Allusions to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Séguier, chancellor of France, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Segur, count de, descended in the<br />
-female line from Montaigne, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Seneca, tragedies of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sévigné, madame de, compares the<br />
-genius of Corneille with Racine,<br />
-and prefers the former, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. Her<br />
-delightful style, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Her character<br />
-of the duke of Rochefoucauld,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Her life narrated,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Her maiden name<br />
-Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>.<br />
-Her father, the baron de Chantal,<br />
-slain at La Rochelle in an engagement<br />
-with the English, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His<br />
-laconic epistle to marshal Schomberg,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. His family the elder<br />
-branch of the Rabutins, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-His wife was Marie de Coulanges,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Their daughter, Marie<br />
-de Rabutin-Chantal, born in<br />
-1626, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Is left an orphan, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-Taught Italian and Latin by<br />
-Ménage and Chapelle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Is<br />
-married to Henri, marquis de<br />
-Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Her children, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-The marquise a zealous Frondeuse,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Her friendship with<br />
-mademoiselle de Montpensier<br />
-and the duchess de Châtillon, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br />
-Loss of her husband, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Educates<br />
-her children, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Her<br />
-widowhood exemplary, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Her<br />
-grief on the loss of the abbé de<br />
-Coulanges, her uncle, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. She frequents<br />
-the Hôtel Rambouillet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>.<br />
-Quarrel of Bussy-Rabutin with his<br />
-fair cousin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Reconciliation,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. He reproaches her with<br />
-avarice, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Her sorrow for the<br />
-imprisonment and exile of de<br />
-Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Her sympathy with the<br />
-misfortunes of Fouquet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>,<br />
-n. She retires from Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>.<br />
-Returns and presents her daughter<br />
-at court, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Her journeys<br />
-to her estate of Les Rochers in<br />
-Brittany, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>.; and to see<br />
-her daughter in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. Her separation from her<br />
-daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Her son accompanies<br />
-an expedition to Candia,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. His attachment for Ninon<br />
-de l'Enclos, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. He marries and<br />
-retires to his estates in Brittany,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. Madame de<br />
-la Fayette and other friends of<br />
-madame de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Her<br />
-life in Brittany described, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br />
-Seized with rheumatism, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>.<br />
-She is out of favour at court,<br />
-as being a Jansenist, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br />
-She spends her latter years with<br />
-her daughter in Provence, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a>.<br />
-Final visit to Paris, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>. She<br />
-dies at Grignan, aged 70. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>.<br />
-Opinions on her character and<br />
-literary merit, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Her<br />
-family now extinct, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Remark<br />
-of madame de Sévigné, II. <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.<br />
-Her correspondence:&mdash;Letters<br />
-to her daughter, madame de<br />
-Grignan, I, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>.<br />
-Her letters to her cousin the<br />
-count de Bussy-Rabutin, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_249" class="ext">249</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>. Her letters<br />
-to various friends, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br />
-Letters from count de Bussy to<br />
-madame de Sévigné, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sévigné, Henri Marquis de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-His marriage with Marie de Rabutin-Chantal<br />
-at first happy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-Their son and daughter, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-His relationship to the cardinal<br />
-de Retz, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. The marquis and<br />
-his celebrated lady join the<br />
-Fronde, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His affection for<br />
-Ninon de l'Enclos, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Killed<br />
-by the chevalier d'Albret in a<br />
-duel, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Shakspeare, William, I. 40. Voltaire's<br />
-remarks on, II. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sirven family, case of the, II. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
-<br />
-"Songes Drolatiques," to whom<br />
-ascribed, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sophocles, I. 40. II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. His "Œdipus<br />
-Tyrannus," <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sorbonne, the, condemns Rabelais'<br />
-"Pantagruel," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. The "Philosophical<br />
-Cream," a burlesque<br />
-on the schoolmen of, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Condemns<br />
-the book on St. Augustin,<br />
-by Antony Arnaud, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Soyecourt, M. de, Grand-Veneur,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Spain, the modern drama takes its<br />
-rise in, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Guillen de Castro,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Lope de Vega, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. War of<br />
-with France during the minority<br />
-of Louis XIV., <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="Stael">Staël</a> Holstein, baronne de, her<br />
-father, M. Necker, placed in the<br />
-banking-house of Thelusson, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_295">295</a>. His essay on corn-laws,<br />
-<a href="#Page_295">295</a>. Marries mademoiselle<br />
-Churchod, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. Their only<br />
-daughter, <a href="#Page_296">296</a>. Early instructions<br />
-and habits of madame de Staël,<br />
-<a href="#Page_297">297</a>. Attention paid her in society<br />
-by men of letters, <a href="#Page_297">297</a>. Her<br />
-attention to their discourse, <a href="#Page_298">298</a>.<br />
-Her taste for society thus acquired,<br />
-<a href="#Page_298">298</a>. Fears with regard to<br />
-her health, <a href="#Page_299">299</a>. She attributes her<br />
-frankness, to her father's quick<br />
-perception of her faults, <a href="#Page_300">300</a>. His<br />
-high repute in France, <a href="#Page_301">301</a>. His<br />
-"Compte Rendu," <a href="#Page_301">301</a>. <a href="#Page_304">304</a>. Retires<br />
-to Coppet on the Lake of Geneva,<br />
-<a href="#Page_302">302</a>. His work on finance, its<br />
-enormous sale, <a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Mlle. Necker<br />
-begins to write at an early age,<br />
-<a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Her Plays and Tales printed,<br />
-<a href="#Page_303">303</a>. Her suitors, <a href="#Page_304">304</a>. Mr. Gibbon<br />
-a visitor at Necker's, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>.<br />
-She espouses the baron de Staël<br />
-Holstein, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>. Her letters on the<br />
-writings of Rousseau, <a href="#Page_305">305</a>. Portrait<br />
-or character of her at this<br />
-period, <a href="#Page_306">306</a>. Her father restored<br />
-to the ministry by Louis XVI.,<br />
-<a href="#Page_307">307</a>. His moderation, <a href="#Page_307">307</a>. Is<br />
-again exiled, and ordered to depart<br />
-silently, <a href="#Page_308">308</a>. Necker and<br />
-his wife repair to Brussels. <a href="#Page_309">309</a>.<br />
-Madame de Staël's remarks on<br />
-joining him there, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>. His<br />
-generosity in financial matters<br />
-toward the nation, <a href="#Page_309">309</a>. The Bastille<br />
-being destroyed, Louis again<br />
-sends for him, and he returns to<br />
-Paris, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>. The baroness describes<br />
-their journey, <a href="#Page_311">311</a>. She<br />
-witnesses many events of the revolution,<br />
-<a href="#Page_312">312</a>. Interview with<br />
-Marie Antoinette, <a href="#Page_313">313</a>. Necker<br />
-resigns on account of the issue<br />
-of assignats, which he disapproved,<br />
-<a href="#Page_313">313</a>. Madame de Staël<br />
-shares in Lafayette's plan for<br />
-effecting the escape of the king,<br />
-<a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Her carriage stopped by<br />
-the republicans, <a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Her courage,<br />
-<a href="#Page_314">314</a>. Sets out from Paris,<br />
-<a href="#Page_315">315</a>. Carried before the section<br />
-of St. Germain, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. She pleads<br />
-before Robespierre's tribunal her<br />
-being the ambassadress from<br />
-Sweden, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. Is saved by the<br />
-interposition of Manuel, <a href="#Page_316">316</a>. Is<br />
-allowed to leave Paris with her<br />
-maid only, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Her joy on traversing<br />
-Mount Jura and arriving<br />
-at her father's at Coppet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Visits England, <a href="#Page_317">317</a>. Her<br />
-father's pamphlet in favour of<br />
-Louis XVI., and her appeal for<br />
-the queen, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>. Death of madame<br />
-Necker, <a href="#Page_318">318</a>. M. de Staël<br />
-repairs to Paris as Swedish ambassador,<br />
-accompanied by the<br />
-baroness, <a href="#Page_319">319</a>. Although denounced<br />
-in the reign of terror,<br />
-her influence was still great, <a href="#Page_320">320</a>.<br />
-Her feelings and character depicted,<br />
-<a href="#Page_320">320</a>. Her first meeting<br />
-with Buonaparte unpropitious,<br />
-<a href="#Page_321">321</a>. Invasion of Switzerland,<br />
-<a href="#Page_322">322</a>. She repairs to Coppet to M.<br />
-Necker, <a href="#Page_322">322</a>. Witnesses the revolution<br />
-which established Buonaparte,<br />
-<a href="#Page_323">323</a>. Her conversation<br />
-with Joseph Buonaparte, <a href="#Page_324">324</a>.<br />
-Benjamin Constant her friend,<br />
-<a href="#Page_324">324</a>. Enmity of Napoleon on account<br />
-of Constant's opposition,<br />
-<a href="#Page_325">325</a>. Her loss of her husband in<br />
-1799, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Her novel of "Delphine,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Its charm, <a href="#Page_327">327</a>. Her<br />
-love of her father, <a href="#Page_328">328</a>. On the expiration<br />
-of the peace of Amiens she<br />
-is exiled from Paris, <a href="#Page_329">329</a>. She is<br />
-accompanied by Benjamin Constant<br />
-to Weimar and Berlin, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>.<br />
-Her "Années d'Exil" one of her<br />
-best writings, <a href="#Page_330">330</a>. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Death of<br />
-her father, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Her affection<br />
-for her children, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Her society,<br />
-<a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Publishes the writings<br />
-of M. Necker, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Visits<br />
-Rome and writes "Corinne,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Opinion of that work in<br />
-Italy, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>. Publishes "Corinne"<br />
-at Rouen, <a href="#Page_332">332</a>. Her perception of<br />
-ennui, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>. Her sentiments, <a href="#Page_333">333</a>.<br />
-Intends publishing her "Germany"<br />
-at Blois, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. The impression<br />
-is seized, and she is ordered to<br />
-quit France, <a href="#Page_331">331</a>. Persecution of<br />
-her unabated, <a href="#Page_335">335</a>. She accompanies<br />
-M. de Montmorency in a<br />
-tour through Switzerland, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>.<br />
-Madame Recamier banished for<br />
-having spent a few hours with<br />
-her, <a href="#Page_336">336</a>. M. Rocca, a young<br />
-Spanish officer in the French<br />
-army, wounded, visits Geneva,<br />
-<a href="#Page_337">337</a>. Falls in love, <a href="#Page_337">337</a>. Madame<br />
-de Staël marries him, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
-She escapes from Coppet, <a href="#Page_338">338</a>.<br />
-Journey through Austria, Poland,<br />
-Russia, and Sweden, to England,<br />
-<a href="#Page_338">338</a>. <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Admired by the English,<br />
-<a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Louis XVIII. repays to her<br />
-two millions which her father had<br />
-generously advanced to Louis<br />
-XVI., <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Lord Byron thought<br />
-likely to marry Albertine de<br />
-Staël, her daughter, <a href="#Page_339">339</a>. Byron<br />
-living at Diodati visits at Coppet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_310">310</a>. Her daughter marries the<br />
-duke de Broglie, <a href="#Page_310">310</a>. Madame de<br />
-Staël's piety, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her remark<br />
-upon life, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her resignation in<br />
-sickness, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. Her death in Paris,<br />
-aged nearly fifty-two, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. M.<br />
-Rocca survived his wife but a few<br />
-months, <a href="#Page_341">341</a>. She had many enemies,<br />
-the result sometimes of envy<br />
-of merit, <a href="#Page_342">342</a>. Her love of France,<br />
-<a href="#Page_342">342</a>. Chateaubriand's opinion of<br />
-her, <a href="#Page_343">343</a>. Interest of her works,<br />
-<a href="#Page_343">343</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Stanislas, king of Poland, II. <a href="#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sterne, Laurence, his "Tristram<br />
-Shandy" resembles "Rabelais," I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-St. Evremond, M. de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>.<br />
-<br />
-St. Pierre, M. Bernardin de, II. <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.<br />
-His account of J. J. Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_167">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-St.Pierre, abbé de St., II. <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sully, duke of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. His administration,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sully, duke of, a warm friend of<br />
-Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Swift, dean, his "Gulliver," and<br />
-"Tale of a Tub," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>T.</p>
-
-<p>"Tartuffe, Le," of Molière, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>.<br />
-Application of the character to<br />
-the bishop of Autun, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tellier, Le, secretary of state, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tellier, archbishop of Rheims,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>, n.<br />
-<br />
-Tencin, cardinal, II. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Terence, comedies of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-<br />
-<a id="Theatre">Theatre</a>, French, mysteries and<br />
-moralities preceded the regular<br />
-drama, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Indebted to Spanish<br />
-dramatists, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. "Mélite," by<br />
-Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Dramas of Hardy,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Of cardinal de Richelieu,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. Theatre in the cardinal's<br />
-palace, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>. "Sophonisba" of<br />
-Mairet, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. Plays of Corneille<br />
-critically examined, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. His<br />
-"Essais sur le Théâtre," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Voltaire's<br />
-rules for French diction in<br />
-tragedy, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Corneille's style,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Molière's first comedy of<br />
-"L'Etourdi," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. His "Le Dépit<br />
-Amoureux," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Farcical interludes<br />
-of merit by Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-These form the groundwork of his<br />
-best comedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Theatres of<br />
-Paris in the time of Molière,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Racine's comedy of<br />
-"Les Plaideurs," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Voltaire's<br />
-"Œdipe" and numerous dramas,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <i>et seq.</i><br />
-<br />
-Thianges, madame de, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Thiers, M., his "History of the<br />
-French Revolution," II. <a href="#Page_273">273</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Thiriot, M., early companion of<br />
-Voltaire, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. <a href="#Page_107">107</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Thomas, M., French writer and<br />
-poet, II. <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Thou, De; president, his opinion of<br />
-Rabelais, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tiraqueau, André, French magistrate,<br />
-letter of Rabelais to, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Torricelli, mathematician, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tory, Geoffry, the "Champ Fleury"<br />
-of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Toulouse, judgments by the parliament<br />
-of, II. <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tragedy, French, Pierre Corneille,<br />
-the father of. I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Thomas<br />
-Corneille's plays, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Racine's<br />
-tragedies, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. Voltaire's Commentary<br />
-on Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-Voltaire's tragedies, II. <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, &amp;c.<br />
-<br />
-Tronchin, Dr., of Geneva, II. <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_81">81</a>. <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. <a href="#Page_299">299</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Turenne, marshal de, serves in conjunction<br />
-with Condé at Rocroi, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Gives battle to the prince of<br />
-Condé, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.; and defeats him, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Turgot, M., finance minister, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_100">100</a>. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>. <a href="#Page_178">178</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Turlupin, French comedian in<br />
-Molière's time, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>U.</p>
-
-<p>Unity of time in dramatic works,<br />
-critique on the, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>V.</p>
-
-<p>Vallière, mademoiselle de la, favourite<br />
-of Louis XIV., I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vega, Lope de, his "Verdad Sospechosa,"<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vendôme, duke of, II. <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Versoi, village of, II. <a href="#Page_100">100</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Verville, Béroalde de, his "Moyen<br />
-de Parvenir," I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Victoire, the abbé de la, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villars, maréchale, de, II. <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villars, duchess de, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villette, M. and madame de, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_102">102</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Virgil, extraordinary commentary<br />
-on a line of, II. <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vitart, M., uncle of Jean Racine, I.<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Voiture, his poetry addressed to<br />
-Julie d'Angennes, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Fabulous<br />
-adventure in punishment of<br />
-his insolence towards her, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br />
-Is styled <i>Alcovist</i>, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. His conceits,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. Anecdote relative to,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Voltaire, François-Marie Arouet<br />
-de, observations of, I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His<br />
-pillage of Rabelais, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. His Commentary<br />
-on the "Cid," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>, n. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-Patronises a lady descended from<br />
-the daughter of Corneille, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-His observation on the duke of<br />
-Rochefoucauld's "Maxims," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br />
-His opinion of Molière, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. On<br />
-Pascal, <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>, n. Of madame de Sévigné,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>. His censure of Boileau,<br />
-<a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>, n. His "Siècle de<br />
-Louis XIV.," <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a>, n. His letters,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_1">1</a>. His infidel principles,<br />
-<a href="#Page_2">2</a>. Distinction between Christianity<br />
-and that religion known as<br />
-the church of Rome, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>. His<br />
-birth in 1694, <a href="#Page_4">4</a>. Educated in the<br />
-college of Louis-le-Grand, <a href="#Page_5">5</a>. Introduced<br />
-to Parisian society, <a href="#Page_6">6</a>.<br />
-His love for mademoiselle du<br />
-Noyer, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. His reconciliation<br />
-with his father, M. Arouet, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. Is<br />
-placed as pupil with M. Alain, attorney,<br />
-<a href="#Page_9">9</a>. Is enamoured with<br />
-madame de Villars, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>. He visits<br />
-M. de Caumartin, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>. His return<br />
-to Paris, the duke of Orléans<br />
-being regent, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Is sent to the<br />
-Bastille for verses imputed to him,<br />
-<a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Liberated on the mistake<br />
-being proved, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>. Writes the<br />
-"Henriade," <a href="#Page_12">12</a>. Its interest, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.<br />
-His tragedy of "Œdipus." <a href="#Page_15">15</a>. <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
-His mode of life, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Visits the<br />
-châteaux of the nobility, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Has<br />
-the small-pox, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. His tragedy of<br />
-"Mariamne," <a href="#Page_16">16</a>. Visits Holland,<br />
-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. His quarrel with J. J. Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_17">17</a>. Is insulted by Chev. de<br />
-Rohan, challenges him; but is sent<br />
-to the Bastille, banished, and<br />
-visits England, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. Studies Locke<br />
-and Newton, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>. An edition of<br />
-the "Henriade," in London, enriches<br />
-him, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. Returns to<br />
-Paris, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>. Success of his tragedies,<br />
-<a href="#Page_19">19</a>. The priests detest him, <a href="#Page_19">19</a>.<br />
-Acquires some wealth by his pen<br />
-and by inheritance, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>. Purchases<br />
-the estate of Voltaire, and<br />
-assumes that name, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>. His attachment<br />
-for madame du Châtelet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_21">21</a>. His "Brutus" and "Eryphile"<br />
-unsuccessful tragedies, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
-Pathos of his "Zaire," <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. Rapidly<br />
-composed, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. Its success, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.<br />
-Increase of his fame, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>. His<br />
-"Charles XII.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. "Siècle de<br />
-Louis XIV.," <a href="#Page_23">23</a>. <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_30">30</a>. <a href="#Page_60">60</a>. <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. Is<br />
-constrained to withdraw into<br />
-Normandy, having offended the<br />
-clergy, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. His "Lettres sur les<br />
-Anglais," <a href="#Page_64">64</a>. Lettre de cachet<br />
-issued against him for that publication,<br />
-<a href="#Page_24">24</a>. <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. Conceals himself<br />
-at the marquis du Châtelet's in<br />
-Champagne, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>. His "Mérope,"<br />
-"Mahomet," &amp;c., <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. He acts<br />
-in a private theatre, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. Writes<br />
-the "Pucelle d'Orléans," <a href="#Page_25">25</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_33">33</a>. Revisits Cirey and the marquis<br />
-du Châtelet, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>. <a href="#Page_28">28</a>. His<br />
-conduct towards madame de<br />
-Graffigny, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>. His "Correspondence"<br />
-with Frederic the Great,<br />
-<a href="#Page_35">35</a>. <a href="#Page_37">37</a>. The poet and king flatter<br />
-and quarrel, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>. Visits Frederic<br />
-in Germany, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>. "Mahomet"<br />
-performed at Lille, <a href="#Page_43">43</a>. Desires a<br />
-seat in the French Academy, <a href="#Page_44">44</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_56">56</a>. Cabal to oppose him, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
-Success of his "Mérope," <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.<br />
-Is sent to the Hague and to<br />
-Berlin as an envoy from Louis<br />
-XV., <a href="#Page_46">46</a>. He returns to France,<br />
-<a href="#Page_47">47</a>. Visits the duchess du Maine,<br />
-and writes "Zadig," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. Acts<br />
-at Sceaux the part of Cicero in<br />
-his "Rome Sauvée," <a href="#Page_48">48</a>. He<br />
-visits king Stanislas at Luneville,<br />
-<a href="#Page_49">49</a>. <a href="#Page_51">51</a>. His "Semiramis," <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.<br />
-Ill of fever at Chalons, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>. "Catiline,"<br />
-<a href="#Page_51">51</a>. He settles in Paris,<br />
-and receives his niece madame<br />
-Denis to preside in his house, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.<br />
-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Private theatre in his house,<br />
-<a href="#Page_55">55</a>. Account of Voltaire by Le<br />
-Kain, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>. Visits Frederic at<br />
-Potsdam, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>. Is appointed chamberlain<br />
-by that monarch, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>. A<br />
-pension granted him, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>. Discontents,<br />
-<a href="#Page_61">61</a>. Frederic requiring<br />
-a strict attention to his injunctions,<br />
-<a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Voltaire rendered suspicious,<br />
-<a href="#Page_63">63</a>. Becomes indignant,<br />
-<a href="#Page_66">66</a>. Satirizes Maupertuis, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>. <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.<br />
-His amicable interview with the<br />
-monarch, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>. He repairs to Saxe<br />
-Gotha, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Meets madame Denis<br />
-at Frankfort, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>. Is arrested, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.<br />
-Letter of the king, <a href="#Page_70">70</a>. <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, n. His<br />
-journey to Lyons, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. Consults Dr.<br />
-Tronchin at Geneva on his health,<br />
-<a href="#Page_72">72</a>. Purchases a house near Geneva<br />
-named "Les Delices," <a href="#Page_71">71</a>. <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.<br />
-Composes tragedies, and writes<br />
-"Candide," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. His "Manners<br />
-and Spirit of Nations," <a href="#Page_74">74</a>. Some<br />
-dangers impend over him, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.<br />
-Force of his satire, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>. His château<br />
-of Ferney on the borders of<br />
-France and Geneva, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>. The<br />
-"Encyclopédie," begun by Diderot<br />
-and d'Alembert, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Voltaire<br />
-writes some literary articles<br />
-for it, <a href="#Page_77">77</a>. Case of Jean Calas,<br />
-broken on the wheel on a false<br />
-accusation, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>. Voltaire succeeds<br />
-in proving his innocence, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>.<br />
-Exculpation and relief of the<br />
-surviving family, <a href="#Page_82">82</a>. Case of<br />
-the Sirven family, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>. Case of<br />
-the chevalier de la Barre, <a href="#Page_84">84</a>.<br />
-Heaps ridicule on Jean-Jacques<br />
-Rousseau, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>. His conversation<br />
-delightful, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>. Visited by Marmontel,<br />
-<a href="#Page_91">91</a>. By the countess de<br />
-Genlis, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>. Attempted persecution<br />
-of, by the bishop of the<br />
-diocese, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>. Residence of Voltaire,<br />
-through his active spirit of<br />
-charity and improvement, a blessing<br />
-to the district, <a href="#Page_100">100</a>. He repairs<br />
-to Paris in 1788, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>. His<br />
-tragedy of "Irene," <a href="#Page_103">103</a>. Honourable<br />
-reception of the poet,<br />
-<a href="#Page_103">103</a>. His profession of faith, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>. His friendly and<br />
-forgiving nature, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>. Criticism<br />
-on his works, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>. His plays,<br />
-<a href="#Page_109">109</a>. Was visited at Ferney by<br />
-Condorcet and d'Alembert, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>W.</p>
-
-<p>Wagner, M., secretary of Voltaire,<br />
-II. <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Walpole, Horace, his fictitious letter<br />
-on the subject of Rousseau, II.<br />
-<a href="#Page_159">159</a>. <a href="#Page_161">161</a>. His contempt of Rousseau,<br />
-<a href="#Page_164">164</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Warens, countess de, II. <a href="#Page_117">117</a>. Her<br />
-history told by Jean Jacques<br />
-Rousseau, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>-<a href="#Page_128">128</a>. <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Winterfeld, baron de, II. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Winterfeld, baroness de, formerly<br />
-Mlle. du Noyer, II. <a href="#Page_8">8</a>. <a href="#Page_9">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Wycherly, his comedy, "The Country<br />
-Girl," imitated from Molière,<br />
-I. <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/65317/65317-h/65317-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.</p>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4>THE END.</h4>
-
-<hr class="chap" />
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="TABLE_III">TABLE,<br />
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br />
-TO THE FIRST VOLUME OF<br />
-LIVES OF<br />
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4>
-
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">DANTE ALEGHIERI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div>
-</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Descent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1265.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Mother's Dream</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Brunetto Latini</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Story of his early Love for Beatrice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1290.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Vita Nuova" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Uncertain Traditions concerning the early Part of Dante's Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage with Madonna Gemma</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Guelfs and Ghibelines </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Battle of Campaldino </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1289.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante serves in the Cavalry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Inferno, Canto XXII., giving an Account, of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">this Conflict</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He again takes the Field at the Siege of Caprona</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the Inferno, Canto XXI. </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is chosen chief Prior of his native City</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div>
- <div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the Schism between the Bianchi and the Neri </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Cerchi and the Donati</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Banishment of the principal Instigators of the Neri and the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bianchi</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante suspected of favouring the Bianchi Party </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He vindicates himself</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Entrance of Charles into Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Recal of the Neri </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Six Hundred of the Bianchi driven into Exile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Embassy of Dante to Rome </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
- <div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio accuses him of Self-confidence and Disparagement of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">others</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Confiscation of Dante's Property</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Banishment </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He joins the Confederates of the Bianchi at Arezzo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their unfortunate Expedition against Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pietro Petracco </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante quits the Confederacy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His personal Humiliation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Purgatorio" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Henry of Luxembourg raised to the Throne of Germany</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1308.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante professes himself a Ghibeline</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Henry of Luxembourg poisoned</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1313.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante dedicates his "De Monarchia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He wanders from one petty Court to another</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Busone da Gubbio affords him shelter at Arezzo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him while at Verona</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guido Novello da Polenta, Lord of Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mental Sufferings of Dante</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to a Friend who had obtained Leave for him to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">return to his Country</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his "Paradiso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence at Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1321.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Copy of his "Divina Commedia" embellished by Michael<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Angelo</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dante&mdash;his Tomb at Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Restoration of his Property to his Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "De Monarchia" publicly burnt at Rome, by Order of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pope</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Dante by Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Musical Talents of Dante</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Purgatorio"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His two Sons the first Commentators</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lyrics of Dante</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the "Divina Commedia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Observations on the Title of the "Divina Commedia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from the "Inferno"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Strictures on it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">And on the "Inferno"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div>
-
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">PETRARCH.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Progenitors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1302.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Banishment from Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch and his Mother return from Banishment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1305.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They remove to Pisa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1312.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They proceed to Avignon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They quit this for Carpentras, where Petrarch becomes<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">acquainted with Settimo</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1315.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Montpellier</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1319.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father destines him for the Law</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Aversion to it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Bologna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1323.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to France, on the Death of his Father; he<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">abandons the Law</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He resides with his Brother at Avignon; he becomes a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Favourite with the Nobles</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for John of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Giacomo Colonna; his illustrious Descent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(April 6th.) His Acquaintance with Laura</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1327.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Devotion to her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His poetic Life commences</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Patriotism </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Giacomo Colonna made Bishop of Lombes; Petrarch<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies him to his Bishoprick</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1330.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Friendship for Lello and Louis</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He makes the Tour of France, Flanders, and Brabant</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1331.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with a Disappointment at Lyons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(August 6th.) He returns to Avignon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Excursion to Mont Ventoux</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Father Dionisio Robertis</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Retirement to the Valley of Vaucluse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Description of it </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Version of one of Petrarch's Canzoni, by Lady Dacre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Criticisms on Petrarch's Italian Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Philip de Cabassoles, Bishop of Cavaillon, becomes the Intimate<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Petrarch</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Petrarch to Giacomo Colonna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch receives Letters from Rome and Paris, inviting him<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to accept the Crown of Poetry; he accepts the former</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1340.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception at the Court of King Robert of Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1341.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(April 17th.) His Coronation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Rome and arrives at Parma</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He meets Azzo Correggio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Giacomo Colonna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Early Death of Thomas of Messina</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Grief for the Loss of these Friends</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He and Rienzi sent on an Embassy to Rome, on the Accession<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pope Clement VI.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He meets Laura at Avignon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Confidants</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Robert, King of Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1343.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is succeeded by his Daughter Giovanna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mission of Petrarch to Queen Giovanna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Nicola di Rienzi seizes upon the Government of Rome, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">assumes the Name of Tribune</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1345.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Change produced by him in the State of the Country</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch offered a Bishoprick, which he refuses</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Avignon, and repairs to Parma</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1347.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Downfal of Rienzi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Plague in Italy </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1348.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(January 25th.) An Earthquake</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(April 6th.) Death of Laura</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Account of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome on Occasion of the Jubilee</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1350.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Assassination of Giacomo da Carrara, Lord of Padua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Restitution of Petrarch's paternal Property</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1351.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Petrarch at Avignon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Pope Clement VI. on the Choice of a Physician</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He revisits Vaucluse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pope Clement VI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1352.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch visits the Carthusian Convent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Treatise "On Solitary Life"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He crosses the Alps, and visits Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1353.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is invited by Charles, Emperor of Germany, to visit Mantua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1354.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He exhorts Charles to deliver Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch at Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1355.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent on two Missions&mdash;one to Venice, the other to Prague</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of France by the English</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1360.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch sent to congratulate King John on his Return from<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Imprisonment</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Settimo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Italy again visited by the Plague</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1361.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Petrarch's Son</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Francesco, Daughter of Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Dante and Petrarch compared</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"The Triumph of Death"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Description of Laura's Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio, his Attachment for Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1363.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Leonzio Pilato's Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Letter to Pope Urban V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1367.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reply </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch suffers from Fever</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1369.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(January.) His Letter to a Friend who had asked him, "how<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">he was"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1372.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of the Decameron of Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1374.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Will</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOCCACCIO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1313.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters on the Study of the Canonical Law</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1329.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Dislike for this Study</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1333.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits the Tomb of Virgil</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1338.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Description of it </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio&mdash;his Admiration of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Another Circumstance occurs which confirms his Predilection<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for Literature</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1341.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Commencement of his Attachment for Lady Mary</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Some Account of her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Book, "Filocopo"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Story of it </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to Florence on the Death of his Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1342.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Ameto"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1344.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of King Robert</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Queen Jane and her Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Filostrato," of Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Amorosa Fiammetta" and "Amorosa Visione"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes "The Decameron"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1348.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Preface</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Plague in Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on the "Decameron"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Burning of the "Decameron"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1497.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Ventisettana" and "Delphin" edition of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Decameron" published</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Boccaccio to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1350.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His various Embassies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Petrarch at Padua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1351.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent to Bohemia to Louis of Bavaria</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Again sent on a Mission to Avignon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1354.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His violent Party Feelings </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Answer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boccaccio&mdash;his enthusiastic Love for the Study of the Ancients</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His celebrated Copy of Dante</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Petrarch at Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Moral Change in him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A singular Circumstance occurs which achieves this moral Work</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1361.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He communicates this Circumstance to Petrarch</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Letter in Answer </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Power and Influence of Acciajuolo, Seneschal of Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1363.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He invites Boccaccio to his Palace</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His unworthy Treatment of Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He removes from his Palace in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Residence at Certaldo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Work, "De Casibus Virorum et Færainarum Illustrium"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Pope Urban V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1355.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He projects a Visit to Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Petrarch, whom he missed seeing</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Niccolo di Montefalcone, Abbot of the Carthusian<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monastery of San Stefano, in Calabria</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1370.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1372.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to his Retreat at Certaldo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1373. </div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Work on "The Genealogy of the Gods"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Professorship for the Public Explanation of the "Divina<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commedie" conferred on him</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch's Death </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1374.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Grief of Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(December 21st.) Death of Boccaccio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1375.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LORENZO DE' MEDICI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ficino, Pico Della Mirandola, Politian, the Pulci, &amp;c.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Platonic Doctrines in Italy </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1438.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gemisthus Pletho</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Medicean Library founded by Cosmo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1464.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds to his Father's Wealth and Influence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Pazzi Conspiracy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1478.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Sixtus VI. leagues all Italy against Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1479.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici&mdash;his Firmness and Talents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1480.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He induces the King of Naples to conclude a Treaty with<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Yearly Anniversary of Plato's Death instituted </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lorenzo de' Medici&mdash;his Commentary on his first Sonnet</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract of a Translation of one of his Sonnets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Nencia da Barbarino" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">And another, "Canzoni Carnaleschi"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His descriptive Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MARSIGLIO FICINO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1433.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is adopted by Lorenzo de' Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Platonic Institutions"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Treatise on the Origin of the World"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He assumes the Clerical Profession</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1468.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Cure of two Churches and Cathedral of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1475.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(October 1st.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1499.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GIOVANNI PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro"> His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1463.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His 900 Propositions published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Persecution and Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ANGELO POLIZIANO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(July 24th.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1454.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">In Florence, he attracts the Attention of Lorenzo de' Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He engages him as Tutor to his Children</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professorship of Greek and Latin in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">University of Florence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Jacopo Antiquário</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disasters which befell the Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Politian's Monody on Lorenzo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(September 24th.) Politian.&mdash;His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BERNARDO PULCI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUCA FULCI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUIGI PULCI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Author of the "Morgante Maggiore"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on "Morgante Maggiore"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Family of the Heroes of Romance</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Morgante Maggiore"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of the Poem</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CIECO DA FERRARA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Author of "Mambriano"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1509.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BURCHIELLO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1448.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOJARDO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Matteo Maria Bojardo; his Ancestors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1434.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is sent out as one of the Noblemen to welcome Frederic III.<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Ferrara</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1469.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Borso, Marquess of Ferrara, created Duke</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1471.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bojardo accompanies him to Rome on his Investiture</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Bojardo to Taddea</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1472.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bojardo selected by the Duke of Ercole to escort his Wife to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ferrara</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1473.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Governor of Reggio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1478.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Lyrical Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Classical Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Extract from his "Orlando Innamorato"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BERNI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Francesco Berni</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Vignaiuoli established at Rome by Oberto Strozzi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Rome plundered by the Colonna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1526.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(July 26th.) Death of Berni</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1536.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of his "Rifacimento"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alterations made by Berni in "Orlando Innamorato"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His introductory Stanzas which he appended to each Canto</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Disposition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Extract as a Specimen of his Humour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernese Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ARIOSTO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(September 8th.) Ludovico Ariosto, his Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1474.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Lineage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Latin the universal Language of Writers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Transmutation and Transfusion of the dead Languages<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">into modern Tongues</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Ariosto's Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His pecuniary Difficulties in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His filial and paternal Affection</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Brothers Gabriele and Galasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sisters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from his second Satire, alluding to his Mother</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Bagatelles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Orlando Furioso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Answer to Cardinal Bembo, who advises him to write it in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Latin</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Ferrara threatened with the Thunders of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vatican</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto sent as Ambassador to Rome on this Occasion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Julius II. enters into a League with the Venetians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Papal Forces defeated at Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Capture and Dispersion of the Republican Squadron on the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">River Po</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto, his gallant Conduct on this Occasion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Embassy to Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His uncourteous Reception by the Pontiff</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Emperor Alfonso, his fruitless Negotiations with the implacable<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Julius</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">And the perfidious Treatment he receives</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The singular Manner in which he retaliates</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The first Edition of the "Orlando Furioso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1515.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Succeeding Reprints and Variations of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The last Edition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto refuses to accompany Cardinal Hippolito to his Bishoprick</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their consequent Estrangement</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Story of Hippolito, his natural Brother, and a Lady to whom<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">they both paid their Addresses; the infamous and unnatural</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conduct of the Cardinal</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Independence of Ariosto</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ease, Freedom, and Independence necessary to the Life of a<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Ariosto to his Brother Alessandro</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto enters the Service of Duke Alfonso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Discomforts and Mortifications of his precarious Circumstances</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reasons for not taking Orders</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Leo X. issues a Bull in favour of the "Orlando Furioso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">What Claims had Ariosto on the Bounty of Leo X.?</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Satires</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Dignity and Ease he enjoys at the Court of Alfonso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Government of Graffagnana</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Rencontre with some of his uncouth Neighbours</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Baretti, his Version of this Anecdote</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Satires</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to accept a third Embassy to Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Answer to Bonaventura Pistolfo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Release from his Government</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He perfects his "Orlando;" his Dramatic Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A curious Anecdote of him when a Child</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on his Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ariosto, his last Illness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Apocryphal Traditions of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Elegies, Sonnets, and Madrigals</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of one of his Sonnets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Difficulty of translating his Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">English Versions of his "Orlando Furioso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Recitation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His whimsical Peculiarities; his Habits</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reveries</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His last Hours</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Monument</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sketch of the Outline of the "Orlando Furioso"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critical Remarks on it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Sequel and Imitation of it </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MACHIAVELLI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">850.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(February 3d.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1469.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Nothing known of his Childhood and Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Paul Jovius</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli Secretary under Marcellus Virgil</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Florence agitated by the Prophet Salvanorola </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1497.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marcellus Virgil elected High Chancellor</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli made Chancellor of the Second Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1498.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is Secretary of the Council of Ten</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Missions to various Sovereigns and States</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Italy convulsed by foreign Armies and domestic Quarrels</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1492.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ludovico Sforza invites Charles VIII. of France into Italy,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instigating him to assert his Right to the Neapolitan Crown</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Entrance of the French into Italy; causes great Commotion in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence; the Overthrow and Exile of the Medicean Family</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1493.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Italy overrun by Charles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Italian System of Warfare</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Charles VIII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1498.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis XII. succeeds him; his speedy Conquest of Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa, under the Rule of Florence, repines at its Servitude; they<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">implore Charles to restore their Independence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1501.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa besieged by the Florentines</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli and Francesco della Caza employed by the Republic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as Envoys to the French Court; curious Style of their Instructions</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They fail in their Object, and return to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Mission to Cæsar Borgia </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Roderigo Borgia chosen Pope; he assumes the Name of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alexander VI.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cæsar Borgia raised to the Rank of Cardinal; his Dislike to the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Jealousy of his Brother, the Duke of Candia, whom he<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">causes to be waylaid and murdered</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He abdicates the Cardinal's Hat, and obtains the Duchy of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Valence in France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to form the Principality in Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Encroachments supported by an Alliance with Louis XII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Attack on Bologna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Revolt of his chief Condottieri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Conspiracy of Magione</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Machiavelli at Imola</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1502.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Interview with Caesar Borgia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cæsar Borgia, his Method of defending himself</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Policy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Paolo Orsino, his Arrival at Imola</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Letter to the Signoria of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation with Cæsar Borgia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Admiration of Borgia's Talents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli solicits to be recalled</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Treaty between Caesar Borgia and the Confederates</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Machiavelli on this Subject</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Borgia leaves Imola</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli follows the Court to Cesena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He again writes from Cesena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Confederates sent to Sinigaglia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Borgia at Sinigaglia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He causes the Orsini and Vitellozzo to be taken Prisoners</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Account of this Transaction</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Treacherous and cruel Revenge of Borgia on the Confederates</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(January 8th.) Machiavelli, his Letter to the Republic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Recal to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1503.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Description of the Method used by the Valentian Duke in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">putting to death Vitellozzo Vitelli</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Decenal"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Anecdote of Cæsar Borgia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Narrow Escape of Cæsar Borgia at Rome, it is supposed from<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poison</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(August 28th.) Sudden Death of his Father, Pope Alexander</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Pope Pius III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fall of the Fortunes of Cæsar Borgia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli's Embassy to Rome to influence the Consultations<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">concerning the future Destination of Cæsar Borgia</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Julius II.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Borgia sent to Romagna in the Name of the Holy See</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Volterra sent after him with a Requisition; Borgia<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">refuses to comply; he is arrested in consequence, and sent on</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">board a French Galley</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is brought back to the Vatican; he is liberated</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He forms new Schemes, is again arrested, and confined in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fortress of Medina del Campo</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Escape and Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1506.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli leaves Rome, and goes to France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1504.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Peace between France and Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Formation of a native Militia in Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1506.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pope Julius II., his Projects</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Florentines delegate Machiavelli to the Court Militant at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rome; his Letters</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Francesco Vettori treats with the Emperor Maximilian at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trent</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1507.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent with the Ultimatum of the Florentines to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trent</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1508.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return, writes his "Account of Germany"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pisa besieged by the Florentines</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1509.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent to assist them</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Enmity between Louis XII. and the Pope</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Mission to Louis; his Letters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1510.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Audience with the King at Blois</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pietro Soderini elected Doge of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1511.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Louis determines to dethrone him; Florence offers him Pisa<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for it</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Terrified by the Menaces of the Pope, they send Machiavelli to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">recal this Offer</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disastrous War, the Consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Diet of Mantua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1512.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of the existing Government of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Restoration of the Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli deprived of his Place</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Conspiracy against the Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli supposed to be implicated; is thrown into Prison<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in consequence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is included in an Amnesty of the new Pope, Leo X.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Francesco Vettori; his Liberation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1513.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Vettori to Machiavelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter in Reply</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vettori, his Endeavours in behalf of Machiavelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Letter to Vittori</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Analysis of his Work, called the "Prince"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelian Policy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Essays on the first "Decade of Livy"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Art of War"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Belfegor" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Vettori</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1514.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Address of Pope Leo X. to Machiavelli; his Advice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1519.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli, his Reply</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Essay on the Reform of the Government of Florence"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli Ambassador to the Minor Friars at Carpi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1521.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Francesco Guicciardini on his Appointment;<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machiavelli, his Reply</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Julius commissions him to write the History of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1524.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Julius becomes Pope Clement VII.; he makes<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Machiavelli his Historiographer</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1526.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Deplorable State of Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Constable Bourbon at Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli sent by the Pope to inspect the Fortifications at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Florence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Bourbon at Bologna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Truce concluded between Clement VII. and Charles V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(6th of May.) Sack of Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Machiavelli assists the Italians in relieving the Pope, who is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">besieged in the Castel Sant' Angelo</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife and Children</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Complete Edition of his Works published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Descendants</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="TABLE_IV">TABLE<br />
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br />
-TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF<br />
-LIVES OF<br />
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4>
-
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GALILEO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(15th of February.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1564.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Ancestors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Years</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Scholar of Arts at the University of Pisa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Studies Medicine under Andrew Cæsalpinus</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Work on the Hydrostatical Balance</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guido Ubaldi engages him to investigate the Centre of Gravity<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of solid Bodies</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Appointed Lecturer of Mathematics at the University of Pisa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Giordano Bruno burnt</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1600.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo attacks by Argument and Experiment the Aristotelian<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Laws of Gravity</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Opposition of the Aristotelians to his Discoveries</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Method of clearing out the Harbour of Leghorn proposed<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by Don Giovanni de' Medici</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo opposes this Opinion; is persecuted in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professorship of Mathematics at the University<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Padua</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1592.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of his Conversion to the Copernican System</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1593.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with an Accident </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He completes his first Engagement at Padua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is re-elected other six Years</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accusation brought against him with respect to Marina Gamba</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A new Star excites the Attention of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Again re-elected to the Professorship of Padua </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His increasing Popularity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Examination of the Properties of the Loadstone</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Doctor Gilbert's Work, the "De Magnete," published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1603.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cosmo proposes to Galileo to return to Pisa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Arrangements suggested by Galileo, and the Manner of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">urging them</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dutch Telescopes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo constructs his first Telescope</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interest which the Telescope excited in Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Art of cleaning and polishing Lenses very imperfect</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Results of the Observations of Galileo on the Moon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Examination of the fixed Stars</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Satellites of Jupiter discovered by Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo's Work, the "Sidereal Messenger," published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reception which these Discoveries met with from Kepler</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Horky; his Work against the Discoveries of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Simon Mayer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Discovery of new Satellites</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">First Enigma of Galileo published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Observations on Saturn and Venus</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception at Rome; he erects his Telescope in the Quirinal<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garden</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1611.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(March.) He discovers the Solar Spots</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Thomas Harriot discovers the Solar Spots (in December)</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Professor Scheiner; his Letters on the Subject of the Solar<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spots</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">These Letters answered by Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Faculæ or Luculi discovered on the Sun's Disc, by Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Observations on Saturn</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of floating Bridges discussed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo "On Floating Bodies"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to the Abbé Castelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1613.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Caccini attacks Galileo from the Pulpit</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Luigi Maraffi apologises to Galileo for this Conduct</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo, his Letter to the Grand Duchess Christian</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(26th of February.) Galileo appears before the Inquisition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He renounces his Opinions</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Copernican System condemned by the Inquisition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interview of Galileo with Pope Paul V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Querenghi to the Cardinal D'Este</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Negotiations of Galileo with Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Three Comets appear</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Discourse on Comets by Marco Guiducci</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1619.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"The Astronomical and Philosophical Balance"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro"> Galileo, his Work "Il Saggiatore"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Cardinal Barberini to the papal Throne</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo, his Visit to Pope Urban VIII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1624.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Cosmo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1629.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pecuniary Difficulties of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Work of Galileo demonstrating the Copernican System</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1630.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"The System of the World of Galileo Galilei"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1632.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Influence of this Work on the public Mind</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Galileo summoned to appear before the Inquisition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(14th of February.) He arrives at Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1633.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is visited by Cardinal Barberini; his Kindness to him </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Trial of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(22d of June.) His Sentence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Abjuration</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">What Excuse is there for his Humiliation and Abjuration?</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Imprisonment of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Arcetri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Daughter</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Indisposition and Melancholy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains Permission of the Pope to return to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1638.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Continued Kindness of the Grand Duke of Tuscany for him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Dialogues on Local Motion"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Discovery of the Moon's Libration</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Blindness of Galileo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is visited by a Number of Strangers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(8th of January.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Epitaph and Monument </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His House</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His domestic Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His scientific Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GUICCIARDINI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(6th of March.) His Birth </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1482.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sent as Ambassador, by the Republic, to Ferdinand King<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aragon</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns home</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Leo X. visits Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini sent to receive him at Cortona</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He makes him Governor of Reggio and Modena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Leo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini, his memorable Defence of Parma</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Made President of Romagna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Administration</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Made Lieutenant-general of the Pontifical Army</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Power of the Medici becomes odious in Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dangers to which Clement VII. is exposed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Palace of Government seized by the younger Nobility</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Federigo da Bozzole sent to treat for it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini, his Zeal in the Cause of the Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Reconciliation between Charles V. and Pope Clement VII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their united Arms turned against Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Second Restoration of the Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of the Liberties of Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Office of Gonfaloniere established</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alessandro de' Medici named Duke</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His disgraceful Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Vices</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini resigns the Government of Romagna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Murder of the Duke Alexander by Lorenzino de' Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cosmo raised to the supreme Power</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guicciardini retires to his Country Seat at Montici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(27th of May.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1540.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VITTORIA COLONNA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Women who aspired to literary Fame in Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cassandra Fedele born; Politian's Letter to her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1465.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vittoria Colonna, her Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1490.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Marriage with the Marquess of Pescara</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pescara made General of the Army at Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Testimony of Affection to his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Answer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pescara</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vittoria Colonna, her Grief in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Friendship for Cardinal Pole and Michael Angelo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GUARINI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1537.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Little known of his early Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Venice to congratulate the new Doge, Pietro<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Loredano</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Embassy to Rome to pay Homage to Gregory XIII.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Mission to Poland to congratulate Henry of Valois on his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Accession</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1573.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return made Chancellor and Secretary of State</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Visit to Poland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of November). His Letter to his Wife during his Journey</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1575.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pastor Fido"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with Tasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He requests his Dismissal from the Duke; he retires to his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villa</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1582.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pastor Fido" acted at Turin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Guarini returns to his Post at Court; is made Secretary of State</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1586.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Missions to Umbria and Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with his Son</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Court of Alfonso and goes to that of Savoy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Savoy, and goes to Padua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He loses his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1591.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Cardinal Gonzaga</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Urbino</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He retires to Ferrara, deputed by the Citizens to congratulate<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul Usur</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Nuptials of Gonzaga and Marguerite of Savoy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1608.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of October.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1612.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">TORQUATO TASSO, SON OF BERNARDO TASSO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Ancestors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso appointed Secretary of State to Ferrante<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sanseverino, Prince of Salerno</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1493.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage with Portia Rossi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(11th of March.) Torquato Tasso, his Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1544.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso joins his Patron in the War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Infancy of Torquato</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Bernardo from the War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Prince of Salerno and his Adherents declared Rebels</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo, his Exile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso, his Separation from his Mother; Lines written<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">by him on this Occasion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He and Cowper compared</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Mother</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1556.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso at Rome with his Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is implicated in his reputed Treason</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Vittoria Colonna on the Marriage of his Sister<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornelia</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Letter of Bernardo to his Daughter</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo flies to Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to Pesaro</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vicissitudes of Bernardo Tasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso, his Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Boileau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Joan of Arc"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Curiosities of Literature"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato translates his Father's Poems and Letters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Amadigi"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso studies Jurisprudence at Padua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Rinaldo"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Epic Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Gerusalemme Liberata"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato leaves the Study of the Law, and repairs to Bologna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Padua and establishes the Degli Eterei</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Discourses on Heroic Poetry"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits his Father at Mantua</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1564.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardo Tasso, his Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso appointed one of the personal Attendants<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cardinal D'Este</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Zoilus</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso at Ferrara, in the Service of Cardinal Luigi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Alfonso Duke of Ferrara</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Pope Pius IV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato becomes acquainted with Lucretia and Leonora<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Este</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A quotation from his "Aminta"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of the Princess Anna of Este with the Duke<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Guise</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1568.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Lucretia D'Este with the Prince of Urbino</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Torquato Tasso accompanies the Cardinal Luigi, as Legate,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Court of France</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Two or three Anecdotes related of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Tasso at Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Reception by Pope Pius V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Admitted into the Service of the Duke Alfonso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Aminta"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Torindo" and "Torrismondo"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Escape to Rome, with the Duke Alfonso's Consent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Ferrara</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Incident occurs to him which establishes him a Hero</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Malady</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is confined as a Lunatic by the Duke Alfonso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Efforts of the Duke to calm his Mind</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Love for the Princess Leonora</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits his Sister</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Committed as a Lunatic to St Anne's Hospital</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Scipio Gonzaga</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Princess Leonora</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Its Effect on Tasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Liberation of Tasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1586.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Controversy with the Della Cruscan Academy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His last Work, "Sette Giornate"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He recovers his Mother's Dowry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Pope grants him a Pension</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Manso, his Account of his Interview with Tasso during<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time he supposed he was visited by a Spirit</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of April.) Death of Tasso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CHIABRERA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Enters the Service of Cardinal Comaro Camerlingo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His disastrous Residence at Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Elegiac Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from Wordsworth's Translation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Generous Overtures of Charles Emanuel</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He refuses</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">TASSONI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1565.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Obtains the Degree of Doctor of Laws at the University of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bologna</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1585.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Visits Rome; enters the Service of Cardinal Colonna; sent by<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him to obtain Permission of Pope Clement VIII. to accept</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Viceroyalty of Aragon; his Success</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1597.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1622.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MARINI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(18th of October.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He opposes his Father's Wishes to become a Lawyer;<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">turns him out in consequence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publishes his "Canzoni de' Baci"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1589.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Concerned in some youthful Scrapes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accompanies Cardinal Aldobrandini to Turin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His literary Quarrels</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marini publishes his Poem on the Murder of the Innocents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He accepts the Invitation of Marguerite of France</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death before his Arrival</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is received by Mary de' Medici</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Adone"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1623.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(25th of March.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1625.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FILICAJA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(30th of December.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1642.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Odes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Kindness and Liberality of Christina of Sweden to Filicaja</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is appointed Governor of Volterra</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to Florence; his Character: his "Ode to the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Virgin"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1717.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">METASTASIO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His obscure Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(13th of January.) His Birth; his Name</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1698.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Adoption by Vincenzo Gravina</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Tragedy, "Giustino"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Algarotti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Don Saverio Mattei</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his adopted Father Gravina</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprudence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Commences the Study of the Law at Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Orti Esperidi"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He quits his Legal Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">And resides at the House of the Prima Donna Marianna<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bulgarelli</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies Music</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Operatic Dramas first introduced at Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio composes his "Didone Abbandonato;" also his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Siroe"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1724.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies the Prima Donna to Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He writes his Drama of "Cato"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1727.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is invited to become the Court Poet of Vienna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1729.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Apostolo Zeno</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio fulfils his Engagement to the Roman Theatre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1730.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters on his Employments at Vienna; Success of his Dramas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes Treasurer of the Province of Cosenza, in Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters to Marianna Bulgarelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Metastasio's Letters to his Brother on her Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Attilio Regulo"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Themistocles" and "Olimpiade:" his Dramas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Canzonetti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Emperor Charles VI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1740.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Francis I. elected Emperor</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1745.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Several European Sovereigns invite Metastasio to their Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Malady</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letters</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to his Brother on the Death of his Father</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Brother Leopold</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1770.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Farinelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1737.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Philip V. of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1746.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Charles III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1763.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Physical Sufferings of Metastasio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the Empress Maria Theresa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Doctor Burney's Account of Metastasio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(12th of April.) Death of Metastasio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GOLDONI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1707.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Grandfather; Pecuniary Difficulties of his Family</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1712.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Education of Goldoni</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Departure with his Family from Perugia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Carlo Goldoni studies at Rimini</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parents embark for Chiozza</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Chiozza</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni escapes from Rimini</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He arrives at Chiozza</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Law under his Uncle, at Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Success at the University of Pavia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1723.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Expulsion, and the Cause of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to his Parents</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He pursues his Legal Studies at Modena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to become a Monk</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Prudent Conduct of his Parents on this Occasion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni becomes Coadjutor to the Chancellor of Feltri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He falls in Love</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He joins his Father at Ravenna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1731.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of the elder Goldoni</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni enters the Profession of Barrister, at Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Incident occurs which destroys his Prospects</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Amalasunta"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Its Fate</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Buonafede Vitali</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Siege of Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1733.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Journey of Goldoni to Modena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disasters which he met with</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Belisarius" acted at Vienna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1734.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Good Fortune which he meets with at Genoa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He attempts to reform the Italian Theatre</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The old Comedy of Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goldoni obtains the Genoese Consulship at Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He meets with a Ragusan Adventurer</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Play on the Subject</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1741.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Life at Rimini</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Cattolica, and the Misfortune that befell him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes a Pleader at the Pisan Bar</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Plot of his "Donne Puntigliose"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Story of the "Donna Prudente"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Pettegollezzi"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of "Villeggiatura" and the "Smanie della<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Villeggiatura"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His other Comedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He receives an Offer from the French Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1760.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Debût as an Author in the French Capital</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1761.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ALFIERI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Italian Poets of the early Ages</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(17th of January.) Birth of Vittorio Alfieri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1749.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of the Academy of Turin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">System of Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Effect of Music on the Mind of Alfieri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Circumstances of his Life altered by the Death of his Uncle</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Change of his Situation in College</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1763.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Effect of this on his Conduct</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Extravagance</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Confinement</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation on the Marriage of his Sister Julia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1764.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Return to College</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Journey to Genoa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1765.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Provincial Army of Asti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1766.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His dislike of Military Discipline; he obtains Leave of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Absence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Leave of Absence; his second Tour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Entrance into Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His enthusiastic Feelings on visiting England</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Turin, and resides with his Sister</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He takes another Tour</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1769.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Visit to England; his Love Adventure</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Quarrel with his Servant</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Turin, and becomes a Cavaliere Servente</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1772.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He determines to break off this disgraceful Intercourse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1774.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Attempt at Composition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters into an Engagement with the Public to write<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tragedies</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1777.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Siena; his Friendship with Francesco Gori</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Attachment for Louisa de Stolberg, Countess of Albany </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He makes a Donation of his Property to his Sister Julia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The distinguishing Marks of his Dramas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Distinction between Shakspeare and other Dramatic Writers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri, his Tragedy of "Philip," its Subject</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He continues the _Amico di Casa_ of the Countess of Albany</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cruel Conduct of her Husband</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She is separated from him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri at Rome with the Countess</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He completes his fourteen Tragedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1782.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Intercourse with the Countess of Albany begins to excite<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Censure</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He goes into voluntary Exile in consequence of his Sufferings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits England to purchase Horses</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1783.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to the Countess of Albany at Alsatia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Agis," "Sofonisba," and "Mirra"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of his Friend Gori</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Siena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Countess of Albany visits Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">She goes to Baden, where she is joined by Alfieri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Residence of Alfieri at Colmar</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness; visited by his Friend the Abbate Caluso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Countess at Paris; Alfieri joins her</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of her Husband</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Corrected Editions of Alfieri's Tragedies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Translation of the Comedies of Terence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1790.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Treatise on "Princes and Literature;" Critique on his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Style</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies the Countess of Albany to England</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1791.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They return to Paris</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(10th of August.) The French Revolution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1792.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Imprisonment of Louis XVI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Departure of the Countess and Alfieri from Paris; their<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Furniture, Horses, and Books confiscated</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">They return to Florence </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Tragedy of "Saul" acted, Alfieri performing the Part of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the King</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies the Greek Language</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of Italy by the French</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alfieri and the Countess leave Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">French driven from Tuscany</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Second Invasion of the French; Effect of these political Events<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Mind of Alfieri</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(8th of October.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tomb</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MONTI.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arcadian Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(19th of February.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1754.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Italian Farmers</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Early Boyhood of Monti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Studies at Faenza</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Destined by his Father to Agricultural Labour; his Dislike of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">this Occupation</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ineffectual Attempts of his Father to overcome this</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Italian Poem; he adopts Alighieri as his Model</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Vision of Ezekiel"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Borghese takes Monti under his Protection; he<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">accompanies the Cardinal to Rome</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Arcadians of the Bosco Parrasio celebrate the Quinquenalli<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Pius VI.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1780.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti made Secretary to the Duke of Braschi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His want of political Integrity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Ode on the Marriage of the Duke of Braschi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Ambition excited by the Emulation inspired by Alfieri</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1779.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Aristodemo" acted at Rome with great Success</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1787.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Plot of this Tragedy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Monti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Hugh Basseville</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sent by the French to spread their Revolutionary Tenets<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">beyond the Alps</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His History of the French Revolution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Assassination</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1793.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(January 19th.) Louis XVI. beheaded</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Poem, the "Basvilliana"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem on the French Revolution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Plagiarism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Spread of French Republicanism</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Defeat of the Austrians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(January 3d.) Cisalpine Republic erected</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1797.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti meets General Marmont at Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He proceeds with him to Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Admiration of Napoleon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Made Secretary of Foreign Affairs at Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He suffers Persecution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Law passed by the Cisalpine Republic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti loses his Situation in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Musogonia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Subject of his Poem entitled "Prometeo"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains the Professor's Chair of Belles Lettres in Brera</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Suvaroff and the Austrians drive the French from Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1799.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">End of the Italian Republics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Deplorable Destitution of Monti during his Exile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goes to Pans on the Invitation of Mareschalchi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes a Hymn and an Ode on the Victory of Marengo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem, the "Mascheroniana"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy, "Caius Gracchus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Cisalpine Congress meet at Lyons</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bonaparte made President</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Ode to Napoleon in the Name of the Congress</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He obtains a Professorship at Pavia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Goes to Milan, where a Number of Offices are conferred on him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Napoleon crowned King of Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti commanded to celebrate the Event</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Il Benificio"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Spada di Federico"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Palingenesi"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Jerogamia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on "the Winged Horse of Arsinoe"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of the Iliad</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Visconti, his Praise of Monti's Iliad</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Overthrow of Napoleon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1814.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti loses all his public Employments</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pensions bestowed on him by the Emperor of Austria</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes the "Mistico Omaggio"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His other Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of his Daughter</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1812.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Her Poem "On a Rose"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Della Crusca Controversy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Different Dialects of Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bocca Romana</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Florentine Dialect</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_337" class="ext">337</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dispute of Monti with the Tuscans</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_338" class="ext">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Letters to his Friend Mustoxidi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_338" class="ext">338</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti resides at Milan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_340" class="ext">340</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Beauty of his Recitation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract of his Letters to a Friend on the Classic and Romantic<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schools</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti resides with his Daughter and Son-in-law, at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pesaro</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1821-1822.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Monti, his Letter to his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1821.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Another Letter to his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_344" class="ext">344</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter, giving a Picture of Italian Manners</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1822.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_345" class="ext">345</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Visit to Pesaro on the Death of his Son-in-law</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to his Friend Mustoxidi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Illness</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1823.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(13th of October.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1828.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_351" class="ext">351</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">UGO FOSCOLO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1778.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Ionian Islands</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo studies at Padua under Cesarotti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Thyestes" represented at Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1797.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo becomes a voluntary Exile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Letters of Jacopo Ortis"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Opinion of Bonaparte</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_359" class="ext">359</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Tuscany</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">And Florence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He goes to Milan; Description of the Cisalpine Republic</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo becomes acquainted with Monti</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Likeness between him and his imaginary Hero, Ortis</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His unfortunate Attachment for a Pisan Lady</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He joins the Lombard Legion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of the Austrio-Russians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1800.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo joins the French Army at Genoa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Siege of Genoa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his Letter to Bonaparte</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(June 4th.) Surrender of Genoa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Conveyance of the Garrison to France by the English Fleet;<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Foscolo accompanies them</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Ortis"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Comparison between Goethe's "Werter" and "Ortis"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Person and Manners of Foscolo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Meeting of a Congress at Lyons to reform the Cisalpine<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Republic</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1802.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Oration to Bonaparte"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo holds a Commission in the Italian Legion</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Translation of Sterne's "Sentimental Journey"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes intimate with General Caffarelli</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1805.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Brescians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Ode on Sepulchres"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Professor of Eloquence in the University of Pavia;<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Introductory Oration</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1808.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He incurs the Displeasure of Bonaparte</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Loses his Professorship, and retires to the Lake of Como</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of the Lake</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tragedy of "Ajax"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_379" class="ext">379</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Its Politics found fault with; he is persecuted in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is exiled from Milan, and visits Tuscany</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Manifesto of Lord William Bentinek</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1813.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Treaty of Fontainebleau</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his Adherence to the Cause of Liberty</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_384" class="ext">384</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Conversation with Pecchio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He resides in Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Castlereagh</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of Foscolo in England</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Retreat at St. John's Wood</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pecchio visits him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1822.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foscolo, his "Ricciarda"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Story on which it is founded</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dedicated to Lord William Russell</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lady Dacre interests herself in behalf of Foscolo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1823.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Foscolo's House at South Bank</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Imprudence of Foscolo; his pecuniary Difficulties</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(October 10th.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1827.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_393" class="ext">393</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="TABLE_V">TABLE,<br />
-ANALYTICAL AND CHRONOLOGICAL,<br />
-TO THE THIRD VOLUME OF<br />
-LIVES OF<br />
-EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN<br />
-OF ITALY, SPAIN, AND PORTUGAL.</a></h4>
-
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">INTRODUCTION.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">A. D.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita">PAGE</div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Aborigines of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Silius Italicus</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lucan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Senecas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Roman Power in Spain annihilated by the Visigoths</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdotes of the Goths</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Conquest of Spain by the Moors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The University of Cordova founded by Abdorhaman III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Settlement of the Jews in Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arabic Authors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Romances Moriscos</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Troubadours</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mosen Jordi de Sant Jordi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Redondillas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Cancionero general and the Romancero general</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Redondillas</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Romances of Chivalry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco Lobeira</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1325.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso X., surnamed the Wise</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Cultivation which he bestowed on the Castilian Language</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Alphonsine Tables</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso XI.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Spain desolated by Civil Wars</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Juan Ruiz</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">John II., his disastrous Reign</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1407.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Marquis of Villena institutes Floral Games</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1434.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marquis of Santillana</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marcias, his melancholy Fate</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro"> Juan de Mena, the Ennius of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1412.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies at the University of Salamanca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1456.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quintano, his Opinion of the "Labyrinto"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Juan de Enzina, Author of the first Spanish Plays</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Songs and Lyrics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Name becomes proverbial in Spain by his Song of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Contraries or Absurdities</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from Doctor Bowring's Translation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Union of the Crowns of Castile and Arragon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Castilian adopted as the classic Language of the Country</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">BOSCAN.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">The first Spanish Poet who introduced the Italian Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Descent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Chosen Governor to the Duke of Alva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Andrea Navagero, the Venetian Ambassador</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1525.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at the Court of Charles V. at Toledo; he meets<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with Boscan and Garcilaso</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He induces them to quit their national Redondillas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">This Circumstance referred to by Boscan in the Dedication of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Poems to the Duchess of Soma</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of one of Garcilaso's Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of the Epistle of Boscan to Don Diego Hurtado de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mendoza</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Petrarch and Boscan compared</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1543.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GARCILASO DE LA VEGA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His illustrious Descent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1503.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accession of Charles V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Cardinal Ximenes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Election of Charles to the Imperial Crown, and his intended<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Departure for Germany</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Revolution in Spain in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso distinguishes himself at the Battle of Pavia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1528.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Invasion of Hungary by Solyman</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1532.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso falls into Disgrace at Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Exile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Ode in Commemoration of his Imprisonment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Muley Hassan driven out of Algiers by Barbarossa, who<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">possesses himself of it</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He fortifies the Citadel</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Algiers invested by the Emperor Charles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso serves in the Imperial Army; his Gallantry nearly<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">proves fatal to him</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Charles to Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Garcilaso, his Residence at Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from his Elegy to Boscan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(5th of August.) Cardinal Bembo, his Letter to a Friend in<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commendation of Garcilaso</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1535.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Letter to Garcilaso</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Charles V. enters France; he recals Garcilaso, and confers on<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him the Command over eleven Companies of Infantry</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Epistle of Garcilaso to Boscan from Vaucluse</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Garcilaso while attacking a Tower</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1536.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Children</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Eclogue</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quotation from it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of his Ode to the "Flower of Gnido"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">MENDOZA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His numerous Titles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1500.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His noble Extraction</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Originality of his Genius</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He studies Theology in the University of Salamanca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Clerical Profession</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Appointed Ambassador to Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Deputed to attend the Council of Trent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Governor and Captain General of Siena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Salvi</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A new Oligarchy erected in Siena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Revolt of Siena</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza, his Government; he leaves Siena; on the Death of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paul III. he repairs to Rome to watch the Progress of the</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Conclave</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Sienese take Advantage of his Absence, and solicit the Aid<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the French King</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza applies to the Pope for Assistance; he evades his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Request</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Loss of Siena to the Emperor</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1552.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Recal of Mendoza to Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1554.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Battle of St. Quentin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1557.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Mendoza present at it; characteristic Adventure related of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">him</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his Work on "The History of the War of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moriscos in Granada"</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A complete Edition of his Works published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1776.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Mendoza; his Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1775.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LUIS DE LEON.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1527.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Childhood</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Becomes Doctor of Theology to the University of Salamanca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Election to the Chair of St. Thomas</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1561.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Enemies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He translates the Song of Solomon into Spanish, for which he is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">imprisoned by the Inquisition at Valladolid</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Odes to the Virgin written during his Imprisonment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1576.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is elected Vicar-General of his Province</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1591.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(23d of August.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Theological Works</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Translations</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Quotation from one of his Odes, and a Translation of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">FERNANDO HERRERA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Account of him by Rodrigo Caro</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Opinions of different Spanish Writers on his Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Ode to Sleep"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">SAA DE MIRANDA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1494.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Style of his Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">JORGE DE MONTEMAYOR.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1520.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of his Name</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He emigrates to Castile</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Work "Diana," critical Remarks on it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Supposed Time of his Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1661.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CASTILLEJO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Fernando de Acuna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gil Polo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1550.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cetina</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cristoval Castillejo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1596.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Satires</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">THE DRAMATISTS.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">"Celestina, Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Plot of this Play</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of the Amphitryon of Plautus, printed, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of the Electra of Sophocles</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1515.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Perez de Oliva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Obscurity of the earliest regular Dramas written in Spanish</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bartolomé Torres Naharro, his Dramatic Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lope de Rueda, his Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Account of him by Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Plays</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">State of Literature under Charles V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Originality the Distinctive of the Spanish Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">ERCILLA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of March.) Don Alonso de Ercilla; his Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1533.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Ancestors</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Education</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Page of Honour to Prince Philip</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ambition of Charles V.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Insurrection of the Araucanos in South America</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Charge of subduing them committed to Geronimo de<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Alderete</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla leaves the personal Service of the Prince, and follows<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the Adelantado to the East</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Expedition of Don Garcia against the Araucanos</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla distinguishes himself in the Indian War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Philip II. succeeds to the Throne of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla escapes an early and disastrous End</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cruelties committed by Lope de Aguirre on the Indians at<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Venezuela</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Ercilla returns to Spain; his Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1562.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is appointed Chamberlain to Maximilian II.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Destitution and Abandonment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The supposed Time of his Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1595.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Araucana;" Analysis and partial Translation of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CERVANTES.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preliminary Remarks</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(9th of October.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1547.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Origin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Studies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Isabella of Valois, Wife of Philip II.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lopez de Hoyos</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes quits Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Service of the Cardinal Acquaviva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1568.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He visits Rome</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enlists under General Antonio Colonna in the Campaign<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">against the Turks</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The combined Fleets of Venice, Spain, and the Pope assemble<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at Messina</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(7th of October.) Battle of Lepanto</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gallant Conduct of Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is wounded, and remains in the Hospital at Messina six<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Months</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Don John of Austria</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1572.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Second Campaign against the Turks</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Spaniards alone prosecute the War</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Attempted and unsuccessful Assault on the Castle of Navarino</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Venetians sign a Peace with Selim</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1573.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes enters Tunis with the Marquis de Santa Cruz, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">returns to Palermo with the Fleet</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cervantes obtains leave to return to Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Galley he embarked in attacked by an Algerine<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Squadron</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is taken Prisoner by the Arnaout Captain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Piracies carried on by the Algerine Corsairs</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their System</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Interesting Details of the Captivity of Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tale of the "Captive"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His first Attempt at Escape with some of his Companions</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1576.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Its Failure</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gabrièl de Castañeda ransomed; he brings Letters from<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes to his Father</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Father unable to procure Money to ransom both him and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Brother; Cervantes gives up his Share to secure the</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Freedom of his Brother</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1577.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He arranges another Plan of Escape</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is purchased by Hassan Aga</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1578.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He concerts a new Plan of Escape with the Renegade<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abd-al-Rhamen</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is again betrayed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He refutes certain Calumnies, of which he was the Object</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Landing of Cervantes in Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1581.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He again enters the Army; he embarks in the Squadron of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Don Pedro</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He serves in a naval Battle under Santa Cruz</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1582.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Also at the Taking of Terceira</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1583.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Galatea"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1584.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He accepts the Situation of Commissary to the Invincible<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armada</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1588.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Office abolished</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1593.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He manages the Affairs, and becomes the Friend, of Don<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hernando de Toledo</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His two Sonnets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Subject of the first</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A magnificent Catafalque erected in the Cathedral of Seville<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on the Death of Philip II.</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sonnet of Cervantes to the Monument of the King at Seville</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of a mercantile Casualty which happened to<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes; financial Annoyance</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1594.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Another Anecdote</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1597.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He removes to Valladolid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1603.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes the Victim of litigious Proceedings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes his "Don Quixote"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Story respecting the Dedication of "Don Quixote" to the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke of Bejar</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disputes respecting the Existence of the "Buscapié" </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1605.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Satires against "Don Quixote"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">James I. of England sends Lord Howard to present a Treaty of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peace to Philip III., and to congratulate him on the Birth of</span><br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Son</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Account of these Festivities, written by Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Event occurs by which Cervantes is greatly distressed</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He follows the Court to Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1606.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Despotism and Bigotry extend their Influence over Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Kindness of Don Bernardo de Sandoval, Archbishop of Toledo,<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to Cervantes</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Count of Lemos made Viceroy of Naples</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1610.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Argensolas, surnamed the Horaces of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Disappointment of Cervantes at their Neglect</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of Philip III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Censorship of "Don Quixote" intrusted to Francisco<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marquez Torres</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Account of the Neglect with which the Spaniards treated<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cervantes</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preface to the "Twelve Tales" of Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1608.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1614.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Preface to his Work, "Comedias y Entremeses"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Poetic Games</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1615.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Don Quixote" of Avellanada</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Indignation of Cervantes on its Publication</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Illness of Cervantes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Excursion from Esquivias to Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Adieu to the World</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Dedication to his Protector, the Count of Lemos</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(23d of April.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Will</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Galatea"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Numantia;" the Plot of this Play</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Comedy of "A Life in Algiers"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Godwin's Opinion of "Don Quixote"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Remarks on "Don Quixote"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from "Voyage to Parnassus"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">LOPE DE VEGA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Career and that of Cervantes compared</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Epithets of Praise heaped on him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1562.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Boyhood</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An Adventure related of him while at School</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes the Protégé of Geronimo Manrique, the Grand<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inquisitor</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Alcala</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Service of the Duke of Alva</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Arcadia;" a Detail of the Story</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Publication of the "Arcadia"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lope de Vega leaves the Duke's Service</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is engaged in a Duel, which causes him to go to Valencia</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns to Madrid; Death of his Wife</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes a Soldier, and joins the Invincible Armada</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1588.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Eclogue to Claudio</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Sonnets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1604.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Translation of two of his Sonnets</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Some Account of his "Dorotea"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sanguine Expectations of the Invincible Armada</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Piratical Expeditions of Drake and Hawkins excite the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Animosity and Vengeance of the Spaniards</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">An animated Description of the setting forth of the Invincible<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Armada, by Lope de Vega</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes "The Beauty of Angelica"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He returns from the Armada, and enters the Service of Count<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lemos</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1590.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His second Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Work, "The True Lover"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extracts from his Epistles</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Uncertain Dates of the various Events of his Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Canonisation of St. Isidro</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1598.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Reputation of Lope de Vega awakens the Enmity of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rivals and Critics</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His War with Gongora</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His unexampled Popularity</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1616.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Novel</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1621.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Soliloquies on God"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Poem on the Death of Mary Queen of Scots</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Exaggerated Account of the Quantity of his Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Anecdote of him and Montalvan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Poems</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Presentiments of his approaching Dissolution</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1635.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(18th of August) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Funeral</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Dragon tea"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Jerusalem"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Difficulties of establishing the Theatre in Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Spanish Theatres</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Analysis of the "Star of Seville," by Lord Holland</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Sacred Dramas and Autos Sacramentales of Lope de Vega</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Incongruities of his Plots</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">VICENTE ESPINEL. ESTEVAN DE VILLEGAS.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Vicente Espinel</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1544.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Estévan Manuel de Villégas, named the Anacreon of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spain</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1595.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His original Anacreontics published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro"> His Marriage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1669.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Translation of one of his Sapphics</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">GONGORA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">(11th of July.) His Birth</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1561.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A cursory Review of his Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(24th of May.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1627.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person and Disposition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His early Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Song of Catherine of Arragon"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his Songs</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_247" class="ext">247</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His System</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quotations from Lope de Vega, showing the Absurdity of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gongora's Style</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Polyphemus" of Gongora</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his "Solitudes"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">QUEVEDO.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Talent and Genius of the Spaniards during the fourteenth<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and fifteenth Centuries</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Their Energies and Genius blighted by the Infamy of the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Political Institutions</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(September.) Birth of Quevedo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1580.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Parentage</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Alcalà</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Circumstance occurs which obliges him to quit the Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He takes refuge in Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Don Pedro Giron Duke of Osuna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Court of Philip III.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo sent as Ambassador to Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Success; a Pension bestowed on him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Duke of Osuna advanced to the Viceroyalty of Naples; his<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Victories over the Turks</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Spanish Power threatens to become omnipotent in Italy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Charles Emanuel endeavours to make head against it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Duke of Osuna opposes the Venetians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The lawless and dishonourable Means he takes</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He protects the Uscocchi against the Venetians</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Merchants of Naples and the French make Representations<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at the Court of Madrid in consequence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Osuna ordered to suspend Hostilities</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Bedmar Conspiracy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1618.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo and Osuna supposed to be implicated in the Plot</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo escapes from Venice</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Osuna continues Viceroy of Naples; he is suspected of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">intending to arrogate Power independent of the King</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is ordered to return to Madrid</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cautious proceedings of the Court with respect to him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cardinal Don Gaspar de Borgia is named his Successor</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Return of Osuna to Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprisonment and Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1624.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quevedo, his attachment to Osuna</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is suspected of participating in his treasonable Designs</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Imprisonment in consequence</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is made Secretary to the King</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1632.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves the Church, and marries</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1634.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Wife dies</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His own Words, alluding to his evil Fate</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is suspected of being the Author of certain Libels; is<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">arrested and imprisoned in Consequence</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1641.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Two Letters of his</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Memorial to Count Olivarez</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Liberation</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(September 8th.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1647.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A singular Circumstance appertaining to his literary Career</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Critique on his Prose Writings</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Vision of Calvary"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His "Alguazil possessed"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CALDERON.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Misrule and Oppression destroy the Spirit and Intellect of Spain</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Luzan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Moratin</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Calderon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1601.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His illustrious Descent</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the University of Salamanca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Salamanca</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1620.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He enters the Military Service</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1626.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He serves in the Milanese and Flanders</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He is recalled to Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1637.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Innumerable Dramas appear under the patronage of Philip IV.</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He summons Calderon to his Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Marriage of Philip VI. with Maria Ana of Austria</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1650.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Calderon quits the military Career, and becomes a Priest</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He becomes Chaplain to the Royal Chapel at Toledo</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1654.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">(May 29th.) His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1687.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Character</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Characteristics of his Plays</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Character of his Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">THE EARLY POETS OF PORTUGAL<br />
-RIBEYRO&mdash;GIL VICENTE&mdash;SAA DE MIRANDA&mdash;FERREIRA.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Original Portuguese Tongue</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Alphonso Henriquez, Founder of the Portuguese Monarchy</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Portuguese Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bartolomeo Diaz doubles the Cape of Good Hope</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1487.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco de Gama visits the Shores of India</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Portuguese Kingdom founded in Hindostan</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bernardim Ribeyro, the Ennius of Portugal</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Saa de Miranda, Founder of Portuguese Poetry</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Gil Vicente, the Portuguese Plautus</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Antonio Ferreira, the Portuguese Horace</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Death</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Style</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<div class="cabecalho">
-<div class="coluna-centro-meio">CAMOENS.</div>
-</div>
-<div class="tabela">
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens and Cervantes, their Destiny similar in many Respects</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lusiad," Translation of it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1817.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Origin of the Family of Camoens</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Derivation of his Name</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Vasco Perez de Camoens takes the Part of Castile against<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Portugal</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1370.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Birth of Camoens</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1524.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Foundation of the University of Coimbra by King Diniz </div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1308.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens enters the University of Coimbra</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1537.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from his fourth Canzone</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Another Extract from another</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He leaves Coimbra</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1545.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Arrival at Court</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He falls in Love; his Sonnet in Commemoration of this<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Occasion</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Poetry of Camoens and Petrarch compared</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Translations of Camoens' Sonnets, by Doctor Southey</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Exile of Camoens from the Palace</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Writes several of his Lyrics during his Banishment</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Lord Strangford's Translation of an Elegy written at this<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Time</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Bravery of Camoens while with the Troops at Ceuta</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1550.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Loses one of his Eyes in a naval Engagement in the Straits of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gibraltar</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He embarks for India</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1553.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Don Alfonso de Noronha, Viceroy of Goa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens joins the Armament sent from Goa against the King<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Cochin</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Goa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Death of Antonio de Noronha</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens' Letter to a Friend, inclosing a Sonnet and Elegy on<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">his Death</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Dom Pedro Mascarenhas succeeds Noronha in the Viceroyalty<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of Goa</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1554.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Cruising of the Mahometans detrimental to the Portuguese</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Expedition of de Vasconcellos to protect the Merchantmen</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens joins this Expedition</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Returns to Goa, and writes his ninth Canzone</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1555.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extortion and Tyranny of the Portuguese Government</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Causes Camoens to write his Satire, "Follies of India"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Departs from Goa in the Fleet which Barreto despatched to the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">South</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1556.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Is appointed Commissary</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Description of Camoens' Grotto at Macao</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He composes the "Lusiad"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">On his Return to Goa he is wrecked on the River Mecon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrives at Goa; the Kindness with which he is received by the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">new Governor, Dom Constantine de Braganza</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Accused of Malversation in the Exercise of his Office at Macao</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Lusiad"</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens pursues his military Career in India</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He commemorates the Death of Dona Catarina de Atayde</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Pedro Barreto appointed Governor of Sofala in the<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mozambique</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Camoens accompanies him</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His dependent State</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Quarrels with Barreto</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrival of his Indian Friends, who supply his Wants, and<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">invite him to accompany them</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Barreto refuses to let him go until he paid 200 Ducats</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">He accompanies his Friends home</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Arrives at Lisbon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1569.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The Plague at Lisbon</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Political State of the Kingdom disadvantageous to Camoens</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">The "Lusiad" published</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1571.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Melancholy Circumstances attending the last Days of<br />
-<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Camoens</span></div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Defeat of Sebastian in Africa</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1578.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Its Effect on Camoens</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Last Scene of Camoens' Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">1579.</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Tomb</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">His Person</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">A Review of his Life</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a></div>
-<div class="coluna-centro">Extract from the "Lusiad," and a Critique on it</div>
-<div class="coluna-esquerda">&nbsp;</div>
-<div class="coluna-direita"><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a></div>
-</div>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4><a id="INDEX_II">INDEX</a></h4>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>A.</p>
-
-<p>ABDORBHAMAN III., his efforts for<br />
-the advancement of literature,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Abreu, Duarte de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Acciajuolo, the seneschal, of Naples,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Acquaviva, cardinal, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aga, Hassan, dey of Algiers, III.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aguirre, Lope de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Agyropylo, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Alfieri, Vittorio, his birth and parentage,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>. His early education;<br />
-placed at a public school<br />
-at Turin, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_252" class="ext">252</a>. System of education<br />
-pursued at the academy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_253" class="ext">253</a>.<br />
-Progress of his education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_255" class="ext">255</a>.<br />
-Circumstances of his life greatly<br />
-altered, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_256" class="ext">256</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br />
-of the obstinacy of his<br />
-disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Visits his mother<br />
-at Genoa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Admitted<br />
-as ensign into the provincial<br />
-regiment of Asti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. Visits<br />
-Rome and Naples under the care<br />
-of an English catholic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Regards<br />
-coldly those objects which<br />
-render Rome a city of absolute<br />
-enchantment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. Visits France<br />
-and England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. Singularities<br />
-of his character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>. Circumstances<br />
-of his entrance into Paris,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>. His enthusiasm on visiting<br />
-London, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. Becomes really in<br />
-love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. Disappointed in a<br />
-matrimonial project proposed to<br />
-him by his brother-in-law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>.<br />
-Comes of age, according to the<br />
-laws of his country, and sets out<br />
-on his travels with an income of<br />
-1200<i>l</i>. a-year, and a large sum<br />
-in ready money, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. Visits<br />
-England; his attachment to a<br />
-lady of rank, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. Is challenged<br />
-by her husband, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. Leaves his<br />
-unworthy mistress, and pursues<br />
-his travels, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br />
-of the violence of his<br />
-temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. Becomes a cavalier<br />
-servente to a lady of rank, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>.<br />
-Determines to break off the disgraceful<br />
-intercourse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. Gives<br />
-the first token of the spirit of<br />
-composition, in a sonnet in commemoration<br />
-of the freedom he<br />
-had acquired, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. At the age<br />
-of seven and twenty, enters into<br />
-the difficult engagement with the<br />
-public and himself, to become the<br />
-writer of tragedies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_275" class="ext">275</a>. Difficulties<br />
-which he had to overcome,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a>. Resolves to pass six months<br />
-in Tuscany, to learn, hear, and<br />
-feel Tuscan only, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a>. His labours<br />
-in literature confined<br />
-chiefly to formation of style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br />
-Commencement of his friendship<br />
-with Gori, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. Commencement<br />
-of his attachment to Louisa<br />
-Stolberg, countess of Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>.<br />
-Energy and conciseness the distinguishing<br />
-marks of his dramas,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Outline of his tragedy,<br />
-entitled "Philip," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Takes<br />
-up his residence at Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>.<br />
-Remarks on his sacred dramas,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His continued intimacy<br />
-with the countess of Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br />
-Goes into voluntary exile, to prevent<br />
-any actual measures of prohibition<br />
-and banishment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>.<br />
-Returns to Italy after two years,<br />
-absence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>. Outline of his<br />
-tragedy, entitled "Myrrha," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>.<br />
-Accompanies the countess of<br />
-Albany to Paris, and establishes<br />
-himself there, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Betakes<br />
-himself to writing the memoirs<br />
-of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. Remarks on his<br />
-translation of the Æneid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_295" class="ext">295</a>.<br />
-Driven from France by the revolution<br />
-of 1791, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>. Returns<br />
-to Florence with the countess of<br />
-Albany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_297" class="ext">297</a>. His translation of<br />
-"Sallust," an excellent specimen<br />
-of style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. At the age of forty-six,<br />
-applies himself with ardour<br />
-to the study of the Greek language,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. His melancholy increased<br />
-by the irritation caused<br />
-by political events, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_300" class="ext">300</a>. His last<br />
-illness and death, in the fifty-sixth<br />
-year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_301" class="ext">301</a>. Translation<br />
-from a sonnet, in which he describes<br />
-his own person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_302" class="ext">302</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Allegri, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Alphonso X., his zeal for literature;<br />
-his poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Alphonso XI., his poems, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Amalasunta, the Gothic queen of<br />
-Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Andrea, prince of Hungary, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Angelo, Michael, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Angulo, doctor Gregorio de, III.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Antiquário, Jacopo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aquinas, Thomas, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Archimedes, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aretino, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ariosto, Ludovico, his birth, parentage,<br />
-and early education, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. Composes a drama on the<br />
-story of Pyramus and Thisbe,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_197" class="ext">197</a>. Becomes eminent among his<br />
-contemporaries for the critical<br />
-skill with which he elucidated<br />
-obscure passages in Horace and<br />
-Ovid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. The golden age of his<br />
-life shortened by the death of his<br />
-father, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Obliged, at the age<br />
-of four and twenty, to turn from<br />
-quiet to active duties, and exchange<br />
-Homer for waste books<br />
-and ledgers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Remarks on<br />
-his satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_201" class="ext">201</a>. Courted, admired,<br />
-applauded, and of course envied,<br />
-in the first circle of Italian<br />
-society, both for his conversation,<br />
-his learning, and his poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br />
-Remarks on his work, entitled<br />
-"Astolpho's Journey to the<br />
-Moon," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>. Remarks on his<br />
-"Orlando Furioso," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. Sent by<br />
-the duke of Ferrara, as ambassador<br />
-to Rome, to pacify the wrath of<br />
-Julius II., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His second embassy<br />
-to Rome, and uncourteous reception<br />
-from the pontiff, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_206" class="ext">206</a>. Singular<br />
-manner in which the duke<br />
-retaliates for the indignity shown<br />
-to himself and his representative,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. Causes for the principal<br />
-interruptions in his literary labours,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. Refuses to accompany<br />
-the cardinal Hippolito to<br />
-visit his archbishopric in Segovia,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>. His whimsical letter to his<br />
-brother Alessandro on the subject,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. Persuaded to enter<br />
-into the service of the duke of<br />
-Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. His literary pursuits<br />
-retarded by his struggles<br />
-against the solicitudes, discomforts,<br />
-and mortifications of narrow<br />
-and precarious circumstances,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. His curious reasons<br />
-for not taking priest's orders, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>.<br />
-Is patronised by Leo X., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. His<br />
-own account of Leo's ingratitude,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Extracts from his satires,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His description of his visit<br />
-to Rome, and his specious reception<br />
-by Leo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Further extracts<br />
-from his satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. Simple,<br />
-yet facetious, style of his<br />
-fables, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Appointed to the<br />
-government of Graffagnana, a<br />
-mountainous district, lying between<br />
-Modena and Lucca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br />
-Story of a rencontre with some<br />
-of his uncouth neighbours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br />
-Extract from his Fifth Satire, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a>.<br />
-Invited to accept a third embassy<br />
-to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. His reason for<br />
-refusing, as given in the Seventh<br />
-Satire, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. After three years,<br />
-being released from the cares of<br />
-his government, he returns with<br />
-entire devotion of his time and<br />
-talents to the "Sacred College of<br />
-the Muses," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>. Anecdote,<br />
-characteristic at once of his<br />
-phlegm and his acuteness in his<br />
-art, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. Critique on his Seven<br />
-Satires, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. His last illness and<br />
-death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>. His person and character,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. No poet of any age<br />
-has more inseparably identified<br />
-his conception with his language,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>. Impossibility of translating<br />
-them, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>.<br />
-Whimsical peculiarities of his<br />
-personal habits, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. His last<br />
-hours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Monuments to his<br />
-memory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. Remarks on his<br />
-works in general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>. Review<br />
-of his "Orlando Furioso," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_250" class="ext">250</a>.<br />
-Immoral tendency of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_254" class="ext">254</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Aristotle, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Attila the Hun, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Audibert de Noves, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ayala, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>B.</p>
-
-<p>Barbariccia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Barbato, the chancellor of the king<br />
-of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bardi, cavalier de, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Barlaam, Bernardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Barreto, Pedro, governor of Sofala,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Barrili, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Basseville, Hugh, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bazan, Don Alvaro, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Beatrice Portinari, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bella, the mother of Dante, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bellarmine, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bembo, Bernardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bembo, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Benavides, don Diego de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bene, Sennucio del, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Benedict XII., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bermudez, Geronimo, a monk of<br />
-the order of St. Dominic, author<br />
-of the first original tragedy published<br />
-in Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Berni, Francesco, his birth and<br />
-early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>. Notice of his<br />
-writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bianchi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bibbiena, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boccaccio, Giovanni di, his birth<br />
-and parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>. His early<br />
-education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. His sensations<br />
-on visiting the tomb of Virgil,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. His first meeting with Petrarch,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. His own account of<br />
-his attachment to the lady Mary,<br />
-natural daughter of Robert, king<br />
-of Naples, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>. Description of<br />
-her person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. Outline of his<br />
-poem, entitled "Filocopo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br />
-The first to render the <i>ottava</i><br />
-<i>rima</i> familiar to the Italians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>.<br />
-Obliged to return to Florence,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. The "Decameron," a<br />
-model of the Tuscan dialect, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br />
-Writes his "Ameto," a composition<br />
-of mingled prose and verse,<br />
-the first of the kind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. Returns<br />
-to Naples on his father's<br />
-second marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. His description<br />
-of the plague in Florence,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. His works preached<br />
-against and prohibited by Salvanorola,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Returns to Florence<br />
-on the death of his father.<br />
-Commencement of his intimacy<br />
-with Petrarch, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Sent on<br />
-various embassies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. His political<br />
-negotiations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. His<br />
-letter to Petrarch, expressing his<br />
-regret and disappointment on his<br />
-having taken up his abode at<br />
-Milan, under the protection of<br />
-Giovanni Visconti, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. Petrarch's<br />
-moderate answer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br />
-Popularity of the "Decameron,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>. His disinterested love of<br />
-letters, and extraordinary efforts<br />
-to create and diffuse a knowledge<br />
-of the Greek language and<br />
-writers, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_135" class="ext">135</a>. Spends large sums<br />
-of money in the acquisition of<br />
-ancient manuscripts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. Anecdote<br />
-illustrative of his anxiety<br />
-for the possession of them, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>.<br />
-His unwearied and successful<br />
-labour in the cause of Hellenic<br />
-literature, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>. Obtains a decree<br />
-from the Florentine government<br />
-for the erection of a Greek professorship<br />
-in their university, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-Beneficial change in moral habits<br />
-brought about by the admonitions<br />
-and example of Petrarch,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. The work begun by Petrarch,<br />
-achieved by a singular<br />
-circumstance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. His letter to<br />
-Petrarch on the subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br />
-Adopts the clerical dress, and<br />
-endeavours to suppress those<br />
-writings which scandalised the<br />
-pious, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. Retreats from Florence,<br />
-and takes up his abode at<br />
-the castle of Certaldo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. Brief<br />
-review of his later works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>.<br />
-Appointed, on two occasions, ambassador<br />
-to pope Urban V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br />
-His letter to Petrarch, describing<br />
-his visit to the daughter and son-in-law<br />
-of that poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Retires<br />
-to the quiet of Certaldo, where<br />
-he busies himself in the publication<br />
-of his work of the "Genealogy<br />
-of the Gods," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. Appointed<br />
-by the Florentine government<br />
-to the professorship for<br />
-the public explanation of the<br />
-"Divina Commedia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. His<br />
-last illness and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bojardo, Matteo Maria, his birth,<br />
-parentage, and early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>.<br />
-His marriage and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>.<br />
-Abstract of the story of his<br />
-"Orlando Innamorato," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boniface, pepe, VIII., I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Borgia, Cæsar, his early life, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-His remorseless cruelty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>.<br />
-His conversations with Machiavelli,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. Anecdote characteristic<br />
-of his system of government,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br />
-His downfal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. His<br />
-imprisonment and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boscan Almogaver, Mosen Juan,<br />
-the first Spanish poet who introduced<br />
-the Italian style, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-Outline of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Circumstances<br />
-which induced him to introduce<br />
-the Italian style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-His translation of Castiglione's<br />
-"Libro del Cortigiano," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Commencement<br />
-of his friendship with<br />
-Diego de Mendoza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Translation<br />
-of his epistles in imitation<br />
-of Horace, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br />
-His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. Review of his<br />
-writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Boutervek, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bowring, Dr. his translation of the<br />
-Spanish Cancionero, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bozzole, Federigo da, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bracciolini, Poggio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Brossana, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bruni, Leonardo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bruno, Giordano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bubwith, Nicholas, bishop of Bath,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Bulgarelli, Marianna, the prima<br />
-donna, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Her friendship<br />
-for Metastasio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. Her death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Buondelmonte, Zanobi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Burchiello, the word "burlesque"<br />
-derived from his name and the<br />
-style of his writings, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Burney, Dr., his account of his<br />
-visit to Metastasio in 1772, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>.<br />
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>C.</p>
-
-<p>Cabassoles, Philip de, bishop of<br />
-Cavaillon, his intimacy with Petrarch,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cabral, Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cabral, Fernando Alvares, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cacciaguida, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caccini, his personal attack upon<br />
-Galileo from the pulpit, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cassalpinus, Andrew, the celebrated<br />
-botanist, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cæsarini, Virginio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caffarelli, general, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Calderon, don Pedro, his birth,<br />
-parentage, and early education,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>. His fame established as a<br />
-poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Enters the military service<br />
-at the age of five and twenty,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Summoned to court by a<br />
-royal order, for the sake of writing<br />
-a drama for a palace festival,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. Quits the army, and becomes<br />
-a priest, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_281" class="ext">281</a>. His death<br />
-and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. Review of<br />
-his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_283" class="ext">283</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Calistus II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caloria, Tommaso, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caluso, the abatte, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Camara, Ruy Diaz de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Camerlingo, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Camoens, Vasco Perez de, his birth<br />
-and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>. Extract<br />
-from his "Lusiad," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_299" class="ext">299</a>. Translation<br />
-of a sonnet in commemoration<br />
-of that attachment which<br />
-shed a disastrous influence over<br />
-the rest of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_303" class="ext">303</a>. Compared<br />
-with Petrarch, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. Dr.<br />
-Southey's translation of one of<br />
-his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His exile, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>.<br />
-Mutilated in the wars of his<br />
-country, but receives neither reward<br />
-nor preferment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. His<br />
-pathetic description of his friend<br />
-Noronha's exile, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Offers to<br />
-serve as a volunteer, and accompanies<br />
-Vasconcellos in his expedition<br />
-against the Mahometans,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Suspected of composing another<br />
-satire; arrested, and banished<br />
-to China, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>. Retires<br />
-from the details of business, to<br />
-pursue his poetical occupations,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_317" class="ext">317</a>. Obtains leave to return to<br />
-Goa; is wrecked at the mouth<br />
-of the Mecon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Pursues his<br />
-voyage to Goa, where he is received<br />
-by the viceroy with kindness<br />
-and distinction, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_320" class="ext">320</a>. Extracts<br />
-from the seventh canto of<br />
-the "Lusiad," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>. His poem commemorating<br />
-the death of Caterina<br />
-d'Atayde, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. Accompanies<br />
-Baretto, when he was appointed<br />
-governor of Sofala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Returns<br />
-to Portugal, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>. Political<br />
-state of the country disadvantageous<br />
-to him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. Writes the<br />
-"Parnasso de Luis Camoens,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_325" class="ext">325</a>. A pension of 15,000 reis<br />
-granted to him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. His illness<br />
-and poverty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. His interview<br />
-with the cavalier Camara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. His person,
-<a href="#Page_329">329</a>.<br />
-Review of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_330" class="ext">330</a>. Review<br />
-of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Campaldino, the battle of, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Camporese, the renowned philosopher,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cancionero, the, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Canigiani, Eletta, the mother of<br />
-Petrarch, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caprona, the siege of, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Carafa, Federigo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Carnescecchi, Pietro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caro, Rodrigo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Casavecchia, Filippo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_296" class="ext">296</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Castañeda, Gabrièl de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Castelli, Benedetti, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Castillano, Diego, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Castillejo, Cristoval, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>. Specimen<br />
-of his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cavalcanti, Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cavalcanti, Mainardo de', I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Caza, Francesco della, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Celsi, Lorenzo, doge of Venice, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cervantes, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>. His birth and<br />
-parentage; little known of his<br />
-early life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>. Enters a student<br />
-in the university of Salamanca,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. His poems published at<br />
-Madrid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. Leaves Madrid in<br />
-the service of cardinal Acquaviva,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>. Visits Rome; changes<br />
-the whole course of his life; and<br />
-volunteers to be a soldier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>.<br />
-His services during the Turkish<br />
-war, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Wounded in the battle<br />
-of Lepanto, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Receives an<br />
-increase of pay, and is passed<br />
-into a company of the tercio of<br />
-Figueroa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Visits Rome, Florence,<br />
-Venice, Bologna, Naples,<br />
-and Palermo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Taken prisoner<br />
-by an Algerine squadron<br />
-on his return to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Interesting<br />
-details of his captivity,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>. Makes several attempts to<br />
-regain his liberty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. Detected<br />
-in planning his escape; is sentenced<br />
-to the bastinado, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>.<br />
-His courage and heroism excite<br />
-the respect of the friars of the<br />
-Order of Mercy, who resided at<br />
-Algiers for the purpose of treating<br />
-for the ransom of the Christian<br />
-captives, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Ransomed for<br />
-500 golden ducats, and left free<br />
-to return to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. Determines<br />
-to refute certain calumnies<br />
-of which he was the object, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br />
-Returns to his native land depressed<br />
-by poverty, and obscured<br />
-by want, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>. Becomes again a<br />
-soldier by profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_143" class="ext">143</a>. First<br />
-appears as an author in the year<br />
-1584, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>. His marriage with<br />
-donna Catilina de Palacios y<br />
-Salazar, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. Commences writing<br />
-for the theatre; endeavours to<br />
-rectify the deficiencies of the<br />
-stage and scenery, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Accepts<br />
-the situation of commissary, and<br />
-sets out with his family for Seville,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. His office abolished;<br />
-he becomes the agent to various<br />
-municipalities, corporations, and<br />
-wealthy individuals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>. During<br />
-his distasteful employment at<br />
-Seville, acquires the bitter view<br />
-of human affairs displayed in<br />
-Don Quixote, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>. Translation<br />
-of his verses to the monument of<br />
-the kings at Seville, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>. Various<br />
-annoyances which he suffered<br />
-in his financial occupations<br />
-at Seville, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Anecdote, displaying<br />
-the style in which justice<br />
-was carried on in Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br />
-Removes with his family to Valladolid,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His poverty the great<br />
-and clinging evil of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br />
-His letter to his uncle during his<br />
-imprisonment at La Mancha, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>.<br />
-Writes "Don Quixote" during his<br />
-imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>. Fails in his<br />
-attempt to introduce himself to<br />
-the duke of Lerma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Difficulties<br />
-which he encounters in<br />
-publishing "Don Quixote," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>.<br />
-The "Buscapié" attributed to<br />
-him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a>. Success of "Don Quixote"<br />
-excites the enmity of the<br />
-men of letters of his day, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br />
-Suspected of murder, and thrown<br />
-with his entire family into prison,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Is set at liberty,
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br />
-Publishes his "Voyage to Parnassus,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. Anecdote, showing<br />
-the high esteem in which "Don<br />
-Quixote" was held, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Brings<br />
-cut his "Twelve Tales," which<br />
-raises yet higher his character<br />
-as an author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>. His portrait<br />
-of himself, in his preface to the<br />
-"Twelve Tales," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>. His account<br />
-of the origin of the Spanish<br />
-drama, and the amelioration<br />
-that he in his younger days introduced,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>. Publishes his<br />
-"Persiles and Sigismunda," and<br />
-the second part of "Don Quixote,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>. His dedication of it<br />
-to the count of Lemos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. His<br />
-last illness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. His interview<br />
-with the student of Toledo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>.<br />
-His farewell letter to the count<br />
-of Lemos, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. His death, in the<br />
-sixty-ninth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>.<br />
-His character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Brief review<br />
-of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. Extract<br />
-from his "Numantia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Extract<br />
-from the comedy of "Life<br />
-in Algiers," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. Extract from<br />
-his "Voyage to Parnassus," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Cetina, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Charlemagne, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Charles of Valois, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chiabrera, Gabbriello, his birth,<br />
-parentage, and early education,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.
-Enters into the service<br />
-of cardinal Camerlingo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>.<br />
-Writes some odes in imitation of<br />
-Pindar; makes the Greek lyrical<br />
-poets his models, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>.<br />
-Wishes to transfuse the spirit of<br />
-the Greeks into the Italian language,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. Style of his poetry,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. Specimen of his serious<br />
-style, as translated by Wordsworth,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_166" class="ext">166</a>. His death and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chiaramonte, Scipio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Chrysoloras, Emanuel, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ciani, a Carthusian monk; his visit<br />
-to Boccaccio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Clement VI., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colombe, Lodovico delle, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colonna, Giacomo, commencement<br />
-of his friendship with Petrarch,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colonna, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Colonna, Vittoria, her birth, parentage,<br />
-and marriage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br />
-Her letter to her husband during<br />
-his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Her grief<br />
-at his death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Extracts from<br />
-her poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. Her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_81" class="ext">81</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Conrad III., emperor, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Consalvo, the Spanish general, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Convennole, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Copernicus, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Correggio, Azzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Coutinho, Miguel Rodriguez, III.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Couto, Diogo de III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>D.</p>
-
-<p>Dante Alighieri, his parentage, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>. Born in the spring of 1265, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-Fable concerning his birth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br />
-Extracts from his "Paradiso,"<br />
-and his "Inferno," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. His early<br />
-education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Enters upon his<br />
-noviciate at a convent of the<br />
-Minor Friars, but withdraws before<br />
-the term of probation was<br />
-ended, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. Story of his early love<br />
-for Beatrice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Pursues his<br />
-studies in the universities of<br />
-Padua, Bologna, and Paris, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br />
-Supposed to have visited Oxford,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>. High estimation in which<br />
-his works were held in England,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. His progress in the schools<br />
-of divinity and philosophy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-His marriage with Madonna<br />
-Gemma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Style of his poetry,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. His domestic discomforts,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>. His character as a citizen, a<br />
-soldier, and a magistrate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-Serves among the cavalry in the<br />
-battle of Campaldino, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. His<br />
-extraordinary valour during that<br />
-engagement; his allusion to it<br />
-in Canto XII. of the "Inferno,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Is again in the field<br />
-at the siege of Caprona, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Extract<br />
-from Canto XXI. of the<br />
-"Inferno," alluding to this action,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Traditional account of<br />
-his embassies to the courts of<br />
-Hungary, Naples, and France,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. Chosen in the year 1300, by<br />
-the suffrages of the people, chief<br />
-prior of his native city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His<br />
-endeavours to put down the factions<br />
-of the Bianchi and Neri,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. Appeals to the people at<br />
-large to support the executive<br />
-government, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Accused of partiality<br />
-to the Bianchi, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. Undertakes<br />
-an embassy to Rome, to<br />
-solicit the good offices of the<br />
-pope towards pacifying his fellow<br />
-citizens without foreign interference,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-During his absence, his dwelling<br />
-demolished by the Neri, his property<br />
-confiscated, and a fine of<br />
-8000 lire decreed against him,<br />
-with banishment for two years,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Joins himself with the<br />
-Bianchi, who transfer their affections<br />
-to the Ghibelines, deeming<br />
-the adherents of the emperor<br />
-less the enemies of their country<br />
-than their adversaries, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-Withdraws<br />
-from the confederacy in<br />
-disgust, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Extract from his<br />
-"Del Paradiso," in allusion to<br />
-this subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Extract from<br />
-his "Purgatorio," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Endeavours<br />
-to obtain a reversal of his<br />
-unrighteous sentence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>. Appeals<br />
-to Henry of Luxemburgh;<br />
-dedicates his political treatise,<br />
-entitled "De Monarchia," to<br />
-that prince, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. A third decree<br />
-passed against him; he retires to<br />
-France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>. Anecdotes of his<br />
-caustic humour, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. Compared<br />
-with Marius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His mental<br />
-sufferings during his nineteen<br />
-years' banishment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_30" class="ext">30</a>. His letter,<br />
-refusing the conditions offered<br />
-by the Florentine government,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. His death, on the 14th<br />
-of September, 1321, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>. His<br />
-splendid funeral, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Monuments<br />
-raised to his memory, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-His confiscated property restored<br />
-to his family, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. His memory<br />
-execrated, and his writings proscribed<br />
-by pope John XXII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-His person, as described by Boccaccio,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. His<br />
-family, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Notice of his writings,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Origin of the "Divina<br />
-Commedia," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Dramatic character<br />
-of the work, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_44" class="ext">44</a>. Extract<br />
-from Canto X. of the "Inferno,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. His character as a man and<br />
-a poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Character of his<br />
-poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Demisiano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Demourier, General, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Digby, Sir Kenelm, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Donati, Corso, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Donati Lucretia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Dramatists, the, of Spain, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>E.</p>
-
-<p>Elia, the faithful servant of Alfieri,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Enriquez, Feliciano, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_141" class="ext">141</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Enzina, Juan, style of his writing,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. Translation of one of his<br />
-songs, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ercilla, don Alonzo de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br />
-His birth, parentage, and early<br />
-education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Appointed page<br />
-to prince Philip, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. Leaves the<br />
-personal service of the prince to<br />
-join the expedition sent against<br />
-the Araucanos, an Indian tribe,<br />
-in South America, which had<br />
-risen against Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. His<br />
-account of the expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>.<br />
-Narrowly escapes an early and<br />
-disastrous end, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Leaves Chili<br />
-in disgust, without having been<br />
-duly rewarded for his services,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. Proceeds to the Terceiras,<br />
-and thence to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. His<br />
-marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Appointed chamberlain<br />
-to Maximilian, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br />
-Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Only known in<br />
-the literary world by his poem,<br />
-"La Araucana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. Critique<br />
-on his poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Espinel, Vicente, his birth and<br />
-parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. His death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Este, cardinal Hippolito d', I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>.<br />
-Anecdote illustrative of his cruelty, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Esto, Bianca d', II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Exarch, Onofrio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ezpeleta, don Gaspar de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>F.</p>
-
-<p>Fabricius, John, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fabbroni, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Faggiuolo, signori della, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Faliero, Marino, doge of Venice, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Falucci, the conti, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fantoni, Sebastian, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Farinelli, the singer, his friendship<br />
-for Metastasio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_209" class="ext">209</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Farnese, Orazio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fedele, Cassandra, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. Her<br />
-death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Feliciana de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fermo, Oliverotto da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ferranti, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ferrara, Cieco da, his writings, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ferreira, Antonio, mentioned as<br />
-the classic poet of Portugal, III.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. His death and character,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. Style of his writings,
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ficino, Marsiglio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. His birth<br />
-and early education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. Brief<br />
-review of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>. His<br />
-death, in the sixty-sixth year of<br />
-his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Figueroa, don Lope, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Filicaja, Vincenzo da; his birth,<br />
-parentage, and early education,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>. His marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. His<br />
-enthusiastic piety, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_181" class="ext">181</a>. His characteristics,<br />
-facil dignity, and<br />
-clearness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_182" class="ext">182</a>. Fills several law<br />
-offices of great power and emolument,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_183" class="ext">183</a>. His death, in the<br />
-sixty-fifth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_184" class="ext">184</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Foscarinus, Paul Anthony, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_51" class="ext">51</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Foscolo, Ugo, his birth and parentage,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_354" class="ext">354</a>. His early education,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_355" class="ext">355</a>. Resolves to follow the steps<br />
-of Alfieri, and to acquire fame as<br />
-a tragedian; produces his drama<br />
-of "Thyestes" at the early age<br />
-of nineteen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_356" class="ext">356</a>. Political allusions<br />
-that gave it its chief interest,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_357" class="ext">357</a>. Extracts from his<br />
-work, entitled "Letters of Jacopo<br />
-Ortis," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_358" class="ext">358</a>. Leaves Venice,<br />
-and takes the road to Tuscany,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_360" class="ext">360</a>. Pursues his way to Milan,<br />
-the then capital of the Cisalpine<br />
-republic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_361" class="ext">361</a>. His indignation at<br />
-the sentence passed by the great<br />
-council against the Latin language,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. Falls in love with a<br />
-young lady of Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_362" class="ext">362</a>. His attachment<br />
-not fortunate; he suffers<br />
-all the throes of disappointment<br />
-and grief, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. Becomes an<br />
-officer in the Lombard legion,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_363" class="ext">363</a>. His bravery during the<br />
-siege of Geneva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. His letter<br />
-to Napoleon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_364" class="ext">364</a>. Returns to Milan<br />
-after the battle of Marengo,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Increases his fame by the<br />
-publication of his "Last Letters<br />
-of Jacopo Ortis," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_365" class="ext">365</a>. Outline<br />
-of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_366" class="ext">366</a>. Its success<br />
-immediate and striking, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>.<br />
-His person, as described by Pecchio,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_369" class="ext">369</a>. Anecdotes of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_370" class="ext">370</a>.<br />
-Publishes an oration to Bonaparte,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_371" class="ext">371</a>. Its style forcible and<br />
-rhetorical, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_372" class="ext">372</a>. Enters on the<br />
-study of the Greek language;<br />
-undertakes the translation of<br />
-Sterne's "Sentimental Journey,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_373" class="ext">373</a>. His egotistical account of<br />
-his own singularities, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_374" class="ext">374</a>. Undertakes<br />
-to make a new edition<br />
-of the military works of Montecucoli,<br />
-with notes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_375" class="ext">375</a>. Writes<br />
-his "Ode on Sepulchres;" outline<br />
-of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_376" class="ext">376</a>. Publishes<br />
-his translation of the first book of<br />
-the Iliad, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a>. Installed professor<br />
-in the university of Pavia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_377" class="ext">377</a>.<br />
-His introductory oration on the<br />
-origin and use of letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a>.<br />
-Retreats from the university, to<br />
-the seclusion of the Lake of<br />
-Como, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_378" class="ext">378</a>. Commences his<br />
-"Ode to the Graces," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_379" class="ext">379</a>. Political<br />
-tendency of his writings,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_380" class="ext">380</a>. Submits to an exile from<br />
-Milan, and again visits Tuscany,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_381" class="ext">381</a>. Style of his writings in<br />
-general, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_382" class="ext">382</a>. Resumes his military<br />
-duties; promoted to the<br />
-rank of colonel, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_384" class="ext">384</a>. His conversation<br />
-with Pecchio; leaves<br />
-Italy in disguise, and takes refuge<br />
-in Switzerland, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_385" class="ext">385</a>. Repairs<br />
-to England, and is received<br />
-with open arms by the Whig<br />
-party, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_386" class="ext">386</a>. Ceases to be a lion,<br />
-and retires to the neighbourhood<br />
-of St. John's Wood, near the Regent's<br />
-Park, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a>. Supports himself<br />
-chiefly by writing for the Quarterly<br />
-Review, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_387" class="ext">387</a>. Outline of<br />
-his tragedy of "Ricciarda," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_388" class="ext">388</a>.<br />
-Delivers a course of lectures on<br />
-Italian literature, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_389" class="ext">389</a>. Obliged<br />
-to provide for daily necessity, by<br />
-writing for various reviews and<br />
-magazines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_390" class="ext">390</a>. His illness, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_391" class="ext">391</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a>. His character<br />
-and literary merits, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_393" class="ext">393</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Francesca, daughter of Petrarch,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Frangipani, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Franzesi, don Juan, III, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Fuccarius, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>G.</p>
-
-<p>Gærtner, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gassendi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Galileo, the history of his life and<br />
-labours, pregnant with a peculiar<br />
-interest to the general reader, as<br />
-well as the philosopher, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br />
-His birth and parentage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. His<br />
-early years spent in the construction<br />
-of instruments and pieces of<br />
-machinery, which were calculated<br />
-chiefly to amuse himself and his<br />
-schoolfellows, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>. Music, drawing,<br />
-and painting, the occupations<br />
-of his leisure hours, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Papers<br />
-from the elementary works of<br />
-geometry to the writings of Archimedes,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Writes an essay on<br />
-the hydrostatical balance, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>. Engaged<br />
-to investigate the centre<br />
-of gravity in solid bodies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-Appointed lecturer on mathematics<br />
-at Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>. His reiterated<br />
-and successful attacks against the<br />
-followers and doctrines of Aristotle,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_5" class="ext">5</a>. Resigns his professorship<br />
-at Pisa, and is appointed to<br />
-fill the chair of mathematics in<br />
-the university of Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br />
-Obliged to add to his income by<br />
-the labours of his pen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>. His<br />
-own account of his conversion to<br />
-the Copernican system of philosophy,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>. Teaches the Ptolemaic<br />
-out of compliance with the popular<br />
-feeling, after he had convinced<br />
-himself of the truth of<br />
-the Copernican doctrines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>. His<br />
-reputation widely extended over<br />
-Europe, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. Completes the first<br />
-period of his engagement at<br />
-Padua, and is re-elected for other<br />
-six years with an increased<br />
-salary of 320 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>. His observations<br />
-on the new star, which<br />
-attracted the notice of astronomers<br />
-in 1604, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. Again appointed<br />
-to the professorship at<br />
-Padua, with an augmented stipend<br />
-of 520 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. His attention<br />
-occupied with the examination<br />
-of the properties of the<br />
-loadstone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>. In 1607, he first<br />
-directs his telescope to the heavens,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>. Solicited by Cosmo de'<br />
-Medici to return to Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-The professorship conferred on<br />
-him for life, and his salary raised<br />
-to 1000 florins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>. Invents that<br />
-form of telescope which still<br />
-bears his name, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Interest<br />
-which the exhibition of the<br />
-telescope excited at Venice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-The first celestial object to which<br />
-he applied it, was the moon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-His observations on the moon,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>. His examination of the fixed<br />
-stars and the planets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>. His<br />
-discovery of the Medicean stars,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>. Dedicated his work, entitled<br />
-the "Sidereal Messenger," to<br />
-Cosmo de' Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>. Reception<br />
-which his discoveries met<br />
-with, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_20" class="ext">20</a>. Resigns his professorship<br />
-at Padua, and takes up his<br />
-residence at Florence as philosopher<br />
-and principal mathematician<br />
-to the grand duke of Tuscany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-The first and sole discoverer of<br />
-Jupiter and satellites, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>. Excites<br />
-the curiosity of astronomers by<br />
-the publication of his first<br />
-enigma, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>. Visits Rome, where<br />
-he is received with honour by<br />
-princes, cardinals, and prelates,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. Erects his telescope in the<br />
-Quirinal Gardens, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>. His solar<br />
-observations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_26" class="ext">26</a>. Publishes his<br />
-discourse on floating bodies,<br />
-chiefly remarkable as a specimen<br />
-of the sagacity and intellectual<br />
-power of its author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>. His<br />
-discoveries place him at the<br />
-head of the great men of his age,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>. His letter to his friend and<br />
-pupil, the abbé Castelli, to prove<br />
-that the Scriptures were not<br />
-intended to teach us science<br />
-and philosophy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>. Publishes a<br />
-longer letter, of seventy pages, defending<br />
-and illustrating his former<br />
-views respecting the influence<br />
-of scriptural language on<br />
-the two contending systems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_32" class="ext">32</a>.<br />
-Summoned before the inquisition,<br />
-to answer for the heretical<br />
-doctrines which he published, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br />
-Acquitted on condition that he<br />
-renounced the obnoxious doctrines,<br />
-and pledged himself that<br />
-he would neither teach, defend,<br />
-nor publish them in future, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_33" class="ext">33</a>.<br />
-His controversial discussion at<br />
-Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>. Discovers a method<br />
-of finding the longitude at sea,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>. Unable, from illness, to partake<br />
-in the general interest excited<br />
-by the three comets, which<br />
-visited our system in 1618, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.<br />
-Replies to the attack of Oratio<br />
-Grassi, in a volume entitled "Il<br />
-Saggiatore," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. Undertakes a<br />
-journey to Rome, to congratulate<br />
-his friend Barberini upon his<br />
-elevation to the papal chair, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-Endeavours to bespeak the good<br />
-will of the cardinal towards the<br />
-Copernican system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His<br />
-theory of the tides, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Ties<br />
-which bound him to the Romish<br />
-hierarchy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Publishes a work,<br />
-demonstrating the Copernican<br />
-system, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Influence of this<br />
-work on the public mind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_43" class="ext">43</a>.<br />
-Summoned a second time before<br />
-the inquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. His trial, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>.<br />
-His defence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Sentence of the<br />
-court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. His abjuration of his<br />
-doctrines, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_50" class="ext">50</a>. The sentence of<br />
-abjuration read at several universities,<br />
-and his friends and his<br />
-disciples summoned to witness<br />
-the public degradation of their<br />
-master, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_52" class="ext">52</a>. Returns to Tuscany,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His melancholy and indisposition,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>. Obtains leave from<br />
-the pope to return to Florence,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_54" class="ext">54</a>. Publishes his "Dialogues on<br />
-Local Motion," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>. Discovers<br />
-the moon's diurnal liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_55" class="ext">55</a>.<br />
-Becomes totally blind, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>. Renieri<br />
-undertakes to arrange and<br />
-complete his observations and<br />
-calculations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br />
-The inquisition disputes his<br />
-right of making a will, and of<br />
-being buried in consecrated<br />
-ground, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>. His character as a<br />
-man of science, and as a member<br />
-of the social circle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. His<br />
-person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gamba, Marina, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gano, of Mayence, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_170" class="ext">170</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Garcia Sanchez, remarks on his<br />
-poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Garibay, Esteban de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gavasa, Alberto, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Geraldi, Cinthio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Giacomo, king of Majorca, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gil, Juan, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gilbert, Dr., II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_11" class="ext">11</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Giovanni, queen of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Goldoni, Carlo, his birth and parentage,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a>. His predilection<br />
-for the drama, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Placed at<br />
-school at Perugia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>. Taken<br />
-by his father to Rimini, to pursue<br />
-his studies under a celebrated<br />
-professor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Leaves Rimini<br />
-with a company of strolling<br />
-comedians, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Arrives at<br />
-Chiozza; his dislike to the medical<br />
-profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_218" class="ext">218</a>. Repairs to<br />
-Venice to study law under his<br />
-uncle, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Enters the university<br />
-of Pavia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Expelled the<br />
-college for writing a satire; accompanies<br />
-his father to Udine,<br />
-where he studies law under an<br />
-eminent advocate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Proceeds<br />
-to Modena to pursue his<br />
-legal studies, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His letter to<br />
-his parents, declaring his resolve<br />
-of entering the order of Capuchin<br />
-monks, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Returns to Chiozza,<br />
-cured of every wish to shut himself<br />
-up in a cloister, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>. Appointed<br />
-to a situation under government,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His account of<br />
-his first love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. Enters the profession<br />
-of barrister at Venice,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. Incident which occurred to<br />
-destroy his prospects, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. Leaves<br />
-Venice; obtains letters of introduction<br />
-at Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Failure<br />
-of his opera, entitled "Amalasunta,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Appointed gentleman<br />
-in the palace of signor<br />
-Bartolini, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_229" class="ext">229</a>. Dismissed from<br />
-his situation; sets out for Modena,<br />
-where his mother resided,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>. Attacked by robbers on his<br />
-journey, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_231" class="ext">231</a>. Installed poet to<br />
-the theatrical company at Venice;<br />
-success of his "Belisarius," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_232" class="ext">232</a>.<br />
-Accompanies the manager to<br />
-Genoa and Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. His<br />
-marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>. Commences his<br />
-long meditated reform of the<br />
-Italian theatre, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_234" class="ext">234</a>. Obtains the<br />
-Genoese consulship at Venice,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_235" class="ext">235</a>. Embarks for Bologna; his<br />
-journey full of accidents by flood<br />
-and field, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_236" class="ext">236</a>. Returns to Rimini,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">237</a>. Becomes a pleader<br />
-once again, and for three years<br />
-practices at the Pisan bar, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>.<br />
-Outline of his tragedy, entitled<br />
-"La Donna di Garbo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_239" class="ext">239</a>. His<br />
-drama on the subject of Richardson's<br />
-novel of "Pamela," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>.<br />
-Writes sixteen comedies in the<br />
-course of one season, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. His<br />
-illness occasioned by his extraordinary<br />
-exertion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. Becomes<br />
-the censor of the manners and<br />
-satirist of the follies of his country,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>. Outline of his comedies,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. Invited to Rome during<br />
-the carnival, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>. Receives an<br />
-offer from the French court of an<br />
-engagement for two years, on<br />
-very advantageous terms, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>.<br />
-His debût as an author in the<br />
-French capital, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His death,<br />
-in the eighty-fifth year of his<br />
-age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gongora, don Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. His<br />
-birth, parentage, and early education,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_243" class="ext">243</a>. His death, in the<br />
-sixty-sixth year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_244" class="ext">244</a>.<br />
-His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_245" class="ext">245</a>. Specimen of<br />
-his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. Lope de Vega,<br />
-essay upon him and his system,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_248" class="ext">248</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gonzaga, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_35" class="ext">35</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gori, Francesco, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grassi, Oratio, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_237" class="ext">37</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gravina, Vincenzo, the celebrated<br />
-jurisconsult, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Grazia, M. Vincenzo di, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gualdo, Paolo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guarini, Battista, his birth, parentage,<br />
-and early education, II.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. Named counsellor and secretary<br />
-of state by Alfonso, duke of<br />
-Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. Sent by him to negotiate<br />
-his election to the Polish<br />
-throne; his letter to his wife on<br />
-the subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His letter to a<br />
-friend on the subject of his "Pastor<br />
-Fido," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. Extract from Fanshawe's<br />
-translation of the poem,<br />
-the "Pastor Fido," the principal<br />
-monument of his poetic genius,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Review of the poem looked<br />
-on as second only to Tasso among<br />
-the poets of the age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Returns<br />
-to his post at court; sent on a<br />
-mission to Umbria and Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br />
-His pecuniary difficulties and<br />
-domestic afflictions; leaves Ferrara<br />
-privately and in haste, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>.<br />
-Establishes himself at Florence,<br />
-where he is honourably received<br />
-by the grand duke Ferdinand, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>.<br />
-His irascible temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>. His<br />
-death, in the seventy-fifth year<br />
-of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Gubbio, Busone da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guevara, Antonio de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guicciardini, Francesco, his birth<br />
-and parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. At an<br />
-early age takes a doctor's degree<br />
-in law; and is appointed by the<br />
-government to read the Institute<br />
-in the university of Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.<br />
-His marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Sent by the<br />
-republic as ambassador to Ferdinand,<br />
-king of Aragon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br />
-Sent to receive the pope at Cortona,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Named by the pope<br />
-consistorial advocate, also governor<br />
-of Reggio and Modena,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. Prudence, firmness, and<br />
-severity, the characteristics of<br />
-his administration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Named<br />
-lieutenant general of the pontifical<br />
-army in the ecclesiastical<br />
-states, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. Enters, with all the<br />
-zeal of personal resentment, into<br />
-the cause of the Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_69" class="ext">69</a>.<br />
-Named by the pope governor of<br />
-Bologna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>. Retires from the<br />
-government on the death of Clement<br />
-VII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. Withdraws himself<br />
-from public life, and retires<br />
-to his country seat at Montici,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Solicited by Paul III. to leave<br />
-his retreat, and to enter again on<br />
-public life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>.<br />
-His person and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Guiducci, Marco, an astronomer of<br />
-Florence, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_36" class="ext">36</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p >H.</p>
-
-<p>Halam, Robert, bishop of Salisbury,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Harrington, Sir John, the first<br />
-English translator of Ariosto, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Harriot, Thomas, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Herrera, Fernando date of his birth<br />
-and family unknown, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. Critique<br />
-on his poetry; list of his<br />
-prose works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. His "Ode to<br />
-Sleep," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hohenzoller, cardinal, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hoyos, Juan Lopez de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Hugh de Sâde, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Huygens, Constantine, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>I.</p>
-
-<p>Immola, Benvenuta da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_2" class="ext">2</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Isotta of Padua, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Istria, count Capo d', II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_392" class="ext">392</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Isunza, Pedro, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ivaldi, don, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_251" class="ext">251</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>J.</p>
-
-<p>Jane, queen of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_125" class="ext">125</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jansen, the inventor of the Dutch<br />
-telescope, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-John I. of Aragon, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-John of Florence, canon of Pisa, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br />
-<br />
-John II. of Aragon, his love of<br />
-poetry and learning secure him<br />
-the affections of his adherents;<br />
-and, in the midst of civil commotion,<br />
-despite his deficiency of<br />
-resolution, gathers round him a<br />
-court faithful to his cause, and<br />
-civilised by its love of letters, III.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-<br />
-John XXII., pope, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jordí, Mosen Jordi de Sant, the<br />
-first and best known of the Spanish<br />
-troubadours, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_6" class="ext">6</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Jovius, Paul, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Julius II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>K.</p>
-
-<p>Kepler, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>L.</p>
-
-<p>Labadini, Lazzaro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Landino, Christofero, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br />
-
-Latini, Brunetto, tutor to Dante, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Laura de Sâde, her first meeting<br />
-with Petrarch, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Her death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Leon, Luis Ponce de, his birth,<br />
-parentage, and education, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br />
-Style of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Made<br />
-doctor of theology by the university<br />
-of Salamanca, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Elected<br />
-to chair of St. Thomas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Confined<br />
-in a dungeon of the inquisition<br />
-for translating the<br />
-Scriptures into the vulgar tongue,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Translation of his "Ode to<br />
-the Virgin," composed during<br />
-his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Liberated<br />
-at the end of five years, and<br />
-restored to all his honours and<br />
-employments, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His death, in<br />
-the sixty-fourth year of his age,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His amiable<br />
-character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Brief review of<br />
-his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. Mr. Wiffen's<br />
-translation of his "Ode on the<br />
-Moorish Invasion," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lippa Ariosta, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lobeira, Vasco, author of the first<br />
-romance of chivalry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Louis of Bavaria, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Lima, Simon Freire de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Luna, don Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>M.</p>
-
-<p>Machiavelli, Niccolo, his birth and<br />
-parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Placed as<br />
-secretary under Marcellus Virgil,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>. Elected chancellor of the second<br />
-court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Named secretary<br />
-of the Council of Ten, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. His<br />
-missions to various sovereigns and<br />
-states, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Convulsed state of<br />
-Italy at this period, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_260" class="ext">260</a>. His mission<br />
-to Caterina Sforza, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His<br />
-letters to the state during this<br />
-and all his other missions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br />
-The great doubt that clouds his<br />
-character, regards the spirit in<br />
-which he wrote the "Prince,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_263" class="ext">263</a>. Accused of being the confidant<br />
-of Cæsar Borgia in his<br />
-plots, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>. Sent by the Florentine<br />
-government to the duke of<br />
-Imola, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. His letter to his<br />
-government on the subject of<br />
-his mission, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. His letter to<br />
-the signoria of Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>.<br />
-His minute details of his conversations<br />
-with Borgia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>. His<br />
-unsuccessful solicitations to be<br />
-recalled, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_271" class="ext">271</a>. His efforts to discover<br />
-Borgia's secret views, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>.<br />
-His letters to the government,<br />
-earnestly desiring to be recalled,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>. His letters, describing Borgia's<br />
-movements, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_274" class="ext">274</a>. His account<br />
-of Borgia's treacherous<br />
-and cruel act of revenge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_276" class="ext">276</a>.<br />
-Expressions in his letter, characteristic<br />
-of Italian policy and<br />
-morals at that period, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_277" class="ext">277</a>. Returns<br />
-to Florence, and is replaced<br />
-by an ambassador of more authority,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Outline of "The<br />
-Decenal," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_278" class="ext">278</a>. Anecdote relating<br />
-to Borgia's system of government,<br />
-related in the "Prince," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_279" class="ext">279</a>.<br />
-Sent on a legation to Rome, just<br />
-at the time of the downfal of<br />
-Cæsar Borgia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. His frequent<br />
-interviews with the fallen<br />
-prince, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_282" class="ext">282</a>. His succeeding embassies,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_284" class="ext">284</a>. Succeeds in persuading<br />
-the signoria of Florence<br />
-to form a native militia, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>. His<br />
-embassy to the emperor Maximilian,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. His observations on<br />
-the state of Germany, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_286" class="ext">286</a>. Employed<br />
-to convey to Mantua the<br />
-money composing a part of the<br />
-subsidy to the emperor, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His<br />
-letters during this mission disclose<br />
-a curious system of bribery<br />
-with regard to the minister of<br />
-Louis XII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>. His interview<br />
-with the French king at Blois,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>. His letter, detailing the expedition<br />
-of the allies against the<br />
-republic, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_289" class="ext">289</a>. Review of his<br />
-fourteen services, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_290" class="ext">290</a>. His imprisonment,<br />
-and liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_291" class="ext">291</a>.<br />
-His letter to the Florentine ambassador,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. Review of his<br />
-private correspondence, and his<br />
-other writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>. His letter<br />
-to Vettori, the Florentine ambassador,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_294" class="ext">294</a>. Analysis of his<br />
-work, entitled the "Prince,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_298" class="ext">298</a>. Review of his "Essay on<br />
-the First Decade of Livy," and<br />
-his other works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>. His despairing<br />
-letters to Vettori, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>.<br />
-His "Essay on the Reform of<br />
-the Government of Florence,"<br />
-written at the request of Leo X.,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His correspondence with<br />
-Francesco Guicciardini, the celebrated<br />
-historian, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Commences<br />
-his "History of Florence;"<br />
-receives a regular but<br />
-limited salary as historiographer,<br />
-from Clement VII., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Employed<br />
-to inspect the progress of<br />
-the fortification of Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>.<br />
-Returns to Florence full of hope,<br />
-and is disappointed, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. His<br />
-death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br />
-His person, <i>ib.</i><br />
-<br />
-Madonna Gemma, wife of Dante,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_10" class="ext">10</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Malegucci, Sigismondo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Malespina, the marchese, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Manrique, Jorge, remarks on his<br />
-poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Manrique, don Geronimo, grand<br />
-inquisitor, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Manso, marquess of Villa, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Manuel, don Juan, brief review of<br />
-his works, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Maraffi, Luigi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_31" class="ext">31</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marcias, remarks on his poetry,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>. His melancholy death.<br />
-<br />
-Mariner, Vicente, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marini, Giambattista, his birth and<br />
-parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Encouraged<br />
-by Tasso to pursue his poetic<br />
-career, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_174" class="ext">174</a>. Publishes a volume<br />
-of lyrical poetry, which establishes<br />
-his fame, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>. His literary<br />
-quarrels, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_176" class="ext">176</a>. Publishes his<br />
-"Adone" while at Paris; outline<br />
-of the story, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_177" class="ext">177</a>. Returns<br />
-to Italy; is again involved in<br />
-literary squabbles, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_178" class="ext">178</a>. His death,<br />
-in the fifty-sixth year of his age,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marmont, general, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marotto, Domenico, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mary, natural daughter of Robert,<br />
-king of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Marzemedici, archbishop of Florence,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mascheroni, Lorenzo, a celebrated<br />
-mathematician, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mathew Corvino, king of Hungary,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Matrapillo, Morato Raez, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mayer, Simon, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_21" class="ext">21</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Medici, Cosmo de', founder of the<br />
-Medicean library, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Medici, Lorenzo de', his early life,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. Devotes most of his time<br />
-and fortune to the cultivation of<br />
-literature and the fine arts, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br />
-Institutes a yearly celebration of<br />
-the anniversary of Plato's birth<br />
-and death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His chief merit<br />
-derived from the revival of his<br />
-native language, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Commentary<br />
-on his first sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-Extract of a translation of one of<br />
-his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>. Brief review of<br />
-his other poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. His death,<br />
-at the early age of forty-four, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Memmi, Simon, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mena, Juan de, the most renowned<br />
-of the early writers, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>. Review<br />
-of his works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. His death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>. Extracts from his poems, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_16" class="ext">16</a>.<br />
-Analysis of the "Labyrinto," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_17" class="ext">17</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mendoza, don Diego Hurtado de,<br />
-his birth and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br />
-His early education, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. His<br />
-"Lazarillo de Tormes" declaratory<br />
-of the originality of his<br />
-genius, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_59" class="ext">59</a>. Deputed by Charles<br />
-V. to attend the council of Trent,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>. Confirms the opinion already<br />
-entertained of his talents by a<br />
-learned and elegant oration, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br />
-Sent as ambassador to Rome;<br />
-named governor and captain-general<br />
-of Siena, and ordered to<br />
-introduce a Spanish garrison, and<br />
-to build a citadel for its protection,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. Becomes the object of universal<br />
-hatred by his haughty and<br />
-unfeeling conduct, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Repairs<br />
-to Rome, to influence the election<br />
-of a new pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Named<br />
-gonfaloniere of the church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>.<br />
-Recalled from the government of<br />
-Siena to Spain, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. His philosophical,<br />
-political, and poetical<br />
-works, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Shows himself an enthusiastic<br />
-lover of learning, and<br />
-a liberal patron of learned men,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Anecdote of, characteristic<br />
-of the vehemence of his temper,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His "History of the War of<br />
-the Moriscos in Granada," the<br />
-most esteemed of his prose works,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. His character<br />
-and person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Brief review of<br />
-his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Metastasio, Pietro, his birth and obscure<br />
-origin, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>. At an early<br />
-age attracts by his talents as improvisatore,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_185" class="ext">185</a>. Writes a tragedy,<br />
-entitled "Giustino," at the<br />
-early age of fourteen, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_186" class="ext">186</a>. Continues<br />
-to improvisare verse in<br />
-company, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_187" class="ext">187</a>. Evils that result<br />
-to the intellect perpetually bent<br />
-on so exciting a proceeding, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br />
-Sent to study at Magna Græcia,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. Returns to Rome, and gives<br />
-himself up to the study of poetry,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. Removes to Naples; determines<br />
-to give up poetry, and<br />
-to study the law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Commanded<br />
-by the viceroy to write a<br />
-drama to celebrate the birthday<br />
-of the empress Elizabeth Christina;<br />
-success of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>.<br />
-Quits the law, and again devotes<br />
-himself to the Muses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Receives<br />
-a commission to furnish<br />
-the Neapolitan theatre with an<br />
-opera for the carnival of 1724;<br />
-success of the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. Receives<br />
-a letter from prince Pio of<br />
-Savoy, inviting him to become<br />
-the court poet of Vienna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br />
-Fulfils his engagement of supplying<br />
-the Roman theatre with<br />
-two pieces for the carnival,<br />
-and makes his appearance at<br />
-Vienna, surrounded by the halo<br />
-of a recent triumph, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. Appointed<br />
-treasurer to the province<br />
-of Cosenzo, worth annually<br />
-350 sequins, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. His feelings<br />
-ingenuously expressed in his letters<br />
-to Marianna Bulgarelli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-His letters to his brother on<br />
-hearing of her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Peculiar<br />
-merits of his poetry, and excellencies<br />
-of his dramas, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. The<br />
-"Grazie agli inganni tuoi," and<br />
-the "Partenza," among the best<br />
-of his productions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_203" class="ext">203</a>. His ill<br />
-health attributed to change of<br />
-climate, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His life only to be<br />
-found in his letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_205" class="ext">205</a>. His<br />
-letters to his brother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_207" class="ext">207</a>. His<br />
-enthusiastic friendship for Farinelli,<br />
-the singer, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. His manner<br />
-of living at Vienna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. His<br />
-letter to Farinelli, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His<br />
-death, in the eighty-fourth year<br />
-of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Miranda, Saa de, a Portuguese<br />
-poet, born in 1494, and died in<br />
-1558; his connection with Spanish<br />
-poetry, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della,<br />
-his birth and early education, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. Character of his writings,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. His death, in the thirty-second<br />
-year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Moneada, don Miguel de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mondejar, the marquis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montalvan, friend and disciple of<br />
-Lope de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Monte, cardinal del, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montefalcone, Niccolo di, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montemayor, Jorge de; his birth<br />
-and parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. Establishes<br />
-his fame as an author, by<br />
-writing his "Diana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. Outline<br />
-and style of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Monti, Vincenzo, his birth and parentage,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_305" class="ext">305</a>. Anecdote of his<br />
-childhood, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_306" class="ext">306</a>. His early education,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_307" class="ext">307</a>. Gives up every<br />
-other pursuit, and dedicates himself<br />
-wholly to the cultivation of<br />
-literature and poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_308" class="ext">308</a>. Accompanies<br />
-cardinal Borghese to<br />
-Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>. Want of political<br />
-integrity, and ready worship of<br />
-ruling powers, the great blot of<br />
-his character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_310" class="ext">310</a>. Continues<br />
-to cultivate his poetic tastes, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_311" class="ext">311</a>.<br />
-Success of his tragedy entitled<br />
-"Aristodemo," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>. Outline of<br />
-the piece, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_313" class="ext">313</a>. His marriage,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>. Celebrates the death of his<br />
-friend Basseville, in a poem entitled<br />
-"Basvilliana," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_315" class="ext">315</a>. Outline<br />
-and style of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_316" class="ext">316</a>.<br />
-Leaves Rome for Tuscany; his<br />
-familiar intercourse with general<br />
-Marmont, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_318" class="ext">318</a>. Becomes a revolutionary<br />
-poet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_319" class="ext">319</a>. Appointed<br />
-to the survivorship of the professor's<br />
-chair at Brera, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>. Falls<br />
-into a deplorable state of destitution,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_322" class="ext">322</a>. Celebrates his return<br />
-to his beloved Italy by a beautiful<br />
-hymn, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_323" class="ext">323</a>. Outline of his<br />
-poem entitled "Mascheroniana,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>. Appointed to a professorship<br />
-in the university of Pavia;<br />
-named court poet and historiographer,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_326" class="ext">326</a>. Made cavalier of<br />
-the iron crown, member of the<br />
-Institute, and of the legion of<br />
-honour, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_327" class="ext">327</a>. Celebrates the<br />
-event of Napoleon being crowned<br />
-king of Italy in a poem, entitled<br />
-"Il Benificio," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_328" class="ext">328</a>. His poem<br />
-in celebration of the attempted<br />
-usurpation of the Spanish throne,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_329" class="ext">329</a>. Remarks on his poem entitled<br />
-the "Sword of Frederic,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_331" class="ext">331</a>. His translation of Ceruti,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_332" class="ext">332</a>. Writes, by command, a<br />
-cantata entitled "Mistico Omaggio,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_334" class="ext">334</a>. The marriage of his<br />
-daughter, one of the most fortunate<br />
-incidents of his life, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_335" class="ext">335</a>.<br />
-His observations on the subject<br />
-of a reform of the national dictionary,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. Extracts from his<br />
-letters to Mustoxidi on the subject,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>. To another friend, on<br />
-the same subject, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_339" class="ext">339</a>. His<br />
-literary disputes with Mazza,<br />
-Cesarotti and Bettinelli terminate<br />
-in mutual friendship and<br />
-esteem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a>. His letter on the<br />
-subject of the classic and romantic<br />
-schools, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_341" class="ext">341</a>. His letter<br />
-to his wife, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_343" class="ext">343</a>. His letter to<br />
-his friend Mustoxidi, on the<br />
-death of his son-in-law, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_347" class="ext">347</a>.<br />
-Publishes the last volume of his<br />
-"Proposta," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_348" class="ext">348</a>. His last illness,<br />
-and death, in the seventy-fourth<br />
-year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_349" class="ext">349</a>. His<br />
-public and private character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_350" class="ext">350</a>.<br />
-His person, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_351" class="ext">351</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Montoya, Luisa de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mora, Rodrigo de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mosti, Agostino, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Muñoz, Fernando, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Murtola, Gasparo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_175" class="ext">175</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Mustoxidi, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_333" class="ext">333</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>N.</p>
-
-<p>Naharro, Bartolomé Torres, one of<br />
-the earliest Spanish dramatists,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Mentioned by the editor<br />
-of Cervantes' comedies, as the<br />
-real inventor of the Spanish<br />
-drama, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. His reforms in the<br />
-Spanish theatricals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Navagero, Andrea, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Nasi, Alessandro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_287" class="ext">287</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Negrete, doctor Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Neri, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_18" class="ext">18</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Noronha, dom Alfonso de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_309" class="ext">309</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Nozzolini, Ptolemy, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>O.</p>
-
-<p>Obizzo III., marquis of Este, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Oliva, Perez de, one of the earliest<br />
-Spanish dramatists, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Orsino, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>P.</p>
-
-<p>Pacheco, Francisco, the celebrated<br />
-painter, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pachione, Philippo. I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pajares, Alonso Diaz, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Panizzi, Dr., I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pastrengo, William da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Paul II., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pedrosa, Luis, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pellicer, don Juan Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pellicer, don Joseph, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pepoli, Geronimo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Perticari, count, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_336" class="ext">336</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Perugini, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_120" class="ext">120</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Petracco, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Petrarch, Francesco, his birth and<br />
-parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_61" class="ext">61</a>. His early life,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_62" class="ext">62</a>. Sent to study at the university<br />
-of Montpellier, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>. Sent to<br />
-Bologna; makes considerable<br />
-progress in the study of the law,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Recalled to France by the<br />
-death of his father, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>. Abandons<br />
-the law, and devotes himself to<br />
-the clerical profession, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. His<br />
-sedulous attention to dress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>.<br />
-Becomes the favourite and companion<br />
-of the ecclesiastical and<br />
-lay nobles who form the papal<br />
-court, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_65" class="ext">65</a>. Commencement of his<br />
-friendship with Giacomo Colonna,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_66" class="ext">66</a>. His description of<br />
-Colonna, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>. His character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_67" class="ext">67</a>.<br />
-His first meeting with Laura de<br />
-Side, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>. Endeavours to merge<br />
-the living passion of his soul into<br />
-the airy and unsubstantial devotion<br />
-of Platonic attachment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_70" class="ext">70</a>.<br />
-His poetic life dated from the<br />
-time of his attachment to Laura,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_71" class="ext">71</a>. His predilection for travelling,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_72" class="ext">72</a>. Becomes an inmate in<br />
-the house of cardinal Colonna;<br />
-his unbounded ardour for acquiring<br />
-knowledge, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_73" class="ext">73</a>. Visits<br />
-Paris; continues his travels<br />
-through Aix-la-Chapelle and Cologne,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_74" class="ext">74</a>. Visits Rome; his sensations<br />
-on entering the eternal<br />
-city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>. Leaves Italy, and travels<br />
-through Spain to Cadiz, and<br />
-northward as far as the sea-coast<br />
-of England, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. Makes an excursion<br />
-to Mont Ventoux, one of<br />
-the highest mountains in Europe,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>. His letter to father Dionisio<br />
-Robertis, giving an account of<br />
-the expedition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>. Retires to<br />
-Vaucluse, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_78" class="ext">78</a>. His manner of life,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>. Extract from a translation of<br />
-one of the canzoni, as a specimen<br />
-of his style, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_80" class="ext">80</a>. Character of his<br />
-mistress, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_82" class="ext">82</a>. His intimacy with<br />
-Philip de Cabassoles, bishop of<br />
-Cavaillon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_83" class="ext">83</a>. His letter to Giacomo<br />
-Colonna, on his soliciting<br />
-him to go to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_84" class="ext">84</a>. Receives<br />
-letters from the Roman senate<br />
-and the university of Paris, inviting<br />
-him to receive the laurel<br />
-crown of poetry; he decides in<br />
-favour of Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_85" class="ext">85</a>. Repairs to<br />
-Rome, and is crowned in the<br />
-capitol with great solemnity, in<br />
-presence of all the nobles and<br />
-high-born ladies of the city, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>.<br />
-Returns to Avignon; takes on<br />
-himself the office of barrister, and<br />
-pleads the cause of the Correggio,<br />
-against their enemies the Rossi,<br />
-before the pope, and succeeds in<br />
-obtaining a decision in their favour,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_87" class="ext">87</a>. His grief on hearing<br />
-of the death of Thomas of Messina:<br />
-his extraordinary dream,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_88" class="ext">88</a>. Named prior of Migliarino,<br />
-in the diocese of Pisa, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_89" class="ext">89</a>. His<br />
-unabated love for Laura, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_90" class="ext">90</a>. Applies<br />
-himself to Greek, under<br />
-Bernardo Barlaam, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Writes<br />
-his work entitled "The Secret of<br />
-Francesco Petrarca," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_91" class="ext">91</a>. Sent as<br />
-ambassador to Naples, to establish<br />
-the papal claim, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>. Writes letters<br />
-full of encouragement to<br />
-Rienzi, the tribune, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_93" class="ext">93</a>. Repairs<br />
-to his house at Parma; his extraordinary<br />
-dream, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_94" class="ext">94</a>. His grief<br />
-on hearing of the death of Laura,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. His record of her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>.<br />
-Gives large sums in charity for<br />
-the sake of her soul, and causes<br />
-many masses to be said for the<br />
-same purpose, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_97" class="ext">97</a>. Receives a<br />
-decree of the Florentine republic,<br />
-reinstating him in his paternal<br />
-inheritance, together with letters<br />
-inviting him to accept of a professor's<br />
-chair in their university,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. His letters to pope Clement<br />
-VI.; again solicited to accept the<br />
-lace of apostolic secretary, which<br />
-e again refuses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. His treatise<br />
-"On Solitary Life," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-Induced by the solicitations of<br />
-Giovanni Visconti to remain in<br />
-Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>. His conversation<br />
-with the emperor Charles V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-Sent to Vienna to negotiate a<br />
-peace, and afterwards sent to<br />
-Paris to congratulate John, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br />
-His manner of life at Milan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>.<br />
-His record of the death of his<br />
-son; takes up his abode at<br />
-Padua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. His writings compared<br />
-with those of Dante, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>.<br />
-His description of Laura's death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Continues to interest himself<br />
-deeply in the political state of<br />
-his country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>. His letter to<br />
-Boccaccio; his congratulatory<br />
-letter to Pope Urban V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_110" class="ext">110</a>. Is<br />
-seized with a violent illness on<br />
-his way to Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. His treatise,<br />
-entitled "On my own Ignorance<br />
-and that of others," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>.<br />
-His opinion of the "Decameron"<br />
-of Boccaccio, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>. His death,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-His will, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Peraga, Bonaventura da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Petroni, Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pickler, Giovanni, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_314" class="ext">314</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pietro, Francesco Santo, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pignoria, Lorenzo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pineda, don Juan de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pio, prince of Savoy, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pistolfo, M. Bonaventura, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_230" class="ext">230</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pistoia, Cina da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_64" class="ext">64</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pletho, Gemisthus, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Polenta, Guido Novello da, lord of<br />
-Ravenna, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_29" class="ext">29</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Politian, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_15" class="ext">15</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Poliziano, Angelo, his birth and<br />
-parentage, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_162" class="ext">162</a>. Review of his<br />
-writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_163" class="ext">163</a>. Appointed tutor<br />
-to the children of Lorenzo de'<br />
-Medici, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_164" class="ext">164</a>. At the age of<br />
-twenty-nine appointed to the professorship<br />
-of Greek and Latin<br />
-eloquence in the university of<br />
-Florence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_165" class="ext">165</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Porras, doctor Mathias, corregidor<br />
-of the province of Canta, in Peru,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_213" class="ext">213</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Porta, Baptista, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_14" class="ext">14</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Portugal, early poets of, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pulci, Bernardo, remarks on his<br />
-works, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pulci, Luca, his works, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Pulci, Luigi, style of his writings,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.<br />
-Extract from his "Morgante<br />
-Maggiore," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Outline of<br />
-the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>Q.</p>
-
-<p>Quarqualio, Luca, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Querenghi, his letter to cardinal<br />
-D'Este, giving an account of<br />
-Galileo's controversial discussions<br />
-at Rome, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_34" class="ext">34</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Quevedo, don Francisco Gomez de,<br />
-his birth, parentage, and early<br />
-education, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_246" class="ext">246</a>. His career<br />
-checked by a circumstance which<br />
-may be considered as fortunate,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>. Obliged to fly; takes refuge<br />
-in Italy, and thence, invited by<br />
-the viceroy, repairs to Naples, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_258" class="ext">258</a>.<br />
-Sent by him as his ambassador to<br />
-Madrid, to recount his exploits,<br />
-and explain his designs, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_259" class="ext">259</a>. Accused<br />
-of joining in the Bedmar<br />
-conspiracy against Venice, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_261" class="ext">261</a>.<br />
-Continues to escape the vigilance<br />
-of the senate, and makes his escape<br />
-in the guise of a mendicant,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>. His political services, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_264" class="ext">264</a>.<br />
-His literary productions; his imprisonment<br />
-and liberation, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_265" class="ext">265</a>.<br />
-Several places offered to him, all<br />
-of which he declines, and gives<br />
-himself up to study and philosophy,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. Gives up his church<br />
-preferments, for the sake of marrying,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>. His playful yet bitter<br />
-poem, alluding to his evil fate,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_267" class="ext">267</a>. Suspected of writing libels<br />
-against the court, arrested, and<br />
-imprisoned in a dungeon of the<br />
-Royal Casa de San Marcos de<br />
-Leon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_268" class="ext">268</a>. His letter, describing<br />
-the squalid wretchedness of his<br />
-dungeon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_269" class="ext">269</a>. His memorial to<br />
-the count duke Olivarez, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_270" class="ext">270</a>.<br />
-His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. His person and<br />
-character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_272" class="ext">272</a>. Critique on his<br />
-writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_273" class="ext">273</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>R.</p>
-
-<p>Real, Lorenzo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_56" class="ext">56</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Renieri, the friend and pupil of<br />
-Galileo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_57" class="ext">57</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ribeyro, Bernardim, one of the<br />
-earliest of the Portuguese poets,<br />
-III. <a href="#Page_290">290</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Riccardi, Nicolo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ricci, Giuliano, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_312" class="ext">312</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ricci, Ostillo, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_3" class="ext">3</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Riego, the canon, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_391" class="ext">391</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rienzi, Nicola di, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_92" class="ext">92</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rioja, Francisco de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_223" class="ext">223</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rios, don Vicente de los, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Robert, king of Naples, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_86" class="ext">86</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Robertis, Father Dionisio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_77" class="ext">77</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Robertson, Dr., II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rollo, Paolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_238" class="ext">238</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Romena, count Alessandro da, I.<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_23" class="ext">23</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Roxas, Fernando de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_95" class="ext">95</a>. Author<br />
-of the first genuine Spanish play,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rucellai, Cosimo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_304" class="ext">304</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Rueda, Lope de, celebrated as an<br />
-actor and pastoral poet, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ruiz, Juan, arch-priest of Hita;<br />
-brief review of his works, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_12" class="ext">12</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>S.</p>
-
-<p>Salvani, Provenzano, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_24" class="ext">24</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Salvanorola, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Salvatico, conte Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_28" class="ext">28</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Salvi, Giulio, III, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_60" class="ext">60</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Santillana, the marquess of, remarks<br />
-on his poems, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scala, Can' Grande de la, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_27" class="ext">27</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scala, Alessandro, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scheiner, professor of mathematics<br />
-at Ingoldstadt, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Schlegel, III. <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Scotus, Duns, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_9" class="ext">9</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Serram, Antonio, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Serrano, señor Bachiller, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Serraville, Giovanni da, bishop of<br />
-Fermo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_8" class="ext">8</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Settimo, Guido, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_63" class="ext">63</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sforza, Caterina, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_262" class="ext">262</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sforza, Ippolita, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_75" class="ext">75</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Signa, Martino da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sixtus IV., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Soderini Pietro, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_288" class="ext">288</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sotomayor, don Alonzo Lopez de<br />
-Zuniga y, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Spain, early and anonymous poetry<br />
-of, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_1" class="ext">1</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Spini Christofano, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_180" class="ext">180</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Stolberg, Louisa de, countess of<br />
-Albany, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_280" class="ext">280</a>. Her attachment<br />
-to Alfieri, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_285" class="ext">285</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Strada, Giovanni da, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Strozzi, Oberto, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_188" class="ext">188</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Sylveira, Hector da, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_321" class="ext">321</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>T.</p>
-
-<p>Talleyrand, cardinal, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tasso, Bernardo, his birth and<br />
-parentage, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_98" class="ext">98</a>. His early life<br />
-and ill-directed love, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. At the<br />
-age of forty-one, appointed secretary<br />
-to Ferrante Sanseverino,<br />
-prince of Salerno, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>. His marriage,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. Commences his poem,<br />
-entitled "Amadigi," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_100" class="ext">100</a>. His letter<br />
-to his sister Afra, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Summoned<br />
-away from the delightful<br />
-retirement of Sorrento to join his<br />
-patron in the war which had<br />
-broken out between the emperor<br />
-Charles V. and Francis I., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_102" class="ext">102</a>.<br />
-Returns from the army, and enjoys<br />
-a brief prolongation of his<br />
-domestic quiet, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. Declared a<br />
-rebel, and his estate confiscated,<br />
-along with the adherents of the<br />
-duke of Salerno, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. His letter<br />
-to his daughter, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. Flies from<br />
-Rome to Ravenna; invited by<br />
-the duke of Urbino to Pesara,<br />
-where he affords a welcome but<br />
-temporary asylum from the persecution<br />
-of his enemies, and the<br />
-pressure of indigence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Repairs<br />
-to Venice to publish his<br />
-work entitled "Amadigi," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_113" class="ext">113</a>.<br />
-Failure of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Places<br />
-his son at Padua to study jurisprudence,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. His interview<br />
-with his son at Mantua, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>.<br />
-His death, in the seventy-sixth<br />
-year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tasso, Torquato, review of his life,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>. His birth, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>. Nursery<br />
-traditions of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>. His progress<br />
-in the rudiments of knowledge,<br />
-under the superintendence of his<br />
-mother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_104" class="ext">104</a>. His beautiful and<br />
-touching lines on his separation<br />
-from her, when called away from<br />
-Naples to join his mother at<br />
-Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_105" class="ext">105</a>. Compared with<br />
-Cowper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_106" class="ext">106</a>. His religious sentiments,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_107" class="ext">107</a>. Prosecutes his<br />
-studies with indefatigable assiduity<br />
-at Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_108" class="ext">108</a>. His letter<br />
-to Vittoria Colonna, on the subject<br />
-of his sister's marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_109" class="ext">109</a>.<br />
-Removes to Bergamo, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_111" class="ext">111</a>. Commencement<br />
-of his friendship with<br />
-the son of the duke d'Urbino,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_112" class="ext">112</a>. Diversities of circumstances,<br />
-scene, and company,<br />
-calculated to cherish and confirm<br />
-all his natural aspirings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_114" class="ext">114</a>.<br />
-Remark upon a line of Boileau<br />
-which has done more injury to<br />
-his reputation than all the splenetic<br />
-criticisms of Sperone, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_115" class="ext">115</a>.<br />
-Critique on his Writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_116" class="ext">116</a>.<br />
-Studies the works of his great<br />
-Italian predecessors, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>. Employed<br />
-by his father in transcribing<br />
-his multitudinous poems and<br />
-letters, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_118" class="ext">118</a>. Sudden and passionate<br />
-admiration with which his<br />
-"Rinaldo" was hailed throughout<br />
-Italy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_119" class="ext">119</a>. Placed at Padua<br />
-to study jurisprudence, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_122" class="ext">122</a>. Gives<br />
-up the law, and devotes himself<br />
-to philosophy and the Muses, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_123" class="ext">123</a>.<br />
-His reply to his father's remonstrance,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. The appearance of<br />
-his "Rinaldo" the dawn of a<br />
-new day in the literature of<br />
-his country, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_124" class="ext">124</a>. All the characteristics<br />
-of his peculiar genius<br />
-perceptible in the incidents, style,<br />
-embellishments, and conduct of<br />
-this juvenile essay, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_126" class="ext">126</a>. Repairs<br />
-to Bologna to pursue his natural<br />
-studies, and indulge in his<br />
-poetical passion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>. Expelled<br />
-from Bologna for a literary squib,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_128" class="ext">128</a>. Removes to Padua, where<br />
-he is inrolled member of the<br />
-Academy degli Eterei, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Devotes<br />
-much of his attention to<br />
-the works of Aristotle and Plato,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_129" class="ext">129</a>. Remarks on his "Discourse<br />
-on Heroic Poetry," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_130" class="ext">130</a>. Nominated<br />
-one of the personal attendants<br />
-of the duke of Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_131" class="ext">131</a>.<br />
-Arrives at Ferrara, and is received<br />
-into the service of the duke's<br />
-brother, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_132" class="ext">132</a>. Commencement of<br />
-his acquaintance with the princesses<br />
-Lucretia and Leonora of<br />
-Este, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>. His description of<br />
-his own emotions during his first<br />
-visit and sojourn at Ferrara, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_134" class="ext">134</a>.<br />
-Writes an epithalamium on the<br />
-marriage of the princess Lucretia,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_136" class="ext">136</a>. His attachment to the<br />
-princess Leonora, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_137" class="ext">137</a>. Accompanies<br />
-the cardinal Luigi to the<br />
-court of France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_138" class="ext">138</a>. Personal<br />
-anecdotes of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_139" class="ext">139</a>. Accompanies<br />
-the embassy to Rome; his interview<br />
-with the pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. Prosecutes<br />
-that splendid crusade of<br />
-his Muse the poetical siege of<br />
-Jerusalem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>. His "Aminta"<br />
-received with universal admiration<br />
-throughout all Italy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_142" class="ext">142</a>.<br />
-Illness occasioned by his anxiety<br />
-about his "Gerusalemme Liberata,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>. Charged with heresy<br />
-against Aristotle and good taste<br />
-on one hand, and on the other<br />
-with heresy against the church<br />
-and good morals, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>. Escapes<br />
-from his splendid captivity to<br />
-Rome; appointed historiographer<br />
-to the house of Este, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_146" class="ext">146</a>. Incident<br />
-which exhibits him not<br />
-less in the character of a hero than<br />
-he had hitherto figured in that of<br />
-the laureate of poets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_147" class="ext">147</a>. Growing<br />
-symptoms of a mind diseased, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_148" class="ext">148</a>.<br />
-His strange melancholy, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_149" class="ext">149</a>.<br />
-Flies secretly to Ferrara to visit<br />
-his sister at Sorrento, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_150" class="ext">150</a>.<br />
-Anecdote of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_151" class="ext">151</a>. Committed to<br />
-St. Anne's Hospital as a lunatic;<br />
-his letter to Scipio Gonzaga<br />
-during his confinement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>. His<br />
-representation of the treatment<br />
-which he experienced during his<br />
-confinement, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_153" class="ext">153</a>. His sonnets<br />
-to the cats of the hospital, imploring<br />
-them to lend him the<br />
-light of their eyes to write by,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_154" class="ext">154</a>. Pursues his studies with<br />
-unabated ardour and intensity,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_155" class="ext">155</a>.<br />
-His wild imaginations, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_156" class="ext">156</a>.<br />
-Liberated at the special intercession<br />
-of the prince of Mantua,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_157" class="ext">157</a>. His controversy with the<br />
-Della Cruscan Academy during<br />
-his imprisonment, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_158" class="ext">158</a>. Remarkable<br />
-circumstances of his last<br />
-days, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_159" class="ext">159</a>. Visits Rome, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_160" class="ext">160</a>.<br />
-His death, in the fifty-first year<br />
-of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>. His personal and<br />
-poetical character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_161" class="ext">161</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tassoni, Alessandro, his birth, parentage,<br />
-and early education;<br />
-studies jurisprudence at Ferrara,<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>. Enters the service of<br />
-cardinal Colonna; publishes his<br />
-"Considerations on various Subjects,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_171" class="ext">171</a>. Outline of the principal<br />
-episode of. "Secchia Rapita,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_172" class="ext">172</a>. His death, in the<br />
-seventy-first year of his age, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_173" class="ext">173</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Timoneda, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_99" class="ext">99</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tiraboschi, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_179" class="ext">179</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Torella, Damigella, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_76" class="ext">76</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tormes, Lazarillo de, III. <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Tornabuoni, Lucrezia, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_167" class="ext">167</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Torres, Balthazar de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_133" class="ext">133</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Torricelli, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_58" class="ext">58</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Turpin, archbishop, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_169" class="ext">169</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>U.</p>
-
-<p>Ubaldi, Guido, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_4" class="ext">4</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Ugo IV., king of Cyprus and Jerusalem,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_144" class="ext">144</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Urban V., pope, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_145" class="ext">145</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Urbino, Gentile d', bishop of Arezzo,<br />
-I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_152" class="ext">152</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Urbino, captain Diego de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_127" class="ext">127</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Urbino, donna Isabel de, her marriage<br />
-with Lope de Vega, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>.<br />
-Her death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Usategui, Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>V.</p>
-
-<p>Vega, Garcilaso de la, his birth and<br />
-parentage, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_37" class="ext">37</a>. His early predilection<br />
-for poetry and music,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_38" class="ext">38</a>. Commences his career of<br />
-arms in the war declared against<br />
-France by Charles V., <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. Incurs<br />
-the displeasure of the<br />
-emperor, and is exiled to an<br />
-island of the Danube, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>. His<br />
-ode in commemoration of his imprisonment<br />
-characteristic of his<br />
-disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_40" class="ext">40</a>. Is recalled, and<br />
-attends the emperor in his expedition<br />
-against Tunis; is severely<br />
-wounded, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_41" class="ext">41</a>. Extract from one<br />
-of his elegies to Boscan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_42" class="ext">42</a>. Appointed<br />
-by the emperor to command<br />
-eleven companies of infantry,<br />
-in the expedition against<br />
-France, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_45" class="ext">45</a>. Killed in an engagement<br />
-at Muy, near Fréjus, in<br />
-the thirty-third year of his age,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_46" class="ext">46</a>. His person and character,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_47" class="ext">47</a>. Review of his poetry, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_48" class="ext">48</a>.<br />
-Mr. Wiffen's translation of his<br />
-ode "To the Flower of Gnido,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_53" class="ext">53</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vega, Lope de, compared with<br />
-Cervantes, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_189" class="ext">189</a>. His birth<br />
-and parentage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_190" class="ext">190</a>. Early indications<br />
-of talent, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_191" class="ext">191</a>. Anecdote<br />
-characteristic of his vivacious<br />
-disposition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>. His intimacy<br />
-with the grand inquisitor; enters<br />
-the university of Alcala, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_193" class="ext">193</a>.<br />
-Enters the service of the duke<br />
-of Alva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_194" class="ext">194</a>. Writes the "Arcadia"<br />
-at the request of the<br />
-duke of Alva, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_195" class="ext">195</a>. Style and<br />
-story of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_196" class="ext">196</a>. His<br />
-marriage, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_198" class="ext">198</a>. Engaged in a<br />
-duel, which obliges him to leave<br />
-Madrid, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_199" class="ext">199</a>. Returns to Madrid,<br />
-becomes a soldier, and joins the<br />
-In vincible Armada, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_200" class="ext">200</a>. Southey's<br />
-translation of his sonnets, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_202" class="ext">202</a>.<br />
-Outline of his work entitled<br />
-"Dorotea," <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_204" class="ext">204</a>. His animated<br />
-description of the setting forth of<br />
-the Armada, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_208" class="ext">208</a>. Writes the<br />
-"Beauty of Angelica" on the<br />
-deck of the San Juan, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_210" class="ext">210</a>. Story<br />
-of the poem, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_211" class="ext">211</a>. His extravagance<br />
-and prodigality, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. His<br />
-advice to his son, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_212" class="ext">212</a>. His<br />
-domestic afflictions, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_214" class="ext">214</a>. Leaves<br />
-the gaieties of secular life, and<br />
-prepares for the priesthood, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_215" class="ext">215</a>.<br />
-Visits Toledo, and takes orders;<br />
-says his first mass in a Carmelite<br />
-church, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. Becomes a familiar<br />
-of the Inquisition, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_216" class="ext">216</a>. His rising<br />
-character as an author, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>.<br />
-His amiable character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_217" class="ext">217</a>. Rises<br />
-higher and higher in the estimation<br />
-of the public, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_219" class="ext">219</a>. Writes a<br />
-poem on the death of Mary<br />
-queen of Scots, entitled "Corona<br />
-Tragica," which he dedicates to<br />
-the pope, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_220" class="ext">220</a>. Exaggeration with<br />
-regard to the number of verses<br />
-written by him, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. Anecdote<br />
-of, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_221" class="ext">221</a>. His epistles and other<br />
-poems a picture of the tranquillity<br />
-of his life as he advanced in age,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_222" class="ext">222</a>. His amiable disposition and<br />
-placid temper, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_224" class="ext">224</a>. His last illness,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_225" class="ext">225</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_226" class="ext">226</a>. His<br />
-person and character, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_227" class="ext">227</a>. Review<br />
-of his writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_228" class="ext">228</a>. Analysis<br />
-of the "Star of Seville,"<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_233" class="ext">233</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vella, Antonio de la, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_140" class="ext">140</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Velser, Mark, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_25" class="ext">25</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vettori, Francesco, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Veyga, Luis de, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_324" class="ext">324</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Viardôt, his exertions to discover<br />
-the yet hidden circumstances of<br />
-Cervantes' life, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_121" class="ext">121</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vicente, Gil, styled the Portuguese<br />
-Plautus, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_292" class="ext">292</a>. Style of his<br />
-writings, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_293" class="ext">293</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villalobos, physician of Charles V.,<br />
-one of the earliest of the Spanish<br />
-dramatists, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_96" class="ext">96</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villégas, Estévan Manuel de,<br />
-named the Anacreon of Spain,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His birth and parentage,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His death, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_240" class="ext">240</a>. His<br />
-translation<br />
-of Anacreon, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_241" class="ext">241</a>. Translation<br />
-of his original Anacreontics,<br />
-<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_242" class="ext">242</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Villena, the Marquis of, so celebrated<br />
-for his acquirements in<br />
-natural and metaphysical knowledge,<br />
-that he was looked on as<br />
-a magician, also admired as a<br />
-poet, III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_13" class="ext">13</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Virgil, Marcellus, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_257" class="ext">257</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Visconti, Giovanni, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_101" class="ext">101</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Visconti, Galeazzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_103" class="ext">103</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Vitelli, Vitellozzo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_266" class="ext">266</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Viviani, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_68" class="ext">68</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Voss, Gerard, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_7" class="ext">7</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>W.</p>
-
-<p>Wachenfels, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_19" class="ext">19</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Wiffen, Mr., his translation of<br />
-Garcilaso de la Vega's poems,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_49" class="ext">49</a>. His translation of Luis<br />
-de Leon's ode on the Moorish<br />
-invasion, <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_79" class="ext">79</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /></p>
-
-<p>Z.</p>
-
-<p>Zach, baron, II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_22" class="ext">22</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Zeno, Apostolo, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_168" class="ext">168</a>.;<br />
-II. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65110/65110-h/65110-h.htm#Page_192" class="ext">192</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Zenobio, I. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65030/65030-h/65030-h.htm#Page_117" class="ext">117</a>.<br />
-<br />
-Zuniga, doña Elena de, her marriage<br />
-with Garcilaso de la Vega,<br />
-III. <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65228/65228-h/65228-h.htm#Page_39" class="ext">39</a>.
-</p>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<h4>THE END.</h4>
-
-<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LIVES OF THE MOST EMINENT LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC MEN OF FRANCE, VOL. 2 (OF 2) ***</div>
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