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diff --git a/old/65544-8.txt b/old/65544-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index d0e70e0..0000000 --- a/old/65544-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1663 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Assassination of Christopher Marlowe, by -Samuel A. (Samuel Aaron) Tannenbaum - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Assassination of Christopher Marlowe - A New View - - -Author: Samuel A. (Samuel Aaron) Tannenbaum - - - -Release Date: June 7, 2021 [eBook #65544] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ASSASSINATION OF CHRISTOPHER -MARLOWE*** - - -E-text prepared by Tim Lindell, Graeme Mackreth, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images -digitized by the Google Books Library Project (http://books.google.com) -and generously made available by HathiTrust Digital Library -(https://www.hathitrust.org/) - - - -Note: Images of the original pages are available through - HathiTrust Digital Library. See - https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uva.x001173683 - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - A caret character is used to denote superscription. A - single character following the caret is superscripted - (example: o^r). Multiple superscripted characters are - enclosed by curly brackets (example: w^{th}). - - - - - -THE ASSASSINATION OF CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE - - - MURDER, THOUGH IT HAVE NO TONGUE, WILL SPEAK WITH MOST MIRACULOUS - ORGAN.--_Shakspere._ - - -THE ASSASSINATION OF CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE - -(A New View) - -by - -SAMUEL A. TANNENBAUM - - - - - - -The Shoe String Press, Inc. -Hamden, Connecticut - -Copyright, 1928, by Samuel A. Tannenbaum -All Rights Reserved - -Offset 1962 -from the 1928 edition - -Printed in the United States of America - - - - - TO - ERNEST H.C. OLIPHANT - A GOOD FRIEND - AND - A FINE SCHOLAR - - - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS - - -_Among the many friends who have patiently or enthusiastically, as the -case might be, read my essay on Marlowe's assassination, and who have -freely expressed their views on my theory and ungrudgingly argued the -subject with me, raising and meeting difficulties, I am especially -obliged to_ Professor Joseph Quincy Adams, Mr. Max I. Baym, Professor -Joseph Vincent Crowne, Mr. Alexander Green, Professor E. H.C. Oliphant, -_and_ _Professor Ashley H. Thorndike_. _Others to whom I am indebted -are the distinguished physicians whose opinions I quote in Appendix -A. In common with the rest of the literary world, I am grateful to_ -Professor James Leslie Hotson, _whose inspiration, intelligence and -perseverance brought to light the new documents in the case--the -Coroner's report and the Queen's pardon_. - - _S.A.T._ - -_April 1928._ - - - - -THE ASSASSINATION OF CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE - - -I - -The arrest, on May 12, 1593, of Thomas Kyd, the first of the great -Elizabethan dramatic poets, on the grave charges of atheism, of -meddling in dangerous matters of state, and of publishing seditious -libels tending to incite insurrection and rebellion in the English -capital, had far more important causes and much more far-reaching -consequences than have hitherto been suspected. - -Among the causes which led to the inhuman torture on the rack and the -untimely death of the popular dramatist, we must reckon--if my reading -of the history of the period be right--the idyllic love of one of the -most remarkable couples of whom we have any record, the fierce and -vindictive resentment of England's greatest queen, as well as the -fantastic ambitions and exalted dreams of one of the most gifted and -brilliant men of all time. - -Among the consequences of the passions thus brought into conflict, we -must include the non-completion of the revision of one of the best and -most characteristic historical dramas of the period--the tragedy of -_Sir Thomas Moore_.[1] This play, undoubtedly written with political -intent, was being rushed to completion by no less than six of England's -most virile and most versatile poets: the veteran playwright, Anthony -Mundy, young Thomas Heywood, fat Henry Chettle, kindly Thomas Dekker, -industrious Thomas Kyd, and one--out of all whooping, the best of the -group--who has not yet been identified and whom some very able scholars -consider to have been none other than Shakspere himself.[2] - -But the non-completion of the play was only a trifle in comparison with -the effects Kyd's arrest had on his career as well as on that of the -marvellous Christopher Marlowe, and therefore on the history of English -letters. That its completion and performance would have affected the -political history of the world in any way may well be doubted. - -The more or less immediate circumstances leading to the imprisonment of -"sporting Kyd" were these: - -Living conditions in London, owing to the increase of population and to -unwise legislation, were very hard on the native artisans, mechanics, -petty tradesmen, and apprentices. As is usual in such cases, the -presence of thrifty and prosperous foreigners was bitterly resented -by the natives. This resentment had for several years taken the shape -not only of public disturbances and riots, but of admonitions to the -unwelcome aliens, mainly refugees from France and Belgium, to get out -of the country. Unobserved by the authorities, during the small hours -of a night in May 1593, some dissatisfied citizens posted up in various -sections of the city placards which warned the foreigners to depart, -with bag and baggage, before July 9. One of these posters, only a -fragment of which has come down to us, was found on the wall of the -Dutch churchyard. It read: - - _You strangers, that inhabit in this land, - Note this same writing, do it understand; - Conceive it well, for safe-guard of your lives, - Your goods, your children, and your dearest wives._ - -The Privy Council--in reality, the National Government--had for more -than a year been protesting against the outrages perpetrated on the -foreign residents and had solicited the Lord Mayor of the city to -apprehend the disturbers and to seek out and imprison the agitators.[3] -Their Lordships went so far as to instruct the Mayor to have the person -guilty of having written the "libel" apprehended and tortured (though -torture was no part of the English legal system) if he did not disclose -his meaning and purpose and the identity of his accomplices. This was -in the early part of April, 1593. But the Mayor, whose sympathies -were evidently with the natives, made no arrests. On April 22, the -Privy Council[4] again considered the matter and appointed a special -commission "to examine by secret means who maie be authors for the -saide [seditious] libelles." Less than two weeks after this, a highly -alliterative and bombastic placard was displayed in London in which -"the beastly Brutes, the Belgians, or rather Drunken Drones, and -faint-hearted Flemings," as well as the "fraudulent Frenchmen" were -ordered "to depart out of the Realm of England." Six days later, on -May 11, the Council--fearing international complications even more -than domestic broils--ordered another commission to use "extraordinary -pains" (the equivocal wording may have been intentional) to apprehend -the malefactors and to "put them to the Torture in Bridewell and by the -extremitie thereof, to be used at such times and as often as you shall -think fit, draw [!] them to discover their knowledge concerning the -said libells."[5] - - * * * * * - -The very next day, May 12, 1593, officers of the law entered the study -of Thomas Kyd with a warrant for his arrest and made a careful search -of the premises for documents of a seditious nature. Inasmuch as it -could not have been the literary qualities of the posters--verse tests -had not yet been discovered--which made the authorities suspect Kyd, -we are almost compelled to assume that he had been betrayed to the -Commission by an informer. That Kyd probably thought so will appear -from what follows. Whether his arrest was due solely to his connection, -real or supposed, with the minatory placards, or whether it was also -due to his share in the authorship and contemplated production of the -incendiary play of _Sir Thomas Moore_, or both, it is impossible to -say. But the combination is certainly suggestive. - -The search, it is fairly certain, brought to light nothing of a -seditious or politically objectionable nature. But that did not save -Kyd; his arrest had evidently been determined on by the Government. -Searching his chamber, the officers discovered something else, -something which furnished them with an excuse for arresting him and -conveying him to Bridewell prison. This discovery consisted of three -sheets of paper (written in a neat and easily legible hand) which the -officers regarded, or pretended to regard, as a treatise on atheism.[6] -The possession of such a document was in those days a dangerous -matter, certainly far more dangerous than to have in one's possession -literature attacking the French and Dutch residents of the city. The -Privy Council frowned on atheism, even though they often dared not -prosecute those they suspected to be guilty of the offence. - -Fortunately these three sheets of paper have been preserved. The back -of the third sheet bears the following inscription, in all probability -in the hand of the officer making the arrest: "12 May 1593/ Vile -hereticall Conceiptes/ denyinge the deity of Jhesus/ Christe o^r Savior -fownd/ emongest the paprs of Thos/Kydd prisoner/." - -In connection with this almost lawless arrest three significant facts -stand out in bold relief: - -1. The alleged treatise is, as I have tried to prove in my book on the -_Moore_ manuscript,[7] in Kyd's handwriting. - -2. Kyd, though he must have been aware of the seriousness of the charge -against him and of the danger he was in, refrained from entering a -general denial in his defence. He could have maintained--correctly, as -Professor Boas informs us--that the papers were not atheistical; that -they were, in fact, "a defence of Theistic or Unitarian doctrines," and -that they were (as Professor W.D. Briggs[8] has recently shown) only a -transcript of material contained in John Proctor's book, _The Fall of -the Late Arrian_ (published in 1549). Instead of making this perfectly -obvious plea, Kyd, apparently accepting the officer's characterization -of the documents, chose a most remarkable line of defence. He asserted -that these papers were not his, that the alleged disputation had, as -a matter of fact, emanated from Christopher Marlowe. Thereupon the -officer making the arrest added the following words to the previously -quoted notation on the back of the third page: "wch [papers] he [Kyd] -affirmethe That he/ had ffrom Marlowe."[9] That these words were added -some time, probably a few days, after Kyd's arrest, may be inferred -from the following circumstances: the ink in which they were written is -not that of the rest of the memorandum (Boas), and the writing, though -in the same hand, is slightly different (larger and freer). - -3 The cautious wording of the allegation regarding Marlowe must be -noted. Kyd was careful not to say that Marlowe had written the alleged -atheistical treatise. Had he done so, Marlowe would unquestionably -have been able to prove that the penmanship was not his. Kyd did not -say that the opinions expressed in the document were Marlowe's, nor -even that the papers were Marlowe's property. All he said was that he -"had" them from Marlowe. From all of which it is fairly certain that -when these memoranda were written, Marlowe was still alive and that Kyd -thought it best to be cautious in attacking his former associate. - -How he came into possession of the dangerous document, Kyd explained -subsequently (the date is not known) to the President of the Star -Chamber, Sir John Puckering, in a letter in which he pleaded for -his Lordship's assistance in recovering his former position in the -service of Ferdinando Stanley, Lord Strange,[10] and in which he tried -to minimize his relations with the atheist Marlowe. He wrote to his -Lordship: "When I was first suspected for that libell that concern'd -the state, amongst those waste and idle papers (wch I carde not -for) & wch vnaskt I did deliuer vp, were founde some fragments of a -disputation, toching that opinion [atheism], affirmd by Marlowe to be -his, and shufled with some of myne (vnknown to me) by some occasion of -o^r wrytinge in one chamber twoe yeares synce."[11] - -It will be noticed that, even though Marlowe was dead when this letter -was written, Kyd did not say that the alleged atheistical papers -were in Marlowe's handwriting. He contented himself with vehemently -reiterating his innocence and with alleging that Marlowe, who (he -said) made no secret of his atheism, had shared his room with him and -that in this way their papers might have got mixed. How long they had -shared one chamber he did not say; but it is clear that he was trying -to give the impression that it was for only a very short time ("some -occasion"), even though that makes it extremely improbable that any of -Marlowe's papers should have accidentally got mixed with his without -either one having noticed it, and even more improbable that he would -not have returned them to his associate or thrown them out. - -From Kyd's unnecessarily venomous attack on the character and opinions -of "this Marlowe" (as he contemptuously designates him) it seems -reasonable to infer that Kyd hated Marlowe and thought that it was -he who had betrayed him to the Council. How otherwise, Kyd might -have thought, would the authorities have selected his study for such -a search, and known what they evidently knew--the very day after -the special commission had been appointed. It was impossible for -the officers to have pounced on him by chance. Fretting under his -supposed betrayal by his quondam room-mate, he wrote to Sir John: "his -L[ordshi]p never knewe his [Marlowe's] service, but in writing for his -plaiers, ffor never co[u]ld my L[ord] endure his name, or sight, when -he had heard of his conditions [_i.e._, of his atheism], nor wo[u]ld -indeed the forme of devyne praiers vsed duelie in his L[ordshi]ps -house, haue quadred [--squared] w[i]th such reprobates. That I sho[u]ld -loue or be familer frend, w[i]th one so irreligious, were verie rare, -when Tullie saith _Digni sunt amicita quib[u]s in ipsis inest causa cur -diligantur_, w[hi]ch neither was in him, for _p_[er]son, quallities, or -honestie, besides he was intem_p_[er]ate & of a cruel hart...." - -The inference that Kyd suspected Marlowe to be the author of his woes -is further supported by the fact that in a document[12] which was -almost certainly written during Kyd's incarceration, and therefore -before the letter to Puckering, the prisoner declares--in his -own handwriting--that it was Marlowe's custom "in table talk or -otherwise to iest at the deuine scriptures/gybe at praiers, & stryve -in argum[en]t to frustrate & confute what hath byn/spoke or wrytt by -prophets & such holie men/He wold report S[ain]t John to be o[u]r -savior Christes Alexis.[13] J [--I] cover it with reverence/and -trembling that is that Christ did loue him w[i]th an extraordinarie -[--unnatural] loue."[14] - -That Kyd thought he had been betrayed to the Council by an informer -is clearly implied in his attributing his troubles to an "outcast -_Is[h]mael_" who "for want [_i.e._, in hope of reward] or of his own -dispose to lewdness [_i.e._, wickedness] had ... incensed yo[u]r -L[ordshi]ps [the Council] to suspect me" (quoted from his letter to -Puckering). - -But that is not all. The words "outcast _Ismael_" in the above -quotation serve, almost without a doubt, to identify Kit Marlowe as -the informer who betrayed Kyd to their Lordships of the dreaded Star -Chamber. In the epithet "outcast" Kyd probably meant no more than -that Marlowe's atheism made him a social outcast, but it is not at -all impossible that he had something more specific in mind. In his -letter to Puckering he says that the patron whom he and Marlowe served -could not endure Kit's name "when he heard of his conditions." In the -one-page memorandum or affidavit which Mr. Brown discovered, Kyd calls -God to witness that this pious patron had commanded him, "as in hatred -of his [Marlowe's] life and thoughts," to break off associations with -one who entertained such "monstruous opinions." This considered, it -would not be at all surprising if we should some day discover that Lord -Strange had ordered the troupe of players bearing his name to sever its -relations with the atheist poet. That the designation of the informer -as an "Ishmaelite" (a term which the _Standard Dictionary_ defines -as "a person whose hand was against every man") refers to Marlowe's -rashness in attempting "soden pryvie iniuries to men"[15] (Kyd's words) -seems almost a certainty. - -On May 18, 1593--six days after Kyd's incarceration--the Privy Council -issued an order for Marlowe's arrest. It must always remain a matter -for great regret that the minutes of the Council, as well as the -warrant for Marlowe's apprehension, are silent about the nature of -the charges against the younger poet and the identity of his accuser. -But, considering the close similarity between the accusations brought -against him in the other documents in the case and the offences -enumerated in the Kyd memorandum, there can be but little doubt that -Marlowe's arrest was due solely to Kyd's charges against him. So -certain was Kyd that it was his erstwhile associate who had betrayed -him to the authorities that he retaliated by divulging what he knew -about him and even by threatening to involve the advanced spirits who -permitted Marlowe to share in their freethinking and philosophical -debates. - -On the 20th day of May Marlowe was under arrest, but not imprisoned. -Though at liberty, he was prohibited from leaving the precincts of the -city and was "commanded to give his daily attendance to their Lordships -[the Council] until he shall be licensed to the contrary."[16] This, it -must be granted, was so extraordinary an act of leniency on the part -of the Council that, in connection with its knowledge, as the records -show, that Kit was to be found at "the house of Mr. T. Walsingham [one -of the chiefs of England's secret service] in Kent," we are surely -warranted in inferring that the Council did not take the matter too -seriously, very probably because it knew that Marlowe was one of the -Queen's secret agents, and perhaps, too, that he had been responsible -for the arrest of his vindictive accuser.[17] - -Just what happened during the first few days after Kyd's arrest can -only be conjectured. From his memorandum to their Lordships of the -Council--which, in all probability, only repeats what he had told -them orally--we may infer that, under the stress of "paines and -vndeserved tortures," he had spoken of "men of quallitie" (members of -the nobility) who kept Marlowe "greater company;" but, even though -he admits that he can _p_[ar]ticularize (--name) some of these, he -carefully refrains from divulging their identity. He evidently hoped -that some of these men of quality would come to his rescue. - -After Kyd had been given a preliminary treatment in Bridewells, perhaps -with the "crewel garters" spoken of in Shakspere's _King Lear_, he -began to realize that those who were in peril from him were not rushing -to his rescue. He there-upon ventured a little further and certified to -his torturers that Marlowe "wold _p_[er]swade w[i]th men of quallitie" -[still unnamed] "to goe vnto the K[ing] of Scots whether [--whither] -I heare Royden is gon and where if he [Marlowe] had liv[e]d he told -me when I saw him last he meant to be." This was clearly intended to -inform the Council and the Queen that some of the foremost men in -England were in secret communication with King James of Scotland. -To understand the significance of this, we must remember that Queen -Elizabeth, ever since the execution of Mary, was in constant fear of -what James might do to avenge his mother's cruel death, and that he, -on his part, was engaging in a succession of intrigues to secure what, -by virtue of his hereditary right and his Protestantism, was virtually -already his.[18] - -That the Commissioners, or torturers, succeeded in breaking down -Kyd's resistance, real or pretended, and "drew" from him the names of -some at least of Marlowe's associates, is deducible from his letter -to Puckering, wherein he says: "ffor more assurance that I was not -of that vile opinion [atheism], Lett it but please yo[u]r L[ordshi]p -to enquire of such as he conversed w[i]thall, that is (as I am geven -to vnderstand) w[i]th Harriott,[19] Warner,[20] Royden, and some -stationers in Paules churchyard, whom I in no sort can accuse nor will -excuse by reason of his companie." Though the men he names are not -the "men of quallitie" he hints at in his memorandum, their mention -enables us to designate the men he had in mind, ("the men higher up," -our journalists would say). These men of quality, who associated with -Marlowe and the three distinguished men just named, were none other -than Sir Walter Ralegh, Edward Vere[21] (seventeenth Earl of Oxford), -Henry Percy[22] (Earl of Northumberland), Sir George Carey (afterwards -Lord Hunsdon), and others.[23] These men constituted a not very popular -coterie which a Jesuit pamphleteer, Father Robert Parsons, branded as -a "school of atheism" in a book entitled _Responsio ad Elizabethae -Reginae Edictum contra Catholicos_ (published in London in 1592). -It is generally held that the incomparable Ralegh, at one of whose -London houses these brilliant and daring spirits--scientists, poets -and philosophers--held their weekly discussions, was the leader of -the group, and that for a while his powerful influence with the Queen -protected them from molestation and perhaps even from prosecution. Kyd, -be it borne in mind, was not one of this circle. - -The astonishing thing in this whole matter is Kyd's daring to appeal to -the testimony of members of Ralegh's unpopular group of freethinkers -at a time when Sir Walter himself, never popular either at Court -or with the masses, and still in disgrace with the Queen about his -liaison and marriage, was by general report condemned for atheism. -From certain documents preserved at the British Museum,[24] we know -that the Government, alarmed at the spread of atheism, was willing to -make a scapegoat of Sir Walter. Not long after the events we have just -narrated, Ralegh was, as a matter of fact, under surveillance, and the -Court of High Commission ordered him, his brother, and some of their -intimate friends, to be examined (at Cerne, in Dorsetshire) on March -1, 1594. "The examinations," says Mr. Boas,[25] "do not seem to have -been followed by any proceedings against Ralegh, but the discovery -[which he made during the hearings] that even his private table-talk -was not safe from espionage may well have helped to hasten him forth on -his adventurous quest for an El Dorado across the southern main." It -is worth noting that during the examinations Harriott[26] was several -times referred to and that once he was spoken of as an "attendant" on -Sir Walter Ralegh. - -Kyd was by no means the only one to accuse Marlowe. On Whitsun Eve, -May 29, 1593, the Privy Council received a "Note"[27] from one Richard -Baines[27] (not "Bames"), charging Marlowe, the associate of cutpurses -and masterless men, with the foulest blasphemies. In this document, in -the informer's own hand, Baines accuses Marlowe of maintaining that -Harriott, the brilliant scientist and inventor, whom the fool multitude -regarded as a magician, and whom he describes as "Sir W. Raleighs man," -could "do more" than Moses who "was but a Jugler." He goes on to aver -that "on[e] Ric[hard] Cholmley hath Confessed that he was perswaded by -Marloes Reasons to become an _Atheist_." The seriousness of this charge -will be realized when it is noted that this Cholmelie (or Chamley) -was known to have organized a company of "atheists" as well as to -have entertained revolutionary political designs, and that Baines[28] -further charged Marlowe with having claimed "as good a Right to Coine -as the Queen of England." - -How Marlowe would have met these grave charges, each punishable by -death, must remain a matter of conjecture. He was not destined to reply -to them, however, for on the very next day, May 30, this "famous -gracer of tragedians" was assassinated by Ingram Frizer, "gentleman," -a notorious rascal and a proved habitual swindler. The only witnesses -to the homicide were one Nicholas Skeres and one Robert Poley, the -former a cheat and jailbird who had been associated with Frizer in -some of his nefarious schemes, and the latter a spy.[29] Here, it will -be acknowledged, was an excellent trio for a contrived murder. I say -"contrived murder" because, from Mr. Hotson's account of the matter, -it is clearly apparent that the story told at the Coroner's inquest -by Skeres and Poley (the only witnesses to the assassination) is -incredible.[30] The circumstances considered, it seems to me much more -likely that on that fatal Wednesday, Marlowe was lured[31] to Eleanor -Bull's inn at Deptford Strand, was wined liberally till he fell into a -drunken stupor; the time being ripe and Eleanor Bull safely out of the -way in another part of the building, Ingram Frizer deliberately plunged -his dagger into Marlowe's brain to a sufficient depth to cause his -instant death. - -The assumption that Marlowe's death, contrary to the Coroner's report -(_q.v._), was premeditated assassination, not accidental homicide in -self defence, is warranted by the following considerations. - -1. The two wounds on Frizer's head were too slight to have been -inflicted by a man in a rage wielding a sharp dagger. In this -connection we must not overlook the significance of the fact that no -physician seems to have been called in to dress Frizer's wounds, which -were probably too slight to require medical attention. That each of the -two wounds on Frizer's head was two inches long and a quarter of an -inch deep is so curious a phenomenon as to warrant the assumption that -they were self-inflicted. A dagger thrust from above downward or from -below upward is much more likely to make a punctured wound of variable -depth than an incised wound two inches long and only a quarter of an -inch deep. (Parenthetically it may be noted that the number "two" seems -to have been a favorite with the Coroner in this case.) - -2. The only witnesses to the fatal fray were two disreputable friends -of the man charged with the killing. - -3. Frizer and his friends kept Marlowe company in the tavern, or the -grounds adjoining it, from about ten o'clock in the forenoon until -night. None of these men explained to the Coroner's jury how he -happened to be idle that day and disposed to loaf at Eleanor Bull's -tavern all those hours. There is nothing in the evidence to show they -had ever been there before or even that they knew the place. And it -certainly is strange that both Poley and Skeres (who, as far as the -Coroner's evidence shows, may not have been acquainted with Marlowe) -should have expected Marlowe to pay for their suppers. - -4. It is incredible that Marlowe should have been lying on a cot and -that Frizer should have had his back toward him while they were -engaged in an acrimonious discussion. - -5. The Coroner's statement that Frizer, while sitting in a chair and -wrestling with a man in bed behind him, inflicted "a mortal wound over -his [assailant's] right eye of the depth of two inches & of the width -of one inch" is so improbable as to throw doubt on the whole of his -account of the matter. - -6. Neither Skeres nor Poley made the slightest attempt to interfere -with or to part the combatants. There is no indication that they -attempted to summon help. - -7. The Coroner apparently made no attempt to find any other persons who -ate or drank at Eleanor Bull's that day and who might have testified to -the behavior of this remarkable quartet. How was it that none of the -habitués of the place, a cheap tavern frequented mainly by sailors, -were called upon to say what they knew or saw? The Coroner's strange -silence suggests that Frizer, Skeres, and Poley probably managed to -keep Marlowe most of the day in a private room and out of view of any -of Eleanor's patrons. We must not overlook the significance of the -fact that the Coroner reports that Marlowe and his associates "met -together in a room in the house ... & there passed the time together -& dined" and that, after walking about in the garden belonging to the -house, they "returned ... to the room aforesaid & there together and in -company supped." - -8. The Coroner's failure to get Eleanor Bull's testimony is a highly -suspicious feature, especially in view of the fact that the law -required him to question the neighbors and any other persons who -might throw any light on the homicide. It would surely have been of -the utmost importance to know whether there were any evidences of a -struggle, _e.g._, overturned chairs, broken dishes, the position of -Marlowe's body, etc. As matters stand, we do not even know for certain -whether the dead Marlowe was discovered in bed or on the floor, whether -there were bloodstains in the bed, whether the Coroner found the dagger -in the wound and in the clutch of the deceased--surely very material -facts in an inquiry regarding a possible murder. And yet Eleanor Bull -did not testify. The only likely explanation for this fact is that -the assassin or assassins kept Marlowe in a private room in a remote -part of the house until they were ready to dispatch him. Having got -him sufficiently drunk, one of them thrust a dagger into the sleeping -Marlowe's brain just above his right eye. - -9. That the Coroner's inquest was a perfunctory matter and that his -story cannot be accepted as a faithful account of what actually -transpired is sufficiently evident from the facts that he made no -inquiry into how much liquor Marlowe had imbibed and that he was -willing to believe that a two-inch wound above the eye would result -in instant death. One who knows the anatomy and pathology of the -human brain knows that it is almost impossible for death to follow -immediately upon the infliction of such a wound.[32] That Marlowe's -brain--"the abode of the poet's vaulting imagination," as Hotson -poetically calls it--was not examined is, therefore, certain, and yet -the Coroner says that the wound was two inches deep and one inch wide. -Such a wound, if made horizontally, traversing the eye socket, would -not have involved the brain for more than half an inch, and would not -have affected any vital area; if the wound was made vertically, the -injury would have been in the frontal lobe of the brain and would not -have proved fatal, certainly not immediately. To have caused instant -death the assassin would have had to thrust his dagger horizontally -into Marlowe's brain to a depth of six or seven inches--and that could -not have happened if Frizer and Marlowe had been wrestling as the -witnesses described. Portions of the frontal lobe have been shot away -without fatal consequences. Bullets have been known to enter the brain -through one temple and to come out through the other without causing -death. The Coroner's "grim tale" of Marlowe's violent and untimely end -is, therefore, not a true account of what happened. - - * * * * * - -Taking all the known facts into consideration, we must, it seems to -me, conclude (1) that Marlowe was assassinated while he was asleep, -probably in a drunken stupor; (2) that while he was in this condition, -Ingram Frizer thrust his twelve-penny dagger, which he had brought -with him for the purpose, deeply into Marlowe's brain; and (3) that the -Coroner was influenced by certain powers not to inquire too curiously -into the violent death of an "outcast _Ismael_".[33] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 1: Harl. MS. 7368, at the British Museum.] - -[Footnote 2: That the sixth man, hitherto known as "D", was _not_ -Shakspere, I have tried to show in my books, _Problems in Shakspere's -Penmanship_ and _The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore_. The latter of these -presents my case for the dating of this play (the spring of 1593) as -well as for the identification of Heywood, Chettle, and Kyd.] - -[Footnote 3: For additional details regarding the quarrel between the -aliens and the natives, the reader is referred to my _Booke of Sir -Thomas Moore_.] - -[Footnote 4: _The Acts of the Privy Council of England_, 1901, vol. 4, -pp. 187, 200, 201, 222.] - -[Footnote 5: See _The Booke of Sir Thomas Moore_, pp. 96-98.] - -[Footnote 6: They were rediscovered by Professor F.S. Boas in 1898 and -are preserved in the British Museum, where they bear the mark _MS. -Harl. 6848, ff. 187-189_. Professor Boas reprinted them, in reverse -order, in his book, _The Works of Thomas Kyd_, London, 1901. His book -contains a facsimile of the first page of the alleged treatise. A -correct transcript of all three pages and a facsimile of the second -page appear in my _Booke of Sir Thomas Moore_.] - -[Footnote 7: _Op. cit._, pp. 43, 47.] - -[Footnote 8: "On a document concerning Christopher Marlowe," in -_Studies in Philology_, April, 1920, vol. 20, pp. 153-159.] - -[Footnote 9: It is not impossible, however, that the endorsement was -the work of a clerk of the Privy Council or of the prison to which Kyd -was committed.] - -[Footnote 10: That the Lord whom Thomas Kyd served, probably in the -role of secretary, was Ferdinando Stanley, I have shown in my _Booke of -Sir Thomas Moore_, pp. 38-41.] - -[Footnote 11: The whole of this interesting and important letter -(_B.M., MS. Harl., 6849, ff. 218-19_) is finely facsimiled (but not -accurately transcribed) in Professor Boas' book. The reader will find -it in my book, pp. 108-11.] - -[Footnote 12: _B.M., MS. Harl. 6848, ff. 154._] - -[Footnote 13: In Virgil's _2d. Eclogue_ Alexis is a beautiful youth -beloved by the shepherd Corydon. This therefore amounts to a charge of -homosexuality.] - -[Footnote 14: This important document was discovered by Mr. F. K. -Brown in 1921 and is described in _The Times Literary Supplement_ -(London), June 2, 1921, p. 335. It is finely facsimiled and accurately -transcribed in Dr. W.W. Greg's _Literary Autographs from 1550-1650_. -See also my book, _op. cit._, pp. 38, 41-44, 52.] - -[Footnote 15: This probably alludes to the felony with which Marlowe -was charged in 1588. (See Professor Hotson's essay, "Marlowe among the -Churchwardens," in the _Atlantic Monthly_, July, 1926, vol. 138, pp. -37-44.)] - -[Footnote 16: _The Acts of the Privy Council_, May 20, 1593.] - -[Footnote 17: That Marlowe was a spy in the service of the Queen and -of Sir Francis Walsingham we know from the labors of Professor Hotson -(_cf._ the work cited, pp. 63-4) and of Miss Eugenie de Kalb (_cf._ -"The Death of Marlowe," in _The Times Literary Supplement_, May 21, -1925, p. 351).] - -[Footnote 18: _Cf._ _The Dictionary of National Biography._] - -[Footnote 19: Thomas Harriott, one of the "three magi" who frequently -attended the Earl of Northumberland in the Tower, had acknowledged -himself to be a deist He was a member of Walter Ralegh's group of -freethinkers.] - -[Footnote 20: Walter Warner, the distinguished mathematician, another -one of the Earl of Northumberland's "three magi," was also one of -Ralegh's group. Some think that Kyd may have meant William Warner, the -poet, the author of the highly praised _Albion's England_.] - -[Footnote 21: Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of Oxford and Lord Great -Chamberlain, was one of the most talented, eccentric, extravagant, -irresponsible, and intersting men of the Age of Elizabeth. He was -born in 1550 and died in 1604. He was inordinately quarrelsome, -temperamental and reckless, and therewithal endowed with a high degree -of musical talent and literary ability. Men of letters found him -friendly and helpful, and he was the patron of a company of actors. He -was as erratic in his relations with the Queen as with others, and in -1592 he fell out with her because she refused to grant his petition for -a monopoly to import into England certain oils, wool, and fruits--a -refusal which doomed him, for financial reasons, to live in retirement. -This is the man who, in the opinion of some writers, was the "real -Shakespeare."] - -[Footnote 22: This was the "wizard Earl," as he was popularly known, -whom the Roman Catholics had instigated to assert and fortify his -claim to the English crown and who fearlessly protested against King -James' severity in his treatment of Ralegh. He was, in all probability, -the first owner of the famous _Northumberland Manuscript_. For an -interesting and entertaining account of this eccentric patron of the -arts and sciences, consult the _Dictionary of National Biography_.] - -[Footnote 23: In their edition of _Love's Labour's Lost_ (1923, p. -xxxiii), Mr. Dover Wilson and Professor Quiller-Couch erroneously -include the name of the ingenious Stanley, fifth Earl of Derby, in this -group. George Chapman, the authorities say, was one of the coterie; -Shakspere was not, as far as we know.] - -[Footnote 24: An account of these documents (_MS. Harl. 6842, ff. -183-90_) and extracts from them were published by Mr. J.M. Stone -("Atheism under Elizabeth and James I." in _The Month_ for June, 1894, -vol. 81, pp. 174-87) and by Professor Boas (in _Literature_, Nos. 147 -and 148).] - -[Footnote 25: _Works of Thomas Kyd_, p. lxxiii.] - -[Footnote 26: Harriott was again coupled with Marlowe in a letter -(_Harl. MS. 6848, f. 176_) written to Justice Young by a spy concerning -Cholmely and his "crues." We may recall that at Sir Walter's trial, -in 1603, Lord Chief Justice Coke branded the accused as "a damnable -atheist" and denounced him for associating with that "devil" Harriott.] - -[Footnote 27: This "note Containing the opinion of on[e] Christopher -Marly, Concerning his damnable Judgment of Religion and scorn of gods -words" (_Harl. MS. 6848, fol. 185-6_, also _Harl. MS. 6853, fo. 320_) -has been reprinted in an expurgated version by Boas (_op. cit._, pp. -cxiv-cxvi), by Ingram (_op. cit._, pp. 260-2) and in Mr. H. Ellis's -"unexpurgated" edition of Marlowe's _Plays_ in the _Mermaid Series_ -(1893, pp. 428-30). It is transcribed, without abridgement, in my -_Notes and Additions to 'The Books of Sir Thomas Moore_.'] - -[Footnote 28: Concerning Baines we are told by Mr. Havelock Ellis -(_op. cit._, p. xliv) that he "was hanged at Tyburn next year for -some degrading offence," but, as Mr. Ellis says, "there seems no -reason--while making judicious' reservations--to doubt the substantial -accuracy of his statements."] - -[Footnote 29: That Poley was a "secret agent" we know from Conyers -Read's _Mr. Secretary Walsingham_, 1925, II. 383. For additional -information about him, see Mr. Chambers' review of Hotson's book, in -_Modern Language Review_, 1926, vol. 21, pp. 84-85.] - -[Footnote 30: For a translation of the Coroner's report, see pp. 71-75.] - -[Footnote 31: William Vaughan, who has given us (in his _Golden Grove_, -1600) the most nearly authentic account of the assassination, tells us -that Ingram invited Marlowe to Deptford "to a feast." Neither Frizer, -Skeres, nor Poley, be it remembered, gave the Coroner any explanation -of how they happened to meet Marlowe that morning and why they did not -leave him out of their sight all day.] - -[Footnote 32: For expert medical opinions on this matter, see pp. -65-67.] - -[Footnote 33: It is at least interesting to note that the day before -Marlowe's cruel end Richard Baines had included in his report to the -Privy Council these words: "I think all men in Cristianity ought to -indevor that the mouth of so dangerous a member [as this Marlowe] -may be stopped." Was this a mere coincidence? or was it a broad hint -to their Lordships of what was about to happen? or was it only an -unintended betrayal of a secret of which the writer had cognizance? -That it was not the pious indignation of a good Christian which -prompted Baines' prophetic utterance is sufficiently evident from what -we know of that worthy's career.] - - - - -II - - -If, then, Christopher Marlowe did not make his "great reckoning in -a little room" accidentally but was the victim of a deliberate and -planned murder, it seems impossible not to believe that the outrage -was the outcome of the events immediately preceding it and intimately -connected with Kyd's difficulties and accusations. To accept this view -we need only think that Kyd, living in a city having a population -of over one hundred thousand, was pounced upon by the police on the -very day following the Privy Council's action; that Kyd could not -but suspect that Marlowe, his quondam room-mate, had betrayed him -to the officers of the law; that in his defence he attributed the -incriminating "disputation" to Marlowe; that he subsequently charged -Marlowe with numerous criminal offences (atheism, Socinianism, -blasphemy, converting others to atheism, plotting against the State); -that, not content with this, he named certain men--Harriott, Warner, -Royden--with having associated with the "outcast _Ismael_" and -listened to his atheistical doctrines; and that he very clearly -threatened to divulge the identity of certain "men of quallitie" who -(he implied) were not only intimates of the "outcast" but were leagued -with him in conspiring with King James against Queen Elizabeth. At the -same time we must not lose sight of this significant fact--Marlowe was -the subject of attack from other quarters too. Baines' report to the -Council not only duplicated and confirmed Kyd's charges, but added the -grave accusations that Marlowe openly advocated sexual perversions, -claimed to have as good a right to coin as the Queen of England had, -and had converted at least one other to atheism. In another spy's -memorandum (_MS. Harl. 6848, fo. 190_) "S^r Walter Raliegh & others" -are coupled with "one Marlowe [who] is able to shewe more sounde -reasons for Atheisme then any devine in Englande is able to geue to -prove devinitie." That Marlowe, one of Walsingham's secret agents, -was being apprised of the powerful forces at work to destroy him can -hardly be doubted. He must have realized now that his ex-associate -knew too much, suspected him, and was ready to sacrifice everything -and everybody to save himself and to be revenged on the causer of his -miseries. Kyd was safe in jail and was being closely guarded by the -authorities, who hoped that the names of the "men of quallitie" he had -implicated might yet be "drawn" from the prisoner. - -And what about the "men of quallitie" whose lives were being -threatened? From what we know of the characters of the Council's spies -we may safely assume that these noblemen were not wholly ignorant of -what Kyd had charged them with and what certain spies had reported -to the Council. There were "leaks" in those days, as there are now. -That Marlowe's situation was desperate is certain. The only ones who -could have saved him--by the use of their political influence--were -the men who were most in danger from him. From Kyd's reticence--a -politic reticence, no doubt--the "men of quallitie" knew that they -were safe if he was. Marlowe was the only one they had cause to fear. -Marlowe, therefore, had to be silenced.[34] Ingram Frizer, a servant -of Mr. Thomas Walsingham, and therefore an associate of Marlowe (and -not likely to be distrusted), was assigned the task of stopping the -poet-spy's career. Nicholas Skeres and Robert Poley were schooled to -corroborate the assassin's defense. Kyd was instructed to hold his -tongue and wait. May 30th came and Marlowe walked into the trap which -had been set for him. What followed we know. - -When we attempt to answer the question what Englishman or Englishmen -of that day could have been so situated as to be in sufficiently great -danger from Marlowe's possible revelations to desire his death, it -seems that we must restrict our investigation to the "men of quallitie" -who constituted Sir Walter Ralegh's coterie. And when we consider -that Sir Walter was not only hinted at in Kyd's accusing memorandum -but was actually named in Baines' "Note," that he had a reputation -for atheism, and that a few months later he had to submit to being -examined regarding his religious views, we have no choice but to focus -our attention on him. When, in addition to the facts just mentioned, -we find him so constituted as to be eminently capable of so bold and -ruthless an act as the assassination of an enemy in the furtherance -of his own interests, and so situated as to be almost driven to such -an act of desperation, it becomes a reasonable assumption that the -responsibility for Marlowe's violent and cruel taking-off should be -laid at his door. - -Tradition says that Marlowe was one of the choice spirits who were -received at the weekly gatherings of brilliant literary and scientific -men at Sir Walter's house, "where religious topics were often discussed -with perilous freedom." Mr. Ingram, following Dyce, says (_Christopher -Marlowe and his Associates_, 1904, p. 184): "The earliest references to -the poet not only allude to his friendship with Raleigh but even assert -that he read a paper on the Trinity before Sir Walter Raleigh and his -brother Carew and others at the Knight's house."[35] The alleged -friendship is in all probability a myth, though Ralegh must have been -fascinated by the creator of Tamburlaine and Faust, two portraits in -which that bold and aspiring spirit may very well have seen himself. -But the relations between them were probably of a sufficiently intimate -nature to cause Sir Walter considerable anxiety on learning--as he must -have learned--that this "god of undaunted verse," who had enjoyed his -hospitality, was not only a disciple of Machiavelli but a secret agent -of the Government and had been responsible for Kyd's arrest. That at -this critical moment Marlowe might have made it clear to Sir Walter -that he looked to him to save him is not at all improbable. But Ralegh -knew that he was then in no position to do what was demanded of him. - -To an ambitious, cruel, and unscrupulous Elizabethan adventurer, to -such a "soldier, sailor, and courtier" as Ralegh was--careers which -he himself subsequently blamed for his "courses of wickedness and -vice" (his own words)--the removal by assassination of a dangerous -foe, who might not only frustrate the fulfilment of his dreams but -land him in the Tower, or worse (especially at a time when he was -in disgrace with the furious Elizabeth and the subject of almost -universal hatred and obloquy), was as obvious as it was practicable. -This many-gifted, brilliant, enigmatical Englishman--as striking a case -of dual personality as history affords--was capable of "unspeakable -cold-blooded cruelty," of "treachery and false faith," of "bold -unscrupulousness," of almost "any act of baseness." That is the verdict -of those of his biographers (Stebbing, Gosse, Buchan, Thoreau) who are -not obviously his apologists. Ralegh's wanton brutality and wholesale -butcheries in Ireland--"that commonwealth of common woe," as he called -it--is one of the saddest and darkest pages in the history of the -English-Irish troubles. To attain his ends all means were permissible. -Is it any wonder, then, that "he was hated by all and sundry, from the -citizens of London to the courtiers who jostled him in the Queen's -antechamber"?[36] To the popular mind, and even to the best men of -his day, "Raleigh remained the ambitious courtier, the able and -unscrupulous soldier, and the man who wrought ever for his own ends." -To this vain, egotistical man, this victim of an insatiable passion -for fame, wealth, and rule, who dreamed of founding empires, and who -realized all too keenly how his many enemies--envying him for his great -wealth, his ostentation, his adventures, his talents, his special -privileges--would revel in his ruin,--to such a man it would have been -the most trivial undertaking to sweep out of his path a hot-headed, -quarrelsome, vainglorious, and treacherous son of a shoemaker, a fellow -whom he had befriended and admitted into the privacy of his sanctum. -He knew, none so well as he, that his and his friends' fortunes were -desperate if Marlowe divulged what he knew. - -To understand what Ralegh's state of mind was at this time it is -necessary to recount the occurrences of the preceding year. After -having for several years played the rôle of devoted and impassioned -lover to the Virgin Queen--"love's queen and the goddess of his -life"--he had permitted himself to fall a victim to the charms of -one of the Queen's maids of honor, the witty, beautiful (tall, -slender, blue-eyed, golden-haired) and altogether lovely Elizabeth -Throgmorton, some thirty-five years younger than her royal rival. The -Queen, "who loved the presence of handsome young men with unmaidenly -ardour," notwithstanding her alleged prudery and the sixty years she -carried on her ulcerous back, was furious--"fiercely incensed," says -a contemporary. Sir Walter was immediately dismissed from the royal -favor and committed to the Tower where he was detained from June to -September, 1592. While imprisoned there, he behaved like a spoiled -child, quarrelling with his keepers, bemoaning his hard lot, and -writing lovesick letters to the Queen--even though his betrothed was -confined in a suite only a few feet from his. - -During his confinement in the Tower he discovered another grievance -against his "Belphoebe:" she prohibited him from sharing to the full -in the expedition of 1592 which ended in the capture of the great -Spanish carack, the "Madre de Dios." And, besides, the Queen's greed -made the division of the spoils so extremely unequal that he, "to whom -the success was owing, who bore the toils and burden of it all, was -considerably the loser," whereas Lord Cumberland (who had invested only -a relatively small sum in the piratical venture) made £17,000 profit. - -Circumstances into which we need not now enter brought about his -release from the Tower. But "freedom from confinement did not bring -with it a return of the royal graciousness, and for some years he was -practically an exile from the Court" (Buchan). Early in 1593 he was -in retirement at his manor of Sherborne in Dorset, where he spent the -time in hunting, hawking, cultivating potatoes, and attempting to grow -tobacco. That this sort of life, coupled with ostracism from the Court -(the latter extended also to his wife), must have been dreadfully -galling to this bold and adventurous spirit, always hankering for -battle and enterprise, can hardly be doubted. He seems to have been -firmly convinced that in his case the Queen--who had been known to -overlook the fickleness of lovers--would be obdurate and never again -have anything to do with him. Here, then, at the age of forty, he saw -his career ended, his dreams of power and rule shattered. - -Would he permit himself to be doomed to a life of inaction and -obscurity, to "keep a farm and carters?" Of course he would not. We -know that he brooded on schemes of maritime adventure as an escape -from the boredom to which an insulted Queen had banished him. London -fascinated him and drew him like a magnet; the records show that he -paid frequent visits to the capital. To keep in touch with the world -he had himself elected to Parliament--and to his credit be it said -that, notwithstanding the odium in which he was generally held, he took -a lively interest in public affairs and championed what was just and -reasonable in popular demands. - -The Queen took advantage of every means in her power to harass him and -make him feel the settled hate in her heart. Thus, she now made him -recall all his people from Ireland where he had established a colony on -his estates in the Counties of Westford and Cork; after Michaelmas, -1594, she ordered him to pay a rental of 100 Marks (instead of the 50 -Marks he had been in the habit of paying) for one of his Irish estates. -(See Malone's _Variorum_, 1821, vol. 2, p. 573.) - -That he was watching his opportunity to get back into power, to find -an outlet for his talents, to get into the limelight in the political -arena, rather than to be restored to the Queen's good graces, seems -to be proved by several circumstances. He protested loudly--no doubt -more loudly than the circumstances warranted--against the Government's -blundering policies as regards Ireland, and advocated a resolute and -consistent despotism, sustained, if necessary, by treachery and murder. -About this time--on February 28, 1593, to be exact--he also advocated -open war with Spain. Three weeks later he opposed the bill in the House -of Commons for the extension of the privileges of aliens in England. In -the discussion of the latter measure he was the only one who spoke of -expelling the strangers. - -Sir Walter's attitude to the foreigners who were the objects of the -city's "exceeding pitiful and great exclamations" at this time is -deserving of careful attention. So grave was the situation that it -occupied the House of Commons during several sessions (March 21, -23, and 24, 1593). Unmindful of the humanitarian pleas of some of -his associates (Mr. Finch, Sir Robert Cecil, and others), Ralegh -expostulated: "Whereas it is pretended, That for strangers it is -against Charity, against Honour, against Profit to expel them; in my -opinion it is no matter of Charity to relieve them.... I see no reason -that so much respect should be given unto them. And to conclude, in the -whole cause I see no matter of Honour, no matter of Charity, no Profit -in relieving them."[37] - -That his policies on public questions were the expression of his secret -purposes cannot be doubted. A man, constituted as he was, conscious of -his powers, his talents, his unemployed energy, his versatility, his -military ability and skill, his scientific attainments, his popularity -with the crews of his ships,[38] his ambitions, and smarting under -the disabilities attendant on being in disgrace, would without a doubt -be keenly on the alert for any opportunity that chance might offer to -bring him back into a position of influence and power. - -Sir Walter, like others of his distinguished contemporaries, was -capable of treasonous intrigue against his Queen. This may reasonably -be deduced from a letter of his written--on July 6, 1597--to the none -too scrupulous Robert Cecil. In that letter he says: "I acquaynted -the L: Generall [_i.e._, The Earl of Essex] w^{th} your ... kynd -acceptance of your enterteynment; hee was also wonderfull merry att -ye consait of Richard the 2. I hope it shall never alter, & whereof -I shall be most gladd of, as the treu way to all our good, qu[i]ett, -& advacemet, & most of all for her sake whose affaires shall therby -fy[n]d better progression." This passage has been a hopeless conundrum -to the biographers, but as Edward Edwards has shown,[39] there can be -little doubt that it refers to Shakspere's _Richard the Second_ which -was then being performed at the Globe Theatre. It will be recalled -that this tragedy, destined to play an important rôle in 1601 in the -treasonous enterprise of the Lord General Essex, at this time included -the celebrated "deposition scene" (IV. i, 154-318) which the Queen, -conceiving that Richard II was a mask for herself, sternly disapproved -of.[40] To the psychologist there will be profound significance in -the unusual (and hitherto unnoticed) subscription to the above letter -by Ralegh: "Sir, I will ever be yours: it is all I can saye, & I will -performe it with my life & w^{th} my fortune." He wrote better than he -knew. - -But let us return to 1593. Being in the frame of mind we have already -described, and knowing that he could rely on the crews of his ships -and the men of Devon, this malcontent must have thought of ways and -means of bringing about some situation which would enable him to play -a conspicuous part, get close to the Queen, oust his enemies from -the Court, and possibly even take charge of the Government, as Essex -planned to do a few years later. His life at the Court had acquainted -him with the arts of indirect dealing. The hostility between the -natives and the aliens and between the city and the national Government -seemed to offer the coveted opportunity. We must remember that at this -time he was in London a great deal; that he advocated publicly the -expulsion of the aliens; that he was attempting to fan into a flame the -smouldering anti-Hispanism, was openly criticising the Government's -Irish policy, and was not without powerful political friends.[41] - -It seems not too far-fetched, therefore, to conjecture that directly -or indirectly, possibly with the assistance of his intimate associate, -his other self, Harriott,[42] he convinced the manager of a theatrical -company, preferably the Admiral's, that a play dealing with Sir Thomas -More and the "ill May day" of 1517 would be timely and might prove a -money maker.[43] Munday, "our best plotter," and his young associates, -Heywood and Chettle, were entrusted with the task. They at once betook -themselves to Hall's _Chronicle_, familiarized themselves with More's -career, met together to outline the play, and set to work. Fortunately -or unfortunately, however, for the course of history, the writing and -revision of the play did not go on to completion.[44] The plague, which -drove the actors out of London, may have had something to do with -it, but the greater likelihood is that the revisers were interrupted -by the informer's betrayal of Kyd's participation in a plot to expel -French and Flemish subjects from London. And thus the plan centering -around the tragedy of _Sir Thomas Moore_ came to naught. For the time -being, Sir Walter Ralegh's plots to be revenged on an unreasonable -and irascible queen were frustrated, but, unfortunately for English -literature, not before Christopher Marlowe had become so enmeshed in -them that they cost him his life. - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 34: That such dastardly plotting was not beyond an -Elizabethan nobleman is clearly shown by the statement in the -_Dictionary of National Biography_ that the Earl of Oxford, Edward -de Vere, "was said to have deliberately planned the murder of an -antagonist, and he very reluctantly abandoned what he affected to -regard as a safe scheme of assassination."] - -[Footnote 35: In the spy's affidavit Cholmeley is reported as saying -that Marlowe had told him that "he hath read the Atheist lecture -to Sr Walter Raleigh & others." For Marlowe's relations with his -contemporaries the reader should consult Professor Tucker Brooke's -essay, "Marlowe's Reputation," in _Trans. of the Conn. Acad. of Arts & -Sciences_, 1922, vol. 25, pp. 347-408.] - -[Footnote 36: J. Buchan, _Sir Walter Raleigh_, pp. 41, 45.] - -[Footnote 37: _Cf. A Compleat Journal of the Notes, Speeches and -Debates, both of the House of Lords and House of Commons throughout the -whole Reign of Queen Elizabeth._ Collected by ... Sir Simonds D'Ewes, -London, 1693, pp. 504-9.] - -[Footnote 38: When the Queen released Ralegh from the Tower to go to -Dartmouth to settle the disputes about the distribution of the spoils -taken on the "Madre de Dios," Robert Cecil wrote home: "I assure you, -Sir, his poor servants to the number of one hundred and forty goodly -men, and all the mariners, came to him with such shouts and joy, -as I never saw a man more troubled to quell in my life; for he is -very extreme pensive longer than he is busied, in which he can toil -terribly."] - -[Footnote 39: _The Life of Sir Walter Raleigh_, 1868, vol. 2, pp. -164-9.] - -[Footnote 40: _Cf._ S. Lee, _A Life of William Shakespeare_, 1916, pp. -129, 254-5.] - -[Footnote 41: That he had friends in the Privy Council seems to be -indicated by the following interesting circumstance: in the official -replica (_Harl. MS. 6853, fo. 320_), laid before Queen Elizabeth, of -Richard Baines' note accusing Marlowe of blasphemy, the designation -of Harriott as "Sir W. Raleighs man" was omitted--surely not for -the purpose of sparing the Queen's feelings. And nine months later -the Commission, which had been appointed to examine him at Cerne, -apparently squashed the matter after it had heard all the witnesses and -obtained sufficient evidence to convict him, his brother and Harriott, -had it wished to do so.] - -[Footnote 42: Harriott, and therefore Ralegh, was mentioned not only -in every one of the documents we have referred to in connection with -the charges of heresy and blasphemy but also in connection with plots -against the Government.] - -[Footnote 43: That _Sir Thomas Moore_ was written for a political -purpose was dearly felt by Professor Ashley H. Thorndike; in 1916 -(_Shakespeare's Theater, p. 213_), when we knew a great deal less about -this play than we now know, he expressed surprise that Tyllney "should -have permitted in any form a play intended to excite feeling against -the foreigners dwelling in London." That the drama was 'universally -used for political purposes' in Shakspere's time is convincingly -shown in Richard Simpson's paper, "The Political Use of the Stage in -Shakspere's Time," in _The Transactions of the New Shakspere Society_, -1874, part II, pp. 371-95.] - -[Footnote 44: That Sir Walter, like some of his intimate associates, -_e.g._, Edward de Vere, had intimate contacts with theatrical -companies, is fairly certain. On January 30, 1597, Rowland Whyte wrote -to Sir Robert Sydney as follows: "My Lord Compton, Sir Walter Rawley, -my Lord Southampton doe severally feast Mr. Secretary before he depart, -and have Plaies and Banquets." (_Letters and Memorials of State_, ed. -by Arthur Collins, 1746, vol. 2, p. 86.)] - - - - -III - -Appendix A - -OPINIONS OF MEDICAL EXPERTS - - - - -III - - -Dr. Charles A. Elsberg, of New York City, distinguished consulting -neurological surgeon, wrote me on March 19, 1928, as follows: - - _You are quite right in the assumption that it would be very unusual - for a "dagger wound just above the right eye, two inches deep and one - inch wide," to have caused instant death, altho it is possible that - if Marlowe had a very thin skull and short frontal region that the - dagger might have penetrated the cavernous sinus. This seems to me, - however, very improbable. On the other hand, if Marlowe was suffering - from a cardiac disease, a sudden shock might have caused instant - death, altho it was not the actual trauma._ - - * * * * * - -Dr. James Ewing, professor of pathology at Cornell University Medical -College (New York City), sent me the following reply to my letter to -him regarding Marlowe's death: - - _I do not see how the wound that you describe by a dagger entering - the orbit above the right eye could cause instant death. Yet it - seems possible that if the dagger went deeply into the brain, it - might sever blood vessels and cause hemorrhage which would lead to - almost immediate unconsciousness and death in a short time, without - recovering consciousness._ - - * * * * * - -Professor W.G. MacCallum, head of the department of pathology at Johns -Hopkins University, wrote me as follows: - - _I should think that a wound such as you described ... would hardly - have gone further than through the frontal sinus and into the frontal - lobe of the cerebrum and I don't see either how it caused instant - death._ - - _Of course, one might imagine that the force of the blow was such as - to stun him and allow time for fatal haemorrhage in that position. - The only other thing one could think of would be perhaps that with - extreme violence some further injury might have been produced in - a more vital part of the brain, but on the whole it seems to me - questionable that instant death would follow such a blow._ - - * * * * * - -Dr. Otto H. Schultze, professor of pathology and medical jurisprudence, -Coroner's physician in New York from 1896 to 1914, medical assistant -District Attorney of New York County from 1914 to date, and the author -of several works on the medico-legal aspects of homicide, wrote as -follows in reply to my inquiry: - - _A stab wound of the skin or even puncturing the orbit could not - cause instant death, nor would be likely to cause a fatal hemorrhage. - A stab wound above the eye, penetrating the orbital plate and - frontal lobe of brain, may cause death, but hardly would account for - "instant" death._ - - - - -IV - -Appendix B - -THE CORONER'S REPORT - - - - -IV - - -Kent./ Inquisition indented taken at Detford Strand in the aforesaid -County of Kent within the verge on the first day of June in the year -of the reign of Elizabeth by the grace of God of England France & -Ireland Queen defender of the faith &c thirty-fifth, in the presence -of William Danby, Gentleman, Coroner of the household of our said -lady the Queen, upon view of the body of Christopher Morley, there -lying dead & slain, upon oath of Nicholas Draper, Gentleman, Wolstan -Randall, gentleman, William Curry, Adrian Walker, John Barber, Robert -Baldwyn, Giles ffeld, George Halfepenny, Henry Awger, James Batt, Henry -Bendyn, Thomas Batt senior, John Baldwyn, Alexander Burrage, Edmund -Goodcheepe, & Henry Dabyns, Who say [upon] their oath that when a -certain Ingram ffrysar, late of London, Gentleman, and the aforesaid -Christopher Morley and one Nicholas Skeres, late of London, Gentleman, -and Robert Poley of London aforesaid, Gentleman, on the thirtieth -day of May in the thirty-fifth year above named, at Detford Strand -aforesaid in the said County of Kent within the verge, about the tenth -hour before noon of the same day, met together in a room in the house -of a certain Eleanor Bull, widow; & there passed the time together & -dined & after dinner were in quiet sort together there & walked in the -garden belonging to the said house until the sixth hour after noon of -the same day & then returned from the said garden to the room aforesaid -& there together and in company supped; & after supper the said Ingram -& Christopher Morley were in speech & uttered one to the other divers -malicious words for the reason that they could not be at one nor agree -about the payment of the sum of pence, that is, _le recknynge_, there; -& the said Christopher Morley then lying upon a bed in the room where -they supped, & moved with anger against the said Ingram ffrysar upon -the words as aforesaid spoken between them, And the said Ingram then & -there sitting in the room aforesaid with his back towards the bed where -the said Christopher Morley was then lying, sitting near the bed, that -is, _nere the bed_, & with the front part of his body towards the table -& the aforesaid Nicholas Skeres & Robert Poley sitting on either side -of the said Ingram in such a manner that the same Ingram ffrysar in no -wise could take flight: it so befell that the said Christopher Morley -on a sudden & of his malice towards the said Ingram aforethought, then -& there maliciously drew the dagger of the said Ingram which was at his -back, and with the same dagger the said Christopher Morley then & there -maliciously gave the aforesaid Ingram two wounds on his head of the -length of two inches & of the depth of a quarter of an inch; whereupon -the said Ingram, in fear of being slain, & sitting in the manner -aforesaid between the said Nicholas Skeres & Robert Poley so that he -could not in any wise get away, in his own defence & for the saving of -his life, then & there struggled with the said Christopher Morley to -get back from him his dagger aforesaid; in which affray the same Ingram -could not get away from the said Christopher Morley; and so it befell -in that affray that the said Ingram, in defence of his life, with the -dagger aforesaid of the value of 12d. gave the said Christopher then & -there a mortal wound over his right eye of the depth of two inches & of -the width of one inch; of which mortal wound the aforesaid Christopher -Morley then & there instantly died; And so the Jurors aforesaid -say upon their oath that the said Ingram killed & slew Christopher -Morley aforesaid on the thirtieth day of May in the thirty-fifth year -named above at Detford Strand aforesaid within the verge in the room -aforesaid within the verge in the manner and form aforesaid in the -defence and saving of his own life, against the peace of our said -lady the Queen, her now crown & dignity; And further the said Jurors -say upon their oath that the said Ingram after the slaying aforesaid -perpetrated & done by him in the manner & form aforesaid neither fled -nor withdrew himself; But what goods or chattels, lands or tenements -the said Ingram had at the time of the slaying aforesaid, done & -perpetrated by him in the manner and form aforesaid, the said Jurors -are totally ignorant. In witness of which thing the said Coroner as -well as the Jurors aforesaid to this Inquisition have interchangeably -set their seals. - -Given the day & year above named &c - - by William Danby - Coroner.[45] - -FOOTNOTES: - -[Footnote 45: For permission to reprint this English version of the -Coroner's report I am indebted to Professor Hotson.] - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE ASSASSINATION OF CHRISTOPHER -MARLOWE*** - - -******* This file should be named 65544-8.txt or 65544-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/5/5/4/65544 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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