diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/65573-0.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/65573-0.txt | 2041 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 2041 deletions
diff --git a/old/65573-0.txt b/old/65573-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 4cd0267..0000000 --- a/old/65573-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2041 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Smithport Landing Site, by -Clarence H. Webb - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: The Smithport Landing Site - An Alto Focus Component in De Soto Parish, Louisiana - -Author: Clarence H. Webb - -Release Date: June 9, 2021 [eBook #65573] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SMITHPORT LANDING SITE *** - - - - - - The Smithport Landing Site: An Alto Focus Component in De Soto - Parish, Louisiana - - - CLARENCE H. WEBB - - - _Reprint from_ Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 34, - 1963. - - - ABSTRACT - -This is a belated description of the Smithport Landing Site, one of -several known Alto Focus components in northwestern Louisiana. This -large village site, on the western margin of the Red River flood plain, -covers portions of several low hills which front on a former lake. - -Nineteen pottery vessels, all but two identifiable as Alto Focus types, -were found with fourteen burials. Included are _Hickory Fine Engraved_, -_Davis Incised_, _Kiam Incised_, _Wilkinson Punctated_, and _Smithport -Plain_ (virtually identical with _Bowles Creek Plain_) types. - -Surface materials comprise 1553 sherds, 61 dart and 55 arrow points, and -a modest number of chipped and polished stone tools or ornaments. The -stone tool assemblage seems to be basically late Archaic with the -addition of small arrow points. - -Although the sherds as well as whole vessels are predominantly derived -from Alto Focus ceramics, a small percentage of Coles Creek, a somewhat -larger representation of Bossier Focus, and a few late Caddoan pottery -types are identified. Similarities and differences between the ceramics -of this site, the Davis (Alto) Site in eastern Texas, and the central -Louisiana sequence of pottery, are pointed out. Possible relationships -between Coles Creek, Alto, Bossier, and Plaquemine ceramics are -developed. It is postulated that Caddoan (Alto) and Coles Creek peoples -or influences entered northwestern Louisiana almost simultaneously, and -that Bossier Focus developed out of the amalgamation of these two -previous cultures. A few very late Caddoan sherds indicate a late -occupation at Smithport Landing, possibly during historic times. - - - INTRODUCTION - -The Smithport Landing Site was initially explored by Monroe Dodd, Jr., -and the author between 1934 and 1940.[1] It was the first site at which -we found burials and whole pottery; it was also the first site in -Louisiana which was identified as an Alto Focus component (Webb, 1948) -and was recognized as such in the Davis Site report (Newell and Krieger, -1949: 195, 197, Fig. 62). In describing the Bossier Focus, Smithport -Landing was one of 15 sites used for comparison and discussion of the -relative incidence of Bossier Focus pottery types, and of several -pottery complexes. First suggested in my 1948 paper, and elaborated in a -more recent study (Webb, 1961) of 20 sites in northwestern Louisiana, is -the thesis that the Bossier Focus developed out of a simultaneous spread -of Alto and Coles Creek peoples or influences across this area in -post-Marksville times. Smithport Landing was one of the key sites in -this study, because of the admixture of Alto and Coles Creek pottery -types and the presence of a minor Bossier Focus manifestation. - -It therefore seems appropriate to publish the available information -about this site, despite the limited excavations conducted nearly 30 -years ago. The criticism has been made that too many foci in the Caddoan -area have been based on excavation of a single site and that the Alto -Focus, for example, is based on the Davis Site alone. The information -presented herein concerning Smithport Landing and other Alto Focus -manifestations in Louisiana was available to, and used by, Krieger as -indicated in the Davis report. The details should have been published -for other students, however, especially since burials of the Alto period -are limited in number. - - - SITE ENVIRONMENT - -The Smithport Landing Site is in the eastern edge of De Soto Parish, -about eight miles east of Mansfield, the Parish seat (Fig. 1). It is a -relatively large village site situated on eroded and dissected hills -which project in an expanded tongue of land fronting on Old Smithport or -Clear Lake (Bayou Pierre Lake). The former lake bed is now dry in the -summer, swampy during the rainy season. Buffalo Bayou courses through -this low area to join the outflow of present Smithport Lake about one -mile northeast of the site. Further eastward this drainage flows into -Bayou Pierre which continues some 20 miles down the southwestern margin -of the Red River flood plain until it empties into this river near -Natchitoches. - -The hills on which the site is located (Fig. 2) are 10 to 20 feet above -the lake bed; where dissected by small drainages the slope is gentle, -but in several places is abrupt. Most of the site was formerly in -cultivation and the topsoil, a grayish sand with liberal mixture of -humus, is three to four feet thick and apparently fertile. The subsoil -is a rather dense, reddish or orange sandy clay. The trees around the -site are oak, persimmon, gum, and many smaller hawthorns and sassafras. -The uplands have heavy growths of pine and the lake bed has the usual -cypress, willows, and some hardwoods. The nearby lakes still have -abundant fish—bass, crappie, “bream” and other small perches, as well as -the “rough” varieties like gar, carp, catfish, shad, and -“gasper-gou”—and turtles, eels, bullfrogs, snakes, and an occasional -alligator are present. Bird species are abundant and in former years -migratory waterfowl came in tremendous numbers. Edible wild fruits and -nuts in the area are persimmons, haws, crab apples, plums, muscadines -and other wild grapes, hickory nuts, walnuts, pecans, chinquapins (dwarf -chestnuts), yoncapins (seed of _Nelumbo lutea_, a water lily), and many -others. Deer were present until the early part of the 20th century and -are now returning; squirrels, rabbits, raccoons, and opossums are the -more prevalent of the edible animals. Mussels and snails are available -in moderate numbers. In aboriginal and early historic times this -vicinity afforded, undoubtedly, an abundance of natural resources, with -good soil and adequate rainfall for domestic crops. - - [Illustration: Fig. 1. Map of northwestern Louisiana and adjoining - portion of eastern Texas. Listed sites have Alto Focus or related - components. Note route of the early historic road, El Camino Real, - which probably followed prehistoric trails through this area.] - - - HISTORICAL BACKGROUND - -During the 18th and 19th centuries this land was spoken of as “the -coast,” inferring a large body of water into which the tongue of land -projected. Like so many other lakes formed where streams run into the -river valley out of the hills, it is probable that old natural river -levees formed a bar or dam which produced the lake; some, however, are -of the opinion that the famous log jam in Red River was instrumental in -production of these lakes. At any rate, much of the traffic on the river -above Alexandria coursed along these lateral streams and lakes. When we -first visited this site, old residents spoke of a deep lake with -steamboat landings at the site and on present Smithport Lake. - -The desirability of this land for habitation is attested by the several -prehistoric sites in the neighborhood, the size of the Smithport Landing -Site, and the early documents which indicate a white settlement within a -few years after establishment of Natchitoches Post. About equidistant -(25-30 miles) from Natchitoches and the Spanish counter post at Los -Adaes (Fig. 1), families and influences were derived from both the -French and Spanish. Records at Natchitoches record the birth of Joseph -Marcel Antonio De Soto, son of Manuel De Soto and Marie De St. Denis, -member of the family of Louis Juchereau De St. Denis who founded -Natchitoches, in 1758 (D’Antonio, 1961a). A later daughter married Paul -Lafitte of Bayou Pierre, as the Smithport Lake Settlement was called. - -The Spanish influence became stronger in the latter 1700’s, after -Louisiana was ceded to Spain. Even after the Louisiana Purchase, this -land was on the margin of the “neutral ground” and for a time was under -Spanish jurisdiction. This, as well as a comment about a Yatasi Indian -village which may be of significance to the site, is indicated by -D’Antoni’s (1961a) account of the journey in 1808 of Don Marcelo De -Soto, who had become Spanish judge of Bayou Pierre Community, to San -Antonio to petition the governor for a resident pastor. The petition -reads in part: - - Don Marcelo de Soto, acting justice of Bayupier, Jurisdiction of - Nacogdoches, together with Jose Lafitte, Silvestre Poissot, Pedro - Robleau and Miguel Rambin, all of aforesaid community, who have come - to this capital together, has the honor of appealing with all respect - to your lordship’s equity, conjointly with and in the name of all the - other residents of the specified Bayupier. [These] consist of thirty - Spanish families gathered together and long established in the - aforesaid place, with no large number of educated persons at their - service; besides, there is next to them the village of the Yatasi - Indians. They are all in need of the church and of an ecclesiastic to - minister the Holy Sacraments.... - -Although a resident pastor was not sent, priests from Nacogdoches -visited the settlement for some years, then visitation was taken over by -the French priests at Natchitoches. A chapel was constructed in 1843 “in -the center of De Soto Parish at Bayou Pierre.” In 1855 the first new -parish of the Natchitoches Diocese was established here and a resident -priest assigned (D’Antoni, 1961b). - -In 1888 a Carmelite Mission was established, with a monastery and -subsequently separate schools for boys and girls (D’Antoni, 1962). The -Carmelites built a rock chapel which is now preserved as an historic -monument to their labors; the small settlement three miles east of the -site is now called Carmel. - - - SITE EXPLORATION AND EXCAVATION - -The Smithport Landing Site is located in Township 13 N, Range 12 W, -sections 23 and 26, on land owned at present by Edward Lafitte of -Carmel, but at the time of our excavation by Guy Sample of Shreveport. -When first visited in 1934, much of the site was in cultivation; now it -is in pasturage or woodlands. Evidences of occupation were found on -portions of four hills, heaviest on hills 2 and 3 (Fig. 2). Larger than -most sites in this area, we estimated that a total of 40 to 50 acres was -occupied. We first explored Hill 1, a low hill which sloped gently to -the bottom lands and had been in cultivation for a long time. The -topsoil was thin and sheet erosion exposed a number of pottery sherds, -projectile points, and other stone objects. It is possible that this was -a separate site, since it is set apart by a wide stream bed from the -other occupied hills, but the artifact types were not different. The -area of occupation covered about five acres. - -Hill 2 is higher, about 20 feet above the old lake bed, and slopes -rather sharply southward to the lowlands. The top is gently rounded and -had been put into cultivation only a few years before our first visit. -The topsoil was very dark and many large pottery sherds were found; in -fact, this hill showed the heaviest occupation of the site, over an area -of 20 to 30 acres. The burials (Fig. 3) which are described later -occurred on the crest of this hill, immediately overlooking the old -lake. - -Hills 3 and 4 run north-south and slope down to a small stream which -separates them. The occupation areas, chiefly along the slopes to the -stream, are estimated at five to ten acres on each hill, although we -were uncertain about Hill 4 because it was partly wooded. There were two -tenant houses in a nearby deserted field. On the back part of Hill 2 and -east of the main tenant house, very black soil, found over a radius of -12-15 feet, contained large sherds, numerous animal bones or bone -fragments, and ashes (Fig. 2). Two test pits showed that the black -refuse soil was two to three feet in depth and ashes indicated extensive -cooking. Our notes show no evidence of a house floor or post molds, -although we did not trench the area. - - [Illustration: Fig. 2. Sketch of Smithport landing Site, not to - scale. Note occupational areas on four hills, burial area and heavy - midden on Hill 2.] - - - Burial Excavations - -In May, 1935, Monroe Dodd, Jr., found a small intact vessel (Fig. 4, O) -in hog rootings on the crest of Hill 2, which had been left uncultivated -and put into pasturage that year. Excavations exposed within a radius of -two to three feet a cluster of nine pottery vessels (Fig. 3, Nos. -V-94-102), three of which were intact and four largely so. Included are -vessels shown in Figure 4, B, C, F, K, N, O, and R. Vessels which are -not illustrated are two broken bottles (probably hit by the plow), one -_Hickory Fine Engraved_ and an untyped engraved ware with interlocking -spirals. All of the vessels were within two feet of the surface, as were -burials 1 and 2 (Fig. 3), male and female adults lying fully extended -and supine, with heads turned to left and right, respectively. The -pottery deposit could have related to either or both of these. Two -_Alba_ points were found to the side of Burial 1. - -On weekend trips between May and November, 1935, with permission of the -owner, we worked out the remainder of the burials; see Figure 3. As a -result either of our inexperience or of the way the burials had been -placed, we were not sure of pit outlines and of which skeletons were -associated. All occurred at a depth of two to three feet from the -surface, although disturbed soil continued to a depth of three to three -and a half feet and in a few places to four feet. It was my impression, -as recorded in notes, that burials 1 and 2 were together and that -burials 5, 3-4, 6-8 and 11-13, and 9-10 represented interment groups. - -Burials 3 and 4 were side by side and undoubtedly placed together. Both -were supine and fully extended, except that the left arm of Burial 3 was -abducted and flexed at right angles. Heads were directed almost south, -that of 3 with face upward; the skull of Burial 4 was turned to the -right. Both were adults, Burial 3 a female, 4 a male. A large, intact -bottle (Fig. 4, A) was two feet above the heads and a small bowl (Fig. -4, I) was in fragments to the left of the skull of Burial 3. - -Between this group and Burial 2 we found a skull and several long bones -in an irregular bundle (Fig. 3, Burial 5). There were no associated -artifacts. - - [Illustration: Fig. 3. Burials on Hill 2 of Smithport Landing Site. - Vessel numbers are catalog numbers. Left arm of B-3 shown - incorrectly; it should be abducted and flexed.] - -Burials 6 to 8 were about a foot apart, on the same level, and were -thought to be a single interment. Heads were directed north, all turned -towards the left side, and the bodies were supine and extended, except -that the left arm of Burial 6 was flexed, with the hand lying over a -pottery vessel above the head of Burial 7 (Fig. 3). This vessel, an -intact cylindrical jar of the type _Kiam Incised_ (Fig. 4, D) was the -only offering. Burial 6 was that of a female, age estimated 40-50 years, -rather gracile in build. Burial 7 was a child of 13-15 years and Burial -8 was either an adolescent or young adult female. - -Burials 11 to 13, found on a subsequent visit, may have been a part of -the burial 6-8 interment, as they were at the same depth (three feet), -were immediately adjacent, and lay in the same orientation. Burial 11 -was a male, supine and extended, with head directed north and turned to -the left. Age was estimated at 18-20 years. Burial 12 was a female -adult, also supine, fully extended and head directed north but rotated -to the right to face Burial 11. Burial 13 was a female adult, lying -across and directly on the previous two, with head directed just north -of west and face turned upward. No artifacts were with these three. - -Burials 9 and 10 were probably associated but separate from the others. -They were north of the previous row of burials, with head orientation -toward the north, supine, extended, and the feet just above the skulls -of burials 6 and 7. Burial 9 had the face upright, and was a child of -undetermined age. Burial 10 was of a female adult with head turned to -the left, toward 9. Above the skull of Burial 10 there were pottery -fragments which were later assembled to form vessels 130, 133, and 134 -(Fig. 4, H, E, and G, respectively) and a toy bottle (Fig. 4, P). To the -left of the skull of Burial 9 there were three small vessels, two plain -bowls, and a fingernail-pinched cup (Fig. 4, L, M, Q). - -In November, 1935, a final burial (not shown in Fig. 3) was found, six -feet east of burials 12 and 13. This was of a male adult, turned on the -right side with legs partially flexed and the head directed to -southeast. No artifacts were associated. - -Measurements were made on three intact skulls. That of Burial 6, adult -female, had a circumference of 47 cm., glabella to occipital -protuberance 27 cm., and zygoma to zygoma 30 cm. The skull of Burial 10, -adult female, had circumference of 46.8 cm., glabella to occipital -protuberance 28.5 cm., and zygoma to zygoma 31 cm. That of Burial 14, -adult male, had circumference of 49.5 cm., glabella to occipital -protuberance 29.2 cm., and zygoma to zygoma 30.5 cm. - - - DESCRIPTION OF ARTIFACTS - - - Ceramics - -There are available for study of pottery from this site 19 whole vessels -from the burials, of which 10 are decorated and nine plain; 1533 sherds -from surface collections and the several test pits, of which 875 are -decorated and 658 plain. Among the sherds there is a group of 37 which -have paste and decoration characteristics of late wares, historic or -protohistoric, which will be described in a separate section. -Consequently there are 19 whole vessels and 1496 sherds which relate to -the earlier occupation. Most of these are assignable to existing types -which have been described elsewhere and type descriptions will not be -repeated, although local or regional variations will be indicated. -Reference should be made to the Davis Site report (Newell and Krieger, -1949) and T. A. S. handbooks (Suhm, _et al._, 1954; Suhm and Jelks, -1962) for descriptions of Alto types; to the Bossier Focus report (Webb, -1948) and the handbooks for the Bossier types; and to the Crooks (Ford -and Willey, 1940), Greenhouse (Ford, 1951), and Medora (Quimby, 1951) -Site reports for Coles Creek and Plaquemine types. One new type of the -Alto period, _Carmel Engraved_, will be described herein. - -Certain characteristics of paste, temper, surface and core colors, and -sherd thickness extend throughout the earlier wares from this site. The -paste is generally uniform and compact, rarely lumpy or porous. The -range of hardness is 2 to 3 (Moh’s Scale), the sherds are broken with -difficulty and seldom can be scored with a fingernail; the majority of -the sherds give a metallic ring when dropped on a hard surface (except -for the dark chocolate to black wares). Tempering is clay-grit in most -instances, sometimes with finely ground sherds, and a few with enough -grit to feel slightly sandy (none is fully sand tempered). Bone temper -occurs in 31 of the 1496 sherds (2%) and shell is totally missing. - -Surface colors are predominantly light, showing oxidizing firing -conditions, and fire clouds are frequent (Fig. 4, A-C), indicating -incomplete control of firing. The majority of sherds have light -interiors and cores, but some of the interiors are darker gray or -smudged and some of the cores are dark brown to black, even though the -surfaces are light. Surface colors are varying shades of gray, some buff -or tan, a few orange or reddish-brown; in every type there will be -varying percentages of dark brown (often chocolate or reddish-brown) to -black, although these are never as numerous as in the Alto wares of the -Davis Site, even in the engraved types. The sherds with chocolate brown -to black exteriors usually have uniform darkness through the core and on -interior surfaces; the paste is usually softer and the sherds seldom -give a metallic ring when dropped. Their surfaces tend to be smoothed -but rarely polished. - - [Illustration: Fig. 4. Pottery From Burials. A, B, _Smithport Plain_ - bottles, V-104, 95. C, _Hickory Fine Engraved_, V-96. D-G, _Kiam - Incised_ jars, V-106, 133, 94, 134 (note plain body on D, vertical - incising on E, fingernail punctating of F, G). H, _Davis Incised_, - V-130. I, Untyped, V-105 (plain body, scalloped rim with free - punctations on lower surface). J, _Smithport Plain_ bowl from Allen - Site. K-N, _Smithport Plain_ bowls, V-99, 667, 668, 100. O-P, - _Smithport Plain_ miniatures, V-97, 152. Q, _Wilkinson Punctated_ - (pinched miniature), V-669. R, _Smithport Plain_ carinated bowl, - V-101.] - -Sherd thickness varies from 4 to 10 mm., averaging 6 to 7 mm. in most -types. Variations will be noted. - -In general, this early ware is thicker and lighter in color than the -later Caddoan wares of the Belcher and late Bossier periods. It is about -the same thickness as the Alto wares of the Davis Site and the Coles -Creek-Early Plaquemine of central Louisiana, but differs from Davis Alto -in having less of the reddish and chocolate to black polished pottery -and more buff to light gray. It shares bone tempering with Texas (Davis) -Alto. In other respects of hardness and coloration, it more nearly -approaches Coles Creek ceramics, although seldom having the orange tints -and never the greenish tints of Coles Creek. It tends to be thicker, -harder, and lighter in color than Plaquemine pottery, although some of -the shapes and designs are similar to Plaquemine types. - - A. Engraved Wares - -_Holly Fine Engraved_ type is represented by 10 sherds (Fig. 5, A, B), -one from a bottle, five from shallow bowls, and four uncertain. -Indicated height of bowl rims is 2.5 to 3 cm., vertical or mildly -outsloping. Colors are tan, gray and brown, no black polished. Two of -the sherds are bone tempered. Wall thickness is 6 to 9 mm. The engraved -lines are usually diagonal on the bowls and seven have excised -triangles. - -_Hickory Fine Engraved_ type includes two whole vessels, both bottles, -and nine sherds from four bowls, one bottle, two small jar or cup forms, -and two of uncertain form. The first bottle (Fig. 4, C) is 26 cm. high, -14 cm. in body diameter, has an evenly tapered spout and shouldered -body. Three lightly engraved lines encircle the shoulder. The second -bottle, which also occurred with Burial 1, has the spout missing but -body intact. The body is 12.6 cm. high, 15.2 cm. in diameter, and has -eight engraved lines encircling the upper body area. Both of these -bottles are gray in color, with black fire clouds, and are clay -tempered. Eight of the sherds of this type (Fig. 5, E, G) are tan to -gray with black areas, while the ninth (Fig. 5, F) is black and -polished, with cross-engraved decoration. No other _Hickory_ sherd is -polished. Temper is clay-grit or sherd, one with bone. The bowls appear -to have vertical or outsloping rims, with walls 5 to 7 mm. thick, but -one sherd is from an incurvate bowl, 4 mm. thick. Five of the sherds -have horizontally engraved lines, 4 to 9 mm. apart; three have diagonal -parallel lines and one has cross diagonals. The latter is a rim sherd -and the rounded lip has transverse notching 7-9 mm. apart (Fig. 5, F). - - [Illustration: Fig. 5. Engraved Sherds. A, B, _Holly Fine Engraved_. - C, D, _Holly_ or _Hickory Fine Engraved_. E-G, _Hickory Fine - Engraved_; H, Untyped zig-zag engraved. I-P, _Carmel Engraved_. Q, - Untyped with spurred engraved lines. R, Probable _Maddox Engraved_.] - -Six sherds could be either _Holly_ or _Hickory Fine Engraved_ (Fig. 5, -C, D). One is from the top of a bottle spout, another from a bottle -shoulder, two are bowl sherds, and the other forms are doubtful. The -bottle sherds have horizontally engraved lines, the other four are -diagonal. One bowl sherd, light in surface color, is only 4 mm. thick. -The surface colors of both _Holly_ and _Hickory Fine Engraved_ types at -this site are more like the later (Phase 2 and 3) periods at the Davis -Site; the earlier vessels at Davis were preponderantly dark in surface -color. - - Carmel Engraved Type - (Fig. 5, I-P) - -This is presented as a new type, as it is a major engraved type at this -site—with 17 sherds, of which 11 are rim sherds—and has been found with -Alto pottery at five other sites in northwestern Louisiana. There were -five _Carmel Engraved_ sherds from the Colbert Site; four each from -Greer, Mounds Plantation, and Marston sites; and three from Chamarre -Lake Site. The description is based on the Smithport collection. - - METHOD OF MANUFACTURE: Coiled. - PASTE - _Temper_: Clay-grit or ground sherd; bone in 2 of 17 sherds. - _Texture_: Compact, generally fine, occasionally coarse. - _Color_: Shades of gray from light to almost black, often on same - sherd (fire clouds); buff, tan and reddish-brown. Nearly half - of the Smithport sample has reddish-brown exteriors and - interiors. Cores may be same color as exterior, sometimes - darker. - _Surface Finish_: Smoothed exteriors and interiors, a few with fair - polish, none highly polished. - - FORM - _Wall Thickness_: 5 to 7 mm., uniform. - _Lip_: Rounded, usually unmodified; occasional thinning. - _Base_: Uncertain, probably mildly convex, circular. - _Vessel Shape and Size_: So far as presently known, open and - carinated bowls only. Rims are 3 to 7 cm. in height, about - equally divided between 3-5 and 5-7 cm. range, from an obtuse - angle at the junction of base and rim. The bases appear to be - shallow; the rims mildly excurvate, or direct and slanted - outward. A few appear to be vertical. Curvatures suggest - diameters of 20-30 cm. - - DECORATION - _Treatment_: Engraving. - _Designs_: Effected with heavy engraving on exteriors of rims only. - Curving, wide bands outlined by parallel single engraved - lines, with transverse, widely spaced lines producing a ladder - effect. Usually two of such bands form arcs or meanders, with - undecorated bands of similar width between them (Fig. 5, I-K). - Occasionally one or more engraved lines flank the engraved - bands or bisect the intervening plain band. Some sherds (Fig. - 5, M, N, P) have straight instead of curving bands, but - otherwise seem to fit into the type. - - CULTURAL AFFILIATIONS - - This type has occurred only in sites which have Alto Focus pottery; it - has not been found in Bossier Focus sites which lack established Alto - types. In the Bossier Focus, the related engraved type seems to be - _Maddox Engraved_, which in northwestern Louisiana has cross-hatched - engraved bands, generally not curving and most often vertical, as the - major element. In central Louisiana _Maddox Engraved_ type has been - extended to include curvilinear bands of cross-hatched engraving (Suhm - and Jelks, 1962: Pl. 50). The decoration on Plate 50, _F_ of this - handbook is very much like _Carmel Engraved_ and this vessel probably - should be included in this type instead of _Maddox_. - - DISTRIBUTION - - In addition to the Smithport Site, _Carmel Engraved_ has been found at - one mound and four village sites in northwestern Louisiana. - -There is one untyped engraved vessel and seven sherds. The vessel -(V-102), from Burial 1 is a bottle (with missing spout) of polished -black ware, decorated with engraved interlocking spiral design, four -times repeated. One sherd (Fig. 5, H) has a zig-zag engraved decoration -with excisions at the angles, similar to the two sherds illustrated from -the Davis Site (Newell and Krieger: 1949, Fig. 34, S, T). Three sherds -have bands with cross hatching, probably _Maddox Engraved_ motifs, but -the sherds are too small to be sure about the design (Fig. 5, R). A -bottle sherd (Fig. 5, Q) has diagonal spurred engraved lines. Two bowl -sherds are from polished black wares, with designs which suggest the -_Glassell Engraved_ type (Webb, 1959: Fig. 118). - - B. Incised Pottery Types - -_Davis Incised_ type is represented by one vessel (Fig. 4, H) and 17 -sherds. The vessel is a deep, reddish-brown bowl, which curves outward -from a slightly convex disc base, then is vertical to the rounded, -unmodified lip. It is 10 cm. in height, 15.2 cm. in greatest diameter. -There are five parallel, smoothed-over incised lines around the upper -body, placed about 1 cm. apart. They are shallow and about 2 mm. in -width. The surfaces are smoothed and questionably polished. The 17 -sherds (Fig. 6, A-E) include 11 rim sherds, nine of which indicate -vertical walls, two outward sloping (but no excurvate). Most of the -vessels seem to be deep bowls, but two sherds indicate shallower -carinated bowls with inward curving or sloping rims. All are clay or -grit tempered, with walls 4.5 to 8 mm. thick. Three are black, others -gray, buff, light brown or tan in surface color; surfaces are smoothed -and one of the black sherds (Fig. 6, C) is polished lightly. The lips -are rounded and unmodified except that most are thinned by an extra -outward curving of the interior wall. The incised lines are smoothed -over, 5 to 13 mm. apart and are 3 to 10 in number. Half of the lines are -less than 1 mm. in width, the others are between 1 and 2 mm. wide, -generally shallow and well executed. - -Nine sherds are classified as _Sanson Incised_ (Ford and Willey, 1940) -because of the wide, shallow, smoothed incising in straight lines (Fig. -6, F, G). No rim sherds were found, hence patterning of the incising is -indefinite. Tempering is clay-grit, the surface coloring is gray to -black or dark brown, and the thickness is 5 to 8 mm. The incised lines -are 2.5 to 4.5 mm. in width and appear to have been made with tools -which had bluntly rounded or flat ends. - -Two sherds (Fig. 6, H, I) are possibly _Mazique Incised_ (Ford, 1951) -but may be well executed _Dunkin Incised_. They are light gray and tan -in color, and one is a rim sherd. The decoration consists of finely made -parallel incisions, closely placed in diagonal fields or herring-bone -effect on the upper body. Vessel shape is uncertain. - -_Coles Creek Incised_ type is represented by eight sherds, although it -is almost certain that some which are typed as _Hardy_ or _Kiam Incised_ -are in reality _Coles Creek_. In order to be certain of Coles Creek -Period wares at this site, I have included in this type only those -sherds whose paste characteristics are consistent and which have -“overhanging” parallel lines around the rim (Fig. 6, J) or -characteristically placed triangular punctations below the incised lines -(Fig. 6, K). Surfaces are smoothed and are buff or gray in color. The -incisions are bold, horizontal, and usually more closely spaced than in -_Davis Incised_. The subjacent triangles on four sherds are pressed into -the paste more deeply at the apex. It must be pointed out that it is not -a simple task, in studying sherds from northern Louisiana, to -distinguish the four related types which are characterized by parallel -incisions around the rim—_Davis Incised_, _Coles Creek Incised_, _Hardy -Incised_, and _Kiam Incised_—unless the technique and paste are -characteristic or a large part of the vessel available. Much overlapping -occurs. - - [Illustration: Fig. 6. Incised Sherds. A-E, _Davis Incised_ (A - resembles high rim of jars which are frequent in Haley pottery). F, - G, _Sanson Incised_. H, I, _Mazique Incised_. J, K, _Coles Creek - Incised_. L-Q, _Kiam_ or _Hardy Incised_ (note outer lip notching or - punctations on L-N, also suspension hole and subjacent hemiconical - punctation on O, almost certainly _Hardy Incised_).] - -One hundred and seventy four sherds from this site are included in type -_Kiam Incised_ or _Hardy Incised_ (Fig. 6, L-Q). No attempt shall be -made to distinguish between these types, but the problem will be pointed -out and resolution left for future conferences. These sherds are -characterized by parallel incised lines covering the rim or upper part -of the vessel. Fortunately, there are four complete vessels from the -burials (Fig. 4, D-G) which are typical _Kiam Incised_ (Suhm and Jelks, -1962: 89, Pl. 45) and established the presence of this type. Vessel 106 -(Fig. 4, D) is a heavy, thick-walled cylindrical jar with a slightly -recurved and rounded lip. It is 11 cm. high, 10.6 cm. in diameter, clay -tempered, and dark reddish-brown in color. Decoration consists of -numerous scratchy incisions covering the upper 3 cm.; it is plain below -this zone. Vessel 133 (Fig. 4, E) is a jar with narrow excurvate rim and -semiglobular body. It is 12 cm. in height and in greatest width, and is -clay tempered, with irregular light and dark gray surface color. The rim -has three to four irregular, wavy incised lines which are not -continuous; the body is covered with vertical, firm incisions spaced 4 -to 7 mm. apart. Vessel 94 (Fig. 4, F) is a firm, intact, well made -cylindrical jar, clay tempered, with dark gray-brown surface color -except for a few light fire clouds. The upper 2.5 cm. has irregular -horizontal incisions, 5 to 7 in number, and the remaining body exterior -is covered with fingernail punctations, spaced rather regularly but not -in exact rows. Vessel 134 (Fig. 4, G) is a jar with semiglobular body, -narrowed toward the rim, which is vertical. The clay tempered paste is -softer than the other three vessels and is fired black over the -exterior, dark gray on the interior. It is 11 cm. high, 14 cm. wide. -Decoration consists of five firmly incised lines around the rim -exterior, spaced 3 to 5 mm. apart, and paired fingernail punctations or -pinches covering the body. These vessels demonstrate the three most -frequent body treatment techniques described for the _Kiam Incised_ -type. - -The 174 sherds present more variation, and include 82 rim pieces. Temper -is clay-grit or ground sherd except for five which are bone tempered. -The surface colors cover the range of tan, buff, yellow-orange, light to -dark gray, reddish-brown and black; the light colors predominate. -Interior and exterior surfaces are smoothed. Wall thickness is 5 to 10 -mm., averaging 6.5 to 7 mm. The rim sherds show that about half have -excurvate rims, ¼ to ⅕ of the vertical, and the others slant outward. -Five have a row of punctations or notches on the rim exterior (Fig. 6, -L-N), and one has transverse incisions on a flat lip. The lips are more -often rounded, but about ¼ are flat; thinning may occur but not -thickening. - -The incising varies from thin scratchy lines made with a pointed tool, -to rough and irregular (Fig. 6, Q), to firm, well made and regular (Fig. -6, L, M, P). The number of lines varies from two to 20 and the spacing -from two to 10 mm. apart, often varying on the same sherd. Generally -they are placed at 3 to 5 mm. intervals. Although most were produced -with a pointed tool, a few were made with a blunt or square-tipped tool. -Five have hemiconical or oval punctations below the last line (Fig. 6, -O). - -These characteristics as a unit do not fit either _Kiam_ or _Hardy -Incised_ types. The predominant shape, with everted or excurvate rim is -more like _Kiam_, as are bone tempering, and either punctated bodies -(two vessels, two sherds) or vertical incising on bodies (one vessel, -two sherds). The paste and surface coloration are more like _Hardy -Incised_ (except for the five with bone temper), as are the subjacent -punctations (Fig. 6, O), occasional stabs or punctations at the ends of -lines (in central Louisiana, this occurs more often in _Yokena_ and -_French Fork Incised_ than in _Hardy_), plain bodies (one vessel, five -sherds), cutting away of the body wall just below the incisions (Fig. 4, -D), and flattened lips. Not described for either _Kiam_ or _Hardy_ types -are notched or incised lips, vertical rows of plowed-up paste where the -incisions meet (Fig. 6, L) or narrow undecorated gaps at this junction, -which occur on a number of the Smithport sherds. The conclusion seems -obvious that _Kiam Incised_, _Hardy Incised_ and the similar wares from -this area are local or regional variations of a single widespread type. - -The _Dunkin Incised_ type presents the same problem. Although the sherds -assigned to this type have more similarities to type _Dunkin Incised_ -than to any other, there are some similarities to _Mazique_ and _Manchac -Incised_ types of central Louisiana, and some items which differ from -all of these types. Again, regional or temporal variations of a single -type are indicated and should be subjected to study. - -There are 117 sherds of _Dunkin Incised_ which show incising in varying -directions (Fig. 7, A-L), usually including diagonal lines, and 65 -sherds (Fig. 7, O-R) which show only diagonal lines but are also -assigned to _Dunkin_. Thirty of the former group and 25 of the latter -are rim sherds. Paste characteristics, color, and wall thickness are the -same as those described for _Kiam Incised_. The majority of the rim -sherds indicate everted or excurvate shapes, possibly a fourth are -direct and vertical, none incurvate. Indicated vessel shapes are -semiglobular jars with flaring rims, similar jars with narrowing at the -neck and vertical or slightly everted rims, cylindrical vessels, and -simple deep bowls. Lips are usually narrowed by outward curving of the -interior wall, but may be rounded or occasionally flattened. There are -no nodes or handles, and only one rim shows notching. - -Incisions are generally bolder than in the _Kiam Incised_ type, spaced 3 -to 8 mm. apart, and seldom smoothed over. On the 117 sherds with lines -in varying directions, 52 were made with a round-tipped tool, 47 with a -pointed tool, 16 with square-tipped, and two with forked tool (Fig. 7, -D). In the instance of the rim sherds with diagonal incising, 17 of the -25 slant downward from right to left (Fig. 7, P-R), eight from left to -right (Fig. 7, O). The lines may produce diamonds (Fig. 7, C), triangles -(Fig. 7, A, D, J), chevrons (Fig. 7, B) or, rarely, squares (Fig. 7, I). -Hemiconical or oval punctations are placed in a single row below the -incising in two instances (Fig. 7, L), above in one (Fig. 7, E). The -trait of making firm punctations at the ends of the lines (Fig. 7, F, -H-J) is more frequent than in type _Kiam Incised_, and gaps are left at -times (Fig. 7, F). One sherd (Fig. 7, P) has a wide, smoothed band -interrupting the previously placed incisions below the lip. The numerous -body or rim-body sherds which show fields of varying incising more -nearly resemble _Dunkin Incised_ from the Davis Site in having full body -decoration than the central Louisiana _Manchac_ and _Mazique_ types, -where the decoration is usually confined to a narrow rim band. - -Cross incising (Fig. 7, M, N), which is called _Harrison Bayou Incised_ -(from the Harrison Bayou Site on Caddo Lake) in central Louisiana, but -is included in _Dunkin Incised_ in eastern Texas (Suhm and Jelks, 1962: -Pl. 19), is present on nine sherds from Smithport. They are clay -tempered, light to dark gray in color, with smoothed surfaces. The -incisions vary from narrow and closely placed to firm, wide lines. - -Curvilinear incising is present on two sherds. These resemble -curvilinear incising from the Sanson Site in central Louisiana which has -been tentatively termed _Neild Incised_. - - C. Punctated and Punctated-Incised Types - - [Illustration: Fig. 7. Incised Sherds. A-L, _Dunkin Incised_ (note - C, a large sherd with typical design; punctations with lines on E, - F, L: rectangular design on I). M, N, _Harrison Bayou Incised_. O-R, - Diagonally incised rim sherds, probably _Dunkin Incised_.] - -_Pennington Punctated-Incised_ type is represented by 36 sherds (Fig. 8, -A-F). Most of these derive from open carinated bowls with excurvate rims -which are 4 to 7 cm. in height, but a few seem to be rims of recurved -jars. Eight are chocolate brown in color, others tan, gray and -brown-black. The paste is firm, hard in all but two sherds, with -smoothed but not polished surfaces. Two sherds are tempered with bone, -the others with clay-grit or sherd. Wall thickness is in the range of 5 -to 9 mm., most specimens being 6 to 7 mm. The punctations are -consistently placed in fields which are outlined by single deeply -incised lines; the fields are in diagonal bands, diamonds or triangles. -The punctations and incised lines are bold and the 36 sherds include -punctations made with a pointed or round-tipped tool in 23 instances, -comma-shaped in four, square (Fig. 8, E) in five, and triangular in -four. - -Eleven sherds show the hybrid _Pennington-Crockett_ design described in -the Davis report (Newell and Krieger, 1949: 101). Shapes and paste -characteristics are described above; two sherds are soft, chocolate -brown in color. One has an incurving rim and a suspension hole (Fig. 8, -I). The bordering incised line is curved (Fig. 8, G-I); otherwise these -sherds do not differ from the _Pennington_ type. Seven have rounded -punctations, two are comma-shaped, one rectangular, and one square. - -Another group of 19 sherds shows _zone punctations_ which differ in -certain respects from the typical _Pennington_ described above and -possibly are nearer to _Rhinehart Punctated_ (Ford, 1951: 83-85). These -19 sherds (Fig. 8, J-O) have the same range of paste and coloration; -five are of the softer chocolate brown ware. Rim and body sherds are -represented and in only one instance (Fig. 8, O) is it certain that the -rim is from an open carinated bowl as are the _Pennington_ sherds. One -heavy sherd (Fig. 8, J) which is 12 mm. thick, suggests a globular -vessel which narrows at the neck and recurves to upright at the rim. -Another sherd includes the lower rim area which is decorated with zoned -punctations and incisions, and the adjoining upper body which is plain. -Characteristic of this group is the alternation of punctated and incised -fields, or the outlining of punctated zones by multiple incised lines. -The punctations are triangular in three instances, square in one, -comma-shaped in six, round or oval in five, small pits in three, and -crescentic in one. - - [Illustration: Fig. 8. Punctated Sherds. A-F, _Pennington - Punctated-Incised_. G-I, _Pennington-Crockett_ hybrid (I has - incurving rim, hole for suspension). J-O, _Pennington_ or _Rhinehart - Punctated_ (N has triangular punctations between horizontal lines in - Coles Creek tradition). P, Similar to _Dupree Incised_ but shape - suggests _Bossier_ sherd. Q, R, Random punctations.] - -_Free punctations_ made with tools, without zoning or incising, are -present on one vessel (Fig. 4, I) and 19 sherds (Fig. 8, Q, R). Paste -and color are as described above; one is bone tempered, six are soft, -chocolate brown in color. Rim and body sherds are represented but shapes -of vessels are uncertain. The punctations are triangular in seven -instances, comma-shaped in three, square in five, round in three, and -crescentic in two. The vessel (V-105) is a semiglobular bowl with plain -body and scalloped, everted rim. The lower surface of the rim is covered -with free punctations. The relative increase in frequency of triangular -punctations in this group is significant, in view of the fact that the -_Rhinehart Punctated_ type in central Louisiana features triangular -punctations (Ford, 1951: 83), whereas they are infrequent in _Pennington -Punctated-Incised_ at the Davis Site (Newell and Krieger, 1949: 106-8). -The absence of ring punctations at Smithport is remarkable, in view of -their frequency at both the Davis Site and in central Louisiana. - -A group of six sherds has minute _free_ or _zoned punctations_. The -sherds are thinner walled than average, 4 to 6 mm., and five of the six -have black surfaces and soft pastes. The sixth is buff colored, thin and -has a strongly excurvate, narrow rim. Another (Fig. 8, P) is from an -open carinated bowl and has notches along the carina. All of this group -may relate to the Bossier ceramics at this site, instead of Alto. They -bear some similarity to _Dupree Incised_ of Plaquemine ceramics in -central Louisiana (Quimby, 1951: 122-3). - -_Weches Fingernail Impressed_ (Suhm and Jelks, 1962: 153, Pl. 77; Newell -and Krieger, 1949: 118-20, Fig. 46) is represented by 19 sherds of -characteristic design (Fig. 9, A-E). Nine of these include the lip area, -but all appear to be rim sherds. In three instances some of the -subjacent body wall is attached; on two of these the body is plain, on -the third (Fig. 9, E) the body has diagonal incised lines suggesting -_Dunkin_-like decoration. These three have globular bodies and outward -curving or slanting rims, 4 to 4.5 cm. high. Other vessels seem to be -cylindrical with vertical rims, and open carinated bowls are possible. -Five of the 19 sherds are chocolate brown in color with clay tempered -paste; the others range from tan and buff to dark gray and -reddish-brown. Wall thickness is in the range of 4 to 9 mm., the -majority 5-7 mm. Typically, the decoration (Fig. 9, A, B, D, E) is with -widely spaced horizontal incised lines with arcs or quarter circles -between; the arcs could have been cut with the fingernail and -occasionally are fingernail impressed, but in most the arc is too large, -1.8 to 4 cm. (my thumbnail is 1.6 cm. wide). Four of the sherds have the -arcs without intervening lines (Fig. 9, C). - - [Illustration: Fig. 9. Nail Impressed and Punctated Sherds. A-E, - _Weches Fingernail Impressed_. F, _Weches_ Variant with tool - punctations. G, H, _Sinner Linear Punctated_. I-K, M-P, _Wilkinson - Punctated_. L, Ridge pinched, similar to _Killough Pinched_. Q, - _Wilkinson Punctated_ body, _Kiam Incised_ rim. R, S, U, Narrow - bands with round or oval punctations. T, Single row of semilunar - punctations.] - -Four sherds are identical with this group except that the spaces between -the horizontal lines have triangular instead of semilunar punctations -(Fig. 9, F). Seven other sherds have round or oval punctations in single -rows between incised lines (Fig. 9, R, S, U). I have not included these -with type _Pennington Punctated-Incised_, as Krieger did with some -reservation (Newell and Krieger, 1949: 106). Neither have I assigned -them to _Coles Creek Incised_, _Hardy Incised_ or _Rhinehart Punctated_, -as Ford did, also probably with some reservation (Ford, 1951: Pls. 16, -L; 17, 20, H), but have preferred to describe them separately as -interesting examples of regional variations and typing difficulties in -eastern Texas, and northern and central Louisiana. - -One sherd (Fig. 9, T) has a single row of semilunar punctations and -otherwise plain surface. It is thick, clay-grit tempered, and buff -colored. - -_Wilkinson Fingernail Punctated_ type is represented by one vessel and -153 sherds. This was described as a minor type in central Louisiana -(Ford and Willey, 1940: 50; Ford, 1951: 88-89) to include clay tempered -vessels with fingernail punctations scattered over the vessel surface, -arranged in irregular rows, or pinched in vertical rows. In that area it -is rarely combined with incising and usually covers the entire vessel. -Ford (1951: 88) thought it occurred at the latter part of the Coles -Creek period and reached maximum popularity in the succeeding Plaquemine -Period or later, but it was missing in Plaquemine context at Bayou Goula -(Quimby, 1957) and Medora (Quimby, 1951) sites. In the Davis Site report -(Newell and Krieger, 1949) it was not established as a type, as Krieger -considered fingernail punctations to be a body treatment present in -several types (_Kiam_, _Weches_, _Dunkin_, and _Duren Neck Banded_); he -reported 20,000 body sherds with fingernail roughening from a total of -96,000 sherds. The difference in attitude toward this type on the part -of these investigators is understandable when we consider the -differences in frequency and use of the decoration method in the two -areas, also that Ford and his co-workers used all sherds in typing, -whereas Krieger translated sherds to vessels and used rim decoration as -the determinant. - -In northwestern Louisiana I have found _Wilkinson Punctated_ a useful -type in _sherd collection_ studies because of its great frequency in -Alto wares, its rarity in Coles Creek, and the rapid shift from nail -roughening to ridging and brushing as body treatments concurrent with -the development of Bossier, Belcher, and other later Caddoan ceramics. -_Wilkinson Punctated_ is therefore a good indicator of early (Alto) -Caddoan occupation at a given site. At Smithport Landing there were 153 -sherds (Fig. 9, I-K, M-P) and one burial vessel, a pinched toy jar (Fig. -4, Q), of this type. The vessel is 6 cm. high, 5 cm. wide, made of thick -clay-tempered paste, roughly finished and decorated with three -horizontal rows of nail pinching. The sherds include only four rims -(Fig. 9, I, O, P), showing how rarely this decoration, in northern -Louisiana, covers the vessel. Most of the other sherds are recognizably -body sherds, and in eight instances (as in Fig. 9, Q) the body-rim -juncture is present. The latter sherds have _Kiam Incised_ decoration on -the rim and appear to have come from a modified globular body shape with -directly or mildly everted rim. Nine of the 153 sherds are bone -tempered, the remainder are clay-grit or ground sherd, rather granular -and coarse. The walls are thick in many instances, the range 4 to 10 mm. -with the majority 7 to 8 mm. Many of the sherds are large (Fig. 9, I, J) -indicating large, heavy jar forms. Surface colors range from tan and -buff to dark grays and a few reddish-browns, with more tendency to -darker colors than in other types. The majority have irregular -fingernail gouges (Fig. 9, I, J), but some are pinched (Fig. 9, K, M, N) -and others impressed more delicately and regularly (Fig. 9, O-Q). - -Eight sherds have distinctly pinched-up ridges (Fig. 9, L) which are -circular or curvilinear in six instances, vertical in two. The burial -vessel (Fig. 4, Q) may belong with this group, although it has been -tentatively classed as _Wilkinson Punctated_. The group with pinched -ridges bears considerable resemblance to the type _Killough Pinched_ -(Suhm and Jelks, 1962: 91, Pl. 46) of Frankston and Titus foci, but, in -the absence of other types characteristic of these assemblages, will not -be so assigned. - -_Sinner Linear Punctated_ is a type which so far has been confined to -Bossier and Haley foci (Suhm and Jelks, 1962: 143; Webb, 1948: 114) and -the four sherds of this type from the Smithport Landing, although -similar in paste, thickness and color to the Alto sherds, are probably -referable to the subsequent (presumably) Bossier period at this site. -Two are rim sherds; one of these (Fig. 9, G) has parallel, vertical -linear punctating; another (Fig. 9, H) and a body sherd have horizontal -lines; the fourth is uncertain. All have linear nail punctating and the -more typical linear tool punctating is absent. - - D. Stamped Types - -One sherd of _Chevalier Stamped_ is small (3 × 2 cm.) but has definite -rocker stamping. It is of firm paste, tan exterior surface color with a -black fire cloud at one edge, and black interior. Paste is homogeneous -clay-grit with several bone fragments (accidental?); both surfaces are -smoothed but not polished. In general appearance it resembles many of -the Alto sherds from this site. - - E. Ridged Types - -The eleven sherds of _Belcher Ridged_ type (Fig. 10, G, H) are generally -thinner and darker than the Alto wares. Six are dark chocolate to black -on both surfaces and through the cores; the other five have light buff -to dark gray surfaces, four of these with black cores. One is bone -tempered, all others clay-grit. No rims are represented and the body -sherds are 3 to 5 mm. in wall thickness. Typically, the elevated ridges -are vertical. - - F. Brushed and Brushed-Incised types - -There are 38 sherds of the _Pease Brushed-Incised_ type (Fig. 10, A-F). -The paste is smooth, clay-grit tempered except for one bone tempered; -interiors are smoothed, exteriors roughened all over with the -decoration. The color range is about as for other types; eight sherds -are chocolate brown to black and slightly soft. Thickness is 4-5 mm. in -13 of the 38 sherds, 5 to 9 mm. in the remainder. The vertical panels -characteristic of this type are separated by notched applique ridges in -28 (Fig. 10, B, D-F), by rows of tool or nail punctations in seven (Fig. -10, A), and by applique nodes in three (Fig. 10, C). The panels are -roughened by diagonal incisions in 24 instances (Fig. 10, A, C), by -vertical incising in 10 (Fig. 10, E, F), by horizontal incising in one, -and by brushing in three (Fig. 10, B, D). - - [Illustration: Fig. 10. Brushed, Ridged, and Late Wares. A-F, _Pease - Brushed-Incised_ (note panel separation by punctations on _A_, - applique notched ridges on _B_, _D-F_, and applique nodes on _C_). - G, H, _Belcher Ridged_. I-K, M _Bossier_ or _Plaquemine Brushed_. L, - _Karnack Brushed-Incised_ (note rolled rim, rare). N-S, Late - Glendora Focus sherds (_N_, _S_, shell tempered, incised; _O_, _P_, - engraved, untyped; _Q_, linear punctated, untyped; _R_, _Hodges - Engraved_).] - -_Karnack Brushed-Incised_ type (Suhm and Jelks, 1962: 85) is applied to -barrel-shaped vessels with everted rims, decorated with vertical -incising or brushing. Thirty-four sherds from Smithport fit this -category, although it is possible that some of the vertically incised -body sherds derive from _Kiam Incised_ or _Weches Fingernail Impressed_ -vessels. There are only three rim sherds, one rolled (Fig. 10, L), the -other two everted. The paste, temper, color range, and wall thickness -are no different from other types; seven of the sherds are dark -chocolate brown in color. Only six sherds are less than 5 mm. in -thickness and the average is 6.5 mm.; brushing is used on six of the -sherds, vertical incising on the others, varying from firm to sloppy and -scratchy. - -The other brushed sherds from this site fall into the type which we now -call _Bossier Brushed_ (formerly _Maddox Brushed_ included these and the -vertically brushed included now in _Karnack Brushed-Incised_). It is -very similar to or identical with _Plaquemine Brushed_ type of the -Plaquemine and late Coles Creek periods in central Louisiana. Chief -indicated differences are rolled or narrow everted rims in some of the -_Bossier_ type, whereas they are direct or slightly everted in -_Plaquemine_; more frequent cross brushing in _Plaquemine_ than in -_Bossier_; bone temper in a few of the _Bossier_, absent in -_Plaquemine_; and an occasional row of punctations below the brushed -zone in _Plaquemine_, not found in _Bossier_. These are minor -differences, easily attributable to regional variations, and it would -probably be desirable to define a single type, with recognition of minor -local variations. - -There are 31 _Bossier Brushed_ sherds (Fig. 10, I-K, M), of which seven -are from rims. Temper is clay-grit or ground sherd; one is bone -tempered. Surface colors include two black, four chocolate brown, the -others lighter shades of tan, buff, and gray. Only five sherds are 5 mm. -or less in thickness; others are 5.5-11 mm., averaging 7.3 mm. (It is -thicker than most types.) The seven rim sherds have horizontal brushing -on two, diagonal on four, both on one. The body sherds show a similar -distribution, with diagonal brushing predominating. Cross brushing or -incising is present on seven (Fig. 10, M). - - G. Smithport Plain Type and Other Plain Sherds - -There are nine plain vessels (Fig. 4, A, B, K-P, R) from the burials and -644 plain sherds from this site which apparently relate to the earlier -ceramics. The vessels, all identified as _Smithport Plain_, include -three bottles, four simple bowls, one carinated bowl, and one recurved -jar. _Smithport Plain_ therefore runs the gamut of vessel forms common -to decorated types; cylindrical jar forms are included in the sherds. -The 644 plain sherds include 65 rim sherds (the only definite -_Smithport_ sherds), one-fourth as many as the total rim sherds in the -decorated types and exceeded only by _Kiam Incised_ with 82 rim sherds. -The total number of plain sherds in our collection is altered by the -element of selectivity in surface collecting; we were less likely to -save plain sherds unless they were large or were rim sherds. The -frequency of plain wares at this period contrasts with the situation in -the later Bossier and Belcher ceramics, where undecorated vessels are -infrequent. For example, at the Belcher Site (Webb, 1959) there were -only nine plain vessels among the total of 195, and plain sherds -constituted only 44 per cent of total sherds (most of these were from -undecorated portions of decorated vessels). - -The 65 _Smithport Plain_ rims include 15 which are everted, 26 vertical, -and 18 incurvate; additionally there are rims from two simple, shallow -bowls, one rim with an exterior roll, one everted rim with interior -bevel and exterior strap thickening, one bottle spout, and one shallow -toy dish. The everted rims are unmodified in seven instances, and -thinned in eight with rounded lips. Lip thinning of everted rims was -effected by exaggerating the outward curve of the rim interior; that of -incurvate bowls by exaggerating the exterior curve. The vertical rims -are unmodified with rounded lips in 12 instances, thinned and rounded in -eight, flat in four, and have beveled exteriors in two. The incurvate -rims are thinned with rounded lips in nine, unmodified with rounded lips -in five, flattened lips in two, externally beveled in one, and thickened -with rounding in one. - -The plain sherds include 20 recognizable as bases, nine of which are -complete flat discs. These range from 6 to 13 cm. in diameter and are 6 -to 12 mm. thick. One large basal sherd has a smooth central perforation, -13 mm. in diameter, and rounded edges. It possibly was used as a spindle -whorl. These are frequently found at Bossier and Belcher sites, but -usually are smaller and lighter. - -An additional 46 plain sherds show the wall-base junction. Eight of -these are from open flat bowls, one from a deeper bowl, one from a -bottle, four from miniature vessels and 32 from jar, deep bowl or -cylindrical vessel forms. - -The plain sherds have paste characteristics similar to the decorated -types already described. Nine of the 644 sherds are bone tempered. - - Glendora Focus and Other Late Ceramics - -A group of 37 sherds have characteristics completely alien to the -ceramics described above. They are lighter feeling, often with porous -surfaces or with obvious shell tempering, confirmed by tests. Eight are -engraved; a shell tempered sherd, reddish in color (Fig. 10, P), with -horizontal engraved lines from which triangular spurs project; four -other shell tempered with red or orange color and engraved lines, -untyped; two black shell tempered with indeterminate engraving, and one -black polished clay tempered sherd of type _Hodges Engraved_ (Fig. 10, -R). - -There are 11 sherds, shell tempered and orange to gray in color, with -curvilinear incising (Fig. 10, N, S). This ware was once termed -_Wilkinson Negative Meander_ but was never formally described. Another -name should be chosen, because the Wilkinson Site, like Smithport, is -primarily Alto with transition to Bossier, and has a minimal late -(Natchitoches) occupation. - -Two sherds have linear punctations on shell tempered ware (Fig. 10, Q) -and two others, untyped, have horizontal incising. There are 14 plain, -4-6 mm. thick, of which nine are shell tempered, two bone, three clay. - - Other Pottery Artifacts and Negative Ceramic Traits - -A fragment of perforated pottery base, presumably a spindle whorl -fragment, was mentioned in the discussion of plain pottery. There were -also three fragments of fired daub with grass impressions and one -flattened surface. One tiny cone-shaped pottery fragment suggested a -figurine or doll leg. No other clay or ceramic artifacts were found. -Noticeable by their absence are pipes or pipe stem fragments, animal -figurines or heads, clay labrets and ear ornaments, all of which are not -unusual in this area. - -Other negative ceramic traits are the absence of shell temper, except in -the small group of obviously late wares; red filming; pigment impression -into the lines of decoration; handles or other vessel appendages; -squared bases (not unusual elsewhere in Coles Creek and Alto ceramics); -squared or castellated rims (Vessel 105, Fig. 4, I is the only instance -of scalloped rim); vessel effigies, either whole vessel or rim -attachments; stamping (one foreign sherd), and cord marking. - - - Pottery Alignments and Sequences - -Table 1 shows the assignment of burial vessel and sherd types to various -ceramic complexes, based on the descriptions of Ford (1951), Ford and -Willey (1940), and Quimby (1951) for central Louisiana; Newell and -Krieger (1949), and Suhm, Krieger, and Jelks (1954) for east Texas Alto; -and the author’s publications (1948; 1959) and collections from northern -and central Louisiana. It becomes apparent that neat typing and -alignment of sherd collections from this site, true of many other sites -in northwestern Louisiana, is a phantasy. This site lies within a broad -contact zone, extending into southwestern Arkansas and eastern Texas, -between the expanding populations and flowering cultures of the lower -Mississippi-Red River confluence in central Louisiana and Mississippi on -one side and the four-state Caddoan area on the other, in -post-Hopewell-Marksville times. - - TABLE 1 - Pottery Type or Group - _Whole _No. of % - Vessels_ Sherds_ - - Distinctive Alto Types - _Holly Fine Engraved_ 10 0.66 - _Hickory Fine Engraved_ 2 9 0.60 - _Holly or Hickory 6 0.40 - Engraved_ - _Carmel Engraved_ 17 1.13 - _Davis Incised_ 1 17 1.13 - _Kiam Incised_ vessels 4 - _Pennington 36 2.40 - Punctated-Incised_ - _Pennington-Crockett_ 11 0.73 - Hybrid - _Weches Fingernail 19 1.26 - Impressed_ - _Smithport Plain_ 9 65 4.36 - Subtotal 16 190 12.67 - Distinctive Coles Creek or Troyville Types - _Coles Creek Incised_ 8 0.53 - _Chevalier Stamped_ 1 0.06 - _Mazique Incised_ 2 0.13 - Subtotal 11 0.72 - Types shared by Alto and Coles Creek - _Wilkinson Punctated_ 1 153 10.20 - Triangular punctations 4 0.26 - between parallel lines - Subtotal 1 157 10.46 - Types shared by Alto, Coles Creek, Bossier and Plaquemine - _Kiam-Hardy Incised_ 174 11.60 - _Dunkin-Manchac Incised_ 182 12.13 - _Harrison Bayou Incised_ 9 0.60 - _Sanson Incised_ 9 0.60 - Free and atypical zoned 1 38 2.53 - punctations - (_Pennington-Rhinehart_) - Small, zoned punctations 6 0.40 - (_Dupree_-like) - Round punctations between 7 0.46 - lines - Isolated, semilunar 1 0.06 - punctations - Subtotal 1 426 28.40 - Distinctive Bossier Types - _Pease Brushed-Incised_ 38 2.53 - _Belcher Ridged_ 11 0.73 - _Sinner Linear Punctated_ 4 0.26 - _Maddox Engraved_ 3 0.20 - _Glassell Engraved_ 2 0.13 - Subtotal 58 3.86 - Types Shared by Bossier and Plaquemine - _Bossier-Plaquemine 31 2.06 - Brushed_ - _Karnack Brushed-Incised_ 34 2.26 - Subtotal 65 4.33 - Uncertain Affiliation or Untyped - Curvilinear Incised 2 0.13 - Untyped engraved 1 2 0.20 - Plain body sherds 579 38.60 - Fingernail pinched 8 0.53 - Subtotal 1 591 39.46 - Subtotal, Early Occupation 19 1498 100.00 - Late Occupation, Possibly Historic - Shell tempered 11 - curvilinear incised - Shell tempered engraved 7 - _Hodges Engraved_ 1 - Other untyped decorated 4 - Late plain 14 - Subtotal 37 - Grand Total 1535 - -As a result (or as evidence) of this cultural admixture and interchange, -we see large groups of sherds from this site, in the punctated and -incised categories, which cannot with impunity be assigned to a -previously described type in a specific cultural assemblage. They could -be as easily assigned to a companion type in one, two or even three -other surrounding assemblages. Only by having whole vessels -available—from which details of vessel size and shape, and decoration -can be determined—or by correlation of sherds with distinctive types, -may one draw tentative conclusions about affiliation. I have therefore -found it necessary (Table 1) to list certain types from this site as -possibly deriving from Alto or Coles Creek ceramics, others from Alto, -Coles Creek, Bossier or Plaquemine, and yet a third group of brushed and -incised which might derive, insofar as characteristics of a given sherd -or group of sherds indicate, from Bossier or Plaquemine. The absence of -distinctive Plaquemine types eliminates this assemblage from -consideration, but distinctive types of Alto, Coles Creek and Bossier -are present and give our clues for major alignments. We should be able -to work on the assumption that the indeterminate types will derive from -the three complexes, Alto, Coles Creek and Bossier, in about the same -proportion as these complexes are represented by distinctive types. - -It appears, then, that the major complex at this site is Alto; certainly -the burial pottery is of this complex. Coles Creek is present to a minor -extent and it is probable that some of the uncertain punctated and -incised sherds are from _Hardy_, _Manchac_, and _Rhinehart_ types. -Finally, occupation seems to have lasted into the Alto-Bossier -transition to the stage when distinctive Bossier Focus types had -developed, so that there is a respectable representation of this period. -The brushed wares and some of the incised and punctated also probably -relate to the Bossier pottery complex. It is improbable, however, that -Bossier occupation lasted very long, certainly not long enough for a -transition to late Glendora Focus times when the small group of shell -tempered sherds would have been made. The site was probably deserted for -a long time, then briefly occupied by late Natchitoches-related people, -possibly in the historic period. The Yatasi village mentioned by Marcelo -De Soto (D’Antoni, 1961a) is to be considered. - - - Stone Artifacts - -Dart Points - -The 61 larger projectile points which are classified as dart points are, -with few exceptions, comparatively small and rough. Most are made of -quartzite, cherts, and petrified wood found locally. Thirty-five are of -tan chert, four of petrified wood, two of red chert, six of white or -light gray quartzite, and others of varying shades of brown, or mottled -materials. - -_Gary_ points (Fig. 11, N-P) total 14; with most made of tan chert, two -of petrified wood, and one of white quartzite. The range in length is -2.8 to 5.6 cm. with nine of the 14 in the category of _Small Gary_ (Ford -and Webb, 1956: 52). The latter are less than 4.5 cm. in length. - -_Ellis_ points (Fig. 11, Q-S) number 16, of which 12 are made of tan, -gray or yellow local cherts, two of petrified wood. The length varies -from 2.6 to 4.6 cm., the width 1.5 to 2.9 cm. Shoulders tend to be -straight, only two having barbs. Stem bases are usually straight or -mildly convex. - -_Carrollton_ points (Fig. 11, X), four in number, are made of materials -different from the prevailing tan chert. One each is of granular -quartzite, waxy gray chert, white chert, and black chert. They are 4.1 -to 4.5 cm. long, 2.3 to 2.8 cm. wide. Stems are not smoothed. - -_Kent_ points total five (Fig. 11, T, U), and are typically crude in -manufacture. They are of gray, tan, and mottled cherts. Lengths are 3.7 -cm. to 4.5 cm., widths 1.6 to 2.4 cm.; they are somewhat smaller than -those in eastern Texas (Suhm and Jelks, 1962). - -The three _Pontchartrain_ points (Fig. 11, EE, FF) are the largest and -best made points from this site. Two are of light tan chert, the third -of darker tan. Lengths are 7.7, 9.3, and 9.7 cm.; widths 2.5, 2.9, and -3.2 cm., respectively. The blades are rounded on one face, ridged on the -other, have good large flake scars, and typical fine retouch at the -edges. One (Fig. 11, FF) has an asymmetrically placed stem; another -(Fig. 11, EE) has a rectangular stem and short barbs; the third has a -contracting stem. - -One projectile point (Fig. 11, Y) is hesitantly called _Ensor_ because -of the low, narrow side notches and straight stem base. It is small, 3.7 -cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide, of tan chert, roughly flaked. The blade edges -are convex and irregular serrated. - -Two specimens have outlines like _Desmuke_ points but are made of poor -materials, petrified wood and gnarled chert, and the typing is -questionable. Both are thick, with bifacial ridges. A third of similar -appearance has an _Almagre_-like basal tip, but is much smaller than -this type, 5 cm. long, 2.5 cm. wide. - -Two points are classified as _Elam_ (Fig. 11, V, W). They are short, -thick and stubby, slightly asymmetrical and identical in size, 3.5 cm. -long, 2.3 cm. wide. They are made of tan and brown quartzite. - - [Illustration: Fig. 11. Projectile Points and Chipped Stone Tools. - A, B, _Alba_ type. C, D, _Hayes_. E, F, _Friley_. G, _Maud_. H, - _Cliffton_. I, Untyped. J, _Catahoula_. K-M, _Colbert_. N-P, _Gary_. - Q-S, _Ellis_. T, U, _Kent_. V, W, _Elam_. X, _Carrollton_. Y, - possible _Ensor_. Z-DD, Untyped. EE, FF, _Pontchartrain_. GG-II, - Rough blades. JJ, KK, Drills. LL, End scraper. MM-PP, Small - triangular and ovate scrapers.] - -Twelve projectile points are unclassified. Three of these are broken. A -group of four (Fig. 11, Z) is characterized by rough manufacture, -irregular wide blades with poor tips, and small, poorly formed stems. -Similar specimens have been found at other sites in north Louisiana, -never in large numbers. Possibly they were used as hafted knives or -scrapers. One specimen (Fig. 11, AA) has long, shallow side notches -which are smoothed and a stubby, poorly made blade. Possibly it is a -reworked _Yarbrough_ point or an atypical _Trinity_ point. A small point -of gray quartzite (Fig. 11, BB) has blade edge notches and expanded stem -resembling _Evans_ points, but it is much smaller than _Evans_. Similar -small points with one to several blade edge notches have been found on -sites in Bossier and De Soto parishes, they will probably be typed by -another name than _Evans_ (the name _Sinner_ has been suggested because -of their frequency at the Jim Sinner Site). - -A small point of white chert (Fig. 11, CC) has a greater width than -length; the base is wide and short; one shoulder is barbed, the other -barely suggested. Another small point has a rectangular stem and -triangular blade but is much smaller than _Carrollton_, or even _Elam_ -points. - -The most unusual point (Fig. 11, DD) has a long rectangular stem, a -small shoulder on one side only, and a short, asymmetrical blade. Blade -and stem edges are beveled bilaterally on each face, with fine retouch -flaking which serrates all edges. The base is mildly concave and is -thinned by removal of a long, shallow channel flake on one face, a -shorter channel flake on the other, terminating in a hinge fracture. The -base and lower stem edges are smoothed. - - Arrow Points - -There are 55 small projectile points sufficiently intact for typing and -12 broken so that typing is impossible. Materials include tan, red, -brown, and gray chert from local gravels; two gray-white chert; one -novaculite, and two dark brown to black flint. - -_Alba_ points (Fig. 11, A, B), 20 in number, are mostly of tan or -reddish-brown local cherts. They vary from slender to wide, with a range -of 2 to 3.8 cm. in length. Most recurve to form widened shoulders which -may be right angled or barbed; edges may be mildly serrated. I have -placed in this type only points with square or rectangular stems. - -There are two _Hayes_ points (Fig. 11, C, D), of gray and red-brown -chert. They are small, 2.6 and 2.8 cm. long, 1.3 and 1.9 cm. wide; the -first differs from the type description in having straight edges and no -barbs, but the stem shape is typical. - -Five points are of _Friley_ type (Fig. 11, E, F), characterized by -definite shoulders with extreme curves so that the barbs turn toward the -blade tip. Stems are expanded or rectangular. Three are of red-brown -chert, two of tan chert. Lengths are 1.4 to 2.5 cm., widths 1.0 to 1.5 -cm. - -One typical _Maud_ point (Fig. 11, G) of tan chert, has a deeply concave -base and mildly serrated edges. - -Four points are included in the _Cliffton_ type (Fig. 11, H). They are -hardly more than roughly shaped small, wide flakes but have vague stems -and some secondary flaking. They are uniform in size, 2 to 2.3 cm. long, -1.6 to 1.9 cm. wide and all are made of tan chert. A fifth small point -(Fig. 11, I) of dark gray flint has a pointed stem, concave blade edges, -and a strongly pointed tip; in essence, it is a concave-edged hexagon. -It may be a variation of _Cliffton_, but has been left untyped. - -A group of 21 points (Fig. 11, K-M) is characterized by expanded stems -produced by corner notching, and blades which are much like _Alba_. This -point has been the subject of considerable discussion because of its -frequency in Louisiana and southern Arkansas; it has been included in -the _Alba_ type in some publications, in the _Scallorn_ type in others, -but has distinct and, we believe, meaningful differences from each of -these types. We have therefore given it the type name _Colbert_. It -rivals the _Alba_ type in frequency at sites like Smithport Landing, -Colbert, Greer, Swanson’s Landing, and Mounds Plantation (Fig. 1) where -there are Alto and Coles Creek components in respectable amounts. It is -found, along with _Alba_, in central Louisiana, especially in -Troyville-Coles Creek context (Ford, 1951: Fig. 45, U-W). Recent -excavations at the Crenshaw Site in southwestern Arkansas uncovered -Coles Creek and Caddoan burials in Mound B; consistently the Coles Creek -burials had points similar to _Colbert_ (called _Homan_ in Arkansas) and -the Caddoan had _Alba_ or _Hayes_. The _Colbert_ points have triangular -blades with concave or recurved edges, distinct and usually wide -shoulders, barbs, and triangular or fan-shaped stems. The stem bases may -be straight or more often convex, rarely concave. Specimens from -Smithport are made of tan, reddish-brown, white and gray local cherts, -one of novaculite, and two of white quartz. Lengths are from 1.2 to 3.2 -cm., widths from 9 mm. to 2 cm. - -A large flat point of tan chert (Fig. 11, J) has the flake -characteristics of an arrow point despite its large size, 4.3 by 3 cm. -It has the corner notching and wide barbs characteristic of _Catahoula_ -points. - -A small triangular point of brown chert probably belongs to the _Fresno_ -type. The tip is broken but the original length was about 2 cm. - - - Miscellaneous Chipped Stone Tools - -Generally, the tools from this site are made from native tan chert cores -and flakes, or from petrified wood, and are rough to the point of being -almost nondescript. Imagination is often required to attempt assignment -to types. - -A massive axe-shaped object of petrified wood is worked to a near-blade -form at the expanded end (Fig. 12, K), but appears to have been used as -a maul. The groove is natural. It is 15 cm. long, 9 cm. wide, and 4.5 -cm. in thickness. Two smaller objects of petrified wood (Fig. 12, G, H) -are partially shaped, showing some of the original surfaces. They -resemble choppers or picks and are 7 × 5.1 × 2.3 cm. and 8.8 × 4.7 × 2 -cm. A fourth object of petrified wood, 10.5 cm. long and 4.2 cm. wide, -is more suggestive of a pick but shows little evidence of use. - -Smaller core tools include two choppers or end scrapers of tan chert and -quartzite. The first has much of its original surfaces, with one end -pointed by bifacial beveling. It is 5.5 cm. long. The second is -unifacially beveled across one end and onto one edge; it is similar in -size. Two possible gouges of red and tan chert, 3.4 and 4.2 cm. long, -are ovate in outline and roughly flaked bifacially at one end. Eight -smaller objects are keel-shaped core scrapers or small choppers of tan -and gray chert. They are irregularly ovate, triangular or elongate, from -2.5 to 4 cm. in length, 1.8 to 3.3 cm. in width. Flaking is bifacial but -those with one flat face have minimal flaking on this side. Two larger, -thick leaf-shaped forms (Fig. 11, GG, HH) may have served as knives or -scrapers. - -Other tools are made from flakes. Two might be knives: one (Fig. 11, II) -is of gray chert, long and ovoid, rough at the base but well finished -around the edges. It is 5.9 cm. long, 2 cm. wide. The second is made -from a flat, triangular-shaped piece of petrified wood, which is -unmodified at one end (the base), but has good secondary flaking around -the edges. It is 5.1 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, and 6 mm. in thickness. - -A thumbnail end scraper (Fig. 11, LL) is of gray quartz, 3 × 2 cm. in -diameters, 6 mm. thick. Unifacial beveling on one end and one side is -quite steep and the reverse face shows many tiny fractures around the -cutting curve. - - [Illustration: Fig. 12. Ornaments and Stone Tools. A, Polished stone - tablet. B, Banded slate bead. C, Bone bead. D, Sandstone bead or - concretion. E, Pitted stone. F, Brown sandstone whetstone. G, H, - Choppers of petrified wood. I, Polished stone celt. J, Small - hammerstone. K, Maul of petrified wood. (All to scale except _B_, - _C_ and _D_ which are only slightly reduced.)] - -There are 15 small scrapers (Fig. 11, MM-PP) which are ovate or -triangular in outline and made from flakes which vary from 3 to 8 mm. in -thickness. They are of tan, brown and mottled gray chert, petrified -wood, and gray quartzite. Most are flaked bifacially but some show a -preponderance of flaking on the convex face. Sizes range from 2 to 4.5 -cm. Five small broken flake objects show some flaking. - -There are four drills, all made of tan chert. One flake drill (Fig. 11, -KK) has an expanded base, a shaft which is triangular in cross section -and a keen point which shows use polish. A second (Fig. 11, JJ) has a -geniculate form, is less well made, but shows usage at the tip. The -other two are tiny, 2.1 and 2.2 cm. long, have one flat and one -keel-shaped face, and are worked on two of the three planes. They could -have been used as gravers or drills. - - - Polished and Ground Stone Objects - -Few objects of polished stone were found. One large celt (Fig. 12, I) is -from the surface. It is symmetrically ovate, 17.5 cm. long, 7.5 cm. -wide, and 3.8 cm. thick. It shows pecking marks on the faces, but is -well ground at the bit and along the edges. A triangular hard sandstone -pebble, 7.5 × 7 × 3.3 cm., has round pits, 3 cm. in diameter, on each -face, (Fig. 12, E). There are smooth depressions on two edges. A large -pitted mortar stone is of ferruginous sandstone, 22 × 16 cm. One face -has an oval depression, 13 × 12 cm., in the center of which, and on the -opposite face, are deep hemispherical pits, 3.5 cm. in diameter. - -An oval-shaped hammerstone (Fig. 12, J) of tan chert is smoothed on two -faces, roughened by pecking around all edges. A whetstone of brown -sandstone (Fig. 12, F) has one deep and two shallow grooves on one face, -two grooves on the opposite. - -A rectangular flat tablet of mottled brown slate (Fig. 12, A) was found -during the burial excavations but not in direct association. It is 6 cm. -long, 4.5 cm. wide, and 3.5 mm. thick. The faces are polished and the -edges ground smooth with rounded corners, but there are no decorations -or perforations. - -A bead of gray and brown banded slate (Fig. 12, B) was found on the -surface of Hill 1. It is pear-shaped, 9 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, -counter-drilled and highly polished. A small perforated sandstone -concretion (Fig. 12, D) may have been used as a bead, but the -perforation seems to be natural, and the surfaces are not modified. - -An oval, reddish claystone concretion was found on the surface. It is 12 -× 6.5 cm., and 2.7 cm. thick. The hard cortex had been removed, exposing -the soft ocher, which was a probable source of paint. - - - Bone Object - -A segment of bone, 2.6 cm. long, was found on the surface. The ends are -cut squarely across and there is a small (natural?) perforation. It is -probably a bead of bird bone (Fig. 12, C), is hard, very white, and the -surface is polished. No other artifacts of bone or shell were found, but -the test pits in dark soil exposed numerous animal bones as well as -mussel and snail shells. No identifications were secured. - - - DISCUSSION - -The Smithport Landing Site is one of a number of village and mound sites -along the Red River valley and its tributaries in northwestern Louisiana -(Fig. 1) at which varying amounts of Alto Focus pottery, whole vessels -or sherds, have been found. The mound sites shown are within the river -flood plain, with exception of Thigpen Mound and Village Site, which are -on a terrace immediately overlooking the valley; Gahagan, Curtis, Mounds -Plantation, and Belcher mounds are on old river channels near the -present stream. The burial vessels at Gahagan were Alto types—five -_Holly Fine Engraved_, three _Hickory Engraved_, one _Kiam Incised_—and -12% of the 76 sherds from the surface are the distinctive Alto types -(_Hickory_, _Carmel_ and _Holly Engraved_, _Davis Incised_, _Crockett -Curvilinear Incised_, _Weches Fingernail Impressed_ and _Pennington -Punctated-Incised_). The Thigpen Site is preponderantly Bossier, but -included in the scant collection of 102 sherds are one _Weches_, five -_Dunkin_, and five _Wilkinson_. We have only a few sherds from the -Curtis Mound (Sunny Point in Moore’s 1912 report) but _Hickory Fine -Engraved_ is included. At the Belcher Mound Site (Webb, 1959) the -premound level had sherds and burial vessels of both Alto and Haley -types. - -The Mounds Plantation (Pickett Landing in Moore’s 1912 report) Site has -recently been explored with some intensity (McKinney, Plants and Webb, -to be reported). Twenty-six percent of the decorated sherds in the -previous surface collection were of the distinctive Alto types, 4.15% -Coles Creek. A trench through one of the mounds showed intrusive Belcher -Focus burials but the fill, habitation, and premound level sherds were -Coles Creek and Alto, with admixture at all levels but increasing -amounts of Alto in the top levels. Alto types are _Davis_ and _Harrison -Bayou Incised_; _Hickory_, _Holly_ and _Carmel Engraved_; _Pennington_, -_Crockett_, _Wilkinson_, and _Weches_ in the punctated and -punctated-incised categories. Coles Creek types were _Coles Creek_, -_Chase_ and _Beldeau Incised_; _Rhinehart Punctated_; and the shared -types _Hardy_ and _Sanson Incised_. Deep burials in a second mound had -scant pottery but the two vessels were _Holly Engraved_ and a bowl with -_Crockett_ and _Pennington_ designs, both black and polished. - -The non-mound village sites shown in Figure 1 are on hills fronting the -valley or on tributaries and lakes. All of those shown have Alto and -Bossier pottery types, most have Coles Creek-Troyville, all have a good -representation of the shared types _Hardy-Kiam_, _Dunkin-Manchac_, -_Harrison Bayou_ and _Sanson Incised_, _Wilkinson Punctated_, and -_Rhinehart_-atypical, _Pennington Punctated-Incised_. Omitting these -shared types and using only distinctive types, the Allen Site has 7% -Alto, no Coles Creek; the Wilkinson Site has 10.5% Alto, 0.3% Coles -Creek; the Chamarre Site has 14% Alto, 1.5% Troyville; Williams Point -has 4% Alto, no Coles Creek; East Smithport has 8% Alto, no Coles Creek; -the Colbert Place has 1.6% Alto, 5.45% Coles Creek; Greer has 6.7% Alto, -1.8% Coles Creek; Pease and Sinner are strong Bossier sites but have -0.3% and 0.5% Alto, respectively; Swanson’s Landing has 4% Alto and 4% -Coles Creek; and Harrison Bayou has 1% Alto. - -Not all of the mound or village sites in this same area show this kind -of representation of Alto or Coles Creek; there are as many or more -which are well developed Bossier sites and have little or no Alto. For -example, we have 230 surface sherds from the Vanceville Mound in Bossier -Parish with no Alto or Coles Creek types; the 3942 sherds from the lower -and premound levels of the Oden Mound include two questionable _Hickory -Engraved_, no other Alto or Coles Creek types; 1275 surface sherds from -the Marston Village Site show no Coles Creek, one _Holly Fine Engraved_, -and three _Pennington Punctated-Incised_. In these same sites, as the -distinctive types drop out, the shared incised and punctated types like -_Dunkin-Manchac_, _Rhinehart-Pennington_ variants, _Wilkinson_, -_Harrison Bayou Incised_ and even _Hardy-Kiam Incised_ are almost -completely replaced by _Pease Brushed-Incised_, _Belcher Ridged_, and -the brushed types (Webb, 1959). Large projectile points and heavy -scraper types also disappear, replaced by small arrow point types and -thumbnail-size, triangular and rectangular flake scrapers (Webb, 1959: -Fig. 126). - -The Smithport Landing Site shares with the other hilltop or hill slope -village sites of this earlier Caddoan period the carry-over of late -Archaic dart points, especially types like _Gary_, _Ellis_, _Kent_, -_Carrollton_, _Palmillas_, _San Patrice_, _Evans_, _Maçon_, and -_Pontchartrain_. Large as well as small scrapers, pitted stones, manos -of hand size, oval metates, small drills, large and small celts, brown -and white sandstone hones, hammerstones, and crude choppers are usual at -these sites. Triangular and ovate knives, recurved-edge (_Copena_-like) -knives, stone beads and polished stone problematicals (boatstones, -bannerstones, gorgets) or plummets are all missing or very rare, -although stone beads and problematicals occur in the late Archaic. The -slate bead from Smithport, a recurved (_Copena_) blade fragment from the -Thigpen Site, and a two-hole gorget from a small site north of Wallace -Lake (Webb, 1948: Pl. 16, 9) are exceptions. Small projectile points, -generally of _Alba_ and _Colbert_ types, about equal the number of large -ones at these sites. Ear ornaments, shell and bone tools are infrequent. - -In conclusion, the Smithport Landing Site is one of the larger village -sites of the earlier Caddoan (Gibson Aspect, Alto Focus) period along -the Red River valley in northwestern Louisiana. It shares with a number -of other village sites of this period evidences of a carry over of late -Archaic projectile points and stone artifact traits. It also shares with -numerous village and mound sites evidences of admixture of Coles Creek -ceramic types and influences with the Alto pottery types as the earliest -pottery at these sites. It seems increasingly clear that the advent of -Coles Creek and Alto Caddoan peoples and/or ceramics, arrow points, and -riverine mound building into this area were virtually simultaneous -occurrences. Out of this blending developed the subsequent Bossier Focus -ceramics and other cultural manifestations over a wide portion of -northwestern Louisiana, extending into eastern Texas and southern -Arkansas. - -It is possible that the large ceremonial mound groups, like Gahagan and -Mounds Plantation, served as ceremonial centers for a number of -villages, including those in the adjoining hill areas, accounting for -the frequency of specialized burials, with ceremonial copper and -polished stone objects, pipes and ornamentation, and highly developed -burial ceramics, in the mound sites, in comparison with the paucity of -these objects in the hill villages. - -Considerable research is needed (1) to establish the nature of the -relationships between mound sites in the valleys and the villages in the -hills; (2) to trace the extent of Coles Creek and Alto contacts and the -process of amalgamation of these two strong cultures over the wide area -from central Louisiana into Arkansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas (this -must have been friendly, as it is inconceivable that Caddoan peoples -would have supplanted Coles Creek almost overnight in hundreds of -villages); (3) and the development out of this amalgamation of Bossier, -Plaquemine, and other later cultures. - - - FOOTNOTES - - -[1]Thanks are extended to Monroe Dodd, Jr., George Freeman, and other - friends who assisted in the site exploration; to Alex Krieger and - James A. Ford for assistance with pottery identification and - typology; to A. L. Wedgeworth, Jr., for photography; and to Gordon - Maxcy for film developing and assistance with the plates. - - - REFERENCES CITED - -D’Antoni, Blaise C. - -1961a. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 2. Newsletter, North - Louisiana Historical Assn., April, pp. 9-14. - -1961b. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 3. Newsletter, North - Louisiana Historical Assn., July, pp. 7-12. - -1962. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 5. Newsletter, North - Louisiana Historical Assn., May, pp. 13-15. - -Ford, James A. - -1951. Greenhouse: A Troyville-Coles Creek Period Site in Avoyelles - Parish, Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum - of Natural History, Vol. 44, Part 1. - -Ford, James A., and Clarence H. Webb - -1956. Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological - Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, Part 1. - -Ford, James A., and G. R. Willey - -1940. Crooks Site, A Marksville Period Burial Mound in La Salle Parish, - Louisiana. Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological - Survey, Anthropological Study No. 3. - -Moore, Clarence B. - -1912. Some Aboriginal Sites on Red River. Journal of the Academy of - Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2nd. Series, Vol. 14, Part 4. - -Newell, H. Perry, and Alex D. Krieger - -1949. The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. Memoirs of the - Society for American Archaeology, No. 5. - -Quimby, George I. - -1951. The Medora Site, West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Field Museum - of Natural History, Anthropological Series, Vol. 24, No. 2. - -1957. The Bayou Goula Site, Iberville Parish, Louisiana. Fieldiana: - Anthropology, Vol. 47, No. 2. - -Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks - -1954. An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology. Bulletin of the - Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25. - -Suhm, Dee Ann, and Edward B. Jelks (editors) - -1962. Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. The Texas - Archeological Society, Special Publication No. 1, and The Texas - Memorial Museum Bulletin, No. 4. - -Webb, Clarence H. - -1948. Caddoan Prehistory: The Bossier Focus. Bulletin of the Texas - Archeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 19. - -1959. The Belcher Mound, A Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, - Louisiana. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. - 16. - -1961. Relationships between the Caddoan and Central Louisiana Culture - Sequences. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 31. - - 1560 Line Avenue - Shreveport, Louisiana - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SMITHPORT LANDING -SITE *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where - you are located before using this eBook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that: - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation's website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without -widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. |