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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65593 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65593)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Kansas, by Anna E. (Anna
-Estelle) Arnold
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: A History of Kansas
-
-
-Author: Anna E. (Anna Estelle) Arnold
-
-
-
-Release Date: June 11, 2021  [eBook #65593]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
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-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS***
-
-
-E-text prepared by MFR, Carol Brown, and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made
-available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org)
-
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-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
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-      https://archive.org/details/historyofkansas01arno
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-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
-      Text in italics is surrounded by underscores, _like this_.
-
-      Text in bold face is surrounded by equal signs, =like this.=
-
-
-
-
-
-     [Illustration: MEMORIAL HALL]
-
-
-A HISTORY OF KANSAS
-
-by
-
-ANNA E. ARNOLD
-
-Author of Civics and Citizenship
-
-
-     [Illustration: Seal of the State of Kansas]
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Published by
-the State Of Kansas
-Imri Zumwalt, State Printer
-Topeka, 1919
-7-6552
-
-Copyright 1914, Anna E. Arnold
-
-Copyright 1919 (Revised), Anna E. Arnold
-All Rights Reserved
-
-
-     [Illustration: Printer’s Logo]
-
-
-
-
-PREFACE
-
-
-No State has a history better calculated to inspire patriotism in its
-people than has Kansas. In this fact lies the greatest reason for
-teaching Kansas History in the schools. A knowledge of the
-difficulties that have been met and conquered in building the State
-will create in the minds of the boys and girls a greater respect for
-the sturdy qualities of the pioneers; it will give them a wholesome
-sense of the great cost at which the ease and comfort of to-day have
-been purchased; it will stimulate in them a desire to live up to the
-past.
-
-If the study of Kansas History is to accomplish these results, the
-subject must be presented in such a way as to arouse the interest of
-the pupils. They must feel its reality. They must catch its spirit.
-
-With the hope of fulfilling in some measure these requirements, this
-book has been prepared with the following aims constantly in mind: to
-make it, as nearly as possible, a narrative; to select from the wealth
-of material at hand such subject matter as is within the comprehension
-of children, eliminating such matter as can be fully understood and
-appreciated only by mature minds; to present the general movement of
-the State’s progress rather than a mass of unrelated facts. Only so
-much detail has been used as is necessary to a clear understanding of
-events. The purpose has not been to chronicle a multitude of events,
-but rather to show forth what manner of men and women were the
-builders of our State, what motives actuated them, what conditions
-surrounded them, how they lived, and what they accomplished.
-
-An effort has been made to give the pupils a general view of the
-State’s history as a whole, to give them a framework on which to build
-their later knowledge, and to leave them with a desire to learn more
-of Kansas history.
-
-                                                        ANNA E. ARNOLD.
-
-
-
-
-CONTENTS
-
-
-CHAPTER                                                         PAGE
-
-    I. THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY                             9
-
-   II. KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES                 16
-
-  III. EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE UNITED STATES     20
-
-   IV. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY                                        29
-
-    V. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY                                45
-
-   VI. KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY                            55
-
-  VII. THE COMING OF THE SETTLERS                                 62
-
- VIII. THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT                           72
-
-   IX. RIVAL GOVERNMENTS IN KANSAS                                78
-
-    X. THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE                                     83
-
-   XI. THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS                           94
-
-  XII. PIONEER LIFE                                              102
-
- XIII. KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR                                   109
-
-  XIV. THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR                            115
-
-   XV. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS                                  142
-
-  XVI. TRANSPORTATION IN KANSAS                                  174
-
- XVII. EDUCATION IN KANSAS                                       187
-
-XVIII. KANSAS MEMORIALS                                          207
-
-  XIX. THE KANSAS SPIRIT                                         217
-
-       APPENDIX                                                  223
-
-
-
-
-  QUIVERA――KANSAS
-
-  In that half-forgotten era,
-      With the avarice of old,
-      Seeking cities he was told
-      Had been paved with yellow gold,
-  In the kingdom of Quivera――
-
-  Came the restless Coronado
-      To the open Kansas plain,
-      With his knights from sunny Spain;
-      In an effort that, though vain,
-  Thrilled with boldness and bravado.
-
-  League by league, in aimless marching,
-      Knowing scarcely where or why,
-      Crossed they uplands drear and dry,
-      That an unprotected sky
-  Had for centuries been parching.
-
-  But their expectations, eager,
-      Found, instead of fruitful lands,
-      Shallow streams and shifting sands,
-      Where the buffalo in bands
-  Roamed o’er deserts dry and meager.
-
-  Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic,
-      Marched the knights with armor’d steeds
-      Not for them the quiet deeds;
-      Not for them to sow the seeds
-  From which empires grow like magic.
-
-  Thus Quivera was forsaken;
-      And the world forgot the place
-      Through the lapse of time and space.
-      Then the blue-eyed Saxon race
-  Came and bade the desert waken.
-
-                                 ――EUGENE WARE.
-
-
-
-
-A HISTORY OF KANSAS
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER I
-
-THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY
-
-
-=Introduction.= More than four centuries have passed since Columbus
-discovered America. During that time the hunting ground of three
-hundred thousand Indians has become the United States with its more
-than one hundred million civilized people. In the center of this great
-nation, which occupies nearly half the area of the continent, lies
-Kansas, a rectangle four hundred miles long and two hundred miles
-wide.
-
-Kansas is a part of the great plain that slopes gradually from the
-foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. Its
-surface, cut by many eastward-flowing streams, lies level in the west
-but in the east curves into countless hills and valleys.
-
-On these broad prairies to-day are thousands of cattle, and great
-fields of corn, wheat, and alfalfa. Towns and cities are scattered
-over the State, and the country between is dotted with the homes of
-farmers. There are mines, factories, churches, schools, and colleges.
-Uniting all are miles and miles of railroad. Kansas is now the home of
-more than a million seven hundred thousand of busy, prosperous people.
-But it was not always so; these prairies were once used only by the
-Indian and the buffalo. If we are to understand how this change has
-come about we must begin with the coming of the first white men to
-America.
-
-=The First White Men in Kansas.= At that time Spain was the most
-powerful nation of Europe, and since she had furnished the funds for
-the voyage of Columbus she claimed the first right to America and
-became the pioneer in the exploration of the New World. The Spaniards
-first explored the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, discovered the Pacific
-Ocean and the Mississippi River, and were the first to sail around the
-world. In 1519 Cortez, a Spaniard, landed on the present site of Vera
-Cruz and marched into the heart of Mexico, the home of the Aztec
-Indians. He made himself master of that great region and called it New
-Spain. All of these expeditions were too far south to reach what is
-now Kansas, but only a few more years were to pass before this far-off
-country was to be explored by the adventurous Spaniards, the first
-white men to set foot on Kansas soil.
-
-=Cabeza de Vaca.= In 1528 Narvaez, a Spaniard, led an exploring
-expedition westward from Florida along the Gulf of Mexico. Through
-various misfortunes and hardships nearly all of the party perished.
-One of the commanders, Cabeza de Vaca, and three of his men were taken
-prisoners by the Indians. After being held in captivity nearly six
-years they succeeded in making their escape. They fled westward, and
-after an adventurous journey of nearly two years reached a Spanish
-settlement near the western coast of New Spain. The exact route
-followed by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions can never be known, but
-his accounts of their wanderings were largely the cause of the
-expedition of Coronado, who was the first white man known with
-certainty to have traveled across what is now Kansas.
-
-=Purpose of the Spaniards.= The chief purpose of all the Spanish
-explorers was to search for wealth. Cortez is said to have made this
-remark to the Indians: “We Spaniards are troubled with a disease of
-the heart for which we find gold, and gold only, a specific remedy.”
-The hope of finding gold and precious stones lying about like pebbles
-lured many Spaniards into enterprises filled with terrible hardships.
-Reports of great cities of untold wealth to the northward, the “Seven
-Cities of Cibola,” as they were called, had reached New Spain at
-various times, and when Cabeza de Vaca told similar tales that he had
-heard from the Indians it stirred the Spaniards to explore the region.
-
-=Coronado.= Great preparation was made for an expedition. An army of
-three hundred Spaniards and eight hundred friendly Indians was
-gathered and placed under the command of Coronado. This was a large
-army for those times and the burden of furnishing it with arms and
-supplies fell heavily on New Spain. But so hopeful were the people of
-the success of the expedition that no sacrifice seemed too great. In
-the spring of 1540 the long march into unexplored country began.
-
-=The Search for Quivira.= After months of travel in a northerly and
-then in a northeasterly direction, Coronado and his army reached the
-province of Cibola, which was probably in the western part of what is
-now New Mexico, and the “Seven Cities” proved to be ordinary adobe
-Indian villages. They took possession of the Indian supplies and spent
-the winter in the villages. The Indians, anxious to get rid of their
-unwelcome visitors, persuaded a Quivira Indian, whom they held as a
-prisoner, to tell the Spaniards tales of the wonderful land of Quivira
-in order to lead them off into the wilderness where they would die
-from lack of food and water. Coronado and his men listened to this
-Indian, whom they called “Turk,” and followed him as a guide for many
-days. He led them steadily toward the east, and after a time they
-became convinced that they were being deceived and made him confess
-that Quivira was far to the northward. They had been only too willing
-to listen to Turk’s stories, but when they learned that he had misled
-them they put him to death. Supplies were now low and Coronado sent
-back the main body of the army, which was composed of footmen, and
-with thirty horsemen started northward.
-
-     [Illustration: THE JOURNEYS OF CABEZA DE VACA AND CORONADO.]
-
-=Coronado in Kansas.= It must be remembered that the whole country was
-a vast wilderness without names or boundary lines, and we can describe
-the journey of the Spaniards only by using names and boundary lines
-that have come into existence long since that time. As nearly as can
-be learned, Coronado and his men entered Kansas about where Clark
-County now is, and went on northward, crossing the Arkansas River at
-or near the site of Dodge City. From this point they followed the
-river to Great Bend, and then continued in a northeasterly direction
-to the vicinity of Junction City. At the end of their journey they set
-up a cross bearing the inscription: “Francisco Vasqueth de Coronado,
-commander of an expedition, arrived at this place.”
-
-     [Illustration: “FRANCISCO VASQUETH DE CORONADO, COMMANDER OF
-     AN EXPEDITION, ARRIVED AT THIS PLACE.”]
-
-=Quivira Found.= After all this weary journey they had reached Quivira
-and found it to be merely the home of a tribe of Indians, the
-Quiviras, later known as the Pawnees. Coronado wrote in a letter to
-the King of Spain:
-
-     “The country itself is the best I have ever seen for
-     producing all of the fruits of Spain, for, besides the land
-     itself being very fat and black, and being very well watered
-     by rivulets, springs, and rivers, I found prunes like those
-     in Spain and nuts and very good sweet grapes and mulberries.
-     I remained twenty-five days in this province of Quivira,
-     both to see and explore the country, and to find out whether
-     there was anything beyond which could be of service to your
-     Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me
-     an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am
-     sure of is that there is not any gold or any other metal in
-     all that country, and the other things of which they told me
-     are nothing but little villages, and in many of these they
-     do not plant anything, and do not have any houses, except of
-     skins and sticks, and they wander around with the cows. So
-     that the account they gave me was false, because they wanted
-     to get me to go there with the whole force, believing that
-     as the way was through such uninhabitable deserts, and from
-     lack of water they would get us where our horses and we
-     would die of thirst. And the guides confessed this, and they
-     said they did it by the advice of the natives of these
-     provinces.”[1]
-
-=Coronado’s Return to New Spain.= Empty-handed, Coronado and his
-little band of Spanish knights turned toward New Spain and carried to
-their waiting countrymen the disappointing story of their two years’
-expedition. With this event fifty years had passed since the discovery
-of America, and for the next two and a half centuries little attention
-was paid to the Kansas country.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The history of Kansas begins with the first exploration of
-     this country by white men nearly four hundred years ago.
-     Spain was the first nation to explore the New World. The
-     chief purpose of the Spaniards was to find gold. They had
-     heard from the Indians of rich cities to the northward, and
-     when Cabeza de Vaca told them similar tales the people of
-     New Spain decided to explore the country. They sent Coronado
-     with a large army on a journey of exploration lasting two
-     years. He failed to find gold, but his expedition is of
-     interest because he was the first white man known to have
-     traversed what is now Kansas.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 1-23.
-     Foster, A History of the United States, p. 29.
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 17-19.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 44-45.
-     Bourne, Spain in America (vol. III, of The American Nation, a
-       History).
-     Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VII, pp. 20, 40, 268, 573; vol. VIII,
-       p. 152; vol. X, p. 68; vol. XII, p. 219.
-     Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. How long has it been since Columbus discovered America?
-
-     2. Compare the population at that time with the present
-        population of the United States.
-
-     3. In what part of the United States is Kansas?
-
-     4. Describe briefly the western part of the Mississippi valley.
-        Describe the surface of Kansas.
-
-     5. What relation has Spain to the history of Kansas? Why did
-        Spain claim the first right to America? Name some of the early
-        discoveries of the Spaniards.
-
-     6. Where was New Spain?
-
-     7. What influenced the Spaniards in their ventures in the New
-        World?
-
-     8. Who was Cabeza de Vaca? Of what importance is the account of
-        his adventures?
-
-     9. Tell the story of Coronado. What is his relation to Kansas
-        history?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER II
-
-KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES
-
-
-=The French.= While the Spaniards were searching for wealth in the
-southern part of North America the French were trading with the
-Indians in the northern part along the St. Lawrence River and around
-the Great Lakes. Among the French were many Catholic priests, called
-Jesuits, who came to carry their religious faith to the Indians. In
-1673, one of these Jesuits, Father Marquette, accompanied a trader
-named Joliet on an expedition to explore the Mississippi River. They
-launched their canoes on the great river and floated downstream for
-hundreds of miles, between shores that in some places were thickly
-wooded, and in others were grassy plains. They went as far south as
-the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then turned and began the long,
-hard task of paddling back.
-
-=La Salle and Louisiana, 1682.= Among those who heard of the journey
-of Marquette and Joliet was a young Frenchman, La Salle. He planned to
-explore the whole Mississippi basin and to take possession of it in
-the name of the King of France. In 1682, with a few companions, he
-floated down the Mississippi to its mouth. Here, with much ceremony,
-they planted a cross, buried a leaden plate inscribed with the arms of
-France, and declared that all the land drained by the Mississippi
-River and its tributaries should belong to France, and should be named
-Louisiana in honor of the French King, Louis XIV. Thus in 1682, nearly
-two centuries after the discovery of America, Kansas came into the
-possession of the French.
-
-=The End of Spanish and French Explorations.= The French soon planted
-a few colonies and forts along the Mississippi River and sent out
-explorers, some of whom may have entered the present bounds of Kansas.
-This roused the Spaniards in Mexico, who wished to hold the territory
-for Spain, and they also sent expeditions. The armies of both nations
-suffered severely at the hands of the Indians and the exploration of
-the Kansas country was given up by both Spain and France, and for
-nearly a century more it lay almost forgotten. The next exploration of
-this territory was by people of another nation.
-
-=The English.= While the Spaniards were busy in the South and the
-French in the North, another people, the English, began to make
-explorations in the new continent. They did not come to hunt for gold,
-nor to trade with the Indians, but to found homes. They settled along
-the Atlantic coast between the French in Canada and the Spaniards in
-Florida, and claimed the country westward to the Pacific Ocean.
-
-=Conflict of French and English Claims.= As time went on and the
-settlements increased in number, the claims of the French and the
-English conflicted and caused much strife between the colonies of the
-two countries. The question of the ownership of the land was not
-settled until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. As a
-result of this war France gave up all her claims in America,
-practically everything east of the Mississippi to England, and that
-west of it to Spain. In 1800 Spain ceded her portion of America back
-to France.
-
-=The Louisiana Purchase, 1803.= In the meantime the English colonies
-had fought the Revolutionary War and become an independent nation. In
-1803, when Thomas Jefferson was President, the United States bought
-from France her tract of country lying west of the Mississippi River.
-This was known as the Louisiana Purchase, and the date is one to be
-remembered, for it marks the end of French claims in America, and it
-marks the time when what is now Kansas became a part of the United
-States.[2]
-
-=One Century More.= More than three centuries of American history had
-passed and the country west of the Mississippi River remained
-unsettled and practically unknown. The Spaniard and the Frenchman had
-come and gone, but the Indian still hunted the buffalo on the
-prairies. The white man had not yet made his home in the Kansas
-country.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     Spain explored in the South in search of wealth, France in
-     the North to trade in furs with the Indians, and England
-     along the coast between these two to establish homes. Spain
-     claimed the Kansas country because of the exploration by
-     Coronado, France through the claims of Marquette and La
-     Salle, and England through the ocean-to-ocean claim. None of
-     the nations succeeded in accomplishing anything here, and
-     the Kansas country was left alone for nearly a century after
-     it came into the possession of France. At the close of the
-     French and Indian War the country west of the Mississippi
-     was ceded to Spain. Later it came again into the hands of
-     France, and was purchased by the United States in 1803.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Elson, History of the United States, pp. 161, 384.
-     Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. II, chap. XII.
-     Foster, A History of the United States.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 24-40.
-     Parkman, La Salle and the Great West.
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 19-20.
-     Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 250; vol. X, p. 336.
-     Wilder, Annals of Kansas, pp. 15-18.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. Who were the Jesuits? What can you say of Marquette? Joliet?
-        La Salle?
-
-     2. Contrast the motives of the French and Spanish in coming to
-        America.
-
-     3. Why did the English come to the New World?
-
-     4. What territory was claimed by the French? By the Spanish? By
-        the English?
-
-     5. To what nations did what is now Kansas successively belong?
-        How and when did it first become a part of the United States?
-        How long was this after the discovery of America?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER III
-
-EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE UNITED STATES
-
-
-=President Jefferson Sent Explorers.= When the United States bought
-Louisiana the country from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean
-was a vast unknown area. President Jefferson was eager to learn
-something about the great West, and sent out several exploring
-parties.
-
-=Lewis and Clark.= The first expedition, sent in 1804, the year
-following the purchase of Louisiana, was in charge of Meriwether Lewis
-and William Clark. They were instructed to move up the Missouri River
-and on to the Pacific Ocean. After a difficult journey lasting two and
-a half years the party returned to St. Louis and brought to the people
-of the United States much important information concerning the West.
-It is the part of their journey along the border of what is now Kansas
-in which we are most interested.
-
-=The Journey.= With about forty-five men and three boats Lewis and
-Clark started up the Missouri River in the spring of 1804. Two
-horsemen rode along the bank to hunt and bring in game, which was to
-go far toward supplying provisions for the expedition. After a five
-weeks’ journey they reached the mouth of the Kansas River, and
-encamped that night on the present site of Kansas City, Kansas. From
-there they continued up the Missouri River where it forms the present
-boundary line of Kansas, along the border of what has since become
-Leavenworth, Atchison, and Doniphan counties. Their account of the
-journey describes the country through which they passed and the
-different Indian tribes and villages they saw. It speaks of an Indian
-tribe as “hunting on the plains for buffalo which our hunters have
-seen for the first time.” Again we read, “Pecan trees were this day
-seen, and large quantities of deer and wild turkey.” By July 4 they
-had reached a point not far from the present city of Atchison. They
-did not have the means for much of a celebration, but their observance
-of the day included the firing of “an evening gun” and the naming of
-two streams, Fourth of July Creek, and Independence Creek.
-Independence Creek still retains its name. A week later they passed
-the fortieth parallel, which afterward became the northern boundary of
-Kansas, and continued on their way to the Pacific.
-
-=Pike’s Expedition.= In 1806 another exploring party was sent out in
-command of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a young lieutenant in the army. He
-was instructed to ascend the Missouri River, visit the various Indian
-tribes in the Kansas country, go west until the frontier of New Mexico
-was reached, then south toward the source of the Red River which he
-was to descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Louis, the
-starting point. The journey did not, however, follow just this route.
-
-=Pike Visits the Osage Indians.= The Osage Indians lived in the
-eastern part of Kansas, south of the Kansas River. At their villages
-Pike purchased supplies for the overland journey. From there he went
-west and then northwest toward the Pawnee village which is believed to
-have been within the bounds of what is now Republic County.
-
-=Pike Among the Pawnees.= About the time he crossed the Solomon River
-he came upon the trail of Spanish troops. It seems that the
-authorities in Mexico had in some way heard of the Pike expedition and
-had sent an army of five hundred men to intercept him. These forces
-missed each other, but when Pike reached the village of the Pawnee
-Indians he found them in possession of many blankets, bridles,
-saddles, and other things which they had received from the Spaniards.
-After having been visited with much ceremony by the mounted and lordly
-army from Mexico, the Indians were not inclined to be courteous to
-Pike and his score of dusty, bedraggled footmen. After much
-unpleasantness and delay a council attended by four hundred warriors
-was held. In his opening address Pike spoke, among other things, of
-the numerous Spanish flags in the village. Pointing to one which
-floated above the tent of the head chief, he demanded that it be
-lowered and that an American flag be put in its place. Several Indians
-made speeches without mentioning the flag. Pike again told them they
-must choose between the Spanish and the American governments. The
-Americans awaited the answer in anxious suspense. Finally an old chief
-arose. He slowly hauled down the Spanish flag, laid it at Pike’s feet,
-and received the American flag in return. This he unfurled above the
-chiefs tent, and for the first time, so far as is known, the Stars and
-Stripes floated over Kansas.
-
-=Pike in Colorado.= From this place Pike and his men moved southwest
-to the Arkansas River, where the party divided, some of them going
-down the river and on home. Pike and his remaining men, instead of
-searching for the Red River according to instructions, followed the
-Arkansas River into what is now Colorado. They pushed westward, and
-after many days of travel sighted a mountain, which appeared at first
-like a small blue cloud but which proved to be a great bald peak of
-the Rocky Mountains. This peak has since been named Pike’s Peak in
-honor of the explorer. By this time it was winter and their supplies
-were low. Pike and his men suffered terribly from cold and hunger
-while wandering among the mountains. Hoping to better their condition
-they moved toward the southwest, only to find themselves taken
-prisoners in Spanish territory. Later, however, they were escorted
-across Texas to the American frontier in Louisiana and released.
-
-     [Illustration: THE EXPEDITION OF PIKE, AND THE LOCATION OF THE
-     ORIGINAL INDIAN TRIBES.
-     There were no clearly defined boundaries between the tribes.]
-
-=The Return of Pike.= A whole year had passed before they found
-themselves again in St. Louis, a year of hardship for them, but well
-worth while, nevertheless, for Pike brought back a great deal of
-valuable information. That he was a better soldier than farmer may be
-seen from this passage taken from his journal:
-
-     “From these immense prairies may rise one great advantage to
-     the United States, viz., the restriction of our population
-     to certain limits, and thereby a continuation of the union.
-     Our citizens, being so prone to rambling and extending
-     themselves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be
-     constrained to limit their extent on the west to the borders
-     of the Missouri and the Mississippi, while they leave the
-     prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the wandering
-     aborigines of the country.”[3]
-
-=The Great American Desert.= Another explorer, Major Long, who came in
-1819 and 1820, likewise expressed the idea that most of the country
-was unfit for cultivation, and therefore uninhabitable by an
-agricultural people. He even went so far as to say the country bore a
-“resemblance to the deserts of Siberia.” Washington Irving, the great
-writer, said of this region: “It could be well named, the Great
-American Desert. It spreads forth into undulating and treeless plains
-and desolate sandy wastes, wearisome to the eye from their extent and
-monotony. It is a land where no man permanently abides, for at certain
-seasons of the year there is no food for the hunter or his steed.”
-
-     [Illustration: AN INDIAN VILLAGE.
-     The tribes that lived in permanent homes built lodges
-     consisting of an embankment of earth topped with a row of
-     poles brought together at the center and thatched with bark
-     and grass.]
-
-The views of these men largely molded public opinion concerning the
-West. The country out of which has been carved such prosperous
-agricultural states as Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska was, a hundred
-years ago, known as the “Great American Desert,” and was so named on
-the maps of that time.
-
-     [Illustration: INTERIOR OF AN INDIAN LODGE.]
-
-=Indian Tribes in Kansas.= The western prairies had for untold ages
-been occupied by Indians. At the time of Pike’s expedition there were
-four tribes living within the present bounds of Kansas. These were the
-Kanza, the Osage, the Pawnee, and the Comanche tribes. The Kanza, or
-Kaw, Indians lived in the northeastern part of the State and were the
-ones seen by Lewis and Clark in their expedition up the Missouri
-River. It is from this tribe that Kansas probably received its name.
-The Osage Indians were located in the eastern part, south of the
-Kansas River. The Pawnee tribe lived north and west of the Kanza
-Indians. It was in the Osage village that Pike secured supplies for
-his journey, and in the Pawnee village that he caused the Spanish flag
-to be lowered. The Pawnees were once called the Quiviras. The first of
-their tribe that we know anything about was “Turk,” who led Coronado
-into the wilderness. These three tribes lived in permanent homes and
-had their tribal villages, but the fourth tribe were wanderers. They
-were the Comanches, sometimes called the Padoucas, and they roved over
-the western part of Kansas and adjacent territory, hunting buffaloes
-and following the herds as they grazed from place to place. They were
-fine horsemen, and brave, but very fierce and warlike.
-
-=The Kansas of a Century Ago.= This was the Kansas of a century ago.
-At that time it had received neither name nor boundaries. For the
-first fifty years that this region was a part of the United States,
-that is, from the purchase of Louisiana until Kansas was organized as
-a territory in 1854, the country was little used by the white people
-except as a pathway to the West.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     President Jefferson, wishing to learn something of the unknown
-     western country, sent out two exploring expeditions. The first,
-     in 1804, was in charge of Lewis and Clark, who were to follow the
-     Missouri River and to go on across the mountains until they
-     reached the Pacific coast. They passed along the northeast border
-     of Kansas. The next exploring party was in command of Pike. His
-     route was somewhat in the form of a circle. Beginning at St.
-     Louis it was to pass through Kansas, then south, then east, and
-     up the Mississippi to St. Louis. He visited the Osage Indians in
-     eastern Kansas, the Pawnee Indians in northern Kansas where he
-     raised the American flag, and then marched into Colorado where he
-     discovered Pike’s Peak. From Colorado he went into what is now
-     New Mexico, where he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards. They
-     took him nearly to the Mississippi River and released him. On his
-     return he reported this country as unfit for settlement, and his
-     opinion was shared by later explorers. At the time of Pike’s
-     expedition there were four tribes of Indians in Kansas, the
-     Osages, the Kanzas, the Pawnees, and the Comanches.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 31-41.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 49-53.
-     Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II.
-     Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 574; vol. VII, pp. 261-317;
-       vol. VI, p. 325; vol. X, pp. 15-159.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. What was known of the Louisiana Purchase at the time it was
-         acquired by the United States?
-
-      2. Who were Lewis and Clark? Give an account of their expedition
-         as it related to Kansas.
-
-      3. What route was Pike instructed to take?
-
-      4. Describe Pike’s visit to the Osages. His visit to the Pawnees.
-         By what other name do we know the Pawnees?
-
-      5. Give an account of the remainder of Pike’s journey.
-
-      6. What was Pike’s opinion of the Kansas country? Long’s opinion?
-         Washington Irving’s opinion?
-
-      7. How much of Kansas did the Louisiana Purchase include?
-
-      8. What Indian tribes lived within the present bounds of Kansas?
-         Locate and tell something of each.
-
-      9. When was Kansas Territory organized? How long was this after
-         the Louisiana purchase?
-
-     10. What use did the white people make of Kansas during this
-         period?
-
-
-
-
-     [Illustration: THE SANTA FE AND OREGON TRAILS, AND EARLY LINES OF
-     RAILROAD, THROUGH KANSAS.]
-
-
-CHAPTER IV
-
-KANSAS AS A PATHWAY
-
-
-=Mexico a Century Ago.= Nearly three centuries passed from the time
-Cortez led the Spaniards into Mexico until Kansas became a part of the
-United States. During those years Spanish settlements had increased in
-number until at the time of Pike’s expedition Mexico included most of
-what is now California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and
-Colorado.
-
-=Old Santa Fe.= Santa Fe, said to be the second oldest city in the
-United States, was the most important point on the northern frontier
-of Mexico. In those days it was not like the busy American Santa Fe of
-to-day. It had about two thousand inhabitants, practically all
-Spaniards, and they lived in little adobe houses arranged around a
-public square after the manner of Spanish cities.
-
-=Origin of the Santa Fe Trail.= The “Great American Desert” lay
-between Santa Fe and the settlements of the western border of the
-United States. But Captain Pike’s interesting descriptions of the
-wealth and resources of the Spanish country stirred up enthusiasm, and
-Americans began to make their way across the plains to trade with the
-Spaniards. Santa Fe soon became an important trading point for all of
-northeastern Mexico. The traders, on their journeys to the Spanish
-city, wore a pathway that crossed the length of Kansas. This pathway
-came to be called the “Santa Fe Trail.”
-
-=Captain Becknell the First Trader.= Although a few earlier trips were
-made, the trade with Santa Fe really began in the year 1822 with the
-journey of Captain Becknell, of Missouri. He had started out the year
-before to trade with the Indians, and had gone on with a party of
-Mexican rangers to Santa Fe where he sold his small supply of
-merchandise so profitably that he decided to try again on a larger
-scale. In 1822 he took about thirty men and five thousand dollars’
-worth of merchandise. His success encouraged others, and a regular
-trade with Santa Fe was soon established.
-
-     [Illustration: SCENES IN EARLY SANTA FE.
-     Left, a street scene. Upper right, an adobe house. Lower right,
-     the old “Palace,” used by the Spanish and Mexican authorities as
-     government headquarters for about two centuries. It was in this
-     building that Pike was held prisoner.]
-
-=Merchandise Carried on Pack Mules=. For several years most of the
-transportation along the Trail was done with pack mules. A caravan of
-pack mules usually numbered from fifty to two hundred, each animal
-carrying about three hundred pounds of merchandise. From the earliest
-times the Mexicans had used pack mules as a means of transportation,
-and were skilled in handling them. For this reason the American
-traders usually employed Mexicans for the work of the pack train. The
-average rate of travel of a mule train was from twelve to fifteen
-miles a day. Since the Trail was nearly eight hundred miles long,
-fifty to sixty days were required for the trip.
-
-=Wagons Used on the Trail=. Probably the first time that wagons were
-used was in 1824, when a company of traders left Missouri with
-twenty-five wagons and a train of pack mules. This experiment was so
-satisfactory that the use of wagons soon became general and mules were
-used less and less as pack animals.
-
-=The Traders and the Indians=. Travel over the Santa Fe Trail rapidly
-increased, and the history of those days is filled with stories of
-exciting adventure, of danger, of privation, and of deeds of courage.
-The source of greatest danger and excitement was the Indians, for they
-did not take kindly to the white men’s use of their hunting grounds.
-For several years the traders crossed the plains in small parties,
-each man taking only two or three hundred dollars’ worth of goods, and
-they were seldom molested. But peace did not last long. The Indians
-soon learned more about the journeys of the traders and how to
-estimate the value of their stock. Also, many of the traders
-considered every Indian a deadly enemy and killed all that fell into
-their power simply because some wrong was known to have been committed
-by Indians. This treatment tended to stir up the hatred of the red men
-and to make them watch every opportunity for revenge.
-
-An example of the enmity between the Indians and the traders may be
-seen in an occurrence of 1828. Two young men went to sleep on the bank
-of a stream a short distance from their caravan, and were fatally
-shot, it was supposed, with their own guns. When their comrades found
-them one was dead, and the other died by the time the caravan reached
-the Cimarron River, about forty miles farther on. During the simple
-burial ceremonies a party of six or seven Indians appeared on the
-other side of the river. It is probable that these Indians knew
-nothing of the crime committed or they would not have approached the
-white men. Some of the men took this view, but, against their advice,
-the others fired and killed all of the Indians but one, who escaped to
-carry the news to his tribe. The Indians of the wronged tribe then
-followed the caravan to the Arkansas River where they robbed the
-traders of nearly a thousand head of horses and mules. Other robberies
-and murders followed until it became necessary for the traders to
-petition the National Government for troops. The next year soldiers
-escorted the caravan nearly to the Cimarron River. Government
-protection was furnished again in 1834, and in 1843. In the other
-years the traders fought their own way, but the day of small parties
-was over. For mutual protection, the traders banded together. A single
-big caravan started out each spring as soon as the grass was
-sufficient to pasture their animals, and returned in the fall.
-
-=The Starting Point of the Traders.= For many years the city of
-Franklin, on the Missouri River, was the starting point of the
-traders, the place where they purchased their goods and their outfits.
-Later, Independence, Missouri, and finally Westport which is now a
-part of Kansas City, became the emporium of the Santa Fe trade. The
-tourists and traders began to gather about the first of May for the
-journey that would begin near the middle of that month.
-
-=Supplies Taken.= The ordinary supplies to be taken for each man were
-about fifty pounds of flour, fifty pounds of bacon, ten pounds of
-coffee, twenty pounds each of sugar, rice, and beans, and a little
-salt. Anything else was considered an unnecessary luxury and was
-seldom taken. The buffalo furnished fresh meat for the travelers.
-
-=Teams and Wagons.= After the first few years horses were little used
-on the Trail except for riding. A wagon was usually drawn by eight
-mules or oxen, though some of the larger ones required ten or twelve.
-The large wagons often carried as much as five thousand pounds of
-merchandise and supplies. The loading of the wagons for a journey of
-nearly eight hundred miles was a very particular piece of work.
-
-=Council Grove the Meeting Place.= Although the traders banded
-together in one big caravan, they did not all start from the same
-place nor at the same time. The Kanza and Osage Indians seldom
-committed worse deeds than petty thievery, and the more warlike
-Comanches and Pawnees did not often appear along the first two hundred
-miles of the Trail. The place where all the wagons united to form a
-caravan was Council Grove, a point about one hundred and fifty miles
-west of Independence. In those days Council Grove consisted of a strip
-of fine timber along the Neosho valley. It is said to have been named
-in 1825 by the United States Commissioners who met on this spot some
-Osage Indians, with whom they made a treaty for the right of way for
-the Santa Fe Trail. About 1850 a blacksmith shop and two or three
-traders’ stores were established at Council Grove and this place
-became “the last chance for supplies” for westbound travelers.
-
-     [Illustration: COUNCIL OAK,
-     Under which the Commissioners and Indians met at Council Grove to
-     make their treaty. It is still standing. A Santa Fe marker has
-     been placed beneath its branches.]
-
-=Journeys of Gregg.= We can not get an idea of those days in a better
-way, perhaps, than by following an account of one of the caravans.
-Josiah Gregg, who crossed the prairie eight times, has left a very
-interesting record of his experiences. Many of the following facts are
-taken from his account of the journey of 1831.
-
-=Organization of the Caravan.= For this particular trip there were two
-hundred men and nearly a hundred wagons, with a dozen smaller
-vehicles, and two carriages carrying cannon. The total value of the
-merchandise was about $200,000. For so large an undertaking it was, of
-course, necessary to have some kind of organization. According to
-custom, therefore, they elected officers and adopted a set of rules.
-The head man was the “Captain of the Caravan,” who directed the order
-of travel, selected the camping grounds, and performed many other
-duties of a general nature. The wagons were divided into four groups,
-each group under the charge of a lieutenant, who selected crossings
-and superintended the “forming” of the camp. The men were well armed
-with rifles, shotguns, and an abundant supply of pistols and knives.
-
-=The Starting of the Caravan.= When the time came to start from
-Council Grove the command “Catch up! Catch up!” sounded by the captain
-and passed on to all the groups, started a scene of hurry and uproar
-as the teamsters vied with each other to be first to shout “All’s
-set!” After a period of shouting at animals, the clanking of chains,
-and the rattling of harness and yokes, all were ready. The command
-“Stretch out!” was given, and the line of march began.
-
-     [Illustration: CROSSING THE PLAINS.]
-
-=The Country West of Council Grove.= Council Grove seemed to form the
-western boundary of the very rich, fertile, and well timbered country.
-From here westward the streams were lined with but little timber
-growth, and much of that was cottonwood. The country was mostly
-prairie, with the vegetation gradually becoming more scarce. The
-traders usually lashed under their wagons a supply of logs for needed
-repairs, for Council Grove furnished the last good wood they would
-pass. Westward from Council Grove not a single human habitation, not
-even an Indian settlement, was to be seen along the whole route. It is
-difficult to imagine such a condition in Kansas only eighty years ago.
-
-     [Illustration: NORTH AMERICAN BISON, COMMONLY CALLED BUFFALOES.
-     They were described by Cabeza de Vaca as “crooked-backed oxen.”]
-
-=Buffaloes Sighted.= Soon after leaving Council Grove the traders
-began watching for buffaloes, and when a small herd was sighted it
-created much excitement. About half the men had never seen these
-animals before. All the horsemen rushed toward the herd, and some of
-the drivers even left their teams and followed on foot.
-
-=Pawnee Rock.= After a few more days of travel, during which nothing
-more serious happened than a few false alarms of Indians, they reached
-the Arkansas River. Another day’s travel over a level plain brought
-them in sight of Pawnee Rock, a great rock standing on the plains near
-the Big Bend of the Arkansas, and a landmark known from one end of the
-Trail to the other. The surrounding country was not occupied by any
-tribe of Indians, but was claimed by all of them as a hunting ground,
-for it was a fine pasture for buffaloes. For many years it had been
-the scene of bloody battles between different tribes. The Rock
-afforded an excellent hiding place and retreat. Since the old Trail
-passed within a few yards of it, this became a dreaded spot for the
-traders, for at this point they seldom escaped a skirmish with the
-Indians. The Rock probably received its name from some of the bloody
-deeds of the Pawnees, who were especially connected with these scenes.
-
-     [Illustration: PAWNEE ROCK.]
-
-=Forming Camp.= When the caravan camped at Ash Creek the traders found
-a few old moccasins scattered around and some camp fires still
-burning, which seemed to indicate the near presence of Indians. They
-had, up to this point, marched in two columns, but after crossing
-Pawnee Fork they formed four lines for better protection in case of
-attack. In camp the wagons were arranged in the form of a hollow
-square, each line forming a side. This provided an enclosure for the
-animals when needed, and a fortification against the Indians.
-Ordinarily the camp fires were lighted outside the square, the men
-slept on the ground there, and the animals were picketed near.
-
-=The Caches.= The next important stopping place was The Caches, near
-the present site of Fort Dodge. All that marked this spot from the
-surrounding country was a group of pits in the ground. A number of
-years before, a small party of traders had attempted to go to Santa Fe
-in the fall. By the time they reached the Arkansas River a heavy
-snowstorm forced them to take shelter on a large island, where they
-were kept for three months by the severe winter. During this time most
-of their animals perished. When spring came, having no way to carry
-their goods, they made some caches,[4] where they stored their
-merchandise until they could bring mules to haul it to Santa Fe.
-
-=The Trail Divided into Two Routes.= At Cimarron Crossing the Trail
-divided, and did not reunite until within a few miles of Santa Fe. The
-southern route was shorter, but it meant crossing fifty miles of
-desert before reaching the Cimarron River. In all that stretch of
-level plain there was no trail, nor landmark, nor stream of water.
-Travelers sometimes lost their way in this desert, and unless they had
-prepared for this part of the journey by taking along a sufficient
-supply of water, they perished of thirst.
-
-=An Experience with Indians.= This caravan decided to take the
-southern route. A band of Indians soon appeared, carrying an American
-flag as a token of peace. They talked with the traders by means of
-signs and told them there were immense numbers of Indians ahead. A
-little later a band of warriors appeared and threatened to fight.
-There was great excitement as the caravan prepared for battle and the
-Indians continued to pour over the hills. But there was no fighting,
-for the chief came forward with his “peace pipe,” from which the
-captain took a whiff. The warriors were ordered back to rejoin the
-long train of squaws and papooses who were following with the baggage.
-There were probably three thousand Indians in this party, and they
-moved down into the valley and pitched their wigwams. The traders felt
-sure that since the women and children were along the Indians would
-not be hostile, and they, therefore, formed their camp a few hundred
-yards away. The Indians gathered around to gaze at the wagons, for it
-was probably the first time most of them had ever seen such vehicles.
-Some of them followed to the next camp, and the next day a large
-number of them gathered around the caravan. This sort of thing
-continued until the traders made up a present of fifty or sixty
-dollars’ worth of goods to “seal the treaty of peace.”
-
-=Their First News.= Some days later the caravan met a Mexican buffalo
-hunter. He told the traders the news from Santa Fe, the first they had
-heard since the return of the caravan of the year before. To-day
-Kansas City and Santa Fe are little more than twenty-four hours apart
-by rail, and we read the latest news from both places in the morning
-and evening papers.
-
-=Round Mound.= Round Mound, standing nearly a thousand feet above the
-level of the surrounding plain, in what is now New Mexico, was one of
-the landmarks along the Trail. At that point the caravan had completed
-about three-fourths of the journey to Santa Fe. As they approached the
-Mound some of the party decided to ascend it. They felt certain that
-it could not be more than half a mile away, but they had to go fully
-three miles before reaching it. This remarkable deception in distance
-is characteristic of the West.[5] Nothing of particular note occurred
-from Round Mound to the end of the journey.
-
-=Arrival at Santa Fe.= The arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe was a
-source of excitement for both the traders and the city and was
-celebrated with much festivity. The traders had entered what was in
-those days a foreign country and had to pay duties on their goods at
-the custom house. Then came the business of selling these goods to
-those who had come in from the surrounding country to buy, after which
-the traders, or freighters as they were often called, prepared for the
-long return journey, planning to finish the round trip before the
-winter began. This was but one of many trips made over the Santa Fe
-Trail.
-
-=Travel Across Kansas During the ’40’s.= There was a war between the
-United States and Mexico in 1846-’48. The trouble between the two
-countries checked the Santa Fe trade between the years 1843 and 1850,
-but even under those circumstances there was much travel across Kansas
-during the ’40’s.[6] There were four principal classes of travelers:
-soldiers, emigrants to Oregon, Mormons, and California gold seekers.
-
-=The Soldiers.= The war with Mexico broke out in 1846, and many of the
-United States soldiers were sent to that country by way of the Santa
-Fe Trail. This increased the travel across the prairies.
-
-=The Oregon Settlers.= The remote unsettled region in the Northwest,
-known as Oregon, was soon to become the home of civilized people. In
-1842 wagon trains of emigrants began to undertake the long and weary
-journey to that far-off country. Others soon followed, and during the
-next few years many thousands of people settled in the Oregon country.
-
-=The Mormons.= In those days the Mormon Church had not been long
-established, but their beliefs had brought the Mormons into trouble
-with the people around them and with the Government, and they had been
-forced to move several times. The last time was in 1845, when they
-left Nauvoo, Illinois, and began the long and perilous journey to the
-valley of Great Salt Lake, in which region the main body of them
-remains to-day.
-
-=The “Forty-niners.”= In 1848 a man named James Marshall, who was
-running a sawmill near the present site of Sacramento, California,
-discovered shining particles of gold in the mill race, and it was soon
-found that there were rich gold fields in that part of the country.
-The news spread, not rapidly as it would to-day, for there were no
-railroad or telegraph lines west of the Mississippi River and only a
-few east of it, but within a short time the whole country and even
-Europe had heard of the California gold fields, and people from all
-parts of the world began to make their way to the Pacific coast. Some
-went by water but more of them made the journey overland. Long lines
-of wagons, or prairie schooners as they were called, wound their way
-across the plains and over the mountains to California. It is
-estimated that ninety thousand people passed through Kansas on their
-way to California during the two years 1848 and 1849, a few of them to
-gain wealth, but thousands to be disappointed, and many to perish on
-the way.
-
-=The Oregon Trail.= The Oregon settlers, the Mormons, and the gold
-seekers entered Kansas at or near Atchison, Leavenworth, St. Joseph,
-or Westport, and moved toward the northwest, crossed the border into
-Nebraska, and went on across the mountains. The road worn by this
-westward-moving stream of emigrants was known as the Oregon Trail,
-though it was sometimes called the Mormon Trail, and more often the
-California Road. For two thousand miles the Oregon Trail stretched
-away through an utter wilderness, and every mile of it came to be the
-scene of hardship and suffering, of battle, or of death. It was one of
-the most remarkable highways in history. It had several branches, and
-in many places it followed different routes at different times. The
-largest number of travelers over this Trail entered Kansas at Westport
-and followed for a short distance the Santa Fe Trail. Near the present
-town of Gardner stood a signboard on which were the words, “Road to
-Oregon.” At this point the two historic highways divided. It has been
-said that, “never before nor since has so simple an announcement
-pointed the way to so long and hard a journey.”
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The Santa Fe Trail was a great road about 775 miles long,
-     beginning successively at the Missouri towns, Franklin,
-     Independence, and Westport, and extending westward to Santa
-     Fe. Four hundred miles of its length were in Kansas. Travel
-     began in 1822 for the purpose of trading with Mexico. The
-     first merchandise was carried on pack mules, but wagons
-     began to be used in 1824. The traders experienced much
-     trouble with the Indians, and in 1829 they began going
-     together in big caravans for protection. The gathering place
-     was Council Grove, where they organized and started. A few
-     of the well-known sites along the Trail were Pawnee Rock,
-     Ash Creek, Pawnee Fork, and The Caches. At Cimarron Crossing
-     the Trail divided. The northern branch followed the Arkansas
-     and crossed the mountains over practically the same route as
-     that followed by the Santa Fe Railway to-day. The southern
-     branch was the cut-off across the desert. Another historic
-     highway was the Oregon Trail, sometimes called the Mormon
-     Trail and sometimes the California Road. This Trail crossed
-     the northeast corner of Kansas.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.
-     Parrish, The Great Plains.
-     Pamphlet by Historical Society, Santa Fe Trail.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 42-49.
-     Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II, p. 645.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, p. 54.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VIII, p. 137; vol. IX, p. 552; vol.
-       XII, p. 253-269.
-     Hunt, California the Golden.
-     Aplington, Pilgrims of the Plains. (A novel.)
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. What part of the United States did Mexico own a hundred years
-         ago?
-
-      2. Describe the city of Santa Fe. How did trade first begin with
-         Santa Fe?
-
-      3. Tell about the journey of Captain Becknell.
-
-      4. Discuss the use of pack mules on the Trail. When were wagons
-         first used?
-
-      5. What was the attitude of the Indians and the traders toward
-         each other?
-
-      6. What places were in turn the starting point of the traders?
-
-      7. What supplies were usually taken?
-
-      8. How did Council Grove get its name? Of what importance was the
-         place?
-
-      9. Who was Josiah Gregg?
-
-     10. Describe the organization of the caravan. The starting.
-
-     11. What occurred when buffaloes were sighted?
-
-     12. What is told of Pawnee Rock?
-
-     13. How was camp formed at Ash Creek?
-
-     14. Describe The Caches. How did this place receive its name?
-
-     15. Where did the Trail divide? Describe each route.
-
-     16. What experience did the travelers have with the Indians?
-
-     17. Explain the occurrence at Round Mound.
-
-     18. Describe the arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe.
-
-     19. Discuss the Santa Fe trade during the ’40’s.
-
-     20. Name the classes of travelers who crossed Kansas in the
-        ’40’s, and give an account of each.
-
-     21. Name and describe the trail made by these travelers.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER V
-
-KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY
-
-
-=Kansas Belonged to the Indians.= During the years when the white men
-were traveling back and forth across Kansas they were not making
-settlements here. The country remained in the undisputed possession of
-the Indians. The white men did not want it as yet. They looked upon
-these vast prairies, not as a resource, but as so much land to be
-crossed in reaching places farther west. But changing conditions in
-the states east of the Mississippi River made people begin to look
-upon Kansas in a different light. The country there was becoming
-thickly settled and the people wanted the lands of the eastern
-Indians.
-
-=Removal of Eastern Indians to Kansas.= Soon after the Louisiana
-purchase was made people began to talk of an Indian reserve, of a
-state set aside for the Indians, and it was believed that these
-western prairies would be useful for such a purpose. Nothing definite
-was done, however, until 1825, when the National Government began the
-“removal policy.” The eastern part of Kansas was occupied by two
-tribes of Indians, the Kanzas, or Kaws as they are often called, north
-of the Kansas River, and the Osages south of it. In 1825 the National
-Government made treaties with these two tribes. Under the provisions
-of these treaties each tribe retained only a small part of its
-territory, the rest being ceded to the Government. In return, the
-Indians were to receive certain annual payments and were to be
-supplied with cattle, hogs, and farming implements. The Government was
-also to provide them with blacksmiths and with teachers of
-agriculture. With these two tribes restricted to their reservations, a
-large part of eastern Kansas was left to be apportioned into
-reservations for Indians from the East. In 1830 Congress passed an act
-setting aside an Indian country, which included eastern Kansas. Then
-the removal policy was carried out. Under this arrangement the
-Government made treaties with the various eastern tribes by which they
-gave up their lands in exchange for certain tracts in the Indian
-country. The Shawnees had come in 1825, and during the ten or twelve
-years following 1830 about seventeen tribes were located on
-reservations in Kansas. Among these were the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes,
-Kickapoos, Delawares, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Wyandottes, and
-Miamis. By 1850 there was not a tribe left east of the Mississippi
-River. The Indians had all been moved to these western plains, and no
-white man could settle on any of the reservations without the consent
-of the Indians.
-
-     [Illustration: AN INDIAN IN WAR DRESS.]
-
-=Indians Removed from Kansas.= According to the treaties the Indians
-were promised their land “so long as grass should grow or water run.”
-But it soon developed that the white men wanted Kansas also. In 1854
-we find the tribes being again transferred, this time to the Indian
-Territory, now Oklahoma, where the remnants of the various tribes
-still remain.[7]
-
-Although Kansas was not used during those early years to make homes
-for white settlers, a few hundred people came here. They were of three
-different classes; fur traders, missionaries, and soldiers.
-
-     [Illustration: INDIAN RESERVATIONS IN KANSAS.]
-
-=The Fur Traders.= It is impossible to say when the first hunters and
-trappers came to these western plains, for they were generally obscure
-men and little was known of their comings and goings, but they were
-the real pathfinders of the West. There are records of fur traders
-here in the very early years of the nineteenth century, and they
-gradually went farther and farther into the vast wilderness. The
-streams of travel across Kansas in the ’40’s followed paths that had
-been pointed out by the fur traders.
-
-The fur companies established many trading posts, which served as
-forts for protection against the Indians and as places to which
-hunters and trappers could bring their furs. Some of the hunters and
-trappers were employed by the fur companies, and others worked
-independently.
-
-Many Indians also engaged in this trade, and often they were given
-tobacco, whisky, and weapons in exchange for their furs. In this way
-much of the work of the missionaries was undone. In the earlier years
-the hunters and trappers found many kinds of wild animals in Kansas:
-the buffalo, the wolf, the fox, the deer, the elk, and the antelope,
-and along the streams the beaver, the otter, the mink, and the
-muskrat. Later the main supply of furs came from the mountains, and
-the whole fur trade gradually moved west of what is now Kansas.
-
-     [Illustration: THE INDIAN TEPEE,
-     Made of poles and buffalo hides, was the only home of the
-     wandering tribes, and was used by the other tribes when on
-     hunting trips.]
-
-=Father Padilla, the First Missionary in Kansas.= The attempt to
-civilize the Indian began in the days of the early explorers, and it
-was on Kansas soil that the first missionary’s life was lost in the
-cause. This man was Father Padilla, a Jesuit, who came with Coronado
-on his journey to Quivira. Father Padilla became much interested in
-the Quivira Indians and remained to do missionary work among them. His
-preaching was of short duration, however, for he was soon killed,
-whether by the Quiviras or some other tribe is not known.
-
-=Kansas Missionaries of the Nineteenth Century.= Centuries later, when
-Kansas became a part of the United States and was explored and
-traversed by white men, missionaries were among the first to arrive.
-They came to instruct the Indians in the Christian religion and to
-persuade them to adopt the customs of civilization.
-
-Of the many who came, Rev. Isaac McCoy probably deserves first
-mention. He had spent many years in work among the Indians and
-strongly urged the removal policy. He believed that if they could live
-in a separate state, free from contact with the white race, the
-Indians could be civilized, and he gave his life to this work.
-
-Jotham Meeker and his wife were among the most devoted of the
-missionaries, but there were many others, both men and women, who
-placed the welfare of human beings above mere gain and who endured the
-hardships of life among the savages for the sake of the good they
-might do.
-
-=Missions Established.= As soon as the eastern Indians were removed to
-Kansas a number of missions were established by Baptist, Methodist,
-Presbyterian, Friends, and Catholic churches. The work of the
-missionaries was not confined to religious instruction. Schools were
-established,[8] books were printed, the Indian girls were taught
-cooking and sewing, and the boys were taught farming and such trades
-as blacksmithing and carpentry.
-
-     [Illustration: SHAWNEE MISSION AS FIRST BUILT IN 1830.
-     In 1839 a new location was selected and fine new buildings
-     constructed.]
-
-The most noted mission in Kansas was the one established by the
-Methodist Church for the Shawnee Indians near the present site of
-Kansas City. This mission was opened in 1830 and continued its work
-for more than a quarter of a century. It had a large tract of land and
-good buildings, and maintained a successful school. Rev. Thomas
-Johnson, who took a prominent part in early Kansas affairs, was in
-charge of the mission.
-
-     [Illustration: PAWNEE FLATS AT FORT RILEY.
-     Near the center of the view is the old Pawnee Capitol.]
-
-     [Illustration: PONTOON BRIDGE AT FORT RILEY.]
-
-=The Soldiers.= The third class of people who came to early Kansas was
-the soldiers. Their presence was necessary for the protection of the
-few white people against the Indians. Fort Leavenworth was established
-by the National Government in 1827, as headquarters for the troops.
-This was shortly after the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the
-’40’s this fort was used as a base of supplies for the soldiers of the
-Mexican War, and as an outfitting point for many of the California
-gold seekers and Mormon emigrants. Fort Leavenworth is to-day one of
-the most important of the national forts. A number of other forts were
-established, among them Fort Riley, Fort Dodge, Fort Scott, and Fort
-Hays, but all of these have been abandoned except Fort Riley.
-
-     [Illustration:
-     Above is the Old Wall at Fort Leavenworth. This wall is all that
-     remains of the original Fort. The lower picture is of the Main
-     Parade at Fort Leavenworth at the present time.]
-
-=Population of Pre-territorial Kansas.= Kansas remained in possession
-of the Indians until 1854, when it was organized into a territory.
-With this date a new era began. At this time the white population
-consisted of about twelve hundred people, one half of them soldiers
-and the other half connected with the trading posts and the missions.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     When the country that is now Kansas became a part of the
-     United States it was occupied by four tribes of Indians. In
-     1825 the Kanza and Osage tribes ceded a large part of their
-     lands to the Government and the eastern quarter of the State
-     was made a part of the Indian country by the Act of 1830.
-     Following this a number of eastern tribes were removed to
-     reservations in Kansas, where they remained until Kansas was
-     organized as a territory, in 1854, when they were moved to
-     Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. During these years there was
-     much travel through the State, but up to 1854 the white
-     population numbered only about twelve hundred. These people
-     were of three classes; traders, missionaries, and soldiers.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 50-64.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 58-74.
-     Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. II.
-     Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.
-     Elson, History of the United States, chap. II.
-     Kansas Historical Collections, vol. VIII, pp. 72, 171, 206, 250;
-       vol. IX, p. 565; vol. X, p. 327; vol. XI, p. 333; vol. XII, pp.
-       65, 183.
-     Holloway, History of Kansas, chap. VIII.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, vol. I, pp. 655-703; vol. II, p. 291.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. What use did the white people make of Kansas during the first
-        half of the nineteenth century?
-
-     2. How did the condition of the Indians here differ from that of
-        the Indians in the East?
-
-     3. What was the removal policy? Name some of the Indian tribes
-        brought here. What promise was made them?
-
-     4. Name the three classes of white people who came to Kansas
-        during this period.
-
-     5. Who was Father Padilla? Name some of the missionaries. What
-        work did they do?
-
-     6. Tell of the fur traders and their relations with the Indians.
-
-     7. Why were the soldiers here?
-
-     8. When did Kansas cease to be an Indian country?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VI
-
-KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY
-
-
-=The Year 1854 an Important Date.= The year 1854 is an important one
-in the history of Kansas, for it brings to a close the period during
-which this region was used as a hunting ground by the Indians and
-marks the beginning of its use as a home for white people. The white
-settlers did not come in peace and quiet; the first dozen years
-following 1854 were filled with hatred, struggle, and bloodshed. This
-was brought about by conditions outside of Kansas. As we have seen,
-twenty-five years earlier Kansas was made an Indian territory because
-people in the states wanted the lands of the eastern Indians. In 1854
-a terrible conflict began here because there was a division between
-the North and the South on the question of slavery.
-
-     [Illustration: TERRITORIAL KANSAS.]
-
-=Attitude of the North and the South Toward Slavery.= Slavery had
-existed in the United States since very early colonial days. It had
-not been profitable in the northern states, but in the cotton fields
-of the southern plantations slave labor was in demand, and its use
-after the invention of the cotton gin had increased steadily with the
-passing years. The Northerners had long been opposed to slavery and
-made every effort to keep it from spreading into northern and western
-territory, while the Southerners were just as determined that it
-should flourish and that it should be extended into new territory.
-This difference between the North and the South developed great
-bitterness. Neither side lost any opportunity to take advantage of the
-other, and each was anxious to secure a majority in the Senate in
-order to obtain favorable legislation. This matter was so carefully
-watched that it had long been the custom to keep the “balance of
-power” between the states; that is, to admit free and slave states
-alternately so as to keep the number of proslavery and free-state
-senators balanced. The North, because of its more rapid growth in
-population, had long had a majority in the House.
-
-=The Missouri Compromise, 1820.= Missouri was along the dividing line
-between the North and the South, and when it asked to be admitted to
-the Union there followed a long debate in Congress as to whether it
-should come in slave or free. The question was finally settled by the
-Missouri Compromise, which provided that Missouri might come in as a
-slave state but that all the rest of the territory included in the
-Louisiana Purchase and lying north of 36° 30′, the line forming the
-southern boundary of Missouri, should be forever free. In other words,
-slavery was to be forever excluded from Kansas and the territory lying
-north of it.
-
-=Slavery Trouble Brings on the Civil War.= This was in 1820, about the
-time of the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the years when
-Kansas was an Indian country and was traversed by countless caravans
-the country remained bound by the terms of this compromise. But all
-this time the feeling of animosity between the North and the South was
-growing more intense; northern churches and newspapers denounced the
-evils of slavery, free-state and abolition parties developed,
-thousands of slaves were assisted in making their escape through the
-North to Canada in spite of the strict fugitive slave law, and there
-was bitter strife in Congress between the free-state and the
-slave-state members. The relations between the North and the South
-were becoming more and more strained. The time was rapidly approaching
-when the differences between the two sections were to be settled by a
-great war.
-
-=The Conflict Brought into Kansas in 1854.= The Civil War began in
-1861, the same year in which Kansas became a state; but seven years
-earlier, in 1854, Congress had passed a measure that brought the
-slavery trouble into Kansas and made this state the battle ground in
-the great national struggle over the slavery question.
-
-=The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854.= The measure passed by Congress that
-played such an important part in the history of Kansas and of the
-Nation was known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and was the work of
-Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois. It provided that the two
-territories, Kansas and Nebraska, should be organized, and that the
-question of slavery should be left for the people of each territory to
-decide for themselves. This method of settling the question was known
-as “popular sovereignty.” Because the settlers were often called
-squatters it was frequently called “squatter sovereignty.”
-
-=Reception of the Bill.= Kansas and Nebraska were part of the
-territory which, according to the terms of the Missouri Compromise,
-was to be forever free, but under the Douglas bill they were to become
-either slave or free as the people who settled the territories might
-decide. When this bill was introduced into Congress it raised a storm
-of indignation among those opposed to slavery, and the debate which
-ensued lasted for months. The whole North was aroused and poured forth
-objection and protest, but to no avail. The bill was passed May 30,
-1854.
-
-=Result of the Bill.= The Kansas-Nebraska Bill meant that the Missouri
-Compromise had been repealed and that there was no longer any boundary
-line against slavery. It meant that Kansas and Nebraska were offered
-as prizes to be contended for by the free and the slave states. The
-South said, “You may have Nebraska; Kansas is ours.” The North refused
-to recognize such a division of spoils, and insisted that both
-territories had been carved from free soil and should both come into
-the Union free. Both North and South desired to secure Kansas, and
-each side urged that as many as possible of its own people should
-emigrate to the new Territory. It could scarcely be expected that,
-under such circumstances, Kansas would be left for gradual and
-peaceful settlement. The result was that the scene of strife was
-transferred from Congress to these western prairies, and from that
-time until the admission of the Territory as a state the conflict
-between the forces of freedom and slavery was waged here.
-
-=Indians Removed from Kansas Lands.= It must be remembered that at
-this time Kansas was an Indian country; that many of the eastern
-tribes had given up their lands in exchange for lands here which had
-been promised to them forever. Nevertheless, the Indians were removed
-from Kansas, many of them at once and others more leisurely. They were
-taken to what has since become Oklahoma, where many of them still
-live. In this way room was made for the white settlers to enter
-Kansas.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     For many years there had been bitter feeling between the
-     North and the South on the slavery question. In 1820 the
-     Missouri Compromise was passed. This measure provided that
-     all the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the southern
-     boundary of Missouri, except Missouri itself, should be
-     forever free. This agreement was observed until the passage
-     of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. This bill provided that
-     the settlers of each of these territories should decide
-     whether it was to be made slave or free. Each side was
-     determined to win Kansas, and as a result the slavery
-     struggle was brought here. In order to make room for
-     settlers the Indians were moved to Indian Territory, now
-     known as Oklahoma.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 63-73.
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 2-16.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 81-82.
-     Holloway, History of Kansas, chap. VI.
-     Tuttle, History of Kansas.
-     Larned, History for Ready Reference.
-     Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. III.
-     Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 115; vol. VIII, p. 86.
-     Foster, A History of the United States, pp. 325-329.
-     Muzzey, American History, 379-412.
-     Hodder, Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, in Proceedings
-       of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1912, pp. 69-86.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. Why is 1854 an important date in Kansas history?
-
-     2. What great national question affected Kansas at that time?
-        Explain.
-
-     3. Explain the attitude of the North and the South toward
-        slavery.
-
-     4. What was meant by the “balance of power”?
-
-     5. Give the provisions and the date of the Missouri Compromise.
-        How did this Compromise affect Kansas?
-
-     6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Bill provide? Give the attitude
-        of the North and the South toward it.
-
-     7. How did this Bill affect the Missouri Compromise? What was the
-        result in Kansas?
-
-     8. What was done with the Indians in Kansas?
-
-
-
-
-  THE SONG OF THE KANSAS EMIGRANT
-
-  We cross the prairies as of old
-    The Pilgrims crossed the sea,
-  To make the West as they the East
-    The homestead of the free.
-
-  CHORUS:
-    The homestead of the free, my boys,
-    The homestead of the free,
-    To make the West as they the East
-    The homestead of the free.
-
-  We go to rear a wall of men
-    On Freedom’s southern line
-  And plant beside the cotton tree
-    The rugged northern pine.
-
-  We’re flowing from our native hills,
-    As our free rivers flow;
-  The blessings of our mother-land
-    Is on us as we go.
-
-  We go to plant her common schools
-    On distant prairie swells,
-  And give the Sabbaths of the wild
-    The music of her bells.
-
-  Upbearing like the ark of old,
-    The Bible in her van,
-  We go to test the truth of God
-    Against the fraud of man.
-
-  No pause, nor rest, save where the streams
-    That feed the Kansas run,
-  Save where our pilgrim gonfalon
-    Shall flout the setting sun.
-
-  We’ll tread the prairies as of old
-    Our fathers sailed the sea;
-  And make the West as they the East
-    The homestead of the free.
-
-                           ――JOHN G. WHITTIER.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VII
-
-THE COMING OF THE SETTLERS
-
-
-=Little Known of Kansas in 1854.= Kansas in 1854 was, to most people,
-only a name, a part of the great desert in the Far West, an Indian
-country. Many of those who had crossed it in emigrating to California
-had been impressed with the beauty and richness of the country and had
-written back glowing accounts of it. Some of them had returned from
-the coast, and were now numbered among our early settlers. When its
-organization as a territory brought it into such prominence, knowledge
-of Kansas soon became more general.
-
-=Advantages of the South.= The people of the South felt confident that
-they could make it a slave state, for they had gained many victories
-in Congress, and the President, Franklin Pierce, was in sympathy with
-them. Moreover, they were closer to Kansas than were the northern
-people, and the only state touching Kansas was the slave state
-Missouri.
-
-=Advantages of the North.= The people of the North, however, possessed
-one very important advantage. The population of the South consisted
-largely of plantation owners and their slaves, and it was not an easy
-matter for these men to leave their property or to take it into a new
-and untried country. On the other hand, the North was a land of small
-farms and shops and many laborers. Moreover, there was much foreign
-immigration into the United States in those years, and since the
-employment of slaves left no place in the South for white laborers,
-most of the immigrants entered the northern states, and added to the
-number of those who were ready and anxious to go farther west.
-Consequently many more settlers came into Kansas from the North than
-from the South, but the Southerners tried to overcome this handicap in
-other ways.
-
-=The Coming of the Missourians.= The plan of the South was to use
-Missouri as the stepping-stone to Kansas. Immediately following the
-passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill a number of Missourians came over
-into Kansas and took as claims large tracts of the best lands, in some
-cases not even waiting for the removal of the Indians. Settlers who
-asked for claims were required to build houses and to use the land for
-homes for a certain length of time. While some of the Missourians met
-these requirements, many of them did not come here to live. They
-notched trees, or posted notices, or laid rails on the ground in the
-shape of a house, or in some other way indicated their claims, and
-returned to their homes in Missouri, coming back only to vote or to
-fight when it seemed to them necessary. While in Kansas, however, they
-held a meeting at which it was resolved that: “We recognize slavery as
-always existing in this Territory,” and, “We will afford protection to
-no abolitionists as settlers of Kansas Territory.”
-
-=Handicap to Northern Emigration.= The free-state people could not
-step over a boundary line and be in Kansas. They lived a long way off,
-the trip out here was expensive, and little was known of the new
-Territory. It was a land without homes or towns, churches, schools, or
-newspapers, and the Northerners knew that people would hesitate to
-start to Kansas under all these difficulties.
-
-=The New England Emigrant Aid Company.= So it came about that even
-while the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was pending in Congress a Massachusetts
-man named Eli Thayer had thought out a plan for assisting and
-encouraging the people to undertake the long journey. His plan was to
-form a company for the purpose of inducing and organizing emigration
-to Kansas and reducing the expense and hardship involved. This was not
-to be done as charity, but was to be put on a business basis. Thayer
-aroused public interest in his plan by constant writing and speaking,
-and since the people were ready to listen to whatever promised to aid
-in making Kansas a free state, money enough was soon raised to
-organize a company, called the New England Emigrant Aid Company. It
-gathered and published information concerning the new country and
-organized emigrants into large parties in order to make the journey
-more pleasant, to reduce expense, and to lessen danger. Competent
-guides were sent with the parties. The company established schools,
-newspapers, mills, hotels, and other improvements that tended to
-lessen the hardships of the pioneers and to further the development of
-the new Territory. Several similar organizations were formed, but none
-of them was so well known nor so efficient as the New England Emigrant
-Aid Company.
-
-=Work of the Emigrant Aid Companies.= Hundreds of people came here
-under the management of these companies, but probably the greatest
-service the companies performed was that of giving an immense amount
-of publicity and advertising to Kansas. Newspapers were filled with
-descriptions of the loveliness, the fertility, and the future
-greatness of the new Territory, and people were urged to go to Kansas
-at once, both to secure the advantages of the country and to help in
-saving it from slavery. In this way interest and enthusiasm were
-aroused over the whole North, but for every one who came in one of the
-emigrant aid parties there were many who came independently,
-especially from the states farther west than New England――Pennsylvania,
-Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa.
-
-=Southern Organizations.= The organizations in the North aroused much
-bitter feeling in the South, and a reward was offered for the capture
-of Eli Thayer. The South soon formed organizations too, some of them
-being known as Blue Lodges, Social Bands, and Sons of the South.
-
-=The Coming of the Free-state Settlers.= As has been stated, the
-Missourians came into Kansas immediately after the passage of the
-Kansas-Nebraska Bill on May 30, but the free-state people were not far
-behind, for on the first day of August, just two months later, the
-first party of emigrants sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid
-Company reached the Territory. Even these were not the first
-free-state men to arrive; a few who had come independently were
-already here.
-
-=The First Party of Settlers.= This first party consisted of only
-twenty-nine men. It had been organized with some difficulty, for
-coming to Kansas was looked upon as a dangerous undertaking. Hundreds
-of people gathered to bid these men farewell as they started on their
-long journey to take part in the great conflict between freedom and
-slavery. There were many who would not have been surprised had the
-whole party been murdered on their arrival in Kansas, but when nothing
-of the kind happened others took courage and more parties soon
-followed.
-
-     [Illustration: EARLY KANSAS CITY.]
-
-=They Reach the Present Site of Lawrence.= The pioneer party reached
-St. Louis by railroad, where they boarded a steamboat and came up the
-Missouri River to Kansas City, then a town of only three or four
-hundred people. There they purchased an ox team to transport their
-baggage, and on Saturday evening set out on foot into Kansas. By
-Tuesday noon they reached the present site of Lawrence, where they
-pitched their tents on a big flat-topped hill. To-day the great
-buildings of the University of Kansas stand on this hill, which is
-still called Mount Oread,[9] the name given it by this first party of
-pioneers. The weather was extremely hot; a drouth had parched the
-earth and prairie fires had destroyed the grass, but the pioneers were
-not discouraged. They staked out claims in the surrounding country and
-began preparations for the future.
-
-=The Second Party Arrives.= In a short time the second party arrived.
-It was under the direction of Dr. Charles Robinson and Samuel C.
-Pomeroy, who were leaders in the free-state cause during the whole
-Territorial struggle. This party was much larger, and part of its
-members were women and children. The town was now laid out, organized,
-and named Lawrence.[10] On the arrival of this party a boarding house
-was established by two of the women. It was thus described by a writer
-of that time: “In the open air, on some logs of wood, two rough boards
-were laid across for a table, and on washtubs, kegs, and blocks the
-boarders were seated around it.” A short time later a hotel was
-opened. It was constructed by driving into the ground two long rows of
-poles, which were brought together at the top and the sides thatched
-with prairie grass. The ends were made of cotton cloth, and the
-building resembled the “stray roof of a huge warehouse.”
-
-=Getting Ready for the First Winter.= The people lived in tents and
-houses of thatch through the summer and fall, but in the meantime all
-were busy getting log cabins ready for the winter. By the time winter
-had come a number of things had been accomplished: a sawmill was
-running, churches had been organized, two newspapers had been
-established, and Lawrence had been granted a post office with mail
-from Kansas City three times a week. The population was about four
-hundred. Many of the cabins still had cloth doors and were without
-floors, and altogether the people had all they could do to take care
-of themselves through the winter. When two more parties of emigrants
-arrived at the beginning of winter the task became much more
-difficult.
-
-=The Actual Settlers’ Association.= Besides the work of building homes
-and developing the town, there was much to occupy the minds of the
-pioneers. Missourians had taken claims over much of the eastern part
-of the Territory. While some proslavery settlers had come to make
-homes, just as the free-state settlers had, most of those who had
-taken claims were really living in Missouri. When the first party came
-to Lawrence, the members bought out the claims where they located
-their town; later other claimants appeared, and there was much trouble
-over the title to the land. The same kind of trouble arose in regard
-to the land taken by many free-state settlers outside of Lawrence. It
-became a common occurrence for a Missourian to come over and lay claim
-to some free-state man’s land and warn him to leave the Territory.
-This caused the formation of the Actual Settlers’ Association, which
-helped to adjust such difficulties.
-
-     [Illustration: THE FIRST HOUSE IN TOPEKA.]
-
-=Other Towns.= Lawrence was not the only place in the Territory that
-was settled before the close of the first winter. People were coming
-in from north, east, and south, settling on claims and starting other
-towns. The principal proslavery towns were Leavenworth, Atchison, and
-Lecompton. Free-state towns were Lawrence, Topeka, Osawatomie, and
-Manhattan. Leavenworth and Atchison were both founded by people from
-Missouri, and, since they were on the Missouri River, came to be
-outfitting points for travelers over the California and Salt Lake
-Trails. Lecompton, on the Kansas River, not far from Lawrence, soon
-became the headquarters of the proslavery people, and for several
-years was the Territorial capital. Topeka was founded with the hope of
-its becoming the capital of Kansas. Osawatomie soon became an
-important free-state center. Manhattan, on the Kansas River at the
-mouth of the Big Blue, was for the first few months called Boston. On
-the arrival of a party of seventy-five people from Cincinnati, Ohio,
-the name was changed to Manhattan. This party made the entire trip
-from Cincinnati to Manhattan by boat.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     When Kansas Territory was organized little was known of it,
-     but, because it was wanted by both the North and the South,
-     knowledge of Kansas spread rapidly. The South had the
-     support of every branch of the National Government and the
-     added advantage that the only State touching Kansas was
-     proslavery. The advantage of the North lay in the fact that
-     it had a much larger number of people who were free to move
-     to a new country. The proslavery Missourians came in at once
-     and took claims. A few free-state people came within a
-     month, and in two months the emigrant aid parties began to
-     arrive. The fact that many Missourians had staked out claims
-     and gone back home led to numerous claim disputes and caused
-     the organization of the Actual Settlers’ Association. By the
-     time winter had come four emigrant aid parties had arrived
-     at Lawrence, many settlers were living on their claims, and
-     several towns had been started by each side.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 29-40.
-     Brooks, The Boy Settlers.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 71-78.
-     Thayer, The Kansas Crusade.
-     Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps. II-IV.
-     Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life.
-     Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. IV.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 90; vol. IX, p. 144.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. When was Kansas organized as a territory? In what ways had
-         the people gained any knowledge of Kansas up to this time?
-         Why did Kansas soon become well known?
-
-      2. What advantages did the South have in the effort to win
-         Kansas? The North?
-
-      3. Contrast the manner of life in the North and the South in
-         those days. What do you know of the conditions to-day?
-
-      4. Why did Missouri play an important part in early Kansas
-         affairs? Explain how Missourians took claims.
-
-      5. Why did the North organize emigrant aid companies? What was
-         the chief company? What did it do? Did all the Kansas settlers
-         come under the management of these companies?
-
-      6. What was the attitude of the South toward these
-         organizations?
-
-      7. When did the first emigrant aid party arrive? Tell of their
-         journey; their settlement. Were they the first free-state
-         settlers to arrive?
-
-      8. Give an account of the second party. Tell something of the
-         way they lived. What had been accomplished by the time winter
-         set in?
-
-      9. What was the Actual Settlers’ Association? Why was it formed?
-
-     10. Name several persons connected with this period of Kansas
-         history, and tell something of each.
-
-     11. Name and locate some of the towns settled during this period.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER VIII
-
-THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT
-
-
-=The Government of a Territory.= When a territory is organized it must
-be provided with a government. The people in a territory may not elect
-their officers as in a state; they may elect a legislature and a
-delegate to Congress, but the governor, secretary, judges, and certain
-other officers are appointed by the President.
-
-=The First Territorial Governor.= In October, 1854, there arrived in
-Kansas the first Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, who, although
-he was known to favor slavery, was heartily welcomed by all the
-people. That he might become familiar with conditions in the
-Territory, Governor Reeder made a tour of inspection shortly after his
-arrival. Although this was but little more than four months after the
-opening of the Territory, he found a number of settlements scattered
-over eastern Kansas. Towns were springing up, and the prairies were
-dotted with the tents and cabins of the pioneers. Several thousand
-people had arrived by this time, some of them free-state and some
-proslavery. The proslavery settlers had brought a few slaves. There
-were also many Indians here, for only a part of the tribes had as yet
-been removed.
-
-=The First Election Called.= On his return from his tour of
-observation, which had included the most remote settlements, as far
-west as Council Grove and Fort Riley, Governor Reeder issued a
-proclamation for the first election to be held in Kansas. The date was
-set for November 29, at which time a delegate to Congress was to be
-chosen.
-
-=Interest in the Election.= The settlers were all busily engaged in
-building cabins and otherwise providing for the coming of winter, and
-since this election was not deemed of much importance they took little
-interest in it. This was not the case, however, with the Missourians,
-and at this first election, under the leadership of their Senator, D.
-R. Atchison, they gave an exhibition of the methods by which they
-expected to control Kansas.
-
-=Election Day, November 29, 1854.= On the day before election the Blue
-Lodge voters began to cross the border into Kansas. They came well
-armed, and organized into companies, each of which went to a polling
-place. They came to vote, and they voted. There were so many of them
-that they were able to outnumber the legal voters in many of the
-precincts where they took possession of the polls. Election judges who
-refused to accept their votes were removed and judges of their own
-installed.[11]
-
-=The Result.= Of course the proslavery delegate was overwhelmingly
-elected. He would probably have been elected had the Missourians
-stayed at home, for up to this time a majority of the settlers outside
-of Lawrence favored slavery. The result of this unfair election was to
-renew the excitement in the North at such a working out of the
-principle of “popular sovereignty.” But the free-state pioneers were
-not to be discouraged. They continued, during the winter, their home
-building, their preparations for the spring cultivation, and the
-securing of titles to their land.
-
-=The Second Election, March 30, 1855.= The first event of importance
-in the new year was the taking of the census of the Territory in the
-spring. It showed a total population of 8601, about 3000 of whom were
-voters. A little later a date was set for the election of a
-Territorial Legislature. Since this body of men would make the laws
-for the Territory, there was no lack of interest among the settlers in
-this election. It was well understood that the Missourians were
-expecting to vote again. Money was being raised and men hired to march
-into Kansas on election day. They came, fully five thousand of them,
-armed with pistols, guns, and bowie-knives, and marched to the
-different polling places. They did not pretend to be residents of
-Kansas, but boasted that they were from Missouri. They were disorderly
-and dangerous, and in many cases drove the legal voters from the
-polls. Not more than half of the 3000 rightful voters cast ballots in
-this election, but the count showed that more than 6000 ballots were
-cast.
-
-=The “Bogus Legislature.”= The whole thing had been so openly
-fraudulent that the free-state people demanded that the Governor set
-aside this election and call a new one. The Missourians threatened his
-life if this were done. When the day came for deciding the question,
-the men who had been fraudulently elected gathered in the Governor’s
-office, armed and defiant. The Governor and a number of his friends
-who were there to protect him were also armed. Bitter discussion
-ensued, but there was no fighting. Contests had not been filed against
-all of the men elected. Governor Reeder decided to recognize the
-election except where sufficient proof of fraud was shown. In these
-cases he threw out the returns and ordered another election. The
-proslavery men took no part in the new election, and a number of
-free-state men were chosen to the Legislature. When the Legislature
-met, the proslavery majority promptly unseated these free-state
-members and recognized the men first elected. This gave the Territory
-an entirely proslavery legislature. It was called by the free-state
-people the “Bogus Legislature.” The proslavery leaders were B. F.
-Stringfellow and D. R. Atchison, both of whom lived in Missouri but
-took an active part in Kansas affairs. Senator Atchison said, “We wish
-to make Kansas in all respects like Missouri.” So they adopted the
-whole body of Missouri laws, and added a series of slave laws that
-were probably the most severe of any ever enacted in the United
-States.
-
-=The First Legislature, at Pawnee, July, 1855.= The Governor chose
-Pawnee as the place where the Legislature should meet. Pawnee was a
-new town on the Kansas River, within the present bounds of the Fort
-Riley military reservation. Since it was west of nearly all the
-settlements, the members had to make long journeys to reach it. Both
-because of the inconvenience of location and because the proslavery
-members desired to be nearer the Missouri border, the Legislature
-remained in session at Pawnee only five days, just long enough to
-unseat the free-state members and to pass an act removing the seat of
-government temporarily to Shawnee Mission. All that remains of Pawnee
-to-day is the old stone building that was erected for a capitol.
-
-=The Removal of Governor Reeder.= Governor Reeder had refused to
-accede to all the demands of the proslavery people, and had fallen
-into disfavor with them. When he refused to sign some of their
-measures they petitioned the President for his removal, which soon
-followed. Governor Reeder’s administration had lasted through less
-than a year of these troublous times. In the summer of 1855, with the
-Territory little more than a year old, the people were divided into
-two bitter factions, proslavery and free-state, with the proslavery
-people congratulating themselves upon being rid of a Governor they
-could not control, upon having the support of the President, and upon
-having a Legislature unanimously proslavery. Daniel Woodson, the
-Territorial Secretary, who now became Acting Governor, approved the
-acts of the proslavery Legislature.
-
-=Gloomy Outlook for the Free-state People.= These were dark days for
-the free-state people; they had no hand in the Government and no
-recognition in the laws of the Territory. They were denounced,
-misrepresented, and ridiculed. To add to the gloom of the situation,
-the new Territorial Governor, Wilson Shannon, at first entirely
-ignored the existence of free-state citizens. No community could obey
-the slave laws passed by the “Bogus Legislature” without becoming
-proslavery. But the free-state people had no intention of becoming
-proslavery; they had no intention of giving up the struggle. They
-found themselves confronted with the question of what was to be done.
-It was a very grave situation.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The first Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, arrived in
-     October, 1854. After a tour of inspection, he called an
-     election to choose a Territorial delegate to Congress.
-     Although there were probably enough proslavery settlers to
-     carry the election, the Missourians, to make sure, came over
-     in force, and elected their candidate with an overwhelming
-     majority. Another election was called in March to choose
-     members of a Territorial Legislature. The Missourians came
-     again, and although the census had shown but 3000 voters in
-     Kansas there were twice that number of ballots cast. On
-     proof of fraud Governor Reeder threw out the contested
-     returns and free-state men were elected, but when the
-     Legislature met the proslavery majority unseated them and
-     recognized those first elected. Pawnee was chosen by the
-     Governor as the Territorial capital, but after five days the
-     Legislature adjourned to Shawnee Mission. The measures
-     passed were entirely in the interest of slavery. Although
-     Governor Reeder came to Kansas favoring slavery, he did not
-     approve of the methods of the proslavery people. He was
-     removed in July, 1855. He was replaced by Wilson Shannon,
-     who was in full sympathy with slavery interests. Every
-     condition was unfavorable to the free-state people at this
-     time.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Spring, Kansas, chap. IV.
-     Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps, VI, VII.
-     Holloway, History of Kansas, chaps, XII, XIII, XVII.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 87-101.
-     Connelley, Kansas Territorial Governors.
-     Historical Collections, vol. V, p. 163; vol. VII, p. 361;
-       vol. VIII, p. 227.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 79-87.
-     Hodder, Government of Kansas, pp. 5-13.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. How is a Territory governed?
-
-      2. Who was the first Territorial Governor of Kansas? How long
-         did he serve? What was his attitude toward slavery?
-
-      3. What were the conditions in Kansas when the first Governor
-         arrived? How far west did settlements reach at that time?
-
-      4. When was the first election held? What was its purpose? Give
-         an account of it.
-
-      5. When was the first census taken and what did it show?
-
-      6. What was the purpose of the second election? Give an account
-         of it.
-
-      7. Why was the “Bogus Legislature” so called? Where did it meet?
-         What did it do?
-
-      8. Who were some of the proslavery leaders?
-
-      9. Why were these “dark days” for the free-state people?
-
-     10. Who was the new Territorial Governor? With which side did he
-         sympathize?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER IX
-
-RIVAL GOVERNMENTS IN KANSAS
-
-
-=The Free-state Plan.= The free-state people decided to ignore the
-proslavery government, and since they were really made outlaws by the
-“Bogus Legislature” they organized another government and sought the
-admission of Kansas as a state. To accomplish this it was necessary to
-draw up a state constitution, which must be approved by the people of
-the Territory and by Congress.
-
-=Free-state Leaders.= A number of meetings were held for the purpose
-of getting the free-state people interested and willing to work
-together. The leaders in these efforts were Dr. Charles Robinson, of
-Lawrence, ex-Governor Reeder, who had come back to Kansas as a
-tireless worker in the free-state cause, and James H. Lane, a man of
-much experience, who had recently come to Kansas. Lane became one of
-the most radical of free-state men and played an important part in
-Kansas affairs for many years.
-
-     [Illustration: JAMES H. LANE.]
-
-=The Topeka Constitution, 1855.= In the fall of 1855 a convention was
-held at Topeka, and a state constitution which said, “There shall be
-no slavery in this State,” was drawn up. When a little later the
-Topeka Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people it carried
-by an immense majority. Only free-state people voted, of course, for
-the proslavery people did not recognize any of these acts as having
-any force. Later in the winter state officers were elected under the
-Constitution, Dr. Charles Robinson being made Governor and James H.
-Lane a United States Senator. In the spring of 1856 the Constitution
-was sent to Congress with a request that Kansas be admitted to the
-Union, but the bill making Kansas a state failed to pass.
-
-=The Wakarusa War, 1855.= These were not the only events occurring in
-the Territory. It had become evident early in the fall of 1855 that
-with the people divided into these two groups, each governing itself
-and denying the authority of the other, there would be a conflict. The
-proslavery people had committed several outrages that added to the
-irritation of the free-state people, but the real trouble came with
-the murder of a free-state man. This brought on what was called the
-Wakarusa War.
-
-=The Beginning of the Trouble.= A proslavery man named Coleman shot
-and killed a young free-state man named Dow. This occurred about ten
-miles south of Lawrence. Coleman then fled to Westport, Missouri,
-where he appealed for protection to a man named Jones, who, although
-he lived in Missouri and was the postmaster at Westport, had been
-appointed by the “Bogus Legislature” as sheriff of Douglas County.
-Jones was a border ruffian of the lowest and most dangerous type, and
-had made himself obnoxious to the free-state people by his leadership
-in the fraudulent elections.
-
-=The Arrest of Branson.= In the meantime a friend of Coleman declared
-that his life was threatened by Jacob Branson, an old man with whom
-young Dow had made his home. Thereupon Sheriff Jones arrested Branson,
-but a party of free-state men, indignant because of such high-handed
-proceedings, rescued him and took him to Lawrence.
-
-=Proslavery Hatred of Lawrence.= Of all the settlements in Kansas,
-Lawrence was the most hated by the proslavery people, for it was the
-hotbed of free-state principles and the gathering place of those who
-scorned the Territorial Legislature. There had come to be a general
-proslavery conviction that nothing less than the destruction of this
-town could bring them peace and safety.
-
-=Sheriff Jones Gathers an Army.= Lawrence had nothing to do with any
-of this trouble with the sheriff, but when the rescued Branson was
-taken there it gave the enemy an excuse to threaten the destruction of
-the town. When his prisoner was taken from him, Jones sent a call to
-Missouri for help and asked Governor Shannon for three thousand men to
-“carry out the laws.” The result was that fifteen hundred Missourians
-assembled for the destruction of Lawrence, and camped on the banks of
-the Wakarusa River about three miles south of the town.
-
-=Lawrence Prepares for Defense.= Meanwhile, although Branson and his
-rescuers had left Lawrence and there was not a man in the town for
-whom Jones had a warrant, his army continued to gather, and Lawrence
-prepared for defense. The surrounding settlers came in and the six
-hundred men built fortifications and drilled.
-
-=End of the Wakarusa War.= The army of Jones, “an unwashed, braggart,
-volcanic multitude,” was living off the surrounding country, rifling
-cabins and stealing horses and cattle. The people of Lawrence were
-feeling the burden of the siege also, for with the large number of
-those who had come in from the outside their supplies were being
-rapidly exhausted. Finally two men succeeded in getting through the
-lines of the enemy and reaching the Governor, who was being deceived
-about conditions. Governor Shannon then came to Lawrence, and,
-learning how things really were, took an active part in arranging a
-treaty between the opposing forces, and, to the disgust and
-disappointment of Sheriff Jones, dispersed the proslavery army.
-Without battle or bloodshed, what has since been known as the Wakarusa
-War was over.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     Instead of submitting to the proslavery Territorial
-     Government, the free-state people decided to set up another
-     government. They held a convention at Topeka and drew up a
-     constitution prohibiting slavery. This constitution was
-     adopted by the free-state people of the Territory, and then
-     sent to Congress with a request that Kansas be admitted to
-     the Union. The bill failed to pass. These rival governments
-     within the Territory brought on the Wakarusa War, the
-     principal events of which were as follows: Coleman shot Dow
-     and fled to Jones, sheriff of Douglas County, for
-     protection. Jones arrested Dow’s friend Branson, who was
-     rescued by free-state men and taken to Lawrence, the town
-     most hated by the proslavery people. Jones then gathered an
-     army of Missourians for the purpose of destroying Lawrence.
-     While both sides were preparing for the struggle, two
-     free-state men succeeded in reaching Governor Shannon, who
-     came to Lawrence, and, on learning the real condition,
-     succeeded in arranging a treaty of peace, and dispersed the
-     proslavery army.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 88-92.
-     Spring, Kansas.
-     Holloway, History of Kansas.
-     Tuttle, History of Kansas.
-     Gihon, Geary and Kansas.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 101-120.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 291; vol. VII, p. 521; vol.
-       IX, p. 540; vol. X, p. 457.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. Explain what is meant by “rival governments in Kansas.”
-
-     2. What was the purpose of the Topeka Constitution?
-
-     3. Was Kansas admitted under this Constitution?
-
-     4. Who was Charles Robinson? James H. Lane?
-
-     5. What event brought on the Wakarusa War? Why was it so named?
-
-     6. Name five persons connected with this war, and tell something
-        of each.
-
-     7. What did Lawrence have to do with the trouble?
-
-     8. Give the events of the Wakarusa War. How was it ended?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER X
-
-THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE
-
-
-=The Severe Winter of 1855-’56.= The Wakarusa War closed in December,
-1855. This second winter proved to be an exceedingly severe one, and
-many of the settlers were not sufficiently protected against the
-sudden and intense cold. Most of the houses were hastily constructed,
-one-room log buildings, many of them with dirt floors, and windows and
-doors of cotton cloth. The storms drifted into these cabins through
-numberless chinks and cracks in roof and walls. One of the pioneers,
-writing of that winter, says: “At times, when the winds were bleakest,
-we went to bed as the only escape from freezing. More than once we
-awoke in the morning to find six inches of snow in the cabin. To get
-up, to make one’s toilet under such circumstances, was not a very
-comfortable performance. Often we had little to eat; the wolf was
-never far from our door during that hard winter of 1855-’56.”
-
-=Preparations for Hostilities.= The struggle of the pioneers with the
-hardships of winter closed hostilities for a while, but it soon became
-evident that the Missourians were preparing more extensively than ever
-to invade Kansas, destroy Lawrence, and drive the free-state people
-from the Territory, or force them to recognize the proslavery
-Territorial Government. The free-state people began to gather stores
-and ammunition and to send calls to the northern states for men and
-money to meet the situation.
-
-     [Illustration: TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS.
-     WILSON SHANNON
-     ANDREW H. REEDER     JOHN W. GEARY
-     JAMES W. DENVER
-     ROBT. J. WALKER     SAMUEL MEDARY]
-
-=The Sacking of Lawrence, May 21, 1856.= A number of minor conflicts
-occurred. Sheriff Jones was wounded, a young free-state man named
-Barber was killed, and then came the long feared attack upon Lawrence.
-From the beginning the policy of the free-state people had been to
-avoid conflict wherever possible. On this occasion they made every
-attempt to conciliate and to pacify the attacking force, but in vain.
-As the proslavery leaders rode through the town they were invited to
-dinner by Mr. Eldridge, the proprietor of the new $20,000 hotel built
-by the Emigrant Aid Company. They accepted the invitation, and in the
-afternoon the mob completely demolished the hotel. They threw the two
-printing presses of the town into the river, ransacked stores and
-houses, taking whatever they wanted, and before leaving town burned
-Governor Robinson’s home. The financial loss to Lawrence and the
-surrounding country was heavy. Though the people had been oppressed
-and outraged they had not been conquered. By offering no resistance
-they had robbed the affair of any possible justification in the eyes
-of the world.
-
-     [Illustration: JOHN BROWN.]
-
-=John Brown.= There was one who bitterly opposed this policy of
-nonresistance, who believed that the way to meet the situation was to
-fight. This was John Brown, a tall, gaunt, grizzled old man who had
-come to Kansas a few weeks before the sacking of Lawrence. Five sons
-had preceded him and had settled near Osawatomie. John Brown came, not
-to aid his sons in their pioneer struggles, nor to make a home for
-himself, but because it seemed to him an opportunity to strike a blow
-at slavery. He hated slavery with an intensity that knew no bounds,
-and he gave all of his mind and energy to warfare against it.
-
-=The Pottawatomie Massacre, May 24, 1856.= The sacking of Lawrence
-roused him to a high pitch of excitement. He believed that this
-outrage should be avenged, and determined to strike a blow, to return
-violence for violence. With a party of seven or eight men, including
-four of his sons, he made a night trip down Pottawatomie Creek where a
-number of proslavery settlers lived. Five of these settlers were
-called out of their houses and killed.
-
-=Beginning of Four Months of Violence.= This kind of warfare was not
-in accordance with the plans or purposes of the leaders of the
-free-state movement, and was not approved by them. News of the awful
-affair spread rapidly through the Territory and created wild
-excitement. The Pottawatomie massacre was followed by a period of
-nearly four months of violence on both sides.
-
-=Both Sides Arm for War.= A band of border ruffians gathered to wreak
-vengeance on those who had taken the lives of the proslavery settlers
-of Pottawatomie Creek. The battle of Black Jack resulted, in which the
-border ruffians were defeated by John Brown and his men. The Missouri
-border hurriedly gathered more forces and marched a well-armed body of
-men into Kansas. The free-state men had been busy, too, and on June 5
-the Missourians were met by a band of armed free-state Kansas
-settlers.
-
-=Armies Dispersed by the Governor.= This alarming state of affairs
-aroused Governor Shannon and he at once ordered both sides to
-disperse. The free-state army disbanded, but the Missourians obeyed
-sullenly, and on their way back to Missouri they committed a number of
-depredations, and pillaged Osawatomie, which they hated because it was
-the home of John Brown.
-
-=Free-state Help from Northern States.= The North was deeply stirred
-by the calamities endured by the free-state people in Kansas. Although
-practically all of the free-state newspapers here had been closed or
-destroyed, the papers in the northern and eastern states were filled
-with narrations of the hardships, robberies, and murders that had
-befallen antislavery settlers in the Territory. The Kansas troubles
-were discussed from the pulpit, and the great preacher, Henry Ward
-Beecher, advised sending rifles to Kansas and pledged his church for a
-definite number. The men thus sent out armed with Bibles and rifles
-were sometimes called “The Rifle Christians.” Public meetings were
-addressed by men fresh from Kansas, among them ex-Governor Reeder, S.
-N. Wood, and James H. Lane. Much sympathy was aroused for the
-suffering free-state settlers. Large sums of money were raised, and
-companies of men were organized to take part in the Territorial
-contest. The movement swept over the states from Boston to the
-Northwest.[12] “Societies of semi-military cast, no less willing to
-furnish guns than groceries, sprang up as if by magic, and
-overshadowed the earlier, more pacific organizations.” As a result of
-these agitations a stream of migration moved toward Kansas during the
-spring and summer of 1856. Every party came prepared for defense, and
-many brought with them a goodly stock of provisions. One writer says
-of the immigrants, “There were fewer women and children, less
-house-luggage, fewer agricultural implements; more men, more arms,
-more ammunition.”
-
-=Missouri River Closed to Free-state Immigration.= These activities of
-the North were viewed with alarm by the proslavery leaders. They
-believed that this inflow of free-state settlers must be checked or it
-would end all hope of making Kansas a slave state. One of the most
-important of the measures they adopted for this purpose was the
-closing of the Missouri River to free-state immigration. They
-overhauled the steamboats and seized merchandise and arms that were
-being sent to free-state people, and they arrested and turned back all
-travelers whom they believed to be unfriendly to the South. All
-overland immigrants received similar treatment as soon as they touched
-Missouri soil.
-
-=New Route to Kansas.= Although this policy occasioned the northern
-people considerable loss and much inconvenience, it did not check the
-movement toward Kansas. It simply meant that the immigrants came
-through Iowa and Nebraska, entering Kansas from the north.
-
-The Southerners also appealed to their people and money was raised and
-men were sent to Kansas, but the response was not to be compared with
-that of the North.
-
-=A Condition of Lawlessness.= While these things were going on, Kansas
-was becoming more and more lawless. It would be hard to say which side
-surpassed the other in misdeeds. A number of free-state leaders,
-including Dr. Robinson, were held at Lecompton during the summer as
-prisoners on a charge of treason. The free-state people were irritated
-by the loss of money, supplies, and mail, through the Missouri
-blockade. Bands of armed proslavery men guarded the roads out of
-Topeka and Lawrence, so that these towns were really in a state of
-siege. These guards lived on supplies taken from the surrounding
-settlers, and cut off supplies sent to the towns so that food became
-very scarce, especially at Lawrence, where the chief article of diet
-for some time was ground oats. Meanwhile, supplies were reaching the
-proslavery towns, Tecumseh, Lecompton, and Franklin, without
-hindrance. It was evident to the free-state people that their enemies
-expected to starve them out of the Territory, and they were stirred to
-retaliate. The free-state guerrillas again began their work of seizing
-the supplies of proslavery settlers and merchants. This was kept up
-until many of the proslavery people were completely impoverished.
-
-=The “Army of the North.”= About the first of August a report that
-Lane was coming with the “Army of the North” spread over the
-Territory. James H. Lane was one of the free-state men who had been in
-the northern states, addressing meetings and raising men and money. He
-was a very eloquent speaker and had influenced many to come to Kansas.
-The “Army of the North” consisted of several hundred men, women, and
-children, most of whom had come to make homes for themselves. This
-army was a combination of several parties that had united to come into
-Kansas over the new route through Iowa and Nebraska. Lane was with the
-party, but only a small number were armed or had been gathered by him.
-
-=A Proslavery Army Gathers.= The proslavery leaders began to rally
-their men along the border. The following sentences are taken from one
-of the calls they published: “Lane’s men have arrived! Civil war is
-begun! And we call on all who are not prepared to see their friends
-butchered, to be themselves driven from their homes, to rally to the
-rescue.” A large number of men soon gathered on the border, anxiously
-awaiting permission to move into Kansas; but as Governor Shannon had
-dispersed the Missouri army a few weeks earlier, he now refused to
-issue orders for the new army to move into the Territory.
-
-=Governor Shannon Resigns.= About this time Governor Shannon resigned.
-He had so displeased the proslavery people that he was compelled to
-flee for his life under cover of night. Daniel Woodson, Secretary of
-the Territory, now became Acting Governor until the new Governor
-should arrive. As he was in full sympathy with proslavery interests he
-opened the Territory to the Missouri invasion. Woodson’s power lasted
-only three weeks, but they were the darkest days that Kansas had
-experienced.
-
-=The Burning of Osawatomie.= The proslavery army moved into Kansas.
-The Pottawatomie massacre had not been forgotten, and when this army
-reached Osawatomie, “the headquarters of old Brown,” they attacked the
-town. John Brown had only forty-one men, and so thoroughly did the
-enemy do their work this time that only four cabins escaped burning.
-
-=Arrival of Governor Geary, September, 1856.= At this time the new
-Territorial Governor, John W. Geary, arrived. Governor Geary described
-the situation that he found on his arrival in the following words: “I
-reached Kansas and entered upon the discharge of my official duties in
-the most gloomy hour of her history. Desolation and ruin reigned on
-every hand; homes and firesides were deserted; the smoke of burning
-dwellings darkened the atmosphere; women and children, driven from
-their habitations, wandered over the prairies and among the woodlands,
-or sought refuge even among the Indian tribes. The highways were
-infested with numerous predatory bands, and the towns were fortified
-and garrisoned by armies of conflicting partisans, each excited almost
-to frenzy, and determined upon mutual extermination. Such was, without
-exaggeration, the condition of the Territory at the period of my
-arrival.”
-
-=Conditions in the Territory.= In the meantime the big body of armed
-Missourians was moving forward and the proslavery settlers were
-gathering in answer to a call that closed with these words: “Then let
-every man who can bear arms be off to the war again. Let it be the
-third and last time. Let the watchword be, ‘Extermination, total and
-complete,’” The free-state people were scattered, unorganized, and but
-scantily supplied with arms and provisions, and were therefore in no
-condition to meet such a force. Fortunately, the new Governor, whose
-policy was that of fair play, at once ordered all bodies of armed men
-to disband.
-
-=Preparations for the Defense of Lawrence.= The Missourians, however,
-continued to move toward Lawrence. The Governor then took some United
-States troops and went to Lawrence, which he found in an almost
-defenseless condition. The town was poorly fortified, with few
-provisions and not more than ten rounds of ammunition. Even the women
-and children were armed. There were not more than three hundred
-people, but there seemed to be no thought of surrender. They would
-either repulse the enemy or perish in the attempt. The arrival of the
-Governor with United States soldiers brought unexpected relief.
-
-=End of the Reign of Violence, September, 1856.= On the morning of
-September 15, Governor Geary marched out to the Missouri army encamped
-about three miles from Lawrence, held a conference with the leaders,
-and insisted that his orders for disbanding be obeyed. The Missourians
-consented, and the force of twenty-seven hundred well-equipped men
-went home. Thus ended the four months’ reign of violence[13] that had
-begun with the sacking of Lawrence in May. The threatened attack on
-Lawrence was the last organized effort of the Missourians to take
-Kansas by force. Both sides soon gave up their plundering expeditions,
-travel became safer and property more secure. For a time peace settled
-down over the Territory, and Governor Geary, believing that order was
-entirely restored to Kansas, appointed November 20 “as a day of
-general praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God.” With the close of
-the period of violence a little less than two and a half years had
-passed since the organization of Kansas as a territory in the spring
-of 1854.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     Hostilities were renewed in the spring of 1856. The
-     Missourians prepared for invasion, and the free-state people
-     for defense. Several minor conflicts were followed by the
-     sacking of Lawrence, to which the free-state people offered
-     no resistance. This policy was not approved by John Brown.
-     He counseled revenge and the Pottawatomie massacre followed.
-     Then began a four months’ “reign of terror.” Several
-     conflicts followed, among them the battle of Black Jack. An
-     army was hurriedly gathered by each side, but Governor
-     Shannon ordered them to disperse. The sympathy of the whole
-     North was aroused, and men and money poured into Kansas.
-     This led to the closing of Missouri to free-state travel,
-     and the newcomers entered Kansas through Nebraska. During
-     this time both sides were committing many outrages and there
-     was a constant condition of lawlessness. The coming of the
-     “Army of the North” resulted in the gathering of a large
-     army from Missouri called “the 2700.” Governor Shannon
-     resigned, and Acting Governor Woodson permitted this army to
-     enter Kansas, and it marched toward Lawrence, pillaging
-     Osawatomie as it passed. While Lawrence was awaiting attack,
-     Geary, the new Governor, arrived and ordered the army
-     disbanded. This ended the period of violence.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 93-108.
-     Spring, Kansas.
-     Robinson, The Kansas Conflict.
-     Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life.
-     Blackmar, The Life of Charles Robinson.
-     Connelley, James Henry Lane, the Grim Chieftain of Kansas.
-     Connelley, John Brown.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 120-125.
-     Ingalls, Writings, pp. 76-92, 228-262.
-     McCarter, A Wall of Men. (A novel.)
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. When did the Wakarusa War close?
-
-      2. Describe the winter of 1855-’56.
-
-      3. What conditions came with the spring?
-
-      4. Give an account of the sacking of Lawrence.
-
-      5. Who was John Brown? Why did he come to Kansas? What was the
-         Pottawatomie massacre? What do you know of John Brown other
-         than what is given in this book?
-
-      6. Give an account of the battle of Black Jack, the gathering of
-         armies, and the pillaging of Osawatomie.
-
-      7. What free-state assistance was given by the North?
-
-      8. What measure did this lead Missouri to take?
-
-      9. What was the “Army of the North”?
-
-     10. What was “the 2700”? Who permitted this force to enter
-         Kansas?
-
-     11. Give an account of the second attack on Osawatomie.
-
-     12. Name the Territorial Governors up to this time.
-
-     13. Who was the new Governor? How did he describe the conditions
-         that he found in Kansas?
-
-     14. How was Lawrence threatened? What became of the army?
-
-     15. When did the period of violence close?
-
-     16. What condition followed?
-
-     17. How long was this after the organization of the Territory?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XI
-
-THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS
-
-
-=Beginning of the Political Period, 1857.= The Missourians had given
-up hope of conquering Kansas by force. After the close of the period
-of violence the contest became almost entirely a political struggle
-between the proslavery and the free-state settlers, each side trying
-to win Kansas by securing control of its government. The next few
-years were filled with conventions, elections, and political schemes.
-
-=Governor Geary Leaves the Territory.= The second Territorial
-Legislature met at Lecompton in the opening days of 1857. Because of
-Governor Geary’s efforts to be just to both sides, the Legislature did
-everything possible to annoy and harass him. The free-state men
-rallied to his support, but conditions soon became so intolerable that
-one night in March, after having been in office about six months, he
-made a hasty escape from Kansas. Governor Geary had found Kansas in a
-deplorable condition and left it not greatly improved, but he had
-attempted to do justice to all. His place was taken by Governor
-Walker, who arrived in May.
-
-=A Proslavery Constitution Prepared, 1857.= Up to this time the only
-attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state was the effort of the
-free-state men under the Topeka Constitution, but the proslavery
-people had long been planning to draw up a constitution under which
-they might secure the admission of Kansas as a slave state. The
-Territorial Legislature provided for a constitutional convention,
-which met at Lecompton in September, 1857, and prepared what was
-called the Lecompton Constitution.
-
-=The First Free-state Territorial Legislature.= Two important events
-were to take place in the fall of 1857: the election of a new
-Territorial Legislature, and the vote on the Lecompton Constitution.
-When election day came, United States troops were stationed in the
-different precincts to prevent illegal voting and invasions from
-Missouri. Under Governor Walker’s promise of a fair election, both
-parties voted for the first time since the fraudulent election in the
-spring of 1855. The result was a free-state victory, and the first
-time Kansas was to have a free-state Legislature. This result was not
-achieved without many protests and threats from the proslavery people,
-who now became afraid to submit their Lecompton Constitution to a
-vote, for it was clear that the free-state people were largely in the
-majority and would defeat it.
-
-=Fear to Submit the Lecompton Constitution.= After a number of
-meetings and debates among themselves, the proslavery people decided
-to get around this difficulty by not submitting the Constitution at
-all, but by offering instead these two statements to choose between:
-“The Constitution with slavery,” or “The Constitution without
-slavery.”
-
-=Each Side Holds an Election.= This gave the free-state people no
-chance to vote against the Constitution as a whole, and of course
-their indignation was aroused. The election was held in December,
-1857. The free-state men refused to vote, and after several meetings
-and a special session of their new free-state Legislature the
-free-state people appointed a day in January, 1858, for an election to
-decide for or against the Constitution. This time the proslavery party
-refused to vote. Thus each side held an election and carried its point
-by a big majority.
-
-=End of the Lecompton Constitution.= No attention was paid to the
-defeat of the Constitution at the hands of the free-state people, and
-it was sent to Congress. After a long discussion Congress attached a
-number of conditions to the Constitution and sent it back to Kansas to
-be voted on by all the people. Of the 13,000 votes cast at this
-election, which was held August 2, 1858, more than 11,000 were against
-it. This ended the second attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state.
-
-=The Leavenworth Constitution, 1858.= While the Lecompton Constitution
-was pending in Congress, the free-state people concluded that it was
-time for them to try their hands at constitution making again. During
-the winter and spring of 1858 they produced the Leavenworth
-Constitution, but it was not favorably received by the people of
-Kansas and was never voted on by either house of Congress.
-
-=Trouble in Southeastern Kansas.= These events of Territorial history
-occurred within a small area. With Lawrence as a center, a circle with
-a radius of thirty miles would include virtually all of them. Another
-part of Kansas, the southeastern, including what is now Miami, Linn
-and Bourbon counties, came into prominence at this time and showed
-that the period of bloodshed was not yet past. The southeastern part
-of the Territory had been settled largely by proslavery people, but
-gradually the Northerners began to come in. The proslavery people
-frequently made raids on them, the free-state settlers retaliated, and
-southern Kansas was soon in the midst of a guerrilla warfare. The
-free-state people engaged in this warfare came to be known as
-Jayhawkers.[14] Their leader was a man named James Montgomery.
-
-=The Marais des Cygnes Massacre.= These conditions continued until in
-the spring of 1858. While the Lecompton and Leavenworth constitutions
-were being considered in the Territory, there occurred in Linn County
-the Marais des Cygnes massacre, the most shocking and bloody event of
-the whole Territorial period. A Southerner named Hamelton made up a
-list of free-state men whom he planned to seize and execute. On May
-19, almost two years to the day after the Pottawatomie massacre by
-John Brown, Hamelton with a gang of Missourians captured eleven of the
-free-state men, marched them to a near-by gulch, lined them up and
-fired a volley. Five men were killed, five were wounded, and one
-remained unharmed. This terrible deed created great excitement, and an
-unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Hamelton and his men.[15]
-
-=Order Restored.= Steps were taken to bring about a more settled
-condition in southeastern Kansas. Though several other outrages took
-place, none of them was so barbarous as the Marais des Cygnes
-massacre, and order was gradually restored.
-
-=Proslavery and Free-state Names Dropped.= During the trouble over the
-Lecompton Constitution in the closing days of 1857 Governor Walker was
-compelled to resign, and in the autumn of 1858 Governor Denver, who
-succeeded him, voluntarily resigned. Although Denver was the fifth
-Territorial Governor, he was the first one who had not been compelled
-to give up his office. This was one of the indications that better
-days were beginning in Kansas. Lawlessness was practically over. The
-South was no longer hopeful of making Kansas a slave state. The
-settlers dropped the terms proslavery and free-state, and identified
-themselves with the National political parties.
-
-=The Wyandotte Constitution, 1859.= In the summer of the next year,
-1859, a fourth constitutional convention was held at Wyandotte. There
-was less hard feeling now between the two factions, and the members of
-this convention were from both political parties, Democrat and
-Republican. It was generally conceded by this time that Kansas was to
-be a free state, and the new Constitution contained the words, “There
-shall be no slavery in this State; and no involuntary servitude,
-except for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.”
-This was called the Wyandotte Constitution, and when it was submitted
-to the people in the fall a large majority of the votes were cast in
-favor of it.
-
-=Kansas Admitted to the Union, January 29, 1861.= But the question was
-not yet settled, for Congress had to vote on the admission of Kansas
-under the Wyandotte Constitution. These events took place in the
-closing days of 1859, only a little more than a year before the
-beginning of the Civil War. Relations between the North and the South
-had become strained almost to the breaking point. The Congressmen from
-the South had given up hope of making Kansas a slave state, but they
-were certainly not anxious to admit it as a free state, and
-consequently a year passed before the Wyandotte Constitution of Kansas
-was acted upon. Finally, in January, 1861, some of the southern states
-seceded from the Union and their representatives and senators withdrew
-from Congress, leaving a free-state majority. The bill for the
-admission of Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution was at once
-called up and passed. The next day it was signed by President
-Buchanan, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state.
-
-=First State Officers.= In December, 1859, shortly after the people
-had voted to adopt the Wyandotte Constitution, they held an election
-to choose state officers to act whenever Kansas should be admitted to
-the Union. For Governor they chose Dr. Charles Robinson, who had so
-faithfully served the free-state cause throughout the long but
-successful struggle. The first United States senators from Kansas were
-two other well-known free-state men, James H. Lane and Samuel C.
-Pomeroy. The Wyandotte Constitution designated Topeka as the temporary
-capital. An election was held in November, 1861, for the purpose of
-selecting a permanent capital. Topeka received 7996 votes, Lawrence
-5291, and all other places 1184. Thus Topeka became the capital of
-Kansas.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The first two and a half years of the Territorial period
-     were spent in the warfare which was practically closed when
-     Governor Geary sent “the 2700” home. The last four months of
-     the two and a half years formed the “period of violence.”
-     The next three years were given to the political struggle
-     which ended with the adoption of the Wyandotte Constitution.
-     During the remaining year the people went about their work,
-     while this Constitution was pending in Congress. In 1857,
-     early in the political period, the free-state people
-     succeeded, for the first time, in electing the Legislature.
-     The proslavery people prepared the Lecompton Constitution,
-     but submitted to the people only two statements concerning
-     it. The free-state people refused to vote, but held another
-     election, at which the proslavery people refused to vote.
-     After the Lecompton Constitution was returned from Congress
-     it was voted on by both factions and defeated. In the
-     meantime the free-state people submitted the Leavenworth
-     Constitution, which was defeated. During the last six months
-     of the political period the Wyandotte Constitution was
-     prepared, adopted, and sent to Congress. This was in 1859.
-     More than a year passed before Congress acted on the matter;
-     then, January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Spring, Kansas.
-     Robinson, The Kansas Conflict.
-     Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life.
-     Holloway, History of Kansas.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 107-143.
-     Muzzey, American History, pp. 379-412.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 155-179.
-     Ingalls, Writings, pp. 443-465.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 365; vol. VIII, pp. 331, 443;
-       vol. X, pp. 169, 216; vol. XI, p. 47; vol. XII, p. 331.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. How long was Kansas a territory? Into what periods may this
-         time be divided?
-
-      2. Was Lecompton a proslavery or a free-state town? Of which
-         faction was the second Legislature? How did the Legislature
-         treat Governor Geary? Who succeeded him?
-
-      3. What was the result of the election for a third Territorial
-         Legislature?
-
-      4. When and by whom was the Lecompton Constitution made? Why was
-         it not submitted as a whole? What became of it?
-
-      5. Give an account of the Leavenworth Constitution.
-
-      6. Within about what area did all these events occur? Show this
-         on a map of Kansas.
-
-      7. Give an account of the troubles in southeastern Kansas. Who
-         were the Jayhawkers?
-
-      8. Give an account of the Marais des Cygnes massacre.
-
-      9. What were the conditions in Kansas by the opening of 1859?
-
-     10. What was the last constitution made in Kansas? When and by
-         whom was it made?
-
-     11. When was Kansas admitted to the Union?
-
-     12. Who was the first State Governor?
-
-     13. How was the State capital selected?
-
-
-
-
-  THE HOMES OF KANSAS
-
-  The cabin homes of Kansas!
-    How modestly they stood,
-  Along the sunny hillsides,
-    Or nestled in the wood.
-  They sheltered men and women,
-    Brave-hearted pioneers;
-  Each one became a landmark
-    Of Freedom’s trial years.
-
-  The sod-built homes of Kansas!
-    Though built of mother earth,
-  Within their walls so humble
-    Are souls of sterling worth.
-  Though poverty and struggle
-    May be the builder’s lot,
-  The sod house is a castle,
-    Where failure enters not.
-
-  The dugout homes of Kansas!
-    The lowliest of all,
-  They hold the homestead title
-    As firm as marble hall.
-  Those dwellers in the cavern,
-    Beneath the storms and snows,
-  Shall make the desert places
-    To blossom as the rose.
-
-  The splendid homes of Kansas!
-    How proudly now they stand
-  Amid the fields and orchards,
-    All o’er the smiling land.
-  They rose up where the cabins
-    Once marked the virgin soil,
-  And are the fitting emblems
-    Of patient years of toil.
-
-  God bless the homes of Kansas!
-    From poorest to the best;
-  The cabin of the border,
-    The sod house of the west;
-  The dugout, low and lonely,
-    The mansion, grand and great;
-  The hands that laid their hearthstones
-    Have built a mighty State.
-                             ――SOL MILLER.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XII
-
-PIONEER LIFE
-
-     [Illustration: A DUGOUT.]
-
-
-=Comforts of Life Receive Little Attention.= The seven Territorial
-years had brought freedom to Kansas, but the struggle had left the
-pioneers little time or strength for building better homes, improving
-their farms, or establishing public institutions. The energy that
-might have accomplished these things had been given to fighting and to
-politics. When Kansas became a State, the people had almost as few of
-the comforts of life as when they first came to the Territory. A few
-of them had come with little idea of the hardships and privations of
-frontier life, and others had believed that such conditions would last
-but a short time. Many of these, of course, grew discouraged and
-returned to their eastern homes. But the great body of Kansas pioneers
-had come with the twofold purpose of securing homes and making a free
-state, and were not to be discouraged. They had come to stay.
-
-     [Illustration: IN PIONEER DAYS.]
-
-=Conditions of Living During the ’50’s.= Frontier life is always hard,
-but it was made many times harder in Kansas by the years of strife and
-warfare. The inconveniences and hardships were especially severe
-outside the towns. In these days of railways and good roads, of the
-telegraph and the telephone, it is difficult to realize what life on
-the prairies meant in the ’50’s. Post offices and mail routes came
-slowly, and for many of the settlers a trip for mail and provisions
-meant a journey of two or three days, or even longer, with an ox team.
-Neighbors were often many miles apart. Nearly every one’s supply of
-farming implements was scanty, and to replace a broken ax might
-require a trip of from twenty-five to fifty miles. In the winter these
-journeys were often accompanied with danger and suffering. Streams
-were without bridges and many of the fords were deep and treacherous.
-Fences were few and roads were mere trails over the prairies, so when
-the blizzard swept across the country, piling its drifts of snow and
-obliterating every landmark, the unfortunate traveler was in great
-danger of losing his way. Getting a farm under cultivation was slow
-work at best. Since most of the settlers brought but little money with
-them they had to trust to raising a crop, and if sickness or drouth or
-raids made it impossible to raise the crop, want and suffering
-followed.
-
-The privations, the sacrifices, and the loneliness of pioneer life
-fell most heavily on the women. Business and necessity brought the men
-together occasionally, but the pioneer woman in the isolation of her
-prairie home often saw no friendly face for months at a time. There
-was much sickness and death, especially among women and children,
-resulting from the combination of poor food, uncomfortable houses,
-homesickness, and excitement arising from the many dangers. The cost
-of transportation was so great that only the most necessary articles
-were brought from the East. Most furniture was home-made and cooking
-was done over an open fireplace. Corn bread and bacon with occasional
-game and wild fruits were the usual foods. In wet seasons there was
-much fever and ague. Sometimes a whole family would be sick at the
-same time, with no neighbors near enough to help and no physician
-within many miles.
-
-=The Drouth of 1859-’60.= Each year during the Territorial period the
-crops raised were barely sufficient to keep the people through the
-winter. There was no surplus at any time, and when the summer of 1859
-brought a drouth, a famine resulted. Through all the hard struggle the
-people had believed that as soon as the strife and political
-difficulties were over, prosperity would come. However, with the
-dawning of peace in the Territory there came the most severe drouth
-that has ever been known in the West. It began in June, 1859, and from
-that time until November, 1860, a period of more than sixteen months,
-not enough rain fell at any one time to wet the earth to a depth of
-more than two inches. Two light snows fell during the winter, but
-neither was heavy enough to cover the ground. The ground became so dry
-that it broke open in great cracks, wells and springs went dry, and
-the crops were a total failure.
-
-     [Illustration: A SOD HOUSE.]
-
-=Effect of the Drouth on Kansas Settlers.= There were at this time
-nearly 100,000 people in Kansas, and to fully 60,000 of them the
-drouth finally meant that they must receive help or starve. They had
-been able to fight border ruffians, but they could not fight
-starvation. After a year of the drouth they began to give up and go
-back East. During the fall of 1860 no fewer than 30,000 settlers
-abandoned their claims and the improvements that had been made at the
-expense of so much labor, and left Kansas. There were still 30,000
-people here for whom charity was necessary. All this brought bitter
-disappointment to the people who had come to Kansas with high hopes
-and willing hands.
-
-=Aid Sent from the East.= As soon as the true condition of affairs was
-known in the East a movement was begun for the relief of the
-sufferers. Many states responded liberally, and immense quantities of
-provisions and clothes were sent here to be distributed. Hundreds of
-bushels of seed wheat were furnished. Besides all of the public help,
-many relatives and friends sent supplies to the pioneers.
-Nevertheless, there were many that winter who barely escaped
-starvation.
-
-=Drouth Retards Development of Kansas.= Great as was the suffering
-from disappointment and want, the drouth brought another evil; it
-threw Kansas back in its development. Not only had a third of the
-population left the Territory, but the accounts given by those who
-returned tended to discourage others from coming. The old stories
-about the “Great American Desert” were revived. Kansas was looked upon
-as a place of drouth and famine, and for several years the number of
-immigrants was much decreased.
-
-=Statehood Begins.= All this was taking place while the Wyandotte
-Constitution was being considered. Kansas was admitted as a State on
-January 29, 1861, at the close of the terrible drouth. Through the
-winter and spring of 1861 supplies continued to come in from other
-states, and included seeds for the spring planting. An excellent
-season followed. It might be thought that at last the Kansas settlers
-were to have an opportunity to cultivate their farms, build homes, and
-make their new State a place of peace and prosperity. But not so;
-Kansas was again to suffer from the troubles of the Nation. The
-opening of the Civil War was near.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The fighting and political strife of the Territorial period
-     left the people little opportunity for building up the
-     country. Statehood found frontier life but little improved.
-     The early settlers came to secure homes and to make Kansas a
-     free state, and were not easily discouraged. The drouth of
-     1859-’60 caused nearly a third of the 100,000 Kansas
-     settlers to leave the Territory, and another third had to be
-     given aid from the East. Immigration to Kansas was greatly
-     decreased for a time. A good crop year followed, but Kansas
-     had yet to pass through the Civil War before it could enjoy
-     peace.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, County Histories.
-     Cordley, Pioneering in Kansas.
-     Hunt, Kansas History for Children.
-     Historical Collections, vol. IX, pp. 33, 126; vol. XII, p. 353.
-     Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life.
-     Ropes, Six Months in Kansas.
-
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. What had been the chief interest of the Kansas people during
-        the Territorial period?
-
-     2. What were the chief reasons for people coming to Kansas?
-
-     3. Discuss the conditions under which the pioneers lived,
-        including travel, roads, bridges, fences, money, social life,
-        houses, furniture, food, and health.
-
-     4. Give an account of the drouth of 1859-’60. How long did it
-        last?
-
-     5. What was the population of Kansas in 1860?
-
-     6. What was the effect of the drouth on Kansas?
-
-     7. What have you read of pioneer conditions other than in this
-        book?
-
-     8. What have you learned about early Kansas conditions from
-        talking with people?
-
-     9. What new burden came with the beginning of statehood?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIII
-
-KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR
-
-
-=Beginning of the Civil War.= Just before Kansas was admitted several
-of the southern states seceded from the Union. The trouble between the
-North and the South had reached the point where it could no longer be
-compromised. Other states seceded, and when, on April 12, 1861, Fort
-Sumter was fired upon, the Civil War had begun.
-
-=Part Taken by Kansas in the Civil War.= A state that had just passed
-through nearly seven years of Territorial struggle closing with a
-famine would hardly be expected to take an active part in a great war,
-but the Kansas people had been battling over the slavery question,
-and, being deeply interested in the outcome, were ready to take up
-arms in defense of the principle of freedom. Every call for soldiers
-to defend the Union was liberally responded to in Kansas. This State
-furnished more soldiers in proportion to its population than did any
-other State. During the four years of the war Kansas furnished a few
-more than twenty thousand men, nearly four thousand more than were
-asked for, and all of them were volunteers. The poverty in the Kansas
-homes made it especially hard for families to be left unprovided for,
-and as much honor is due the women who stayed at home to work as is
-due the men who marched away to fight. The Kansas soldiers did duty on
-many battle-fields, and so conducted themselves as to bring much
-credit to their State. During the war Kansas was exposed to three
-lines of danger; invasions by the regular Confederate army, attacks by
-the unorganized border troops, and Indian raids on the frontier.
-
-     [Illustration: Bust of Abraham Lincoln
-                                  Underwood & Underwood, N. Y.
-
-     “‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe
-     this government cannot endure permanently half slave and
-     half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do
-     not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease
-     to be divided.”
-                                   ――_Abraham Lincoln._]
-
-=The Quantrill Raid, August 21, 1863.= For Kansas people the Civil War
-meant a continuation of the border troubles. Gangs of ruffians
-plundered and destroyed property, and frequently committed worse
-crimes. These acts reached a climax in the destruction of Lawrence on
-August 21, 1863. The raid on Lawrence was led by Quantrill, a border
-ruffian who had taken an active part in the guerrilla warfare, and who
-with his men had sacked several smaller towns along the border. With
-about four hundred and fifty mounted men Quantrill crossed the border
-in the late afternoon of August 20, and proceeded toward Lawrence.
-Just before sunrise the raiders reached a hill only a mile from the
-town. It is strange that they could have made the ride of forty miles
-through Kansas settlements without a word of warning reaching
-Lawrence, but such was the case. When Quantrill and his men halted
-within pistol shot of the houses of Lawrence to plan their attack, the
-people suspected no danger. There was no armed organization within the
-city, and all firearms were locked in the arsenal.
-
-The attack began with a wild charge on the town. Horsemen rode through
-the streets at top speed, shooting in every direction. Then they
-divided into small gangs and scattered over the town under orders to
-“burn every house and kill every man.” The horror of what followed has
-seldom been equaled in the warfare of civilized people. When the
-people of Lawrence realized that their town was in the possession of
-Quantrill’s band they expected that it would be burned and a few
-prominent citizens killed, but wholesale murder was not looked for,
-and many who might have escaped remained and were killed. For four
-hours the ruffians robbed buildings, shot the occupants, and applied
-the torch. Every house was a scene of brutality or of remarkable
-escape. When the work of butchery and destruction was finished,
-Quantrill and his men retreated toward Missouri, mounted on stolen
-horses and heavily laden with plunder. They kept up their work of
-destruction by burning farmhouses as they passed. A few troops
-followed them, but the raiders escaped across the border.
-
-=Loss from the Raid.= The number of lives lost can never be known with
-certainty, but it was about one hundred and fifty. Many were seriously
-wounded. The loss of property was variously estimated from one to two
-million dollars. The work of rebuilding the town was immediately
-begun, and with all their poverty the people of the State gave
-generously to the stricken citizens of Lawrence.
-
-=General Price Threatens Kansas.= Kansas was too far away from the
-center of conflict of the Civil War to become the scene of great
-battles, but it was from time to time threatened with invasion by the
-regular Confederate army. During the last year of the war, General
-Price, with a large Confederate force, marched northward through
-Arkansas into Missouri. When it was reported that he was moving
-westward, Kansas issued a call for more soldiers. The response was
-immediate. More than 16,000 men appeared for service. A force of
-Kansas troops marched into Missouri and met Price’s army in battle at
-Lexington. As the armies moved westward other battles were fought at
-the Little Blue and at the Big Blue, and again at Kansas City and
-Westport, after which Price was forced to retreat southward. He was
-followed by the Union army. He crossed into Kansas in Linn County, and
-skirmishes took place at Trading Post Ford, at the Mounds, and at Mine
-Creek. Price was then forced into Missouri again, where he was soon
-defeated.
-
-     [Illustration: THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS AT THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL
-      WAR.]
-
-=End of the Civil War, 1865.= In April, 1865, the great war came to a
-close, after lasting almost exactly four years. The questions of
-slavery and disunion were finally settled. The whole nation was
-thankful to lay down its arms and go back home, “to drop the sword and
-grasp the plow,” but this was especially true of Kansas, where the
-people had been doing battle over the slavery question for eleven
-years. The Territorial period and the Civil War period made one
-continuous conflict. With the heavy drain on resources and population,
-it was not to be expected that Kansas would make much growth or
-progress during the Civil War. Development could little more than
-equal waste and loss. The population of Kansas numbered about 100,000
-at the beginning of the war, and about 136,000 at the close. There had
-been little improvement in the manner of living during the four years.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The Civil War began within three months after Kansas became
-     a state. Although Kansas had had no opportunity to recover
-     from the Territorial struggle, it took an active part in the
-     war. General Price threatened to invade Kansas with a large
-     Confederate force, but did not succeed. The Indians
-     committed depredations on the western frontier. The worst
-     feature of the war was the border trouble, of which the
-     Quantrill raid was the climax. During the four years of the
-     Civil War Kansas did not make a large gain in population or
-     in progress.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 179-215.
-     Blackmar, Life of Robinson.
-     Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties.
-     Cordley, History of Lawrence.
-     Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VIII, pp. 271, 352; vol. IX, pp.
-       430, 455; vol. XI, p. 217; vol. V, p. 116; vol. VI, pp. 305,
-       317.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 143-168.
-     Spring, Kansas, chap. XIII.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. When did the Civil War begin? How long was this after Kansas
-        had become a state?
-
-     2. What part did Kansas take in the war? Explain.
-
-     3. What were the three classes of danger to which Kansas was
-        exposed? Discuss each.
-
-     4. To which of these does the Price campaign belong?
-
-     5. Who was General Price? Give an account of his threatened
-        invasion of Kansas.
-
-     6. Who was Quantrill? Give an account of his raid on Lawrence.
-
-     7. How long did the Civil War last?
-
-     8. How long had it been since Kansas was opened for settlement?
-        What progress had been made?
-
-     9. What was the population of Kansas in 1865?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIV
-
-KANSAS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR
-
-
-=Beginning of this Period.= Nearly three score years have passed since
-the close of the Civil War; a period of work, growth, and progress.
-The earlier years in Kansas were but a time of preparation, and with
-the end of the war the people were at last free to turn their
-attention to farming or to other occupations. Hundreds of new settlers
-poured into the State each year. Little pioneer homes dotted the
-eastern part of the State more and more thickly and the line of
-settlement moved rapidly westward.
-
-=Indian Troubles on the Frontier.= As the white-topped wagons of the
-immigrants became more numerous the Indian and the buffalo were pushed
-farther on. But the red man did not give up his hunting ground without
-a struggle. The encroachments of the settlers had long been resented.
-Even before the close of the Civil War, while the soldiers were needed
-elsewhere, the Indians had begun their depredations on the frontier.
-In 1865 and 1866 settlements were attacked in Republic and Cloud
-counties, stock was driven away, much property was destroyed, and a
-number of people were killed. The few settlers on their scattered
-claims were poorly armed, and, with no soldiers near to protect them,
-they were in constant fear of wandering tribes of hostile Indians.
-
-     [Illustration: Great Seal of the State of Kansas
-     It has long been customary for each nation to have a great seal.
-     The United States has one, as has also each of the states. A seal
-     is used to make an impression on a document as a sign of its
-     genuineness. The design for the Great Seal of Kansas was adopted
-     by the first State Legislature. The thirty-four stars represent
-     the thirty-four states comprising the Union at that time. The
-     scene is supposed to typify the settlement and growth of the
-     State. The motto “_Ad astra per aspera_,” meaning “To the stars
-     through difficulties,” is peculiarly descriptive of the state’s
-     history.]
-
-=Open War with the Indians.= The next year United States troops were
-sent to protect the frontier. They drove the Indians back and
-destroyed one of their villages. This only made the red men eager for
-revenge, and they began an open war on all settlers, immigrant trains,
-traders, and travelers. Robberies and murders were committed along the
-whole frontier, particularly in the Republican, Solomon, and Smoky
-Hill valleys, and in Marion, Butler and Greenwood counties. Travel
-over the Santa Fe and other westward trails almost ceased and the line
-of settlement was pushed eastward many miles. Many tribes engaged in
-these attacks. They dashed into the State from north or south or west,
-committed their cruelties, and were gone.
-
-=The Broken Treaty.= At one time the Government made a treaty with
-several tribes by which they were removed to a reservation in the
-Indian Territory, but were to have the privilege of hunting in Kansas
-as far north as the Arkansas River, and were also to be provided with
-arms. They kept their promise of peace only until they could get ready
-for another attack, and while part of them were being supplied with
-arms at one of the forts the rest were engaged in a most heartless and
-bloody raid on the northwestern settlements.
-
-=The Indians Subdued.= This led Governor Crawford to organize several
-companies of Kansas volunteers and to ask for more United States
-soldiers. Later a regiment of Kansas volunteer cavalry was called for,
-and on November 4, 1868, Governor Crawford resigned his office to take
-command of this, the Nineteenth Regiment. After considerable fighting
-the Indians were finally subdued, and by 1870 the trouble was
-practically ended. There were a few outbreaks from time to time, but
-none of them was very serious. During this contest, which had lasted
-from 1864 to 1869, the lives of more than a thousand Kansas settlers
-had been lost, a great deal of property had been destroyed, and the
-westward movement of settlement had been greatly retarded.
-
-     [Illustration: A PRAIRIE STREAM, COMMON IN THE WESTERN PART OF
-     THE STATE.]
-
-=The Homestead Law, 1862.= Shortly after the admission of Kansas to
-the Union, Congress passed a measure that had a wonderful effect on
-the growth of the State. This measure was the Homestead Law, passed in
-1862. This law provides that any person who is the head of a family,
-or who is twenty-one years of age, and who is a citizen of the United
-States or has declared his intention to become such, may acquire a
-tract of one hundred and sixty acres of public land on condition of
-settlement, cultivation, and occupancy as a home for a period of five
-years, and on payment of certain moderate fees. It also provides that
-the time that any settler has served in the army or navy may be
-deducted from the five years. Previous to 1862 settlers bought their
-claims of the Government. The liberal provisions of the Homestead Law
-attracted thousands of settlers to Kansas. Many of the newcomers were
-young men who had been in the army.[16] Many of them were foreigners
-newly arrived in America, while thousands of others came from the
-eastern or central states. Nearly all of them were poor. Many had
-scarcely enough to provide for themselves until the harvesting of
-their first crop. But they were full of hope and ambition, and were
-willing to undertake the toil and privations of pioneer life for the
-chance to make real their dreams of a home on the Kansas prairies.
-
-     [Illustration: A TIMBERED STREAM, COMMON IN THE EASTERN AND
-     CENTRAL PARTS OF THE STATE.]
-
-=Many Drouths in the Early Years.= The task of turning the bare plains
-into fertile fields was a heavy one, and the brave people who began it
-endured many hardships and met many discouragements and disappointments.
-Severe drouths were of frequent occurrence in the early days, and hot
-winds often swept across the country. The year 1869 was dry, with a
-partial failure of crops, and in 1874 came a long dry spell, followed
-in the late summer by a scourge of grasshoppers.
-
-     [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS. 1861-1877.
-     THOMAS CARNEY
-     CHARLES ROBINSON     SAMUEL J. CRAWFORD
-     JAMES M. HARVEY
-     NEHEMIAH GREEN     THOMAS A. OSBORN]
-
-=The Grasshopper Invasion, 1874.= At different times there had been
-invasions of grasshoppers in the country west of the Mississippi
-River, but none of them was so disastrous as the one of 1874. The
-grasshoppers, which were a kind of locust, came into the State from
-the northwest and moved toward the southeast. The air was filled with
-them. They covered the fields and trees and destroyed everything green
-as they went. They left ruin and desolation in their pathway. In the
-western counties, where the settlements were new and the people had no
-crops laid by to depend upon, the result was much like that of the
-terrible years of 1859 and 1860. By the time of the invasion there
-were more people, more provisions, and more money, and the State was
-able to do much to help the thousands of its citizens who were left
-destitute. It became necessary, however, to accept aid from the East
-again, and thousands of dollars and many carloads of supplies were
-distributed to the needy. Never since has Kansas had to ask for help.
-In more recent years our State has given generously to sufferers in
-other states and in other lands.
-
-This visit of the grasshoppers was prolonged into the next year, for
-they had deposited their eggs in the ground and the next spring large
-numbers of young grasshoppers hatched. These destroyed the early
-crops, but for some unaccountable reason they soon rose into the air
-and flew back toward the northwest whence the swarms of the year
-before had come. There was still time for late planting, and the crops
-of 1875 were abundant.
-
-=Prosperous Years Follow the Grasshopper Invasion.= The coming of the
-grasshoppers had temporarily discouraged immigration, but prosperous
-years followed and people were again attracted to Kansas. More of the
-prairie was turned into farms; new towns sprang up; the country came
-to be more thickly settled; railroads, schools, and churches were
-built; new counties were organized; and the old stories of “The Great
-American Desert” were gradually forgotten. Kansas was taking her place
-among the states.
-
-=Life of the Early Settlers.= In order that this great result might be
-accomplished, that the Kansas of to-day might be, a generation of men
-and women had to conquer these vast prairies that were swept by
-blizzards, parched by drouths, scorched by hot winds, and scourged by
-grasshoppers. A few of the pioneers gave up and returned to their old
-homes, but most of them were of the sturdy type and remained, always
-believing that the day of better things was to come. Though they had
-little money and few of the comforts and conveniences of life, and
-though they were often filled with homesickness for the friends and
-scenes they had left behind, they stayed and worked and hoped. Volumes
-could be filled with stories of the hardships and sorrows of those
-brave people; stories of mothers who died from overwork or exposure or
-lack of care, of children who sickened from want of proper food, of
-homes swept away by prairie fires, and of homesteads mortgaged and
-lost.
-
-=The Pleasures of Pioneer Life.= But this is only one side. Pioneer
-life was not all dark. Most of the people were strong and healthy, and
-the out-door life with plenty of exercise and simple food kept them
-so. Although there was privation and hard work there was also much
-pleasure. Ask any old settler whether the people had good times in
-those days, and you will hear tales of spelling schools and of singing
-schools, of literary societies at which debating was an important
-feature, and of the country dance with its old-time music on the
-fiddle. These affairs were attended by young and old from miles
-around; a trip of from ten to fifteen or even twenty miles was not
-unusual. Buggies were scarce, and most of the settlers went on
-horseback, or in farm wagons that did not always have spring seats.
-
-Quilting and husking bees, house-warmings, and camp meetings were
-other events of the early days. Since there were no telephones and
-since it was often days from one mail to another, pioneer families
-counted it a pleasure to “visit around” and exchange the news. Those
-were the days of real hospitality; the “latch-string hung out at every
-door,” and all were welcome to enter. No house was too small nor no
-food supply too scanty for the entertainment of friends or wayfarers.
-Those were the days, too, when the children often waited for “second
-table” or stood up to eat because there were not enough chairs for
-all; when the boys wore high-topped boots, the girls wore sunbonnets,
-and a calico dress was good enough for almost any occasion.
-
-=Buffalo Hunting.= In the earlier years the buffalo hunt was one of
-the pleasures of the pioneers. In the fall parties of men with their
-teams and hunting outfits would set out for the buffalo range to
-secure a supply of meat for the winter. They were usually successful
-in finding not only buffaloes, but antelopes, wild turkeys, and
-occasionally elk or deer.
-
-=Extermination of the Buffalo.= Remarkable stories are told of the
-great numbers of buffaloes still roaming our western prairies fifty
-years ago; stories of herds miles in width moving across the country.
-With the inrushing tide of immigration the buffaloes rapidly
-disappeared. Within little more than a dozen years after the close of
-the Civil War there were practically none left. This was not because
-they were used as food, but because they were killed for their hides.
-Large numbers were slaughtered and skinned and the bodies left on the
-plains. The hides were shipped east by carloads, where they were sold
-to make robes.
-
-     [Illustration: PILE OF BUFFALO HIDES READY FOR SHIPMENT.]
-
-=Selling Buffalo Bones.= In a few years the prairies were thickly
-strewn with bleaching bones, and these, too, were gathered up and
-shipped east, where they were ground into fertilizer to be used on
-worn-out farms. These bones brought from six to ten dollars a ton, and
-money earned in this way served to tide many a homesteader through the
-winter. It has often been regretted that the Government did not take
-measures to restrict the killing of the buffalo, but the danger of
-extermination was not realized until too late.
-
-=The Trappers.= A great deal of trapping was done, especially by the
-younger men. Often several of them would make up a party, and with
-guns, traps, and a winter’s supply of provisions start for a favorite
-trapping ground, where they would make a camp along some stream.
-Sometimes the camp was a tent, but more often it was a dugout in the
-bank with the front part made of logs. Along the streams they caught
-chiefly the beaver, the otter, the raccoon, and the wildcat, and on
-the prairies the big gray wolf and the coyote. The busy days were
-filled with the work of visiting the traps, caring for the pelts,
-chasing wild game, and keeping an alert watch for Indians. When spring
-came and they turned homeward to take up the work on the farms they
-often carried with them several hundred dollars’ worth of furs.
-
-     [Illustration: COYOTE.]
-
-=The Exodus, 1878-1880.= The population of Kansas was gradually built
-up from many sources, but until 1878 there were not many negroes in
-the State. In that year there began in some of the southern states a
-movement among the colored people to migrate to western and northern
-states. So many thousands of them left the Southland that the movement
-came to be called “The Exodus.” It is not strange that the State famed
-for its fight for freedom should attract many of the ex-slaves, or the
-“Exodusters,” as they were called. During the years 1878-’80 several
-thousands of negroes arrived in Kansas. A few had teams and some farm
-implements, some had a scanty supply of household goods, but many had
-nothing at all and had to be given aid. A very few of them homesteaded
-land, others found employment as farm hands, and the rest settled in
-different towns of the State.
-
-     [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1877-1893.
-     JOHN P. ST. JOHN
-     GEORGE T. ANTHONY     GEORGE W. GLICK
-     LYMAN U. HUMPHREY
-     JOHN A. MARTIN    LORENZO D. LLEWELLING]
-
-=The Kansas Boom in the ’80’s.= The ten years following the
-grasshopper invasion of 1874 were all good years. The rains fell and
-crops flourished. It was a period of remarkable growth and prosperity.
-During these years the railroads were making special efforts to bring
-settlers into the State, and Kansas was widely advertised. Reports of
-the opportunities here stimulated immigration, and settlements
-overspread the western prairies. Great confidence was felt in the
-future of the State, and people in the East eagerly invested in
-western land and property. Money was easy to borrow, and the Kansas
-people borrowed liberally and began speculating in real estate. Kansas
-was soon “on the boom.” Property was bought, not to use, but to sell
-again at a higher price. Cities and towns laid out additions which
-were divided into lots and sold for large sums. Expensive improvements
-were made, and public and business buildings were constructed that
-were far larger and more costly than the needs of the time demanded.
-Railway and street-car lines were built where there was not business
-enough to support them. Hundreds of new towns were mapped out and the
-lots sold. Many of these towns never existed except on paper, and most
-of the others were later turned into pastures or cornfields.
-
-=Collapse of the Boom, 1887.= Since the new settlers were not familiar
-with soil and climate conditions in Kansas many of them selected land
-that was not adapted to agriculture, therefore much of the farming was
-not profitable. In 1887 came one of the most severe drouths that was
-ever known in the country. The people lost confidence in Kansas and
-the boom collapsed. Eastern people wanted their money back, but there
-was nothing with which to pay them. Money could not be borrowed and
-mortgages were foreclosed. People who had bought property at high
-prices, expecting to sell at a profit, found themselves unable to sell
-at any price. Many who had counted themselves wealthy found their
-property almost valueless. Banks and business houses failed and
-hundreds of people were ruined. Thousands left Kansas, some of the
-western counties being almost abandoned. The year 1887 was followed,
-however, by several good crop seasons. A great deal of attention was
-given to the study of farm conditions, and Kansas began to make
-progress again.
-
-=The Opening of Oklahoma.= In 1889 Kansas lost about 50,000 of her
-population. This came about through the opening of Oklahoma to
-settlement. The President issued a proclamation setting high noon of
-April 22 as the time at which the settlers could enter the new country
-to take claims. The opening of Oklahoma had been anxiously awaited for
-years, and, as the appointed time drew near, people from all parts of
-the United States began to assemble along the southern line of Kansas.
-Arkansas City was the chief gathering place, for it was at this point
-that the one line of railroad entered Oklahoma. When, at noon, April
-22, the cavalrymen who patroled the borders fired their carbines as a
-signal that the settlers could move across the line, a great shout
-went up, and the race for claims began. Hundreds crowded the trains,
-thousands rode on fleet horses, many rode in buggies and buckboards,
-others in heavy farm wagons, and some even made the race on foot. In
-the morning Oklahoma was an uninhabited prairie, at midday it was a
-surging mass of earnest, excited humanity, in the evening it was a
-land of many people. Within a few days the breaking plow was turning
-the sod on many homesteads, while merchants, bankers, and professional
-men were carrying on their business in tents or in rough board
-shanties. The rush of settlement to Kansas was remarkable, but the
-settlement of Oklahoma is the climax in the story of American
-pioneering. Although Kansas furnished such a large number of the
-Oklahoma settlers, immigration to our State from the East soon made up
-the loss.
-
-=The Panic of 1893.= In 1893 a financial panic extended over the whole
-country, accompanied in Kansas by a partial failure of crops. Those
-were dark days in Kansas, for many of the people were still burdened
-with heavy mortgages. But this period should be remembered as our last
-“hard times.” Within two or three years conditions had greatly
-improved. The twenty-five years following that time brought almost
-uninterrupted prosperity.
-
-=Kansas in the Spanish-American War.= In 1898 the long period of peace
-that the country had enjoyed since the Civil War was broken by the
-Spanish-American War. The call for soldiers was eagerly responded to
-in Kansas, and four regiments were raised. Our State had furnished
-seventeen regiments during the Civil War and two for fighting the
-Indians, therefore the four for the Spanish-American War were numbered
-the Twentieth, the Twenty-first, the Twenty-second, and the
-Twenty-third. The Twenty-third was composed of colored soldiers. The
-only one of these regiments called upon to do any fighting was the
-Twentieth, which was ordered to the Philippines. There, under a
-Kansan, Colonel Fred Funston, the men of this regiment took part in
-the campaigns that followed, and by their bravery and efficiency
-brought much credit to themselves and to their State. The Twenty-third
-was sent to Cuba. The other regiments were trained and kept in
-readiness, but the early end of the war prevented their active
-service.
-
-     [Illustration: STATE CAPITOL, TOPEKA.]
-
-     [Illustration: SENATE CHAMBER IN THE STATE CAPITOL.]
-
-=The State Capitol.= The year 1903 is an interesting one, for it
-marked the completion of our State Capitol. Shortly after the
-admission of Kansas to the Union the people selected Topeka as the
-seat of government. As soon as the Civil War was over and they had
-time to think about public improvements they began to lay plans for
-building a capitol. Every state has a capitol, or state house as it is
-often called, in which there are offices for the Governor and other
-state officers as well as large rooms for the meetings of the
-Legislature. It is for the state what a courthouse is for a county. It
-should, of course, be a fine building, of which the people can be
-proud. But back in the ’60’s Kansas people were few in number and had
-little money. They could not afford to build a capitol that would be
-large and handsome enough for the future, nor did they wish to
-construct a small, cheap building that would have to be set aside
-later. Instead they planned a fine structure to be built a little at a
-time as they could afford it.
-
-     [Illustration: A KANSAS CATTLE RANCH.]
-
-In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of what is now the
-east wing of our state house. As the State grew in wealth and
-population, more money was appropriated from time to time for the
-construction of other wings, the great central portion, and lastly the
-high dome that reaches nearly three hundred feet into the air. The
-building was completed in 1903, having been thirty-seven years in the
-making. It grew as the State grew, costing altogether between three
-and four millions of dollars. It is fitting that the great State of
-Kansas should now have one of the finest capitols in the United
-States.
-
-=The Floods.= The people of Kansas had withstood a number of drouths,
-but beginning in 1903 they were, for the first time, visited by a
-series of floods. The first one was probably the most destructive.
-Most of the water came down the Kansas River from the tributaries
-draining central and western Kansas, where there had been heavy
-rainfall. Farms and towns along these streams were flooded, property
-was swept away, and a number of lives were lost. Topeka, Lawrence, and
-Kansas City, where portions of the cities were inundated for days,
-suffered heavy losses. The following year nearly every stream in the
-State poured a flood of water down its valley, and many people had to
-flee to the hills for safety. In 1908, for the third time in five
-years, Kansas was again visited by high water. The loss occasioned by
-these floods amounted to many millions of dollars, but help poured in
-to the sufferers from many sources and they straightway began the work
-of repairing and rebuilding. In a short time all traces of the
-calamity had disappeared.
-
-     [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1893-1914.
-     JOHN W. LEEDY
-     EDMUND N. MORRILL     WILLIAM E. STANLEY
-     WILLIS J. BAILEY
-     EDWARD W. HOCH     GEORGE H. HODGES
-     WALTER R. STUBBS]
-
-Stories of floods in Kansas have been handed down from far-off Indian
-days, but the earliest flood of which there is any account was in
-1844. The Indians told the white men about it and advised against
-building close to the rivers, but no attention was paid to the
-warning. Since the recent floods, however, a number of people have
-moved back from the streams. A few of the cities, including Topeka,
-Lawrence, and Kansas City, have built dikes, bridges have been
-lengthened to give streams more room, and several railroad grades have
-been raised above the danger line.
-
-=Kansas To-day.= While the floods caused much loss and suffering, the
-State’s resources had become so great that the condition of general
-prosperity was not seriously affected. Each year has added to the
-prosperity and progress of the State until now Kansas is one of the
-great states of the Union. We have only to look about us to see how
-marvelously conditions have changed since pioneer days. Great fields
-and orchards are spread over what was once the Indians’ hunting
-ground, and cattle have taken the place of the roving herds of
-buffaloes. Tractor plows now turn the soil where once there was only
-buffalo grass, thriving towns and cities stand where once the tepee
-stood and shining rails of steel mark the paths of Indian ponies and
-emigrant trains.
-
-All these things have been done within a single generation. Thousands
-of the men and women who came into Kansas in their wagons and drove
-across the unfenced plains are still among us, but now when they
-journey over the same country they go in swiftly moving trains or
-automobiles. Where once they saw only the prairie and a few settlers’
-cabins they now see roads and bridges, farms and ranches, stores,
-banks, mills, mines, and factories. They see what they have helped to
-build, a great state, and they may well be proud of it. By their
-unconquerable faith and courage and their unremitting toil they have
-made Kansas what it is to-day.
-
-=Government of Kansas.= As the pioneers look at their State they may
-feel a pride not only in the acres that have been brought under
-cultivation and the wealth that has been produced, but also in a
-government that is one of the most advanced in the Union. Many
-measures have been passed to promote the welfare of the people. Among
-the important ones are: the child-labor law, the truancy law, the
-anti-cigarette law, the law providing for juvenile courts, laws
-pertaining to public health, the fire-escape law, the “blue sky” law,
-the primary-election law, and the law governing public utilities.
-These are only a few, but among the hundreds of measures that have
-been passed, affecting the character of our government, none stand out
-more prominently than the two amendments to our Constitution providing
-for prohibition and for woman suffrage.
-
-=Prohibition in Kansas.= Temperance was a live topic in Kansas from
-the beginning; even in Territorial days laws were passed that tended
-to regulate, in some degree, the liquor traffic. During the first
-eighteen years of statehood there was a constant increase in sentiment
-favorable to prohibition, and, in 1880, during the administration of
-Governor John P. St. John, the people voted to adopt the following
-amendment to the Constitution: “The manufacture and sale of
-intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this State, except
-for medical, scientific, and mechanical purposes.” The law has been
-strengthened from time to time, and more attention has been given to
-its enforcement, until to-day Kansas is one of the strictest
-prohibition states, and the popular sentiment against the use of
-liquor is stronger here, perhaps, than anywhere else in the United
-States. For many years Kansas stood almost alone as a prohibition
-state, but in recent years the number of prohibition states has
-increased rapidly, and in 1918 a prohibition amendment to the National
-Constitution was offered by Congress, and in 1919 it had been ratified
-by the necessary two-thirds of the states. Kansas was among the
-number. It is a matter of pride in Kansas that ours was a pioneer
-state in this great movement.
-
-=Woman Suffrage.= Kansas has been one of the most liberal of the
-states in its laws concerning the rights of women, but it is only in
-recent years that Kansas women have had full political rights. In 1861
-women were given the right to vote in district school elections, and
-in 1887 in city elections. The question of complete woman suffrage was
-voted upon and defeated in 1867, and again in 1894, but in 1912 it
-carried by a large majority. Only six states, Colorado, Idaho, Utah,
-Wyoming, Washington, and California, preceded Kansas in granting to
-women the right of suffrage. A number of other states have followed
-Kansas, and now (1919) Congress has offered to the states for
-ratification a woman suffrage amendment to the National Constitution.
-
-=Kansas in the World War.= The period from the opening of the
-twentieth century to the beginning of the World War was, on the whole,
-one of peace and prosperity in Kansas. No great destructive force,
-such as famine or panic, left the people struggling for existence, nor
-did anything occur to stir their deeper emotions. Their chief
-interests were in building up their homes and their businesses and in
-developing their State. But suddenly, in 1914, like the people of the
-rest of the United States, they began to give more thought to the
-affairs of other countries, and when on April 6, 1917, the United
-States entered the war, the people of Kansas were ready to carry their
-share of the burdens.
-
-     [Illustration: CAMP FUNSTON.
-     The largest inland training camp in the United States. The 89th
-     National Army Division and the 10th Regular Army Division were
-     trained at Camp Funston.]
-
-The young men of the State began at once to offer their services in
-the national guard, in the regular army and in the navy. There were
-more than 18,000 of these volunteers. Within a few weeks Congress
-passed the Compulsory Service Act, under the provisions of which
-approximately 42,000 Kansas men were called into service during the
-war. The National Guard, numbering about 10,000 men, was soon called.
-Altogether there were fully 70,000 Kansans in the forces of the United
-States. These men were sent to practically every organization in the
-army, though the greater portion of them were in the 89th National
-Army Division, the 10th Regular Army Division, the 35th National Guard
-Division, and the 117th Ammunition Train of the 42d Division. All of
-these except the 10th Division, which had not yet completed its
-training when the armistice was signed, were sent to France, where
-they took part in important engagements and bore themselves bravely,
-notably the Rainbow Division in the last battle of the Marne, the 89th
-at St. Mihiel and the Argonne, and the 35th Division in the Argonne
-drive. Many of our young men went into special branches of service,
-such as the Air Service, Railway Engineering, Signal Corps,
-Quartermasters Corps and Ordnance Corps. The Federal Government
-established two Officers’ Training Camps in Kansas, one at Fort Riley
-and one at Fort Leavenworth. Many Kansas men attended these camps and
-received commissions.
-
-Hundreds of Kansas young women rendered skilled and devoted service as
-nurses, both in the training camps and overseas.
-
-The people of the State took an active part in various kinds of war
-work and subscribed more than their quota to all appeals for funds and
-to all bond issues.
-
-Altogether, Kansas played its part in the war with its accustomed
-loyalty and spirit.
-
-=The Period Since the Civil War.= In the present chapter we have
-touched only in a general way upon the State’s progress, but growth
-has been in many directions and each activity has a history of its
-own. In order that we may better understand the advancement that has
-been made we will study more fully three of the most important phases
-of the State’s progress and development――industry, transportation, and
-education.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The years since the Civil War have been eventful ones. The
-     Indian troubles on the frontier lasted from 1864 until 1869.
-     Much property and more than 1000 lives were lost. National
-     troops and a regiment of Kansas soldiers were required to
-     quell the trouble. Governor Crawford resigned his position
-     and took command of the Kansas troops. In 1878-’80 thousands
-     of negroes arrived in Kansas. This movement from the South
-     was called the “Exodus.” The grasshopper invasion in 1874
-     was followed by ten years of prosperity. Then came the boom,
-     which was ended by the drouth in 1887. Eastern moneylenders
-     held thousands of Kansas mortgages, and though several good
-     crop years followed, the State had not yet recovered when
-     the panic in 1893 brought renewed trouble. Good crops
-     followed, and Kansas soon entered upon a period of
-     prosperity which has continued to the present time. Kansas
-     furnished four regiments for the Spanish-American War in
-     1898, and made the most of every opportunity to serve in the
-     World War in 1917-’18. The State Capitol, which was begun in
-     1866, was completed in 1903. The years 1903, 1904, and 1908
-     were the flood years. Among the many important governmental
-     measures are the prohibition and woman suffrage amendments.
-     During the period since the Civil War Kansas has become a
-     great and prosperous state.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Parrish, The Great Plains.
-     Wright, Dodge City, the Cowboy Capital.
-     Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties.
-     Spring, Kansas, chap. IV.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168, 172-173, 184, 194, 204, 211,
-       218-222.
-     Historical Collections, Selected Topics.
-     McCarter, Price of the Prairie. (A novel.)
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. What were the conditions in Kansas at the close of the Civil
-         War?
-
-      2. Give an account of the Indian troubles in Kansas.
-
-      3. How did the Homestead Law affect immigration?
-
-      4. Give an account of the grasshopper invasion and its effect on
-         Kansas.
-
-      5. What progress was made during the next ten years?
-
-      6. What effect did the railroads have on immigration?
-
-      7. When was the “boom”? Describe conditions during the boom.
-         What were some of its causes? What ended it?
-
-      8. What was the effect of this boom on Kansas? What have you
-         learned from talking with persons who lived here in the “boom
-         days”?
-
-      9. Tell something of the “hard times” of the early ’90’s.
-
-     10. What part did Kansas take in the Spanish-American War?
-
-     11. Give an account of the building of the State Capitol.
-
-     12. Give an account of the floods in Kansas.
-
-     13. Give an account of the opening of Oklahoma. How did it affect
-         Kansas?
-
-     14. Compare Kansas to-day with Kansas as it was fifty years ago.
-
-     15. What part did Kansas take in the World War?
-
-     16. What is the prohibition amendment? The woman suffrage
-         amendment?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XV
-
-THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS
-
-
-=The Earliest Kansas Farmers.= Agriculture, the leading industry of
-our State, was for many years almost the only occupation of our
-people. The Indians were the first farmers in Kansas. The Comanches,
-in the western part of the State, were roving hunters, but the eastern
-Indians had permanent homes and tilled the soil. They were both
-hunters and farmers. A government agent in describing their mode of
-living says: “They raise annually small crops of corn, beans, and
-pumpkins. These they cultivate entirely with the hoe, in the simplest
-manner. Their crops are usually planted in April, and receive one
-dressing before they leave their villages for the summer hunt in May.”
-
-=Agriculture Taught to the Indians.= When Kansas was made an Indian
-country the National Government agreed in the treaties to supply the
-Indians with cattle, hogs, and farming implements, and to employ
-persons to teach them agriculture. In accordance with this agreement
-several government farms were established, and both the government
-farmers and the missionaries taught agriculture to the Indians. By the
-time Kansas was organized as a Territory, in 1854, there were a number
-of farms in the different reservations and at the missions, and the
-produce was such as to show that the soil of Kansas is remarkably
-fertile.
-
-=Agriculture During Territorial Days.= Most of the early settlers of
-Kansas were farmers, but during Territorial days the political and
-governmental troubles made much progress in farming impossible. The
-terrible season of 1860 made a dreary closing for this period, and
-confirmed in the minds of many eastern people the old idea that Kansas
-was fit only for Indians, buffaloes, and prairie dogs.
-
-     [Illustration: HAND PLANTER.]
-
-=Agriculture During the Civil War.= The year following the drouth
-brought a good crop, but it also brought the beginning of the Civil
-War which absorbed the energies of the settlers for four years more.
-It was not until the close of the war, in 1865, that agriculture can
-be said to have had a real beginning in Kansas. But, in spite of the
-poverty and hardships of the war years, two things of especial
-significance were done that showed the interest of the pioneers in
-agriculture. During this period the Agricultural College at Manhattan
-was established, and the State Agricultural Society was formed. The
-object of the Society was “to promote the improvement of agriculture
-and its kindred arts throughout the State of Kansas.” Under its
-management a state fair was held at Leavenworth in 1863, and in that
-year the Legislature appropriated $1000 for the benefit of the
-Society. These events are worthy of note because they showed the
-enterprise of the people when their resources were small.
-
-     [Illustration: THE “OLD MILL” AT LAWRENCE,
-      Erected in 1863. This was a gristmill, an octagon shaped,
-      four-story structure, having a genuine Holland windmill for
-      motive power. Additional buildings were erected for the
-      manufacture of wagons and farming implements. The mill was
-      abandoned many years ago, and in 1905 it burned.]
-
-=Early Farming Implements.= The farming implements of the pioneers
-were few and simple. Much of the machinery of to-day had not then been
-invented. Because of the cost of transportation, and the lack of money
-among the settlers, even the machinery of that day was scarce in
-Kansas. The all-important implement was the plow. The pioneer’s first
-crop was usually “sod corn.” The field was prepared with a breaking
-plow, which threw up the sod in parallel strips from two to five
-inches in thickness. Then the farmer, with an ax or a spade and a bag
-of seed corn, walked back and forth across the field, prying apart or
-gashing the sod at regular intervals and dropping into each opening
-three or four grains of corn. Then he waited for the crop. Once the
-land was broken, it was, in after years, prepared for the seed with
-the stirring plow and the harrow, and planting was done with a hand
-planter. Later the corn planter drawn by a team came into use. This
-machine required a driver, and another person to work the lever that
-dropped the corn. Then came the planter with the checkrower which,
-when attached to the planter, made only a driver necessary. During the
-last few years the lister has come into very general use.
-
-     [Illustration: CORN BINDER.]
-
-The early settlers cultivated their corn with a single-shovel
-cultivator drawn by one horse. With this cultivator it was necessary
-to make a trip along each side of every row of corn. The double-shovel
-cultivator soon came into use, but it, also, was drawn by one horse
-and cultivated but one side of the row at a time. This labor was
-greatly reduced by the invention of the cultivator drawn by a team and
-having shovels for both sides of the corn row. Now cultivators may be
-had that till two rows at a time. Formerly the farmer cut all of his
-corn by hand with a knife. Now he uses the riding corn binder.
-
-Great as has been the improvement in corn machinery, even greater
-changes have come about in the machinery used for the wheat crop. The
-earliest harvesting implement used in Kansas was the cradle, a scythe
-with long fingers parallel with the blade to catch the grain as it was
-cut. The cradler laid the grain in rows. A second man followed with a
-rake and gathered the wheat into small piles, which he tied into
-bundles, using some of the straw for bands. The next machine was the
-reaper, which carried two men, one to drive the team and one to push
-off the wheat whenever enough had been cut to make a bundle. The
-reaper required four or five binders to follow it. It was soon
-improved by being made self-dumping, and later, self-binding.
-Inventions and improvements have followed in rapid succession, and
-to-day the planting and harvesting of wheat can be done with
-remarkable speed and efficiency.
-
-     [Illustration: HEADING WHEAT.]
-
-The many wonderful inventions in farm machinery have made possible in
-the farming of to-day a great saving of time and labor as compared
-with the farming of forty years ago. There are few lines in which
-greater progress has been made.
-
-     [Illustration: GASOLINE TRACTOR.]
-
-=Agriculture Between 1860 and 1880.= For several years after the Civil
-War the population of Kansas increased more rapidly than did the
-crops, and the country was kept poor. The destruction of crops by the
-grasshoppers in 1874 retarded immigration and left the people
-discouraged. Several good crop years followed, however, and confidence
-in the agricultural future of Kansas soon returned. By 1880 nearly
-9,000,000 acres of land were in cultivation, a third of which was
-planted to corn and a fourth to wheat. The next largest acreage was in
-oats. A number of other crops were reported, including rye, barley,
-buckwheat, sorghum, cotton, hemp, tobacco, broom corn, millet, clover,
-and blue grass. At that time not a great deal was known of the soil or
-climate of the State, and we find in this list of crops several that
-have since been found unprofitable and are no longer raised in any
-considerable quantities.
-
-     [Illustration: ALFALFA.]
-
-=Agriculture from 1880 to 1887.= The year 1880 found the people of
-Kansas full of hope and courage, and from that time until the drouth
-of 1887 agriculture developed rapidly. It was a period of new ideas
-and new methods. Millions of additional acres were brought into
-cultivation. The principal crops, corn, wheat, and oats, were each
-greatly increased. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard grass, and blue
-grass were planted in the central counties, and even farther west.
-Soil that a few years before had been considered unfit for farming was
-now producing crops. The State was being rapidly settled, many miles
-of railroad were in operation, and the excellent crops did much to
-encourage the “boom” of 1885 to 1887.
-
-=Agriculture from 1887 to 1893.= The period of good crops following
-the dry season of 1887 lasted for five years, and it was a time of
-great activity along many lines of agricultural advancement. By 1890
-nearly 16,000,000 acres had been brought under cultivation. This area
-was almost double the areas under cultivation ten years earlier.
-
-=Western Kansas.= Before 1890 most of the farming was done in the
-eastern and central parts of the State, the western part being
-considered poorly adapted to agricultural purposes. During the next
-few years, however, it was shown that wheat can be successfully raised
-clear to the Colorado line. The sorghum crops also proved to be well
-adapted to this section. The soil of western Kansas was found to be
-wonderfully fertile, needing only moisture to make it produce
-abundantly. A more thorough understanding of soil and climate has
-brought better methods of tillage, and this, together with a careful
-selection of crops, is making the yield much larger and more certain.
-
-     [Illustration: IRRIGATION FROM THE UNDERFLOW.
-      Upper, water pumped into the reservoir by windmills.
-      Lower, water pumped into the reservoir by an engine.]
-
-=Irrigation in Western Kansas.= The possibilities of irrigation for
-this section of the country have long been given much consideration.
-For several years water from the Arkansas River was successfully used.
-Colorado, however, in developing irrigation, used so much of the water
-from the upper Arkansas that there was not a sufficient amount left
-for our State. Investigation resulted in the discovery of an
-underground water supply. This water, which is called the underflow,
-moves eastward from the Rocky Mountains through strata of gravel and
-sand. It offers to a large part of western Kansas a practically
-inexhaustible supply of water for irrigation. Wells are bored into
-this underflow and the water is pumped for irrigating purposes. Only a
-small part of western Kansas is under irrigation as yet, but
-experiments for the purpose of finding the best methods of utilizing
-the underflow are being carried on by individuals, by experiment
-stations, and by the State. Irrigation by pumping is bringing about a
-remarkable agricultural advancement in western Kansas.
-
-     [Illustration: STACKING ALFALFA.]
-
-=Alfalfa.= About 1890 several new crops came into prominence in
-Kansas, the most important of which was alfalfa. Alfalfa is now grown
-in every county of Kansas and has become one of our foremost crops.
-Because of its long, penetrating roots it can be grown successfully
-without irrigation even in most of the drier parts of Kansas. As its
-many points of excellence become better known its acreage is
-constantly increasing. Kansas produces more alfalfa than any other
-state in the Union.
-
-Sweet clover and Soudan grass have increased so much in acreage in
-very recent years that they are rapidly becoming important crops in
-this state.
-
-     [Illustration: Upper, threshing scene in a Kansas wheat field.
-      Lower, train of fifty cars of threshing machines on the way to
-      the Kansas wheat fields.]
-
-=The Sorghum Crops.= Another of the new crops was Kafir corn, which
-has also proved very valuable. This plant is a variety of sorghum.
-Other varieties had been raised in Kansas for many years, especially
-the sweet sorghum that could be used for making sugar and molasses.
-Broom corn is another sorghum crop that has been grown in Kansas for a
-long while and is raised in large quantities in the southwestern part
-of the State. In more recent years two more sorghums, milo and
-feterita, give promise of becoming valuable forage crops.
-
-     [Illustration: THE BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT GARDEN CITY.]
-
-=Sugar Beets.= During the early ’80’s considerable sugar had been made
-from sorghum cane, but in 1889 it was, for the first time, made from
-beets. For a number of years experiments were made with sugar beets in
-different parts of western Kansas. To encourage sugar-beet raising a
-bounty was offered by the State, and a good many tons were raised and
-shipped to sugar factories in Colorado and Nebraska. In 1906 a large
-factory was completed at Garden City, and the raising of sugar beets
-has become an important industry in that part of Kansas. Efforts are
-now being made to introduce this crop into other parts of the State.
-
-     [Illustration: STOCKYARDS AT KANSAS CITY.]
-
-=The Twenty-five Years Following 1893.= Progress was checked in 1893
-by the financial panic that extended throughout the country. Values
-dropped, and prices were low on everything the farmers had to sell. In
-addition to the panic, Kansas suffered a crop failure in most parts of
-the State. That was a discouraging period, but within a few years
-Kansas had recovered. From that time until the present there has been
-a steady rise in all values. Owing largely to the fact that there is
-no longer any free land to be taken as homesteads, land prices have
-steadily risen. The price of land products has also greatly increased.
-In 1893 corn was worth but ten to fifteen cents a bushel and wheat
-from thirty to forty cents. A comparison of these with present prices
-serves to show how great has been the change.
-
-     [Illustration: A KANSAS WHEAT FIELD.]
-
-=Kansas Wheat.= Kansas is now one of the leading agricultural states
-of the Union. It produces a greater variety of crops than does almost
-any other state, but the principal ones are now, as they have been
-from the earliest days, corn and wheat. In recent years alfalfa has
-come to be a close third. Wheat is our most noted crop. Kansas is
-unsurpassed in the production of this grain. Wheat is grown in every
-county in the State, but by far the greatest quantity comes from the
-“wheat belt,” which extends across the middle of the State, from north
-to south. Most of the Kansas wheat is of the winter varieties commonly
-called “Turkey wheats,” first brought here from southern Russia by the
-Mennonites in 1873.
-
-     [Illustration: KANSAS CORN.]
-
-=The Corn Crop.= Corn was raised here by the Indians, and from the
-time of the settlement of the Territory until very recent years it was
-the leading crop and the greatest source of Kansas wealth. Since 1913,
-however, wheat has been the most valuable crop of the State and corn
-has had to take second place. Corn is raised in all parts of the
-State, but much the largest portion is produced in the eastern half.
-It is on this crop that the great live-stock industries of Kansas most
-depend.
-
-=The Live-stock Industry.= The live-stock industry is one of the
-important interests of the State. The grain and forage crops, the
-large areas of good pasture, the plentiful supply of water, and the
-nearness to market, all combine to make Kansas an excellent live-stock
-region. The raising and fattening of cattle and hogs constitute the
-chief features of this industry, although there are a number of
-others, prominent among which is dairying.
-
-     [Illustration: EARLY DAY STOCK FARM.]
-
-The early farmers had their herds and flocks, but paid little
-attention to quality or breeds. In time it was found that better
-grades were more profitable, and the early range cattle and the scrub
-stock of the pioneers have disappeared.
-
-     [Illustration: PRESENT DAY STOCK FARM.]
-
-     [Illustration: THE COWBOY WAS A FAMILIAR FIGURE IN KANSAS FORTY
-      YEARS AGO.]
-
-When the Union Pacific Railroad was built the cattlemen of Texas began
-driving their cattle into Kansas in order to ship them to market. For
-many years Abilene was the shipping center. When the Santa Fe Railway
-was built, Wichita, being farther south, became the chief shipping
-point. As the country became more thickly settled the cattle trade was
-pushed farther west. Finally it reached Dodge City which remained the
-shipping center for many years. The building of railroads into the
-Southwest made it unnecessary for the Texas cattlemen to drive their
-stock to a Kansas shipping point, and about 1885 the practice was
-abandoned. While the trade flourished, the cowboy, with his boots and
-spurs and broad-brimmed hat, was a familiar figure on the plains of
-western Kansas; but as the settlers turned the grazing land into farms
-the cowboy moved farther west.
-
-     [Illustration: IN FULL BLOOM.]
-
-=Horticulture.= Another Kansas industry is horticulture, the
-cultivation of fruits. The first orchard in Kansas was planted at
-Shawnee Mission in 1837. Very little tree planting was done, however,
-until after the Civil War, and even then the Kansas plains were for
-many years regarded as unfit for fruit growing. The early crops were
-small but of a very fine quality, and Kansas apples won the gold medal
-at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. This aroused
-much enthusiasm, and during the next few years many thousands of fruit
-trees were planted, but most of them proved worthless because the
-varieties were not adapted to conditions in this State. Long years of
-hard work and patient effort were required to secure the knowledge
-necessary to make a successful fruit state of Kansas. To-day there are
-many fruits grown here, but it is the Kansas apple that is famous.
-Scarcely a farm in the eastern and central parts of the State is
-without its orchard, and there are a number of commercial orchards
-that are making horticulture an important industry in Kansas.
-
-     [Illustration: KANSAS APPLES.]
-
-=Farmers’ Organizations.= The farmers of the State have at different
-times, especially in the earlier years, formed a number of
-organizations. An early organization was the Order of Patrons of
-Husbandry, or the “Grange,” a national movement, introduced into
-Kansas in 1872. Its general purpose was the improvement of farm life.
-Many granges were organized during the ’70’s. The Farmers’ Cooperative
-Association, begun in 1873, and the Farmers’ Mutual Benefit
-Association in 1883, had for their general purposes the cooperation of
-the farmers in buying and selling and in securing lower freight rates.
-
-     [Illustration: ONE OF THE CROPS IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN KANSAS.]
-
-About 1888 the Farmers’ Alliance, already a national organization,
-formed many local organizations in Kansas. The Alliance demanded a
-number of measures for the betterment of the farmers, including lower
-freight and passenger rates, and better mortgage, debtor, and tax
-laws. The Farmers’ Alliance was a widespread movement and, for a time,
-overshadowed all other farmers’ organizations. In 1890 the People’s
-party, or the Populist party,[17] as it came to be called, took over
-the political work of the Farmers’ Alliance, and that organization
-gradually disappeared. The Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union
-of Kansas is a more recent organization.
-
-     [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1915――――
-      ARTHUR CAPPER
-      HENRY J. ALLEN]
-
-=The State Board of Agriculture.= In 1872 the Agricultural Society,
-organized during the Civil War, was changed into the State Board of
-Agriculture. For a number of years this Board gave especial attention
-to gathering and distributing information concerning the resources of
-the State for the purpose of stimulating immigration. Later it began
-the work of furnishing to the farmers information concerning methods
-of farming best adapted to Kansas conditions. These activities have
-been continued, and the Board of Agriculture has been of great
-practical value to the State.
-
-     [Illustration: UPPER, DEEP SHAFT COAL MINING.
-      LOWER, SURFACE COAL MINING.]
-
-=Work of the Agricultural College.= The Agricultural College in its
-early years laid but little stress on agricultural and industrial
-work, but in 1873 its plan of work was changed and it soon began to
-fulfill its real mission. A few years later the usefulness of the
-College was greatly increased by the establishment of an experiment
-station where investigations are carried on in such matters as the
-testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, the rotation of
-crops, dairy and animal husbandry, butter and cheese making, orchard
-and crop pests, stock foods, and diseases of live stock. Branch
-experiment stations have, in later years, been established at Hays,
-Garden City, Dodge City, Tribune, and Colby, where problems peculiar
-to the western part of the State are studied. The Agricultural College
-is doing a great work in gathering information and bringing it to the
-people by means of bulletins, lectures, correspondence courses,
-demonstration trains, demonstration agents, and farmers’ institutes.
-Kansas was one of the first states to hold a Farmers’ Institute in
-connection with its Agricultural College. This work was begun in 1869,
-and the purpose was then, as it is to-day, to promote the knowledge of
-scientific agriculture.
-
-     [Illustration: ONE OF THE EARLY FLOURING MILLS.]
-
-=Manufactures Based on Agriculture.= The agricultural resources of
-Kansas have led to the development of a number of manufacturing
-industries. One of the oldest of these is milling. Among the first
-needs of the settlers of the new country was a means of grinding their
-corn and wheat into meal and flour for family use. This caused the
-building of small gristmills in every community. Most of them were
-built along streams and were run by water power, though a few of the
-early ones used wind power. In later years steam has come to be
-generally used. After the introduction of the hard wheats, the wheat
-crop came to be much more certain, the acreage increased, and the
-milling industry grew. Kansas flour is now sold in all the important
-markets of the world, and Kansas is one of the leading states in the
-milling industry.
-
-Meat packing has held first place among the manufacturing industries
-of Kansas for a number of years. Kansas City, the second greatest
-packing center in the United States, is the chief market for Kansas
-live stock, but there are several packing houses in different parts of
-the State. Creameries, canning factories, and pickling works represent
-other industries that have been developed to make use of our
-agricultural products.
-
-=The Mineral Industries.= Although Kansas is not one of the great
-mining states, it has a number of valuable mineral resources, the
-chief of which are coal, lead, zinc, oil, gas, salt, building stone,
-and gypsum. These resources form the basis of an important part of the
-industrial life of the State. The coal and gas have made possible a
-number of manufacturing industries.
-
-=Coal.= As early as the Territorial period it was known that there
-were coal fields in Kansas, and small amounts of coal were mined in
-Crawford and Cherokee counties. Immediately after the Civil War the
-settlers in the southeastern part of the State gave much attention to
-the digging of coal, some of which lay so near the surface that it
-could be uncovered with a plow. Within the next few years coal was
-found in Osage and Leavenworth counties and in the vicinity of Fort
-Scott. These places produced large amounts, but Crawford and Cherokee
-counties soon came to be the leading coal districts of the State. At
-the present time about nine-tenths of the Kansas output is mined in
-these two counties. The importance of the coal fields of Kansas lies
-not only in the value of the coal, but in the stimulation of the
-growth of manufactures. Many industries can be carried on only by
-means of large amounts of fuel to supply power. The development of a
-number of such industries in Kansas has been made possible chiefly by
-the cheap and abundant supply of coal.
-
-=Lead and Zinc.= Before Kansas was organized as a Territory lead
-mining was an important industry in southwest Missouri, but not until
-1876 was it discovered that the lead and zinc field extends into the
-southeast corner of Kansas. Prospecting began at once and thousands of
-people were soon on the ground. Although zinc was found in abundance
-with the lead, but little attention was paid to it. Within a few
-years, however, it was found that the abundance of coal made the
-smelting of zinc profitable, and zinc soon assumed the leading place.
-For a number of years much more zinc than lead has been produced. A
-large amount of ore from the Missouri mines is shipped to the Kansas
-smelters, and the smelting of lead and zinc, but particularly of zinc,
-has come to be one of the most important of our mineral industries.
-The development of the gas field furnished a cheaper and more abundant
-fuel than coal, and much of the smelting was soon being done where gas
-could be used. In later years gas is less abundant and there is a
-tendency to return to the use of coal.
-
-=Oil and Gas.= Although prospecting had been done in earlier years,
-the real development of oil and gas in Kansas began about 1892, with
-the discovery of the big Kansas-Oklahoma field. The oil and gas area
-is included within an irregular strip, forty to fifty miles wide,
-extending from Kansas City southwesterly into Oklahoma. It is
-frequently spoken of as the “oil and gas belt.”
-
-By 1900 nearly every town in the gas belt had more gas than it knew
-what to do with, and various manufacturing enterprises, such as brick
-plants, zinc smelters, glass factories, and Portland cement mills,
-were soon attracted to these towns. A little later gas was being
-supplied to cities outside of the gas belt. Pipe lines were laid to
-Wellington, Wichita, Hutchinson, Topeka, Lawrence, Kansas City,
-Leavenworth, Atchison, and many of the towns between. After ten years
-of this greatly increased use of gas the supply became less abundant,
-and now it is feared that the supply from this field may fail at no
-distant date.
-
-     [Illustration: OIL WELL, OR “GUSHER.”]
-
-In the earlier years the oil was all carried in tank cars, but a
-system of pipe lines for carrying it was soon laid. Many refineries
-were soon established. The crude oil is used chiefly for fuel and for
-machine oil. In the refineries it is made into benzine, gasoline, and
-kerosene. Vaseline and paraffin are among the by-products.
-
-In 1914 oil and gas were discovered in Butler County. Within two years
-this field was yielding such large quantities of oil that the total
-production of the State was more than doubled. During the next year,
-1917, more than three times as much oil was produced as in 1916, and
-Kansas had become the greatest oil-producing state in the Union. The
-output of the Butler County field is still increasing, and its
-remarkable yield will probably continue for several years.
-
-     [Illustration: SALT PLANT AT HUTCHINSON.]
-
-=Salt.= Salt is found in Kansas as a brine in the salt marshes, and as
-beds of rock salt lying beneath the surface. The marshes were known to
-the early hunters and settlers, and through the early years of
-statehood a little salt was manufactured from this brine. In the late
-’80’s the rock salt beds were discovered and the salt-making industry
-was rapidly developed. The center of the salt industry is now, as it
-has been from the beginning, at Hutchinson. Salt is found in a large
-part of Kansas, but the most valuable area extends across the middle
-of the State from north to south. This great bed of salt is in most
-places from two hundred and fifty to four hundred feet thick. Some
-salt is made by crushing the rock salt, but the greater portion is
-made by the evaporation of brines. The brines are obtained by forcing
-a stream of water through rock salt.
-
-=Brick.= Brickmaking in Kansas dates from the early years. Brick clays
-are found in many parts of the State, but the industry is carried on
-chiefly in the eastern part of the State, especially in the gas belt,
-because of the fuel supply.
-
-=Gypsum.= Gypsum beds are found in the central part of Kansas,
-especially around Blue Rapids and in Saline, Dickinson, and Barber
-counties. Plaster of Paris, used chiefly for making plaster for
-covering wall surfaces, is made from gypsum.
-
-     [Illustration: STONE QUARRY.]
-
-=Portland Cement.= Portland cement is a comparatively new product in
-the United States. The development of this industry in Kansas
-commenced about 1900. Portland cement is made from certain mixtures of
-rock substances, put through processes of grinding and heating. Its
-chief use is in making concrete, which is widely used for construction
-work. There are a number of Portland cement mills in the gas belt.
-
-=Glass.= Gas is the most satisfactory fuel for glassmaking, and since
-the gas field in Kansas was opened a number of glass factories have
-been established in the State. Sand of a good quality for making glass
-has also been found in southeastern Kansas.
-
-=Agriculture the Basis of Material Progress.= At present there are
-numbers of factories in Kansas, engaged in many different lines of
-work. Our industries are constantly growing in number and importance,
-and it takes all of them to make a well-rounded state, but it is the
-agricultural industries that form the basis of our prosperity. On
-these we must depend, and the history of agriculture in Kansas is,
-largely, the history of our material progress.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The principal agricultural industries of the State are
-     farming, stock raising and horticulture. The principal
-     mineral industries are concerned with coal, lead, zinc, oil,
-     gas, salt, building stone, and gypsum. The leading
-     manufacturing industries are concerned largely with
-     agricultural and mineral products, and are carried on most
-     extensively in the coal and gas regions.
-
-     Drouths, which occur in all agricultural regions, have been
-     most severe in Kansas in the following years: 1860, 1869,
-     1874, 1887, 1893, 1913. These years have marked into periods
-     what has otherwise been a steady progress in agriculture.
-
-     The Agricultural Society, organized during the Civil War,
-     was, in 1872, changed into the State Board of Agriculture.
-     The Agricultural College, established during the Civil War,
-     began active work along agricultural lines in 1873. There
-     have been a number of organizations of farmers, most of them
-     between 1870 and 1890.
-
-     Advancement in agriculture has been made in area under
-     cultivation, selection of crops, improvements in machinery,
-     better methods of tillage, and irrigation. The leading crops
-     are now corn, wheat, and alfalfa.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Bulletins and Reports of the State Board of Agriculture.
-     Bulletins and Reports of the Agricultural College.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 252-265.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Old Newspaper Files.
-     Historical Collections, vol. IX, pp. 33, 94, 480; vol. XI,
-       pp. 81-211; vol. XII, p. 60.
-     Walters, History of the Agricultural College.
-     Tuttle, History of Kansas.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 232-234, 292-295.
-     Publications of the University Geological Survey of Kansas.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. What is the leading industry of Kansas?
-
-      2. Discuss the Indians as farmers.
-
-      3. What agricultural progress was made during the Territorial
-         period? During the Civil War?
-
-      4. When and why was the Agricultural Society formed? What has
-         taken its place? Tell something of the work of the new
-         organization.
-
-      5. Describe the early farm implements and methods of farming.
-         What have you learned of these things from old settlers?
-
-      6. What were the agricultural conditions in Kansas in 1880?
-         Between 1880 and 1887?
-
-      7. What connection does the date 1887 have with the agricultural
-         history of the State? What conditions followed this date?
-
-      8. What are the soil and climate conditions of western Kansas?
-         Give an account of irrigation in that section.
-
-      9. Name new crops that came into prominence about 1890, and tell
-         something of each.
-
-     10. What conditions prevailed in Kansas in the early ’90’s?
-         During the period that followed?
-
-     11. Discuss Kansas wheat; Kansas corn.
-
-     12. Discuss the live-stock industry in Kansas.
-
-     13. Give an account of the cattle trade of earlier days.
-
-     14. What progress has horticulture made in Kansas?
-
-     15. What farmers’ organizations have been formed? For what
-         purpose?
-
-     16. Discuss the relation of the Agricultural College to the
-         farmers.
-
-     17. Discuss the milling industry of our State. The meat-packing
-         industry.
-
-     18. Name the mineral resources of Kansas. Discuss each.
-
-     19. What manufacturing industries have grown from the mineral
-         resources?
-
-     20. What industries are carried on in your community? Are any
-         others being considered?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVI
-
-TRANSPORTATION IN KANSAS
-
-
-=The Beginning of Railroads in the United States.= About the time
-Kansas was becoming the highway for the Santa Fe trade, experiments
-were being made in England with a new invention, the steam locomotive.
-By 1825 a fair degree of success had been attained. During the next
-half dozen years experiments were carried on in the United States, and
-by 1831 several short railroad lines were in use. By 1850 one could
-travel by rail between the chief cities of the East and as far west as
-St. Louis, but a decade more passed before any railroads were built in
-Kansas.
-
-=Kansas Settlers Desire Railroads.= The agitation for railroads in
-this part of the country began even before the organization of the
-Kansas Territory. The settlers knew the difficulty of building up the
-State without the aid of the railway. They had crept across the
-prairies in their canvas-covered wagons, or had toiled up the shallow,
-sluggish waterways, and they foresaw that they would be unable to
-market their crops or their stock because of the lack of adequate
-means of transportation. Their great desire for railroads is made
-evident by the large number of railway charters granted to different
-companies by the Territorial Legislatures. On account of the immense
-cost of railroad construction, however, work was slow to begin.
-
-=Early Stage Lines.= While the West was waiting for its railroads a
-number of stage routes for carrying mail and passengers were
-established. The first one was over the Santa Fe Trail. Stages made
-the trip from Kansas City to Santa Fe in about fifteen days. For many
-years stage lines were operated between the different towns of the
-Territory. Later, lines were established to Denver, to Salt Lake, and
-even to San Francisco.
-
-     [Illustration: STAGE COACH.]
-
-=The Pony Express, 1859-’61.= The trip to San Francisco, a distance of
-about 2000 miles, occupied nearly a month, and the people of
-California were very anxious that a quicker way of getting their mails
-be devised. To meet this demand the Pony Express was established in
-1859. The line extended from St. Joseph to San Francisco, a long,
-lonely way across plains and deserts and over mountains, sometimes in
-a straight line but often winding through dark cañons or along the
-edge of mountain precipices. The Pony Express required one hundred and
-ninety stations, nearly five hundred horses, and eighty riders. The
-stations averaged about ten miles apart. The horses were selected for
-their speed and endurance, and the distance from one station to
-another was covered in the shortest possible time. At each station a
-fresh horse was waiting, and the only delay was in changing the mail
-pouch from one horse to another. The pouch contained only letters, and
-they were written on the thinnest of paper to avoid surplus weight.
-Five dollars was charged for the carrying of each letter. The first
-trip was made in ten days, the shortest one in seven days and
-seventeen hours. Many stories of adventure are related of the two
-years in which the Pony Express was in operation. In 1861 a telegraph
-line was constructed across the continent, which made it possible to
-flash news from ocean to ocean in a few seconds, and the Pony Express
-went out of existence.
-
-=The First Railroad in Kansas, 1860.= By this time railroad building
-had begun in Kansas. The first road was laid in the spring of 1860,
-while Kansas was still a Territory, between Elwood, opposite St.
-Joseph, Missouri, and Marysville. When the first five miles of rail
-had been laid, a little old locomotive that had done service on many
-eastern roads was brought into the State and a celebration was held in
-honor of the first trip. Though the engine was old and drew only a few
-flat cars over the rough and crooked track, it was an important event,
-for it marked the beginning of railroad building in Kansas.
-
-=The Union Pacific Railroad, 1862-’69.= There had long been talk of a
-railroad to the Pacific coast, and in 1862, while the Civil War was
-still in progress, Congress granted a charter for such a line. This
-was the beginning of the Union Pacific Railroad. It was to be built as
-soon as possible by working from both ends. From the east the road was
-to pass through Nebraska and on toward Salt Lake, and from the west it
-was to be built from San Francisco eastward until the two lines met.
-This road did not pass through Kansas, but while it was being
-constructed a line that later became a part of the Union Pacific[18]
-system was built from Kansas City westward, along the Kansas River,
-through Manhattan, Junction City, and Salina, and on west through
-Denver to join the main line at Cheyenne.[19]
-
-     [Illustration: THE INDIAN, THE SOLDIER, AND THE BUILDER.]
-
-During the seven years spent in building this railroad many
-difficulties were met and conquered. Most of the country along the
-line was without timber, fuel, or any of the necessary supplies. The
-materials for construction were brought up the Missouri River by
-steamboat to Kansas City. From this point they were hauled by train
-over the new railroad as far as it was completed. The Indians opposed
-the work because it meant the westward movement of civilization and
-the settling of their hunting grounds. They were a constant source of
-danger to the whole frontier, but especially to the railroad builders.
-The men usually went to their work armed, and stacked their guns ready
-for instant use. Sometimes it was even necessary to guard the men with
-troops while they worked. History gives many accounts of Indian
-massacres committed along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad. The
-entire line was finished in 1869.
-
-     [Illustration: EARLY DAYS ON THE UNION PACIFIC.]
-
-=The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Completed in 1872.= In the meantime
-other lines had been chartered through Kansas, the principal one being
-the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. This railroad was begun at Topeka in
-1868 and completed to the western boundary of the State in a little
-more than four years. The line between Topeka and Atchison was also
-completed within this period. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe has
-since been extended westward to the coast and eastward to Chicago, and
-many branches have been added. This railroad follows the general
-direction of the Santa Fe Trail across the eastern half of the State.
-Near Great Bend the track runs on the exact course of the old highway,
-and from this point on through the rest of the State they are never
-far apart and often coincide. When, in 1872, the “Santa Fe,” as it is
-generally called, was completed through Kansas, the last caravan of
-wagons had wound its way over the old Trail. The trains of cars
-rushing over the new iron trail marked another advance in the westward
-march of civilization.
-
-     [Illustration: THE “IRON TRAIL” ACROSS THE PRAIRIES.]
-
-=Railroad Companies Receive Land Grants.= The immense cost of railroad
-construction, the sparsely settled country, and the limited amount of
-traffic, made the early building of railroads a risky undertaking. But
-railroads were needed in order to unite the West to the East as well
-as for the development of the new country, and in order to encourage
-their building Congress adopted the policy of making liberal land
-grants to railroad companies. The Union Pacific through Kansas was
-given land amounting to a strip ten miles wide on each side of its
-line. Several other companies, including the Atchison, Topeka & Santa
-Fe, received grants amounting to five miles on each side. This policy
-brought about the rapid building of railroads, but when the State
-became fairly well supplied the land grants were discontinued. Much of
-the land was later forfeited by the companies through failure to meet
-the conditions of their grants.
-
-=Railroad Companies Interested in Settlement.= When the early
-railroads were first built across Kansas there were but few people
-living in the western part of the State. Since population was
-necessary to the prosperity of the railroad companies, these companies
-gave much attention to the matter of increasing the settlements along
-their lines. They sent land agents throughout the United States and
-Europe, they invited people of prominence to join excursions through
-Kansas, and they filled the newspapers with descriptions of the great
-West. Kansas was widely and favorably advertised. Interest was
-everywhere aroused and many people were attracted to the State.
-
-=Mennonite Settlements.= The railroad companies succeeded in planting
-a number of colonies of foreigners on their lands. Among them were the
-settlements of Mennonites in Reno, Harvey, Marion, and McPherson
-counties. These people came from Russia for religious freedom. “They
-came simultaneously with the grasshoppers but outstayed them.” The
-first party, in 1874, numbered 1900 people, and many more followed
-rapidly until there are now many thousands of these people in Kansas.
-They brought a considerable amount of money with them and were able to
-purchase their land. The Mennonites were farmers, a thrifty,
-industrious people who have contributed much toward making Kansas a
-great agricultural State.
-
-=Swedish Settlements.= Swedes had been coming to Kansas since
-Territorial days. In 1871 the Union Pacific sold a large tract of land
-in Saline County for a Swedish settlement. This settlement has
-increased and others have been formed until there are now many people
-of this nationality in Kansas. Lindsborg, almost entirely Swedish, is
-their religious and social center. It is noted for its school of
-music. Most of these people came in poverty, but they have converted
-the bare prairies into fine agricultural districts and have become
-prosperous citizens. They are an industrious, intelligent,
-progressive, and law-abiding people.
-
-Other colonies have settled in various parts of the State; among
-these, German-Russians in Russell, Rush, and Ellis counties, Scotch in
-Republic County, English in Clay County, and Bohemians in Ellsworth
-County. There are, at present, people of many nationalities in Kansas.
-
-=Relation of Railroads to State’s Industries.= Not only did the early
-building of railroads do much to bring about the rapid settlement of
-Kansas, but it hastened the development of practically all of the
-State’s industries. For instance, the railroads have made it possible
-for the farmer to market his live stock and his crops. Out of these
-better market facilities have grown the great meat-packing centers and
-the flouring mills. On the other hand, the growth of settlements and
-industries has brought prosperity to the railroads and they have
-increased in wealth, equipment, and mileage. Thus the relation between
-the railroads and the State’s progress is very close.
-
-There are at present nearly 10,000 miles of railroad in Kansas, most
-of it belonging to the four great companies, the Atchison, Topeka &
-Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Chicago,
-Rock Island & Pacific.
-
-     [Illustration: A MODERN LOCOMOTIVE AND ONE OF 1880.]
-
-=Railroad Regulation.= There has been but little railroad building in
-Kansas for a number of years for the State is now fairly well
-supplied. Almost every county now has one or more railroads. In the
-earlier years the important thing was to get the railroads. Having
-secured them, the matter of chief concern has been to regulate them.
-During the late ’70’s much dissatisfaction arose because railroad
-rates were high, and several attempts were made to place the matter of
-rate regulation under the control of the State. In 1883 a law was
-passed creating a Railroad Commission of three members. This
-Commission was given a great deal of power, especially in regard to
-revising and establishing rates, and in adjusting disputes between the
-railroads and their patrons. Within a few years, through the efforts
-of the Commission together with the increase in business resulting
-from a growing population, rates were reduced almost half. Since its
-work proved to be of great service to the people the Commission was
-continued. In 1911 the Railroad Commission became the Public Utilities
-Commission, which was given control over all such corporations as
-railroads, electric lines, and telegraph and telephone systems, in
-matters that are of interest only to this particular State. In matters
-that concern more than one state the Interstate Commerce Commission
-may act.
-
-When the United States entered the World War it became evident that
-one of the big problems to be met was that of transportation, within
-our own country, of men and supplies. The solution decided upon was
-that of government control of the railroads, which was secured by
-placing a director-general in charge of all the railroads of the
-United States. It was provided that this control might be continued
-for a period of twenty-one months after the close of the war.
-
-=Interurban Lines.= Within recent years our means of transportation
-have been increased by the building of electric railway lines. They
-usually extend from one city to another, and are therefore called
-interurban lines. Most of those already built are in the southeastern
-part of the State. Plans were under way for a number of additional
-lines, but the coming of the War checked practically all of this work.
-The return of normal conditions will doubtless see a large increase in
-interurban mileage.
-
-=Road Improvement.= The building of railroads did not make wagon roads
-less important, but more so, for there must be plenty of good roads if
-the people are to make full use of the railroads. The development of
-roads in this State has been going forward since the earliest days.
-Time, money, and effort are required to build roads in a new country,
-and during the years that Kansas has been engaged in this great task
-many different plans have been tried out and many road laws have been
-passed from time to time, but it was not until after Congress passed
-an act providing federal aid in road making that a unified plan for
-the whole State became a fact. This act was passed in 1916, and Kansas
-accepted its provisions in 1917. Since that time remarkable progress
-has been made. A system of State highways forming a network over the
-entire State has been selected, thousands of miles of which are
-“federal-aid roads”; a complete system of connecting county roads has
-been designated; information has been compiled and distributed
-concerning the making of different kinds of roads, as earth, oiled
-earth, gravel, water-bound macadam, bituminous macadam, asphaltic
-concrete, concrete, and brick; bridge and culvert building have been
-standardized; and many miles of hard-surfaced roads have already been
-built or are in process of construction. Road building in Kansas is
-now progressing at a rate far beyond that of any time in the past.
-
-=Motor Truck Service.= Much of the attention now being given to road
-improvement has been brought about by the rapidly increasing use of
-the automobile. During the earlier years of the automobile it was used
-chiefly for the transportation of passengers, but the development of
-the motor truck is making it an important factor in freight
-transportation. Many lines of motor truck service already have been
-established in the State, but on account of the uncertain condition of
-most of the roads the service is necessarily irregular. With the
-building of hard-surfaced roads the motor truck will no doubt soon
-become a fully established part of our transportation system.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     Railroad construction was begun in the United States about
-     1830. By 1850 railroads reached as far west as St. Louis.
-     Many stage lines were established in early Kansas. The first
-     railroad was built in Kansas in 1860; the line extended from
-     Elwood to Marysville. The Union Pacific was built through
-     Kansas between 1862 and 1869. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa
-     Fe Railway was completed in 1872. In the meantime a number
-     of other roads were built. The railroads received large
-     grants of land, which they sold to settlers, thereby raising
-     money and increasing business. They advertised Kansas
-     widely. The people soon found it necessary to regulate the
-     railroads, and created for this purpose the Railroad
-     Commission, now the Public Utilities Commission. Besides the
-     various railroad systems of the State, there are many
-     interurban lines and a rapidly growing motor truck service.
-     Great progress in road improvement is being made.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Arnold, Civics and Citizenship, pp. 97-108.
-     Maps and Folders, published by the railroad companies.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II, pp. 533-548.
-     Elson, History of the United States, pp. 475, 618, 818.
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168-170, 184-186, 191-194.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VIII, p. 384; vol. XI, p. 529; vol.
-       XII, pp. 37, 47, 383; vol. IX, p. 467; vol. VI, p. 357.
-     Reports of Interstate Commerce Commission and Public Utilities
-       Commission.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 241-252.
-     Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.
-     Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage Route to California.
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 306-313.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. Give an account of the beginning of railway transportation in
-         the United States. What were the conditions by 1850?
-
-      2. What were the early methods of travel in Kansas?
-
-      3. Why were the early settlers anxious for railroads? What did
-         they do to secure railroads?
-
-      4. Discuss the stage lines; the Pony Express.
-
-      5. When and where was the first railroad built in Kansas?
-
-      6. Tell something of the building of the main line of the Union
-         Pacific.
-
-      7. Give an account of the building of the Union Pacific through
-         Kansas. What were some of the difficulties that had to be
-         overcome?
-
-      8. When was the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe built? Give its
-         route.
-
-      9. Name other railroads in Kansas.
-
-     10. Why were land grants made to the railroad companies? How did
-         the railroad companies use this land?
-
-     11. Why did the railroad companies advertise Kansas? What was the
-         effect on the State?
-
-     12. Locate settlements of foreigners in Kansas.
-
-     13. Show why there is a close relation between the people and the
-         railroads.
-
-     14. Why has regulation of the railroads been found necessary? How
-         has it been accomplished?
-
-     15. What is, approximately, the railroad mileage of the State?
-
-     16. What lines of railroad in your community?
-
-     17. Are there any interurban lines near you? Are any such lines
-         being discussed?
-
-     18. What motor truck service is being carried on in your
-         community?
-
-     19. Locate the state highways and the county roads of your
-         county.
-
-     20. Describe recent improvement of roads in your community.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVII
-
-EDUCATION IN KANSAS
-
-
-=The First Schools in Kansas.= The first schools in Kansas were the
-mission schools for the Indians. When Kansas was organized as a
-Territory and the white settlers began to make their homes here, the
-education of their children became one of their first interests. In
-the summer of 1855 the first Territorial Legislature passed a law
-providing for the establishment of common schools, and thus laid the
-foundation for our public school system.
-
-=Early Territorial Schools.= In January of 1855, when the town of
-Lawrence was only six months old, a school was opened in the back of
-Dr. Charles Robinson’s office. A term of school was held in Lawrence
-every winter thereafter. Other towns also maintained schools, as did a
-few of the country communities, but the settlers’ claims were so
-widely scattered and the dangers during the days of raids and warfare
-were so great that country schools were almost an impossibility during
-the first few years.
-
-=Subscription Schools.= Many of the earlier schools were “subscription
-schools,” which means that they were not public schools supported by a
-tax levy, but that the teacher’s pay came from a tuition charged each
-pupil who attended.
-
-=Beginning of Our School System.= By 1859, when Territorial conditions
-had become more settled, the Legislature turned its attention to the
-matter of education and passed a set of school laws that has served
-ever since as the basis of our system of education. While Kansas was
-still a Territory, a few districts were organized and schoolhouses
-built, and the minimum school term was made three months.
-
-     [Illustration: SOD SCHOOLHOUSE.]
-
-=Schools After the Civil War.= Little educational progress was made
-during the Civil War, but when peace had come to Kansas and the people
-could turn their minds to the needs of their homes and communities,
-schoolhouses built of logs or sod sprang up everywhere, for the
-pioneers had brought with them a desire to educate their children.
-Sometimes the settlers did not even wait to organize their district,
-but gathered together and began work on their schoolhouse. Where there
-was a timber supply they made their buildings of logs. On the prairie
-they built of sod. With the breaking plow they sliced out long pieces
-of sod from two to four inches thick and twelve to fourteen inches
-wide, and these, mortared with soft mud, were used like brick to build
-the walls. The roof was sometimes of lumber, but often the sod was
-laid over a framework of brush and poles. Whether the building was of
-logs or of sod, the floor was usually of dirt sprinkled and packed
-until it was hard and smooth. As the country grew in population and
-resources these buildings were replaced by others made of lumber,
-brick, or stone, but the little log and sod schoolhouses served the
-pioneers well. They were used not only for school purposes, but for
-religious services and for social gatherings, spelling schools,
-singing schools, and literary societies. The schoolhouses were the
-social centers in early Kansas.
-
-     [Illustration: INTERIOR OF SOD SCHOOLHOUSE.]
-
-=The Work of the Pioneer Schools.= Although the minimum term was three
-months, it was usually made a little longer for the benefit of the
-smaller children. As a rule the older boys and girls went to school
-only during the winter months when they could be spared from the
-farms. The work in the schools in those days consisted chiefly of the
-three R’s, “readin’, ’ritin’ and ’rithmetic.” In most cases, the
-pupils started each year at the beginning of their books and worked as
-far as they could. This was continued winter after winter until the
-girls and boys were eighteen to twenty-one years of age, or even
-older. There was no such thing as graduating from the country schools;
-the pupils attended until they were ready to quit. Since there were
-almost no high schools in the State, few of the children received more
-than a common school education, and most of the teachers had no more
-than that.
-
-     [Illustration: A PRESENT DAY RURAL SCHOOL.]
-
-=Changes in the District Schools.= Conditions are quite different in
-the country schools to-day. Many of them have terms of eight months, a
-few have nine months, while seven months is the shortest term
-permitted by the State. The truancy law requires attendance during the
-full term, whatever its length. The sod and log schoolhouses of
-pioneer days were, in time, replaced by neat little box-like buildings
-usually constructed of wood, though occasionally of brick or stone,
-and these in turn are now rapidly disappearing and their places are
-being taken by buildings that are larger, more beautiful, more
-comfortable, and far better adapted to educational needs. The
-qualifications of teachers have been raised. In earlier days, when
-there were but few high schools, many teachers had no education beyond
-what they had obtained in the country schools, but to-day ninety per
-cent of the rural teachers of the State are high-school graduates, and
-this per cent is steadily increasing. The work of the rural schools
-has expanded far beyond the “three R’s.” In addition to the regular
-work it now includes as much as time will permit of such subjects as
-music, manual training, agriculture, and household arts. The rural
-schools have been receiving a great deal of attention in recent years
-and are very rapidly being improved. Several hundred of them have
-already met the requirements laid down by the State for a “standard”
-school, and a few for a “superior” school, and these lists are
-constantly growing.
-
-     [Illustration: A CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL.]
-
-     [Illustration: A HIGH-SCHOOL CLASS IN DOMESTIC SCIENCE.]
-
-     [Illustration: A HIGH-SCHOOL CLASS IN MANUAL TRAINING.]
-
-=Consolidated Schools.= Consolidation is generally looked upon as a
-method of bettering conditions in the rural schools. A consolidated
-district is one formed by the union of several districts. The little
-district schoolhouses are replaced by a larger building, usually
-centrally located, to which the children are conveyed in wagons
-provided for that purpose. With its larger valuation the consolidated
-district can have plenty of teachers and equipment and can offer a
-greater variety of subjects. There are a number of consolidated
-schools in the State now, and the plan is being considered in many
-communities. The good roads movement will no doubt do much to
-encourage consolidation.
-
-     [Illustration: A COUNTY HIGH SCHOOL.]
-
-=Growth of the High School.= A number of years passed before there
-were many high schools in Kansas. Four schools constituted the list of
-accredited high schools of the State as published in 1876. By 1886 the
-number had grown to thirty-six, and by 1896 it had reached
-seventy-seven. From that time on the number increased very rapidly
-until in 1918 there were six hundred thirty accredited high schools in
-the State, one hundred twenty-one of which were rural high schools.
-Until about 1905 the standard for an accredited high school was a
-course of only three years. Since that time it has been four years. In
-the early years the real purpose of the high school was considered to
-be that of preparing the pupils for college, and the courses of study
-included only such subjects as were suited to that purpose. The
-present idea is that this is only one of the purposes of the high
-school, the other being that of supplying to the great mass of pupils,
-who will never go to college, the best possible preparation for
-living. To accomplish this latter purpose courses of study have been
-broadened to include such work as music, manual training, agriculture,
-commercial work, household arts, teacher training, and industrial
-training. Until very recent years high schools were established only
-in towns and cities, but now they are to be found in consolidated
-districts, and in rural districts, sometimes in small towns in those
-districts and sometimes in communities that are entirely rural. There
-is not now a county in the State that is without a four-year
-accredited high school.
-
-     [Illustration: FORT HAYS KANSAS NORMAL SCHOOL.]
-
-     [Illustration: TWO-TEACHER RURAL SCHOOL.]
-
-     [Illustration: KANSAS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, EMPORIA.]
-
-=Institutions of Higher Learning.= The deep interest of the Kansas
-settlers in matters of education is nowhere more apparent than in
-their early establishment of institutions of higher learning. In the
-first Constitution, made in 1855, one reads, “The General Assembly may
-take measures for the establishment of a university”; and again,
-“Provisions may be made by law for the support of normal schools.”
-These matters were not lost sight of, and almost immediately after the
-admission of Kansas as a state this ambition found expression in the
-establishment of the Normal School, the Agricultural College, and the
-University.
-
-     [Illustration: RURAL HIGH SCHOOL.]
-
-=The Normal Schools.= The State Normal School at Emporia opened in
-1865 with eighteen students enrolled. It used the upper floor of the
-new schoolhouse that had just been built for Emporia which was then
-but a small town. There was no furniture, and the equipment consisted
-of a Bible and a dictionary. Seats were borrowed from a neighboring
-church. But the Normal soon had a building of its own. In later years
-this has been three times replaced by a larger and better one and many
-new buildings have been added.
-
-     [Illustration: MANUAL TRAINING NORMAL SCHOOL, PITTSBURG.]
-
-The Normal School is based on the principle that it is not only
-necessary to know what to teach but how to teach; that there are new
-discoveries and advances in methods of teaching as there are in other
-lines, such as medicine or farming. The purpose of the Normal School
-is to train teachers.
-
-     [Illustration: SCHOOLHOUSE USED AS A SOCIAL CENTER.]
-
-When our State Normal School was established there were not more than
-a dozen other such schools in the United States and none that prepared
-teachers for high-school positions. To-day there are many normal
-schools, but none larger than ours or more amply equipped to prepare
-teachers for all lines of teaching. The course of study, reaching from
-the kindergarten to the completion of a college course, places our
-State Normal School in the front rank of institutions of its kind.
-
-     [Illustration: KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MANHATTAN.]
-
-In 1901 the Western Branch State Normal School was established at
-Hays, and in 1903 another branch, the Manual Training Normal School,
-was opened at Pittsburg. Each of these has since been made an
-independent school. The one at Hays is now known as the Fort Hays
-Kansas Normal School.
-
-=The Agricultural College.= In 1862 Congress passed an act providing
-for land grants to states for the purpose of establishing colleges of
-agriculture and mechanic arts. Kansas was among the first states to
-accept the endowment, and the next year Bluemont Central College, a
-Methodist school at Manhattan, was given to the State and made the
-State Agricultural College. During the first ten years the growth of
-the Agricultural College was very slow. This was chiefly due to the
-fact that industrial education was something new and did not receive
-much attention. The College gave only a little work in agriculture or
-manual training, and what was given was merely supplementary. It was
-doing little to educate toward the farm or the workshop. In 1873 the
-school was reorganized. Farmers began to be interested in it and to
-discuss its possibilities. Such subjects as Latin and Greek were
-dropped and agriculture, home economics, and mechanic arts were
-emphasized. Workshops, print shops, kitchen and sewing rooms,
-agricultural implements, and live stock, were provided. This was a
-very advanced step at that time and it aroused some opposition. It was
-called the “new-fangled” education, and farmers who read and studied
-methods of farming were often sneered at as “book farmers.” But in
-time people began to view these things in a different light. It has
-now come to be generally recognized that successful farming requires a
-broader and more varied knowledge than almost any other business, and
-that in an agricultural state like ours nothing is more important than
-the training of its citizens for home and farm life. The Agricultural
-College now occupies the position of leadership in the agricultural
-and industrial interests of the State, and is one of the largest
-agricultural colleges in the United States.
-
-     [Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, LAWRENCE.]
-
-=The University.= The University of Kansas was established by an act
-of the Legislature of 1864, and its object, as given by this act, is
-to “provide the inhabitants of the State with means of acquiring a
-thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and
-the arts.” The university idea is hundreds of years old, and so there
-was nothing new in the thought of a university in Kansas. The
-University of Kansas was built on the flat-topped hill in Lawrence
-where the first party of free-state settlers pitched their tents. It
-was opened in 1866 with forty students and three professors. To-day
-there are twenty great buildings on Mount Oread. The central
-department of the University is the college, which provides a liberal
-education in languages, sciences, mathematics, history, and kindred
-subjects. Besides the college there are schools of engineering, of
-fine arts, of law, of pharmacy, of medicine, and of education. Ours
-now ranks high among the universities of the United States.
-
-=Control of State Schools.= Altogether, the University, the
-Agricultural College, and the Normal Schools employ about seven
-hundred instructors and enroll between eight and nine thousand
-students each year. The total annual cost to the people of Kansas is
-nearly two million dollars. These schools, together with the School
-for the Blind at Kansas City, and the School for the Deaf at Olathe,
-were, in 1913, placed under the management of a board of three members
-called the Board of Administration. In 1917 the Board of
-Administration was reorganized and the penal and the charitable
-institutions of the State were placed under its control.
-
-=Denominational Colleges.= In addition to the State institutions
-Kansas has more than thirty denominational colleges. A few of the
-largest of these are Baker University at Baldwin, Washburn College at
-Topeka, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Friends University at Wichita,
-the Southwestern University at Winfield, and the College of Emporia.
-There are also a number of business colleges and a few independent
-schools.
-
-=Other Provisions for Education.= Besides all the schools where the
-people of Kansas may obtain an education, every effort is being made
-to provide other educational opportunities by means of extension work,
-public and traveling libraries, and night schools. The State Normal
-School, the Agricultural College, and the University all do extension
-work, which means that they offer correspondence courses, send out
-lecturers, and in various other ways carry their work to those who can
-not attend the schools. Many communities maintain free public
-libraries and the State maintains a traveling library.[20] Night
-schools are now provided in several of our larger cities. An education
-is now possible to any one who really wants it.
-
-All of this has been brought about within little more than a half
-century, and though there is much yet to be done the people of Kansas
-have every reason to be proud of what they have accomplished in the
-interests of education.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     Education in Kansas began with the mission schools and was
-     one of the first interests in Territorial days. There were
-     many subscription schools before district schools were
-     organized. The organization of districts began in the
-     Territorial period and kept pace with settlement. The
-     University, the Normal School and the Agricultural College
-     were established during the Civil War. Since that time many
-     denominational colleges have been established, the high
-     school has been developed, and many other means of education
-     have been provided. Great educational progress has been
-     made.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Prentis, History of Kansas, chap. XXXV.
-     Historical Collections, vol. VI, pp. 70, 114; vol. VII, pp. 167,
-       502; vol. XI, p. 424; vol. XII, pp. 69, 77, 195.
-     Catalogues of the State Schools.
-     Reports of State Department of Education.
-     Statutes of Kansas.
-     Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Andreas, History of Kansas, General and County Histories.
-     Spring, Kansas, pp. 319-325.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. What were the mission schools?
-
-      2. When did the settlers become interested in education?
-
-      3. What was done in education during the Territorial period?
-
-      4. What were subscription schools?
-
-      5. Describe the early schoolhouses. Compare them with the
-         buildings of to-day.
-
-      6. How did work in the early schools differ from work in the
-         schools of to-day?
-
-      7. Give the history of the growth of the high school.
-
-      8. Give an account of the establishment of the State Normal
-         School; its growth; its purpose. What other normal schools do
-         we now have?
-
-      9. When and where was the Agricultural College established? Give
-         an account of its growth; its work to-day.
-
-     10. What is the purpose of a university? When and where was the
-         University of Kansas established?
-
-     11. What is the present enrollment and cost of the State schools?
-
-     12. What is a denominational college? Name some of the most
-         important of the denominational colleges in Kansas.
-
-     13. What other opportunities for education have been provided?
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XVIII
-
-KANSAS MEMORIALS
-
-
-=Significance of Kansas History.= Kansas is a comparatively new State.
-Nearly all of its history has been made within little more than a
-century, and most of it within the sixty years of its period of
-settlement. Few states, however, have had a more eventful history.
-From its beginning Kansas has been a place of action. The pages of its
-history are filled with wars and battles, with stirring adventure, and
-with deeds of courage and daring. Nearly every part of the State has
-its places of historic interest, and the names of men and women who
-should be honored for good and brave deeds would make a long list.
-
-The people of Kansas are proud of the history of their State and
-desire to preserve it. To that end they have taken steps to save a
-number of the old landmarks, they have built many monuments, and have
-gathered and kept many records of the past.
-
-     [Illustration: Bust of Eugene Ware
-
-     “Of all the states, but three will live in story;
-     Old Massachusetts with her Plymouth Rock,
-     And Old Virginia with her noble stock,
-     And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory.”
-                                      ――EUGENE F. WARE.]
-
-=Pawnee Rock.= One of the early landmarks was Pawnee Rock on the old
-Santa Fe Trail, in what is now Barton County. This giant rock standing
-on the level plain was a noted spot, for the Trail ran near its base,
-and while it provided a place of rest and safety for many a weary
-traveler, it also afforded a retreat from which the Indians could dash
-down upon the traders. In later years much of the rock was torn away
-for building purposes and this historic old landmark was rapidly
-disappearing. The Woman’s Kansas Day Club resolved to save this
-historic spot, and secured a deed for the Rock and five acres of
-ground surrounding it. On Kansas Day, 1909, the women presented this
-deed to the State. The transfer was made with the condition that the
-State spend $3000 for improvements. This was done and the preservation
-of Pawnee Rock is now assured.
-
-     [Illustration: PRESENT VIEW OF PAWNEE ROCK.]
-
-=The Pike Memorial.= The exact site of the Pawnee Indian village
-visited by Lieutenant Pike in 1806 was not known with certainty for
-many years, but was finally found to be in Republic County. It was
-located through the discovery of rows of circular ridges supposed to
-have been the embankments of the Indian lodges.[21] An iron fence now
-incloses about six acres of the ground, on which the rings are still
-plainly visible, and a granite shaft stands where the Stars and
-Stripes first floated over Kansas. The monument bears the inscription:
-“Erected by the State of Kansas, 1901, to mark the site of the Pawnee
-Republic where Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike caused the Spanish flag to
-be lowered and the flag of the United States to be raised, September
-29, 1806.”
-
-     [Illustration: WHERE THE STARS AND STRIPES FIRST FLOATED OVER
-      KANSAS.]
-
-=Marking of the Santa Fe Trail.= The Santa Fe Trail, which was
-associated with most of the early history of Kansas, was known
-throughout the country, but with the settlement of the State the old
-highway was growing dim; the ruts were filling in, grass was covering
-the broad track, and with the passing of those who knew it in the old
-days the true route was in danger of being forgotten. To prevent this,
-the Daughters of the American Revolution began, in the opening years
-of the present century, to agitate the question of marking the line of
-the Trail through the State. In 1905 the Legislature appropriated
-$1000 “for procuring suitable monuments for this purpose.” Kansas Day
-of 1906 was designated “Trail Day” in the public schools, and the
-children were invited to contribute a penny each toward the fund. They
-gave $584.40. Eighty-nine markers were purchased. Various local
-organizations added nine more, making a total of ninety-eight markers.
-They were placed along the Trail from the eastern to the western end
-of the State. They bear the inscription, “Santa Fe Trail 1822-1872.
-Marked by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the State of
-Kansas, 1906.” A few of the markers bear special inscriptions in
-addition to this. The one at Council Grove has on the other side, “On
-this spot, August 10, 1825, the treaty was made with the Osage Indians
-for the right of way of the Santa Fe Trail.”
-
-     [Illustration: SANTA FE TRAIL MARKER, WITH LOCAL INSCRIPTION.]
-
-     [Illustration: SANTA FE TRAIL MARKER.]
-
-=Pawnee Capitol.= The old stone building erected at Pawnee for the
-capitol of Kansas still stands on the Fort Riley Reservation. In 1907
-a subscription fund was raised and the money used to repair and
-restore the old building so that it will stand for many years as a
-relic of our early history.
-
-     [Illustration: OLD PAWNEE CAPITOL ON THE FORT RILEY MILITARY
-      RESERVATION.]
-
-=John Brown’s Battle Field.= The site of John Brown’s battle field at
-Osawatomie was purchased by the Woman’s Relief Corps of Kansas and
-presented to the State in 1909.
-
-=Statues in the Hall of Fame.= Each State is permitted to place two
-statues in the Hall of Fame in the National Capitol at Washington. In
-1905 one of the Kansas places was filled with a statue of John J.
-Ingalls, who was a Senator from this State from 1873 to 1891. In 1913
-the other place was filled with a statue of George W. Glick, who was
-Governor of Kansas from 1883 to 1885.
-
-     [Illustration: THE JOHN BROWN MONUMENT.]
-
-=Other Monuments.= A number of monuments have been erected in various
-parts of the State in commemoration of noted persons or events. The
-John Brown monument at Osawatomie was dedicated on August 30, 1877. It
-bears two inscriptions: “In commemoration of those who, on the 30th of
-August, 1856, gave up their lives at the battle of Osawatomie in
-defense of freedom,” and, “This inscription is also in commemoration
-of the heroism of Captain John Brown, who commanded at the battle of
-Osawatomie, August 30, 1856; who died and conquered American slavery
-on the scaffold at Charlestown, Virginia, December 2, 1859.”
-
-     [Illustration: MARAIS DES CYGNES MONUMENT.]
-
-A splendid monument has been erected in Linn County to mark the graves
-of the victims of the Marais des Cygnes massacre.
-
-     [Illustration: QUANTRILL RAID MONUMENT.]
-
-At Lawrence there is a monument bearing this inscription: “Dedicated
-to the memory of the one hundred and fifty citizens who, defenseless,
-fell victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas, led by the
-infamous Quantrill in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863. Erected
-May 30, 1895.”
-
-A monument has been raised near Junction City in honor of the
-expedition of Coronado. There are several other monuments in the State
-commemorating the Spanish explorations of 1541-1542.
-
-Monuments have been dedicated to the memory of settlers killed in the
-Indian raids on the frontier, and to men who were killed by Indians
-while engaged in construction work on the Union Pacific Railroad.
-
-=Memorial Hall.= These are only a few; many tablets, monuments, and
-markers have been erected in Kansas, but by far the greatest number of
-them are monuments in honor of the soldiers of the Civil War. Many of
-these are very handsome, and they have cost, in the aggregate,
-thousands of dollars; but this recognition seemed insufficient, and it
-had long been hoped that a handsome and serviceable building might be
-erected as a fitting and worthy recognition by the whole State of the
-honor due the soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. The fulfillment
-of this ambition finally became possible when the United States paid
-to Kansas an old Civil War debt amounting to nearly a half-million
-dollars. The money was used for the construction of Memorial Hall.
-This beautiful structure, built of white marble, stands near the
-grounds of the State Capitol at Topeka. Part of Memorial Hall is used
-as headquarters for the Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the
-Republic, and the rest by the State Historical Society.
-
-     [Illustration: AN OLD, DOUBLE-EDGED, SPANISH SWORD,
-      Found in Finney county some years ago and presented to the State
-      Historical Society. The sword bears the name of one of
-      Coronado’s officers, Juan Gallego. On the blade, in Spanish, are
-      the words: “Draw me not without reason; sheathe me not without
-      honor.”]
-
-=The State Historical Society.= The State Historical Society was
-organized in 1875. From that time until the present the Society has
-gathered and kept books, writings, narratives, maps, relics and other
-matter relating to the history of Kansas. In these collections may be
-found information concerning the explorations, the Indians, the
-overland travel, the settlements, and the condition and progress of
-the State in its various departments. Volumes of clippings, files of
-newspapers, and thousands of books, provide a very complete record of
-all phases of the State’s history. One of the interesting features is
-the collection of relics, among which are: an old Spanish sword
-supposed to have belonged to one of Coronado’s soldiers; the pistol of
-the Jayhawker, James Montgomery; two cannon used in the border
-troubles; and the cap, saddle, and sword of John Brown. There are many
-Indian pipes, ornaments, implements, arrowheads, and a war bonnet. The
-historical collections, which have increased from year to year, are
-very interesting and should be seen by every citizen of Kansas. The
-Historical Society had rooms in the State Capitol until the completion
-of Memorial Hall, when it was moved into the new building. Thus
-Memorial Hall stands as a tribute not only to the soldiers but to the
-entire history of Kansas.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     In late years Kansas has taken many steps to preserve its
-     history. Some of its most prominent memorials are: Pawnee
-     Rock; Pike Memorial; Santa Fe Trail markers; Pawnee Capitol;
-     John Brown’s battle-field; monuments to commemorate the
-     battle of Osawatomie, the Marais des Cygnes massacre, and
-     the Quantrill raid. Many other monuments and tablets have
-     been erected in different parts of the State to commemorate
-     important events. Memorial Hall, completed in 1914, was
-     built in honor of the soldiers and sailors who served in the
-     Civil War. This building provided fitting quarters for the
-     Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, and for
-     the State Historical Society which has a large and valuable
-     collection of original historical material.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.
-     Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.
-     Historical Collections, vol. XI, p. 253; vol. X, pp. 15, 50, 472.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-      1. How long since Kansas became a state?
-
-      2. What places of historic interest are there in the State?
-
-      3. What places of historic interest are there in your locality?
-         Have they been marked in any way?
-
-      4. What have you learned from the old settlers about the history
-         of your locality?
-
-      5. Locate Pawnee Rock. Give its early history. Its recent
-         history.
-
-      6. Give an account of Pike’s visit to the Pawnee Indians. Where
-         was the Indian village? How has this event been commemorated?
-
-      7. Give an account of the marking of the Santa Fe Trail.
-
-      8. Locate the old Pawnee Capitol and give its history.
-
-      9. Name as many other memorials as you can and give the event
-         which each commemorates.
-
-     10. What is Memorial Hall? Why was it erected? For what is it to
-        be used?
-
-     11. Explain the work and purpose of the State Historical Society.
-
-
-
-
-CHAPTER XIX
-
-THE KANSAS SPIRIT
-
-
-=Introduction.= Kansas is a great State; great in size and wealth,
-great in industries and resources, and great in what it has
-accomplished. But there are states that are larger, others that are
-wealthier, and many that have larger cities, greater population, a
-longer history, and more splendid memorials, so it is not for these
-things that Kansas is especially noted among the states. The quality
-that is the mark of its distinction is the character of its history
-and of its people.
-
-=The Meaning of the Kansas Spirit.= Any people is, in large part, the
-product of its thinking, its beliefs, and its hopes and desires. This
-is the lesson of Hawthorne’s story, “The Great Stone Face.” Through
-all the years Ernest studied the face on the mountain and pondered the
-thoughts that he read there. In time he came to resemble the great
-face, both in its features and in the character it expressed. In the
-same way the people of Kansas have become what they are to-day because
-of their thoughts, their experiences and their ideals. We often hear
-it said concerning some act or some effort toward progress, “That is
-the Kansas spirit,” which means that the thing done shows what kind of
-people the Kansans are; it is characteristic of them. If, then, we
-would understand what this Kansas spirit is, we must know what
-thoughts and experiences and ideals have had a part in producing it.
-
-     [Illustration: Bust of John J. Ingalls
-
-      “This is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple.
-      The achievements of the past will pale into insignificance
-      before the completed glory of the century to come.”
-                                                  ――JOHN J. INGALLS.]
-
-=Pioneer Qualities.= Certain characteristics of the people of Kansas
-are largely due to the fact that this was so recently a frontier
-state. Pioneer life, wherever it exists, develops the qualities of
-independence, courage, resourcefulness, endurance, and democracy. The
-pioneer has only himself to lean on; he learns to take chances, he
-laughs at adversity, he adapts himself to circumstances, and he lives
-in the future.
-
-     [Illustration: THE FORUM, WICHITA, KANSAS.]
-
-=Qualities that Make the Kansas Spirit.= These characteristics are
-not, however, peculiar to the Kansas people, for the early settlers of
-other states lived on the frontier and developed these same qualities.
-But Kansas had a Territorial history which was very different from
-that of any other state and which has left its impress upon the
-people. Other pioneers have had the great task of making a state out
-of a wilderness, but Kansas pioneers had a second great task, that of
-making a free state in the face of the most determined opposition.
-They came to Kansas as the Puritans came to America, in the name of
-liberty. They were stern, unyielding, purposeful men and women, sure
-of the presence of divine leadership, and their character has deeply
-influenced the Kansas people. This influence has made them hate
-oppression; it has made them demand justice and fair play; it has made
-them value people for their personal worth; it has made them believe
-in the equality of human rights, and in the ability of the people to
-govern themselves. These are characteristics of every true Kansan and
-the qualities that make the Kansas spirit.
-
-=Manifestations of the Kansas Spirit.= This spirit is evident in many
-phases of the life and progress of our people, but it is nowhere more
-apparent than in their political affairs and in their laws. The spirit
-that made the pioneers refuse to submit to the “Bogus Legislature”
-also impelled them to send more than their share of soldiers to the
-Civil War. Later, the same spirit led the Kansas people to adopt the
-prohibition amendment and to grant to women the full right of
-suffrage. It caused the farmers and other laboring people to form
-organizations for the better protection of their rights. It made the
-State do its part in the World War cheerfully and generously. In
-short, the Kansas spirit has manifested itself whenever the people
-have made an effort to overcome difficulties, whenever they have tried
-to secure more justice or liberty for themselves. These efforts have
-sometimes been so radical, and the plans offered for the betterment of
-conditions so new and startling as to attract much attention in the
-rest of the country. But Kansas has continued to believe in the worth
-and possibilities of her people and to make every effort to bring
-about conditions that will give them the opportunity to rise to the
-full measure of their nature.
-
-=The Task Confronting the Kansas of To-day.= All over the United
-States there is a growing tendency on the part of the people to
-exercise a more direct control of their government; to take more and
-more authority into their own hands. This means that the people must
-be interested, active and well-informed. For us, it means that the
-quality of Kansas government depends upon the quality of Kansas
-citizenship. While the task of the pioneers was a heavy one, ours
-to-day is no less great, though it is different. Their struggle was to
-get the soil under cultivation, ours to see that it does not become
-worn out; theirs to get public utilities, ours to use and regulate
-them; theirs to develop new industries, ours to see that they are
-carried on with justice to all; theirs to establish schools, ours to
-make them more efficient; in general, theirs to build up, ours to use
-wisely.
-
-Kansas history is not made; it is in the making. We study the past
-that we may learn how to make the present better. Great things have
-been accomplished but there is much yet to be done. The pioneers
-solved their problems, and if we are worthy of the Kansas they have
-given us we will strive to solve ours. We will keep alive the Kansas
-spirit.
-
-
-     SUMMARY
-
-     The Kansas people have developed the same pioneer qualities
-     as have the people of other states; but, in addition, their
-     peculiar Territorial history has made them believe in a
-     marked degree in liberty, justice, equality, and democracy.
-     These characteristics have given rise to what is called “the
-     Kansas spirit.” This spirit is especially evident in the
-     political movements through which the people have taken more
-     and more of the control of government into their own hands.
-
-
-     REFERENCES
-
-     Kansas, Carl Becker.
-     Historical Collections. Selected Topics.
-     Connelley, History as an Asset of the State.
-
-
-     QUESTIONS
-
-     1. In what things is Kansas great? Name other states that are
-        greater in any of these things. What quality distinguishes
-        Kansas?
-
-     2. How can the lesson in the story of “The Great Stone Face” be
-        applied to Kansas?
-
-     3. Why does pioneer life develop courage? Independence?
-        Resourcefulness?
-
-     4. What effect has the Territorial history of Kansas had on the
-        people?
-
-     5. What is meant by the Kansas spirit? What are some of the ways
-        in which it has been shown? Discuss each.
-
-     6. Discuss the responsibilities of the Kansas people of to-day.
-
-
-
-
-THE APPENDIX
-
-TERRITORIAL PERIOD
-
-
-Legislatures
-
-There were six Territorial legislatures. The first two were
-proslavery. Beginning in 1858 the four that followed were free-state.
-
-
-Constitutions
-
-Four constitutions were prepared: the Topeka Constitution in 1855, the
-Lecompton in 1857, the Leavenworth in 1858, and the Wyandotte in 1859.
-The Lecompton was the only one that provided for slavery. The State
-was admitted under the Wyandotte, our present Constitution. It was
-based on the constitution of Ohio and was drafted by men from both
-parties.
-
-
-Capitals
-
-Several different places served as Territorial capitals. When Governor
-Reeder came to Kansas he kept his office at Leavenworth for about two
-months, then removed it to Shawnee Mission, which was used as the
-Territorial capital until the following spring when Governor Reeder
-named Pawnee as the capital. The Legislature remained at Pawnee only
-five days and then adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the Governor’s
-office was kept another year. In August, 1855, the Territorial
-Legislature selected Lecompton, which continued as the capital during
-the remainder of the Territorial period. However, when the free-state
-people gained control of the Legislature in 1858 they made an effort
-to change the capital to Minneola. Failing in this, they met at
-Lecompton for each session and then at once adjourned to Lawrence. At
-an election in November, 1861, the people selected Topeka as the
-permanent capital of Kansas.
-
-
-The Topeka Movement
-
-The free-state Government under the Topeka Constitution was organized
-in the days of the “Bogus Legislature” for the purpose of uniting the
-free-state people and enabling them to oppose proslavery methods. It
-was continued until the free-state people gained control of the
-Territorial Legislature, when it became no longer necessary and was
-dropped. The principal events were as follows: The convention met in
-October of 1855, completed the Topeka Constitution in November, and
-the free-state people voted favorably on it in December. In January of
-1856 they elected Charles Robinson governor. Their Legislature met in
-March, and in the same month they applied for admission to the Union
-but the bill failed to pass. The Legislature met again in July, but
-was disbanded by United States troops under Sumner. They met in
-January of 1857, but the officers were arrested. Two additional
-meetings were held; one in January and one in March of 1858. Then,
-having served its purpose, the Topeka movement was at an end.
-
-
-INDIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY KANSAS
-
-
-Presbyterian Missions
-
-Two Presbyterian missions were established among the Osages in what is
-now Neosho County in 1824. One was the Boudinot mission. The work was
-in charge of Rev. Benton Pixley.
-
-Rev. S. M. Irwin established a mission among the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes
-in Doniphan County, near the present town of Highland, in 1837.
-Highland College, one of the oldest colleges in the State, still
-remains as a school of this church.
-
-
-Methodist Missions
-
-In 1830 the Shawnee Methodist mission was established a few miles
-southwest of where Kansas City now stands. This mission was in charge
-of Rev. Thomas Johnson. A few years later it had a manual-labor school
-and a farm and was one of the largest and best known of the missions
-in Kansas.
-
-In 1832 a mission was established among the Delawares in Wyandotte
-County, on the site of the town of White Church, by William Johnson
-and Thomas B. Markham. Rev. E. T. Peery was in charge.
-
-A mission for the Kickapoos was founded in 1833. It was just north of
-the site of Leavenworth and was in charge of Rev. J. C. Berryman.
-
-In 1833 a mission was established for the Kanzas at Mission Creek,
-Shawnee County, by Rev. William Johnson, who continued the work for
-seven years. When the Kanzas were moved, the mission was located at
-Council Grove. It existed from 1850 to 1854.
-
-
-Baptist Missions
-
-The Baptist Church established a mission among the Shawnees in 1831.
-It was about two miles northwest of the Shawnee Methodist mission. The
-leader was Isaac McCoy, and he was joined later by Dr. Johnson Lykins
-and Rev. Jotham Meeker. Mr. Meeker was a printer, and in 1834 issued
-the first book printed in Kansas, a primer in the Indian language.
-
-A mission was established among the Ottawas in 1837, on the present
-site of Ottawa, under the charge of Rev. Jotham Meeker. This mission
-survives in Ottawa University.
-
-A mission was opened among the Pottawatomies in 1837, by Rev. Robert
-Simmerwell, near the site of Osawatomie. When this tribe moved to the
-new reservation the mission was relocated at Mission Creek in Shawnee
-County. It was abandoned in 1854.
-
-In 1840 Dr. David Lykins established a mission among the Miamis, about
-ten miles southeast of the present city of Paola.
-
-Dr. Johnson Lykins opened a mission among the Delawares in 1832.
-
-
-Friends Mission
-
-The Society of Friends established a mission among the Shawnees in
-1834, about three miles west of the Methodist mission. Henry Harvey,
-M. Mendenhall, and the Hadleys were teachers in this mission.
-
-
-Catholic Missions
-
-In 1822 Father La Croix visited the Osages, just across the line in
-Missouri, and baptized several Indian children. At different times
-Father Van Quickenborn visited the Osages and preached. In 1847 Rev.
-Schoenmaker established the Osage Mission, now St. Paul, in Neosho
-County.
-
-The Catholic mission was founded in 1836 by Fathers Van Quickenborn
-and Hœken for the Kickapoos, near the Junction of Salt Creek with the
-Missouri, in Leavenworth County.
-
-St. Mary’s mission among the Pottawatomies was established in Miami
-County in 1838, and moved to Linn County in 1839, where it remained
-until the removal of the tribe to Pottawatomie County in 1849. The
-mission was then established at St. Mary’s, where it survives to-day
-in St. Mary’s school for boys.
-
-
-FORTS IN EARLY KANSAS
-
-Many forts were established in early Kansas; a few by the fur
-companies, some by the War Department, some by state troops, a number
-by settlers as a place of refuge from the Indians, and a few by
-free-state and proslavery forces during the Territorial struggle. Some
-of them consisted merely of a wall of earth thrown up, others of a
-strongly built log cabin within a line of earthworks or line of
-palisades. Many of them were more pretentious, and were built of logs,
-adobe, or stone. Some of the forts established by the National
-Government cost many thousands of dollars and most of them had large
-land reserves. As the settlements moved westward the necessity for the
-forts no longer existed, and with the exception of Fort Leavenworth
-and Fort Riley, which are still maintained by the National Government
-as army posts, they fell into disuse. The principal early forts were:
-
-Fort Kanzas, established by the French fur traders in the early part
-of the eighteenth century, was located in what is now Atchison County.
-It is mentioned in the journal of Lewis and Clark as an abandoned
-fort.
-
-Fort Lyon, earlier called Bent’s Fort, was built in 1826 for a
-fur-trading post. It occupied several different sites on the Arkansas
-River, all of them within the present bounds of Colorado, the last one
-being within Territorial Kansas. It was opened to settlement in 1890.
-
-Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827 by Col. Henry Leavenworth of
-the United States army. It has from its beginning been an important
-military post. More than $2,000,000 has been expended on it, and it
-now ranks among the first of the military posts of the United States.
-
-Fort Riley was established in 1852 by the United States. It has been
-enlarged and improved from time to time until it is now an important
-military center. Fort Riley is near the junction of the Republican and
-Smoky Hill rivers, and is very near the geographical center of the
-United States.
-
-Fort Atkinson, one of the early forts erected along the Santa Fe
-Trail, was located on the Arkansas River about six miles above the
-present site of Dodge City. This fort was built in 1850 and abandoned
-in 1854. It was known for a few months as Fort Mackey, when the name
-was changed to Fort Atkinson.
-
-Fort Mann was probably erected about 1845 on or near the site on which
-Fort Atkinson was later built.
-
-Fort Scott was built in 1842 on the site of the present city of Fort
-Scott. In 1853 it ceased to be used as a military post, and in 1855
-the buildings were sold. This fort had no reservation.
-
-Fort Larned was located in 1859 on Pawnee Fork, about eight miles
-above the mouth of that stream. It was for a number of years an
-important post, but was later abandoned as a fort, and in 1882 the
-reservation was opened for sale to settlers.
-
-Fort Saunders was a proslavery stronghold about twelve miles southwest
-of Lawrence in 1856. It was destroyed by a body of free-state settlers
-the same year.
-
-Fort Titus, located about two miles south of Lecompton, was a log
-house used as a proslavery fortification. It was captured and
-destroyed by free-state forces shortly after the destruction of Fort
-Saunders.
-
-Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification on the Wakarusa River,
-about five miles from Lawrence.
-
-Fort Bain was a log cabin in the northern part of Bourbon County which
-served as a retreat for John Brown and James Montgomery in 1857 and
-1858.
-
-Fort Baxter, a military post, was established by General Blunt in
-1863. It was the scene of an attack by Quantrill, known as the Baxter
-Springs massacre. After the war the town of Baxter Springs grew up on
-the site.
-
-Fort Dodge was one of the most important forts on the western
-frontier. It was located to the east of The Caches, near Dodge City,
-in 1864. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 good buildings
-were erected. Fort Dodge was not abandoned until 1882. The Soldiers’
-Home at Fort Dodge was later established on a part of this military
-reservation.
-
-Fort Downer was located on Downer’s Creek, about fifty miles west of
-Fort Hays. It was in existence between 1863 and 1868.
-
-Fort Harker was established in 1864, near the present site of
-Ellsworth, with the name Fort Ellsworth. Two years later the name was
-changed to Fort Harker and the site moved about a mile northeast. This
-fort was for a long time the shipping point for freight bound for New
-Mexico. Fort Harker was abandoned in 1872 and the reservation opened
-to settlement in 1880.
-
-Fort Wallace was established near the present town of Wallace in 1865.
-This was an important post during the building of the Union Pacific
-railroad. It was abandoned as a fort in 1882, and in 1888 the land was
-ordered sold.
-
-Fort Zarah was established in 1864, about four miles east of the
-present city of Great Bend. It was dismantled in 1869, and the
-reservation was later sold.
-
-Fort Hays was established by the National Government, in 1865, about
-fourteen miles southeast of the present Hays City, and was for a year
-known as Fort Fletcher. In 1867 a new site, about three-fourths mile
-from Hays City, was selected. The reservation consisted of 7500 acres.
-General Sheridan used Fort Hays for headquarters during the Black
-Kettle raid in 1868. It continued to be used as a military post until
-1889. In 1900 Kansas secured the land and buildings for educational
-purposes. The Fort Hays Kansas Normal School and an experiment station
-for the Agricultural College are now located there.
-
-Fort Henning, Fort Blair, and Fort Insley were three blockhouses
-erected at Fort Scott in 1861 for the purpose of guarding military
-stores from the Confederate forces.
-
-Fort Lincoln was built by Lane in 1861, about twelve miles northwest
-of Fort Scott, for protection from the Confederate forces. It was
-abandoned in 1864.
-
-Fort Aubrey was one of the forts established in 1865 by the soldiers
-sent to quell the Indian uprisings. It was located near the present
-village of Mayline in Hamilton County. It was abandoned the following
-year.
-
-Fort Jewell was erected in 1870 on the site of Jewell City for the
-protection of the settlers against the Cheyennes who were then on the
-warpath. It consisted of a wall of earth around a fifty-yard square.
-After the Indian troubles were over Fort Jewell was abandoned.
-
-
-SOME PROMINENT KANSANS
-
-Hundreds of Kansas men and women have served their State in a way
-worthy of note. To tell the story of the services rendered by all of
-them would require many volumes. In a book like the present one,
-mention can be made of only a few of those most widely known. In
-addition to names mentioned in the body of the text, the following are
-a few of the names of Kansans, no longer living, who had much to do
-with making the history of the State:
-
-PRESTON B. PLUMB came to Kansas to make his home in 1857. He started a
-newspaper, _Kansas News_, at Emporia. In 1861 he was elected to the
-State House of Representatives. The same year he entered the Union
-army and served until the close of the war. He then engaged in the
-practice of law. In 1876 he was elected to the United States Senate,
-which position he filled until his death in 1891, a period of fourteen
-years of continuous service.
-
-WILLIAM A. HARRIS came to Kansas in 1865, at the close of four years
-of service in the Confederate army, and entered the employ of the
-Union Pacific Railroad Company as a civil engineer. Later he became a
-well-known farmer and stock raiser. In 1896 he was elected to the
-State Senate, and in 1897 to the United States Senate. His later years
-were given to various lines of agricultural advancement. He served as
-a regent of the State Agricultural College. His death occurred in
-1909.
-
-SAMUEL A. KINGMAN came to Kansas in 1857. He was a lawyer. He served
-as a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention. He was
-associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas, 1861 to 1865, and
-chief justice, 1867 to 1876, when he resigned because of ill health.
-He died in 1904.
-
-DAVID J. BREWER came to Leavenworth in 1859, where he engaged in the
-practice of law. He served continuously in various offices. He was
-associate justice of the State Supreme Court from 1871 to 1884, a
-judge of the United States Circuit Court from 1884 to 1889, and in
-1889 he was commissioned Associate Justice of the United States
-Supreme Court, which position he filled until his death in 1910.
-
-JOHN A. ANDERSON came to Junction City in 1858 as pastor of the
-Presbyterian church. In 1873 he was made president of the State
-Agricultural College. He reorganized that institution and remained at
-its head until 1878, when he was elected to Congress where he served
-until 1891. He was appointed consul-general to Cairo, Egypt, in 1891.
-He died on his way back home in the following year.
-
-FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW was elected to the first faculty of the
-University of Kansas as professor of mathematics and natural sciences,
-in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of natural history in the
-University. He organized the collecting expeditions which have
-resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University.
-He was made Chancellor of the University in 1890, from which position
-he retired in 1901. He died in 1908.
-
-EDMUND G. ROSS came to Kansas in 1856. He was a member of the
-Wyandotte Constitutional Convention and served in the Union army. In
-1866 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate
-caused by the death of James H. Lane. He cast the deciding vote in the
-Senate against the impeachment of President Johnson, which act aroused
-great indignation. He engaged in newspaper work until 1882, when he
-went to New Mexico where he served as Territorial Governor from 1885
-to 1889. He died in 1907.
-
-MRS. C. I. H. NICHOLS, a writer and lecturer, came with her family to
-Kansas in 1854. She lived first at Lawrence and then at Wyandotte. She
-was a strong advocate of a more just understanding of the rights of
-women. She attended the meetings of the Wyandotte Constitutional
-Convention, and counseled with the members on all matters relating to
-women, with the result that the Kansas Constitution was one of the
-most liberal in the United States at that time. Her death occurred in
-1885.
-
-MRS. MARY A. BICKERDYKE, generally known as “Mother Bickerdyke,”
-served as a nurse during the Civil War. At its close she came to
-Kansas and was instrumental in assisting soldiers who were left
-without employment to come to Kansas and take homesteads. Through her
-efforts aid was given settlers after Indian raids, and she assisted in
-securing aid for Kansas settlers after the grasshopper invasion. The
-Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers’ widows, at Ellsworth, was named
-in her honor. After a life of great activity she died in 1901.
-
-ALFRED GRAY came to Kansas in 1857. With the exception of his period
-of service in the Union army he was engaged in farming until 1873.
-From 1866 until 1870 he was a director of the State Agricultural
-Society. When the State Board of Agriculture was organized, in 1872,
-he became its first secretary, and filled the position until his death
-in 1880.
-
-FREDERICK WELLHOUSE came to Leavenworth County, Kansas, in 1859. He
-was engaged in the growing and sale of fruit trees until 1876, when he
-began planting commercial apple orchards. During the next eighteen
-years he planted 1637 acres of apple trees. Many years were given to
-experiments to determine the varieties best adapted to Kansas. He
-became known throughout the country, and was called “The Apple King.”
-For ten years he was president of the State Horticultural Society, and
-was at different times engaged in many public activities. He died in
-1911.
-
-FRANKLIN G. ADAMS settled on a farm in Leavenworth County in 1856. He
-held various positions of public service, and on the organization of
-the State Historical Society in 1875 he was made its secretary, which
-position he held until his death in 1899. He organized and developed
-the work of the Society, in which work he was materially assisted by
-his daughter, Miss Zu Adams, who continued her work from 1880 until
-her death in 1911.
-
-MRS. SARA T. D. ROBINSON came to the Territory in 1854 with her
-husband, Dr. Charles Robinson, and took an active part in early Kansas
-affairs. She wrote Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life, the most
-notable book produced by a Kansan of that time. It had a wide
-circulation and a great influence. Mrs. Robinson died at her home near
-Lawrence in 1911.
-
-NOBLE L. PRENTIS came to Kansas in 1869 as editor of the _Topeka
-Record_. From that time until his death in 1900 he was connected with
-various Kansas newspapers: the _Topeka Commonwealth_, the _Lawrence
-Journal_, the _Junction City Union_, the _Atchison Champion_, and the
-_Kansas City Star_. He wrote five books: A Kansan Abroad, Southern
-Letters, Southwestern Letters, Kansas Miscellanies, and History of
-Kansas.
-
-DANIEL W. WILDER, who first came to Kansas in 1857, was at different
-times the editor of a number of newspapers. He was one of the founders
-of the State Historical Society, served one term as state auditor and
-two terms as superintendent of insurance. It was as a newspaper man
-that Mr. Wilder’s influence was especially felt. He was the author of
-the Annals of Kansas, Life of Shakespeare, and was one of the
-compilers of all editions of Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations.
-
-EUGENE F. WARE came to Kansas in 1867. He practiced law, and was for
-many years the editor of the _Fort Scott Monitor_. He served in the
-state legislature, and from 1902 to 1905 was United States Pension
-Commissioner. He died in 1911. It is as a writer that Mr. Ware is best
-known. His Rhymes of Ironquill is his most widely read work.
-
-
-KANSAS WRITERS
-
-The Kansas struggle was the source of a great deal of writing. Eastern
-newspapers were full of the Kansas question. During the Territorial
-period many of the eastern papers kept correspondents in the
-Territory, and these men wrote much of the conflict here and of
-pioneer life and conditions. The Kansas people themselves were too
-busy to give much attention to literature and produced but few
-writings of permanent value. Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life,
-by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, was written during this period. Other
-early writers were: William A. Phillips, Richard Realf, James Redpath,
-Albert D. Richardson, W. P. Tomlinson, and Henry Harvey.
-
-During the Civil War practically all of the writing produced in Kansas
-was concerned with the struggle that the people were going through.
-The period from the close of the Civil War until the “grasshopper
-year” of 1874 was one of remarkable growth and expansion and the
-people were full of confidence and enthusiasm. It was in this period
-that _The Kansas Magazine_ was published. Though it lasted less than
-two years, it was a magazine of real literature. Among the
-contributors were: Henry King, James W. Steele, John J. Ingalls, D. W.
-Wilder, R. J. Hinton, Charles Robinson, and Noble L. Prentis.
-
-The depression caused by the grasshopper raid affected Kansas in
-literature as well as in other activities. For several years but few
-books were published. Two of the books produced during this period
-were, however, very valuable ones: Andreas’ History of Kansas, a
-compilation by many writers, and Wilder’s Annals of Kansas. George R.
-Peck and John J. Ingalls came into prominence about this time as
-orators. Many of their speeches have become a part of our literature.
-Joseph G. McCoy and Joel Moody were writers of this period.
-
-A number of good books were published in the ’80’s, among them: The
-Story of a Country Town, E. W. Howe; A Kansan Abroad, Noble L.
-Prentis; Rhymes of Ironquill, Eugene F. Ware; History of Kansas, L. W.
-Spring; Anabel and Other Poems, Ellen P. Allerton. Other writers of
-this time were: F. W. Giles, Charles Gleed, and Hattie Horner.
-
-The period following the collapse of the boom, 1888 to 1892, produced
-many books. Some of the most prominent were: Kansas Miscellanies,
-Prentis; The Farmers’ Side, William A. Peffer; Letters, Charles F.
-Scott; In the Van of Empire, Henry Inman; Richard Bruce, Charles M.
-Sheldon; Old Wine in New Bottles, Brinton W. Woodward. During this
-period _The Agora_, a Kansas magazine, was published. All the best
-Kansas writers of the period were among its contributors, but it lived
-only a short time. Among other writers were: Nathaniel S. Goss, Mrs.
-Mary W. Hudson, Gov. Charles Robinson, Albert Bigelow Paine, and John
-Speer.
-
-The last twenty years have brought peace and prosperity to Kansas and
-the people have been able to give more time and thought to literature.
-Many writings have been produced――poetry, essays, speeches, newspaper
-and magazine articles, and many books. The following are among the
-writers who have come into prominence in the last two decades:
-
-Henry Inman, author of: The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Great Salt Lake
-Trail, The Ranch on the Oxhide, and The Delahoyd Boys.
-
-Charles M. Sheldon, author of: Richard Bruce, Robert Hardy’s Seven
-Days, The Crucifixion of Philip Strong, His Brother’s Keeper, In His
-Steps, Malcolm Kirk, Lend a Hand, The Redemption of Freetown, The
-Miracle at Markham, One of the Two, For Christ and the Church, Born to
-Serve, Who Killed Joe’s Baby, The Reformer, The Narrow Gate, The Heart
-of the World, Paul Douglas, The Good Fight, The High Calling, The
-Twentieth Door.
-
-William Allen White, author of: The Real Issue, Stratagems and Spoils,
-Court of Boyville, God’s Puppets, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, The
-Martial Adventures of Henry and Me, In the Heart of a Fool, Rhymes by
-Two Friends (poems by Mr. White and Albert Bigelow Paine).
-
-Eugene Ware, author of: The Rise and Fall of the Saloon, The Lyon
-Campaign and History of the First Iowa Infantry, The Indian Campaign
-of 1864, Rhymes of Ironquill, Ithuriel, From Court to Court, Several
-translations from Spanish, French and Latin, contributions to many
-publications.
-
-William Y. Morgan, author of: A Jayhawker in Europe, The Journey of a
-Jayhawker, The Near East, and numerous newspaper articles.
-
-Margaret Hill McCarter, author of: The Cottonwood’s Story, Cuddy’s
-Baby, In Old Quivira, A Master’s Degree, The Peace of the Solomon
-Valley, Price of the Prairie, The Reclaimers, A Wall of Men, Winning
-the Wilderness, Vanguard of the Plains, and a series of classics.
-
-Walt Mason, author of: Horse Sense, Rippling Rhymes, Terse Verse, Walt
-Mason: His Book, and Business Prose Poems.
-
-William Elsey Connelley, author of: John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot
-Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Territorial Governors,
-Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Ingalls of Kansas, Quantrill and the
-Border Wars, Life of Preston B. Plumb, and Kansas and Kansans.
-
-Samuel J. Crawford, author of Kansas in the Sixties.
-
-William Herbert Carruth, author of Each in His Own Tongue and Other
-Poems.
-
-Among other present-day Kansas writers are: E. W. Howe, F. W.
-Blackmar, Mrs. Louisa Cooke, Don Carlos, Effie Graham, W. A. McKeever,
-Mrs. Dell H. Munger, Mrs. Kate A. Aplington, Esther M. Clark, F.
-Dumont Smith, Charles M. Harger, Willard Wattles, and Dr. C. H.
-Lerrigo.
-
-
-TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF KANSAS
-
-The Governors were appointed for terms of four years, but none of them
-served a full term. Ten different men filled the office during the
-Territorial period of six years and eight months. There were six
-Governors and five Acting Governors, James W. Denver serving in both
-capacities. During the absence of a Governor or when there was a
-vacancy in the office the duties of the Governor fell upon the
-Secretary of the Territory and he was called the Acting Governor.
-
-  Governors         Acting Governors        Terms Served
-
-  Andrew H. Reeder                          July 7, 1854, to August 16,
-                                              1855.
-                    Daniel Woodson          August 16, 1855, to
-                                              September 7, 1855.
-  Wilson Shannon                            September 7, 1855, to
-                                              August 18, 1856.
-                    Daniel Woodson         August 18, 1856, to September
-                                              9, 1856.
-  John W. Geary                             September 9, 1856, to March
-                                              12, 1857.
-                    Daniel Woodson          March 12, 1857, to April 16,
-                                              1857.
-                    Frederick P. Stanton    April 16, 1857, to May 27,
-                                              1857.
-  Robert J. Walker                          May 27, 1857, to November
-                                              16, 1857.
-                    Frederick P. Stanton    November 16, 1857, to
-                                              December 21, 1857.
-                    James W. Denver         December 21, 1857, to May
-                                              12, 1858.
-  James W. Denver                           May 12, 1858, to October 10,
-                                              1858.
-                    Hugh S. Walsh           October 10, 1858, to
-                                              December 18, 1858.
-  Samuel Medary                             December 18, 1858, to
-                                              December 17, 1860.
-                    Hugh S. Walsh           August 1, 1859, to September
-                                              15, 1859.
-                    Hugh S. Walsh           April 15, 1860, to June 16,
-                                              1860.
-                    George M. Beebe         September 11, 1860, to
-                                              November 25, 1860.
-
-
-  Auditors
-
-  John Donaldson                                     1855-1857
-  Hiram Jackson Strickler                            1857-1861
-
-
-  Treasurers
-
-  Thomas J. B. Cramer                                1855-1859
-  Robert B. Mitchell                                 1859-1861
-
-
-  Attorneys-General
-
-  Andrew Jackson Isacks                              1854-1857
-  William Weer                                       1857-1858
-  Alson C. Davis                                     1858-1861
-
-
-  Superintendents of Schools
-
-  James H. Noteware                                  1858
-  Samuel Wiley Greer                                 1858-1861
-  John C. Douglass                                   1861
-
-
-  Territorial Chief Justices
-
-  Samuel Dexter Lecompte                             1854-1859
-  John Pettit                                        1859-1861
-
-
-  Associate Justices
-
-  Saunders W. Johnston                               1854-1855
-  J. M. Burrell                                      1855-1856
-  Thomas Cunningham                                  1856-1857
-  Joseph Williams                                    1857-1861
-  Rush Elmore                                        1854-1855
-  Sterling G. Cato                                   1855-1858
-  Rush Elmore                                        1858-1861
-
-
-  STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS
-
-
-  Governors
-
-  Charles Robinson                                   1861-1863
-  Thomas Carney                                      1863-1865
-  Samuel J. Crawford                                 1865-1868
-    Resigned November 4, 1868
-  Nehemiah Green, Acting Governor                    1868-1869
-  James M. Harvey                                    1869-1873
-  Thomas A. Osborn                                   1873-1877
-  George T. Anthony                                  1877-1879
-  John P. St. John                                   1879-1883
-  George W. Glick                                    1883-1885
-  John A. Martin                                     1885-1889
-  Lyman U. Humphrey                                  1889-1893
-  Lorenzo D. Lewelling                               1893-1895
-  Edmund N. Morrill                                  1895-1897
-  John W. Leedy                                      1897-1899
-  William E. Stanley                                 1899-1903
-  Willis Joshua Bailey                               1903-1905
-  Edward W. Hoch                                     1905-1909
-  Walter Roscoe Stubbs                               1909-1913
-  George H. Hodges                                   1913-1915
-  Arthur Capper                                      1915-1919
-  Henry J. Allen                                     1919 ――――
-
-
-  Lieutenant-Governors
-
-  Joseph P. Root                                     1861-1863
-  Thomas A. Osborn                                   1863-1865
-  James McGrew                                       1865-1867
-  Nehemiah Green                                     1867-1868
-  Charles V. Eskridge                                1869-1871
-  Peter P. Elder                                     1871-1873
-  Elias S. Stover                                    1873-1875
-  Melville J. Salter                                 1875-1877
-    Resigned July 19, 1877.
-    Lyman U. Humphrey, elected November 6            1877
-  Lyman U. Humphrey                                  1879-1881
-  D. W. Finney                                       1881-1885
-  Alex. P. Riddle                                    1885-1889
-  Andrew J. Felt                                     1889-1893
-  Percy Daniels                                      1893-1895
-  James A. Troutman                                  1895-1897
-  A. M. Harvey                                       1897-1899
-  H. E. Richter                                      1899-1903
-  David J. Hanna                                     1903-1907
-  W. J. Fitzgerald                                   1907-1911
-  Richard J. Hopkins                                 1911-1913
-  Sheffield Ingalls                                  1913-1915
-  William Yost Morgan                                1915-1919
-  Chas. E. Huffman                                   1919 ――――
-
-
-Secretaries of State
-
-  John Winter Robinson                               1861-1862
-    Removed July 28, 1862.
-    Sanders Rufus Shepherd, appointed                1862-1863
-  William Wirt Henry Lawrence                        1863-1865
-  Rinaldo Allen Barker                               1865-1869
-  Thomas Moonlight                                   1869-1871
-  William Hillary Smallwood                          1871-1875
-  Thomas H. Cavanaugh                                1875-1879
-  James Smith                                        1879-1885
-  Edwin Bird Allen                                   1885-1889
-  William Higgins                                    1889-1893
-  Russel Scott Osborn                                1893-1895
-  William Congdon Edwards                            1895-1897
-  William Eben Bush                                  1897-1899
-  George Alfred Clark                                1899-1903
-  Joel Randall Burrow                                1903-1907
-  C. E. Denton                                       1907-1911
-  Charles H. Sessions                                1911-1915
-  John Thomas Botkin                                 1915-1919
-  L. J. Pettijohn                                    1919 ――――
-
-
-  Auditors
-
-  George Shaler Hillyer                              1861-1862
-    Removed July 28, 1862.
-    David Long Lakin, appointed                      1862-1863
-  Asa Hairgrove                                      1863-1865
-  John R. Swallow                                    1865-1869
-  Alois Thoman                                       1869-1873
-  Daniel Webster Wilder                              1873-1876
-    Resigned September 20, 1876.
-    Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, appointed            1876
-  Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake                         1877-1883
-  Edward P. McCabe                                   1883-1887
-  Timothy McCarthy                                   1887-1891
-  Charles Merrill Hovey                              1891-1893
-  Van B. Prather                                     1893-1895
-  George Ezekiel Cole                                1895-1897
-  William H. Morris                                  1897-1899
-  George Ezekiel Cole                                1899-1903
-  Seth Grant Wells                                   1903-1907
-  J. M. Nation                                       1907-1911
-  W. E. Davis                                        1911-1917
-  F. W. Knapp                                        1917 ――――
-
-
-  Treasurers
-
-  William Tholen, elected in 1859.
-    Entered the army and did not qualify.
-    Hartwin R. Dutton, appointed March 26            1861
-  Hartwin R. Dutton, elected                         1861-1863
-  William Spriggs                                    1863-1867
-  Martin Anderson                                    1867-1869
-  George Graham                                      1869-1871
-  Josiah Emery Hayes                                 1871-1874
-    Resigned April 30, 1874
-    John Francis, appointed                          1874-1875
-  Samuel Lappin                                      1875
-    Resigned December 20, 1875.
-    John Francis, appointed                          1875
-  John Francis                                       1877-1883
-  Samuel T. Howe                                     1883-1887
-  James William Hamilton                             1887-1890
-    Resigned March 1, 1890.
-    William Sims, appointed                          1890-1891
-  Solomon G. Stover                                  1891-1893
-  William Henry Biddle                               1893-1895
-  Otis L. Atherton                                   1895-1897
-  David H. Heflebower                                1897-1899
-  Frank E. Grimes                                    1899-1903
-  Thomas T. Kelly                                    1903-1907
-  Mark Tully                                         1907-1913
-  Earl Akers                                         1913-1917
-  Walter L. Payne                                    1917 ――――
-
-
-  Attorneys-General
-
-  Benjamin Franklin Simpson                          1861
-    Resigned July, 1861.
-    Charles Chadwick, appointed                      1861
-  Samuel A. Stinson                                  1861-1863
-  Warren W. Guthrie                                  1863-1865
-  Jerome D. Brumbaugh                                1865-1867
-  George Henry Hoyt                                  1867-1869
-  Addison Danford                                    1869-1871
-  Archibald L. Williams                              1871-1875
-  Asa M. F. Randolph                                 1875-1877
-  Willard Davis                                      1877-1881
-  William A. Johnston                                1881-1884
-    Resigned December 1, 1884.
-    George P. Smith, appointed                       1884-1885
-  Simeon Briggs Bradford                             1885-1889
-  Lyman Beecher Kellogg                              1889-1891
-  John Nutt Ives                                     1891-1893
-  John Thomas Little                                 1893-1895
-  Fernando B. Dawes                                  1895-1897
-  Louis C. Boyle                                     1897-1899
-  Aretas A. Godard                                   1899-1903
-  Charles Crittenden Coleman                         1903-1907
-  F. S. Jackson                                      1907-1911
-  John S. Dawson                                     1911-1915
-  Sardies Mason Brewster                             1915-1919
-  Richard J. Hopkins                                 1919 ――――
-
-
-  Superintendents of Public Instruction
-
-  William Riley Griffith                             1861-1862
-    Died February 12, 1862.
-    Simeon Montgomery Thorp, appointed               1862-1863
-  Isaac T. Goodnow                                   1863-1867
-  Peter McVicar                                      1867-1871
-  Hugh De France McCarty                             1871-1875
-  John Fraser                                        1875-1877
-  Allen Borsley Lemmon                               1877-1881
-  Henry Clay Speer                                   1881-1885
-  Joseph Hadden Lawhead                              1885-1889
-  George Wesley Winans                               1889-1893
-  Henry Newton Gaines                                1893-1895
-  Edmund Stanley                                     1895-1897
-  William Stryker                                    1897-1899
-  Frank Nelson                                       1899-1903
-  Insley L. Dayhoff                                  1903-1907
-  E. T. Fairchild                                    1907-1912
-    Resigned November 19, 1912.
-    W. D. Ross, appointed                            1912
-  W. D. Ross                                         1913-1919
-  Lorraine E. Wooster                                1919 ――――
-
-
-
-  Chief Justices
-
-  Thomas Ewing, Jr.                                  1861-1862
-    Resigned November 28, 1862.
-    Nelson Cobb, appointed                           1862-1864
-  Robert Crozier                                     1864-1867
-  Samuel Austin Kingman                              1867-1876
-    Resigned December 30, 1876.
-    Albert Howell Horton, appointed                  1876
-  Albert Howell Horton                               1877-1895
-    Resigned April 30, 1895.
-    David Martin, appointed                          1895
-  David Martin                                       1895-1897
-  Frank Doster                                       1897-1903
-  William Agnew Johnston                             1903 ――――
-
-
-  State Printers
-
-  S. S. Prouty                                       1869-1873
-  George W. Martin                                   1873-1881
-  T. Dwight Thatcher                                 1881-1887
-  Clifford C. Baker                                  1887-1891
-  E. H. Snow                                         1891-1895
-  J. K. Hudson                                       1895-1897
-  J. S. Parks                                        1897-1899
-  W. Y. Morgan                                       1899-1903
-  George A. Clark                                    1903-1905
-  T. A. McNeal                                       1905-1911
-  W. C. Austin                                       1911-1915
-  William R. Smith                                   1915-1919
-    Resigned February 1, 1919.
-    Imri Zumwalt, appointed                          1919 ――――
-
-
-  Superintendents of Insurance
-
-  Webb McNall                                        1897-1901
-  W. V. Church                                       1901-1903
-  Charles H. Luling                                  1903-1907
-  Charles W. Barnes                                  1907-1911
-  Ike S. Lewis                                       1911-1915
-  Carey J. Wilson                                    1915-1919
-  Frank L. Travis                                    1919 ――――
-
-
-  United States Senators
-
-
-  LANE SUCCESSION
-
-  James H. Lane                                      1861-1866
-    Died July 11, 1866.
-    Edmund G. Ross, appointed                        1866
-  Edmund G. Ross                                     1867-1871
-  Alexander Caldwell                                 1871-1873
-    Resigned March 24, 1873.
-    Robert Crozier, appointed                        1873-1874
-    James M. Harvey, elected                         1874-1877
-  Preston B. Plumb                                   1877-1891
-    Died December 20, 1891.
-    Bishop W. Perkins, appointed                     1892-1893
-    John Martin, elected January 25                  1893-1895
-  Lucien Baker                                       1895-1901
-  Joseph Ralph Burton                                1901-1906
-    Resigned, 1906.
-    A. W. Benson, appointed                          1906-1907
-  Charles Curtis                                     1907-1913
-  William H. Thompson                                1913-1919
-  Arthur Capper                                      1919 ――――
-
-
-  POMEROY SUCCESSION
-
-  Samuel C. Pomeroy                                  1861-1873
-  John James Ingalls                                 1873-1891
-  William Alfred Peffer                              1891-1897
-  William A. Harris                                  1897-1903
-  Chester I. Long                                    1903-1909
-  J. L. Bristow                                      1909-1915
-  Charles Curtis                                     1915 ――――
-
-
-  Congressmen
-
-  Martin F. Conway                                   1861-1863
-  Abel Carter Wilder                                 1863-1865
-  Sidney Clarke                                      1865-1871
-  David P. Lowe                                      1871-1875
-  Stephen Alonzo Cobb                                1873-1875
-  William Addison Phillips                           1873-1879
-  William R. Brown                                   1875-1877
-  John R. Goodin                                     1875-1877
-  Dudley C. Haskell                                  1877-1883
-  Thomas Ryan                                        1877-1889
-  John Alexander Anderson                            1879-1891
-  Edmund N. Morrill                                  1883-1891
-  Samuel Ritter Peters                               1883-1891
-  Lewis Hanback                                      1883-1887
-  Bishop W. Perkins                                  1883-1891
-  Edward Hogue Funston                               1883-1893
-  Erastus J. Turner                                  1887-1891
-  Harrison Kelley                                    1889-1891
-  Case Broderick                                     1891-1899
-  B. H. Clover                                       1891-1893
-  John Davis                                         1891-1895
-  Jerry Simpson                                    { 1891-1895
-                                                   { 1897-1899
-  John Grant Otis                                    1891-1893
-  William Baker                                      1891-1897
-  William Alexander Harris                           1893-1895
-  Horace L. Moore                                    1893-1895
-  Charles Curtis                                     1893-1907
-  Thomas J. Hudson                                   1893-1895
-  Richard W. Blue                                    1895-1897
-  Orrin L. Miller                                    1895-1897
-  Snyder S. Kirkpatrick                              1895-1897
-  Chester I. Long                                  { 1895-1897
-                                                   { 1899-1903
-  William A. Calderhead                            { 1895-1897
-                                                   { 1899-1911
-  Jeremiah Dunham Botkin                             1897-1899
-  Mason Summers Peters                               1897-1899
-  N. B. McCormick                                    1897-1899
-  Edwin Reed Ridgely                                 1897-1901
-  William D. Vincent                                 1897-1899
-  Willis Joshua Bailey                               1899-1901
-  Justin DeWitt Bowersock                            1899-1907
-  James Monroe Miller                                1899-1911
-  William Augustus Reeder                            1899-1911
-  Charles Frederick Scott                            1901-1911
-  Alfred Metcalf Jackson                             1901-1903
-  Philip Pitt Campbell                               1903 ――――
-  Victor Murdock                                     1903-1915
-  D. R. Anthony                                      1907 ――――
-  E. H. Madison[22]                                  1907-1911
-  A. C. Mitchell[23]                                 1911-1911
-  Fred S. Jackson                                    1911-1913
-  R. R. Rees                                         1911-1913
-  I. D. Young                                        1911-1913
-  Joseph Taggart                                     1911-1915
-  Dudley Doolittle                                   1913-1919
-  Guy T. Helvering                                   1913-1919
-  John R. Connelly                                   1913-1919
-  George A. Neeley                                   1912-1915
-  Jouett Shouse                                      1915-1919
-  William A. Ayers                                   1915 ――――
-  Edward Little                                      1915 ――――
-  Hayes B. White                                     1919 ――――
-  Homer Hoch                                         1919 ――――
-  James Strong                                       1919 ――――
-  James N. Tincher                                   1919 ――――
-
-
-
-
-  INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS
-
-
-  State Schools
-
-  University of Kansas                                 Lawrence.
-  State Agricultural College                          Manhattan.
-  State Normal School                                   Emporia.
-  Fort Hays Kansas Normal School                           Hays.
-  State Manual Training Normal School                 Pittsburg.
-  Kansas School for the Blind                       Kansas City.
-  Kansas School for the Deaf                             Olathe.
-
-
-  Denominational Schools
-
-  Baker University, Methodist Episcopal                 Baldwin.
-  Bethany College, Swedish Lutheran                   Lindsborg.
-  Bethany College, Episcopalian                          Topeka.
-  Bethel College, Mennonite                              Newton.
-  Campbell University                                    Holton.
-  College of Emporia, Presbyterian                      Emporia.
-  College Preparatory School (Private)                 Atchison.
-  Cooper College, United Presbyterian                  Sterling.
-  Enterprise Normal Academy, German M. E.            Enterprise.
-  Fairmount College, Congregational                     Wichita.
-  Fowler Friends Academy, Friends                        Fowler.
-  Friends University, Friends                           Wichita.
-  Highland University, Presbyterian                    Highland.
-  Haviland Academy, Friends                            Haviland.
-  Kansas City University, United Brethren           Kansas City.
-  Kansas Wesleyan University, Methodist Episcopal        Salina.
-  McPherson College, Church of the Brethren           McPherson.
-  Midland College, Lutheran                            Atchison.
-  Mt. St. Scholastica’s Academy, Catholic              Atchison.
-  Nazareth Academy, Catholic                          Concordia.
-  Northbranch Academy, Friends                      Northbranch.
-  Ottawa University, Baptist                             Ottawa.
-  Southwestern College, Methodist Episcopal            Winfield.
-  St. Benedict’s College, Catholic                     Atchison.
-  St. John’s Lutheran College, Lutheran                Winfield.
-  St. Martin’s School, Episcopalian                      Salina.
-  St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic                      Leavenworth.
-  St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic                       Great Bend.
-  St. Mary’s College, Catholic                        St. Marys.
-  Walden College, Evangelical                         McPherson.
-  Washburn College, Congregational                       Topeka.
-
-
-  State Penal or Corrective Institutions
-
-  State Industrial Reformatory                       Hutchinson.
-  State Industrial School for Girls                      Beloit.
-  State Industrial School for Boys                       Topeka.
-  State Penitentiary                                    Lansing.
-
-
-  State Benevolent Institutions
-
-  State Training School                                Winfield.
-  State Hospital for the Insane                          Topeka.
-  State Hospital for the Insane                      Osawatomie.
-  State Hospital for the Insane                          Larned.
-  State Hospital for Epileptics                         Parsons.
-  State Hospital for Tuberculosis                        Norton.
-
-
-  Special Institutions
-
-  State Soldiers’ Home                               Fort Dodge.
-  Mother Bickerdyke Home                              Ellsworth.
-  Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home                              Atchison.
-
-
-  State Colored Schools
-
-  Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute            Topeka.
-  Western University                                   Quindaro.
-
-
-  Federal Institutions
-
-  Haskell Institute, Indian                            Lawrence.
-  Pottawatomie Boarding School for Indians               Nadeau.
-  Federal Prison                                    Leavenworth.
-  National Soldiers’ Home                           Leavenworth.
-  United States Disciplinary Barracks          Fort Leavenworth.
-                           (Military Prison.)
-
-
-
-
-BALANCE OF POWER IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE BETWEEN THE FREE AND THE
-SLAVE STATES
-
-
-      FREE.               SLAVE.
-  Pennsylvania.       Delaware.        The original thirteen states.
-  New Jersey.         Georgia.
-  Connecticut.        Maryland.
-  Massachusetts.      South Carolina.
-  New Hampshire.      Virginia.
-  New York.           North Carolina.
-  Rhode Island.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-         7                  6
-
-  Vermont, 1791.      Kentucky, 1792.
-  Ohio, 1802.         Tennessee, 1796.
-  Indiana, 1816.      Louisiana, 1812.
-  Illinois, 1818.     Mississippi, 1817
-                      Alabama, 1819.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-        11                 11          The Missouri Compromise,
-                                                 1820.
-  Maine, 1820.        Missouri, 1821.
-                      Arkansas, 1836.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-        12                 13          First slave state majority.
-
-  Michigan, 1837.     Florida, 1845.
-  Iowa, 1846.         Texas, 1845.     Last slave state.
-  Wisconsin, 1848.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-        15                 15
-
-  California, 1850.                    Compromise of 1850.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-        16                 15          Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854.
-                                       The last chance for the
-  Minnesota, 1858.                       South to win.
-  Oregon, 1859.
-  Kansas, 1861.
-  ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――
-        19                 15          Secession and the Civil War.
-
-
-
-
-  ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS
-
-
-  Counties Organized Before 1860
-
-  _County._                _Date of Organization._      _County Seat._
-  Allen                            1855                         Iola.
-  Anderson                         1855                      Garnett.
-  Atchison                         1855                     Atchison.
-  Bourbon                          1855                   Fort Scott.
-  Brown                            1855                     Hiawatha.
-  Butler                           1855                    El Dorado.
-  Chase                            1859             Cottonwood Falls.
-  Coffey                           1859                   Burlington.
-  Dickinson                        1857                      Abilene.
-  Doniphan                         1855                         Troy.
-  Douglas                          1855                     Lawrence.
-  Franklin                         1855                       Ottawa.
-  Geary[24]                        1855                Junction City.
-  Jackson[25]                      1857                       Holton.
-  Jefferson                        1855                    Oskaloosa.
-  Johnson                          1855                       Olathe.
-  Leavenworth                      1855                  Leavenworth.
-  Linn                             1855                   Mound City.
-  Marshall                         1855                   Marysville.
-  Miami[26]                        1855                        Paola.
-  Morris[27]                       1855                Council Grove.
-  Nemaha                           1855                       Seneca.
-  Osage[28]                        1855                       Lyndon.
-  Pottawatomie                     1856                 Westmoreland.
-  Riley                            1855                    Manhattan.
-  Saline                           1859                       Salina.
-  Shawnee                          1855                       Topeka.
-  Wabaunsee[29]                    1859                         Alma.
-  Woodson                          1855                 Yates Center.
-  Wyandotte                        1855                  Kansas City.
-
-
-  Counties Organized 1860-1870
-
-   _County._              _Date of Organization._       _County Seat._
-  Cherokee                         1866                     Columbus.
-  Clay                             1866                  Clay Center.
-  Cloud[30]                        1860                    Concordia.
-  Crawford                         1867                       Girard.
-  Ellis                            1867                         Hays.
-  Ellsworth                        1867                    Ellsworth.
-  Greenwood                        1862                       Eureka.
-  Labette[31]                      1867                       Oswego.
-  Lyon[32]                         1860                      Emporia.
-  Marion                           1860                       Marion.
-  Montgomery                       1869                 Independence.
-  Neosho[33]                       1864                         Erie.
-  Ottawa                           1866                  Minneapolis.
-  Republic                         1868                   Belleville.
-  Washington                       1860                   Washington.
-  Wilson                           1865                     Fredonia.
-
-
-  Counties Organized 1870-1880
-
-  _County._             _Date of Organization._         _County Seat._
-  Barber                           1873               Medicine Lodge.
-  Barton                           1872                   Great Bend.
-  Chautauqua                       1875                        Sedan.
-  Cowley[34]                       1870                     Winfield.
-  Decatur                          1879                      Oberlin.
-  Edwards                          1874                      Kinsley.
-  Elk[35]                          1875                       Howard.
-  Ford                             1873                   Dodge City.
-  Harper[36]                       1878                      Anthony.
-  Harvey                           1872                       Newton.
-  Hodgeman                         1879                      Jetmore.
-  Jewell                           1870                      Mankato.
-  Kingman                          1874                      Kingman.
-  Lincoln                          1870                      Lincoln.
-  McPherson                        1870                    McPherson.
-  Mitchell                         1870                       Beloit.
-  Norton                           1872                       Norton.
-  Osborne                          1871                      Osborne.
-  Pawnee                           1872                       Larned.
-  Phillips                         1872                 Phillipsburg.
-  Pratt[36]                        1879                        Pratt.
-  Reno                             1872                   Hutchinson.
-  Rice                             1871                        Lyons.
-  Rooks                            1872                     Stockton.
-  Rush                             1874                    La Crosse.
-  Russell                          1872                      Russell.
-  Sedgwick                         1870                      Wichita.
-  Smith                            1872                 Smith Center.
-  Stafford                         1879                     St. John.
-  Sumner                           1871                   Wellington.
-  Trego                            1879                     WaKeeney.
-
-
-  Counties Organized 1880-1890
-
-   _County._            _Date of Organization._         _County Seat._
-  Cheyenne                         1886                  St. Francis.
-  Clark                            1885                      Ashland.
-  Comanche[37]                     1885                    Coldwater.
-  Finney[38]                       1884                  Garden City.
-  Gove                             1886                         Gove.
-  Graham                           1880                    Hill City.
-  Gran                             1888                      Ulysses.
-  Gray                             1887                     Cimarron.
-  Greeley                          1887                      Tribune.
-  Hamilton                         1886                     Syracuse.
-  Haskell                          1887                     Santa Fe.
-  Kearny                           1888                        Lakin.
-  Kiowa                            1886                   Greensburg.
-  Lane                             1886                      Dighton.
-  Logan                            1887              Russell Springs.
-  Meade                            1885                        Meade.
-  Morton                           1886                    Richfield.
-  Ness[37]                         1880                    Ness City.
-  Rawlins                          1881                       Atwood.
-  Scott                            1886                        Scott.
-  Seward                           1886                      Liberal.
-  Sheridan                         1880                        Hoxie.
-  Sherman                          1886                     Goodland.
-  Stanton                          1887                      Johnson.
-  Stevens                          1886                      Hugoton.
-  Thomas                           1885                        Colby.
-  Wichita                          1886                        Leoti.
-  Wallace                          1888               Sharon Springs.
-
-
-
-
-     [1] Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.
-
-     [2] In 1819 the United States gave to Spain that part of
-     Kansas lying south of the Arkansas River and west of the
-     100th meridian. This territory again became a part of the
-     United States by the annexation of Texas in 1845.
-
-     [3] Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike.
-
-     [4] A cache was made by digging a jug-shaped hole in the
-     ground and lining it with dry grass, or sticks, or anything
-     to keep out moisture. Then the goods were packed in and the
-     opening closed very carefully by replacing the sod and
-     carrying away the earth that was removed, so that no sign
-     was left by which the cache might be discovered. Sometimes a
-     camp fire was built over it to destroy all traces of the
-     cache.
-
-     [5] Another phenomenon that makes the traveler in a dry or
-     desert country afraid to trust his eyes is the mirage. He
-     often sees what seem to be lakes, trees, buildings, cities,
-     only to find on nearer approach that they all disappear. As
-     Kansas has come under cultivation the mirage has become less
-     frequent, but it is still seen in the western part of the
-     State. Here is a description of one seen in early Kansas:
-
-     “On approaching the town of Lerny, about a mile and a
-     quarter this side, we found the whole intermediate space
-     between us and the grove of trees beyond the town apparently
-     occupied by a beautiful lake. On the apparent shore next to
-     ourselves the road ran down and disappeared in the lake, as
-     did the fence upon one side of the road, while the placid
-     and beautiful water extended upon the right and left, until
-     lost in the distance. The trees in the distance appeared to
-     be immersed for half their length in the lake, as if growing
-     in the water. Even the reflection of the trees, and of the
-     clouds above, was distinctly visible. We approached the
-     vision and it vanished.”
-
-     [6] Because of the increasing migration westward, the
-     National Government decided to send out expeditions for the
-     purpose of discovering the best routes across the mountains
-     to the Pacific. John C. Fremont was selected for this task,
-     and between 1842 and 1850 he made four journeys across the
-     plains. Among the scouts who acted as guides was the famous
-     hunter and trapper, and Indian fighter, Kit Carson.
-
-     [7] The fact that Kansas was once an Indian country is shown
-     by the many Indian names of counties, towns, and streams;
-     as, Topeka, Pottawatomie, Hiawatha, Wyandotte, Shawnee,
-     Cheyenne, Cherokee, and Kiowa.
-
-     [8] Among the schools established by the missions three have
-     continued in existence and have developed into important
-     schools of to-day: Highland College, established by the
-     Presbyterians; St. Mary’s College, by the Catholics; and
-     Ottawa University, by the Baptists.
-
-     [9] Named after Mount Oread Seminary at Worcester, Mass., of
-     which Eli Thayer was the founder and proprietor.
-
-     [10] Named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, an
-     active member of the Emigrant Aid Company.
-
-     [11] It should be borne in mind that many of the Missourians
-     who took such an active part in Kansas affairs were not
-     representative citizens of that state, but were of the
-     unprincipled and outlaw classes. Many of them were hired for
-     this work.
-
-     [12] Ingalls said of this period: “No time was ever so
-     minutely and so indelibly photographed upon the public
-     retina. The name of no State was ever on so many friendly
-     and so many hostile tongues. It was pronounced in every
-     political speech, and inserted in every political platform.
-     No region was ever so advertised, and the impression then
-     produced has never passed away.”
-
-     [13] This period has given rise to the expression “bleeding
-     Kansas.”
-
-     [14] The origin of the word “Jayhawker” is uncertain, though
-     a number of different accounts have been given of it. In
-     recent years the term has come to be applied to our State
-     and our people, and it is not unusual for a Kansan to be
-     spoken of as a “Jayhawker.”
-
-     [15] One of Hamelton’s men was brought to justice five years
-     later.
-
-     [16] A census taken in 1885 disclosed the fact that nearly
-     100,000 Kansans had served in the Union army.
-
-     [17] The Populist party was formed as a result of the
-     political unrest following the collapse of the boom. The
-     Populist measures attracted widespread attention, and the
-     party, in fusion with the Democrats, succeeded in electing
-     Governor Lewelling in 1892 and Governor Leedy in 1896. By
-     that time conditions in the State had become more settled;
-     with returning prosperity the political agitation died down
-     and the Populists were soon absorbed into the other parties.
-     Since that time many of the measures advocated by the
-     Populists have been enacted into law or are being considered
-     by the people of to-day.
-
-     [18] This line was at first called the Kansas Pacific.
-
-     [19]  See map, page 28.
-
-     [20] The traveling library system in Kansas was adopted in
-     1900 and is now under state control through a Commission
-     which maintains an office in the capitol at Topeka. These
-     traveling libraries are made up of collections of fifty
-     books each, selected in accordance with the wishes of the
-     applicant. They are sent to schools, clubs, granges, and
-     similar organizations without charge other than a fee of two
-     dollars to cover the cost of transportation. The libraries
-     may be retained six months, or exchanged at any time for
-     others.
-
-     [21] The place was discovered in 1875 by Mrs. Elizabeth A.
-     Johnson, who later purchased the land and presented it to
-     the State.
-
-     [22] Died, Sept. 18, 1911.
-
-     [23] Died, July 7, 1911.
-
-     [24] Named Davis until 1889.
-
-     [25] Named Calhoun until 1859.
-
-     [26] Named Lykins until 1861.
-
-     [27] Named Wise until 1859.
-
-     [28] Named Weller until 1859.
-
-     [29] Named Richardson before 1859.
-
-     [30] The original name, Shirley, changed to Cloud in 1867.
-
-     [31] Part of Dorn County until 1861. Named Neosho until
-     1867.
-
-     [32] Named Breckinridge until 1862.
-
-     [33] Named Dorn until 1861.
-
-     [34] Originally named Hunter.
-
-     [35] Originally the northern portion of Howard County.
-
-     [36] First organization in 1873, later set aside as
-     fraudulent.
-
-     [37] First organization in 1873, later set aside as
-     fraudulent.
-
-     [38] Named Sequoyah until 1883.
-
-
-
-
-  INDEX
-
-  Abilene, 157.
-  Actual Settlers’ Association, 68.
-  Adams, Franklin G., 231.
-  Adams, Zu, 231.
-  Admission of Kansas, 98, 106.
-  Agricultural College, 143, 163, 197, 201.
-  Agricultural Society, 143, 163.
-  Agriculture, Board of, 163.
-  Agriculture, taught to the Indians, 45, 142;
-       Territorial days, 142;
-       during Civil War, 143;
-       1860 to 1880, 147;
-       1880 to 1887, 148;
-       1887 to 1893, 148;
-       1893 to 1918, 153;
-       basis of prosperity, 171;
-       in schools, 191, 195.
-  Aid from the East, 106, 121.
-  Air Service, 139.
-  Alfalfa, 150, 151.
-  Allerton, Ellen P., 233.
-  Alliance, Farmers’, 161.
-  Amendments to the Constitution, 136;
-       to National Constitution, 137.
-  Ammunition Train, 139.
-  Anderson, John A., 230.
-  Andreas’ History of Kansas, 233.
-  Anti-cigarette Law, 136.
-  Appendix, 223-250.
-  Apple Crop, 160.
-  Aplington, Kate A., 234.
-  Argonne, 139.
-  Arizona, 29.
-  Arkansas City, 128.
-  “Army of the North,” 89.
-  Ash Creek, 37.
-  Atchison, D. R., 73, 74.
-  Atchison, 21, 42, 68, 168;
-       county, 20.
-  Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, building of, 178, 180.
-  Attorneys-General, Territorial, 236;
-       State, 239.
-  Auditors, Territorial, 235;
-       State, 238.
-  Automobile, 184.
-
-  Baker University, 204, 244.
-  Balance of Power, 57;
-       table of, 246.
-  Baptist Missions, 225.
-  Barber, murder of, 83.
-  Barton County, 207.
-  Becknell, journey of, 29.
-  Beecher, Henry Ward, 87.
-  Beet Sugar Factory, 153.
-  Berryman, Rev. J. C., 225.
-  Bickerdyke, Mary A., 231.
-  Black Jack, battle of, 86.
-  Blackmar, F. W., 234.
-  “Bleeding Kansas,” 91.
-  Blue Lodges, 65.
-  Bluemont College, 201.
-  “Blue Sky” Law, 136.
-  Board of Administration, 204.
-  Board of Agriculture, 163.
-  Bogus Legislature, 74, 76, 78, 80, 220, 223.
-  Boom, 127, 148.
-  Boston, 69.
-  Branson, Jacob, 79, 80.
-  Brewer, David J., 230.
-  Brick, 167, 170.
-  Broom Corn, 151.
-  Brown, John, 85;
-       at Pottawatomie, 86, 97;
-       at Osawatomie, 86, 90;
-       site of battle field, 211;
-       monument, 212, 213.
-  Buchanan, President, 98.
-  Buffalo, 9, 18, 21, 25, 33, 36, 37, 48, 115, 123, 124, 143.
-  Building Stone, 166.
-  Butler County, 117, 168, 169.
-
-  Cabeza de Vaca, 10, 11, 36.
-  Cache, how made, 38.
-  California, 29, 175;
-       gold seekers, 41;
-       gold fields, 41;
-       Road, 42, 69;
-       emigration to, 62.
-  Camp Funston, 138.
-  Capital, State, 99.
-  Capitals, Territorial, 223.
-  Capitol, State, 130.
-  Carruth, William Herbert, 234.
-  Carson, Kit, 41.
-  Catholic priests, 16;
-       missions, 49, 226.
-  Cattle Trade, 157-159.
-  Census, first Territorial, 78.
-  Cherokee County, 166.
-  Chief Justices, Territorial, 236;
-       State, 240.
-  Child-labor Law, 136.
-  Cibola, 11.
-  Cimarron Crossing, 38.
-  Cimarron River, 32, 38.
-  Civil War, 109-113, 115-129, 131, 143, 166.
-  Clark, Esther M., 234.
-  Clark, William, 20.
-  Cloud County, 115.
-  Coal, 166.
-  Colby, 163.
-  Coleman, 79.
-  Colleges, list of, 244.
-  College of Emporia, 204.
-  Columbus, 9, 10.
-  Colorado, 22, 29, 151, 153.
-  Comanche Indians, 25, 33.
-  Commercial Work, 195.
-  Commission, Railroad, 182.
-  Congressmen, 242, 243.
-  Connelley, William Elsey, 234.
-  Consolidated Schools, 191;
-       Districts, 195.
-  Constitution, Topeka, 78, 94, 223;
-       Lecompton, 94, 95, 96, 223;
-       Leavenworth, 96, 223;
-       Wyandotte, 98, 99, 106, 223.
-  Constitutions, summary of, 223.
-  Corn, 156.
-  Coronado, 10-14, 49;
-       monument for, 213;
-       sword of, 215.
-  Cortez, 10, 29.
-  Cotton Gin, 55.
-  Council Grove, 33, 34, 72, 210.
-  Counties Organized, 113, 122;
-       lists of, 248-250.
-  County High School, 193.
-  Cowboy, 158, 159.
-  Crawford County, 166.
-  Crawford, Samuel J., 117, 234.
-  Crops of Kansas, 147, 148.
-
-  Dairying, 157.
-  Daughters of American Revolution, 210.
-  Democratic Party, 98.
-  Denominational Schools, 204, 244.
-  Denver, Governor, 97.
-  Dodge City, 12, 163;
-       cattle trade center, 158.
-  Domestic Science, 192.
-  Don Carlos, Mrs. Louise Cooke, 234.
-  Doniphan County, 20.
-  Douglas County, 79.
-  Douglas, Stephen A., 58.
-  Dow, 79.
-  Drouth, 67, 104, 105, 106, 119, 127, 142, 148.
-  Dugout, 102.
-
-  Education, 187-206;
-       see Schools.
-  Eldridge, 85.
-  Election, first Territorial, 72;
-       second Territorial, 73.
-  Electric Railways, 182, 183.
-  Elwood, 176.
-  Emigrant Aid Company, 63, 64, 65, 85.
-  Emporia, 197.
-  English, 17.
-  Exodus, 125.
-  Experiment Station, 163.
-  Extension Work, 204.
-
-  Farmers’ Alliance, 161.
-  Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union, 163.
-  Farmers’ Institutes, 162.
-  Farmers’ Organizations, 160.
-  Farming Implements, 143-146.
-  Father Padilla, 48.
-  Feterita, 153.
-  Fire-escape Law, 136.
-  Floods, 133.
-  Foreign Settlements, 180, 181.
-  Fort Dodge, 38, 52, 228.
-  Fort Hays, 52, 228.
-  Fort Hays Kansas Normal School, 194.
-  Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52, 139, 227.
-  Fort Riley, 51, 52, 72, 75, 139, 211, 212, 227.
-  Fort Scott, 52, 166, 227.
-  Forts, list of, 227-229.
-  “Forty-niners,” 41.
-  Fourth of July Creek, 21.
-  France, 16, 139;
-       end of claims in America, 17-18.
-  Franklin, 33, 89.
-  Fremont, John C., 41.
-  Friends Missions, 49, 225.
-  Friends University, 204.
-  Funston, Fred, 129.
-  Fur Traders, 47.
-
-  Garden City, 153, 163.
-  Gardner, 42.
-  Gas, 167, 168, 171.
-  Gasoline Tractor, 147.
-  Geary, John W., 90, 91, 92, 94.
-  Giles, F. W., 233.
-  Glass, 171;
-       factories, 167, 171.
-  Gleed, Charles, 233.
-  Glick, Geo. W., 211.
-  Gold Seekers, 41, 42.
-  Good Roads, 183, 193;
-       federal aid, 183.
-  Goss, Nathaniel S., 233.
-  Governors, Territorial, 235;
-       State, 237.
-  Graham, Effie, 234.
-  Grange, 160.
-  Grasshopper Invasion, 121, 122, 127.
-  Gray, Alfred, 231.
-  Great American Desert, 24, 25, 29, 106, 122.
-  Great Bend, 12-13.
-  Great Salt Lake, 41.
-  Great Seal of Kansas, 116.
-  Greenwood County, 117.
-  Gregg, Josiah, 34.
-  Gypsum, 168, 170.
-
-  Hall of Fame, 211.
-  Hamelton, 97.
-  Hand Planter, 143, 144.
-  Hard-surfaced Roads, 184.
-  Harger, Charles M., 234.
-  Harris, William A., 230.
-  Harvey, Henry, 225-226, 233.
-  Hays, 163.
-  Highland College, 49, 225.
-  High Schools, accredited, 193, 195, 197;
-       purpose of, 195;
-       courses, 195.
-  Hinton, R. J., 233.
-  Historical Society, 214, 215.
-  History of Kansas, 207, 221.
-  Homes of Kansas, poem, 101.
-  Homestead Law, 117, 118.
-  Horner, Hattie, 233.
-  Horses, used on Santa Fe Trail, 33.
-  Horticulture, 159.
-  Household Arts, 191, 195.
-  Howe, E. W., 233, 234.
-  Hudson, Mary W., 233.
-  Hutchinson, 167, 169.
-
-  Illinois, 64.
-  Immigration, 64, 65, 67, 88, 105-106, 115, 117-118, 122, 129, 180,
-    181.
-  Independence, 33.
-  Independence Creek, 21.
-  Indiana, 64.
-  Indian Territory, 46.
-  Indians, 9, 20, 21, 22, 55, 72, 135;
-       tribes of, 25;
-       and traders, 31;
-       experience with, 38;
-       possessed Kansas, 45-53;
-       reservations, 46;
-       taught in missions, 49;
-       removal of, 45-46;
-       raids, 109, 115, 117;
-       as farmers, 142;
-       raised corn, 156.
-  Industrial Training, 195.
-  Industries of Kansas, 142-171.
-  Ingalls, John J., 87, 211, 218, 233.
-  Inman, Henry, 233, 234.
-  Institutions, State, 244, 245.
-  Insurance, Superintendents of, 241.
-  Interstate Commerce Commission, 182.
-  Interurban Lines, 183.
-  Iowa, 64, 88, 89.
-  “Iron Trail,” 179.
-  Irrigation, 149.
-  Irving, Washington, 24.
-  Irwin, Rev. S. M., 225.
-
-  Jayhawkers, 96.
-  Jefferson, President, 17, 20.
-  Jesuits, 16, 48.
-  Johnson, Mrs. Elizabeth A., 209.
-  Johnson, Rev. Thomas, 50, 225.
-  Johnson, William, 225.
-  Joliet, 16.
-  Jones, Sheriff, 79, 81, 83.
-  Junction City, 13.
-  Juvenile Courts, 136.
-
-  Kafir Corn, 151.
-  Kansas, admission of, 98, 106.
-  Kansas City, 39, 50, 65, 66, 68, 112, 133, 166, 167, 174, 177.
-  Kansas History, in the making, 221.
-  Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 58, 63.
-  Kansas Pacific Railroad, 177.
-  Kansas Spirit, 217-221.
-  Kansas Territory, map, 56;
-       organization, 58.
-  Kansas To-day, 135, 136.
-  Kanza Indians, 25, 33, 45.
-  Kaw Indians, same as Kanza Indians.
-  King, Henry, 233.
-  Kingman, Samuel A., 230.
-
-  La Croix, Father, 226.
-  Land Grants, 180.
-  Lane, James H., 78, 79, 87, 89, 99.
-  La Salle, 16.
-  Lawrence, 65, 68, 79, 80, 83, 88, 99, 167;
-       sacking of, 83;
-       defense of, 91;
-       Quantrill raid, 111;
-       floods, 133, 135.
-  Lawrence, Amos A., 67.
-  Lead and Zinc, 167.
-  Leavenworth, 42, 68, 168.
-  Leavenworth Constitution, 96, 166, 223.
-  Lecompton, 68, 69, 88, 95.
-  Lecompton Constitution, 94, 95, 223.
-  Leedy, Governor, 161.
-  Legislature, Bogus, 74, 76, 79, 80;
-       second Territorial, 94.
-  Legislature, first Free-state, 95.
-  Legislatures, summary of, 223.
-  Length of school term, 187, 190.
-  Lerrigo, Dr. C. H., 234.
-  Lewelling, Governor, 161.
-  Lewis and Clark, expedition of, 20-21, 25.
-  Lieutenant-Governors, 237.
-  Lincoln, 110.
-  Lindsborg, 181.
-  Linn County, 97, 112.
-  Live Stock, 156-159.
-  Locomotive, invention of, 174;
-       old and modern, 182.
-  Long, Major, 24.
-  Louisiana, naming of, 16;
-       purchase of, 17, 20, 45, 57;
-       exploration of, 20.
-  Lykins, Dr. David, 225.
-  Lykins, Dr. Johnson, 225.
-
-  Manhattan, 68, 69, 177, 200, 201.
-  Manual Training, 191, 192.
-  Manual Training Normal School, 198, 201.
-  Manufactures, 165.
-  Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 97, 212.
-  Marion County, 117.
-  Markham, Thomas B., 225.
-  Marne, Battle of the, 139.
-  Marquette, 16.
-  Marysville, 176.
-  Mason, Walt, 234.
-  McCarter, Margaret Hill, 234.
-  McCoy, Rev. Isaac, 49, 225.
-  McCoy, Joseph G., 233.
-  McKeever, W. A., 234.
-  Meat Packing, 166, 181.
-  Meeker, Jotham, 49, 225.
-  Memorial Hall, 2, 213, 214.
-  Memorials of Kansas, 207-215.
-  Mendenhall, Rev. M., 226.
-  Mennonites, 156, 180.
-  Methodist Missions, 49, 50, 225.
-  Mexico, 17, 21, 29;
-       war with, 40, 50.
-  Miller, Sol, 101.
-  Milling, 165, 181.
-  Milo, 153.
-  Mine Creek, 112.
-  Mineral Resources, 166.
-  Minneola, 223.
-  Mirage, 40.
-  Missionaries, 47, 48, 49, 142.
-  Missions, 53, 142;
-       established, 49, 50;
-       list of, 225, 226.
-  Missouri Compromise, 57, 58, 246.
-  Missouri River closed to free-state immigration, 88.
-  Montgomery, James, 96.
-  Monuments, 210-214.
-  Moody, Joel, 233.
-  Morgan, Wm. Y., 234.
-  Mormons, 41, 52.
-  Mormon Trail, 42.
-  Mortgages, 128.
-  Motor Trucks, 184.
-  Mounds, 112.
-  Mount Oread, 67, 203.
-  Munger, Mrs. Dell H., 234.
-  Music, 191, 195.
-  Mutual Benefit Association, 160.
-
-  Narvaez, 10.
-  National Army, 138, 139.
-  National Government, protected traders, 32;
-       sent out Fremont, 41;
-       removal policy of, 45;
-       established Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52.
-  National Guard, 139.
-  Nebraska, 25, 42, 88, 89, 153.
-  Neosho Valley, 33.
-  Nevada, 29.
-  New England Emigrant Aid Company, first party, 65;
-       second party, 67;
-       third and fourth parties, 68.
-  New Mexico, 11, 21, 29, 39.
-  New Spain, 10, 11, 14.
-  Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H., 231.
-  Nineteenth Kansas, 117.
-  Normal Schools, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 244.
-  Northern Route to Kansas, 88.
-  Nurses in World War, 139.
-
-  Officers, Territorial, 235, 236;
-       State, 237-243.
-  Officers’ Training Camps, 139.
-  Ohio, 64.
-  Oil, 167, 168, 169.
-  Oklahoma, 24, 46, 59, 167;
-       opening of, 128.
-  “Old Mill,” 144.
-  Oregon, Emigrants to, 41.
-  Oregon Trail, 42.
-  Organization of Kansas Territory, 55-59.
-  Osage County, 166.
-  Osage Indians, 21, 25, 33, 34, 45, 225.
-  Osawatomie, 85;
-       pillaged, 86;
-       burned, 90.
-  Ottawa University, 49, 204.
-  Oxen, 33.
-
-  Pack Mules, 31.
-  Padilla, Father, 48.
-  Padoucas, 25.
-  Paine, Albert Bigelow, 233, 234.
-  Panic of 1893, 129, 153.
-  Patrons of Husbandry, 160.
-  Pawnee Capitol, 51, 75, 212.
-  Pawnee Fork, 37.
-  Pawnee Indians, 13, 22, 25, 33, 37;
-       village, 21, 209.
-  Pawnee Rock, 36, 37, 207, 209.
-  Pawnee, town of, 75.
-  Peck, George R., 233.
-  Peffer, William A., 233.
-  Peery, Rev. E. T., 225.
-  Pennsylvania, 64.
-  People’s Party, 161.
-  Phillips, William A., 233.
-  Pierce, President, 62.
-  Pike’s Peak, 22.
-  Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 21-23, 25, 29, 30, 209.
-  Pioneer life, 102-107, 122, 123, 124.
-  Pioneer Schools, 189, 190.
-  Pipe Lines, 167, 168.
-  Plumb, Preston B., 230.
-  Pomeroy, Samuel C., 67;
-       made Senator, 99.
-  Pony Express, 175.
-  Popular Sovereignty, 58, 73.
-  Population of Kansas, 1854, 53;
-       1855, 73;
-       1859, 105;
-       1865, 113.
-  Populist Party, 161.
-  Portland Cement, 167, 170.
-  Pottawatomie Massacre, 86, 97.
-  Prentis, Noble L., 232, 233.
-  Presbyterian Missions, 49, 225.
-  Price Raid, 112.
-  Printers, State, 240, 241.
-  Prohibition Amendment, 136, 220;
-       National, 137.
-  Public Instruction, Superintendents of, 240.
-  Public Utilities Commission, 182;
-       law, 136.
-
-  Quantrill Raid, 111;
-       loss from, 112;
-       monument, 214.
-  Quivera, poem, 8.
-  Quivira, land of, 11, 13;
-       Indians, 25, 48.
-
-  Railroad Commission, 182.
-  Railroads, 127, 148, 174-183;
-       first one in Kansas, 176;
-       Kansas advertised by, 180;
-       relation to industries, 181;
-       regulation of, 182;
-       mileage, 181.
-  Rainbow Division, 139.
-  Realf, Richard, 233.
-  Redpath, James, 233.
-  Reeder, Andrew H., 72, 75, 78, 87.
-  Regiments of Kansas soldiers, 117, 129.
-  Regulation of Railroads, 182.
-  Reign of Violence, 83-92.
-  Removal Policy, 49.
-  Republican Party, 98.
-  Republic County, 21, 115, 209.
-  Richardson, Albert D., 233.
-  “Rifle Christians,” 87.
-  Road Materials, 184.
-  Robinson, Dr. Charles, 67, 78, 79, 187, 233;
-       home burned, 85;
-       held prisoner, 88;
-       first Governor, 99.
-  Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D., 231, 233.
-  Ross, Edmund G., 231.
-  Round Mound, 39.
-  Rural Schools, pioneer, 189;
-       modern, 190, 191.
-
-  Sacramento, 41.
-  Salt, 169.
-  Salt Lake, 175, 176.
-  Salt Lake Trail, 69.
-  San Francisco, 175, 176.
-  Santa Fe, city, 29, 30, 40, 175.
-  Santa Fe Trail, 29-41, 174, 179;
-       map of, 28;
-       length of, 33, 42;
-       marking of, 210.
-  Schoenmaker, Rev., 226.
-  Schools, established by missions, 49;
-       Territorial, 187;
-       first in Lawrence, 187;
-       subscription, 187;
-       length of term, 187;
-       during Civil War, 188;
-       pioneer schools, 190;
-       rural, 191, 193;
-       consolidated, 191;
-       high schools, 193;
-       State, 196-205, 244;
-       “Standard,” “Superior,” 191;
-       for blind, 203;
-       for deaf, 203;
-       denominational, 204, 244.
-  School Teachers, qualifications, 191.
-  Scott, Charles F., 233.
-  Seal of State, 116.
-  Secretaries, Territorial, 235;
-       State, 238.
-  Senate, 55.
-  Senators, United States, 241.
-  Seven Cities of Cibola, 11.
-  Shannon, Wilson, 76, 80, 86, 89.
-  Shawnee Indians, 50.
-  Shawnee Mission, 50;
-       as capital, 75.
-  Sheldon, Charles M., 233, 234.
-  Simmerwell, Rev. Robert, 225.
-  Slavery in United States, 57, 63.
-  Slaves, 62, 63, 73, 74.
-  Smith, F. Dumont, 234.
-  Snow, Francis Huntington, 230.
-  Sod Corn, 144.
-  Sod House, 105.
-  Sod Schoolhouse, 189.
-  Soldiers, 41, 47, 213;
-       furnished by Kansas, 109.
-  Song of the Kansas Emigrant, 61.
-  Sorghum Crops, 148, 151.
-  Soudan Grass, 151.
-  Southeastern Kansas, 96.
-  Southern Aid, 88.
-  Southwestern University, 204.
-  Spain, 9, 13, 17.
-  Spanish-American War, 129.
-  Speer, John, 233.
-  Spring, L. W., 233.
-  Squatter Sovereignty, 58.
-  Stage Lines, 174, 175.
-  State Capitol, 130.
-  State Fair, Leavenworth, 143.
-  Steele, James W., 233.
-  St. John, Governor, 136.
-  St. Joseph, 42, 175, 176.
-  St. Mary’s College, 49.
-  St. Mihiel, 139.
-  Stockyards, 154.
-  Stone, building, 166;
-       quarry, 170.
-  Stringfellow, B. F., 74.
-  Sugar Beets, 153.
-  Superintendents of Public Instruction, Territorial, 236;
-       State, 240.
-  Supplies Taken by Traders, 33.
-  Swedish Settlements, 181.
-  Sweet Clover, 151.
-  Sword, old Spanish, 215.
-
-  Tank Cars, 168.
-  Teacher Training, 195.
-  Tecumseh, 89.
-  Telegraph, 176, 182.
-  Telephone, 123, 182.
-  Territorial Officers, 235, 236.
-  Territory, government of, 72.
-  Texas, 18, 23, 159.
-  Thayer, Eli, 63, 65.
-  The Caches, 38.
-  The Three R’s, 189, 191.
-  The “2700,” 91, 92.
-  Tomlinson, W. P., 233.
-  Topeka, 68, 69, 88, 99, 133, 135, 167.
-  Topeka Constitution, 78, 94, 223.
-  Topeka Movement, 223.
-  Trading Post Ford, 112.
-  Trading Posts, 47, 53.
-  Trail Markers, 210.
-  Trails, Santa Fe, 29-41;
-       Oregon, 42;
-       California, 42, 69;
-       Mormon, 42;
-       Salt Lake, 69.
-  Trappers, 125.
-  Traveling Libraries, 204.
-  Treasurers, Territorial, 236;
-       State, 238-239.
-  Truancy Law, 136, 190.
-  Turk, 11.
-  Twentieth to Twenty-third Kansas Regiments, 129.
-
-  Underflow, 151.
-  Union Pacific Railroad, 157, 176, 177, 178, 213.
-  University of Kansas, 65, 197, 202, 203, 204.
-  Utah, 29.
-
-  Van Quickenborn, Father, 226.
-
-  Wagons, used on Trail, 31, 39.
-  Wakarusa War, 79-81.
-  Walker, Governor, arrival of, 94;
-       resigned, 97.
-  War, Civil, 107, 109-113, 129, 131;
-       French and Indian, 17;
-       Revolutionary, 17;
-       Spanish-American, 129;
-       World, 137, 183.
-  Ware, Eugene F., 208, 232, 234.
-  Washburn College, 204, 244.
-  Wattles, Willard, 234.
-  Wellhouse, Frederick, 231.
-  Wellington, 167.
-  Western Kansas, 148, 149, 180.
-  Westport, 33, 42, 79, 112.
-  Wheat, 152, 155, 156.
-  White, William Allen, 234.
-  Wichita, 167.
-  Wilder, Daniel W., 232, 233.
-  Windmill, at Lawrence, 144;
-       irrigation, 149.
-  Winter of 1855-’56, 83.
-  Woman’s Kansas Day Club, 207.
-  Woman’s Relief Corps, 211.
-  Woman Suffrage, 137.
-  Wood, S. N., 87.
-  Woodson, Daniel, 75;
-       opened Kansas to invaders, 90.
-  Woodward, Brinton W., 233.
-  World War, 137, 183.
-  Writers, Kansas, 233, 234.
-  Wyandotte Constitution, 98, 106, 223.
-
-  Zinc Smelters, 167.
-
-
-
-
-      *      *      *      *      *      *
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
-Inconsistent hyphenation, dialect, obsolete and alternative
-spellings were left unchanged.
-
-Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
-book, preceding the Index. There are two anchors to Footnotes 36 and
-37.
-
-The following were changed:
-
-     Changed comma to stop at end of index entry: Democratic Party, 98.
-
-     Added stop to end of caption: Illustration: STAGE COACH.
-
-     Added descriptor to illustrations:
-       Bust of Abraham Lincoln
-       Great Seal of the State of Kansas
-       Bust of Eugene Ware
-       Bust of John J. Ingalls
-
-     Added names of Governors to captions.
-
-     Corrected spelling: ecomomics to economics.
-
-     Removed space from Wa Keeney in appendix.
-
-
-
-***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS***
-
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-<h1 class="pgx" title="">The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Kansas, by Anna E. (Anna
-Estelle) Arnold</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
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-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
-<p>Title: A History of Kansas</p>
-<p>Author: Anna E. (Anna Estelle) Arnold</p>
-<p>Release Date: June 11, 2021  [eBook #65593]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS***</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h4 class="pgx" title="">E-text prepared by MFR, Carol Brown,<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (https://www.pgdp.net)<br />
-    from page images generously made available by<br />
-    Internet Archive<br />
-    (https://archive.org)</h4>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10">
-  <tr>
-    <td valign="top">
-      Note:
-    </td>
-    <td>
-      Images of the original pages are available through
-      Internet Archive. See
-      https://archive.org/details/historyofkansas01arno
-    </td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pgx" />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_2" id="Page_2"></a><span class="pageno">2</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_004.jpg"
- width="466"
- alt="Illustration: Memorial Hall"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Memorial Hall</span></p>
-</div><!--end illustration-->
-</div><!--end chapter--> 
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h1 class="h1head">A HISTORY OF KANSAS</h1>
-
-<p class="center">BY</p>
-
-<h2 class="h2head no-break">ANNA E. ARNOLD</h2>
-
-<p class="center">AUTHOR OF CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP</p>
-
-<div class="p4 figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_116.jpg"
- width="200"
- alt="Illustration: Seal of the State of Kansas"
- />
-</div><!--end illustration-->
-
-<p class="p4 center">PUBLISHED BY<br />
-<span class="larger">THE STATE OF KANSAS</span><br />
-<span class="smaller">IMRI ZUMWALT, <span class="sc">State Printer</span></span><br />
-TOPEKA, 1919<br />
-<span class="muchsmaller">7-6552</span></p>
-</div><!--end chapter title page-->
- 
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p class="p4 center">Copyright 1914, Anna E. Arnold</p>
-
-<hr class="short" />
-
-<p class="center">Copyright 1919 (Revised), Anna E. Arnold<br />
-All Rights Reserved</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_logo.jpg"
- width="100"
- alt="Illustration: Printer’s Logo"
- />
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-</div><!--end chapter copyright page-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_5" id="Page_5"></a><span class="pageno">5</span>
-<h3 class="h3head">PREFACE</h3>
-
-<p class="p2">No State has a history better calculated to inspire
-patriotism in its people than has Kansas. In this fact
-lies the greatest reason for teaching Kansas History in
-the schools. A knowledge of the difficulties that have
-been met and conquered in building the State will create
-in the minds of the boys and girls a greater respect for
-the sturdy qualities of the pioneers; it will give them a
-wholesome sense of the great cost at which the ease and
-comfort of to-day have been purchased; it will stimulate
-in them a desire to live up to the past.</p>
-
-<p>If the study of Kansas History is to accomplish these
-results, the subject must be presented in such a way as
-to arouse the interest of the pupils. They must feel its
-reality. They must catch its spirit.</p>
-
-<p>With the hope of fulfilling in some measure these requirements,
-this book has been prepared with the following
-aims constantly in mind: to make it, as nearly as
-possible, a narrative; to select from the wealth of material
-at hand such subject matter as is within the comprehension
-of children, eliminating such matter as can be fully understood
-and appreciated only by mature minds; to present
-the general movement of the State’s progress rather than
-a mass of unrelated facts. Only so much detail has been
-used as is necessary to a clear understanding of events.
-The purpose has not been to chronicle a multitude of
-events, but rather to show forth what manner of men and
- <a name="Page_6" id="Page_6"></a><span class="pageno">6</span>
-women were the builders of our State, what motives
-actuated them, what conditions surrounded them, how
-they lived, and what they accomplished.</p>
-
-<p>An effort has been made to give the pupils a general
-view of the State’s history as a whole, to give them a
-framework on which to build their later knowledge, and
-to leave them with a desire to learn more of Kansas
-history.</p>
-
-<p class="quotesig"><span class="sc">Anna E. Arnold.</span></p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_7" id="Page_7"></a><span class="pageno">7</span>
-
-<p class="center">CONTENTS</p>
-
-<table summary="">
-<colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 8em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 37em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 5em;" />
-</colgroup>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><span class="sc smaller">Chapter</span></td>
-    <td class="rightt" colspan="2"><span class="sc smaller">Page</span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="One">I.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Beginning of Kansas History</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_1">9</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Two">II.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas Becomes a Part of the United States</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_2">16</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Three">III.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Exploration of the Kansas Country by the
-United States</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_3">20</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Four">IV.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas as a Pathway</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_4">29</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Five">V.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas as an Indian Country</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_5">45</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Six">VI.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas Organized as a Territory</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_6">55</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Seven">VII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Coming of the Settlers</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_7">62</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Eight">VIII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The First Territorial Government</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_8">72</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Nine">IX.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Rival Governments in Kansas</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_9">78</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Ten">X.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Period of Violence</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_10">83</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Eleven">XI.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Period of Political Contests</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_11">94</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Twelve">XII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Pioneer Life</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_12">102</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Thirteen">XIII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas in the Civil War</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_13">109</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Fourteen">XIV.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Period Since the Civil War</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_14">115</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Fifteen">XV.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Industries of Kansas</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_15">142</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Sixteen">XVI.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Transportation in Kansas</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_16">174</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Seventeen">XVII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Education in Kansas</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_17">187</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Eighteen">XVIII.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Kansas Memorials</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_18">207</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="rightt"><abbr title="Nineteen">XIX.</abbr></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">The Kansas Spirit</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Ch_19">217</a></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="lefthang"><span class="sc">Appendix</span></td>
-    <td class="rightb"><a href="#Appx">223</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_8" id="Page_8"></a><span class="pageno">8</span>
-<div class="poem-container">
- <div class="poem">
-  <div class="poemtitle">QUIVERA&mdash;KANSAS</div>
-  <div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">In that half-forgotten era,</div>
-    <div class="i2">With the avarice of old,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Seeking cities he was told</div>
-    <div class="i2">Had been paved with yellow gold,</div>
-    <div class="i0">In the kingdom of Quivera&mdash;&#8203;</div>
-  </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">Came the restless Coronado</div>
-    <div class="i2">To the open Kansas plain,</div>
-    <div class="i2">With his knights from sunny Spain;</div>
-    <div class="i2">In an effort that, though vain,</div>
-    <div class="i0">Thrilled with boldness and bravado.</div>
-  </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">League by league, in aimless marching,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Knowing scarcely where or why,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Crossed they uplands drear and dry,</div>
-    <div class="i2">That an unprotected sky</div>
-    <div class="i0">Had for centuries been parching.</div>
-  </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">But their expectations, eager,</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Found, instead of fruitful lands,</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Shallow streams and shifting sands,</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Where the buffalo in bands</div>
-    <div class="i0">Roamed o’er deserts dry and meager.</div>
-  </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic,</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Marched the knights with armor’d steeds</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Not for them the quiet deeds;</div>
-    <div class="i2"> Not for them to sow the seeds</div>
-    <div class="i0">From which empires grow like magic.</div>
-  </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">Thus Quivera was forsaken;</div>
-    <div class="i2"> And the world forgot the place</div>
-    <div class="i2">Through the lapse of time and space.</div>
-    <div class="i2">Then the blue-eyed Saxon race</div>
-    <div class="i0">Came and bade the desert waken.</div>
-  </div><div class="laststanza">
-   <div class="author">&mdash; <span class="sc">Eugene Ware.</span></div>
-  </div><!--end stanza-->
- </div><!--end poem-->
-</div><!--end container-->
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_9" id="Page_9"></a><span class="pageno">9</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h2head">A HISTORY OF KANSAS</h3>
-<hr class="short" />
-<h3 class="h3head"><a name="Ch_1" id="Ch_1"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="One">I</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Introduction.</strong> More than four centuries have passed
-since Columbus discovered America. During that time
-the hunting ground of three hundred thousand Indians
-has become the United States with its more than one
-hundred million civilized people. In the center of this
-great nation, which occupies nearly half the area of the
-continent, lies Kansas, a rectangle four hundred miles
-long and two hundred miles wide.</p>
-
-<p>Kansas is a part of the great plain that slopes gradually
-from the foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi
-River. Its surface, cut by many eastward-flowing
-streams, lies level in the west but in the east curves into
-countless hills and valleys.</p>
-
-<p>On these broad prairies to-day are thousands of cattle,
-and great fields of corn, wheat, and alfalfa. Towns and
-cities are scattered over the State, and the country between
-is dotted with the homes of farmers. There are
-mines, factories, churches, schools, and colleges. Uniting
-all are miles and miles of railroad. Kansas is now the
-home of more than a million seven hundred thousand of
-busy, prosperous people. But it was not always so; these
-prairies were once used only by the Indian and the buffalo.
-If we are to understand how this change has come about
-we must begin with the coming of the first white men to
-America.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First White Men in Kansas.</strong> At that time Spain
-was the most powerful nation of Europe, and since she
- <a name="Page_10" id="Page_10"></a><span class="pageno">10</span>
-had furnished the funds for the voyage of Columbus she
-claimed the first right to America and became the pioneer
-in the exploration of the New World. The Spaniards first
-explored the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, discovered the
-Pacific Ocean and the Mississippi River, and were the first
-to sail around the world. In 1519 Cortez, a Spaniard,
-landed on the present site of Vera Cruz and marched into
-the heart of Mexico, the home of the Aztec Indians. He
-made himself master of that great region and called it
-New Spain. All of these expeditions were too far south to
-reach what is now Kansas, but only a few more years were
-to pass before this far-off country was to be explored by
-the adventurous Spaniards, the first white men to set foot
-on Kansas soil.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Cabeza de Vaca.</strong> In 1528 Narvaez, a Spaniard, led
-an exploring expedition westward from Florida along the
-Gulf of Mexico. Through various misfortunes and hardships
-nearly all of the party perished. One of the commanders,
-Cabeza de Vaca, and three of his men were taken
-prisoners by the Indians. After being held in captivity
-nearly six years they succeeded in making their escape.
-They fled westward, and after an adventurous journey of
-nearly two years reached a Spanish settlement near the
-western coast of New Spain. The exact route followed by
-Cabeza de Vaca and his companions can never be known,
-but his accounts of their wanderings were largely the cause
-of the expedition of Coronado, who was the first white
-man known with certainty to have traveled across what is
-now Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Purpose of the Spaniards.</strong> The chief purpose of all the
-Spanish explorers was to search for wealth. Cortez is said
-to have made this remark to the Indians: “We Spaniards
-are troubled with a disease of the heart for which we find
-gold, and gold only, a specific remedy.” The hope of
- <a name="Page_11" id="Page_11"></a><span class="pageno">11</span>
-finding gold and precious stones lying about like pebbles
-lured many Spaniards into enterprises filled with terrible
-hardships. Reports of great cities of untold wealth to the
-northward, the “Seven Cities of Cibola,” as they were
-called, had reached New Spain at various times, and when
-Cabeza de Vaca told similar tales that he had heard from
-the Indians it stirred the Spaniards to explore the region.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Coronado.</strong> Great preparation was made for an expedition.
-An army of three hundred Spaniards and eight
-hundred friendly Indians was gathered and placed under
-the command of Coronado. This was a large army for
-those times and the burden of furnishing it with arms and
-supplies fell heavily on New Spain. But so hopeful were
-the people of the success of the expedition that no sacrifice
-seemed too great. In the spring of 1540 the long march
-into unexplored country began.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Search for Quivira.</strong> After months of travel in a
-northerly and then in a northeasterly direction, Coronado
-and his army reached the province of Cibola, which was
-probably in the western part of what is now New Mexico,
-and the “Seven Cities” proved to be ordinary adobe
-Indian villages. They took possession of the Indian supplies
-and spent the winter in the villages. The Indians,
-anxious to get rid of their unwelcome visitors, persuaded
-a Quivira Indian, whom they held as a prisoner, to tell
-the Spaniards tales of the wonderful land of Quivira in
-order to lead them off into the wilderness where they would
-die from lack of food and water. Coronado and his men
-listened to this Indian, whom they called “Turk,” and
-followed him as a guide for many days. He led them
-steadily toward the east, and after a time they became
-convinced that they were being deceived and made him
-confess that Quivira was far to the northward. They had
-been only too willing to listen to Turk’s stories, but when
- <a name="Page_12" id="Page_12"></a><span class="pageno">12</span>
-they learned that he had misled them they put him to
-death. Supplies were now low and Coronado sent back
-the main body of the army, which was composed of footmen,
-and with thirty horsemen started northward.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_012.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: de Vaca and Coronado"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Journeys of Cabeza de Vaca and Coronado.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Coronado in Kansas.</strong> It must be remembered that the
-whole country was a vast wilderness without names or
-boundary lines, and we can describe the journey of the
-Spaniards only by using names and boundary lines that
-have come into existence long since that time. As nearly
-as can be learned, Coronado and his men entered Kansas
-about where Clark County now is, and went on northward,
-crossing the Arkansas River at or near the site of Dodge
-City. From this point they followed the river to Great
- <a name="Page_13" id="Page_13"></a><span class="pageno">13</span>
-Bend, and then continued in a northeasterly direction to
-the vicinity of Junction City. At the end of their journey
-they set up a cross bearing the inscription: “Francisco
-Vasqueth de Coronado, commander of an expedition, arrived
-at this place.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_013.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Coronado arrived"
- />
- <p class="caption">“<span class="sc">Francisco Vasqueth de Coronado, Commander of an Expedition,
-Arrived at this Place.</span>”</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Quivira Found.</strong> After all this weary journey they had
-reached Quivira and found it to be merely the home of a
-tribe of Indians, the Quiviras, later known as the Pawnees.
-Coronado wrote in a letter to the King of Spain:</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">“The country itself is the best I have ever seen for
-producing all of the fruits of Spain, for, besides the land
-itself being very fat and black, and being very well watered
-by rivulets, springs, and rivers, I found prunes like those
-in Spain and nuts and very good sweet grapes and mulberries.
-I remained twenty-five days in this province of
-Quivira, both to see and explore the country, and to find
-out whether there was anything beyond which could be
-of service to your Majesty, because the guides who had
- <a name="Page_14" id="Page_14"></a><span class="pageno">14</span>
-brought me had given me an account of other provinces
-beyond this. And what I am sure of is that there is not
-any gold or any other metal in all that country, and the
-other things of which they told me are nothing but little
-villages, and in many of these they do not plant anything,
-and do not have any houses, except of skins and sticks,
-and they wander around with the cows. So that the
-account they gave me was false, because they wanted to
-get me to go there with the whole force, believing that as
-the way was through such uninhabitable deserts, and from
-lack of water they would get us where our horses and we
-would die of thirst. And the guides confessed this, and
-they said they did it by the advice of the natives of these
-provinces.”<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_1" id="fnanchor_1"></a><a href="#footnote_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><strong>Coronado’s Return to New Spain.</strong> Empty-handed,
-Coronado and his little band of Spanish knights turned
-toward New Spain and carried to their waiting countrymen
-the disappointing story of their two years’ expedition.
-With this event fifty years had passed since the
-discovery of America, and for the next two and a half
-centuries little attention was paid to the Kansas country.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The history of Kansas begins with the first exploration
-of this country by white men nearly four hundred years
-ago. Spain was the first nation to explore the New World.
-The chief purpose of the Spaniards was to find gold.
-They had heard from the Indians of rich cities to the
-northward, and when Cabeza de Vaca told them similar
-tales the people of New Spain decided to explore the
-country. They sent Coronado with a large army on a
-journey of exploration lasting two years. He failed to find
-gold, but his expedition is of interest because he was the
-first white man known to have traversed what is now
-Kansas.</p>
-<a name="Page_15" id="Page_15"></a><span class="pageno">15</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 1-23.</li>
-<li>Foster, A History of the United States, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 29.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 17-19.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 44-45.</li>
-<li>Bourne, Spain in America (<abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Three">III</abbr></span>, of The American Nation, a History).</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 20, 40, 268, 573; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 152; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 68; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 219.</li>
-<li>Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. How long has it been since Columbus discovered America?</p>
-
-<p>2. Compare the population at that time with the present population
-of the United States.</p>
-
-<p>3. In what part of the United States is Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>4. Describe briefly the western part of the Mississippi valley.
-Describe the surface of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>5. What relation has Spain to the history of Kansas? Why
-did Spain claim the first right to America? Name some of the early
-discoveries of the Spaniards.</p>
-
-<p>6. Where was New Spain?</p>
-
-<p>7. What influenced the Spaniards in their ventures in the New
-World?</p>
-
-<p>8. Who was Cabeza de Vaca? Of what importance is the account
-of his adventures?</p>
-
-<p>9. Tell the story of Coronado. What is his relation to Kansas
-history?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_16" id="Page_16"></a><span class="pageno">16</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_2" id="Ch_2"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Two">II</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The French.</strong> While the Spaniards were searching for
-wealth in the southern part of North America the French
-were trading with the Indians in the northern part along
-the <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes.
-Among the French were many Catholic priests, called
-Jesuits, who came to carry their religious faith to the
-Indians. In 1673, one of these Jesuits, Father Marquette,
-accompanied a trader named Joliet on an expedition to
-explore the Mississippi River. They launched their canoes
-on the great river and floated downstream for hundreds of
-miles, between shores that in some places were thickly
-wooded, and in others were grassy plains. They went as
-far south as the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then
-turned and began the long, hard task of paddling back.</p>
-
-<p><strong>La Salle and Louisiana, 1682.</strong> Among those who heard
-of the journey of Marquette and Joliet was a young Frenchman,
-La Salle. He planned to explore the whole Mississippi
-basin and to take possession of it in the name of
-the King of France. In 1682, with a few companions, he
-floated down the Mississippi to its mouth. Here, with
-much ceremony, they planted a cross, buried a leaden
-plate inscribed with the arms of France, and declared that
-all the land drained by the Mississippi River and its tributaries
-should belong to France, and should be named
-Louisiana in honor of the French King, Louis <abbr title="Fourteen">XIV.</abbr>
-Thus in 1682, nearly two centuries after the discovery of
-America, Kansas came into the possession of the French.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The End of Spanish and French Explorations.</strong> The
-French soon planted a few colonies and forts along the
-Mississippi River and sent out explorers, some of whom
- <a name="Page_17" id="Page_17"></a><span class="pageno">17</span>
-may have entered the present bounds of Kansas. This
-roused the Spaniards in Mexico, who wished to hold the
-territory for Spain, and they also sent expeditions. The
-armies of both nations suffered severely at the hands of
-the Indians and the exploration of the Kansas country
-was given up by both Spain and France, and for nearly a
-century more it lay almost forgotten. The next exploration
-of this territory was by people of another nation.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The English.</strong> While the Spaniards were busy in the
-South and the French in the North, another people, the
-English, began to make explorations in the new continent.
-They did not come to hunt for gold, nor to trade with the
-Indians, but to found homes. They settled along the
-Atlantic coast between the French in Canada and the
-Spaniards in Florida, and claimed the country westward
-to the Pacific Ocean.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Conflict of French and English Claims.</strong> As time went
-on and the settlements increased in number, the claims
-of the French and the English conflicted and caused
-much strife between the colonies of the two countries.
-The question of the ownership of the land was not settled
-until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763.
-As a result of this war France gave up all her claims in
-America, practically everything east of the Mississippi to
-England, and that west of it to Spain. In 1800 Spain
-ceded her portion of America back to France.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Louisiana Purchase, 1803.</strong> In the meantime the
-English colonies had fought the Revolutionary War and
-become an independent nation. In 1803, when Thomas
-Jefferson was President, the United States bought from
-France her tract of country lying west of the Mississippi
-River. This was known as the Louisiana Purchase, and
-the date is one to be remembered, for it marks the end of
- <a name="Page_18" id="Page_18"></a><span class="pageno">18</span>
-French claims in America, and it marks the time when
-what is now Kansas became a part of the United States.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_2" id="fnanchor_2"></a><a href="#footnote_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><strong>One Century More.</strong> More than three centuries of
-American history had passed and the country west of the
-Mississippi River remained unsettled and practically unknown.
-The Spaniard and the Frenchman had come and
-gone, but the Indian still hunted the buffalo on the prairies.
-The white man had not yet made his home in the Kansas
-country.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Spain explored in the South in search of wealth, France
-in the North to trade in furs with the Indians, and England
-along the coast between these two to establish homes.
-Spain claimed the Kansas country because of the exploration
-by Coronado, France through the claims of Marquette
-and La Salle, and England through the ocean-to-ocean
-claim. None of the nations succeeded in accomplishing
-anything here, and the Kansas country was left alone for
-nearly a century after it came into the possession of France.
-At the close of the French and Indian War the country
-west of the Mississippi was ceded to Spain. Later it came
-again into the hands of France, and was purchased by the
-United States in 1803.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Elson, History of the United States, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 161, 384.</li>
-<li>Fiske, Discovery of America, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr>.</li>
-<li>Foster, A History of the United States.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 24-40.</li>
-<li>Parkman, La Salle and the Great West.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 19-20.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 250; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 336.</li>
-<li>Wilder, Annals of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 15-18.</li>
-</ul>
-<a name="Page_19" id="Page_19"></a><span class="pageno">19</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. Who were the Jesuits? What can you say of Marquette?
-Joliet? La Salle?</p>
-
-<p>2. Contrast the motives of the French and Spanish in coming
-to America.</p>
-
-<p>3. Why did the English come to the New World?</p>
-
-<p>4. What territory was claimed by the French? By the Spanish?
-By the English?</p>
-
-<p>5. To what nations did what is now Kansas successively belong?
-How and when did it first become a part of the United States? How
-long was this after the discovery of America?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_20" id="Page_20"></a><span class="pageno">20</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_3" id="Ch_3"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Three">III</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE
-UNITED STATES</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>President Jefferson Sent Explorers.</strong> When the United
-States bought Louisiana the country from the Mississippi
-River to the Pacific Ocean was a vast unknown area.
-President Jefferson was eager to learn something about
-the great West, and sent out several exploring parties.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Lewis and Clark.</strong> The first expedition, sent in 1804,
-the year following the purchase of Louisiana, was in charge
-of Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. They were instructed
-to move up the Missouri River and on to the
-Pacific Ocean. After a difficult journey lasting two and a
-half years the party returned to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis and brought to
-the people of the United States much important information
-concerning the West. It is the part of their journey
-along the border of what is now Kansas in which we are
-most interested.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Journey.</strong> With about forty-five men and three
-boats Lewis and Clark started up the Missouri River in
-the spring of 1804. Two horsemen rode along the bank to
-hunt and bring in game, which was to go far toward supplying
-provisions for the expedition. After a five weeks’
-journey they reached the mouth of the Kansas River, and
-encamped that night on the present site of Kansas City,
-Kansas. From there they continued up the Missouri
-River where it forms the present boundary line of Kansas,
-along the border of what has since become Leavenworth,
-Atchison, and Doniphan counties. Their account of the
-journey describes the country through which they passed
-and the different Indian tribes and villages they saw. It
-speaks of an Indian tribe as “hunting on the plains for
- <a name="Page_21" id="Page_21"></a><span class="pageno">21</span>
-buffalo which our hunters have seen for the first time.”
-Again we read, “Pecan trees were this day seen, and large
-quantities of deer and wild turkey.” By July 4 they had
-reached a point not far from the present city of Atchison.
-They did not have the means for much of a celebration,
-but their observance of the day included the firing of
-“an evening gun” and the naming of two streams, Fourth
-of July Creek, and Independence Creek. Independence
-Creek still retains its name. A week later they passed the
-fortieth parallel, which afterward became the northern
-boundary of Kansas, and continued on their way to the
-Pacific.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Pike’s Expedition.</strong> In 1806 another exploring party
-was sent out in command of Zebulon Montgomery Pike,
-a young lieutenant in the army. He was instructed to
-ascend the Missouri River, visit the various Indian tribes
-in the Kansas country, go west until the frontier of New
-Mexico was reached, then south toward the source of the
-Red River which he was to descend to the Mississippi,
-and thence to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, the starting point. The journey
-did not, however, follow just this route.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Pike Visits the Osage Indians.</strong> The Osage Indians
-lived in the eastern part of Kansas, south of the Kansas
-River. At their villages Pike purchased supplies for the
-overland journey. From there he went west and then
-northwest toward the Pawnee village which is believed to
-have been within the bounds of what is now Republic
-County.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Pike Among the Pawnees.</strong> About the time he crossed
-the Solomon River he came upon the trail of Spanish
-troops. It seems that the authorities in Mexico had in
-some way heard of the Pike expedition and had sent an
-army of five hundred men to intercept him. These forces
-missed each other, but when Pike reached the village of
- <a name="Page_22" id="Page_22"></a><span class="pageno">22</span>
-the Pawnee Indians he found them in possession of many
-blankets, bridles, saddles, and other things which they
-had received from the Spaniards. After having been
-visited with much ceremony by the mounted and lordly
-army from Mexico, the Indians were not inclined to be
-courteous to Pike and his score of dusty, bedraggled footmen.
-After much unpleasantness and delay a council
-attended by four hundred warriors was held. In his opening
-address Pike spoke, among other things, of the numerous
-Spanish flags in the village. Pointing to one which
-floated above the tent of the head chief, he demanded
-that it be lowered and that an American flag be put in its
-place. Several Indians made speeches without mentioning
-the flag. Pike again told them they must choose between
-the Spanish and the American governments. The Americans
-awaited the answer in anxious suspense. Finally an
-old chief arose. He slowly hauled down the Spanish flag,
-laid it at Pike’s feet, and received the American flag in
-return. This he unfurled above the chiefs tent, and for
-the first time, so far as is known, the Stars and Stripes
-floated over Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Pike in Colorado.</strong> From this place Pike and his men
-moved southwest to the Arkansas River, where the party
-divided, some of them going down the river and on home.
-Pike and his remaining men, instead of searching for the
-Red River according to instructions, followed the Arkansas
-River into what is now Colorado. They pushed westward,
-and after many days of travel sighted a mountain, which
-appeared at first like a small blue cloud but which proved
-to be a great bald peak of the Rocky Mountains. This
-peak has since been named Pike’s Peak in honor of the
-explorer. By this time it was winter and their supplies
-were low. Pike and his men suffered terribly from cold
-and hunger while wandering among the mountains. Hoping
- <a name="Page_23" id="Page_23"></a><span class="pageno">23</span>
-to better their condition they moved toward the southwest,
-only to find themselves taken prisoners in Spanish
-territory. Later, however, they were escorted across Texas
-to the American frontier in Louisiana and released.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_023.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Expedition of Pike"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Expedition of Pike, and the Location of the Original Indian Tribes.</span></p>
-<p class="p0 center smaller">There were no clearly defined boundaries between the tribes.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-
-<p><strong>The Return of Pike.</strong> A whole year had passed before
-they found themselves again in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, a year of hardship
-for them, but well worth while, nevertheless, for Pike
-brought back a great deal of valuable information. That
-he was a better soldier than farmer may be seen from this
-passage taken from his journal:</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">“From these immense prairies may rise one great advantage
-to the United States, <abbr title="namely">viz.</abbr>, the restriction of our
-population to certain limits, and thereby a continuation
-of the union. Our citizens, being so prone to rambling
-and extending themselves on the frontiers, will, through
-necessity, be constrained to limit their extent on the west
-to the borders of the Missouri and the Mississippi, while
-they leave the prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the
-wandering aborigines of the country.”<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_3" id="fnanchor_3"></a><a href="#footnote_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></span></p>
-<a name="Page_24" id="Page_24"></a><span class="pageno">24</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Great American Desert.</strong> Another explorer, Major
-Long, who came in 1819 and 1820, likewise expressed the
-idea that most of the country was unfit for cultivation,
-and therefore uninhabitable by an agricultural people.
-He even went so far as to say the country bore a “resemblance
-to the deserts of Siberia.” Washington Irving, the
-great writer, said of this region: “It could be well named,
-the Great American Desert. It spreads forth into undulating
-and treeless plains and desolate sandy wastes,
-wearisome to the eye from their extent and monotony.
-It is a land where no man permanently abides, for at
-certain seasons of the year there is no food for the hunter
-or his steed.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_024.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="An Indian Village"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">An Indian Village.</span></p>
-<p class="p0 smaller">The tribes that lived in permanent homes built lodges consisting of an embankment
-of earth topped with a row of poles brought together at the center and thatched
-with bark and grass.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The views of these men largely molded public opinion
-concerning the West. The country out of which has been
-carved such prosperous agricultural states as Oklahoma,
- <a name="Page_25" id="Page_25"></a><span class="pageno">25</span>
-Kansas, and Nebraska was, a hundred years ago, known
-as the “Great American Desert,” and was so named on
-the maps of that time.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_025.jpg"
- width="368"
- alt="Illustration: Interior of Indian Lodge"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Interior of an Indian Lodge.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Indian Tribes in Kansas.</strong> The western prairies had for
-untold ages been occupied by Indians. At the time of
-Pike’s expedition there were four tribes living within the
-present bounds of Kansas. These were the Kanza, the
-Osage, the Pawnee, and the Comanche tribes. The Kanza,
-or Kaw, Indians lived in the northeastern part of the State
-and were the ones seen by
-Lewis and Clark in their
-expedition up the Missouri
-River. It is from this
-tribe that Kansas probably
-received its name. The
-Osage Indians were located
-in the eastern part,
-south of the Kansas River.
-The Pawnee tribe lived
-north and west of the
-Kanza Indians. It was in
-the Osage village that Pike
-secured supplies for his
-journey, and in the Pawnee
-village that he caused the
-Spanish flag to be lowered.
-The Pawnees were once called the Quiviras. The first of
-their tribe that we know anything about was “Turk,”
-who led Coronado into the wilderness. These three tribes
-lived in permanent homes and had their tribal villages,
-but the fourth tribe were wanderers. They were the
-Comanches, sometimes called the Padoucas, and they
-roved over the western part of Kansas and adjacent
-territory, hunting buffaloes and following the herds as
- <a name="Page_26" id="Page_26"></a><span class="pageno">26</span>
-they grazed from place to place. They were fine horsemen,
-and brave, but very fierce and warlike.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Kansas of a Century Ago.</strong> This was the Kansas of
-a century ago. At that time it had received neither name
-nor boundaries. For the first fifty years that this region
-was a part of the United States, that is, from the purchase
-of Louisiana until Kansas was organized as a territory in
-1854, the country was little used by the white people except
-as a pathway to the West.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">President Jefferson, wishing to learn something of the
-unknown western country, sent out two exploring expeditions.
-The first, in 1804, was in charge of Lewis and
-Clark, who were to follow the Missouri River and to go
-on across the mountains until they reached the Pacific
-coast. They passed along the northeast border of Kansas.
-The next exploring party was in command of Pike. His
-route was somewhat in the form of a circle. Beginning
-at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis it was to pass through Kansas, then south,
-then east, and up the Mississippi to <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis. He visited
-the Osage Indians in eastern Kansas, the Pawnee Indians
-in northern Kansas where he raised the American flag,
-and then marched into Colorado where he discovered
-Pike’s Peak. From Colorado he went into what is now
-New Mexico, where he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards.
-They took him nearly to the Mississippi River and
-released him. On his return he reported this country as
-unfit for settlement, and his opinion was shared by later
-explorers. At the time of Pike’s expedition there were
-four tribes of Indians in Kansas, the Osages, the Kanzas,
-the Pawnees, and the Comanches.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 31-41.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 49-53.</li>
-<li>Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Two">II</abbr>.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 574; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 261-317; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> VI, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 325; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 15-159.</li>
-</ul>
-<a name="Page_27" id="Page_27"></a><span class="pageno">27</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What was known of the Louisiana Purchase at the time it
-was acquired by the United States?</p>
-
-<p>2. Who were Lewis and Clark? Give an account of their expedition
-as it related to Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>3. What route was Pike instructed to take?</p>
-
-<p>4. Describe Pike’s visit to the Osages. His visit to the Pawnees.
-By what other name do we know the Pawnees?</p>
-
-<p>5. Give an account of the remainder of Pike’s journey.</p>
-
-<p>6. What was Pike’s opinion of the Kansas country? Long’s
-opinion? Washington Irving’s opinion?</p>
-
-<p>7. How much of Kansas did the Louisiana Purchase include?</p>
-
-<p>8. What Indian tribes lived within the present bounds of Kansas?
-Locate and tell something of each.</p>
-
-<p>9. When was Kansas Territory organized? How long was this
-after the Louisiana purchase?</p>
-
-<p>10. What use did the white people make of Kansas during this
-period?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_28" id="Page_28"></a><span class="pageno">28</span>
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_028.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Santa Fe and Oregon Trails"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Santa Fe and Oregon Trails, and Early Lines of Railroad, through Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_29" id="Page_29"></a><span class="pageno">29</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_4" id="Ch_4"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Four">IV</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS AS A PATHWAY</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Mexico a Century Ago.</strong> Nearly three centuries passed
-from the time Cortez led the Spaniards into Mexico until
-Kansas became a part of the United States. During those
-years Spanish settlements had increased in number until
-at the time of Pike’s expedition Mexico included most of
-what is now California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New
-Mexico, and Colorado.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Old Santa Fe.</strong> Santa Fe, said to be the second oldest
-city in the United States, was the most important point
-on the northern frontier of Mexico. In those days it was
-not like the busy American Santa Fe of to-day. It had
-about two thousand inhabitants, practically all Spaniards,
-and they lived in little adobe houses arranged around a
-public square after the manner of Spanish cities.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Origin of the Santa Fe Trail.</strong> The “Great American
-Desert” lay between Santa Fe and the settlements of the
-western border of the United States. But Captain Pike’s
-interesting descriptions of the wealth and resources of the
-Spanish country stirred up enthusiasm, and Americans
-began to make their way across the plains to trade with
-the Spaniards. Santa Fe soon became an important trading
-point for all of northeastern Mexico. The traders, on
-their journeys to the Spanish city, wore a pathway that
-crossed the length of Kansas. This pathway came to be
-called the “Santa Fe Trail.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Captain Becknell the First Trader.</strong> Although a few
-earlier trips were made, the trade with Santa Fe really
-began in the year 1822 with the journey of Captain Becknell,
-of Missouri. He had started out the year before to
-trade with the Indians, and had gone on with a party of
- <a name="Page_31" id="Page_31"></a><span class="pageno">31</span>
-Mexican rangers to Santa Fe where he sold his small supply
-of merchandise so profitably that he decided to try again
-on a larger scale. In 1822 he took about thirty men and
-five thousand dollars’ worth of merchandise. His success
-encouraged others, and a regular trade with Santa Fe was
-soon established.</p>
- <a name="Page_30" id="Page_30"></a><span class="pageno">30</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_030.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Scenes in Early Santa Fe"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Scenes in Early Santa Fe.</span></p>
- <p class="p0 small blockquote">Left, a street scene. Upper right, an adobe house. Lower right, the old “Palace,” used by the Spanish and Mexican authorities as
-government headquarters for about two centuries. It was in this building that Pike was held prisoner.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Merchandise Carried on Pack Mules</strong>. For several years
-most of the transportation along the Trail was done with
-pack mules. A caravan of pack mules usually numbered
-from fifty to two hundred, each animal carrying about
-three hundred pounds of merchandise. From the earliest
-times the Mexicans had used pack mules as a means of
-transportation, and were skilled in handling them. For
-this reason the American traders usually employed Mexicans
-for the work of the pack train. The average rate of
-travel of a mule train was from twelve to fifteen miles a
-day. Since the Trail was nearly eight hundred miles long,
-fifty to sixty days were required for the trip.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Wagons Used on the Trail</strong>. Probably the first time
-that wagons were used was in 1824, when a company of
-traders left Missouri with twenty-five wagons and a train
-of pack mules. This experiment was so satisfactory that
-the use of wagons soon became general and mules were
-used less and less as pack animals.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Traders and the Indians</strong>. Travel over the Santa
-Fe Trail rapidly increased, and the history of those days
-is filled with stories of exciting adventure, of danger, of
-privation, and of deeds of courage. The source of greatest
-danger and excitement was the Indians, for they did not
-take kindly to the white men’s use of their hunting grounds.
-For several years the traders crossed the plains in small
-parties, each man taking only two or three hundred dollars’
-worth of goods, and they were seldom molested. But peace
-did not last long. The Indians soon learned more about
- <a name="Page_32" id="Page_32"></a><span class="pageno">32</span>
-the journeys of the traders and how to estimate the value
-of their stock. Also, many of the traders considered every
-Indian a deadly enemy and killed all that fell into their
-power simply because some wrong was known to have
-been committed by Indians. This treatment tended to
-stir up the hatred of the red men and to make them watch
-every opportunity for revenge.</p>
-
-<p>An example of the enmity between the Indians and the
-traders may be seen in an occurrence of 1828. Two young
-men went to sleep on the bank of a stream a short distance
-from their caravan, and were fatally shot, it was supposed,
-with their own guns. When their comrades found them
-one was dead, and the other died by the time the caravan
-reached the Cimarron River, about forty miles farther on.
-During the simple burial ceremonies a party of six or
-seven Indians appeared on the other side of the river. It
-is probable that these Indians knew nothing of the crime
-committed or they would not have approached the white
-men. Some of the men took this view, but, against their
-advice, the others fired and killed all of the Indians but
-one, who escaped to carry the news to his tribe. The
-Indians of the wronged tribe then followed the caravan
-to the Arkansas River where they robbed the traders of
-nearly a thousand head of horses and mules. Other robberies
-and murders followed until it became necessary for
-the traders to petition the National Government for troops.
-The next year soldiers escorted the caravan nearly to the
-Cimarron River. Government protection was furnished
-again in 1834, and in 1843. In the other years the traders
-fought their own way, but the day of small parties was
-over. For mutual protection, the traders banded together.
-A single big caravan started out each spring as soon as
-the grass was sufficient to pasture their animals, and returned
-in the fall.</p>
-<a name="Page_33" id="Page_33"></a><span class="pageno">33</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Starting Point of the Traders.</strong> For many years the
-city of Franklin, on the Missouri River, was the starting
-point of the traders, the place where they purchased their
-goods and their outfits. Later, Independence, Missouri,
-and finally Westport which is now a part of Kansas City,
-became the emporium of the Santa Fe trade. The tourists
-and traders began to gather about the first of May for the
-journey that would begin near the middle of that month.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Supplies Taken.</strong> The ordinary supplies to be taken for
-each man were about fifty pounds of flour, fifty pounds of
-bacon, ten pounds of coffee, twenty pounds each of sugar,
-rice, and beans, and a little salt. Anything else was considered
-an unnecessary luxury and was seldom taken.
-The buffalo furnished fresh meat for the travelers.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Teams and Wagons.</strong> After the first few years horses
-were little used on the Trail except for riding. A wagon
-was usually drawn by eight mules or oxen, though some of
-the larger ones required ten or twelve. The large wagons
-often carried as much as five thousand pounds of merchandise
-and supplies. The loading of the wagons for a journey
-of nearly eight hundred miles was a very particular piece
-of work.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Council Grove the Meeting Place.</strong> Although the traders
-banded together in one big caravan, they did not all
-start from the same place nor at the same time. The
-Kanza and Osage Indians seldom committed worse deeds
-than petty thievery, and the more warlike Comanches and
-Pawnees did not often appear along the first two hundred
-miles of the Trail. The place where all the wagons
-united to form a caravan was Council Grove, a point
-about one hundred and fifty miles west of Independence.
-In those days Council Grove consisted of a strip of fine
-timber along the Neosho valley. It is said to have been
-named in 1825 by the United States Commissioners who
- <a name="Page_34" id="Page_34"></a><span class="pageno">34</span>
-met on this spot some Osage Indians, with whom they
-made a treaty for the right of way for the Santa Fe Trail.
-About 1850 a blacksmith
-shop and two or
-three traders’ stores
-were established at
-Council Grove and this
-place became “the last
-chance for supplies” for
-westbound travelers.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_034.jpg"
- width="265"
- alt="Illustration: Council Oak"
- />
- <p class="caption"> <span class="sc">Council Oak</span>,</p>
-<p class="p0 unindent blockquote smaller">Under which the Commissioners and Indians
-met at Council Grove to make their treaty. It
-is still standing. A Santa Fe marker has been
-placed beneath its branches.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Journeys of Gregg.</strong>
-We can not get an idea
-of those days in a better
-way, perhaps, than
-by following an account
-of one of the caravans.
-Josiah Gregg, who
-crossed the prairie eight
-times, has left a very
-interesting record of his
-experiences. Many of
-the following facts are
-taken from his account
-of the journey of 1831.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Organization of the
-Caravan.</strong> For this particular
-trip there were two hundred men and nearly a
-hundred wagons, with a dozen smaller vehicles, and two
-carriages carrying cannon. The total value of the merchandise
-was about $200,000. For so large an undertaking
-it was, of course, necessary to have some kind of organization.
-According to custom, therefore, they elected
-officers and adopted a set of rules. The head man was the
-“Captain of the Caravan,” who directed the order of
- <a name="Page_35" id="Page_35"></a><span class="pageno">35</span>
-travel, selected the camping grounds, and performed many
-other duties of a general nature. The wagons were
-divided into four groups, each group under the charge of a
-lieutenant, who selected crossings and superintended the
-“forming” of the camp. The men were well armed with
-rifles, shotguns, and an abundant supply of pistols and
-knives.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Starting of the Caravan.</strong> When the time came to
-start from Council Grove the command “Catch up!
-Catch up!” sounded by the captain and passed on to all
-the groups, started a scene of hurry and uproar as the
-teamsters vied with each other to be first to shout “All’s
-set!” After a period of shouting at animals, the clanking
-of chains, and the rattling of harness and yokes, all were
-ready. The command “Stretch out!” was given, and the
-line of march began.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_035.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Crossing the Plains"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Crossing the Plains.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Country West of Council Grove.</strong> Council Grove
-seemed to form the western boundary of the very rich,
-fertile, and well timbered country. From here westward
-the streams were lined with but little timber growth, and
- <a name="Page_36" id="Page_36"></a><span class="pageno">36</span>
-much of that was cottonwood. The country was mostly
-prairie, with the vegetation gradually becoming more
-scarce. The traders usually lashed under their wagons a
-supply of logs for needed repairs, for Council Grove furnished
-the last good wood they would pass. Westward
-from Council Grove not a single human habitation, not
-even an Indian settlement, was to be seen along the whole
-route. It is difficult to imagine such a condition in Kansas
-only eighty years ago.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_036.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Bison"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">North American Bison, Commonly Called Buffaloes.</span></p>
-<p class="p0 center smaller">They were described by Cabeza de Vaca as “crooked-backed oxen.”</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Buffaloes Sighted.</strong> Soon after leaving Council Grove
-the traders began watching for buffaloes, and when a small
-herd was sighted it created much excitement. About half
-the men had never seen these animals before. All the
-horsemen rushed toward the herd, and some of the drivers
-even left their teams and followed on foot.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Pawnee Rock.</strong> After a few more days of travel, during
-which nothing more serious happened than a few false
-alarms of Indians, they reached the Arkansas River.
-Another day’s travel over a level plain brought them in
- <a name="Page_37" id="Page_37"></a><span class="pageno">37</span>
-sight of Pawnee Rock, a great rock standing on the plains
-near the Big Bend of the Arkansas, and a landmark
-known from one end of the Trail to the other. The surrounding
-country was not
-occupied by any tribe of Indians,
-but was claimed by all
-of them as a hunting ground,
-for it was a fine pasture for
-buffaloes. For many years it
-had been the scene of bloody
-battles between different
-tribes. The Rock afforded an
-excellent hiding place and retreat.
-Since the old Trail
-passed within a few yards of it,
-this became a dreaded spot
-for the traders, for at this point
-they seldom escaped a skirmish with the Indians. The
-Rock probably received its name from some of the bloody
-deeds of the Pawnees, who were especially connected with
-these scenes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_037.jpg"
- width="456"
- alt="Illustration: Pawnee Rock"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Pawnee Rock.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Forming Camp.</strong> When the caravan camped at Ash
-Creek the traders found a few old moccasins scattered
-around and some camp fires still burning, which seemed to
-indicate the near presence of Indians. They had, up to
-this point, marched in two columns, but after crossing
-Pawnee Fork they formed four lines for better protection
-in case of attack. In camp the wagons were arranged in
-the form of a hollow square, each line forming a side.
-This provided an enclosure for the animals when needed,
-and a fortification against the Indians. Ordinarily the
-camp fires were lighted outside the square, the men slept
-on the ground there, and the animals were picketed near.</p>
-<a name="Page_38" id="Page_38"></a><span class="pageno">38</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Caches.</strong> The next important stopping place was
-The Caches, near the present site of Fort Dodge. All that
-marked this spot from the surrounding country was a
-group of pits in the ground. A number of years before, a
-small party of traders had attempted to go to Santa Fe
-in the fall. By the time they reached the Arkansas River
-a heavy snowstorm forced them to take shelter on a large
-island, where they were kept for three months by the
-severe winter. During this time most of their animals
-perished. When spring came, having no way to carry their
-goods, they made some caches,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_4" id="fnanchor_4"></a><a href="#footnote_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></span> where they stored their
-merchandise until they could bring mules to haul it to
-Santa Fe.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Trail Divided into Two Routes.</strong> At Cimarron Crossing
-the Trail divided, and did not reunite until within a
-few miles of Santa Fe. The southern route was shorter,
-but it meant crossing fifty miles of desert before reaching
-the Cimarron River. In all that stretch of level plain
-there was no trail, nor landmark, nor stream of water.
-Travelers sometimes lost their way in this desert, and unless
-they had prepared for this part of the journey by taking
-along a sufficient supply of water, they perished of
-thirst.</p>
-
-<p><strong>An Experience with Indians.</strong> This caravan decided to
-take the southern route. A band of Indians soon appeared,
-carrying an American flag as a token of peace.
-They talked with the traders by means of signs and told
-them there were immense numbers of Indians ahead. A
-little later a band of warriors appeared and threatened to
- <a name="Page_39" id="Page_39"></a><span class="pageno">39</span>
-fight. There was great excitement as the caravan prepared
-for battle and the Indians continued to pour over the hills.
-But there was no fighting, for the chief came forward with
-his “peace pipe,” from which the captain took a whiff.
-The warriors were ordered back to rejoin the long train of
-squaws and papooses who were following with the baggage.
-There were probably three thousand Indians in this party,
-and they moved down into the valley and pitched their
-wigwams. The traders felt sure that since the women and
-children were along the Indians would not be hostile, and
-they, therefore, formed their camp a few hundred yards
-away. The Indians gathered around to gaze at the wagons,
-for it was probably the first time most of them had ever
-seen such vehicles. Some of them followed to the next
-camp, and the next day a large number of them gathered
-around the caravan. This sort of thing continued until
-the traders made up a present of fifty or sixty dollars’
-worth of goods to “seal the treaty of peace.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Their First News.</strong> Some days later the caravan met a
-Mexican buffalo hunter. He told the traders the news
-from Santa Fe, the first they had heard since the return of
-the caravan of the year before. To-day Kansas City and
-Santa Fe are little more than twenty-four hours apart by
-rail, and we read the latest news from both places in the
-morning and evening papers.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Round Mound.</strong> Round Mound, standing nearly a
-thousand feet above the level of the surrounding plain, in
-what is now New Mexico, was one of the landmarks along
-the Trail. At that point the caravan had completed about
-three-fourths of the journey to Santa Fe. As they approached
-the Mound some of the party decided to ascend
-it. They felt certain that it could not be more than half a
-mile away, but they had to go fully three miles before
-reaching it. This remarkable deception in distance is
- <a name="Page_40" id="Page_40"></a><span class="pageno">40</span>
-characteristic of the West.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_5" id="fnanchor_5"></a><a href="#footnote_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></span> Nothing of particular note
-occurred from Round Mound to the end of the journey.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Arrival at Santa Fe.</strong> The arrival of the caravan at
-Santa Fe was a source of excitement for both the traders
-and the city and was celebrated with much festivity. The
-traders had entered what was in those days a foreign
-country and had to pay duties on their goods at the custom
-house. Then came the business of selling these goods to
-those who had come in from the surrounding country to
-buy, after which the traders, or freighters as they were
-often called, prepared for the long return journey, planning
-to finish the round trip before the winter began. This was
-but one of many trips made over the Santa Fe Trail.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Travel Across Kansas During the ’40’s.</strong> There was a
-war between the United States and Mexico in 1846-’48.
-The trouble between the two countries checked the Santa
-Fe trade between the years 1843 and 1850, but even under
-those circumstances there was much travel across Kansas
- <a name="Page_41" id="Page_41"></a><span class="pageno">41</span>
-during the ’40’s.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_6" id="fnanchor_6"></a><a href="#footnote_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></span> There were four principal classes of
-travelers: soldiers, emigrants to Oregon, Mormons, and
-California gold seekers.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Soldiers.</strong> The war with Mexico broke out in 1846,
-and many of the United States soldiers were sent to that
-country by way of the Santa Fe Trail. This increased the
-travel across the prairies.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Oregon Settlers.</strong> The remote unsettled region in
-the Northwest, known as Oregon, was soon to become the
-home of civilized people. In 1842 wagon trains of emigrants
-began to undertake the long and weary journey to
-that far-off country. Others soon followed, and during
-the next few years many thousands of people settled in
-the Oregon country.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Mormons.</strong> In those days the Mormon Church had
-not been long established, but their beliefs had brought
-the Mormons into trouble with the people around them
-and with the Government, and they had been forced to
-move several times. The last time was in 1845, when they
-left Nauvoo, Illinois, and began the long and perilous
-journey to the valley of Great Salt Lake, in which region
-the main body of them remains to-day.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The “Forty-niners.”</strong> In 1848 a man named James
-Marshall, who was running a sawmill near the present site
-of Sacramento, California, discovered shining particles of
-gold in the mill race, and it was soon found that there were
-rich gold fields in that part of the country. The news
-spread, not rapidly as it would to-day, for there were no
-railroad or telegraph lines west of the Mississippi River
- <a name="Page_42" id="Page_42"></a><span class="pageno">42</span>
-and only a few east of it, but within a short time the whole
-country and even Europe had heard of the California gold
-fields, and people from all parts of the world began to
-make their way to the Pacific coast. Some went by water
-but more of them made the journey overland. Long lines
-of wagons, or prairie schooners as they were called, wound
-their way across the plains and over the mountains to
-California. It is estimated that ninety thousand people
-passed through Kansas on their way to California during
-the two years 1848 and 1849, a few of them to gain wealth,
-but thousands to be disappointed, and many to perish on
-the way.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Oregon Trail.</strong> The Oregon settlers, the Mormons,
-and the gold seekers entered Kansas at or near Atchison,
-Leavenworth, <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Joseph, or Westport, and moved toward
-the northwest, crossed the border into Nebraska, and went
-on across the mountains. The road worn by this westward-moving
-stream of emigrants was known as the
-Oregon Trail, though it was sometimes called the Mormon
-Trail, and more often the California Road. For two
-thousand miles the Oregon Trail stretched away through
-an utter wilderness, and every mile of it came to be the
-scene of hardship and suffering, of battle, or of death.
-It was one of the most remarkable highways in history.
-It had several branches, and in many places it followed
-different routes at different times. The largest number
-of travelers over this Trail entered Kansas at Westport
-and followed for a short distance the Santa Fe Trail.
-Near the present town of Gardner stood a signboard on
-which were the words, “Road to Oregon.” At this point
-the two historic highways divided. It has been said that,
-“never before nor since has so simple an announcement
-pointed the way to so long and hard a journey.”</p>
-<a name="Page_43" id="Page_43"></a><span class="pageno">43</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The Santa Fe Trail was a great road about 775 miles
-long, beginning successively at the Missouri towns, Franklin,
-Independence, and Westport, and extending westward
-to Santa Fe. Four hundred miles of its length were in
-Kansas. Travel began in 1822 for the purpose of trading
-with Mexico. The first merchandise was carried on pack
-mules, but wagons began to be used in 1824. The traders
-experienced much trouble with the Indians, and in 1829
-they began going together in big caravans for protection.
-The gathering place was Council Grove, where they
-organized and started. A few of the well-known sites
-along the Trail were Pawnee Rock, Ash Creek, Pawnee
-Fork, and The Caches. At Cimarron Crossing the Trail
-divided. The northern branch followed the Arkansas and
-crossed the mountains over practically the same route as
-that followed by the Santa Fe Railway to-day. The
-southern branch was the cut-off across the desert. Another
-historic highway was the Oregon Trail, sometimes
-called the Mormon Trail and sometimes the California
-Road. This Trail crossed the northeast corner of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.</li>
-<li>Parrish, The Great Plains.</li>
-<li>Pamphlet by Historical Society, Santa Fe Trail.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 42-49.</li>
-<li>Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 645.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 54.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 137; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 552; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 253-269.</li>
-<li>Hunt, California the Golden.</li>
-<li>Aplington, Pilgrims of the Plains. (A novel.)</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What part of the United States did Mexico own a hundred
-years ago?</p>
-
-<p>2. Describe the city of Santa Fe. How did trade first begin
-with Santa Fe?</p>
-
-<p>3. Tell about the journey of Captain Becknell.</p>
- <a name="Page_44" id="Page_44"></a><span class="pageno">44</span>
-
-<p>4. Discuss the use of pack mules on the Trail. When were
-wagons first used?</p>
-
-<p>5. What was the attitude of the Indians and the traders toward
-each other?</p>
-
-<p>6. What places were in turn the starting point of the traders?</p>
-
-<p>7. What supplies were usually taken?</p>
-
-<p>8. How did Council Grove get its name? Of what importance
-was the place?</p>
-
-<p>9. Who was Josiah Gregg?</p>
-
-<p>10. Describe the organization of the caravan. The starting.</p>
-
-<p>11. What occurred when buffaloes were sighted?</p>
-
-<p>12. What is told of Pawnee Rock?</p>
-
-<p>13. How was camp formed at Ash Creek?</p>
-
-<p>14. Describe The Caches. How did this place receive its name?</p>
-
-<p>15. Where did the Trail divide? Describe each route.</p>
-
-<p>16. What experience did the travelers have with the Indians?</p>
-
-<p>17. Explain the occurrence at Round Mound.</p>
-
-<p>18. Describe the arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe.</p>
-
-<p>19. Discuss the Santa Fe trade during the ’40’s.</p>
-
-<p>20. Name the classes of travelers who crossed Kansas in the ’40’s,
-and give an account of each.</p>
-
-<p>21. Name and describe the trail made by these travelers.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_45" id="Page_45"></a><span class="pageno">45</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_5" id="Ch_5"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Five">V</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Kansas Belonged to the Indians.</strong> During the years
-when the white men were traveling back and forth across
-Kansas they were not making settlements here. The
-country remained in the undisputed possession of the
-Indians. The white men did not want it as yet. They
-looked upon these vast prairies, not as a resource, but as
-so much land to be crossed in reaching places farther west.
-But changing conditions in the states east of the Mississippi
-River made people begin to look upon Kansas in a
-different light. The country there was becoming thickly
-settled and the people wanted the lands of the eastern
-Indians.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Removal of Eastern Indians to Kansas.</strong> Soon after the
-Louisiana purchase was made people began to talk of an
-Indian reserve, of a state set aside for the Indians, and it
-was believed that these western prairies would be useful
-for such a purpose. Nothing definite was done, however,
-until 1825, when the National Government began the
-“removal policy.” The eastern part of Kansas was occupied
-by two tribes of Indians, the Kanzas, or Kaws as
-they are often called, north of the Kansas River, and the
-Osages south of it. In 1825 the National Government
-made treaties with these two tribes. Under the provisions
-of these treaties each tribe retained only a small part of its
-territory, the rest being ceded to the Government. In
-return, the Indians were to receive certain annual payments
-and were to be supplied with cattle, hogs, and
-farming implements. The Government was also to provide
-them with blacksmiths and with teachers of agriculture.
-With these two tribes restricted to their
- <a name="Page_46" id="Page_46"></a><span class="pageno">46</span>
-reservations, a large part of eastern Kansas was left to be
-apportioned into reservations for Indians from the East.
-In 1830 Congress passed an
-act setting aside an Indian
-country, which included eastern
-Kansas. Then the removal
-policy was carried out.
-Under this arrangement the
-Government made treaties
-with the various eastern tribes
-by which they gave up their
-lands in exchange for certain
-tracts in the Indian country.
-The Shawnees had come in
-1825, and during the ten or
-twelve years following 1830
-about seventeen tribes were located on reservations in
-Kansas. Among these were the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes,
-Kickapoos, Delawares, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Wyandottes,
-and Miamis. By 1850 there was not a tribe left
-east of the Mississippi River. The Indians had all been
-moved to these western plains, and no white man could
-settle on any of the reservations without the consent of
-the Indians.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_046.jpg"
- width="368"
- alt="Illustration: An Indian in War Dress"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">An Indian in War Dress.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Indians Removed from Kansas.</strong> According to the
-treaties the Indians were promised their land “so long as
-grass should grow or water run.” But it soon developed
-that the white men wanted Kansas also. In 1854 we find
-the tribes being again transferred, this time to the Indian
-Territory, now Oklahoma, where the remnants of the
-various tribes still remain.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_7" id="fnanchor_7"></a><a href="#footnote_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></span></p>
-<a name="Page_47" id="Page_47"></a><span class="pageno">47</span>
-
-<p>Although Kansas was not used during those early years
-to make homes for white settlers, a few hundred people
-came here. They were of three different classes; fur traders,
-missionaries, and soldiers.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_047.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Indian Reservations in Kansas"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Indian Reservations in Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Fur Traders.</strong> It is impossible to say when the first
-hunters and trappers came to these western plains, for
-they were generally obscure men and little was known of
-their comings and goings, but they were the real pathfinders
-of the West. There are records of fur traders here
-in the very early years of the nineteenth century, and they
-gradually went farther and farther into the vast wilderness.
-The streams of travel across Kansas in the ’40’s
-followed paths that had been pointed out by the fur
-traders.</p>
-
-<p>The fur companies established many trading posts,
-which served as forts for protection against the Indians
-and as places to which hunters and trappers could bring
- <a name="Page_48" id="Page_48"></a><span class="pageno">48</span>
-their furs. Some of the hunters and trappers were employed
-by the fur companies, and others worked independently.</p>
-
-<p>Many Indians also engaged in this trade, and often
-they were given
-tobacco, whisky,
-and weapons in exchange
-for their furs.
-In this way much of
-the work of the missionaries
-was undone.
-In the earlier
-years the hunters
-and trappers found
-many kinds of wild
-animals in Kansas:
-the buffalo, the wolf,
-the fox, the deer,
-the elk, and the antelope,
-and along
-the streams the
-beaver, the otter,
-the mink, and the
-muskrat. Later
-the main supply of
-furs came from the mountains, and the whole fur trade
-gradually moved west of what is now Kansas.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_048.jpg"
- width="388"
- alt="Illustration: Indian Tepee"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Indian Tepee</span>,</p>
-<p class="p0 blockquote unindent smaller">Made of poles and buffalo hides, was the only home
-of the wandering tribes, and was used by the other
-tribes when on hunting trips.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Father Padilla, the First Missionary in Kansas.</strong> The
-attempt to civilize the Indian began in the days of the
-early explorers, and it was on Kansas soil that the first
-missionary’s life was lost in the cause. This man was
-Father Padilla, a Jesuit, who came with Coronado on his
-journey to Quivira. Father Padilla became much interested
-in the Quivira Indians and remained to do missionary
- <a name="Page_49" id="Page_49"></a><span class="pageno">49</span>
-work among them. His preaching was of short duration,
-however, for he was soon killed, whether by the Quiviras
-or some other tribe is not known.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas Missionaries of the Nineteenth Century.</strong> Centuries
-later, when Kansas became a part of the United
-States and was explored and traversed by white men,
-missionaries were among the first to arrive. They came
-to instruct the Indians in the Christian religion and to
-persuade them to adopt the customs of civilization.</p>
-
-<p>Of the many who came, Rev. Isaac McCoy probably
-deserves first mention. He had spent many years in work
-among the Indians and strongly urged the removal policy.
-He believed that if they could live in a separate state,
-free from contact with the white race, the Indians could
-be civilized, and he gave his life to this work.</p>
-
-<p>Jotham Meeker and his wife were among the most
-devoted of the missionaries, but there were many others,
-both men and women, who placed the welfare of human
-beings above mere gain and who endured the hardships
-of life among the savages for the sake of the good they
-might do.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Missions Established.</strong> As soon as the eastern Indians
-were removed to Kansas a number of missions were established
-by Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Friends, and
-Catholic churches. The work of the missionaries was not
-confined to religious instruction. Schools were established,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_8" id="fnanchor_8"></a><a href="#footnote_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></span>
-books were printed, the Indian girls were taught
-cooking and sewing, and the boys were taught farming
-and such trades as blacksmithing and carpentry.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_050.jpg"
- width="470"
- alt="Illustration: Shawnee Mission"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Shawnee Mission as First Built in 1830.</span></p>
-
-<p class="p0 center smaller">In 1839 a new location was selected and fine new buildings constructed.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The most noted mission in Kansas was the one established
- <a name="Page_50" id="Page_50"></a><span class="pageno">50</span>
-by the Methodist Church for the Shawnee Indians
-near the present site of Kansas City. This mission was
-opened in 1830 and continued its work for more than a
-quarter of a century. It had a large tract of land and good
-buildings, and maintained a successful school. Rev.
-Thomas Johnson, who took a prominent part in early
-Kansas affairs, was in charge of the mission.</p>
- <a name="Page_51" id="Page_51"></a><span class="pageno">51</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_051a.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Pawnee Flats"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Pawnee Flats at Fort Riley.</span></p>
-<p class="p0 center smaller">Near the center of the view is the old Pawnee Capitol.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_051b.jpg"
- width="474"
- alt="Illustration: Pontoon Bridge"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Pontoon Bridge at Fort Riley.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Soldiers.</strong> The third class of people who came to
-early Kansas was the soldiers. Their presence was
-necessary for the protection of the few white people
-against the Indians. Fort Leavenworth was established
-by the National Government in 1827, as headquarters
-for the troops. This was shortly after the beginning of
-the Santa Fe trade. During the ’40’s this fort was used
-as a base of supplies for the soldiers of the Mexican War,
- <a name="Page_52" id="Page_52"></a><span class="pageno">52</span>
-and as an outfitting point for many of the California gold
-seekers and Mormon emigrants. Fort Leavenworth is
-to-day one of the most important of the national forts.
-A number of other forts were established, among them
-Fort Riley, Fort Dodge, Fort Scott, and Fort Hays, but
-all of these have been abandoned except Fort Riley.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_052.jpg"
- width="468"
- alt="Illustration: Fort Leavenworth"
- />
- <p class="blockquote smaller">Above is the Old Wall at Fort Leavenworth. This wall is all that remains of the
-original Fort. The lower picture is of the Main Parade at Fort Leavenworth at the
-present time.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Population of Pre-territorial Kansas.</strong> Kansas remained
-in possession of the Indians until 1854, when it was organized
-into a territory. With this date a new era began.
- <a name="Page_53" id="Page_53"></a><span class="pageno">53</span>
-At this time the white population consisted of about
-twelve hundred people, one half of them soldiers and the
-other half connected with the trading posts and the missions.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">When the country that is now Kansas became a part of
-the United States it was occupied by four tribes of Indians.
-In 1825 the Kanza and Osage tribes ceded a large part of
-their lands to the Government and the eastern quarter of
-the State was made a part of the Indian country by the
-Act of 1830. Following this a number of eastern tribes
-were removed to reservations in Kansas, where they remained
-until Kansas was organized as a territory, in 1854,
-when they were moved to Indian Territory, now Oklahoma.
-During these years there was much travel through the
-State, but up to 1854 the white population numbered only
-about twelve hundred. These people were of three classes;
-traders, missionaries, and soldiers.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 50-64.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 58-74.</li>
-<li>Gihon, Geary and Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.</li>
-<li>Elson, History of the United States, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Kansas Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 72, 171, 206, 250; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 565; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 327; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 333; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 65, 183.</li>
-<li>Holloway, History of Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="One">I</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 655-703; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 291.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What use did the white people make of Kansas during the
-first half of the nineteenth century?</p>
-
-<p>2. How did the condition of the Indians here differ from that of
-the Indians in the East?</p>
- <a name="Page_54" id="Page_54"></a><span class="pageno">54</span>
-
-<p>3. What was the removal policy? Name some of the Indian
-tribes brought here. What promise was made them?</p>
-
-<p>4. Name the three classes of white people who came to Kansas
-during this period.</p>
-
-<p>5. Who was Father Padilla? Name some of the missionaries.
-What work did they do?</p>
-
-<p>6. Tell of the fur traders and their relations with the Indians.</p>
-
-<p>7. Why were the soldiers here?</p>
-
-<p>8. When did Kansas cease to be an Indian country?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_55" id="Page_55"></a><span class="pageno">55</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_6" id="Ch_6"></a>CHAPTER VI</h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Year 1854 an Important Date.</strong> The year 1854 is an
-important one in the history of Kansas, for it brings to a
-close the period during which this region was used as a
-hunting ground by the Indians and marks the beginning
-of its use as a home for white people. The white settlers
-did not come in peace and quiet; the first dozen years following
-1854 were filled with hatred, struggle, and bloodshed.
-This was brought about by conditions outside of
-Kansas. As we have seen, twenty-five years earlier Kansas
-was made an Indian territory because people in the
-states wanted the lands of the eastern Indians. In 1854 a
-terrible conflict began here because there was a division
-between the North and the South on the question of
-slavery.</p>
- <a name="Page_56" id="Page_56"></a><span class="pageno">56</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_056.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Territorial Kansas"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Territorial Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Attitude of the North and the South Toward Slavery.</strong>
-Slavery had existed in the United States since very early
-colonial days. It had not been profitable in the northern
-states, but in the cotton fields of the southern plantations
-slave labor was in demand, and its use after the invention
-of the cotton gin had increased steadily with the passing
-years. The Northerners had long been opposed to slavery
-and made every effort to keep it from spreading into
-northern and western territory, while the Southerners
-were just as determined that it should flourish and that
-it should be extended into new territory. This difference
-between the North and the South developed great bitterness.
-Neither side lost any opportunity to take advantage
-of the other, and each was anxious to secure a majority in
-the Senate in order to obtain favorable legislation. This
-matter was so carefully watched that it had long been the
- <a name="Page_57" id="Page_57"></a><span class="pageno">57</span>
-custom to keep the “balance of power” between the states;
-that is, to admit free and slave states alternately so as to
-keep the number of proslavery and free-state senators
-balanced. The North, because of its more rapid growth
-in population, had long had a majority in the House.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Missouri Compromise, 1820.</strong> Missouri was along
-the dividing line between the North and the South, and
-when it asked to be admitted to the Union there followed
-a long debate in Congress as to whether it should come in
-slave or free. The question was finally settled by the
-Missouri Compromise, which provided that Missouri
-might come in as a slave state but that all the rest of the
-territory included in the Louisiana Purchase and lying
-north of 36° 30′, the line forming the southern boundary
-of Missouri, should be forever free. In other words,
-slavery was to be forever excluded from Kansas and the
-territory lying north of it.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Slavery Trouble Brings on the Civil War.</strong> This was in
-1820, about the time of the beginning of the Santa Fe
-trade. During the years when Kansas was an Indian
-country and was traversed by countless caravans the
-country remained bound by the terms of this compromise.
-But all this time the feeling of animosity between the
-North and the South was growing more intense; northern
-churches and newspapers denounced the evils of slavery,
-free-state and abolition parties developed, thousands of
-slaves were assisted in making their escape through the
-North to Canada in spite of the strict fugitive slave law,
-and there was bitter strife in Congress between the free-state
-and the slave-state members. The relations between
-the North and the South were becoming more and
-more strained. The time was rapidly approaching when
-the differences between the two sections were to be settled
-by a great war.</p>
-<a name="Page_58" id="Page_58"></a><span class="pageno">58</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Conflict Brought into Kansas in 1854.</strong> The Civil
-War began in 1861, the same year in which Kansas became
-a state; but seven years earlier, in 1854, Congress
-had passed a measure that brought the slavery trouble
-into Kansas and made this state the battle ground in the
-great national struggle over the slavery question.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854.</strong> The measure passed
-by Congress that played such an important part in the
-history of Kansas and of the Nation was known as the
-Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and was the work of Senator
-Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois. It provided that the two
-territories, Kansas and Nebraska, should be organized,
-and that the question of slavery should be left for the
-people of each territory to decide for themselves. This
-method of settling the question was known as “popular
-sovereignty.” Because the settlers were often called
-squatters it was frequently called “squatter sovereignty.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Reception of the Bill.</strong> Kansas and Nebraska were part
-of the territory which, according to the terms of the Missouri
-Compromise, was to be forever free, but under the
-Douglas bill they were to become either slave or free as
-the people who settled the territories might decide. When
-this bill was introduced into Congress it raised a storm of
-indignation among those opposed to slavery, and the
-debate which ensued lasted for months. The whole North
-was aroused and poured forth objection and protest, but
-to no avail. The bill was passed May 30, 1854.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Result of the Bill.</strong> The Kansas-Nebraska Bill meant
-that the Missouri Compromise had been repealed and
-that there was no longer any boundary line against slavery.
-It meant that Kansas and Nebraska were offered as prizes
-to be contended for by the free and the slave states. The
-South said, “You may have Nebraska; Kansas is ours.”
-The North refused to recognize such a division of spoils,
- <a name="Page_59" id="Page_59"></a><span class="pageno">59</span>
-and insisted that both territories had been carved from
-free soil and should both come into the Union free. Both
-North and South desired to secure Kansas, and each side
-urged that as many as possible of its own people should
-emigrate to the new Territory. It could scarcely be expected
-that, under such circumstances, Kansas would be
-left for gradual and peaceful settlement. The result was
-that the scene of strife was transferred from Congress to
-these western prairies, and from that time until the admission
-of the Territory as a state the conflict between
-the forces of freedom and slavery was waged here.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Indians Removed from Kansas Lands.</strong> It must be remembered
-that at this time Kansas was an Indian country;
-that many of the eastern tribes had given up their lands
-in exchange for lands here which had been promised to
-them forever. Nevertheless, the Indians were removed
-from Kansas, many of them at once and others more
-leisurely. They were taken to what has since become
-Oklahoma, where many of them still live. In this way
-room was made for the white settlers to enter Kansas.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">For many years there had been bitter feeling between
-the North and the South on the slavery question. In 1820
-the Missouri Compromise was passed. This measure provided
-that all the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the
-southern boundary of Missouri, except Missouri itself,
-should be forever free. This agreement was observed
-until the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854.
-This bill provided that the settlers of each of these territories
-should decide whether it was to be made slave or
-free. Each side was determined to win Kansas, and as a
-result the slavery struggle was brought here. In order
-to make room for settlers the Indians were moved to
-Indian Territory, now known as Oklahoma.</p>
-<a name="Page_60" id="Page_60"></a><span class="pageno">60</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 63-73.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 2-16.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 81-82.</li>
-<li>Holloway, History of Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>.</li>
-<li>Tuttle, History of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Larned, History for Ready Reference.</li>
-<li>Gihon, Geary and Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Three">III</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 115; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 86.</li>
-<li>Foster, A History of the United States, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 325-329.</li>
-<li>Muzzey, American History, 379-412.</li>
-<li>Hodder, Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, in Proceedings of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1912, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 69-86.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. Why is 1854 an important date in Kansas history?</p>
-
-<p>2. What great national question affected Kansas at that time?
-Explain.</p>
-
-<p>3. Explain the attitude of the North and the South toward
-slavery.</p>
-
-<p>4. What was meant by the “balance of power”?</p>
-
-<p>5. Give the provisions and the date of the Missouri Compromise.
-How did this Compromise affect Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Bill provide? Give the
-attitude of the North and the South toward it.</p>
-
-<p>7. How did this Bill affect the Missouri Compromise? What
-was the result in Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>8. What was done with the Indians in Kansas?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_61" id="Page_61"></a><span class="pageno">61</span>
-<div class="poem-container">
- <div class="poem">
-   <div class="poemtitle">THE SONG OF THE KANSAS EMIGRANT</div>
-  <div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">We cross the prairies as of old</div>
-    <div class="i2">The Pilgrims crossed the sea,</div>
-    <div class="i0">To make the West as they the East</div>
-    <div class="i2">The homestead of the free.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0"><span class="sc">Chorus</span>:</div>
-    <div class="i2">The homestead of the free, my boys,</div>
-    <div class="i2">The homestead of the free,</div>
-    <div class="i2">To make the West as they the East</div>
-    <div class="i2">The homestead of the free.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">We go to rear a wall of men</div>
-    <div class="i2">On Freedom’s southern line</div>
-    <div class="i0">And plant beside the cotton tree</div>
-    <div class="i2">The rugged northern pine.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">We’re flowing from our native hills,</div>
-    <div class="i2">As our free rivers flow;</div>
-    <div class="i0">The blessings of our mother-land</div>
-    <div class="i2">Is on us as we go.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">We go to plant her common schools</div>
-    <div class="i2">On distant prairie swells,</div>
-    <div class="i0">And give the Sabbaths of the wild</div>
-    <div class="i2">The music of her bells.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">Upbearing like the ark of old,</div>
-    <div class="i2">The Bible in her van,</div>
-    <div class="i0">We go to test the truth of God</div>
-    <div class="i2">Against the fraud of man.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">No pause, nor rest, save where the streams</div>
-    <div class="i2">That feed the Kansas run,</div>
-    <div class="i0">Save where our pilgrim gonfalon</div>
-    <div class="i2">Shall flout the setting sun.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">We’ll tread the prairies as of old</div>
-    <div class="i2">Our fathers sailed the sea;</div>
-    <div class="i0">And make the West as they the East</div>
-    <div class="i2">The homestead of the free.</div>
-   </div><div class="laststanza">
-    <div class="author">&mdash; <span class="sc">John G. Whittier.</span></div>
-   </div><!--end stanza-->
-  </div><!--end poem-->
-</div><!--end container-->
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_62" id="Page_62"></a><span class="pageno">62</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_7" id="Ch_7"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE COMING OF THE SETTLERS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Little Known of Kansas in 1854.</strong> Kansas in 1854 was,
-to most people, only a name, a part of the great desert in
-the Far West, an Indian country. Many of those who
-had crossed it in emigrating to California had been impressed
-with the beauty and richness of the country and
-had written back glowing accounts of it. Some of them
-had returned from the coast, and were now numbered
-among our early settlers. When its organization as a
-territory brought it into such prominence, knowledge of
-Kansas soon became more general.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Advantages of the South.</strong> The people of the South
-felt confident that they could make it a slave state, for
-they had gained many victories in Congress, and the
-President, Franklin Pierce, was in sympathy with them.
-Moreover, they were closer to Kansas than were the
-northern people, and the only state touching Kansas was
-the slave state Missouri.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Advantages of the North.</strong> The people of the North,
-however, possessed one very important advantage. The
-population of the South consisted largely of plantation
-owners and their slaves, and it was not an easy matter
-for these men to leave their property or to take it into a
-new and untried country. On the other hand, the North
-was a land of small farms and shops and many laborers.
-Moreover, there was much foreign immigration into the
-United States in those years, and since the employment of
-slaves left no place in the South for white laborers, most
-of the immigrants entered the northern states, and added
-to the number of those who were ready and anxious to go
-farther west. Consequently many more settlers came into
- <a name="Page_63" id="Page_63"></a><span class="pageno">63</span>
-Kansas from the North than from the South, but the
-Southerners tried to overcome this handicap in other ways.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Coming of the Missourians.</strong> The plan of the
-South was to use Missouri as the stepping-stone to Kansas.
-Immediately following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska
-Bill a number of Missourians came over into Kansas and
-took as claims large tracts of the best lands, in some cases
-not even waiting for the removal of the Indians. Settlers
-who asked for claims were required to build houses and
-to use the land for homes for a certain length of time.
-While some of the Missourians met these requirements,
-many of them did not come here to live. They notched
-trees, or posted notices, or laid rails on the ground in the
-shape of a house, or in some other way indicated their
-claims, and returned to their homes in Missouri, coming
-back only to vote or to fight when it seemed to them necessary.
-While in Kansas, however, they held a meeting
-at which it was resolved that: “We recognize slavery as
-always existing in this Territory,” and, “We will afford
-protection to no abolitionists as settlers of Kansas Territory.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Handicap to Northern Emigration.</strong> The free-state people
-could not step over a boundary line and be in Kansas.
-They lived a long way off, the trip out here was expensive,
-and little was known of the new Territory. It was a land
-without homes or towns, churches, schools, or newspapers,
-and the Northerners knew that people would hesitate to
-start to Kansas under all these difficulties.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The New England Emigrant Aid Company.</strong> So it came
-about that even while the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was pending
-in Congress a Massachusetts man named Eli Thayer
-had thought out a plan for assisting and encouraging the
-people to undertake the long journey. His plan was to
-form a company for the purpose of inducing and organizing
- <a name="Page_64" id="Page_64"></a><span class="pageno">64</span>
-emigration to Kansas and reducing the expense and
-hardship involved. This was not to be done as charity,
-but was to be put on a business basis. Thayer aroused
-public interest in his plan by constant writing and speaking,
-and since the people were ready to listen to whatever
-promised to aid in making Kansas a free state, money
-enough was soon raised to organize a company, called the
-New England Emigrant Aid Company. It gathered and
-published information concerning the new country and
-organized emigrants into large parties in order to make
-the journey more pleasant, to reduce expense, and to
-lessen danger. Competent guides were sent with the
-parties. The company established schools, newspapers,
-mills, hotels, and other improvements that tended to
-lessen the hardships of the pioneers and to further the
-development of the new Territory. Several similar organizations
-were formed, but none of them was so well known
-nor so efficient as the New England Emigrant Aid Company.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Work of the Emigrant Aid Companies.</strong> Hundreds of
-people came here under the management of these companies,
-but probably the greatest service the companies
-performed was that of giving an immense amount of
-publicity and advertising to Kansas. Newspapers were
-filled with descriptions of the loveliness, the fertility, and
-the future greatness of the new Territory, and people were
-urged to go to Kansas at once, both to secure the advantages
-of the country and to help in saving it from slavery.
-In this way interest and enthusiasm were aroused over
-the whole North, but for every one who came in one of
-the emigrant aid parties there were many who came independently,
-especially from the states farther west than
-New England&mdash;&#8203;Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and
-Iowa.</p>
-<a name="Page_65" id="Page_65"></a><span class="pageno">65</span>
-
-<p><strong>Southern Organizations.</strong> The organizations in the
-North aroused much bitter feeling in the South, and a
-reward was offered for the capture of Eli Thayer. The
-South soon formed organizations too, some of them being
-known as Blue Lodges, Social Bands, and Sons of the
-South.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Coming of the Free-state Settlers.</strong> As has been
-stated, the Missourians came into Kansas immediately
-after the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill on May 30,
-but the free-state people were not far behind, for on the
-first day of August, just two months later, the first party
-of emigrants sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid
-Company reached the Territory. Even these were not the
-first free-state men to arrive; a few who had come independently
-were already here.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First Party of Settlers.</strong> This first party consisted
-of only twenty-nine men. It had been organized with
-some difficulty, for coming to Kansas was looked upon as
-a dangerous undertaking. Hundreds of people gathered
-to bid these men farewell as they started on their long
-journey to take part in the great conflict between freedom
-and slavery. There were many who would not have been
-surprised had the whole party been murdered on their
-arrival in Kansas, but when nothing of the kind happened
-others took courage and more parties soon followed.</p>
-<a name="Page_66" id="Page_66"></a><span class="pageno">66</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_066.jpg"
- width="462"
- alt="Illustration: Early Kansas City"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Early Kansas City.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>They Reach the Present Site of Lawrence.</strong> The pioneer
-party reached <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis by railroad, where they boarded a
-steamboat and came up the Missouri River to Kansas
-City, then a town of only three or four hundred people.
-There they purchased an ox team to transport their baggage,
-and on Saturday evening set out on foot into Kansas.
-By Tuesday noon they reached the present site of Lawrence,
-where they pitched their tents on a big flat-topped
-hill. To-day the great buildings of the University of
- <a name="Page_67" id="Page_67"></a><span class="pageno">67</span>
-Kansas stand on this hill, which is still called Mount
-Oread,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_9" id="fnanchor_9"></a><a href="#footnote_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></span> the name given it by this first party of pioneers.
-The weather was extremely hot; a drouth had parched
-the earth and prairie fires had destroyed the grass, but the
-pioneers were not discouraged. They staked out claims
-in the surrounding country and began preparations for
-the future.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Second Party Arrives.</strong> In a short time the second
-party arrived. It was under the direction of Dr. Charles
-Robinson and Samuel C. Pomeroy, who were leaders in
-the free-state cause during the whole Territorial struggle.
-This party was much larger, and part of its members were
-women and children. The town was now laid out, organized,
-and named Lawrence.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_10" id="fnanchor_10"></a><a href="#footnote_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></span> On the arrival of this party
-a boarding house was established by two of the women.
-It was thus described by a writer of that time: “In the
-open air, on some logs of wood, two rough boards were laid
-across for a table, and on washtubs, kegs, and blocks the
-boarders were seated around it.” A short time later a
-hotel was opened. It was constructed by driving into the
-ground two long rows of poles, which were brought together
-at the top and the sides thatched with prairie grass. The
-ends were made of cotton cloth, and the building resembled
-the “stray roof of a huge warehouse.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Getting Ready for the First Winter.</strong> The people lived
-in tents and houses of thatch through the summer and fall,
-but in the meantime all were busy getting log cabins ready
-for the winter. By the time winter had come a number of
-things had been accomplished: a sawmill was running,
-churches had been organized, two newspapers had been
- <a name="Page_68" id="Page_68"></a><span class="pageno">68</span>
-established, and Lawrence had been granted a post office
-with mail from Kansas City three times a week. The
-population was about four hundred. Many of the cabins
-still had cloth doors and were without floors, and altogether
-the people had all they could do to take care of themselves
-through the winter. When two more parties of emigrants
-arrived at the beginning of winter the task became much
-more difficult.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Actual Settlers’ Association.</strong> Besides the work of
-building homes and developing the town, there was much
-to occupy the minds of the pioneers. Missourians had
-taken claims over much of the eastern part of the Territory.
-While some proslavery settlers had come to make
-homes, just as the free-state settlers had, most of those
-who had taken claims were really living in Missouri.
-When the first party came to Lawrence, the members
-bought out the claims where they located their town;
-later other claimants appeared, and there was much
-trouble over the title to the land. The same kind of
-trouble arose in regard to the land taken by many free-state
-settlers outside of Lawrence. It became a common
-occurrence for a Missourian to come over and lay claim to
-some free-state man’s land and warn him to leave the
-Territory. This caused the formation of the Actual Settlers’
-Association, which helped to adjust such difficulties.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_069.jpg"
- width="464"
- alt="Illustration: First House in Topeka"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The First House in Topeka.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Other Towns.</strong> Lawrence was not the only place in the
-Territory that was settled before the close of the first
-winter. People were coming in from north, east, and
-south, settling on claims and starting other towns. The
-principal proslavery towns were Leavenworth, Atchison,
-and Lecompton. Free-state towns were Lawrence, Topeka,
-Osawatomie, and Manhattan. Leavenworth and
-Atchison were both founded by people from Missouri, and,
-since they were on the Missouri River, came to be outfitting
- <a name="Page_69" id="Page_69"></a><span class="pageno">69</span>
-points for travelers over the California and Salt
-Lake Trails. Lecompton, on the Kansas River, not far
-from Lawrence, soon became the headquarters of the proslavery
-people, and for several years was the Territorial
-capital. Topeka was founded with the hope of its becoming
-the capital of Kansas. Osawatomie soon became
-an important free-state center. Manhattan, on the Kansas
-River at the mouth of the Big Blue, was for the first few
-months called Boston. On the arrival of a party of
-seventy-five people from Cincinnati, Ohio, the name was
-changed to Manhattan. This party made the entire trip
-from Cincinnati to Manhattan by boat.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">When Kansas Territory was organized little was known
-of it, but, because it was wanted by both the North and
-the South, knowledge of Kansas spread rapidly. The
- <a name="Page_70" id="Page_70"></a><span class="pageno">70</span>
-South had the support of every branch of the National
-Government and the added advantage that the only State
-touching Kansas was proslavery. The advantage of the
-North lay in the fact that it had a much larger number of
-people who were free to move to a new country. The
-proslavery Missourians came in at once and took claims.
-A few free-state people came within a month, and in two
-months the emigrant aid parties began to arrive. The
-fact that many Missourians had staked out claims and
-gone back home led to numerous claim disputes and
-caused the organization of the Actual Settlers’ Association.
-By the time winter had come four emigrant aid parties
-had arrived at Lawrence, many settlers were living on
-their claims, and several towns had been started by each
-side.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 29-40.</li>
-<li>Brooks, The Boy Settlers.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 71-78.</li>
-<li>Thayer, The Kansas Crusade.</li>
-<li>Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps. <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>-<span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Four">IV</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Mrs. Robinson, Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior Life.</li>
-<li>Gihon, Geary and Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Four">IV</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 90; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 144.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. When was Kansas organized as a territory? In what ways
-had the people gained any knowledge of Kansas up to this time?
-Why did Kansas soon become well known?</p>
-
-<p>2. What advantages did the South have in the effort to win
-Kansas? The North?</p>
-
-<p>3. Contrast the manner of life in the North and the South in
-those days. What do you know of the conditions to-day?</p>
-
-<p>4. Why did Missouri play an important part in early Kansas
-affairs? Explain how Missourians took claims.</p>
-
-<p>5. Why did the North organize emigrant aid companies? What
-was the chief company? What did it do? Did all the Kansas settlers
-come under the management of these companies?</p>
-
-<p>6. What was the attitude of the South toward these organizations?</p>
- <a name="Page_71" id="Page_71"></a><span class="pageno">71</span>
-
-<p>7. When did the first emigrant aid party arrive? Tell of their
-journey; their settlement. Were they the first free-state settlers to
-arrive?</p>
-
-<p>8. Give an account of the second party. Tell something of the
-way they lived. What had been accomplished by the time winter
-set in?</p>
-
-<p>9. What was the Actual Settlers’ Association? Why was it
-formed?</p>
-
-<p>10. Name several persons connected with this period of Kansas
-history, and tell something of each.</p>
-
-<p>11. Name and locate some of the towns settled during this period.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_72" id="Page_72"></a><span class="pageno">72</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_8" id="Ch_8"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Government of a Territory.</strong> When a territory is
-organized it must be provided with a government. The
-people in a territory may not elect their officers as in a
-state; they may elect a legislature and a delegate to Congress,
-but the governor, secretary, judges, and certain
-other officers are appointed by the President.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First Territorial Governor.</strong> In October, 1854,
-there arrived in Kansas the first Territorial Governor,
-Andrew H. Reeder, who, although he was known to favor
-slavery, was heartily welcomed by all the people. That
-he might become familiar with conditions in the Territory,
-Governor Reeder made a tour of inspection shortly after
-his arrival. Although this was but little more than four
-months after the opening of the Territory, he found a
-number of settlements scattered over eastern Kansas.
-Towns were springing up, and the prairies were dotted
-with the tents and cabins of the pioneers. Several thousand
-people had arrived by this time, some of them free-state
-and some proslavery. The proslavery settlers had
-brought a few slaves. There were also many Indians here,
-for only a part of the tribes had as yet been removed.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First Election Called.</strong> On his return from his tour
-of observation, which had included the most remote settlements,
-as far west as Council Grove and Fort Riley, Governor
-Reeder issued a proclamation for the first election
-to be held in Kansas. The date was set for November 29,
-at which time a delegate to Congress was to be chosen.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Interest in the Election.</strong> The settlers were all busily
-engaged in building cabins and otherwise providing for the
-coming of winter, and since this election was not deemed
- <a name="Page_73" id="Page_73"></a><span class="pageno">73</span>
-of much importance they took little interest in it. This
-was not the case, however, with the Missourians, and at
-this first election, under the leadership of their Senator,
-D. R. Atchison, they gave an exhibition of the methods
-by which they expected to control Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Election Day, November 29, 1854.</strong> On the day before
-election the Blue Lodge voters began to cross the border
-into Kansas. They came well armed, and organized into
-companies, each of which went to a polling place. They
-came to vote, and they voted. There were so many of
-them that they were able to outnumber the legal voters
-in many of the precincts where they took possession of
-the polls. Election judges who refused to accept their
-votes were removed and judges of their own installed.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_11" id="fnanchor_11"></a><a href="#footnote_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><strong>The Result.</strong> Of course the proslavery delegate was
-overwhelmingly elected. He would probably have been
-elected had the Missourians stayed at home, for up to this
-time a majority of the settlers outside of Lawrence favored
-slavery. The result of this unfair election was to renew
-the excitement in the North at such a working out of the
-principle of “popular sovereignty.” But the free-state
-pioneers were not to be discouraged. They continued,
-during the winter, their home building, their preparations
-for the spring cultivation, and the securing of titles to
-their land.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Second Election, March 30, 1855.</strong> The first event
-of importance in the new year was the taking of the census
-of the Territory in the spring. It showed a total population
-of 8601, about 3000 of whom were voters. A little
-later a date was set for the election of a Territorial Legislature.
-Since this body of men would make the laws for
- <a name="Page_74" id="Page_74"></a><span class="pageno">74</span>
-the Territory, there was no lack of interest among the
-settlers in this election. It was well understood that the
-Missourians were expecting to vote again. Money was
-being raised and men hired to march into Kansas on election
-day. They came, fully five thousand of them, armed
-with pistols, guns, and bowie-knives, and marched to the
-different polling places. They did not pretend to be residents
-of Kansas, but boasted that they were from Missouri.
-They were disorderly and dangerous, and in many cases
-drove the legal voters from the polls. Not more than half
-of the 3000 rightful voters cast ballots in this election, but
-the count showed that more than 6000 ballots were cast.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The “Bogus Legislature.”</strong> The whole thing had been
-so openly fraudulent that the free-state people demanded
-that the Governor set aside this election and call a new
-one. The Missourians threatened his life if this were done.
-When the day came for deciding the question, the men
-who had been fraudulently elected gathered in the Governor’s
-office, armed and defiant. The Governor and a
-number of his friends who were there to protect him were
-also armed. Bitter discussion ensued, but there was no
-fighting. Contests had not been filed against all of the
-men elected. Governor Reeder decided to recognize the
-election except where sufficient proof of fraud was shown.
-In these cases he threw out the returns and ordered
-another election. The proslavery men took no part in the
-new election, and a number of free-state men were chosen
-to the Legislature. When the Legislature met, the proslavery
-majority promptly unseated these free-state members
-and recognized the men first elected. This gave the
-Territory an entirely proslavery legislature. It was called
-by the free-state people the “Bogus Legislature.” The
-proslavery leaders were B. F. Stringfellow and D. R.
-Atchison, both of whom lived in Missouri but took an
- <a name="Page_75" id="Page_75"></a><span class="pageno">75</span>
-active part in Kansas affairs. Senator Atchison said,
-“We wish to make Kansas in all respects like Missouri.”
-So they adopted the whole body of Missouri laws, and
-added a series of slave laws that were probably the most
-severe of any ever enacted in the United States.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First Legislature, at Pawnee, July, 1855.</strong> The
-Governor chose Pawnee as the place where the Legislature
-should meet. Pawnee was a new town on the Kansas
-River, within the present bounds of the Fort Riley military
-reservation. Since it was west of nearly all the settlements,
-the members had to make long journeys to reach it.
-Both because of the inconvenience of location and because
-the proslavery members desired to be nearer the Missouri
-border, the Legislature remained in session at Pawnee
-only five days, just long enough to unseat the free-state
-members and to pass an act removing the seat of government
-temporarily to Shawnee Mission. All that remains
-of Pawnee to-day is the old stone building that was erected
-for a capitol.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Removal of Governor Reeder.</strong> Governor Reeder
-had refused to accede to all the demands of the proslavery
-people, and had fallen into disfavor with them. When
-he refused to sign some of their measures they petitioned
-the President for his removal, which soon followed.
-Governor Reeder’s administration had lasted through less
-than a year of these troublous times. In the summer of
-1855, with the Territory little more than a year old, the
-people were divided into two bitter factions, proslavery
-and free-state, with the proslavery people congratulating
-themselves upon being rid of a Governor they could not
-control, upon having the support of the President, and
-upon having a Legislature unanimously proslavery. Daniel
-Woodson, the Territorial Secretary, who now became
- <a name="Page_76" id="Page_76"></a><span class="pageno">76</span>
-Acting Governor, approved the acts of the proslavery
-Legislature.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Gloomy Outlook for the Free-state People.</strong> These were
-dark days for the free-state people; they had no hand in
-the Government and no recognition in the laws of the
-Territory. They were denounced, misrepresented, and
-ridiculed. To add to the gloom of the situation, the new
-Territorial Governor, Wilson Shannon, at first entirely
-ignored the existence of free-state citizens. No community
-could obey the slave laws passed by the “Bogus
-Legislature” without becoming proslavery. But the free-state
-people had no intention of becoming proslavery;
-they had no intention of giving up the struggle. They
-found themselves confronted with the question of what
-was to be done. It was a very grave situation.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The first Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder,
-arrived in October, 1854. After a tour of inspection, he
-called an election to choose a Territorial delegate to Congress.
-Although there were probably enough proslavery
-settlers to carry the election, the Missourians, to make
-sure, came over in force, and elected their candidate with
-an overwhelming majority. Another election was called
-in March to choose members of a Territorial Legislature.
-The Missourians came again, and although the census had
-shown but 3000 voters in Kansas there were twice that
-number of ballots cast. On proof of fraud Governor
-Reeder threw out the contested returns and free-state men
-were elected, but when the Legislature met the proslavery
-majority unseated them and recognized those first elected.
-Pawnee was chosen by the Governor as the Territorial
-capital, but after five days the Legislature adjourned to
-Shawnee Mission. The measures passed were entirely in
-the interest of slavery. Although Governor Reeder came
-to Kansas favoring slavery, he did not approve of the
-methods of the proslavery people. He was removed in
- <a name="Page_77" id="Page_77"></a><span class="pageno">77</span>
-July, 1855. He was replaced by Wilson Shannon, who
-was in full sympathy with slavery interests. Every condition
-was unfavorable to the free-state people at this time.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Four">IV</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps, <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>, <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Holloway, History of Kansas, chaps, <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr></span>, <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seventeen">XVII</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 87-101.</li>
-<li>Connelley, Kansas Territorial Governors.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Five">V</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 163; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 361; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 227.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 79-87.</li>
-<li>Hodder, Government of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 5-13.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. How is a Territory governed?</p>
-
-<p>2. Who was the first Territorial Governor of Kansas? How
-long did he serve? What was his attitude toward slavery?</p>
-
-<p>3. What were the conditions in Kansas when the first Governor
-arrived? How far west did settlements reach at that time?</p>
-
-<p>4. When was the first election held? What was its purpose?
-Give an account of it.</p>
-
-<p>5. When was the first census taken and what did it show?</p>
-
-<p>6. What was the purpose of the second election? Give an
-account of it.</p>
-
-<p>7. Why was the “Bogus Legislature” so called? Where did it
-meet? What did it do?</p>
-
-<p>8. Who were some of the proslavery leaders?</p>
-
-<p>9. Why were these “dark days” for the free-state people?</p>
-
-<p>10. Who was the new Territorial Governor? With which side
-did he sympathize?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_78" id="Page_78"></a><span class="pageno">78</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_9" id="Ch_9"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">RIVAL GOVERNMENTS IN KANSAS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Free-state Plan.</strong> The free-state people decided to
-ignore the proslavery government, and since they were
-really made outlaws by the “Bogus Legislature” they
-organized another government and sought the admission
-of Kansas as a state. To accomplish this it was necessary
-to draw up a state constitution, which must be approved
-by the people of the Territory and by Congress.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Free-state Leaders.</strong> A number of meetings were held
-for the purpose of getting the free-state people interested
-and willing to work together.
-The leaders in these efforts
-were Dr. Charles Robinson,
-of Lawrence, ex-Governor
-Reeder, who had come back
-to Kansas as a tireless worker
-in the free-state cause, and
-James H. Lane, a man of
-much experience, who had
-recently come to Kansas. Lane
-became one of the most radical
-of free-state men and played
-an important part in Kansas
-affairs for many years.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_078.jpg"
- width="359"
- alt="Illustration: James H. Lane"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">James H. Lane.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Topeka Constitution, 1855.</strong> In the fall of 1855 a
-convention was held at Topeka, and a state constitution
-which said, “There shall be no slavery in this State,” was
-drawn up. When a little later the Topeka Constitution
-was submitted to a vote of the people it carried by an
-immense majority. Only free-state people voted, of course,
-for the proslavery people did not recognize any of these
- <a name="Page_79" id="Page_79"></a><span class="pageno">79</span>
-acts as having any force. Later in the winter state officers
-were elected under the Constitution, Dr. Charles Robinson
-being made Governor and James H. Lane a United States
-Senator. In the spring of 1856 the Constitution was sent
-to Congress with a request that Kansas be admitted to
-the Union, but the bill making Kansas a state failed to
-pass.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Wakarusa War, 1855.</strong> These were not the only
-events occurring in the Territory. It had become evident
-early in the fall of 1855 that with the people divided into
-these two groups, each governing itself and denying the
-authority of the other, there would be a conflict. The
-proslavery people had committed several outrages that
-added to the irritation of the free-state people, but the
-real trouble came with the murder of a free-state man.
-This brought on what was called the Wakarusa War.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Beginning of the Trouble.</strong> A proslavery man
-named Coleman shot and killed a young free-state man
-named Dow. This occurred about ten miles south of
-Lawrence. Coleman then fled to Westport, Missouri,
-where he appealed for protection to a man named Jones,
-who, although he lived in Missouri and was the postmaster
-at Westport, had been appointed by the “Bogus Legislature”
-as sheriff of Douglas County. Jones was a border
-ruffian of the lowest and most dangerous type, and had
-made himself obnoxious to the free-state people by his
-leadership in the fraudulent elections.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Arrest of Branson.</strong> In the meantime a friend of
-Coleman declared that his life was threatened by Jacob
-Branson, an old man with whom young Dow had made
-his home. Thereupon Sheriff Jones arrested Branson, but
-a party of free-state men, indignant because of such high-handed
-proceedings, rescued him and took him to Lawrence.</p>
-<a name="Page_80" id="Page_80"></a><span class="pageno">80</span>
-
-<p><strong>Proslavery Hatred of Lawrence.</strong> Of all the settlements
-in Kansas, Lawrence was the most hated by the proslavery
-people, for it was the hotbed of free-state principles and
-the gathering place of those who scorned the Territorial
-Legislature. There had come to be a general proslavery
-conviction that nothing less than the destruction of this
-town could bring them peace and safety.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Sheriff Jones Gathers an Army.</strong> Lawrence had nothing
-to do with any of this trouble with the sheriff, but when
-the rescued Branson was taken there it gave the enemy
-an excuse to threaten the destruction of the town. When
-his prisoner was taken from him, Jones sent a call to Missouri
-for help and asked Governor Shannon for three
-thousand men to “carry out the laws.” The result was
-that fifteen hundred Missourians assembled for the destruction
-of Lawrence, and camped on the banks of the
-Wakarusa River about three miles south of the town.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Lawrence Prepares for Defense.</strong> Meanwhile, although
-Branson and his rescuers had left Lawrence and there
-was not a man in the town for whom Jones had a warrant,
-his army continued to gather, and Lawrence prepared for
-defense. The surrounding settlers came in and the six
-hundred men built fortifications and drilled.</p>
-
-<p><strong>End of the Wakarusa War.</strong> The army of Jones, “an
-unwashed, braggart, volcanic multitude,” was living off
-the surrounding country, rifling cabins and stealing horses
-and cattle. The people of Lawrence were feeling the burden
-of the siege also, for with the large number of those
-who had come in from the outside their supplies were being
-rapidly exhausted. Finally two men succeeded in getting
-through the lines of the enemy and reaching the Governor,
-who was being deceived about conditions. Governor
-Shannon then came to Lawrence, and, learning how things
-really were, took an active part in arranging a treaty between
- <a name="Page_81" id="Page_81"></a><span class="pageno">81</span>
-the opposing forces, and, to the disgust and disappointment
-of Sheriff Jones, dispersed the proslavery army.
-Without battle or bloodshed, what has since been known
-as the Wakarusa War was over.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Instead of submitting to the proslavery Territorial
-Government, the free-state people decided to set up
-another government. They held a convention at Topeka
-and drew up a constitution prohibiting slavery. This
-constitution was adopted by the free-state people of the
-Territory, and then sent to Congress with a request that
-Kansas be admitted to the Union. The bill failed to pass.
-These rival governments within the Territory brought on
-the Wakarusa War, the principal events of which were as
-follows: Coleman shot Dow and fled to Jones, sheriff of
-Douglas County, for protection. Jones arrested Dow’s
-friend Branson, who was rescued by free-state men and
-taken to Lawrence, the town most hated by the proslavery
-people. Jones then gathered an army of Missourians for
-the purpose of destroying Lawrence. While both sides
-were preparing for the struggle, two free-state men succeeded
-in reaching Governor Shannon, who came to
-Lawrence, and, on learning the real condition, succeeded
-in arranging a treaty of peace, and dispersed the proslavery
-army.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 88-92.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas.</li>
-<li>Holloway, History of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Tuttle, History of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Gihon, Geary and Kansas.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 101-120.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 291; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 521; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 540; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 457.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. Explain what is meant by “rival governments in Kansas.”</p>
-
-<p>2. What was the purpose of the Topeka Constitution?</p>
- <a name="Page_82" id="Page_82"></a><span class="pageno">82</span>
-
-<p>3. Was Kansas admitted under this Constitution?</p>
-
-<p>4. Who was Charles Robinson? James H. Lane?</p>
-
-<p>5. What event brought on the Wakarusa War? Why was it so
-named?</p>
-
-<p>6. Name five persons connected with this war, and tell something
-of each.</p>
-
-<p>7. What did Lawrence have to do with the trouble?</p>
-
-<p>8. Give the events of the Wakarusa War. How was it ended?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_83" id="Page_83"></a><span class="pageno">83</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_10" id="Ch_10"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Severe Winter of 1855&ndash;’56.</strong> The Wakarusa War
-closed in December, 1855. This second winter proved to
-be an exceedingly severe one, and many of the settlers were
-not sufficiently protected against the sudden and intense
-cold. Most of the houses were hastily constructed, one-room
-log buildings, many of them with dirt floors, and
-windows and doors of cotton cloth. The storms drifted
-into these cabins through numberless chinks and cracks
-in roof and walls. One of the pioneers, writing of that
-winter, says: “At times, when the winds were bleakest,
-we went to bed as the only escape from freezing. More
-than once we awoke in the morning to find six inches of
-snow in the cabin. To get up, to make one’s toilet under
-such circumstances, was not a very comfortable performance.
-Often we had little to eat; the wolf was never far
-from our door during that hard winter of 1855&ndash;’56.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Preparations for Hostilities.</strong> The struggle of the pioneers
-with the hardships of winter closed hostilities for a
-while, but it soon became evident that the Missourians
-were preparing more extensively than ever to invade
-Kansas, destroy Lawrence, and drive the free-state people
-from the Territory, or force them to recognize the proslavery
-Territorial Government. The free-state people
-began to gather stores and ammunition and to send calls
-to the northern states for men and money to meet the
-situation.</p>
-<a name="Page_84" id="Page_84"></a><span class="pageno">84</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_084.jpg"
- width="315"
- alt="Illustration: Territorial Governors"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Territorial Governors.</span></p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller">WILSON SHANNON, ANDREW H. REEDER, JOHN W. GEARY,<br /> JAMES W. DENVER, ROBT. J. WALKER, SAMUEL MEDARY</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Sacking of Lawrence, May 21, 1856.</strong> A number of
-minor conflicts occurred. Sheriff Jones was wounded, a
-young free-state man named Barber was killed, and then
-came the long feared attack upon Lawrence. From the
- <a name="Page_85" id="Page_85"></a><span class="pageno">85</span>
-beginning the policy of the free-state people had been to
-avoid conflict wherever possible. On this occasion they
-made every attempt to conciliate and to pacify the attacking
-force, but in vain. As the proslavery leaders rode
-through the town they were invited to dinner by Mr. Eldridge,
-the proprietor of the new $20,000 hotel built by the
-Emigrant Aid Company. They accepted the invitation,
-and in the afternoon the mob
-completely demolished the
-hotel. They threw the two
-printing presses of the town
-into the river, ransacked stores
-and houses, taking whatever
-they wanted, and before leaving
-town burned Governor
-Robinson’s home. The financial
-loss to Lawrence and the
-surrounding country was heavy.
-Though the people had been
-oppressed and outraged they
-had not been conquered. By
-offering no resistance they had
-robbed the affair of any possible
-justification in the eyes
-of the world.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_085.jpg"
- width="270"
- alt="Illustration: John Brown"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">John Brown.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>John Brown.</strong> There was one who bitterly opposed this
-policy of nonresistance, who believed that the way to meet
-the situation was to fight. This was John Brown, a tall,
-gaunt, grizzled old man who had come to Kansas a few
-weeks before the sacking of Lawrence. Five sons had
-preceded him and had settled near Osawatomie. John
-Brown came, not to aid his sons in their pioneer struggles,
-nor to make a home for himself, but because it seemed to
-him an opportunity to strike a blow at slavery. He hated
- <a name="Page_86" id="Page_86"></a><span class="pageno">86</span>
-slavery with an intensity that knew no bounds, and he
-gave all of his mind and energy to warfare against it.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Pottawatomie Massacre, May 24, 1856.</strong> The
-sacking of Lawrence roused him to a high pitch of excitement.
-He believed that this outrage should be avenged,
-and determined to strike a blow, to return violence for
-violence. With a party of seven or eight men, including
-four of his sons, he made a night trip down Pottawatomie
-Creek where a number of proslavery settlers lived. Five
-of these settlers were called out of their houses and killed.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Beginning of Four Months of Violence.</strong> This kind of
-warfare was not in accordance with the plans or purposes
-of the leaders of the free-state movement, and was not
-approved by them. News of the awful affair spread
-rapidly through the Territory and created wild excitement.
-The Pottawatomie massacre was followed by a period of
-nearly four months of violence on both sides.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Both Sides Arm for War.</strong> A band of border ruffians
-gathered to wreak vengeance on those who had taken the
-lives of the proslavery settlers of Pottawatomie Creek.
-The battle of Black Jack resulted, in which the border
-ruffians were defeated by John Brown and his men. The
-Missouri border hurriedly gathered more forces and
-marched a well-armed body of men into Kansas. The
-free-state men had been busy, too, and on June 5 the
-Missourians were met by a band of armed free-state
-Kansas settlers.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Armies Dispersed by the Governor.</strong> This alarming
-state of affairs aroused Governor Shannon and he at once
-ordered both sides to disperse. The free-state army disbanded,
-but the Missourians obeyed sullenly, and on their
-way back to Missouri they committed a number of depredations,
-and pillaged Osawatomie, which they hated because
-it was the home of John Brown.</p>
-<a name="Page_87" id="Page_87"></a><span class="pageno">87</span>
-
-<p><strong>Free-state Help from Northern States.</strong> The North was
-deeply stirred by the calamities endured by the free-state
-people in Kansas. Although practically all of the free-state
-newspapers here had been closed or destroyed, the
-papers in the northern and eastern states were filled with
-narrations of the hardships, robberies, and murders that
-had befallen antislavery settlers in the Territory. The
-Kansas troubles were discussed from the pulpit, and the
-great preacher, Henry Ward Beecher, advised sending
-rifles to Kansas and pledged his church for a definite
-number. The men thus sent out armed with Bibles and
-rifles were sometimes called “The Rifle Christians.”
-Public meetings were addressed by men fresh from Kansas,
-among them ex-Governor Reeder, S. N. Wood, and James
-H. Lane. Much sympathy was aroused for the suffering
-free-state settlers. Large sums of money were raised,
-and companies of men were organized to take part in the
-Territorial contest. The movement swept over the states
-from Boston to the Northwest.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_12" id="fnanchor_12"></a><a href="#footnote_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></span> “Societies of semi-military
-cast, no less willing to furnish guns than groceries,
-sprang up as if by magic, and overshadowed the earlier,
-more pacific organizations.” As a result of these agitations
-a stream of migration moved toward Kansas during
-the spring and summer of 1856. Every party came prepared
-for defense, and many brought with them a goodly
-stock of provisions. One writer says of the immigrants,
-“There were fewer women and children, less house-luggage,
-fewer agricultural implements; more men, more
-arms, more ammunition.”</p>
-<a name="Page_88" id="Page_88"></a><span class="pageno">88</span>
-
-<p><strong>Missouri River Closed to Free-state Immigration.</strong>
-These activities of the North were viewed with alarm by
-the proslavery leaders. They believed that this inflow of
-free-state settlers must be checked or it would end all hope
-of making Kansas a slave state. One of the most important
-of the measures they adopted for this purpose
-was the closing of the Missouri River to free-state immigration.
-They overhauled the steamboats and seized
-merchandise and arms that were being sent to free-state
-people, and they arrested and turned back all travelers
-whom they believed to be unfriendly to the South. All
-overland immigrants received similar treatment as soon
-as they touched Missouri soil.</p>
-
-<p><strong>New Route to Kansas.</strong> Although this policy occasioned
-the northern people considerable loss and much inconvenience,
-it did not check the movement toward Kansas.
-It simply meant that the immigrants came through Iowa
-and Nebraska, entering Kansas from the north.</p>
-
-<p>The Southerners also appealed to their people and
-money was raised and men were sent to Kansas, but the
-response was not to be compared with that of the North.</p>
-
-<p><strong>A Condition of Lawlessness.</strong> While these things were
-going on, Kansas was becoming more and more lawless.
-It would be hard to say which side surpassed the other in
-misdeeds. A number of free-state leaders, including Dr.
-Robinson, were held at Lecompton during the summer as
-prisoners on a charge of treason. The free-state people
-were irritated by the loss of money, supplies, and mail,
-through the Missouri blockade. Bands of armed proslavery
-men guarded the roads out of Topeka and Lawrence,
-so that these towns were really in a state of siege.
-These guards lived on supplies taken from the surrounding
-settlers, and cut off supplies sent to the towns so that food
-became very scarce, especially at Lawrence, where the
- <a name="Page_89" id="Page_89"></a><span class="pageno">89</span>
-chief article of diet for some time was ground oats. Meanwhile,
-supplies were reaching the proslavery towns, Tecumseh,
-Lecompton, and Franklin, without hindrance.
-It was evident to the free-state people that their enemies
-expected to starve them out of the Territory, and they
-were stirred to retaliate. The free-state guerrillas again
-began their work of seizing the supplies of proslavery
-settlers and merchants. This was kept up until many of
-the proslavery people were completely impoverished.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The “Army of the North.”</strong> About the first of August
-a report that Lane was coming with the “Army of the
-North” spread over the Territory. James H. Lane was
-one of the free-state men who had been in the northern
-states, addressing meetings and raising men and money.
-He was a very eloquent speaker and had influenced many
-to come to Kansas. The “Army of the North” consisted
-of several hundred men, women, and children, most of
-whom had come to make homes for themselves. This
-army was a combination of several parties that had united
-to come into Kansas over the new route through Iowa and
-Nebraska. Lane was with the party, but only a small
-number were armed or had been gathered by him.</p>
-
-<p><strong>A Proslavery Army Gathers.</strong> The proslavery leaders
-began to rally their men along the border. The following
-sentences are taken from one of the calls they published:
-“Lane’s men have arrived! Civil war is begun! And we
-call on all who are not prepared to see their friends butchered,
-to be themselves driven from their homes, to rally
-to the rescue.” A large number of men soon gathered on
-the border, anxiously awaiting permission to move into
-Kansas; but as Governor Shannon had dispersed the
-Missouri army a few weeks earlier, he now refused to issue
-orders for the new army to move into the Territory.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Governor Shannon Resigns.</strong> About this time Governor
- <a name="Page_90" id="Page_90"></a><span class="pageno">90</span>
-Shannon resigned. He had so displeased the proslavery
-people that he was compelled to flee for his life under
-cover of night. Daniel Woodson, Secretary of the Territory,
-now became Acting Governor until the new Governor
-should arrive. As he was in full sympathy with
-proslavery interests he opened the Territory to the Missouri
-invasion. Woodson’s power lasted only three weeks,
-but they were the darkest days that Kansas had experienced.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Burning of Osawatomie.</strong> The proslavery army
-moved into Kansas. The Pottawatomie massacre had
-not been forgotten, and when this army reached Osawatomie,
-“the headquarters of old Brown,” they attacked the
-town. John Brown had only forty-one men, and so
-thoroughly did the enemy do their work this time that
-only four cabins escaped burning.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Arrival of Governor Geary, September, 1856.</strong> At this
-time the new Territorial Governor, John W. Geary, arrived.
-Governor Geary described the situation that he
-found on his arrival in the following words: “I reached
-Kansas and entered upon the discharge of my official
-duties in the most gloomy hour of her history. Desolation
-and ruin reigned on every hand; homes and firesides were
-deserted; the smoke of burning dwellings darkened the
-atmosphere; women and children, driven from their habitations,
-wandered over the prairies and among the woodlands,
-or sought refuge even among the Indian tribes.
-The highways were infested with numerous predatory
-bands, and the towns were fortified and garrisoned by
-armies of conflicting partisans, each excited almost to
-frenzy, and determined upon mutual extermination. Such
-was, without exaggeration, the condition of the Territory
-at the period of my arrival.”</p>
-<a name="Page_91" id="Page_91"></a><span class="pageno">91</span>
-
-<p><strong>Conditions in the Territory.</strong> In the meantime the big
-body of armed Missourians was moving forward and the
-proslavery settlers were gathering in answer to a call that
-closed with these words: “Then let every man who can
-bear arms be off to the war again. Let it be the third and
-last time. Let the watchword be, ‘Extermination, total
-and complete,’” The free-state people were scattered,
-unorganized, and but scantily supplied with arms and provisions,
-and were therefore in no condition to meet such a
-force. Fortunately, the new Governor, whose policy was
-that of fair play, at once ordered all bodies of armed men
-to disband.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Preparations for the Defense of Lawrence.</strong> The Missourians,
-however, continued to move toward Lawrence.
-The Governor then took some United States troops and
-went to Lawrence, which he found in an almost defenseless
-condition. The town was poorly fortified, with few provisions
-and not more than ten rounds of ammunition.
-Even the women and children were armed. There were
-not more than three hundred people, but there seemed
-to be no thought of surrender. They would either repulse
-the enemy or perish in the attempt. The arrival of the
-Governor with United States soldiers brought unexpected
-relief.</p>
-
-<p><strong>End of the Reign of Violence, September, 1856.</strong> On
-the morning of September 15, Governor Geary marched
-out to the Missouri army encamped about three miles
-from Lawrence, held a conference with the leaders, and
-insisted that his orders for disbanding be obeyed. The
-Missourians consented, and the force of twenty-seven
-hundred well-equipped men went home. Thus ended the
-four months’ reign of violence<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_13" id="fnanchor_13"></a><a href="#footnote_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></span> that had begun with the
- <a name="Page_92" id="Page_92"></a><span class="pageno">92</span>
-sacking of Lawrence in May. The threatened attack on
-Lawrence was the last organized effort of the Missourians
-to take Kansas by force. Both sides soon gave up their
-plundering expeditions, travel became safer and property
-more secure. For a time peace settled down over the Territory,
-and Governor Geary, believing that order was
-entirely restored to Kansas, appointed November 20 “as
-a day of general praise and thanksgiving to Almighty
-God.” With the close of the period of violence a little less
-than two and a half years had passed since the organization
-of Kansas as a territory in the spring of 1854.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Hostilities were renewed in the spring of 1856. The
-Missourians prepared for invasion, and the free-state people
-for defense. Several minor conflicts were followed by
-the sacking of Lawrence, to which the free-state people
-offered no resistance. This policy was not approved by
-John Brown. He counseled revenge and the Pottawatomie
-massacre followed. Then began a four months’ “reign of
-terror.” Several conflicts followed, among them the battle
-of Black Jack. An army was hurriedly gathered by each
-side, but Governor Shannon ordered them to disperse.
-The sympathy of the whole North was aroused, and men
-and money poured into Kansas. This led to the closing
-of Missouri to free-state travel, and the newcomers entered
-Kansas through Nebraska. During this time both
-sides were committing many outrages and there was a
-constant condition of lawlessness. The coming of the
-“Army of the North” resulted in the gathering of a large
-army from Missouri called “the 2700.” Governor Shannon
-resigned, and Acting Governor Woodson permitted
-this army to enter Kansas, and it marched toward Lawrence,
-pillaging Osawatomie as it passed. While Lawrence
-was awaiting attack, Geary, the new Governor, arrived
-and ordered the army disbanded. This ended the period
-of violence.</p>
-<a name="Page_93" id="Page_93"></a><span class="pageno">93</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 93-108.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas.</li>
-<li>Robinson, The Kansas Conflict.</li>
-<li>Mrs. Robinson, Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior Life.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, The Life of Charles Robinson.</li>
-<li>Connelley, James Henry Lane, the Grim Chieftain of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Connelley, John Brown.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 120-125.</li>
-<li>Ingalls, Writings, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 76-92, 228-262.</li>
-<li>McCarter, A Wall of Men. (A novel.)</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. When did the Wakarusa War close?</p>
-
-<p>2. Describe the winter of 1855-’56.</p>
-
-<p>3. What conditions came with the spring?</p>
-
-<p>4. Give an account of the sacking of Lawrence.</p>
-
-<p>5. Who was John Brown? Why did he come to Kansas? What
-was the Pottawatomie massacre? What do you know of John
-Brown other than what is given in this book?</p>
-
-<p>6. Give an account of the battle of Black Jack, the gathering
-of armies, and the pillaging of Osawatomie.</p>
-
-<p>7. What free-state assistance was given by the North?</p>
-
-<p>8. What measure did this lead Missouri to take?</p>
-
-<p>9. What was the “Army of the North”?</p>
-
-<p>10. What was “the 2700”? Who permitted this force to enter
-Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>11. Give an account of the second attack on Osawatomie.</p>
-
-<p>12. Name the Territorial Governors up to this time.</p>
-
-<p>13. Who was the new Governor? How did he describe the
-conditions that he found in Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>14. How was Lawrence threatened? What became of the army?</p>
-
-<p>15. When did the period of violence close?</p>
-
-<p>16. What condition followed?</p>
-
-<p>17. How long was this after the organization of the Territory?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_94" id="Page_94"></a><span class="pageno">94</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_11" id="Ch_11"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Beginning of the Political Period, 1857.</strong> The Missourians
-had given up hope of conquering Kansas by force.
-After the close of the period of violence the contest became
-almost entirely a political struggle between the proslavery
-and the free-state settlers, each side trying to win
-Kansas by securing control of its government. The next
-few years were filled with conventions, elections, and
-political schemes.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Governor Geary Leaves the Territory.</strong> The second
-Territorial Legislature met at Lecompton in the opening
-days of 1857. Because of Governor Geary’s efforts to be
-just to both sides, the Legislature did everything possible
-to annoy and harass him. The free-state men rallied to
-his support, but conditions soon became so intolerable
-that one night in March, after having been in office about
-six months, he made a hasty escape from Kansas. Governor
-Geary had found Kansas in a deplorable condition
-and left it not greatly improved, but he had attempted
-to do justice to all. His place was taken by Governor
-Walker, who arrived in May.</p>
-
-<p><strong>A Proslavery Constitution Prepared, 1857.</strong> Up to this
-time the only attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state
-was the effort of the free-state men under the Topeka
-Constitution, but the proslavery people had long been
-planning to draw up a constitution under which they
-might secure the admission of Kansas as a slave state.
-The Territorial Legislature provided for a constitutional
-convention, which met at Lecompton in September, 1857,
-and prepared what was called the Lecompton Constitution.</p>
-<a name="Page_95" id="Page_95"></a><span class="pageno">95</span>
-
-<p><strong>The First Free-state Territorial Legislature.</strong> Two important
-events were to take place in the fall of 1857: the
-election of a new Territorial Legislature, and the vote on
-the Lecompton Constitution. When election day came,
-United States troops were stationed in the different precincts
-to prevent illegal voting and invasions from Missouri.
-Under Governor Walker’s promise of a fair election,
-both parties voted for the first time since the fraudulent
-election in the spring of 1855. The result was a free-state
-victory, and the first time Kansas was to have a free-state
-Legislature. This result was not achieved without many
-protests and threats from the proslavery people, who now
-became afraid to submit their Lecompton Constitution
-to a vote, for it was clear that the free-state people were
-largely in the majority and would defeat it.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Fear to Submit the Lecompton Constitution.</strong> After a
-number of meetings and debates among themselves, the
-proslavery people decided to get around this difficulty by
-not submitting the Constitution at all, but by offering instead
-these two statements to choose between: “The
-Constitution with slavery,” or “The Constitution without
-slavery.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Each Side Holds an Election.</strong> This gave the free-state
-people no chance to vote against the Constitution as a
-whole, and of course their indignation was aroused. The
-election was held in December, 1857. The free-state men
-refused to vote, and after several meetings and a special
-session of their new free-state Legislature the free-state
-people appointed a day in January, 1858, for an election
-to decide for or against the Constitution. This time the
-proslavery party refused to vote. Thus each side held an
-election and carried its point by a big majority.</p>
-
-<p><strong>End of the Lecompton Constitution.</strong> No attention was
-paid to the defeat of the Constitution at the hands of the
- <a name="Page_96" id="Page_96"></a><span class="pageno">96</span>
-free-state people, and it was sent to Congress. After a
-long discussion Congress attached a number of conditions
-to the Constitution and sent it back to Kansas to be voted
-on by all the people. Of the 13,000 votes cast at this
-election, which was held August 2, 1858, more than 11,000
-were against it. This ended the second attempt to get
-Kansas admitted as a state.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Leavenworth Constitution, 1858.</strong> While the Lecompton
-Constitution was pending in Congress, the free-state
-people concluded that it was time for them to try
-their hands at constitution making again. During the
-winter and spring of 1858 they produced the Leavenworth
-Constitution, but it was not favorably received by the
-people of Kansas and was never voted on by either house
-of Congress.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Trouble in Southeastern Kansas.</strong> These events of
-Territorial history occurred within a small area. With
-Lawrence as a center, a circle with a radius of thirty
-miles would include virtually all of them. Another part of
-Kansas, the southeastern, including what is now Miami,
-Linn and Bourbon counties, came into prominence at this
-time and showed that the period of bloodshed was not yet
-past. The southeastern part of the Territory had been settled
-largely by proslavery people, but gradually the Northerners
-began to come in. The proslavery people frequently
-made raids on them, the free-state settlers retaliated, and
-southern Kansas was soon in the midst of a guerrilla warfare.
-The free-state people engaged in this warfare came
-to be known as Jayhawkers.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_14" id="fnanchor_14"></a><a href="#footnote_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></span> Their leader was a man
-named James Montgomery.</p>
-<a name="Page_97" id="Page_97"></a><span class="pageno">97</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Marais des Cygnes Massacre.</strong> These conditions
-continued until in the spring of 1858. While the Lecompton
-and Leavenworth constitutions were being considered
-in the Territory, there occurred in Linn County the Marais
-des Cygnes massacre, the most shocking and bloody event
-of the whole Territorial period. A Southerner named
-Hamelton made up a list of free-state men whom he
-planned to seize and execute. On May 19, almost two years
-to the day after the Pottawatomie massacre by John
-Brown, Hamelton with a gang of Missourians captured
-eleven of the free-state men, marched them to a near-by
-gulch, lined them up and fired a volley. Five men were
-killed, five were wounded, and one remained unharmed.
-This terrible deed created great excitement, and an unsuccessful
-attempt was made to capture Hamelton and
-his men.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_15" id="fnanchor_15"></a><a href="#footnote_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></span></p>
-
-<p><strong>Order Restored.</strong> Steps were taken to bring about a
-more settled condition in southeastern Kansas. Though
-several other outrages took place, none of them was so
-barbarous as the Marais des Cygnes massacre, and order
-was gradually restored.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Proslavery and Free-state Names Dropped.</strong> During
-the trouble over the Lecompton Constitution in the closing
-days of 1857 Governor Walker was compelled to resign,
-and in the autumn of 1858 Governor Denver, who succeeded
-him, voluntarily resigned. Although Denver was
-the fifth Territorial Governor, he was the first one who
-had not been compelled to give up his office. This was
-one of the indications that better days were beginning in
-Kansas. Lawlessness was practically over. The South
-was no longer hopeful of making Kansas a slave state.
-The settlers dropped the terms proslavery and free-state,
- <a name="Page_98" id="Page_98"></a><span class="pageno">98</span>
-and identified themselves with the National political
-parties.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Wyandotte Constitution, 1859.</strong> In the summer of
-the next year, 1859, a fourth constitutional convention
-was held at Wyandotte. There was less hard feeling now
-between the two factions, and the members of this convention
-were from both political parties, Democrat and Republican.
-It was generally conceded by this time that
-Kansas was to be a free state, and the new Constitution
-contained the words, “There shall be no slavery in this
-State; and no involuntary servitude, except for crime,
-whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.” This
-was called the Wyandotte Constitution, and when it was
-submitted to the people in the fall a large majority of the
-votes were cast in favor of it.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas Admitted to the Union, January 29, 1861.</strong> But
-the question was not yet settled, for Congress had to vote
-on the admission of Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution.
-These events took place in the closing days of
-1859, only a little more than a year before the beginning
-of the Civil War. Relations between the North and the
-South had become strained almost to the breaking point.
-The Congressmen from the South had given up hope of
-making Kansas a slave state, but they were certainly not
-anxious to admit it as a free state, and consequently a
-year passed before the Wyandotte Constitution of Kansas
-was acted upon. Finally, in January, 1861, some of the
-southern states seceded from the Union and their representatives
-and senators withdrew from Congress, leaving
-a free-state majority. The bill for the admission of Kansas
-under the Wyandotte Constitution was at once called up
-and passed. The next day it was signed by President
-Buchanan, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas became a
-state.</p>
-<a name="Page_99" id="Page_99"></a><span class="pageno">99</span>
-
-<p><strong>First State Officers.</strong> In December, 1859, shortly after
-the people had voted to adopt the Wyandotte Constitution,
-they held an election to choose state officers to act
-whenever Kansas should be admitted to the Union. For
-Governor they chose Dr. Charles Robinson, who had so
-faithfully served the free-state cause throughout the long
-but successful struggle. The first United States senators
-from Kansas were two other well-known free-state men,
-James H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy. The Wyandotte
-Constitution designated Topeka as the temporary capital.
-An election was held in November, 1861, for the purpose
-of selecting a permanent capital. Topeka received 7996
-votes, Lawrence 5291, and all other places 1184. Thus
-Topeka became the capital of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The first two and a half years of the Territorial period
-were spent in the warfare which was practically closed
-when Governor Geary sent “the 2700” home. The last
-four months of the two and a half years formed the
-“period of violence.” The next three years were given to
-the political struggle which ended with the adoption of the
-Wyandotte Constitution. During the remaining year the
-people went about their work, while this Constitution was
-pending in Congress. In 1857, early in the political period,
-the free-state people succeeded, for the first time, in electing
-the Legislature. The proslavery people prepared the
-Lecompton Constitution, but submitted to the people
-only two statements concerning it. The free-state people
-refused to vote, but held another election, at which the
-proslavery people refused to vote. After the Lecompton
-Constitution was returned from Congress it was voted on
-by both factions and defeated. In the meantime the free-state
-people submitted the Leavenworth Constitution,
-which was defeated. During the last six months of the
-political period the Wyandotte Constitution was prepared,
-adopted, and sent to Congress. This was in 1859. More
- <a name="Page_100" id="Page_100"></a><span class="pageno">100</span>
-than a year passed before Congress acted on the matter;
-then, January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Spring, Kansas.</li>
-<li>Robinson, The Kansas Conflict.</li>
-<li>Mrs. Robinson, Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior Life.</li>
-<li>Holloway, History of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 107-143.</li>
-<li>Muzzey, American History, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 379-412.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 155-179.</li>
-<li>Ingalls, Writings, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 443-465.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 365; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 331, 443; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 169, 216; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 47; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 331.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. How long was Kansas a territory? Into what periods may
-this time be divided?</p>
-
-<p>2. Was Lecompton a proslavery or a free-state town? Of which
-faction was the second Legislature? How did the Legislature treat
-Governor Geary? Who succeeded him?</p>
-
-<p>3. What was the result of the election for a third Territorial
-Legislature?</p>
-
-<p>4. When and by whom was the Lecompton Constitution made?
-Why was it not submitted as a whole? What became of it?</p>
-
-<p>5. Give an account of the Leavenworth Constitution.</p>
-
-<p>6. Within about what area did all these events occur? Show
-this on a map of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>7. Give an account of the troubles in southeastern Kansas.
-Who were the Jayhawkers?</p>
-
-<p>8. Give an account of the Marais des Cygnes massacre.</p>
-
-<p>9. What were the conditions in Kansas by the opening of 1859?</p>
-
-<p>10. What was the last constitution made in Kansas? When and
-by whom was it made?</p>
-
-<p>11. When was Kansas admitted to the Union?</p>
-
-<p>12. Who was the first State Governor?</p>
-
-<p>13. How was the State capital selected?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_101" id="Page_101"></a><span class="pageno">101</span>
-<div class="poem-container">
- <div class="poem">
-  <div class="poemtitle">THE HOMES OF KANSAS</div>
-  <div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">The cabin homes of Kansas!</div>
-    <div class="i2">How modestly they stood,</div>
-    <div class="i0">Along the sunny hillsides,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Or nestled in the wood.</div>
-    <div class="i0">They sheltered men and women,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Brave-hearted pioneers;</div>
-    <div class="i0">Each one became a landmark</div>
-    <div class="i2">Of Freedom’s trial years.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">The sod-built homes of Kansas!</div>
-    <div class="i2">Though built of mother earth,</div>
-    <div class="i0">Within their walls so humble</div>
-    <div class="i2">Are souls of sterling worth.</div>
-    <div class="i0">Though poverty and struggle</div>
-    <div class="i2">May be the builder’s lot,</div>
-    <div class="i0">The sod house is a castle,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Where failure enters not.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">The dugout homes of Kansas!</div>
-    <div class="i2">The lowliest of all,</div>
-    <div class="i0">They hold the homestead title</div>
-    <div class="i2">As firm as marble hall.</div>
-    <div class="i0">Those dwellers in the cavern,</div>
-    <div class="i2">Beneath the storms and snows,</div>
-    <div class="i0">Shall make the desert places</div>
-    <div class="i2">To blossom as the rose.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">The splendid homes of Kansas!</div>
-    <div class="i2">How proudly now they stand</div>
-    <div class="i0">Amid the fields and orchards,</div>
-    <div class="i2">All o’er the smiling land.</div>
-    <div class="i0">They rose up where the cabins</div>
-    <div class="i2">Once marked the virgin soil,</div>
-    <div class="i0">And are the fitting emblems</div>
-    <div class="i2">Of patient years of toil.</div>
-   </div><div class="stanza">
-    <div class="i0">God bless the homes of Kansas!</div>
-    <div class="i2">From poorest to the best;</div>
-    <div class="i0">The cabin of the border,</div>
-    <div class="i2">The sod house of the west;</div>
-    <div class="i0">The dugout, low and lonely,</div>
-    <div class="i2">The mansion, grand and great;</div>
-    <div class="i0">The hands that laid their hearthstones</div>
-    <div class="i2">Have built a mighty State.</div>
-  </div><div class="laststanza">
-   <div class="author">&mdash; <span class="sc">Sol Miller.</span></div>
-  </div><!--end stanza-->
- </div><!--end poem-->
-</div><!--end poem container-->
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
- <a name="Page_102" id="Page_102"></a><span class="pageno">102</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_12" id="Ch_12"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">PIONEER LIFE</h4>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_102.jpg"
- width="451"
- alt="Illustration: A Dugout"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Dugout.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Comforts of Life Receive Little Attention.</strong> The seven
-Territorial years had brought freedom to Kansas, but the
-struggle had left the pioneers little time or strength for
-building better homes, improving their farms, or establishing
-public institutions. The energy that might have
-accomplished these things had been given to fighting and
-to politics. When Kansas became a State, the people had
-almost as few of the comforts of life as when they first
-came to the Territory. A few of them had come with
-little idea of the hardships and privations of frontier life,
-and others had believed that such conditions would last
- <a name="Page_103" id="Page_103"></a><span class="pageno">103</span>
-but a short time. Many of these, of course, grew discouraged
-and returned to their eastern homes. But the
-great body of Kansas pioneers had come with the twofold
-purpose of securing homes and making a free state, and
-were not to be discouraged. They had come to stay.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_103.jpg"
- width="472"
- alt="Illustration: In Pioneer Days"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">In Pioneer Days.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Conditions of Living During the ’50’s.</strong> Frontier life is
-always hard, but it was made many times harder in Kansas
-by the years of strife and warfare. The inconveniences
-and hardships were especially severe outside the towns.
-In these days of railways and good roads, of the telegraph
-and the telephone, it is difficult to realize what life on the
-prairies meant in the ’50’s. Post offices and mail routes
-came slowly, and for many of the settlers a trip for mail
-and provisions meant a journey of two or three days, or
-even longer, with an ox team. Neighbors were often many
-miles apart. Nearly every one’s supply of farming implements
- <a name="Page_104" id="Page_104"></a><span class="pageno">104</span>
-was scanty, and to replace a broken ax might require
-a trip of from twenty-five to fifty miles. In the
-winter these journeys were often accompanied with danger
-and suffering. Streams were without bridges and many
-of the fords were deep and treacherous. Fences were few
-and roads were mere trails over the prairies, so when the
-blizzard swept across the country, piling its drifts of snow
-and obliterating every landmark, the unfortunate traveler
-was in great danger of losing his way. Getting a farm
-under cultivation was slow work at best. Since most of
-the settlers brought but little money with them they had
-to trust to raising a crop, and if sickness or drouth or raids
-made it impossible to raise the crop, want and suffering
-followed.</p>
-
-<p>The privations, the sacrifices, and the loneliness of
-pioneer life fell most heavily on the women. Business and
-necessity brought the men together occasionally, but the
-pioneer woman in the isolation of her prairie home often
-saw no friendly face for months at a time. There was
-much sickness and death, especially among women and
-children, resulting from the combination of poor food,
-uncomfortable houses, homesickness, and excitement arising
-from the many dangers. The cost of transportation
-was so great that only the most necessary articles were
-brought from the East. Most furniture was home-made
-and cooking was done over an open fireplace. Corn bread
-and bacon with occasional game and wild fruits were the
-usual foods. In wet seasons there was much fever and
-ague. Sometimes a whole family would be sick at the
-same time, with no neighbors near enough to help and no
-physician within many miles.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Drouth of 1859-’60.</strong> Each year during the Territorial
-period the crops raised were barely sufficient to
-keep the people through the winter. There was no surplus
- <a name="Page_105" id="Page_105"></a><span class="pageno">105</span>
-at any time, and when the summer of 1859 brought a
-drouth, a famine resulted. Through all the hard struggle
-the people had believed that as soon as the strife and
-political difficulties were over, prosperity would come.
-However, with the dawning of peace in the Territory there
-came the most severe drouth that has ever been known in
-the West. It began in June, 1859, and from that time
-until November, 1860, a period of more than sixteen
-months, not enough rain fell at any one time to wet the
-earth to a depth of more than two inches. Two light
-snows fell during the winter, but neither was heavy enough
-to cover the ground. The ground became so dry that it
-broke open in great cracks, wells and springs went dry,
-and the crops were a total failure.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_105.jpg"
- width="483"
- alt="Illustration: Sod House"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Sod House.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Effect of the Drouth on Kansas Settlers.</strong> There were
-at this time nearly 100,000 people in Kansas, and to fully
- <a name="Page_106" id="Page_106"></a><span class="pageno">106</span>
-60,000 of them the drouth finally meant that they must
-receive help or starve. They had been able to fight border
-ruffians, but they could not fight starvation. After a year
-of the drouth they began to give up and go back East.
-During the fall of 1860 no fewer than 30,000 settlers
-abandoned their claims and the improvements that had
-been made at the expense of so much labor, and left
-Kansas. There were still 30,000 people here for whom
-charity was necessary. All this brought bitter disappointment
-to the people who had come to Kansas with
-high hopes and willing hands.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Aid Sent from the East.</strong> As soon as the true condition
-of affairs was known in the East a movement was begun
-for the relief of the sufferers. Many states responded liberally,
-and immense quantities of provisions and clothes
-were sent here to be distributed. Hundreds of bushels of
-seed wheat were furnished. Besides all of the public help,
-many relatives and friends sent supplies to the pioneers.
-Nevertheless, there were many that winter who barely
-escaped starvation.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Drouth Retards Development of Kansas.</strong> Great as
-was the suffering from disappointment and want, the
-drouth brought another evil; it threw Kansas back in its
-development. Not only had a third of the population
-left the Territory, but the accounts given by those who
-returned tended to discourage others from coming. The
-old stories about the “Great American Desert” were revived.
-Kansas was looked upon as a place of drouth and
-famine, and for several years the number of immigrants
-was much decreased.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Statehood Begins.</strong> All this was taking place while the
-Wyandotte Constitution was being considered. Kansas
-was admitted as a State on January 29, 1861, at the close
-of the terrible drouth. Through the winter and spring of
- <a name="Page_107" id="Page_107"></a><span class="pageno">107</span>
-1861 supplies continued to come in from other states, and
-included seeds for the spring planting. An excellent season
-followed. It might be thought that at last the Kansas
-settlers were to have an opportunity to cultivate their
-farms, build homes, and make their new State a place of
-peace and prosperity. But not so; Kansas was again to
-suffer from the troubles of the Nation. The opening of the
-Civil War was near.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The fighting and political strife of the Territorial period
-left the people little opportunity for building up the
-country. Statehood found frontier life but little improved.
-The early settlers came to secure homes and to make
-Kansas a free state, and were not easily discouraged. The
-drouth of 1859-’60 caused nearly a third of the 100,000
-Kansas settlers to leave the Territory, and another third
-had to be given aid from the East. Immigration to Kansas
-was greatly decreased for a time. A good crop year followed,
-but Kansas had yet to pass through the Civil War
-before it could enjoy peace.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, County Histories.</li>
-<li>Cordley, Pioneering in Kansas.</li>
-<li>Hunt, Kansas History for Children.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 33, 126; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 353.</li>
-<li>Mrs. Robinson, Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior Life.</li>
-<li>Ropes, Six Months in Kansas.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What had been the chief interest of the Kansas people during
-the Territorial period?</p>
-
-<p>2. What were the chief reasons for people coming to Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>3. Discuss the conditions under which the pioneers lived, including
-travel, roads, bridges, fences, money, social life, houses,
-furniture, food, and health.</p>
-<a name="Page_108" id="Page_108"></a><span class="pageno">108</span>
-
-<p>4. Give an account of the drouth of 1859-’60. How long did it
-last?</p>
-
-<p>5. What was the population of Kansas in 1860?</p>
-
-<p>6. What was the effect of the drouth on Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>7. What have you read of pioneer conditions other than in this
-book?</p>
-
-<p>8. What have you learned about early Kansas conditions from
-talking with people?</p>
-
-<p>9. What new burden came with the beginning of statehood?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_109" id="Page_109"></a><span class="pageno">109</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_13" id="Ch_13"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Beginning of the Civil War.</strong> Just before Kansas was
-admitted several of the southern states seceded from the
-Union. The trouble between the North and the South
-had reached the point where it could no longer be compromised.
-Other states seceded, and when, on April 12,
-1861, Fort Sumter was fired upon, the Civil War had
-begun.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Part Taken by Kansas in the Civil War.</strong> A state that
-had just passed through nearly seven years of Territorial
-struggle closing with a famine would hardly be expected
-to take an active part in a great war, but the Kansas people
-had been battling over the slavery question, and, being
-deeply interested in the outcome, were ready to take up
-arms in defense of the principle of freedom. Every call
-for soldiers to defend the Union was liberally responded
-to in Kansas. This State furnished more soldiers in proportion
-to its population than did any other State. During
-the four years of the war Kansas furnished a few more than
-twenty thousand men, nearly four thousand more than
-were asked for, and all of them were volunteers. The
-poverty in the Kansas homes made it especially hard for
-families to be left unprovided for, and as much honor is
-due the women who stayed at home to work as is due the
-men who marched away to fight. The Kansas soldiers
-did duty on many battle-fields, and so conducted themselves
-as to bring much credit to their State. During the
-war Kansas was exposed to three lines of danger; invasions
-by the regular Confederate army, attacks by the unorganized
-border troops, and Indian raids on the frontier.</p>
-<a name="Page_110" id="Page_110"></a><span class="pageno">110</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_110.jpg"
- width="362"
- alt="Illustration: Bust of Lincoln"
- />
- <p class="muchsmaller right">Underwood &amp; Underwood, N. Y.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote smaller">“‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe this
-government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free.
-I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the house
-to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided.”</p>
-
-<p class="p0 smaller quotesig">&mdash;&#8203;<cite>Abraham Lincoln.</cite></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
- <a name="Page_111" id="Page_111"></a><span class="pageno">111</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Quantrill Raid, August 21, 1863.</strong> For Kansas people
-the Civil War meant a continuation of the border
-troubles. Gangs of ruffians plundered and destroyed
-property, and frequently committed worse crimes. These
-acts reached a climax in the destruction of Lawrence on
-August 21, 1863. The raid on Lawrence was led by Quantrill,
-a border ruffian who had taken an active part in the
-guerrilla warfare, and who with his men had sacked several
-smaller towns along the border. With about four hundred
-and fifty mounted men Quantrill crossed the border in the
-late afternoon of August 20, and proceeded toward Lawrence.
-Just before sunrise the raiders reached a hill only
-a mile from the town. It is strange that they could have
-made the ride of forty miles through Kansas settlements
-without a word of warning reaching Lawrence, but such
-was the case. When Quantrill and his men halted within
-pistol shot of the houses of Lawrence to plan their attack,
-the people suspected no danger. There was no armed
-organization within the city, and all firearms were locked
-in the arsenal.</p>
-
-<p>The attack began with a wild charge on the town.
-Horsemen rode through the streets at top speed, shooting
-in every direction. Then they divided into small gangs
-and scattered over the town under orders to “burn every
-house and kill every man.” The horror of what followed
-has seldom been equaled in the warfare of civilized people.
-When the people of Lawrence realized that their town
-was in the possession of Quantrill’s band they expected
-that it would be burned and a few prominent citizens
-killed, but wholesale murder was not looked for, and many
-who might have escaped remained and were killed. For
-four hours the ruffians robbed buildings, shot the occupants,
-and applied the torch. Every house was a scene of
-brutality or of remarkable escape. When the work of
- <a name="Page_112" id="Page_112"></a><span class="pageno">112</span>
-butchery and destruction was finished, Quantrill and his
-men retreated toward Missouri, mounted on stolen horses
-and heavily laden with plunder. They kept up their work
-of destruction by burning farmhouses as they passed. A
-few troops followed them, but the raiders escaped across
-the border.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Loss from the Raid.</strong> The number of lives lost can never
-be known with certainty, but it was about one hundred
-and fifty. Many were seriously wounded. The loss of
-property was variously estimated from one to two million
-dollars. The work of rebuilding the town was immediately
-begun, and with all their poverty the people of the State
-gave generously to the stricken citizens of Lawrence.</p>
-
-<p><strong>General Price Threatens Kansas.</strong> Kansas was too far
-away from the center of conflict of the Civil War to become
-the scene of great battles, but it was from time to
-time threatened with invasion by the regular Confederate
-army. During the last year of the war, General Price,
-with a large Confederate force, marched northward
-through Arkansas into Missouri. When it was reported
-that he was moving westward, Kansas issued a call for
-more soldiers. The response was immediate. More than
-16,000 men appeared for service. A force of Kansas
-troops marched into Missouri and met Price’s army in
-battle at Lexington. As the armies moved westward
-other battles were fought at the Little Blue and at the
-Big Blue, and again at Kansas City and Westport, after
-which Price was forced to retreat southward. He was
-followed by the Union army. He crossed into Kansas
-in Linn County, and skirmishes took place at Trading
-Post Ford, at the Mounds, and at Mine Creek. Price
-was then forced into Missouri again, where he was soon
-defeated.</p>
-<a name="Page_113" id="Page_113"></a><span class="pageno">113</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_113.jpg"
- width="482"
- alt="Illustration: Counties of Kansas"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Counties of Kansas at the Close of the Civil War.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>End of the Civil War, 1865.</strong> In April, 1865, the great
-war came to a close, after lasting almost exactly four years.
-The questions of slavery and disunion were finally settled.
-The whole nation was thankful to lay down its arms and
-go back home, “to drop the sword and grasp the plow,”
-but this was especially true of Kansas, where the people
-had been doing battle over the slavery question for eleven
-years. The Territorial period and the Civil War period
-made one continuous conflict. With the heavy drain on
-resources and population, it was not to be expected that
-Kansas would make much growth or progress during the
-Civil War. Development could little more than equal
-waste and loss. The population of Kansas numbered
-about 100,000 at the beginning of the war, and about
-136,000 at the close. There had been little improvement
-in the manner of living during the four years.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The Civil War began within three months after Kansas
-became a state. Although Kansas had had no opportunity
-to recover from the Territorial struggle, it took an active
- <a name="Page_114" id="Page_114"></a><span class="pageno">114</span>
-part in the war. General Price threatened to invade Kansas
-with a large Confederate force, but did not succeed.
-The Indians committed depredations on the western
-frontier. The worst feature of the war was the border
-trouble, of which the Quantrill raid was the climax. During
-the four years of the Civil War Kansas did not make a
-large gain in population or in progress.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 179-215.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Life of Robinson.</li>
-<li>Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties.</li>
-<li>Cordley, History of Lawrence.</li>
-<li>Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 271, 352; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 430, 455; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 217; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Five">V</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 116; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">VI</span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 305, 317.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 143-168.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Thirteen">XIII</abbr></span>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. When did the Civil War begin? How long was this after
-Kansas had become a state?</p>
-
-<p>2. What part did Kansas take in the war? Explain.</p>
-
-<p>3. What were the three classes of danger to which Kansas was
-exposed? Discuss each.</p>
-
-<p>4. To which of these does the Price campaign belong?</p>
-
-<p>5. Who was General Price? Give an account of his threatened
-invasion of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>6. Who was Quantrill? Give an account of his raid on Lawrence.</p>
-
-<p>7. How long did the Civil War last?</p>
-
-<p>8. How long had it been since Kansas was opened for settlement?
-What progress had been made?</p>
-
-<p>9. What was the population of Kansas in 1865?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_115" id="Page_115"></a><span class="pageno">115</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_14" id="Ch_14"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Fourteen">XIV</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Beginning of this Period.</strong> Nearly three score years
-have passed since the close of the Civil War; a
-period of work, growth, and progress. The earlier years
-in Kansas were but a time of preparation, and with the
-end of the war the people were at last free to turn their
-attention to farming or to other occupations. Hundreds
-of new settlers poured into the State each year. Little
-pioneer homes dotted the eastern part of the State more
-and more thickly and the line of settlement moved rapidly
-westward.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Indian Troubles on the Frontier.</strong> As the white-topped
-wagons of the immigrants became more numerous the
-Indian and the buffalo were pushed farther on. But the
-red man did not give up his hunting ground without a
-struggle. The encroachments of the settlers had long been
-resented. Even before the close of the Civil War, while
-the soldiers were needed elsewhere, the Indians had begun
-their depredations on the frontier. In 1865 and 1866
-settlements were attacked in Republic and Cloud counties,
-stock was driven away, much property was destroyed, and
-a number of people were killed. The few settlers on their
-scattered claims were poorly armed, and, with no soldiers
-near to protect them, they were in constant fear of wandering
-tribes of hostile Indians.</p>
-<a name="Page_116" id="Page_116"></a><span class="pageno">116</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_116.jpg"
- width="400"
- alt="Illustration: Great Seal"
- />
- <p class="blockquote smaller">It has long been customary for each nation to have a great seal.
-The United States has one, as has also each of the states. A seal
-is used to make an impression on a document as a sign of its
-genuineness. The design for the Great Seal of Kansas was adopted
-by the first State Legislature. The thirty-four stars represent
-the thirty-four states comprising the Union at that time. The
-scene is supposed to typify the settlement and growth of the
-State. The motto “_Ad astra per aspera_,” meaning “To the stars
-through difficulties,” is peculiarly descriptive of the state’s
-history.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Open War with the Indians.</strong> The next year United
-States troops were sent to protect the frontier. They
-drove the Indians back and destroyed one of their villages.
-This only made the red men eager for revenge, and they
-began an open war on all settlers, immigrant trains,
-traders, and travelers. Robberies and murders were committed
- <a name="Page_117" id="Page_117"></a><span class="pageno">117</span>
-along the whole frontier, particularly in the Republican,
-Solomon, and Smoky Hill valleys, and in Marion,
-Butler and Greenwood counties. Travel over the Santa
-Fe and other westward trails almost ceased and the line
-of settlement was pushed eastward many miles. Many
-tribes engaged in these attacks. They dashed into the
-State from north or south or west, committed their cruelties,
-and were gone.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Broken Treaty.</strong> At one time the Government
-made a treaty with several tribes by which they were
-removed to a reservation in the Indian Territory, but
-were to have the privilege of hunting in Kansas as far
-north as the Arkansas River, and were also to be provided
-with arms. They kept their promise of peace only until
-they could get ready for another attack, and while part
-of them were being supplied with arms at one of the forts
-the rest were engaged in a most heartless and bloody raid
-on the northwestern settlements.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Indians Subdued.</strong> This led Governor Crawford
-to organize several companies of Kansas volunteers and
-to ask for more United States soldiers. Later a regiment
-of Kansas volunteer cavalry was called for, and on November
-4, 1868, Governor Crawford resigned his office to
-take command of this, the Nineteenth Regiment. After
-considerable fighting the Indians were finally subdued,
-and by 1870 the trouble was practically ended. There
-were a few outbreaks from time to time, but none of them
-was very serious. During this contest, which had lasted
-from 1864 to 1869, the lives of more than a thousand
-Kansas settlers had been lost, a great deal of property had
-been destroyed, and the westward movement of settlement
-had been greatly retarded.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_118.jpg"
- width="457"
- alt="Prairie Stream"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Prairie Stream, Common in the Western Part of the State.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Homestead Law, 1862.</strong> Shortly after the admission
-of Kansas to the Union, Congress passed a measure that
- <a name="Page_118" id="Page_118"></a><span class="pageno">118</span>
-had a wonderful effect on the growth of the State. This
-measure was the Homestead Law, passed in 1862. This
-law provides that any person who is the head of a family,
-or who is twenty-one years of age, and who is a citizen of
-the United States or has declared his intention to become
-such, may acquire a tract of one hundred and sixty acres
-of public land on condition of settlement, cultivation, and
-occupancy as a home for a period of five years, and on
-payment of certain moderate fees. It also provides that
-the time that any settler has served in the army or navy
-may be deducted from the five years. Previous to 1862
-settlers bought their claims of the Government. The
-liberal provisions of the Homestead Law attracted thousands
-of settlers to Kansas. Many of the newcomers were
- <a name="Page_119" id="Page_119"></a><span class="pageno">119</span>
-young men who had been in the army.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_16" id="fnanchor_16"></a><a href="#footnote_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></span> Many of them
-were foreigners newly arrived in America, while thousands
-of others came from the eastern or central states. Nearly
-all of them were poor. Many had scarcely enough to provide
-for themselves until the harvesting of their first crop.
-But they were full of hope and ambition, and were willing
-to undertake the toil and privations of pioneer life for the
-chance to make real their dreams of a home on the Kansas
-prairies.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_119.jpg"
- width="462"
- alt="Illustration: Timbered Stream"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Timbered Stream, Common in the Eastern and Central Parts of the State.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Many Drouths in the Early Years.</strong> The task of turning
-the bare plains into fertile fields was a heavy one, and the
-brave people who began it endured many hardships and
-met many discouragements and disappointments. Severe
- <a name="Page_121" id="Page_121"></a><span class="pageno">121</span>
-drouths were of frequent occurrence in the early days, and
-hot winds often swept across the country. The year 1869
-was dry, with a partial failure of crops, and in 1874 came
-a long dry spell, followed in the late summer by a scourge
-of grasshoppers.</p>
-<a name="Page_120" id="Page_120"></a><span class="pageno">120</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_120.jpg"
- width="324"
- alt="Illustration: Governors, 1861-1877"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">State Governors.</span> 1861-1877.</p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller">THOMAS CARNEY, CHARLES ROBINSON, SAMUEL J. CRAWFORD,<br />
-JAMES M. HARVEY, NEHEMIAH GREEN, THOMAS A. OSBORN</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Grasshopper Invasion, 1874.</strong> At different times
-there had been invasions of grasshoppers in the country
-west of the Mississippi River, but none of them was so
-disastrous as the one of 1874. The grasshoppers, which
-were a kind of locust, came into the State from the northwest
-and moved toward the southeast. The air was filled
-with them. They covered the fields and trees and destroyed
-everything green as they went. They left ruin
-and desolation in their pathway. In the western counties,
-where the settlements were new and the people had no
-crops laid by to depend upon, the result was much like
-that of the terrible years of 1859 and 1860. By the time
-of the invasion there were more people, more provisions,
-and more money, and the State was able to do much
-to help the thousands of its citizens who were left destitute.
-It became necessary, however, to accept aid from
-the East again, and thousands of dollars and many carloads
-of supplies were distributed to the needy. Never
-since has Kansas had to ask for help. In more recent
-years our State has given generously to sufferers in other
-states and in other lands.</p>
-
-<p>This visit of the grasshoppers was prolonged into the
-next year, for they had deposited their eggs in the ground
-and the next spring large numbers of young grasshoppers
-hatched. These destroyed the early crops, but for some
-unaccountable reason they soon rose into the air and flew
-back toward the northwest whence the swarms of the
-year before had come. There was still time for late planting,
-and the crops of 1875 were abundant.</p>
-<a name="Page_122" id="Page_122"></a><span class="pageno">122</span>
-
-<p><strong>Prosperous Years Follow the Grasshopper Invasion.</strong>
-The coming of the grasshoppers had temporarily discouraged
-immigration, but prosperous years followed and
-people were again attracted to Kansas. More of the
-prairie was turned into farms; new towns sprang up; the
-country came to be more thickly settled; railroads, schools,
-and churches were built; new counties were organized;
-and the old stories of “The Great American Desert” were
-gradually forgotten. Kansas was taking her place among
-the states.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Life of the Early Settlers.</strong> In order that this great
-result might be accomplished, that the Kansas of to-day
-might be, a generation of men and women had to conquer
-these vast prairies that were swept by blizzards, parched
-by drouths, scorched by hot winds, and scourged by grasshoppers.
-A few of the pioneers gave up and returned to
-their old homes, but most of them were of the sturdy type
-and remained, always believing that the day of better
-things was to come. Though they had little money and
-few of the comforts and conveniences of life, and though
-they were often filled with homesickness for the friends
-and scenes they had left behind, they stayed and worked
-and hoped. Volumes could be filled with stories of the
-hardships and sorrows of those brave people; stories of
-mothers who died from overwork or exposure or lack of
-care, of children who sickened from want of proper food,
-of homes swept away by prairie fires, and of homesteads
-mortgaged and lost.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Pleasures of Pioneer Life.</strong> But this is only one
-side. Pioneer life was not all dark. Most of the people
-were strong and healthy, and the out-door life with plenty
-of exercise and simple food kept them so. Although there
-was privation and hard work there was also much pleasure.
-Ask any old settler whether the people had good times in
- <a name="Page_123" id="Page_123"></a><span class="pageno">123</span>
-those days, and you will hear tales of spelling schools and
-of singing schools, of literary societies at which debating
-was an important feature, and of the country dance with
-its old-time music on the fiddle. These affairs were attended
-by young and old from miles around; a trip of from
-ten to fifteen or even twenty miles was not unusual. Buggies
-were scarce, and most of the settlers went on horseback,
-or in farm wagons that did not always have spring seats.</p>
-
-<p>Quilting and husking bees, house-warmings, and camp
-meetings were other events of the early days. Since there
-were no telephones and since it was often days from one
-mail to another, pioneer families counted it a pleasure to
-“visit around” and exchange the news. Those were the
-days of real hospitality; the “latch-string hung out at
-every door,” and all were welcome to enter. No house
-was too small nor no food supply too scanty for the entertainment
-of friends or wayfarers. Those were the days,
-too, when the children often waited for “second table” or
-stood up to eat because there were not enough chairs for
-all; when the boys wore high-topped boots, the girls wore
-sunbonnets, and a calico dress was good enough for almost
-any occasion.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Buffalo Hunting.</strong> In the earlier years the buffalo hunt
-was one of the pleasures of the pioneers. In the fall parties
-of men with their teams and hunting outfits would set out
-for the buffalo range to secure a supply of meat for the
-winter. They were usually successful in finding not only
-buffaloes, but antelopes, wild turkeys, and occasionally elk
-or deer.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Extermination of the Buffalo.</strong> Remarkable stories are
-told of the great numbers of buffaloes still roaming our
-western prairies fifty years ago; stories of herds miles in
-width moving across the country. With the inrushing
-tide of immigration the buffaloes rapidly disappeared.
- <a name="Page_124" id="Page_124"></a><span class="pageno">124</span>
-Within little more than a dozen years after the close of
-the Civil War there were practically none left. This was
-not because they were used as food, but because they were
-killed for their hides. Large numbers were slaughtered
-and skinned and the bodies left on the plains. The hides
-were shipped east by carloads, where they were sold to
-make robes.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_124.jpg"
- width="467"
- alt="Illustration: Buffalo Hides"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Pile of Buffalo Hides Ready for Shipment.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Selling Buffalo Bones.</strong> In a few years the prairies were
-thickly strewn with bleaching bones, and these, too, were
-gathered up and shipped east, where they were ground
-into fertilizer to be used on worn-out farms. These bones
-brought from six to ten dollars a ton, and money earned
-in this way served to tide many a homesteader through the
-winter. It has often been regretted that the Government
-did not take measures to restrict the killing of the buffalo,
-but the danger of extermination was not realized until
-too late.</p>
-<a name="Page_125" id="Page_125"></a><span class="pageno">125</span>
-
-<p><strong>The Trappers.</strong> A great deal of trapping was done, especially
-by the younger men. Often several of them would
-make up a party, and with guns, traps, and a winter’s supply
-of provisions start for a favorite trapping ground,
-where they would
-make a camp
-along some
-stream. Sometimes
-the camp
-was a tent, but
-more often it was
-a dugout in the
-bank with the
-front part made
-of logs. Along the streams they caught chiefly the beaver,
-the otter, the raccoon, and the wildcat, and on the prairies
-the big gray wolf and the coyote. The busy days
-were filled with the work of visiting the traps, caring for
-the pelts, chasing wild game, and keeping an alert watch
-for Indians. When spring came and they turned homeward
-to take up the work on the farms they often carried
-with them several hundred dollars’ worth of furs.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_125.jpg"
- width="434"
- alt="Illustration: Coyote"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Coyote.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Exodus, 1878-1880.</strong> The population of Kansas was
-gradually built up from many sources, but until 1878 there
-were not many negroes in the State. In that year there
-began in some of the southern states a movement among
-the colored people to migrate to western and northern
-states. So many thousands of them left the Southland
-that the movement came to be called “The Exodus.” It
-is not strange that the State famed for its fight for freedom
-should attract many of the ex-slaves, or the “Exodusters,”
-as they were called. During the years 1878-’80 several
-thousands of negroes arrived in Kansas. A few had teams
-and some farm implements, some had a scanty supply of
- <a name="Page_127" id="Page_127"></a><span class="pageno">127</span>
-household goods, but many had nothing at all and had to
-be given aid. A very few of them homesteaded land,
-others found employment as farm hands, and the rest
-settled in different towns of the State.</p>
-<a name="Page_126" id="Page_126"></a><span class="pageno">126</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_126.jpg"
- width="438"
- alt="Illustration: Governors 1877-1893"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">State Governors</span>, 1877-1893.</p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller">JOHN P. ST. JOHN, GEORGE T. ANTHONY, GEORGE W. GLICK<br />LYMAN U. HUMPHREY, JOHN A. MARTIN, LORENZO D. LLEWELLING</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Kansas Boom in the ’80’s.</strong> The ten years following
-the grasshopper invasion of 1874 were all good years. The
-rains fell and crops flourished. It was a period of remarkable
-growth and prosperity. During these years the railroads
-were making special efforts to bring settlers into the
-State, and Kansas was widely advertised. Reports of
-the opportunities here stimulated immigration, and settlements
-overspread the western prairies. Great confidence
-was felt in the future of the State, and people in the East
-eagerly invested in western land and property. Money
-was easy to borrow, and the Kansas people borrowed
-liberally and began speculating in real estate. Kansas
-was soon “on the boom.” Property was bought, not to
-use, but to sell again at a higher price. Cities and towns
-laid out additions which were divided into lots and sold
-for large sums. Expensive improvements were made, and
-public and business buildings were constructed that were
-far larger and more costly than the needs of the time demanded.
-Railway and street-car lines were built where
-there was not business enough to support them. Hundreds
-of new towns were mapped out and the lots sold. Many of
-these towns never existed except on paper, and most of the
-others were later turned into pastures or cornfields.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Collapse of the Boom, 1887.</strong> Since the new settlers
-were not familiar with soil and climate conditions in Kansas
-many of them selected land that was not adapted to
-agriculture, therefore much of the farming was not profitable.
-In 1887 came one of the most severe drouths that
-was ever known in the country. The people lost confidence
-in Kansas and the boom collapsed. Eastern people wanted
- <a name="Page_128" id="Page_128"></a><span class="pageno">128</span>
-their money back, but there was nothing with which to
-pay them. Money could not be borrowed and mortgages
-were foreclosed. People who had bought property at high
-prices, expecting to sell at a profit, found themselves unable
-to sell at any price. Many who had counted themselves
-wealthy found their property almost valueless.
-Banks and business houses failed and hundreds of people
-were ruined. Thousands left Kansas, some of the western
-counties being almost abandoned. The year 1887 was
-followed, however, by several good crop seasons. A great
-deal of attention was given to the study of farm conditions,
-and Kansas began to make progress again.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Opening of Oklahoma.</strong> In 1889 Kansas lost about
-50,000 of her population. This came about through the
-opening of Oklahoma to settlement. The President issued
-a proclamation setting high noon of April 22 as the time
-at which the settlers could enter the new country to take
-claims. The opening of Oklahoma had been anxiously
-awaited for years, and, as the appointed time drew near,
-people from all parts of the United States began to assemble
-along the southern line of Kansas. Arkansas City
-was the chief gathering place, for it was at this point that
-the one line of railroad entered Oklahoma. When, at noon,
-April 22, the cavalrymen who patroled the borders fired
-their carbines as a signal that the settlers could move across
-the line, a great shout went up, and the race for claims
-began. Hundreds crowded the trains, thousands rode on
-fleet horses, many rode in buggies and buckboards, others
-in heavy farm wagons, and some even made the race on
-foot. In the morning Oklahoma was an uninhabited
-prairie, at midday it was a surging mass of earnest, excited
-humanity, in the evening it was a land of many people.
-Within a few days the breaking plow was turning the sod
-on many homesteads, while merchants, bankers, and professional
- <a name="Page_129" id="Page_129"></a><span class="pageno">129</span>
-men were carrying on their business in tents or
-in rough board shanties. The rush of settlement to Kansas
-was remarkable, but the settlement of Oklahoma is
-the climax in the story of American pioneering. Although
-Kansas furnished such a large number of the Oklahoma
-settlers, immigration to our State from the East soon made
-up the loss.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Panic of 1893.</strong> In 1893 a financial panic extended
-over the whole country, accompanied in Kansas by a
-partial failure of crops. Those were dark days in Kansas,
-for many of the people were still burdened with heavy
-mortgages. But this period should be remembered as
-our last “hard times.” Within two or three years conditions
-had greatly improved. The twenty-five years following
-that time brought almost uninterrupted prosperity.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas in the Spanish-American War.</strong> In 1898 the
-long period of peace that the country had enjoyed since
-the Civil War was broken by the Spanish-American War.
-The call for soldiers was eagerly responded to in Kansas,
-and four regiments were raised. Our State had furnished
-seventeen regiments during the Civil War and two for
-fighting the Indians, therefore the four for the Spanish-American
-War were numbered the Twentieth, the Twenty-first,
-the Twenty-second, and the Twenty-third. The
-Twenty-third was composed of colored soldiers. The only
-one of these regiments called upon to do any fighting was
-the Twentieth, which was ordered to the Philippines.
-There, under a Kansan, Colonel Fred Funston, the men
-of this regiment took part in the campaigns that followed,
-and by their bravery and efficiency brought much credit
-to themselves and to their State. The Twenty-third was
-sent to Cuba. The other regiments were trained and kept
-in readiness, but the early end of the war prevented their
-active service.</p>
-<a name="Page_130" id="Page_130"></a><span class="pageno">130</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_130.jpg"
- width="480"
- alt="Illustration: State Capitol"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">State Capitol, Topeka.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
- <a name="Page_131" id="Page_131"></a><span class="pageno">131</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_131.jpg"
- width="489"
- alt="Illustration: Senate Chamber"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Senate Chamber in the State Capitol.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The State Capitol.</strong> The year 1903 is an interesting one,
-for it marked the completion of our State Capitol. Shortly
-after the admission of Kansas to the Union the people
-selected Topeka as the seat of government. As soon as
-the Civil War was over and they had time to think about
-public improvements they began to lay plans for building
-a capitol. Every state has a capitol, or state house as it
-is often called, in which there are offices for the Governor
-and other state officers as well as large rooms for the meetings
-of the Legislature. It is for the state what a courthouse
-is for a county. It should, of course, be a fine
-building, of which the people can be proud. But back
-in the ’60’s Kansas people were few in number and had
-little money. They could not afford to build a capitol
- <a name="Page_133" id="Page_133"></a><span class="pageno">133</span>
-that would be large and handsome enough for the future,
-nor did they wish to construct a small, cheap building
-that would have to be set aside later. Instead they
-planned a fine structure to be built a little at a time as
-they could afford it.</p>
- <a name="Page_132" id="Page_132"></a><span class="pageno">132</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_132.jpg"
- width="488"
- alt="Illustration: Cattle Ranch"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Kansas Cattle Ranch.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of what
-is now the east wing of our state house. As the State grew
-in wealth and population, more money was appropriated
-from time to time for the construction of other wings,
-the great central portion, and lastly the high dome that
-reaches nearly three hundred feet into the air. The building
-was completed in 1903, having been thirty-seven years
-in the making. It grew as the State grew, costing altogether
-between three and four millions of dollars. It is
-fitting that the great State of Kansas should now have
-one of the finest capitols in the United States.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Floods.</strong> The people of Kansas had withstood a
-number of drouths, but beginning in 1903 they were, for
-the first time, visited by a series of floods. The first one
-was probably the most destructive. Most of the water
-came down the Kansas River from the tributaries draining
-central and western Kansas, where there had been heavy
-rainfall. Farms and towns along these streams were
-flooded, property was swept away, and a number of lives
-were lost. Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City, where
-portions of the cities were inundated for days, suffered
-heavy losses. The following year nearly every stream in
-the State poured a flood of water down its valley, and
-many people had to flee to the hills for safety. In 1908,
-for the third time in five years, Kansas was again visited
-by high water. The loss occasioned by these floods
-amounted to many millions of dollars, but help poured
-in to the sufferers from many sources and they straightway
-began the work of repairing and rebuilding. In a short
-time all traces of the calamity had disappeared.</p>
- <a name="Page_134" id="Page_134"></a><span class="pageno">134</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_134.jpg"
- width="322"
- alt="Illustration: Governors, 1893-1914"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">State Governors</span>, 1893-1914.</p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller">JOHN W. LEEDY, EDMUND N. MORRILL, WILLIAM E. STANLEY,<br />
-WILLIS J. BAILEY,<br />
-EDWARD W. HOCH, GEORGE H. HODGES, WALTER R. STUBBS</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
- <a name="Page_135" id="Page_135"></a><span class="pageno">135</span>
-<p>Stories of floods in Kansas have been handed down
-from far-off Indian days, but the earliest flood of which
-there is any account was in 1844. The Indians told the
-white men about it and advised against building close to
-the rivers, but no attention was paid to the warning. Since
-the recent floods, however, a number of people have moved
-back from the streams. A few of the cities, including
-Topeka, Lawrence, and Kansas City, have built dikes,
-bridges have been lengthened to give streams more room,
-and several railroad grades have been raised above the
-danger line.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas To-day.</strong> While the floods caused much loss
-and suffering, the State’s resources had become so great
-that the condition of general prosperity was not seriously
-affected. Each year has added to the prosperity and
-progress of the State until now Kansas is one of the great
-states of the Union. We have only to look about us to
-see how marvelously conditions have changed since pioneer
-days. Great fields and orchards are spread over what was
-once the Indians’ hunting ground, and cattle have taken
-the place of the roving herds of buffaloes. Tractor plows
-now turn the soil where once there was only buffalo grass,
-thriving towns and cities stand where once the tepee stood
-and shining rails of steel mark the paths of Indian ponies
-and emigrant trains.</p>
-
-<p>All these things have been done within a single generation.
-Thousands of the men and women who came into
-Kansas in their wagons and drove across the unfenced
-plains are still among us, but now when they journey over
-the same country they go in swiftly moving trains or automobiles.
-Where once they saw only the prairie and a few
-settlers’ cabins they now see roads and bridges, farms and
- <a name="Page_136" id="Page_136"></a><span class="pageno">136</span>
-ranches, stores, banks, mills, mines, and factories. They
-see what they have helped to build, a great state, and they
-may well be proud of it. By their unconquerable faith
-and courage and their unremitting toil they have made
-Kansas what it is to-day.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Government of Kansas.</strong> As the pioneers look at their
-State they may feel a pride not only in the acres that
-have been brought under cultivation and the wealth that
-has been produced, but also in a government that is one of
-the most advanced in the Union. Many measures have
-been passed to promote the welfare of the people. Among
-the important ones are: the child-labor law, the truancy
-law, the anti-cigarette law, the law providing for juvenile
-courts, laws pertaining to public health, the fire-escape
-law, the “blue sky” law, the primary-election law, and
-the law governing public utilities. These are only a few,
-but among the hundreds of measures that have been
-passed, affecting the character of our government, none
-stand out more prominently than the two amendments
-to our Constitution providing for prohibition and for
-woman suffrage.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Prohibition in Kansas.</strong> Temperance was a live topic
-in Kansas from the beginning; even in Territorial days laws
-were passed that tended to regulate, in some degree, the
-liquor traffic. During the first eighteen years of statehood
-there was a constant increase in sentiment favorable to
-prohibition, and, in 1880, during the administration of
-Governor John P. <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John, the people voted to adopt the
-following amendment to the Constitution: “The manufacture
-and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be forever
-prohibited in this State, except for medical, scientific, and
-mechanical purposes.” The law has been strengthened
-from time to time, and more attention has been given to its
-enforcement, until to-day Kansas is one of the strictest
- <a name="Page_137" id="Page_137"></a><span class="pageno">137</span>
-prohibition states, and the popular sentiment against the
-use of liquor is stronger here, perhaps, than anywhere else
-in the United States. For many years Kansas stood
-almost alone as a prohibition state, but in recent years
-the number of prohibition states has increased rapidly, and
-in 1918 a prohibition amendment to the National Constitution
-was offered by Congress, and in 1919 it had been
-ratified by the necessary two-thirds of the states. Kansas
-was among the number. It is a matter of pride in Kansas
-that ours was a pioneer state in this great movement.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Woman Suffrage.</strong> Kansas has been one of the most
-liberal of the states in its laws concerning the rights of
-women, but it is only in recent years that Kansas women
-have had full political rights. In 1861 women were given
-the right to vote in district school elections, and in 1887
-in city elections. The question of complete woman suffrage
-was voted upon and defeated in 1867, and again in
-1894, but in 1912 it carried by a large majority. Only six
-states, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Washington, and
-California, preceded Kansas in granting to women the
-right of suffrage. A number of other states have followed
-Kansas, and now (1919) Congress has offered to the states
-for ratification a woman suffrage amendment to the National
-Constitution.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas in the World War.</strong> The period from the opening
-of the twentieth century to the beginning of the World
-War was, on the whole, one of peace and prosperity in
-Kansas. No great destructive force, such as famine or
-panic, left the people struggling for existence, nor did anything
-occur to stir their deeper emotions. Their chief interests
-were in building up their homes and their businesses
-and in developing their State. But suddenly, in 1914, like
-the people of the rest of the United States, they began to
- <a name="Page_139" id="Page_139"></a><span class="pageno">139</span>
-give more thought to the affairs of other countries, and
-when on April 6, 1917, the United States entered the war,
-the people of Kansas were ready to carry their share of
-the burdens.</p>
- <a name="Page_138" id="Page_138"></a><span class="pageno">138</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_138.jpg"
- width="487"
- alt="Illustration: Camp Funston"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Camp Funston.</span></p>
-<p class="p0 center muchsmaller">The largest inland training camp in the United States. The 89th National Army Division and the 10th Regular Army
-Division were trained at Camp Funston.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The young men of the State began at once to offer their
-services in the national guard, in the regular army and
-in the navy. There were more than 18,000 of these volunteers.
-Within a few weeks Congress passed the Compulsory
-Service Act, under the provisions of which approximately
-42,000 Kansas men were called into service during
-the war. The National Guard, numbering about 10,000
-men, was soon called. Altogether there were fully 70,000
-Kansans in the forces of the United States. These men
-were sent to practically every organization in the army,
-though the greater portion of them were in the 89th
-National Army Division, the 10th Regular Army Division,
-the 35th National Guard Division, and the 117th Ammunition
-Train of the 42d Division. All of these except the
-10th Division, which had not yet completed its training
-when the armistice was signed, were sent to France, where
-they took part in important engagements and bore themselves
-bravely, notably the Rainbow Division in the last
-battle of the Marne, the 89th at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mihiel and the Argonne,
-and the 35th Division in the Argonne drive. Many of our
-young men went into special branches of service, such as
-the Air Service, Railway Engineering, Signal Corps,
-Quartermasters Corps and Ordnance Corps. The Federal
-Government established two Officers’ Training Camps in
-Kansas, one at Fort Riley and one at Fort Leavenworth.
-Many Kansas men attended these camps and received
-commissions.</p>
-
-<p>Hundreds of Kansas young women rendered skilled
-and devoted service as nurses, both in the training camps
-and overseas.</p>
-<a name="Page_140" id="Page_140"></a><span class="pageno">140</span>
-
-<p>The people of the State took an active part in various
-kinds of war work and subscribed more than their quota
-to all appeals for funds and to all bond issues.</p>
-
-<p>Altogether, Kansas played its part in the war with its
-accustomed loyalty and spirit.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Period Since the Civil War.</strong> In the present chapter
-we have touched only in a general way upon the State’s
-progress, but growth has been in many directions and
-each activity has a history of its own. In order that we
-may better understand the advancement that has been
-made we will study more fully three of the most important
-phases of the State’s progress and development&mdash;&#8203;industry,
-transportation, and education.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The years since the Civil War have been eventful ones.
-The Indian troubles on the frontier lasted from 1864 until
-1869. Much property and more than 1000 lives were lost.
-National troops and a regiment of Kansas soldiers were
-required to quell the trouble. Governor Crawford resigned
-his position and took command of the Kansas
-troops. In 1878-’80 thousands of negroes arrived in
-Kansas. This movement from the South was called the
-“Exodus.” The grasshopper invasion in 1874 was followed
-by ten years of prosperity. Then came the boom,
-which was ended by the drouth in 1887. Eastern moneylenders
-held thousands of Kansas mortgages, and though
-several good crop years followed, the State had not yet
-recovered when the panic in 1893 brought renewed trouble.
-Good crops followed, and Kansas soon entered upon a
-period of prosperity which has continued to the present
-time. Kansas furnished four regiments for the Spanish-American
-War in 1898, and made the most of every opportunity
-to serve in the World War in 1917-’18. The
-State Capitol, which was begun in 1866, was completed in
-1903. The years 1903, 1904, and 1908 were the flood years.
-Among the many important governmental measures are
-the prohibition and woman suffrage amendments. During
- <a name="Page_141" id="Page_141"></a><span class="pageno">141</span>
-the period since the Civil War Kansas has become a great
-and prosperous state.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Parrish, The Great Plains.</li>
-<li>Wright, Dodge City, the Cowboy Capital.</li>
-<li>Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Four">IV</abbr></span>.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 168, 172-173, 184, 194, 204, 211, 218-222.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>McCarter, Price of the Prairie. (A novel.)</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What were the conditions in Kansas at the close of the Civil
-War?</p>
-
-<p>2. Give an account of the Indian troubles in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>3. How did the Homestead Law affect immigration?</p>
-
-<p>4. Give an account of the grasshopper invasion and its effect on
-Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>5. What progress was made during the next ten years?</p>
-
-<p>6. What effect did the railroads have on immigration?</p>
-
-<p>7. When was the “boom”? Describe conditions during the
-boom. What were some of its causes? What ended it?</p>
-
-<p>8. What was the effect of this boom on Kansas? What have
-you learned from talking with persons who lived here in the “boom
-days”?</p>
-
-<p>9. Tell something of the “hard times” of the early ’90’s.</p>
-
-<p>10. What part did Kansas take in the Spanish-American War?</p>
-
-<p>11. Give an account of the building of the State Capitol.</p>
-
-<p>12. Give an account of the floods in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>13. Give an account of the opening of Oklahoma. How did it
-affect Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>14. Compare Kansas to-day with Kansas as it was fifty years ago.</p>
-
-<p>5. What part did Kansas take in the World War?</p>
-
-<p>16. What is the prohibition amendment? The woman suffrage
-amendment?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_142" id="Page_142"></a><span class="pageno">142</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_15" id="Ch_15"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Fifteen">XV</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Earliest Kansas Farmers.</strong> Agriculture, the leading
-industry of our State, was for many years almost the
-only occupation of our people. The Indians were the first
-farmers in Kansas. The Comanches, in the western part
-of the State, were roving hunters, but the eastern Indians
-had permanent homes and tilled the soil. They were both
-hunters and farmers. A government agent in describing
-their mode of living says: “They raise annually small
-crops of corn, beans, and pumpkins. These they cultivate
-entirely with the hoe, in the simplest manner. Their crops
-are usually planted in April, and receive one dressing before
-they leave their villages for the summer hunt in May.”</p>
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture Taught to the Indians.</strong> When Kansas was
-made an Indian country the National Government agreed
-in the treaties to supply the Indians with cattle, hogs, and
-farming implements, and to employ persons to teach them
-agriculture. In accordance with this agreement several
-government farms were established, and both the government
-farmers and the missionaries taught agriculture to
-the Indians. By the time Kansas was organized as a
-Territory, in 1854, there were a number of farms in the
-different reservations and at the missions, and the produce
-was such as to show that the soil of Kansas is remarkably
-fertile.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture During Territorial Days.</strong> Most of the early
-settlers of Kansas were farmers, but during Territorial
-days the political and governmental troubles made much
-progress in farming impossible. The terrible season of
-1860 made a dreary closing for this period, and confirmed
- <a name="Page_143" id="Page_143"></a><span class="pageno">143</span>
-in the minds of many eastern people the old idea that
-Kansas was fit only for Indians, buffaloes, and prairie dogs.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_143.jpg"
- width="382"
- alt="Illustration: Hand Planter"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Hand Planter.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture During the Civil War.</strong> The year following
-the drouth brought a good crop, but it also brought the
-beginning of the Civil War which absorbed the energies of
-the settlers for four years more. It was not until the close
-of the war, in 1865, that agriculture
-can be said to have
-had a real beginning in Kansas.
-But, in spite of the poverty
-and hardships of the war years,
-two things of especial significance
-were done that showed
-the interest of the pioneers in
-agriculture. During this period
-the Agricultural College
-at Manhattan was established,
-and the State Agricultural
-Society was formed.
-The object of the Society was
-“to promote the improvement
-of agriculture and its kindred
-arts throughout the State of
-Kansas.” Under its management
-a state fair was held at
-Leavenworth in 1863, and in
-that year the Legislature appropriated
-$1000 for the benefit of
-the Society. These events are worthy of note because
-they showed the enterprise of the people when their
-resources were small.</p>
- <a name="Page_144" id="Page_144"></a><span class="pageno">144</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_144.jpg"
- width="279"
- alt="Illustration: Old Mill in Lawrence"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The “Old Mill” at Lawrence</span>,</p>
- <p class="p0 unindent blockquote muchsmaller">Erected in 1863. This was a gristmill, an octagon
-shaped, four-story structure, having a genuine
-Holland windmill for motive power. Additional
-buildings were erected for the manufacture of
-wagons and farming implements. The mill was
-abandoned many years ago, and in 1905 it burned.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Early Farming Implements.</strong> The farming implements
-of the pioneers were few and simple. Much of the machinery
-of to-day had not then been invented. Because
-of the cost of transportation, and the lack of money
-among the settlers, even the machinery of that day
-was scarce in Kansas. The all-important implement was
-the plow. The pioneer’s first crop was usually “sod
-corn.” The field was prepared with a breaking plow,
-which threw up the
-sod in parallel strips
-from two to five
-inches in thickness.
-Then the farmer,
-with an ax or a
-spade and a bag of
-seed corn, walked
-back and forth
-across the field,
-prying apart or
-gashing the sod at
-regular intervals
-and dropping into
-each opening three
-or four grains of corn.
-Then he waited for
-the crop. Once the
-land was broken, it
-was, in after years,
-prepared for the
-seed with the stirring
-plow and the
-harrow, and planting
-was done with
-a hand planter. Later the corn planter drawn by a
-team came into use. This machine required a driver,
-and another person to work the lever that dropped the
-corn. Then came the planter with the checkrower which,
- <a name="Page_145" id="Page_145"></a><span class="pageno">145</span>
-when attached to the planter, made only a driver necessary.
-During the last few years the lister has come
-into very general use.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_145.jpg"
- width="470"
- alt="Illustration: Corn Binder"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Corn Binder.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The early settlers cultivated their corn with a single-shovel
-cultivator drawn by one horse. With this cultivator
-it was necessary to make a trip along each side of
-every row of corn. The double-shovel cultivator soon
-came into use, but it, also, was drawn by one horse and
-cultivated but one side of the row at a time. This labor
-was greatly reduced by the invention of the cultivator
-drawn by a team and having shovels for both sides of the
-corn row. Now cultivators may be had that till two rows
-at a time. Formerly the farmer cut all of his corn by hand
-with a knife. Now he uses the riding corn binder.</p>
-<a name="Page_146" id="Page_146"></a><span class="pageno">146</span>
-
-<p>Great as has been the improvement in corn machinery,
-even greater changes have come about in the machinery
-used for the wheat crop. The earliest harvesting implement
-used in Kansas was the cradle, a scythe with long
-fingers parallel with the blade to catch the grain as it was
-cut. The cradler laid the grain in rows. A second man
-followed with a rake and gathered the wheat into small
-piles, which he tied into bundles, using some of the straw
-for bands. The next machine was the reaper, which carried
-two men, one to drive the team and one to push off
-the wheat whenever enough had been cut to make a
-bundle. The reaper required four or five binders to follow
-it. It was soon improved by being made self-dumping,
-and later, self-binding. Inventions and improvements have
-followed in rapid succession, and to-day the planting and
-harvesting of wheat can be done with remarkable speed
-and efficiency.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_146.jpg"
- width="464"
- alt="Illustration: Heading Wheat"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Heading Wheat.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The many wonderful inventions in farm machinery have
-made possible in the farming of to-day a great saving of
-time and labor as compared with the farming of forty years
-ago. There are few lines in which greater progress has
-been made.</p>
-<a name="Page_147" id="Page_147"></a><span class="pageno">147</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_147.jpg"
- width="474"
- alt="Illustration: Gasoline Tractor"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Gasoline Tractor.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture Between 1860 and 1880.</strong> For several years
-after the Civil War the population of Kansas increased
-more rapidly than did the crops, and the country was
-kept poor. The destruction of crops by the grasshoppers
-in 1874 retarded immigration and left the people discouraged.
-Several good crop years followed, however,
-and confidence in the agricultural future of Kansas soon
-returned. By 1880 nearly 9,000,000 acres of land were in
-cultivation, a third of which was planted to corn and a
-fourth to wheat. The next largest acreage was in oats.
-A number of other crops were reported, including rye,
-barley, buckwheat, sorghum, cotton, hemp, tobacco,
-broom corn, millet, clover, and blue grass. At that time
-not a great deal was known of the soil or climate of the
-State, and we find in this list of crops several that have
-since been found unprofitable and are no longer raised in
-any considerable quantities.</p>
-<a name="Page_148" id="Page_148"></a><span class="pageno">148</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_148.jpg"
- width="500"
- alt="Illustration: Alfalfa"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Alfalfa</span>.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture from 1880 to 1887.</strong> The year 1880 found
-the people of Kansas full of hope and courage, and from
-that time until the drouth of 1887 agriculture developed
-rapidly. It was a period of new ideas and new methods.
-Millions of additional acres were brought into cultivation.
-The principal crops, corn, wheat, and oats, were each
-greatly increased. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard
-grass, and blue grass were planted in the central counties,
-and even farther west. Soil that a few years before had
-been considered unfit for farming was now producing
-crops. The State was being rapidly settled, many miles
-of railroad were in operation, and the excellent crops
-did much to encourage the “boom” of 1885 to 1887.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture from 1887 to 1893.</strong> The period of good crops
-following the dry season of 1887 lasted for five years, and
-it was a time of great activity along many lines of agricultural
-advancement. By 1890 nearly 16,000,000 acres
-had been brought under cultivation. This area was almost
-double the areas under cultivation ten years earlier.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Western Kansas.</strong> Before 1890 most of the farming was
-done in the eastern and central parts of the State, the
-western part being considered poorly adapted to agricultural
-purposes. During the next few years, however, it
-was shown that wheat can be successfully raised clear to
-the Colorado line. The sorghum crops also proved to be
-well adapted to this section. The soil of western Kansas
-was found to be wonderfully fertile, needing only moisture
- <a name="Page_149" id="Page_149"></a><span class="pageno">149</span>
-to make it produce abundantly. A more thorough understanding
-of soil and climate has brought better methods
-of tillage, and this, together with a careful selection of
-crops, is making the yield much larger and more certain.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_149.jpg"
- width="422"
- alt="Illustration: Irrigation systems"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Irrigation from the Underflow.</span></p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller">Upper, water pumped into the reservoir by windmills.<br />Lower, water pumped into
-the reservoir by an engine.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Irrigation in Western Kansas.</strong> The possibilities of
-irrigation for this section of the country have long been
-given much consideration. For several years water from
- <a name="Page_151" id="Page_151"></a><span class="pageno">151</span>
-the Arkansas River was successfully used. Colorado,
-however, in developing irrigation, used so much of the
-water from the upper Arkansas that there was not a sufficient
-amount left for our State. Investigation resulted
-in the discovery of an underground water supply. This
-water, which is called the underflow, moves eastward from
-the Rocky Mountains through strata of gravel and sand.
-It offers to a large part of western Kansas a practically
-inexhaustible supply of water for irrigation. Wells are
-bored into this underflow and the water is pumped for
-irrigating purposes. Only a small part of western Kansas
-is under irrigation as yet, but experiments for the purpose
-of finding the best methods of utilizing the underflow are
-being carried on by individuals, by experiment stations,
-and by the State. Irrigation by pumping is bringing about
-a remarkable agricultural advancement in western Kansas.</p>
-<a name="Page_150" id="Page_150"></a><span class="pageno">150</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_150.jpg"
- width="486"
- alt="Illustration: Stacking Alfalfa"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Stacking Alfalfa.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Alfalfa.</strong> About 1890 several new crops came into prominence
-in Kansas, the most important of which was alfalfa.
-Alfalfa is now grown in every county of Kansas and has
-become one of our foremost crops. Because of its long,
-penetrating roots it can be grown successfully without
-irrigation even in most of the drier parts of Kansas. As
-its many points of excellence become better known its
-acreage is constantly increasing. Kansas produces more
-alfalfa than any other state in the Union.</p>
-
-<p>Sweet clover and Soudan grass have increased so much
-in acreage in very recent years that they are rapidly becoming
-important crops in this state.</p>
-<a name="Page_152" id="Page_152"></a><span class="pageno">152</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_152.jpg"
- width="484"
- alt="Illustration: Threshing wheat"
- />
- <p class="center muchsmaller">Upper, threshing scene in a Kansas wheat field.<br />Lower, train of fifty cars of threshing machines
-on the way to the Kansas wheat fields.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-
-<p><strong>The Sorghum Crops.</strong> Another of the new crops was
-Kafir corn, which has also proved very valuable. This
-plant is a variety of sorghum. Other varieties had been
-raised in Kansas for many years, especially the sweet sorghum
-that could be used for making sugar and molasses.
-Broom corn is another sorghum crop that has been grown
- <a name="Page_153" id="Page_153"></a><span class="pageno">153</span>
-in Kansas for a long while and is raised in large quantities
-in the southwestern part of the State. In more recent
-years two more sorghums, milo and feterita, give promise
-of becoming valuable forage crops.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_153.jpg"
- width="478"
- alt="Illustration: Beet Sugar Factory"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Beet Sugar Factory at Garden City.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Sugar Beets.</strong> During the early ’80’s considerable sugar
-had been made from sorghum cane, but in 1889 it was, for
-the first time, made from beets. For a number of years
-experiments were made with sugar beets in different parts
-of western Kansas. To encourage sugar-beet raising a
-bounty was offered by the State, and a good many tons
-were raised and shipped to sugar factories in Colorado and
-Nebraska. In 1906 a large factory was completed at
-Garden City, and the raising of sugar beets has become
-an important industry in that part of Kansas. Efforts are
-now being made to introduce this crop into other parts of
-the State.</p>
-<a name="Page_154" id="Page_154"></a><span class="pageno">154</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_154.jpg"
- width="475"
- alt="Illustration: Kansas City Stockyards"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Stockyards at Kansas City.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Twenty-five Years Following 1893.</strong> Progress was
-checked in 1893 by the financial panic that extended
-throughout the country. Values dropped, and prices were
-low on everything the farmers had to sell. In addition to
- <a name="Page_155" id="Page_155"></a><span class="pageno">155</span>
-the panic, Kansas suffered a crop failure in most parts of
-the State. That was a discouraging period, but within a
-few years Kansas had recovered. From that time until
-the present there has been a steady rise in all values. Owing
-largely to the fact that there is no longer any free land to
-be taken as homesteads, land prices have steadily risen.
-The price of land products has also greatly increased. In
-1893 corn was worth but ten to fifteen cents a bushel and
-wheat from thirty to forty cents. A comparison of these
-with present prices serves to show how great has been
-the change.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_155.jpg"
- width="467"
- alt="Illustration: Wheat Field"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Kansas Wheat Field.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Kansas Wheat.</strong> Kansas is now one of the leading agricultural
-states of the Union. It produces a greater variety
-of crops than does almost any other state, but the principal
-ones are now, as they have been from the earliest days,
-corn and wheat. In recent years alfalfa has come to be
-a close third. Wheat is our most noted crop. Kansas is
-unsurpassed in the production of this grain. Wheat is
-grown in every county in the State, but by far the greatest
- <a name="Page_156" id="Page_156"></a><span class="pageno">156</span>
-quantity comes from the “wheat belt,” which extends
-across the middle of the State, from north to south. Most
-of the Kansas wheat is of the winter varieties commonly
-called “Turkey wheats,” first brought here from southern
-Russia by the Mennonites in 1873.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_156.jpg"
- width="485"
- alt="Illustration: Kansas Corn"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Kansas Corn.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Corn Crop.</strong> Corn was raised here by the Indians,
-and from the time of the settlement of the Territory until
-very recent years it was the leading crop and the greatest
-source of Kansas wealth. Since 1913, however, wheat has
-been the most valuable crop of the State and corn has
-had to take second place. Corn is raised in all parts of
-the State, but much the largest portion is produced in the
-eastern half. It is on this crop that the great live-stock industries
-of Kansas most depend.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Live-stock Industry.</strong> The live-stock industry is
-one of the important interests of the State. The grain and
- <a name="Page_157" id="Page_157"></a><span class="pageno">157</span>
-forage crops, the large areas of good pasture, the plentiful
-supply of water, and the nearness to market, all combine
-to make Kansas an excellent live-stock region. The raising
-and fattening of cattle and hogs constitute the chief
-features of this industry, although there are a number of
-others, prominent among which is dairying.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_157.jpg"
- width="477"
- alt="Illustration: Early Stock Farm"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Early Day Stock Farm.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The early farmers had their herds and flocks, but paid
-little attention to quality or breeds. In time it was found
-that better grades were more profitable, and the early
-range cattle and the scrub stock of the pioneers have
-disappeared.</p>
-<a name="Page_158" id="Page_158"></a><span class="pageno">158</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_158a.jpg"
- width="470"
- alt="Illustration: Present Stock Farm"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Present Day Stock Farm.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_158b.jpg"
- width="467"
- alt="Illustration: Cowboy"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Cowboy was a Familiar Figure in Kansas Forty Years Ago.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p class="p2">When the Union Pacific Railroad was built the cattlemen
-of Texas began driving their cattle into Kansas in
-order to ship them to market. For many years Abilene
-was the shipping center. When the Santa Fe Railway was
-built, Wichita, being farther south, became the chief shipping
-point. As the country became more thickly settled
-the cattle trade was pushed farther west. Finally it
-reached Dodge City which remained the shipping center
- <a name="Page_159" id="Page_159"></a><span class="pageno">159</span>
-for many years. The building of railroads into the Southwest
-made it unnecessary for the Texas cattlemen to drive
-their stock to a Kansas shipping point, and about 1885
-the practice was abandoned. While the trade flourished,
-the cowboy, with his boots and spurs and broad-brimmed
-hat, was a familiar figure on the plains of western Kansas;
-but as the settlers turned the grazing land into farms the
-cowboy moved farther west.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_159.jpg"
- width="477"
- alt="Illustration: Title or description"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">In Full Bloom.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Horticulture.</strong> Another Kansas industry is horticulture,
-the cultivation of fruits. The first orchard in Kansas was
-planted at Shawnee Mission in 1837. Very little tree
-planting was done, however, until after the Civil War,
-and even then the Kansas plains were for many years
-regarded as unfit for fruit growing. The early crops were
- <a name="Page_160" id="Page_160"></a><span class="pageno">160</span>
-small but of a very fine quality, and Kansas apples won
-the gold medal at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia
-in 1876. This aroused much enthusiasm, and during
-the next few years many thousands of fruit trees were
-planted, but most of them proved worthless because the
-varieties were not adapted
-to conditions in this State.
-Long years of hard work and
-patient effort were required
-to secure the knowledge
-necessary to make a successful
-fruit state of Kansas.
-To-day there are many fruits
-grown here, but it is the Kansas
-apple that is famous.
-Scarcely a farm in the eastern
-and central parts of the
-State is without its orchard,
-and there are a number of
-commercial orchards that are
-making horticulture an important
-industry in Kansas.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_160.jpg"
- width="290"
- alt="Illustration: Kansas Applesn"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Kansas Apples.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Farmers’ Organizations.</strong> The farmers of the State have
-at different times, especially in the earlier years, formed a
-number of organizations. An early organization was the
-Order of Patrons of Husbandry, or the “Grange,” a
-national movement, introduced into Kansas in 1872. Its
-general purpose was the improvement of farm life. Many
-granges were organized during the ’70’s. The Farmers’
-Cooperative Association, begun in 1873, and the Farmers’
-Mutual Benefit Association in 1883, had for their general
-purposes the cooperation of the farmers in buying and
-selling and in securing lower freight rates.</p>
-<a name="Page_161" id="Page_161"></a><span class="pageno">161</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_161.jpg"
- width="478"
- alt="Illustration: Watermelons"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">One of the Crops in Central and Western Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>About 1888 the Farmers’ Alliance, already a national
-organization, formed many local organizations in Kansas.
-The Alliance demanded a number of measures for the
-betterment of the farmers, including lower freight and
-passenger rates, and better mortgage, debtor, and tax
-laws. The Farmers’ Alliance was a widespread movement
-and, for a time, overshadowed all other farmers’ organizations.
-In 1890 the People’s party, or the Populist party,<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_17" id="fnanchor_17"></a><a href="#footnote_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></span>
-as it came to be called, took over the political work of the
- <a name="Page_163" id="Page_163"></a><span class="pageno">163</span>
-Farmers’ Alliance, and that organization gradually disappeared.
-The Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative
-Union of Kansas is a more recent organization.</p>
-<a name="Page_162" id="Page_162"></a><span class="pageno">162</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_162.jpg"
- width="326"
- alt="Illustration: Governors, 1915--"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">State Governors</span>, 1915 &mdash;</p>
- <p class="p0 center muchsmaller"><span class="sc">Arthur Capper</span>, <span class="sc">Henry J. Allen</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The State Board of Agriculture.</strong> In 1872 the Agricultural
-Society, organized during the Civil War, was
-changed into the State Board of Agriculture. For a
-number of years this Board gave especial attention to
-gathering and distributing information concerning the resources
-of the State for the purpose of stimulating immigration.
-Later it began the work of furnishing to the
-farmers information concerning methods of farming best
-adapted to Kansas conditions. These activities have been
-continued, and the Board of Agriculture has been of great
-practical value to the State.</p>
-<a name="Page_164" id="Page_164"></a><span class="pageno">164</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_164.jpg"
- width="492"
- alt="Illustration: Coal Mining"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Upper, Deep Shaft Coal Mining. Lower, Surface Coal Mining.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Work of the Agricultural College.</strong> The Agricultural
-College in its early years laid but little stress on agricultural
-and industrial work, but in 1873 its plan of work was
-changed and it soon began to fulfill its real mission. A few
-years later the usefulness of the College was greatly increased
-by the establishment of an experiment station
-where investigations are carried on in such matters as the
-testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, the rotation
-of crops, dairy and animal husbandry, butter and cheese
-making, orchard and crop pests, stock foods, and diseases
-of live stock. Branch experiment stations have, in later
-years, been established at Hays, Garden City, Dodge City,
-Tribune, and Colby, where problems peculiar to the western
-part of the State are studied. The Agricultural College
-is doing a great work in gathering information and bringing
-it to the people by means of bulletins, lectures, correspondence
-courses, demonstration trains, demonstration
-agents, and farmers’ institutes. Kansas was one of the
-first states to hold a Farmers’ Institute in connection with
-its Agricultural College. This work was begun in 1869,
- <a name="Page_165" id="Page_165"></a><span class="pageno">165</span>
-and the purpose was then, as it is to-day, to promote the
-knowledge of scientific agriculture.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_165.jpg"
- width="478"
- alt="Illustration: Early Flouring Mill"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">One of the Early Flouring Mills.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Manufactures Based on Agriculture.</strong> The agricultural
-resources of Kansas have led to the development of a
-number of manufacturing industries. One of the oldest of
-these is milling. Among the first needs of the settlers of
-the new country was a means of grinding their corn and
-wheat into meal and flour for family use. This caused the
-building of small gristmills in every community. Most of
-them were built along streams and were run by water
-power, though a few of the early ones used wind power.
-In later years steam has come to be generally used.
-After the introduction of the hard wheats, the wheat crop
-came to be much more certain, the acreage increased, and
-the milling industry grew. Kansas flour is now sold in all
-the important markets of the world, and Kansas is one of
-the leading states in the milling industry.</p>
-<a name="Page_166" id="Page_166"></a><span class="pageno">166</span>
-
-<p>Meat packing has held first place among the manufacturing
-industries of Kansas for a number of years.
-Kansas City, the second greatest packing center in the
-United States, is the chief market for Kansas live stock,
-but there are several packing houses in different parts of
-the State. Creameries, canning factories, and pickling
-works represent other industries that have been developed
-to make use of our agricultural products.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Mineral Industries.</strong> Although Kansas is not one
-of the great mining states, it has a number of valuable
-mineral resources, the chief of which are coal, lead, zinc,
-oil, gas, salt, building stone, and gypsum. These resources
-form the basis of an important part of the industrial life
-of the State. The coal and gas have made possible a
-number of manufacturing industries.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Coal.</strong> As early as the Territorial period it was known
-that there were coal fields in Kansas, and small amounts
-of coal were mined in Crawford and Cherokee counties.
-Immediately after the Civil War the settlers in the southeastern
-part of the State gave much attention to the digging
-of coal, some of which lay so near the surface that it
-could be uncovered with a plow. Within the next few
-years coal was found in Osage and Leavenworth counties
-and in the vicinity of Fort Scott. These places produced
-large amounts, but Crawford and Cherokee counties soon
-came to be the leading coal districts of the State. At the
-present time about nine-tenths of the Kansas output is
-mined in these two counties. The importance of the coal
-fields of Kansas lies not only in the value of the coal, but
-in the stimulation of the growth of manufactures. Many
-industries can be carried on only by means of large
-amounts of fuel to supply power. The development of a
-number of such industries in Kansas has been made possible
-chiefly by the cheap and abundant supply of coal.</p>
-<a name="Page_167" id="Page_167"></a><span class="pageno">167</span>
-
-<p><strong>Lead and Zinc.</strong> Before Kansas was organized as a
-Territory lead mining was an important industry in southwest
-Missouri, but not until 1876 was it discovered that
-the lead and zinc field extends into the southeast corner
-of Kansas. Prospecting began at once and thousands of
-people were soon on the ground. Although zinc was found
-in abundance with the lead, but little attention was paid
-to it. Within a few years, however, it was found that the
-abundance of coal made the smelting of zinc profitable,
-and zinc soon assumed the leading place. For a number
-of years much more zinc than lead has been produced.
-A large amount of ore from the Missouri mines is shipped
-to the Kansas smelters, and the smelting of lead and zinc,
-but particularly of zinc, has come to be one of the most
-important of our mineral industries. The development
-of the gas field furnished a cheaper and more abundant
-fuel than coal, and much of the smelting was soon being
-done where gas could be used. In later years gas is less
-abundant and there is a tendency to return to the use
-of coal.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Oil and Gas.</strong> Although prospecting had been done in
-earlier years, the real development of oil and gas in Kansas
-began about 1892, with the discovery of the big Kansas-Oklahoma
-field. The oil and gas area is included within
-an irregular strip, forty to fifty miles wide, extending from
-Kansas City southwesterly into Oklahoma. It is frequently
-spoken of as the “oil and gas belt.”</p>
-
-<p>By 1900 nearly every town in the gas belt had more gas
-than it knew what to do with, and various manufacturing
-enterprises, such as brick plants, zinc smelters, glass
-factories, and Portland cement mills, were soon attracted
-to these towns. A little later gas was being supplied to
-cities outside of the gas belt. Pipe lines were laid to Wellington,
-Wichita, Hutchinson, Topeka, Lawrence, Kansas
- <a name="Page_168" id="Page_168"></a><span class="pageno">168</span>
-City, Leavenworth, Atchison, and many of the towns
-between. After ten years of this greatly increased use of
-gas the supply became less abundant, and now it is feared
-that the supply from this field may fail at no distant date.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_168.jpg"
- width="264"
- alt="Illustration: Oil Well"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Oil Well, or “Gusher.”</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>In the earlier
-years the oil was all
-carried in tank cars,
-but a system of
-pipe lines for carrying
-it was soon laid.
-Many refineries
-were soon established.
-The crude
-oil is used chiefly
-for fuel and for machine
-oil. In the refineries
-it is made
-into benzine, gasoline,
-and kerosene.
-Vaseline and paraffin
-are among the
-by-products.</p>
-
-<p>In 1914 oil and
-gas were discovered
-in Butler County.
-Within two years
-this field was yielding
-such large quantities
-of oil that
-the total production
-of the State was
-more than doubled.
-During the next year, 1917, more than three times as
-much oil was produced as in 1916, and Kansas had become
- <a name="Page_169" id="Page_169"></a><span class="pageno">169</span>
-the greatest oil-producing state in the Union. The output
-of the Butler County field is still increasing, and its
-remarkable yield will probably continue for several years.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_169.jpg"
- width="474"
- alt="Illustration: Salt Plant"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Salt Plant at Hutchinson.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Salt.</strong> Salt is found in Kansas as a brine in the salt
-marshes, and as beds of rock salt lying beneath the surface.
-The marshes were known to the early hunters and settlers,
-and through the early years of statehood a little salt was
-manufactured from this brine. In the late ’80’s the rock
-salt beds were discovered and the salt-making industry
-was rapidly developed. The center of the salt industry is
-now, as it has been from the beginning, at Hutchinson.
-Salt is found in a large part of Kansas, but the most valuable
-area extends across the middle of the State from north
-to south. This great bed of salt is in most places from two
-hundred and fifty to four hundred feet thick. Some salt
-is made by crushing the rock salt, but the greater portion
-is made by the evaporation of brines. The brines are
-obtained by forcing a stream of water through rock salt.</p>
-<a name="Page_170" id="Page_170"></a><span class="pageno">170</span>
-
-<p><strong>Brick.</strong> Brickmaking in Kansas dates from the early
-years. Brick clays are found in many parts of the State,
-but the industry is carried on chiefly in the eastern part
-of the State, especially in the gas belt, because of the fuel
-supply.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Gypsum.</strong> Gypsum beds are found in the central part
-of Kansas, especially around Blue Rapids and in Saline,
-Dickinson, and Barber counties. Plaster of Paris, used
-chiefly for making plaster for covering wall surfaces, is
-made from gypsum.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_170.jpg"
- width="479"
- alt="Illustration: Stone Quarry"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Stone Quarry.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Portland Cement.</strong> Portland cement is a comparatively
-new product in the United States. The development of
-this industry in Kansas commenced about 1900. Portland
-cement is made from certain mixtures of rock substances,
- <a name="Page_171" id="Page_171"></a><span class="pageno">171</span>
-put through processes of grinding and heating. Its chief
-use is in making concrete, which is widely used for construction
-work. There are a number of Portland cement mills
-in the gas belt.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Glass.</strong> Gas is the most satisfactory fuel for glassmaking,
-and since the gas field in Kansas was opened a
-number of glass factories have been established in the
-State. Sand of a good quality for making glass has also
-been found in southeastern Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Agriculture the Basis of Material Progress.</strong> At present
-there are numbers of factories in Kansas, engaged in many
-different lines of work. Our industries are constantly
-growing in number and importance, and it takes all of them
-to make a well-rounded state, but it is the agricultural
-industries that form the basis of our prosperity. On these
-we must depend, and the history of agriculture in Kansas
-is, largely, the history of our material progress.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The principal agricultural industries of the State are
-farming, stock raising and horticulture. The principal
-mineral industries are concerned with coal, lead, zinc, oil,
-gas, salt, building stone, and gypsum. The leading manufacturing
-industries are concerned largely with agricultural
-and mineral products, and are carried on most extensively
-in the coal and gas regions.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Drouths, which occur in all agricultural regions, have
-been most severe in Kansas in the following years: 1860,
-1869, 1874, 1887, 1893, 1913. These years have marked
-into periods what has otherwise been a steady progress in
-agriculture.</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The Agricultural Society, organized during the Civil
-War, was, in 1872, changed into the State Board of Agriculture.
-The Agricultural College, established during the
-Civil War, began active work along agricultural lines in
-1873. There have been a number of organizations of
-farmers, most of them between 1870 and 1890.</p>
-<a name="Page_172" id="Page_172"></a><span class="pageno">172</span>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Advancement in agriculture has been made in area
-under cultivation, selection of crops, improvements in
-machinery, better methods of tillage, and irrigation. The
-leading crops are now corn, wheat, and alfalfa.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Bulletins and Reports of the State Board of Agriculture.</li>
-<li>Bulletins and Reports of the Agricultural College.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 252-265.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Old Newspaper Files.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 33, 94, 480; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 81-211; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 60.</li>
-<li>Walters, History of the Agricultural College.</li>
-<li>Tuttle, History of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 232-234, 292-295.</li>
-<li>Publications of the University Geological Survey of Kansas.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What is the leading industry of Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>2. Discuss the Indians as farmers.</p>
-
-<p>3. What agricultural progress was made during the Territorial
-period? During the Civil War?</p>
-
-<p>4. When and why was the Agricultural Society formed? What
-has taken its place? Tell something of the work of the new organization.</p>
-
-<p>5. Describe the early farm implements and methods of farming.
-What have you learned of these things from old settlers?</p>
-
-<p>6. What were the agricultural conditions in Kansas in 1880?
-Between 1880 and 1887?</p>
-
-<p>7. What connection does the date 1887 have with the agricultural
-history of the State? What conditions followed this date?</p>
-
-<p>8. What are the soil and climate conditions of western Kansas?
-Give an account of irrigation in that section.</p>
-
-<p>9. Name new crops that came into prominence about 1890, and
-tell something of each.</p>
-
-<p>10. What conditions prevailed in Kansas in the early ’90’s?
-During the period that followed?</p>
-
-<p>11. Discuss Kansas wheat; Kansas corn.</p>
-
-<p>12. Discuss the live-stock industry in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>13. Give an account of the cattle trade of earlier days.</p>
-
-<p>14. What progress has horticulture made in Kansas?</p>
- <a name="Page_173" id="Page_173"></a><span class="pageno">173</span>
-
-<p>15. What farmers’ organizations have been formed? For what
-purpose?</p>
-
-<p>16. Discuss the relation of the Agricultural College to the
-farmers.</p>
-
-<p>17. Discuss the milling industry of our State. The meat-packing
-industry.</p>
-
-<p>18. Name the mineral resources of Kansas. Discuss each.</p>
-
-<p>19. What manufacturing industries have grown from the mineral
-resources?</p>
-
-<p>20. What industries are carried on in your community? Are
-any others being considered?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_174" id="Page_174"></a><span class="pageno">174</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_16" id="Ch_16"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Sixteen">XVI</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">TRANSPORTATION IN KANSAS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The Beginning of Railroads in the United States.</strong>
-About the time Kansas was becoming the highway for
-the Santa Fe trade, experiments were being made in England
-with a new invention, the steam locomotive. By
-1825 a fair degree of success had been attained. During
-the next half dozen years experiments were carried on in
-the United States, and by 1831 several short railroad lines
-were in use. By 1850 one could travel by rail between the
-chief cities of the East and as far west as <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis, but a
-decade more passed before any railroads were built in
-Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Kansas Settlers Desire Railroads.</strong> The agitation for
-railroads in this part of the country began even before the
-organization of the Kansas Territory. The settlers knew
-the difficulty of building up the State without the aid of
-the railway. They had crept across the prairies in their
-canvas-covered wagons, or had toiled up the shallow, sluggish
-waterways, and they foresaw that they would be
-unable to market their crops or their stock because of the
-lack of adequate means of transportation. Their great
-desire for railroads is made evident by the large number
-of railway charters granted to different companies by
-the Territorial Legislatures. On account of the immense
-cost of railroad construction, however, work was slow to
-begin.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Early Stage Lines.</strong> While the West was waiting for its
-railroads a number of stage routes for carrying mail and
-passengers were established. The first one was over the
-Santa Fe Trail. Stages made the trip from Kansas City
- <a name="Page_175" id="Page_175"></a><span class="pageno">175</span>
-to Santa Fe in about fifteen days. For many years stage
-lines were operated between the different towns of the
-Territory. Later, lines were established to Denver, to
-Salt Lake, and even to San Francisco.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_175.jpg"
- width="468"
- alt="Illustration: Stage Coach"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Stage Coach</span>.</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Pony Express, 1859-’61.</strong> The trip to San Francisco,
-a distance of about 2000 miles, occupied nearly a month, and
-the people of California were very anxious that a quicker
-way of getting their mails be devised. To meet this demand
-the Pony Express was established in 1859. The line
-extended from <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Joseph to San Francisco, a long, lonely
-way across plains and deserts and over mountains, sometimes
-in a straight line but often winding through dark
-cañons or along the edge of mountain precipices. The
-Pony Express required one hundred and ninety stations,
-nearly five hundred horses, and eighty riders. The stations
-averaged about ten miles apart. The horses were
-selected for their speed and endurance, and the distance
- <a name="Page_176" id="Page_176"></a><span class="pageno">176</span>
-from one station to another was covered in the shortest
-possible time. At each station a fresh horse was waiting,
-and the only delay was in changing the mail pouch from
-one horse to another. The pouch contained only letters,
-and they were written on the thinnest of paper to avoid
-surplus weight. Five dollars was charged for the carrying
-of each letter. The first trip was made in ten days, the
-shortest one in seven days and seventeen hours. Many
-stories of adventure are related of the two years in which
-the Pony Express was in operation. In 1861 a telegraph
-line was constructed across the continent, which made it
-possible to flash news from ocean to ocean in a few seconds,
-and the Pony Express went out of existence.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The First Railroad in Kansas, 1860.</strong> By this time railroad
-building had begun in Kansas. The first road was
-laid in the spring of 1860, while Kansas was still a Territory,
-between Elwood, opposite <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Joseph, Missouri, and
-Marysville. When the first five miles of rail had been
-laid, a little old locomotive that had done service on many
-eastern roads was brought into the State and a celebration
-was held in honor of the first trip. Though the engine was
-old and drew only a few flat cars over the rough and
-crooked track, it was an important event, for it marked
-the beginning of railroad building in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Union Pacific Railroad, 1862-’69.</strong> There had long
-been talk of a railroad to the Pacific coast, and in 1862,
-while the Civil War was still in progress, Congress granted
-a charter for such a line. This was the beginning of the
-Union Pacific Railroad. It was to be built as soon as
-possible by working from both ends. From the east the
-road was to pass through Nebraska and on toward Salt
-Lake, and from the west it was to be built from San Francisco
-eastward until the two lines met. This road did not
-pass through Kansas, but while it was being constructed
- <a name="Page_177" id="Page_177"></a><span class="pageno">177</span>
-a line that later became a part of the Union Pacific<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_18" id="fnanchor_18"></a><a href="#footnote_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></span> system
-was built from Kansas City westward, along the Kansas
-River, through Manhattan, Junction City, and Salina,
-and on west through Denver to join the main line at
-Cheyenne.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_19" id="fnanchor_19"></a><a href="#footnote_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></span></p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_177.jpg"
- width="464"
- alt="Illustration: Building the Railroad"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Indian, the Soldier, and the Builder.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>During the seven years spent in building this railroad
-many difficulties were met and conquered. Most of the
-country along the line was without timber, fuel, or any of
-the necessary supplies. The materials for construction
-were brought up the Missouri River by steamboat to
-Kansas City. From this point they were hauled by train
-over the new railroad as far as it was completed. The
-Indians opposed the work because it meant the westward
-movement of civilization and the settling of their hunting
-grounds. They were a constant source of danger to the
- <a name="Page_178" id="Page_178"></a><span class="pageno">178</span>
-whole frontier, but especially to the railroad builders. The
-men usually went to their work armed, and stacked their
-guns ready for instant use. Sometimes it was even necessary
-to guard the men with troops while they worked.
-History gives many accounts of Indian massacres committed
-along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad. The
-entire line was finished in 1869.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_178.jpg"
- width="464"
- alt="Illustration: Early RR Days"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Early Days on the Union Pacific.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe, Completed in 1872.</strong>
-In the meantime other lines had been chartered through
-Kansas, the principal one being the Atchison, Topeka &amp;
-Santa Fe. This railroad was begun at Topeka in 1868
-and completed to the western boundary of the State in
-a little more than four years. The line between Topeka
-and Atchison was also completed within this period. The
-Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe has since been extended
-westward to the coast and eastward to Chicago, and many
-branches have been added. This railroad follows the
- <a name="Page_179" id="Page_179"></a><span class="pageno">179</span>
-general direction of the Santa Fe Trail across the eastern
-half of the State. Near Great Bend the track runs on the
-exact course of the old highway, and from this point on
-through the rest of the State they are never far apart and
-often coincide. When, in 1872, the “Santa Fe,” as it is
-generally called, was completed through Kansas, the last
-caravan of wagons had wound its way over the old Trail.
-The trains of cars rushing over the new iron trail marked
-another advance in the westward march of civilization.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_179.jpg"
- width="458"
- alt="Illustration: RR ties"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The “Iron Trail” Across the Prairies.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Railroad Companies Receive Land Grants.</strong> The immense
-cost of railroad construction, the sparsely settled
-country, and the limited amount of traffic, made the early
-building of railroads a risky undertaking. But railroads
-were needed in order to unite the West to the East as well
- <a name="Page_180" id="Page_180"></a><span class="pageno">180</span>
-as for the development of the new country, and in order
-to encourage their building Congress adopted the policy
-of making liberal land grants to railroad companies. The
-Union Pacific through Kansas was given land amounting
-to a strip ten miles wide on each side of its line. Several
-other companies, including the Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa
-Fe, received grants amounting to five miles on each side.
-This policy brought about the rapid building of railroads,
-but when the State became fairly well supplied the land
-grants were discontinued. Much of the land was later
-forfeited by the companies through failure to meet the
-conditions of their grants.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Railroad Companies Interested in Settlement.</strong> When
-the early railroads were first built across Kansas there
-were but few people living in the western part of the State.
-Since population was necessary to the prosperity of the
-railroad companies, these companies gave much attention
-to the matter of increasing the settlements along their
-lines. They sent land agents throughout the United States
-and Europe, they invited people of prominence to join
-excursions through Kansas, and they filled the newspapers
-with descriptions of the great West. Kansas was widely
-and favorably advertised. Interest was everywhere
-aroused and many people were attracted to the State.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Mennonite Settlements.</strong> The railroad companies succeeded
-in planting a number of colonies of foreigners on
-their lands. Among them were the settlements of Mennonites
-in Reno, Harvey, Marion, and McPherson counties.
-These people came from Russia for religious freedom.
-“They came simultaneously with the grasshoppers but
-outstayed them.” The first party, in 1874, numbered
-1900 people, and many more followed rapidly until there
-are now many thousands of these people in Kansas. They
-brought a considerable amount of money with them and
- <a name="Page_181" id="Page_181"></a><span class="pageno">181</span>
-were able to purchase their land. The Mennonites were
-farmers, a thrifty, industrious people who have contributed
-much toward making Kansas a great agricultural State.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Swedish Settlements.</strong> Swedes had been coming to
-Kansas since Territorial days. In 1871 the Union Pacific
-sold a large tract of land in Saline County for a Swedish
-settlement. This settlement has increased and others
-have been formed until there are now many people of this
-nationality in Kansas. Lindsborg, almost entirely Swedish,
-is their religious and social center. It is noted for its
-school of music. Most of these people came in poverty,
-but they have converted the bare prairies into fine agricultural
-districts and have become prosperous citizens.
-They are an industrious, intelligent, progressive, and law-abiding
-people.</p>
-
-<p>Other colonies have settled in various parts of the State;
-among these, German-Russians in Russell, Rush, and
-Ellis counties, Scotch in Republic County, English in
-Clay County, and Bohemians in Ellsworth County. There
-are, at present, people of many nationalities in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Relation of Railroads to State’s Industries.</strong> Not only
-did the early building of railroads do much to bring about
-the rapid settlement of Kansas, but it hastened the development
-of practically all of the State’s industries. For
-instance, the railroads have made it possible for the farmer
-to market his live stock and his crops. Out of these better
-market facilities have grown the great meat-packing centers
-and the flouring mills. On the other hand, the growth
-of settlements and industries has brought prosperity to
-the railroads and they have increased in wealth, equipment,
-and mileage. Thus the relation between the railroads
-and the State’s progress is very close.</p>
-
-<p>There are at present nearly 10,000 miles of railroad in
-Kansas, most of it belonging to the four great companies,
- <a name="Page_182" id="Page_182"></a><span class="pageno">182</span>
-the Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific,
-the Union Pacific, and the Chicago, Rock Island &amp; Pacific.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_182.jpg"
- width="483"
- alt="Illustration: Locomotives"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Modern Locomotive and One of 1880.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Railroad Regulation.</strong> There has been but little railroad
-building in Kansas for a number of years for the State is
-now fairly well supplied. Almost every county now has
-one or more railroads. In the earlier years the important
-thing was to get the railroads. Having secured them, the
-matter of chief concern has been to regulate them. During
-the late ’70’s much dissatisfaction arose because railroad
-rates were high, and several attempts were made to place
-the matter of rate regulation under the control of the State.
-In 1883 a law was passed creating a Railroad Commission
-of three members. This Commission was given a great
-deal of power, especially in regard to revising and establishing
-rates, and in adjusting disputes between the railroads
-and their patrons. Within a few years, through the
-efforts of the Commission together with the increase in
-business resulting from a growing population, rates were
-reduced almost half. Since its work proved to be of great
-service to the people the Commission was continued. In
-1911 the Railroad Commission became the Public Utilities
-Commission, which was given control over all such corporations
-as railroads, electric lines, and telegraph and
-telephone systems, in matters that are of interest only to
-this particular State. In matters that concern more than
-one state the Interstate Commerce Commission may act.</p>
-<a name="Page_183" id="Page_183"></a><span class="pageno">183</span>
-
-<p>When the United States entered the World War it
-became evident that one of the big problems to be met
-was that of transportation, within our own country, of
-men and supplies. The solution decided upon was that
-of government control of the railroads, which was secured
-by placing a director-general in charge of all the railroads
-of the United States. It was provided that this control
-might be continued for a period of twenty-one months
-after the close of the war.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Interurban Lines.</strong> Within recent years our means of
-transportation have been increased by the building of
-electric railway lines. They usually extend from one city
-to another, and are therefore called interurban lines.
-Most of those already built are in the southeastern part
-of the State. Plans were under way for a number of additional
-lines, but the coming of the War checked practically
-all of this work. The return of normal conditions
-will doubtless see a large increase in interurban mileage.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Road Improvement.</strong> The building of railroads did not
-make wagon roads less important, but more so, for there
-must be plenty of good roads if the people are to make
-full use of the railroads. The development of roads in
-this State has been going forward since the earliest days.
-Time, money, and effort are required to build roads in a
-new country, and during the years that Kansas has been
-engaged in this great task many different plans have been
-tried out and many road laws have been passed from time
-to time, but it was not until after Congress passed an act
-providing federal aid in road making that a unified plan
-for the whole State became a fact. This act was passed in
-1916, and Kansas accepted its provisions in 1917. Since
-that time remarkable progress has been made. A system
-of State highways forming a network over the entire State
-has been selected, thousands of miles of which are “federal-aid
- <a name="Page_184" id="Page_184"></a><span class="pageno">184</span>
-roads”; a complete system of connecting county roads
-has been designated; information has been compiled and
-distributed concerning the making of different kinds of
-roads, as earth, oiled earth, gravel, water-bound macadam,
-bituminous macadam, asphaltic concrete, concrete, and
-brick; bridge and culvert building have been standardized;
-and many miles of hard-surfaced roads have already been
-built or are in process of construction. Road building in
-Kansas is now progressing at a rate far beyond that of
-any time in the past.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Motor Truck Service.</strong> Much of the attention now
-being given to road improvement has been brought about
-by the rapidly increasing use of the automobile. During
-the earlier years of the automobile it was used chiefly for
-the transportation of passengers, but the development of
-the motor truck is making it an important factor in freight
-transportation. Many lines of motor truck service already
-have been established in the State, but on account of the
-uncertain condition of most of the roads the service is
-necessarily irregular. With the building of hard-surfaced
-roads the motor truck will no doubt soon become a fully
-established part of our transportation system.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Railroad construction was begun in the United States
-about 1830. By 1850 railroads reached as far west as
-<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Louis. Many stage lines were established in early
-Kansas. The first railroad was built in Kansas in 1860;
-the line extended from Elwood to Marysville. The Union
-Pacific was built through Kansas between 1862 and 1869.
-The Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe Railway was completed
-in 1872. In the meantime a number of other roads were
-built. The railroads received large grants of land, which
-they sold to settlers, thereby raising money and increasing
-business. They advertised Kansas widely. The people
- <a name="Page_185" id="Page_185"></a><span class="pageno">185</span>
-soon found it necessary to regulate the railroads, and
-created for this purpose the Railroad Commission, now
-the Public Utilities Commission. Besides the various
-railroad systems of the State, there are many interurban
-lines and a rapidly growing motor truck service. Great
-progress in road improvement is being made.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Arnold, Civics and Citizenship, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 97-108.</li>
-<li>Maps and Folders, published by the railroad companies.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Two">II</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 533-548.</li>
-<li>Elson, History of the United States, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 475, 618, 818.</li>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 168-170, 184-186, 191-194.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eight">VIII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 384; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 529; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 37, 47, 383; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Nine">IX</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 467; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Six">VI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 357.</li>
-<li>Reports of Interstate Commerce Commission and Public Utilities Commission.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 241-252.</li>
-<li>Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.</li>
-<li>Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage Route to California.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 306-313.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. Give an account of the beginning of railway transportation
-in the United States. What were the conditions by 1850?</p>
-
-<p>2. What were the early methods of travel in Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>3. Why were the early settlers anxious for railroads? What
-did they do to secure railroads?</p>
-
-<p>4. Discuss the stage lines; the Pony Express.</p>
-
-<p>5. When and where was the first railroad built in Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>6. Tell something of the building of the main line of the Union
-Pacific.</p>
-
-<p>7. Give an account of the building of the Union Pacific through
-Kansas. What were some of the difficulties that had to be overcome?</p>
-
-<p>8. When was the Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe built? Give its
-route.</p>
-
-<p>9. Name other railroads in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>10. Why were land grants made to the railroad companies? How
-did the railroad companies use this land?</p>
-
-<p>11. Why did the railroad companies advertise Kansas? What
-was the effect on the State?</p>
-
-<p>12. Locate settlements of foreigners in Kansas.</p>
- <a name="Page_186" id="Page_186"></a><span class="pageno">186</span>
-
-<p>13. Show why there is a close relation between the people and
-the railroads.</p>
-
-<p>14. Why has regulation of the railroads been found necessary?
-How has it been accomplished?</p>
-
-<p>15. What is, approximately, the railroad mileage of the State?</p>
-
-<p>16. What lines of railroad in your community?</p>
-
-<p>17. Are there any interurban lines near you? Are any such lines
-being discussed?</p>
-
-<p>18. What motor truck service is being carried on in your community?</p>
-
-<p>19. Locate the state highways and the county roads of your
-county.</p>
-
-<p>20. Describe recent improvement of roads in your community.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_187" id="Page_187"></a><span class="pageno">187</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_17" id="Ch_17"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Seventeen">XVII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">EDUCATION IN KANSAS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>The First Schools in Kansas.</strong> The first schools in
-Kansas were the mission schools for the Indians. When
-Kansas was organized as a Territory and the white settlers
-began to make their homes here, the education of their
-children became one of their first interests. In the summer
-of 1855 the first Territorial Legislature passed a law
-providing for the establishment of common schools, and
-thus laid the foundation for our public school system.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Early Territorial Schools.</strong> In January of 1855, when
-the town of Lawrence was only six months old, a school
-was opened in the back of Dr. Charles Robinson’s office.
-A term of school was held in Lawrence every winter thereafter.
-Other towns also maintained schools, as did a few
-of the country communities, but the settlers’ claims were
-so widely scattered and the dangers during the days of
-raids and warfare were so great that country schools were
-almost an impossibility during the first few years.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Subscription Schools.</strong> Many of the earlier schools were
-“subscription schools,” which means that they were not
-public schools supported by a tax levy, but that the
-teacher’s pay came from a tuition charged each pupil who
-attended.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Beginning of Our School System.</strong> By 1859, when
-Territorial conditions had become more settled, the Legislature
-turned its attention to the matter of education and
-passed a set of school laws that has served ever since as
-the basis of our system of education. While Kansas was
-still a Territory, a few districts were organized and schoolhouses
-built, and the minimum school term was made
-three months.</p>
-<a name="Page_188" id="Page_188"></a><span class="pageno">188</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_188.jpg"
- width="487"
- alt="Illustration: Sod Schoolhouse"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Sod Schoolhouse.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Schools After the Civil War.</strong> Little educational progress
-was made during the Civil War, but when peace
-had come to Kansas and the people could turn their minds
-to the needs of their homes and communities, schoolhouses
-built of logs or sod sprang up everywhere, for the pioneers
-had brought with them a desire to educate their children.
-Sometimes the settlers did not even wait to organize their
-district, but gathered together and began work on their
-schoolhouse. Where there was a timber supply they made
-their buildings of logs. On the prairie they built of sod.
-With the breaking plow they sliced out long pieces of sod
-from two to four inches thick and twelve to fourteen
-inches wide, and these, mortared with soft mud, were used
-like brick to build the walls. The roof was sometimes of
-lumber, but often the sod was laid over a framework of
-brush and poles. Whether the building was of logs or of sod,
-the floor was usually of dirt sprinkled and packed until it
-was hard and smooth. As the country grew in population
- <a name="Page_189" id="Page_189"></a><span class="pageno">189</span>
-and resources these buildings were replaced by others made
-of lumber, brick, or stone, but the little log and sod schoolhouses
-served the pioneers well. They were used not only
-for school purposes, but for religious services and for social
-gatherings, spelling schools, singing schools, and literary
-societies. The schoolhouses were the social centers in
-early Kansas.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_189.jpg"
- width="466"
- alt="Illustration: Interior Sod School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Interior of Sod Schoolhouse.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Work of the Pioneer Schools.</strong> Although the minimum
-term was three months, it was usually made a little
-longer for the benefit of the smaller children. As a rule
-the older boys and girls went to school only during the
-winter months when they could be spared from the farms.
-The work in the schools in those days consisted chiefly of
-the three R’s, “readin’, ’ritin’ and ’rithmetic.” In most
- <a name="Page_190" id="Page_190"></a><span class="pageno">190</span>
-cases, the pupils started each year at the beginning of their
-books and worked as far as they could. This was continued
-winter after winter until the girls and boys were
-eighteen to twenty-one years of age, or even older. There
-was no such thing as graduating from the country schools;
-the pupils attended until they were ready to quit. Since
-there were almost no high schools in the State, few of the
-children received more than a common school education,
-and most of the teachers had no more than that.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_190.jpg"
- width="481"
- alt="Illustration: Current Rural School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Present Day Rural School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Changes in the District Schools.</strong> Conditions are quite
-different in the country schools to-day. Many of them
-have terms of eight months, a few have nine months, while
-seven months is the shortest term permitted by the State.
-The truancy law requires attendance during the full term,
-whatever its length. The sod and log schoolhouses of
-pioneer days were, in time, replaced by neat little box-like
-buildings usually constructed of wood, though occasionally
-of brick or stone, and these in turn are now rapidly disappearing
- <a name="Page_191" id="Page_191"></a><span class="pageno">191</span>
-and their places are being taken by buildings
-that are larger, more beautiful, more comfortable, and
-far better adapted to educational needs. The qualifications
-of teachers have been raised. In earlier days, when
-there were but few high schools, many teachers had no
-education beyond what they had obtained in the country
-schools, but to-day ninety per cent of the rural teachers
-of the State are high-school graduates, and this per cent is
-steadily increasing. The work of the rural schools has
-expanded far beyond the “three R’s.” In addition to the
-regular work it now includes as much as time will permit
-of such subjects as music, manual training, agriculture,
-and household arts. The rural schools have been receiving
-a great deal of attention in recent years and are
-very rapidly being improved. Several hundred of them
-have already met the requirements laid down by the State
-for a “standard” school, and a few for a “superior”
-school, and these lists are constantly growing.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_191.jpg"
- width="468"
- alt="Illustration: Consolidated School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A Consolidated School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<a name="Page_192" id="Page_192"></a><span class="pageno">192</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_192a.jpg"
- width="463"
- alt="Illustration: Home Ec Class"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A High-school Class in Domestic Science.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_192b.jpg"
- width="461"
- alt="Illustration: Vo-Tech Class"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A High-school Class in Manual Training.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Consolidated Schools.</strong> Consolidation is generally looked
-upon as a method of bettering conditions in the rural
-schools. A consolidated district is one formed by the
- <a name="Page_193" id="Page_193"></a><span class="pageno">193</span>
-union of several districts. The little district schoolhouses
-are replaced by a larger building, usually centrally located,
-to which the children are conveyed in wagons provided for
-that purpose. With its larger valuation the consolidated
-district can have plenty of teachers and equipment and
-can offer a greater variety of subjects. There are a number
-of consolidated schools in the State now, and the plan is
-being considered in many communities. The good roads
-movement will no doubt do much to encourage consolidation.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_193.jpg"
- width="466"
- alt="Illustration: County HS"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">A County High School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Growth of the High School.</strong> A number of years passed
-before there were many high schools in Kansas. Four
-schools constituted the list of accredited high schools of
-the State as published in 1876. By 1886 the number had
-grown to thirty-six, and by 1896 it had reached seventy-seven.
-From that time on the number increased very
-rapidly until in 1918 there were six hundred thirty accredited
-high schools in the State, one hundred twenty-one
-of which were rural high schools. Until about 1905
-the standard for an accredited high school was a course of
-only three years. Since that time it has been four years.
-In the early years the real purpose of the high school was
-considered to be that of preparing the pupils for college,
-and the courses of study included only such subjects as
-were suited to that purpose. The present idea is that
-this is only one of the purposes of the high school, the
-other being that of supplying to the great mass of pupils,
-who will never go to college, the best possible preparation
-for living. To accomplish this latter purpose courses of
-study have been broadened to include such work as music,
-manual training, agriculture, commercial work, household
-arts, teacher training, and industrial training. Until very
-recent years high schools were established only in towns
-and cities, but now they are to be found in consolidated
- <a name="Page_197" id="Page_197"></a><span class="pageno">197</span>
-districts, and in rural districts, sometimes in small towns
-in those districts and sometimes in communities that are
-entirely rural. There is not now a county in the State
-that is without a four-year accredited high school.</p>
-<a name="Page_194" id="Page_194"></a><span class="pageno">194</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_194.jpg"
- width="496"
- alt="Illustration: Ft Hays School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Fort Hays Kansas Normal School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-<a name="Page_195" id="Page_195"></a><span class="pageno">195</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_195.jpg"
- width="466"
- alt="Illustration: Rural School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Two-teacher Rural School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-<a name="Page_196" id="Page_196"></a><span class="pageno">196</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_196.jpg"
- width="478"
- alt="Illustration: Emporia School"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Kansas State Normal School, Emporia.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Institutions of Higher Learning.</strong> The deep interest of
-the Kansas settlers in matters of education is nowhere
-more apparent than in their early establishment of institutions
-of higher learning. In the first Constitution, made
-in 1855, one reads, “The General Assembly may take
-measures for the establishment of a university”; and again,
-“Provisions may be made by law for the support of normal
-schools.” These matters were not lost sight of, and almost
-immediately after the admission of Kansas as a state this
-ambition found expression in the establishment of the
-Normal School, the Agricultural College, and the University.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_197.jpg"
- width="473"
- alt="Illustration: Rural HS"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Rural High School.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Normal Schools.</strong> The State Normal School at
-Emporia opened in 1865 with eighteen students enrolled.
-It used the upper floor of the new schoolhouse that had
- <a name="Page_199" id="Page_199"></a><span class="pageno">199</span>
-just been built for Emporia which was then but a small
-town. There was no furniture, and the equipment consisted
-of a Bible and a dictionary. Seats were borrowed
-from a neighboring church. But the Normal soon had a
-building of its own. In later years this has been three
-times replaced by a larger and better one and many new
-buildings have been added.</p>
-<a name="Page_198" id="Page_198"></a><span class="pageno">198</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_198.jpg"
- width="488"
- alt="Illustration: Pittsburg"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Manual Training Normal School, Pittsburg.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>The Normal School is based on the principle that it is
-not only necessary to know what to teach but how to teach;
-that there are new discoveries and advances in methods of
-teaching as there are in other lines, such as medicine or
-farming. The purpose of the Normal School is to train
-teachers.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_199.jpg"
- width="475"
- alt="Illustration: Social Center"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Schoolhouse Used as a Social Center.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>When our State Normal School was established there
-were not more than a dozen other such schools in the
-United States and none that prepared teachers for high-school
-positions. To-day there are many normal schools,
-but none larger than ours or more amply equipped to prepare
- <a name="Page_201" id="Page_201"></a><span class="pageno">201</span>
-teachers for all lines of teaching. The course of study,
-reaching from the kindergarten to the completion of a
-college course, places our State Normal School in the front
-rank of institutions of its kind.</p>
-<a name="Page_200" id="Page_200"></a><span class="pageno">200</span>
-
-<p>In 1901 the Western Branch State Normal School was
-established at Hays, and in 1903 another branch, the
-Manual Training Normal School, was opened at Pittsburg.
-Each of these has since been made an independent school.
-The one at Hays is now known as the Fort Hays Kansas
-Normal School.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_200.jpg"
- width="491"
- alt="Illustration: K-State"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Agricultural College.</strong> In 1862 Congress passed an
-act providing for land grants to states for the purpose of
-establishing colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts.
-Kansas was among the first states to accept the endowment,
-and the next year Bluemont Central College, a
-Methodist school at Manhattan, was given to the State
-and made the State Agricultural College. During the
-first ten years the growth of the Agricultural College was
-very slow. This was chiefly due to the fact that industrial
-education was something new and did not receive much
-attention. The College gave only a little work in agriculture
-or manual training, and what was given was merely
-supplementary. It was doing little to educate toward the
-farm or the workshop. In 1873 the school was reorganized.
-Farmers began to be interested in it and to discuss its possibilities.
-Such subjects as Latin and Greek were dropped
-and agriculture, home economics, and mechanic arts were
-emphasized. Workshops, print shops, kitchen and sewing
-rooms, agricultural implements, and live stock, were provided.
-This was a very advanced step at that time and
-it aroused some opposition. It was called the “new-fangled”
-education, and farmers who read and studied
-methods of farming were often sneered at as “book
-farmers.” But in time people began to view these things
- <a name="Page_203" id="Page_203"></a><span class="pageno">203</span>
-in a different light. It has now come to be generally
-recognized that successful farming requires a broader and
-more varied knowledge than almost any other business,
-and that in an agricultural state like ours nothing is
-more important than the training of its citizens for home
-and farm life. The Agricultural College now occupies the
-position of leadership in the agricultural and industrial interests
-of the State, and is one of the largest agricultural
-colleges in the United States.</p>
-<a name="Page_202" id="Page_202"></a><span class="pageno">202</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_202.jpg"
- width="499"
- alt="Illustration: KU"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The University of Kansas, Lawrence.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The University.</strong> The University of Kansas was established
-by an act of the Legislature of 1864, and its object,
-as given by this act, is to “provide the inhabitants of the
-State with means of acquiring a thorough knowledge of the
-various branches of literature, science, and the arts.”
-The university idea is hundreds of years old, and so there
-was nothing new in the thought of a university in Kansas.
-The University of Kansas was built on the flat-topped
-hill in Lawrence where the first party of free-state settlers
-pitched their tents. It was opened in 1866 with forty
-students and three professors. To-day there are twenty
-great buildings on Mount Oread. The central department
-of the University is the college, which provides a liberal
-education in languages, sciences, mathematics, history,
-and kindred subjects. Besides the college there are schools
-of engineering, of fine arts, of law, of pharmacy, of medicine,
-and of education. Ours now ranks high among the
-universities of the United States.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Control of State Schools.</strong> Altogether, the University,
-the Agricultural College, and the Normal Schools employ
-about seven hundred instructors and enroll between eight
-and nine thousand students each year. The total annual
-cost to the people of Kansas is nearly two million dollars.
-These schools, together with the School for the Blind at
-Kansas City, and the School for the Deaf at Olathe,
- <a name="Page_204" id="Page_204"></a><span class="pageno">204</span>
-were, in 1913, placed under the management of a board
-of three members called the Board of Administration.
-In 1917 the Board of Administration was reorganized and
-the penal and the charitable institutions of the State were
-placed under its control.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Denominational Colleges.</strong> In addition to the State
-institutions Kansas has more than thirty denominational
-colleges. A few of the largest of these are Baker University
-at Baldwin, Washburn College at Topeka, Ottawa University
-at Ottawa, Friends University at Wichita, the
-Southwestern University at Winfield, and the College of
-Emporia. There are also a number of business colleges
-and a few independent schools.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Other Provisions for Education.</strong> Besides all the schools
-where the people of Kansas may obtain an education,
-every effort is being made to provide other educational
-opportunities by means of extension work, public and
-traveling libraries, and night schools. The State Normal
-School, the Agricultural College, and the University all
-do extension work, which means that they offer correspondence
-courses, send out lecturers, and in various other
-ways carry their work to those who can not attend the
-schools. Many communities maintain free public libraries
-and the State maintains a traveling library.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_20" id="fnanchor_20"></a><a href="#footnote_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></span> Night
-schools are now provided in several of our larger cities.
-An education is now possible to any one who really
-wants it.</p>
-<a name="Page_205" id="Page_205"></a><span class="pageno">205</span>
-
-<p>All of this has been brought about within little more
-than a half century, and though there is much yet to be
-done the people of Kansas have every reason to be proud
-of what they have accomplished in the interests of education.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">Education in Kansas began with the mission schools
-and was one of the first interests in Territorial days. There
-were many subscription schools before district schools
-were organized. The organization of districts began in
-the Territorial period and kept pace with settlement.
-The University, the Normal School and the Agricultural
-College were established during the Civil War. Since that
-time many denominational colleges have been established,
-the high school has been developed, and many other
-means of education have been provided. Great educational
-progress has been made.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Prentis, History of Kansas, <abbr title="chapter">chap.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase">XXXV</span>.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Six">VI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 70, 114; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Seven">VII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 167, 502; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 424; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Twelve">XII</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 69, 77, 195.</li>
-<li>Catalogues of the State Schools.</li>
-<li>Reports of State Department of Education.</li>
-<li>Statutes of Kansas.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Andreas, History of Kansas, General and County Histories.</li>
-<li>Spring, Kansas, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 319-325.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. What were the mission schools?</p>
-
-<p>2. When did the settlers become interested in education?</p>
-
-<p>3. What was done in education during the Territorial period?</p>
-
-<p>4. What were subscription schools?</p>
-
-<p>5. Describe the early schoolhouses. Compare them with the
-buildings of to-day.</p>
-
-<p>6. How did work in the early schools differ from work in the
-schools of to-day?</p>
- <a name="Page_206" id="Page_206"></a><span class="pageno">206</span>
-
-<p>7. Give the history of the growth of the high school.</p>
-
-<p>8. Give an account of the establishment of the State Normal
-School; its growth; its purpose. What other normal schools do we
-now have?</p>
-
-<p>9. When and where was the Agricultural College established?
-Give an account of its growth; its work to-day.</p>
-
-<p>10. What is the purpose of a university? When and where was
-the University of Kansas established?</p>
-
-<p>11. What is the present enrollment and cost of the State schools?</p>
-
-<p>12. What is a denominational college? Name some of the most
-important of the denominational colleges in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>13. What other opportunities for education have been provided?</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_207" id="Page_207"></a><span class="pageno">207</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_18" id="Ch_18"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Eighteen">XVIII</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">KANSAS MEMORIALS</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Significance of Kansas History.</strong> Kansas is a comparatively
-new State. Nearly all of its history has been made
-within little more than a century, and most of it within
-the sixty years of its period of settlement. Few states,
-however, have had a more eventful history. From its
-beginning Kansas has been a place of action. The pages
-of its history are filled with wars and battles, with stirring
-adventure, and with deeds of courage and daring. Nearly
-every part of the State has its places of historic interest,
-and the names of men and women who should be honored
-for good and brave deeds would make a long list.</p>
-
-<p>The people of Kansas are proud of the history of their
-State and desire to preserve it. To that end they have
-taken steps to save a number of the old landmarks, they
-have built many monuments, and have gathered and kept
-many records of the past.</p>
- <a name="Page_208" id="Page_208"></a><span class="pageno">208</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_208.jpg"
- width="242"
- alt="Illustration: Bust of Eugene Ware"
- />
-<div class="poem">
- <div class="stanza">
-  <div class="i0a">“Of all the states, but three will live in story;</div>
-  <div class="i0">Old Massachusetts with her Plymouth Rock,</div>
-  <div class="i0">And Old Virginia with her noble stock,</div>
-  <div class="i0">And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory.”</div>
- </div><div class="laststanza">
-  <div class="author">&mdash;<span class="sc">Eugene F. Ware.</span></div>
- </div><!--end stanza-->
-</div><!--end poem-->
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Pawnee Rock.</strong> One of the early landmarks was Pawnee
-Rock on the old Santa Fe Trail, in what is now Barton
-County. This giant rock standing on the level plain was
-a noted spot, for the Trail ran near its base, and while it
-provided a place of rest and safety for many a weary
-traveler, it also afforded a retreat from which the Indians
-could dash down upon the traders. In later years much
-of the rock was torn away for building purposes and this
-historic old landmark was rapidly disappearing. The
-Woman’s Kansas Day Club resolved to save this historic
-spot, and secured a deed for the Rock and five acres of
-ground surrounding it. On Kansas Day, 1909, the women
-presented this deed to the State. The transfer was made
-with the condition that the State spend $3000 for improvements.
- <a name="Page_209" id="Page_209"></a><span class="pageno">209</span>
-This was done and the preservation of
-Pawnee Rock is now assured.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_209.jpg"
- width="474"
- alt="Illustration: Pawnee Rock"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Present View of Pawnee Rock.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The Pike Memorial.</strong> The exact site of the Pawnee
-Indian village visited by Lieutenant Pike in 1806 was not
-known with certainty for many years, but was finally
-found to be in Republic County. It was located through
-the discovery of rows of circular ridges supposed to have
-been the embankments of the Indian lodges.<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_21" id="fnanchor_21"></a><a href="#footnote_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></span> An iron
-fence now incloses about six acres of the ground, on which
-the rings are still plainly visible, and a granite shaft stands
-where the Stars and Stripes first floated over Kansas.
-The monument bears the inscription: “Erected by the
-State of Kansas, 1901, to mark the site of the Pawnee
-Republic where Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike caused the
-Spanish flag to be lowered and the flag of the United
-States to be raised, September 29, 1806.”</p>
-<a name="Page_210" id="Page_210"></a><span class="pageno">210</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_210.jpg"
- width="240"
- alt="Illustration: Flag"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Where the Stars and Stripes<br />First Floated over Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Marking of the Santa Fe Trail.</strong> The Santa Fe Trail,
-which was associated with most of the early history of Kansas,
-was known throughout the country, but with the
-settlement of the State the old highway was growing
-dim; the ruts were filling in,
-grass was covering the broad
-track, and with the passing of
-those who knew it in the old
-days the true route was in danger
-of being forgotten. To prevent
-this, the Daughters of the American
-Revolution began, in the
-opening years of the present century,
-to agitate the question of
-marking the line of the Trail
-through the State. In 1905 the
-Legislature appropriated $1000
-“for procuring suitable monuments
-for this purpose.” Kansas
-Day of 1906 was designated
-“Trail Day” in the public schools,
-and the children were invited to
-contribute a penny each toward
-the fund. They gave $584.40.
-Eighty-nine markers were purchased. Various local organizations
-added nine more, making a total of ninety-eight
-markers. They were placed along the Trail from
-the eastern to the western end of the State. They bear
-the inscription, “Santa Fe Trail 1822-1872. Marked by
-the Daughters of the American Revolution and the State
-of Kansas, 1906.” A few of the markers bear special inscriptions
-in addition to this. The one at Council Grove
-has on the other side, “On this spot, August 10, 1825, the
- <a name="Page_211" id="Page_211"></a><span class="pageno">211</span>
-treaty was made with the
-Osage Indians for the right
-of way of the Santa Fe Trail.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_211a.jpg"
- width="292"
- alt="Illustration: Council Grove marker"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Santa Fe Trail Marker, with<br />
-Local Inscription.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_211b.jpg"
- width="300"
- alt="Illustration: Trail Marker"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Santa Fe Trail Marker.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Pawnee Capitol.</strong> The old
-stone building erected at
-Pawnee for the capitol of
-Kansas still stands on the Fort
-Riley Reservation. In 1907 a
-subscription fund was raised
-and the money used to repair
-and restore the old building
-so that it will stand for many
-years as a relic of our early
-history.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_212.jpg"
- width="480"
- alt="Illustration: Pawnee Capitol"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Old Pawnee Capitol on the Fort Riley Military Reservation.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>John Brown’s Battle Field.</strong>
-The site of John Brown’s
-battle field at Osawatomie
-was purchased by the Woman’s Relief Corps of Kansas
-and presented to the State in 1909.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Statues in the Hall of Fame.</strong> Each State is permitted
-to place two statues in the Hall of Fame in the National
-Capitol at Washington. In 1905 one of the Kansas
-places was filled with a statue
-of John J. Ingalls, who was
-a Senator from this State
-from 1873 to 1891. In 1913
-the other place was filled
-with a statue of George W.
-Glick, who was Governor
-of Kansas from 1883 to 1885.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_213a.jpg"
- width="158"
- alt="Illustration: John Brown monument"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The John Brown
-Monument.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Other Monuments.</strong> A
-number of monuments have
-been erected in various parts
-of the State in commemoration
- <a name="Page_212" id="Page_212"></a><span class="pageno">212</span>
-of noted persons or events. The John Brown monument
-at Osawatomie was dedicated on August 30, 1877. It bears
-two inscriptions: “In commemoration of those who, on
-the 30th of August, 1856, gave up their lives at the battle
-of Osawatomie in defense of freedom,” and, “This inscription
-is also in commemoration of the heroism of Captain
-John Brown, who commanded at the battle of Osawatomie,
-August 30, 1856; who died and conquered American slavery
-on the scaffold at Charlestown, Virginia, December
-2, 1859.”</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_213b.jpg"
- width="275"
- alt="Illustration: Marais des Cygnes monument"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Marais des Cygnes
-Monument.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>A splendid monument has been erected in Linn County
-to mark the graves of the victims of the Marais des Cygnes
-massacre.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_214.jpg"
- width="484"
- alt="Illustration: Quantrill Raid Monument"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">Quantrill Raid Monument.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p>At Lawrence there is a monument bearing this inscription:
-“Dedicated to the memory of the one hundred and
- <a name="Page_213" id="Page_213"></a><span class="pageno">213</span>
-fifty citizens who, defenseless, fell victims
-to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas,
-led by the infamous Quantrill in his
-raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863.
-Erected May 30, 1895.”</p>
-
-<p>A monument has been raised near
-Junction City in honor of the expedition
-of Coronado. There are several other
-monuments in the State commemorating
-the Spanish explorations of 1541-1542.</p>
-
-<p>Monuments have been dedicated to
-the memory of settlers killed in the Indian
-raids on the frontier, and to men
-who were killed by Indians while engaged
-in construction work on the Union Pacific
-Railroad.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Memorial Hall.</strong> These are only a few;
-many tablets, monuments, and markers
-have been erected in Kansas, but by far the greatest
-number of them are monuments in honor of the soldiers
-of the Civil War. Many of these are
-very handsome, and they have cost,
-in the aggregate, thousands of dollars;
-but this recognition seemed
-insufficient, and it had long been
-hoped that a handsome and serviceable
-building might be erected as a
-fitting and worthy recognition by the
-whole State of the honor due the soldiers
-and sailors of the Civil War.
-The fulfillment of this ambition
-finally became possible when the
-United States paid to Kansas an old
-Civil War debt amounting to nearly
- <a name="Page_214" id="Page_214"></a><span class="pageno">214</span>
-a half-million dollars. The money was used for the
-construction of Memorial Hall. This beautiful structure,
-built of white marble, stands near the grounds of the
-State Capitol at Topeka. Part of Memorial Hall is used
-as headquarters for the Kansas Department of the
-Grand Army of the Republic, and the rest by the
-State Historical Society.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_215.jpg"
- width="470"
- alt="Illustration: Spanish Sword"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">An Old, Double-edged, Spanish Sword,</span></p>
-<p class="p0 blockquote unindent muchsmaller">Found in Finney county some years ago and presented to the State Historical Society.
-The sword bears the name of one of Coronado’s officers, Juan Gallego. On
-the blade, in Spanish, are the words: “Draw me not without reason; sheathe me not
-without honor.”</p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>The State Historical Society.</strong> The State Historical Society
-was organized in 1875. From that time until the
-present the Society has gathered and kept books, writings,
-narratives, maps, relics and other matter relating to the
-history of Kansas. In these collections may be found information
-concerning the explorations, the Indians, the
-overland travel, the settlements, and the condition and
-progress of the State in its various departments. Volumes
- <a name="Page_215" id="Page_215"></a><span class="pageno">215</span>
-of clippings, files of newspapers, and thousands of books,
-provide a very complete record of all phases of the State’s
-history. One of the interesting features is the collection
-of relics, among which are: an old Spanish sword supposed
-to have belonged to one of Coronado’s soldiers; the pistol
-of the Jayhawker, James Montgomery; two cannon used
-in the border troubles; and the cap, saddle, and sword of
-John Brown. There are many Indian pipes, ornaments,
-implements, arrowheads, and a war bonnet. The historical
-collections, which have increased from year to
-year, are very interesting and should be seen by every
-citizen of Kansas. The Historical Society had rooms in
-the State Capitol until the completion of Memorial Hall,
-when it was moved into the new building. Thus Memorial
-Hall stands as a tribute not only to the soldiers but to the
-entire history of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">In late years Kansas has taken many steps to preserve
-its history. Some of its most prominent memorials are:
-Pawnee Rock; Pike Memorial; Santa Fe Trail markers;
-Pawnee Capitol; John Brown’s battle-field; monuments
-to commemorate the battle of Osawatomie, the Marais
-des Cygnes massacre, and the Quantrill raid. Many other
-monuments and tablets have been erected in different
-parts of the State to commemorate important events.
-Memorial Hall, completed in 1914, was built in honor of
-the soldiers and sailors who served in the Civil War.
- <a name="Page_216" id="Page_216"></a><span class="pageno">216</span>
-This building provided fitting quarters for the Kansas
-Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, and for
-the State Historical Society which has a large and valuable
-collection of original historical material.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections, <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Eleven">XI</abbr></span>, <abbr title="page">p.</abbr> 253; <abbr title="volume">vol.</abbr> <span class="sc lowercase"><abbr title="Ten">X</abbr></span>, <abbr title="pages">pp.</abbr> 15, 50, 472.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. How long since Kansas became a state?</p>
-
-<p>2. What places of historic interest are there in the State?</p>
-
-<p>3. What places of historic interest are there in your locality?
-Have they been marked in any way?</p>
-
-<p>4. What have you learned from the old settlers about the history
-of your locality?</p>
-
-<p>5. Locate Pawnee Rock. Give its early history. Its recent
-history.</p>
-
-<p>6. Give an account of Pike’s visit to the Pawnee Indians.
-Where was the Indian village? How has this event been commemorated?</p>
-
-<p>7. Give an account of the marking of the Santa Fe Trail.</p>
-
-<p>8. Locate the old Pawnee Capitol and give its history.</p>
-
-<p>9. Name as many other memorials as you can and give the
-event which each commemorates.</p>
-
-<p>10. What is Memorial Hall? Why was it erected? For what is
-it to be used?</p>
-
-<p>11. Explain the work and purpose of the State Historical Society.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_217" id="Page_217"></a><span class="pageno">217</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Ch_19" id="Ch_19"></a>CHAPTER <abbr title="Nineteen">XIX</abbr></h3>
-
-<h4 class="h4head">THE KANSAS SPIRIT</h4>
-
-<p class="p2"><strong>Introduction.</strong> Kansas is a great State; great in size and
-wealth, great in industries and resources, and great in
-what it has accomplished. But there are states that are
-larger, others that are wealthier, and many that have
-larger cities, greater population, a longer history, and
-more splendid memorials, so it is not for these things that
-Kansas is especially noted among the states. The quality
-that is the mark of its distinction is the character of its
-history and of its people.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Meaning of the Kansas Spirit.</strong> Any people is, in
-large part, the product of its thinking, its beliefs, and its
-hopes and desires. This is the lesson of Hawthorne’s story,
-“The Great Stone Face.” Through all the years Ernest
-studied the face on the mountain and pondered the
-thoughts that he read there. In time he came to resemble
-the great face, both in its features and in the character it
-expressed. In the same way the people of Kansas have
-become what they are to-day because of their thoughts,
-their experiences and their ideals. We often hear it said
-concerning some act or some effort toward progress, “That
-is the Kansas spirit,” which means that the thing done
-shows what kind of people the Kansans are; it is characteristic
-of them. If, then, we would understand what this
-Kansas spirit is, we must know what thoughts and experiences
-and ideals have had a part in producing it.</p>
-<a name="Page_218" id="Page_218"></a><span class="pageno">218</span>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_218.jpg"
- width="297"
- alt="Illustration: Bust of Ingalls"
- />
- <p class="muchsmaller">“This is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule
-of the temple. The achievements of the past will
-pale into insignificance before the completed glory
-of the century to come.”</p>
-
-<p class="p0 right muchsmaller">&mdash;<span class="sc">John J. Ingalls.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Pioneer Qualities.</strong> Certain characteristics of the people
-of Kansas are largely due to the fact that this was so
-recently a frontier state. Pioneer life, wherever it exists,
-develops the qualities of independence, courage, resourcefulness,
-endurance, and democracy. The pioneer has only
- <a name="Page_219" id="Page_219"></a><span class="pageno">219</span>
-himself to lean on; he learns to take chances, he laughs at
-adversity, he adapts himself to circumstances, and he
-lives in the future.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter">
- <img src="images/i_219.jpg"
- width="459"
- alt="Illustration: The Forum"
- />
- <p class="caption"><span class="sc">The Forum, Wichita, Kansas.</span></p>
-</div><!--end figcenter-->
-
-<p><strong>Qualities that Make the Kansas Spirit.</strong> These characteristics
-are not, however, peculiar to the Kansas people,
-for the early settlers of other states lived on the frontier
-and developed these same qualities. But Kansas had a
-Territorial history which was very different from that of
-any other state and which has left its impress upon the
-people. Other pioneers have had the great task of making
-a state out of a wilderness, but Kansas pioneers had a
-second great task, that of making a free state in the face
-of the most determined opposition. They came to Kansas
-as the Puritans came to America, in the name of liberty.
-They were stern, unyielding, purposeful men and women,
-sure of the presence of divine leadership, and their character
- <a name="Page_220" id="Page_220"></a><span class="pageno">220</span>
-has deeply influenced the Kansas people. This influence
-has made them hate oppression; it has made them
-demand justice and fair play; it has made them value
-people for their personal worth; it has made them believe
-in the equality of human rights, and in the ability of the
-people to govern themselves. These are characteristics
-of every true Kansan and the qualities that make the
-Kansas spirit.</p>
-
-<p><strong>Manifestations of the Kansas Spirit.</strong> This spirit is
-evident in many phases of the life and progress of our
-people, but it is nowhere more apparent than in their
-political affairs and in their laws. The spirit that made
-the pioneers refuse to submit to the “Bogus Legislature”
-also impelled them to send more than their share of soldiers
-to the Civil War. Later, the same spirit led the Kansas
-people to adopt the prohibition amendment and to grant
-to women the full right of suffrage. It caused the farmers
-and other laboring people to form organizations for the
-better protection of their rights. It made the State do its
-part in the World War cheerfully and generously. In
-short, the Kansas spirit has manifested itself whenever
-the people have made an effort to overcome difficulties,
-whenever they have tried to secure more justice or liberty
-for themselves. These efforts have sometimes been so
-radical, and the plans offered for the betterment of conditions
-so new and startling as to attract much attention
-in the rest of the country. But Kansas has continued to
-believe in the worth and possibilities of her people and to
-make every effort to bring about conditions that will give
-them the opportunity to rise to the full measure of their
-nature.</p>
-
-<p><strong>The Task Confronting the Kansas of To-day.</strong> All over
-the United States there is a growing tendency on the part
-of the people to exercise a more direct control of their
- <a name="Page_221" id="Page_221"></a><span class="pageno">221</span>
-government; to take more and more authority into their
-own hands. This means that the people must be interested,
-active and well-informed. For us, it means that
-the quality of Kansas government depends upon the quality
-of Kansas citizenship. While the task of the pioneers
-was a heavy one, ours to-day is no less great, though it is
-different. Their struggle was to get the soil under cultivation,
-ours to see that it does not become worn out;
-theirs to get public utilities, ours to use and regulate them;
-theirs to develop new industries, ours to see that they are
-carried on with justice to all; theirs to establish schools,
-ours to make them more efficient; in general, theirs to
-build up, ours to use wisely.</p>
-
-<p>Kansas history is not made; it is in the making. We
-study the past that we may learn how to make the present
-better. Great things have been accomplished but there
-is much yet to be done. The pioneers solved their problems,
-and if we are worthy of the Kansas they have given
-us we will strive to solve ours. We will keep alive the
-Kansas spirit.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center ls">SUMMARY</p>
-
-<p class="blockquote">The Kansas people have developed the same pioneer
-qualities as have the people of other states; but, in addition,
-their peculiar Territorial history has made them
-believe in a marked degree in liberty, justice, equality,
-and democracy. These characteristics have given rise to
-what is called “the Kansas spirit.” This spirit is especially
-evident in the political movements through which the
-people have taken more and more of the control of government
-into their own hands.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center">REFERENCES</p>
-
-<ul>
-<li>Kansas, Carl Becker.</li>
-<li>Historical Collections. Selected Topics.</li>
-<li>Connelley, History as an Asset of the State.</li>
-</ul>
-<a name="Page_222" id="Page_222"></a><span class="pageno">222</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center">QUESTIONS</p>
-
-<p>1. In what things is Kansas great? Name other states that are
-greater in any of these things. What quality distinguishes Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>2. How can the lesson in the story of “The Great Stone Face”
-be applied to Kansas?</p>
-
-<p>3. Why does pioneer life develop courage? Independence?
-Resourcefulness?</p>
-
-<p>4. What effect has the Territorial history of Kansas had on the
-people?</p>
-
-<p>5. What is meant by the Kansas spirit? What are some of the
-ways in which it has been shown? Discuss each.</p>
-
-<p>6. Discuss the responsibilities of the Kansas people of to-day.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_223" id="Page_223"></a><span class="pageno">223</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head"><a name="Appx" id="Appx"></a>THE APPENDIX</h3>
-
-<p class="center"><strong>TERRITORIAL PERIOD</strong></p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Legislatures</strong></p>
-
-<p>There were six Territorial legislatures. The first two were proslavery.
-Beginning in 1858 the four that followed were free-state.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Constitutions</strong></p>
-
-<p>Four constitutions were prepared: the Topeka Constitution in
-1855, the Lecompton in 1857, the Leavenworth in 1858, and the
-Wyandotte in 1859. The Lecompton was the only one that provided
-for slavery. The State was admitted under the Wyandotte, our
-present Constitution. It was based on the constitution of Ohio and
-was drafted by men from both parties.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Capitals</strong></p>
-
-<p>Several different places served as Territorial capitals. When
-Governor Reeder came to Kansas he kept his office at Leavenworth
-for about two months, then removed it to Shawnee Mission, which
-was used as the Territorial capital until the following spring when
-Governor Reeder named Pawnee as the capital. The Legislature
-remained at Pawnee only five days and then adjourned to Shawnee
-Mission, where the Governor’s office was kept another year. In
-August, 1855, the Territorial Legislature selected Lecompton, which
-continued as the capital during the remainder of the Territorial
-period. However, when the free-state people gained control of the
-Legislature in 1858 they made an effort to change the capital to
-Minneola. Failing in this, they met at Lecompton for each session
-and then at once adjourned to Lawrence. At an election in November,
-1861, the people selected Topeka as the permanent capital of
-Kansas.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>The Topeka Movement</strong></p>
-
-<p>The free-state Government under the Topeka Constitution was
-organized in the days of the “Bogus Legislature” for the purpose of
-uniting the free-state people and enabling them to oppose proslavery
-methods. It was continued until the free-state people gained
-control of the Territorial Legislature, when it became no longer
-necessary and was dropped. The principal events were as follows:
-The convention met in October of 1855, completed the Topeka
-Constitution in November, and the free-state people voted favorably
-on it in December. In January of 1856 they elected Charles Robinson
-governor. Their Legislature met in March, and in the same
-month they applied for admission to the Union but the bill failed
- <a name="Page_224" id="Page_224"></a><span class="pageno">224</span>
-to pass. The Legislature met again in July, but was disbanded by
-United States troops under Sumner. They met in January of 1857,
-but the officers were arrested. Two additional meetings were held;
-one in January and one in March of 1858. Then, having served its
-purpose, the Topeka movement was at an end.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_225" id="Page_225"></a><span class="pageno">225</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>INDIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY KANSAS</strong></p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Presbyterian Missions</strong></p>
-
-<p>Two Presbyterian missions were established among the Osages
-in what is now Neosho County in 1824. One was the Boudinot
-mission. The work was in charge of Rev. Benton Pixley.</p>
-
-<p>Rev. S. M. Irwin established a mission among the Iowas, Sacs
-and Foxes in Doniphan County, near the present town of Highland,
-in 1837. Highland College, one of the oldest colleges in the State,
-still remains as a school of this church.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Methodist Missions</strong></p>
-
-<p>In 1830 the Shawnee Methodist mission was established a few
-miles southwest of where Kansas City now stands. This mission
-was in charge of Rev. Thomas Johnson. A few years later it had
-a manual-labor school and a farm and was one of the largest and
-best known of the missions in Kansas.</p>
-
-<p>In 1832 a mission was established among the Delawares in
-Wyandotte County, on the site of the town of White Church, by
-William Johnson and Thomas B. Markham. Rev. E. T. Peery was
-in charge.</p>
-
-<p>A mission for the Kickapoos was founded in 1833. It was just
-north of the site of Leavenworth and was in charge of Rev. J. C.
-Berryman.</p>
-
-<p>In 1833 a mission was established for the Kanzas at Mission
-Creek, Shawnee County, by Rev. William Johnson, who continued
-the work for seven years. When the Kanzas were moved, the mission
-was located at Council Grove. It existed from 1850 to 1854.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Baptist Missions</strong></p>
-
-<p>The Baptist Church established a mission among the Shawnees
-in 1831. It was about two miles northwest of the Shawnee Methodist
-mission. The leader was Isaac McCoy, and he was joined later
-by Dr. Johnson Lykins and Rev. Jotham Meeker. Mr. Meeker was
-a printer, and in 1834 issued the first book printed in Kansas, a
-primer in the Indian language.</p>
-
-<p>A mission was established among the Ottawas in 1837, on the
-present site of Ottawa, under the charge of Rev. Jotham Meeker.
-This mission survives in Ottawa University.</p>
-
-<p>A mission was opened among the Pottawatomies in 1837, by
-Rev. Robert Simmerwell, near the site of Osawatomie. When this
-tribe moved to the new reservation the mission was relocated at
-Mission Creek in Shawnee County. It was abandoned in 1854.</p>
-
-<p>In 1840 Dr. David Lykins established a mission among the
-Miamis, about ten miles southeast of the present city of Paola.</p>
-
-<p>Dr. Johnson Lykins opened a mission among the Delawares in
-     1832.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Friends Mission</strong></p>
-
-<p>The Society of Friends established a mission among the Shawnees
-in 1834, about three miles west of the Methodist mission. Henry
- <a name="Page_226" id="Page_226"></a><span class="pageno">226</span>
-Harvey, M. Mendenhall, and the Hadleys were teachers in this
-mission.</p>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>Catholic Missions</strong></p>
-
-<p>In 1822 Father La Croix visited the Osages, just across the line
-in Missouri, and baptized several Indian children. At different
-times Father Van Quickenborn visited the Osages and preached.
-In 1847 Rev. Schoenmaker established the Osage Mission, now
-<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Paul, in Neosho County.</p>
-
-<p>The Catholic mission was founded in 1836 by Fathers Van
-Quickenborn and Hœken for the Kickapoos, near the Junction of
-Salt Creek with the Missouri, in Leavenworth County.</p>
-
-<p><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s mission among the Pottawatomies was established
-in Miami County in 1838, and moved to Linn County in 1839,
-where it remained until the removal of the tribe to Pottawatomie
-County in 1849. The mission was then established at <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s,
-where it survives to-day in <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s school for boys.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_227" id="Page_227"></a><span class="pageno">227</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>FORTS IN EARLY KANSAS</strong></p>
-
-<p>Many forts were established in early Kansas; a few by the fur
-companies, some by the War Department, some by state troops,
-a number by settlers as a place of refuge from the Indians, and a
-few by free-state and proslavery forces during the Territorial struggle.
-Some of them consisted merely of a wall of earth thrown up,
-others of a strongly built log cabin within a line of earthworks or
-line of palisades. Many of them were more pretentious, and were
-built of logs, adobe, or stone. Some of the forts established by the
-National Government cost many thousands of dollars and most of
-them had large land reserves. As the settlements moved westward
-the necessity for the forts no longer existed, and with the exception
-of Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley, which are still maintained by
-the National Government as army posts, they fell into disuse.
-The principal early forts were:</p>
-
-<p>Fort Kanzas, established by the French fur traders in the early
-part of the eighteenth century, was located in what is now Atchison
-County. It is mentioned in the journal of Lewis and Clark as an
-abandoned fort.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Lyon, earlier called Bent’s Fort, was built in 1826 for a
-fur-trading post. It occupied several different sites on the Arkansas
-River, all of them within the present bounds of Colorado, the last
-one being within Territorial Kansas. It was opened to settlement
-in 1890.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827 by Col. Henry Leavenworth
-of the United States army. It has from its beginning been
-an important military post. More than $2,000,000 has been expended
-on it, and it now ranks among the first of the military posts
-of the United States.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Riley was established in 1852 by the United States. It has
-been enlarged and improved from time to time until it is now an
-important military center. Fort Riley is near the junction of the
-Republican and Smoky Hill rivers, and is very near the geographical
-center of the United States.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Atkinson, one of the early forts erected along the Santa Fe
-Trail, was located on the Arkansas River about six miles above the
-present site of Dodge City. This fort was built in 1850 and abandoned
-in 1854. It was known for a few months as Fort Mackey,
-when the name was changed to Fort Atkinson.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Mann was probably erected about 1845 on or near the site
-on which Fort Atkinson was later built.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Scott was built in 1842 on the site of the present city of
-Fort Scott. In 1853 it ceased to be used as a military post, and in
-1855 the buildings were sold. This fort had no reservation.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Larned was located in 1859 on Pawnee Fork, about eight
-miles above the mouth of that stream. It was for a number of years
-an important post, but was later abandoned as a fort, and in 1882
-the reservation was opened for sale to settlers.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Saunders was a proslavery stronghold about twelve miles
- <a name="Page_228" id="Page_228"></a><span class="pageno">228</span>
-southwest of Lawrence in 1856. It was destroyed by a body of free-state
-settlers the same year.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Titus, located about two miles south of Lecompton, was a
-log house used as a proslavery fortification. It was captured and
-destroyed by free-state forces shortly after the destruction of Fort
-Saunders.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification on the Wakarusa
-River, about five miles from Lawrence.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Bain was a log cabin in the northern part of Bourbon County
-which served as a retreat for John Brown and James Montgomery
-in 1857 and 1858.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Baxter, a military post, was established by General Blunt
-in 1863. It was the scene of an attack by Quantrill, known as the
-Baxter Springs massacre. After the war the town of Baxter Springs
-grew up on the site.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Dodge was one of the most important forts on the western
-frontier. It was located to the east of The Caches, near Dodge
-City, in 1864. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 good
-buildings were erected. Fort Dodge was not abandoned until 1882.
-The Soldiers’ Home at Fort Dodge was later established on a part
-of this military reservation.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Downer was located on Downer’s Creek, about fifty miles
-west of Fort Hays. It was in existence between 1863 and 1868.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Harker was established in 1864, near the present site of
-Ellsworth, with the name Fort Ellsworth. Two years later the
-name was changed to Fort Harker and the site moved about a mile
-northeast. This fort was for a long time the shipping point for
-freight bound for New Mexico. Fort Harker was abandoned in
-1872 and the reservation opened to settlement in 1880.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Wallace was established near the present town of Wallace
-in 1865. This was an important post during the building of the
-Union Pacific railroad. It was abandoned as a fort in 1882, and in
-1888 the land was ordered sold.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Zarah was established in 1864, about four miles east of the
-present city of Great Bend. It was dismantled in 1869, and the
-reservation was later sold.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Hays was established by the National Government, in 1865,
-about fourteen miles southeast of the present Hays City, and was
-for a year known as Fort Fletcher. In 1867 a new site, about three-fourths
-mile from Hays City, was selected. The reservation consisted
-of 7500 acres. General Sheridan used Fort Hays for headquarters
-during the Black Kettle raid in 1868. It continued to be
-used as a military post until 1889. In 1900 Kansas secured the land
-and buildings for educational purposes. The Fort Hays Kansas
-Normal School and an experiment station for the Agricultural
-College are now located there.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Henning, Fort Blair, and Fort Insley were three blockhouses
-erected at Fort Scott in 1861 for the purpose of guarding
-military stores from the Confederate forces.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Lincoln was built by Lane in 1861, about twelve miles northwest
- <a name="Page_229" id="Page_229"></a><span class="pageno">229</span>
-of Fort Scott, for protection from the Confederate forces. It
-was abandoned in 1864.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Aubrey was one of the forts established in 1865 by the
-soldiers sent to quell the Indian uprisings. It was located near the
-present village of Mayline in Hamilton County. It was abandoned
-the following year.</p>
-
-<p>Fort Jewell was erected in 1870 on the site of Jewell City for the
-protection of the settlers against the Cheyennes who were then on
-the warpath. It consisted of a wall of earth around a fifty-yard
-square. After the Indian troubles were over Fort Jewell was abandoned.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_230" id="Page_230"></a><span class="pageno">230</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>SOME PROMINENT KANSANS</strong></p>
-
-<p>Hundreds of Kansas men and women have served their State
-in a way worthy of note. To tell the story of the services rendered
-by all of them would require many volumes. In a book like the
-present one, mention can be made of only a few of those most widely
-known. In addition to names mentioned in the body of the text,
-the following are a few of the names of Kansans, no longer living,
-who had much to do with making the history of the State:</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Preston B. Plumb</span> came to Kansas to make his home in 1857.
-He started a newspaper, <cite>Kansas News</cite>, at Emporia. In 1861 he
-was elected to the State House of Representatives. The same year
-he entered the Union army and served until the close of the war.
-He then engaged in the practice of law. In 1876 he was elected to
-the United States Senate, which position he filled until his death in
-1891, a period of fourteen years of continuous service.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">William A. Harris</span> came to Kansas in 1865, at the close of four
-years of service in the Confederate army, and entered the employ
-of the Union Pacific Railroad Company as a civil engineer. Later
-he became a well-known farmer and stock raiser. In 1896 he was
-elected to the State Senate, and in 1897 to the United States Senate.
-His later years were given to various lines of agricultural advancement.
-He served as a regent of the State Agricultural College. His
-death occurred in 1909.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Samuel A. Kingman</span> came to Kansas in 1857. He was a lawyer.
-He served as a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention.
-He was associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas,
-1861 to 1865, and chief justice, 1867 to 1876, when he resigned
-because of ill health. He died in 1904.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">David J. Brewer</span> came to Leavenworth in 1859, where he engaged
-in the practice of law. He served continuously in various
-offices. He was associate justice of the State Supreme Court from
-1871 to 1884, a judge of the United States Circuit Court from 1884
-to 1889, and in 1889 he was commissioned Associate Justice of the
-United States Supreme Court, which position he filled until his
-death in 1910.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">John A. Anderson</span> came to Junction City in 1858 as pastor of
-the Presbyterian church. In 1873 he was made president of the
-State Agricultural College. He reorganized that institution and
-remained at its head until 1878, when he was elected to Congress
-where he served until 1891. He was appointed consul-general to
-Cairo, Egypt, in 1891. He died on his way back home in the following
-year.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Francis Huntington Snow</span> was elected to the first faculty of
-the University of Kansas as professor of mathematics and natural
-sciences, in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of natural history in
-the University. He organized the collecting expeditions which have
-resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University.
-He was made Chancellor of the University in 1890, from which
-position he retired in 1901. He died in 1908.</p>
-<a name="Page_231" id="Page_231"></a><span class="pageno">231</span>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Edmund G. Ross</span> came to Kansas in 1856. He was a member of
-the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention and served in the Union
-army. In 1866 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United
-States Senate caused by the death of James H. Lane. He cast the
-deciding vote in the Senate against the impeachment of President
-Johnson, which act aroused great indignation. He engaged in newspaper
-work until 1882, when he went to New Mexico where he
-served as Territorial Governor from 1885 to 1889. He died in 1907.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Mrs. C. I. H. Nichols</span>, a writer and lecturer, came with her
-family to Kansas in 1854. She lived first at Lawrence and then at
-Wyandotte. She was a strong advocate of a more just understanding
-of the rights of women. She attended the meetings of the Wyandotte
-Constitutional Convention, and counseled with the members
-on all matters relating to women, with the result that the Kansas
-Constitution was one of the most liberal in the United States at that
-time. Her death occurred in 1885.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Mrs. Mary A. Bickerdyke</span>, generally known as “Mother
-Bickerdyke,” served as a nurse during the Civil War. At its close
-she came to Kansas and was instrumental in assisting soldiers who
-were left without employment to come to Kansas and take homesteads.
-Through her efforts aid was given settlers after Indian raids,
-and she assisted in securing aid for Kansas settlers after the grasshopper
-invasion. The Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers’
-widows, at Ellsworth, was named in her honor. After a life of great
-activity she died in 1901.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Alfred Gray</span> came to Kansas in 1857. With the exception of
-his period of service in the Union army he was engaged in farming
-until 1873. From 1866 until 1870 he was a director of the State
-Agricultural Society. When the State Board of Agriculture was
-organized, in 1872, he became its first secretary, and filled the position
-until his death in 1880.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Frederick Wellhouse</span> came to Leavenworth County, Kansas,
-in 1859. He was engaged in the growing and sale of fruit trees until
-1876, when he began planting commercial apple orchards. During
-the next eighteen years he planted 1637 acres of apple trees. Many
-years were given to experiments to determine the varieties best
-adapted to Kansas. He became known throughout the country,
-and was called “The Apple King.” For ten years he was president
-of the State Horticultural Society, and was at different times engaged
-in many public activities. He died in 1911.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Franklin G. Adams</span> settled on a farm in Leavenworth County
-in 1856. He held various positions of public service, and on the
-organization of the State Historical Society in 1875 he was made its
-secretary, which position he held until his death in 1899. He
-organized and developed the work of the Society, in which work
-he was materially assisted by his daughter, Miss Zu Adams, who
-continued her work from 1880 until her death in 1911.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson</span> came to the Territory in 1854 with
-her husband, Dr. Charles Robinson, and took an active part in
-early Kansas affairs. She wrote Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior
- <a name="Page_232" id="Page_232"></a><span class="pageno">232</span>
-Life, the most notable book produced by a Kansan of that time.
-It had a wide circulation and a great influence. Mrs. Robinson
-died at her home near Lawrence in 1911.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Noble L. Prentis</span> came to Kansas in 1869 as editor of the <cite>Topeka
-Record</cite>. From that time until his death in 1900 he was connected
-with various Kansas newspapers: the <cite>Topeka Commonwealth</cite>, the
-<cite>Lawrence Journal</cite>, the <cite>Junction City Union</cite>, the <cite>Atchison Champion</cite>,
-and the <cite>Kansas City Star</cite>. He wrote five books: A Kansan Abroad,
-Southern Letters, Southwestern Letters, Kansas Miscellanies, and
-History of Kansas.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Daniel W. Wilder</span>, who first came to Kansas in 1857, was at
-different times the editor of a number of newspapers. He was one
-of the founders of the State Historical Society, served one term as
-state auditor and two terms as superintendent of insurance. It was
-as a newspaper man that Mr. Wilder’s influence was especially felt.
-He was the author of the Annals of Kansas, Life of Shakespeare,
-and was one of the compilers of all editions of Bartlett’s Familiar
-Quotations.</p>
-
-<p><span class="sc">Eugene F. Ware</span> came to Kansas in 1867. He practiced law,
-and was for many years the editor of the <cite>Fort Scott Monitor</cite>. He
-served in the state legislature, and from 1902 to 1905 was United
-States Pension Commissioner. He died in 1911. It is as a writer
-that Mr. Ware is best known. His Rhymes of Ironquill is his most
-widely read work.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_233" id="Page_233"></a><span class="pageno">233</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>KANSAS WRITERS</strong></p>
-
-<p>The Kansas struggle was the source of a great deal of writing.
-Eastern newspapers were full of the Kansas question. During the
-Territorial period many of the eastern papers kept correspondents
-in the Territory, and these men wrote much of the conflict here and
-of pioneer life and conditions. The Kansas people themselves were
-too busy to give much attention to literature and produced but few
-writings of permanent value. Kansas&mdash;&#8203;Its Interior and Exterior
-Life, by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, was written during this period.
-Other early writers were: William A. Phillips, Richard Realf,
-James Redpath, Albert D. Richardson, W. P. Tomlinson, and Henry
-Harvey.</p>
-
-<p>During the Civil War practically all of the writing produced in
-Kansas was concerned with the struggle that the people were going
-through. The period from the close of the Civil War until the
-“grasshopper year” of 1874 was one of remarkable growth and
-expansion and the people were full of confidence and enthusiasm.
-It was in this period that <cite>The Kansas Magazine</cite> was published.
-Though it lasted less than two years, it was a magazine of real
-literature. Among the contributors were: Henry King, James W.
-Steele, John J. Ingalls, D. W. Wilder, R. J. Hinton, Charles Robinson,
-and Noble L. Prentis.</p>
-
-<p>The depression caused by the grasshopper raid affected Kansas
-in literature as well as in other activities. For several years but few
-books were published. Two of the books produced during this
-period were, however, very valuable ones: Andreas’ History of
-Kansas, a compilation by many writers, and Wilder’s Annals of
-Kansas. George R. Peck and John J. Ingalls came into prominence
-about this time as orators. Many of their speeches have become
-a part of our literature. Joseph G. McCoy and Joel Moody were
-writers of this period.</p>
-
-<p>A number of good books were published in the ’80’s, among them:
-The Story of a Country Town, E. W. Howe; A Kansan Abroad,
-Noble L. Prentis; Rhymes of Ironquill, Eugene F. Ware; History
-of Kansas, L. W. Spring; Anabel and Other Poems, Ellen P. Allerton.
-Other writers of this time were: F. W. Giles, Charles Gleed, and
-Hattie Horner.</p>
-
-<p>The period following the collapse of the boom, 1888 to 1892, produced
-many books. Some of the most prominent were: Kansas
-Miscellanies, Prentis; The Farmers’ Side, William A. Peffer; Letters,
-Charles F. Scott; In the Van of Empire, Henry Inman; Richard
-Bruce, Charles M. Sheldon; Old Wine in New Bottles, Brinton W.
-Woodward. During this period <cite>The Agora</cite>, a Kansas magazine, was
-published. All the best Kansas writers of the period were among its
-contributors, but it lived only a short time. Among other writers
-were: Nathaniel S. Goss, Mrs. Mary W. Hudson, Gov. Charles
-Robinson, Albert Bigelow Paine, and John Speer.</p>
-
-<p>The last twenty years have brought peace and prosperity to
-Kansas and the people have been able to give more time and
- <a name="Page_234" id="Page_234"></a><span class="pageno">234</span>
-thought to literature. Many writings have been produced&mdash;&#8203;poetry,
-essays, speeches, newspaper and magazine articles, and many books.
-The following are among the writers who have come into prominence
-in the last two decades:</p>
-
-<p>Henry Inman, author of: The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Great
-Salt Lake Trail, The Ranch on the Oxhide, and The Delahoyd Boys.</p>
-
-<p>Charles M. Sheldon, author of: Richard Bruce, Robert Hardy’s
-Seven Days, The Crucifixion of Philip Strong, His Brother’s Keeper,
-In His Steps, Malcolm Kirk, Lend a Hand, The Redemption of
-Freetown, The Miracle at Markham, One of the Two, For Christ
-and the Church, Born to Serve, Who Killed Joe’s Baby, The Reformer,
-The Narrow Gate, The Heart of the World, Paul Douglas,
-The Good Fight, The High Calling, The Twentieth Door.</p>
-
-<p>William Allen White, author of: The Real Issue, Stratagems
-and Spoils, Court of Boyville, God’s Puppets, In Our Town, A Certain
-Rich Man, The Martial Adventures of Henry and Me, In the
-Heart of a Fool, Rhymes by Two Friends (poems by Mr. White
-and Albert Bigelow Paine).</p>
-
-<p>Eugene Ware, author of: The Rise and Fall of the Saloon,
-The Lyon Campaign and History of the First Iowa Infantry, The
-Indian Campaign of 1864, Rhymes of Ironquill, Ithuriel, From
-Court to Court, Several translations from Spanish, French and
-Latin, contributions to many publications.</p>
-
-<p>William Y. Morgan, author of: A Jayhawker in Europe, The
-Journey of a Jayhawker, The Near East, and numerous newspaper
-articles.</p>
-
-<p>Margaret Hill McCarter, author of: The Cottonwood’s Story,
-Cuddy’s Baby, In Old Quivira, A Master’s Degree, The Peace of
-the Solomon Valley, Price of the Prairie, The Reclaimers, A Wall of
-Men, Winning the Wilderness, Vanguard of the Plains, and a series
-of classics.</p>
-
-<p>Walt Mason, author of: Horse Sense, Rippling Rhymes, Terse
-Verse, Walt Mason: His Book, and Business Prose Poems.</p>
-
-<p>William Elsey Connelley, author of: John Brown, James H.
-Lane, Wyandot Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Territorial
-Governors, Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Ingalls of Kansas,
-Quantrill and the Border Wars, Life of Preston B. Plumb, and
-Kansas and Kansans.</p>
-
-<p>Samuel J. Crawford, author of Kansas in the Sixties.</p>
-
-<p>William Herbert Carruth, author of Each in His Own Tongue
-and Other Poems.</p>
-
-<p>Among other present-day Kansas writers are: E. W. Howe,
-F. W. Blackmar, Mrs. Louisa Cooke, Don Carlos, Effie Graham,
-W. A. McKeever, Mrs. Dell H. Munger, Mrs. Kate A. Aplington,
-Esther M. Clark, F. Dumont Smith, Charles M. Harger, Willard
-Wattles, and Dr. C. H. Lerrigo.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_235" id="Page_235"></a><span class="pageno">235</span>
-
-<p class="p2 center"><strong>TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF KANSAS</strong></p>
-
-<p>The Governors were appointed for terms of four years, but none
-of them served a full term. Ten different men filled the office during
-the Territorial period of six years and eight months. There were six
-Governors and five Acting Governors, James W. Denver serving in
-both capacities. During the absence of a Governor or when there
-was a vacancy in the office the duties of the Governor fell upon the
-Secretary of the Territory and he was called the Acting Governor.</p>
-
-<table summary="">
-<colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 15em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 15em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 20em;" />
-</colgroup>
-
-<tr><th>Governors</th><th>Acting Governors</th><th>Terms Served</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Andrew H. Reeder</td>
-    <td class="rightt">July 7, 1854, to<br />August 16, 1855.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Daniel Woodson</td>
-    <td class="rightt">August 16, 1855, to<br />September 7, 1855.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Wilson Shannon</td>
-    <td class="rightt">September 7, 1855, to<br />August 18, 1856.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Daniel Woodson</td>
-    <td class="rightt">August 18, 1856, to<br />September 9, 1856.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John W. Geary</td>
-    <td class="rightt">September 9, 1856, to<br />March 12, 1857.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Daniel Woodson</td>
-    <td class="rightt">March 12, 1857, to<br />April 16, 1857.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Frederick P. Stanton</td>
-    <td class="rightt">April 16, 1857, to<br />May 27, 1857.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Robert J. Walker</td>
-    <td class="rightt">May 27, 1857, to<br />November 16, 1857.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Frederick P. Stanton</td>
-    <td class="rightt">November 16, 1857, to<br />December 21, 1857.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">James W. Denver</td>
-    <td class="rightt">December 21, 1857, to<br />May 12, 1858.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James W. Denver</td>
-    <td class="rightt">May 12, 1858, to<br />October 10, 1858.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left"> Hugh S. Walsh</td>
-    <td class="rightt">October 10, 1858, to<br />December 18, 1858.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel Medary</td>
-    <td class="rightt">December 18, 1858, to<br />December 17, 1860.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Hugh S. Walsh</td>
-    <td class="rightt">August 1, 1859, to<br />September 15, 1859.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Hugh S. Walsh</td>
-    <td class="rightt">April 15, 1860, to<br />June 16, 1860.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">George M. Beebe</td>
-    <td class="rightt">September 11, 1860, to<br />November 25, 1860.</td></tr>
-</table>
-
-<table summary="">
-<colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 25em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 10em;" />
-</colgroup>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Auditors</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">John Donaldson</td>
-    <td class="left">1855-1857</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Hiram Jackson Strickler</td>
-    <td class="left">1857-1861</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Treasurers<a name="Page_236" id="Page_236"></a><span class="pageno">236</span></th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Thomas J. B. Cramer</td>
-    <td class="left">1855-1859</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Robert B. Mitchell</td>
-    <td class="left">1859-1861</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Attorneys-General</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Andrew Jackson Isacks</td>
-    <td class="left">1854-1857</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">William Weer</td>
-    <td class="left">1857-1858</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Alson C. Davis</td>
-    <td class="left">1858-1861</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Superintendents of Schools</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">James H. Noteware</td>
-    <td class="left">1858</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Samuel Wiley Greer</td>
-    <td class="left">1858-1861</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">John C. Douglass</td>
-    <td class="left">1861</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Territorial Chief Justices</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Samuel Dexter Lecompte</td>
-    <td class="left">1854-1859</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">John Pettit</td>
-    <td class="left">1859-1861</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">Associate Justices</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Saunders W. Johnston</td>
-    <td class="left">1854-1855</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">J. M. Burrell</td>
-    <td class="left">1855-1856</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Thomas Cunningham</td>
-    <td class="left">1856-1857</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Joseph Williams</td>
-    <td class="left">1857-1861</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rush Elmore</td>
-    <td class="left">1854-1855</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Sterling G. Cato</td>
-    <td class="left">1855-1858</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rush Elmore</td>
-    <td class="left">1858-1861</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter smaller">
-<a name="Page_237" id="Page_237"></a><span class="pageno">237</span>
-
-<table summary="">
-<colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 20em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 2em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 10em;" />
-</colgroup>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3">STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS</th></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3">Governors</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Robinson</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas Carney</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel J. Crawford</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1868</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned November 4, 1868.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Nehemiah Green, Acting Governor</td>
-    <td class="left">1868-1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James M. Harvey</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas A. Osborn</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George T. Anthony</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1879</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John P. <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John</td>
-    <td class="left">1879-1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George W. Glick</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John A. Martin</td>
-    <td class="left">1885-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lyman U. Humphrey</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lorenzo D. Lewelling</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edmund N. Morrill</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John W. Leedy</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William E. Stanley</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Willis Joshua Bailey</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1905</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edward W. Hoch</td>
-    <td class="left">1905-1909</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Walter Roscoe Stubbs</td>
-    <td class="left">1909-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George H. Hodges</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Arthur Capper</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Henry J. Allen</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Lieutenant-Governors</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Joseph P. Root</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas A. Osborn</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James McGrew</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1867</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Nehemiah Green</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1868</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles V. Eskridge</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Peter P. Elder</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Elias S. Stover</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Melville J. Salter</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned July 19, 1877.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Lyman U. Humphrey, elected November 6</td>
-    <td class="left">1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lyman U. Humphrey</td>
-    <td class="left">1879-1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">D. W. Finney</td>
-    <td class="left">1881-1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Alex. P. Riddle</td>
-    <td class="left">1885-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Andrew J. Felt</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Percy Daniels</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James A. Troutman</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">A. M. Harvey</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">H. E. Richter</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">David J. Hanna</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. J. Fitzgerald</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Richard J. Hopkins</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Sheffield Ingalls</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Yost Morgan</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Chas. E. Huffman</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Secretaries of State
-<a name="Page_238" id="Page_238"></a><span class="pageno">238</span></th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Winter Robinson</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1862</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Removed July 28, 1862.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Sanders Rufus Shepherd, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1862-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Wirt Henry Lawrence</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Rinaldo Allen Barker</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas Moonlight</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Hillary Smallwood</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas H. Cavanaugh</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1879</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James Smith</td>
-    <td class="left">1879-1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edwin Bird Allen</td>
-    <td class="left">1885-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Higgins</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Russel Scott Osborn</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Congdon Edwards</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Eben Bush</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Alfred Clark</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Joel Randall Burrow</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">C. E. Denton</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles H. Sessions</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Thomas Botkin</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">L. J. Pettijohn</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Auditors</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Shaler Hillyer</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1862</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Removed July 28, 1862.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;David Long Lakin, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1862-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Asa Hairgrove</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John R. Swallow</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Alois Thoman</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Daniel Webster Wilder</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned September 20, 1876.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edward P. McCabe</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Timothy McCarthy</td>
-    <td class="left">1887-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Merrill Hovey</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Van B. Prather</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Ezekiel Cole</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William H. Morris</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Ezekiel Cole</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Seth Grant Wells</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">J. M. Nation</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. E. Davis</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1917</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">F. W. Knapp</td>
-    <td class="left">1917 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Treasurers</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Tholen, elected in 1859.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Entered the army and did not qualify.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Hartwin R. Dutton, appointed March 26</td>
-    <td class="left">1861</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Hartwin R. Dutton, elected</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Spriggs</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1867
-<a name="Page_239" id="Page_239"></a><span class="pageno">239</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Martin Anderson</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Graham</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Josiah Emery Hayes</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1874</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned April 30, 1874.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;John Francis, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1874-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel Lappin</td>
-    <td class="left">1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned December 20, 1875.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;John Francis, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Francis</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel T. Howe</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James William Hamilton</td>
-    <td class="left">1887-1890</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned March 1, 1890.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;William Sims, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1890-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Solomon G. Stover</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Henry Biddle</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Otis L. Atherton</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">David H. Heflebower</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Frank E. Grimes</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas T. Kelly</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Mark Tully</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Earl Akers</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1917</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Walter L. Payne</td>
-    <td class="left">1917 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Attorneys-General</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Benjamin Franklin Simpson</td>
-    <td class="left">1861</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned July, 1861.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Charles Chadwick, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1861</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel A. Stinson</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Warren W. Guthrie</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Jerome D. Brumbaugh</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1867</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Henry Hoyt</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1869</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Addison Danford</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Archibald L. Williams</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Asa M. F. Randolph</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Willard Davis</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William A. Johnston</td>
-    <td class="left">1881-1884</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned December 1, 1884.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;George P. Smith, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1884-1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Simeon Briggs Bradford</td>
-    <td class="left">1885-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lyman Beecher Kellogg</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Nutt Ives</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Thomas Little</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Fernando B. Dawes</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Louis C. Boyle</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Aretas A. Godard</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Crittenden Coleman</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">F. S. Jackson</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John S. Dawson</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Sardies Mason Brewster</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919
-<a name="Page_240" id="Page_240"></a><span class="pageno">240</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Richard J. Hopkins</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Superintendents of Public Instruction</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Riley Griffith</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1862</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Died February 12, 1862.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Simeon Montgomery Thorp, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1862-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Isaac T. Goodnow</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1867</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Peter McVicar</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Hugh De France McCarty</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Fraser</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Allen Borsley Lemmon</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Henry Clay Speer</td>
-    <td class="left">1881-1885</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Joseph Hadden Lawhead</td>
-    <td class="left">1885-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George Wesley Winans</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Henry Newton Gaines</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edmund Stanley</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Stryker</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Frank Nelson</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Insley L. Dayhoff</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">E. T. Fairchild</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1912</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned November 19, 1912.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;W. D. Ross, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1912</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. D. Ross</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lorraine E. Wooster</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Chief Justices</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas Ewing, Jr.</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1862</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned November 28, 1862.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Nelson Cobb, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1862-1864</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Robert Crozier</td>
-    <td class="left">1864-1867</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel Austin Kingman</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned December 30, 1876.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Albert Howell Horton, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1876</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Albert Howell Horton</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned April 30, 1895.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;David Martin, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">David Martin</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Frank Doster</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Agnew Johnston</td>
-    <td class="left">1903 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />State Printers</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">S. S. Prouty</td>
-    <td class="left">1869-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George W. Martin</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1881</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">T. Dwight Thatcher</td>
-    <td class="left">1881-1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Clifford C. Baker</td>
-    <td class="left">1887-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">E. H. Snow</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">J. K. Hudson</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">J. S. Parks</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899
-<a name="Page_241" id="Page_241"></a><span class="pageno">241</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. Y. Morgan</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George A. Clark</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1905</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">T. A. McNeal</td>
-    <td class="left">1905-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. C. Austin</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William R. Smith</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned February 1, 1919.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Imri Zumwalt, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Superintendents of Insurance</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Webb McNall</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1901</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">W. V. Church</td>
-    <td class="left">1901-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles H. Luling</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles W. Barnes</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Ike S. Lewis</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Carey J. Wilson</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Frank L. Travis</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />United States Senators</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">LANE SUCCESSION</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James H. Lane</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1866</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Died July 11, 1866.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Edmund G. Ross, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1866</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edmund G. Ross</td>
-    <td class="left">1867-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Alexander Caldwell</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned March 24, 1873.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Robert Crozier, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1874</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;James M. Harvey, elected</td>
-    <td class="left">1874-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Preston B. Plumb</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Died December 20, 1891.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Bishop W. Perkins, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1892-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;John Martin, elected January 25</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lucien Baker</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1901</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Joseph Ralph Burton</td>
-    <td class="left">1901-1906</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;Resigned, 1906.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">&emsp;A. W. Benson, appointed</td>
-    <td class="left">1906-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Curtis</td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William H. Thompson</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Arthur Capper</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="center">POMEROY SUCCESSION</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel C. Pomeroy</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1873</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John James Ingalls</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Alfred Peffer</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William A. Harris</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Chester I. Long</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1909</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">J. L. Bristow</td>
-    <td class="left">1909-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Curtis</td>
-    <td class="left">1915 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-
-
-<tr><th colspan="3"><br />Congressmen
-<a name="Page_242" id="Page_242"></a><span class="pageno">242</span></th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Martin F. Conway</td>
-    <td class="left">1861-1863</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Abel Carter Wilder</td>
-    <td class="left">1863-1865</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Sidney Clarke</td>
-    <td class="left">1865-1871</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">David P. Lowe</td>
-    <td class="left">1871-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Stephen Alonzo Cobb</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1875</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Addison Phillips</td>
-    <td class="left">1873-1879</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William R. Brown</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John R. Goodin</td>
-    <td class="left">1875-1877</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Dudley C. Haskell</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1883</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas Ryan</td>
-    <td class="left">1877-1889</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Alexander Anderson</td>
-    <td class="left">1879-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edmund N. Morrill</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Samuel Ritter Peters</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Lewis Hanback</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1887</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Bishop W. Perkins</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edward Hogue Funston</td>
-    <td class="left">1883-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Erastus J. Turner</td>
-    <td class="left">1887-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Harrison Kelley</td>
-    <td class="left">1889-1891</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Case Broderick</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">B. H. Clover</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Davis</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="leftm" rowspan="2">Jerry Simpson</td>
-    <td class="rightm" rowspan="2"><div class="brace">{</div></td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John Grant Otis</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1893</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Baker</td>
-    <td class="left">1891-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Alexander Harris</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Horace L. Moore</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Curtis</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Thomas J. Hudson</td>
-    <td class="left">1893-1895</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Richard W. Blue</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Orrin L. Miller</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Snyder S. Kirkpatrick</td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="leftm" rowspan="2">Chester I. Long</td>
-    <td class="rightm" rowspan="2"><div class="brace">{</div></td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">1899-1903</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="leftm" rowspan="2">William A. Calderhead</td>
-    <td class="rightm" rowspan="2"><div class="brace">{</div></td>
-    <td class="left">1895-1897</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">1899-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Jeremiah Dunham Botkin</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Mason Summers Peters</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">N. B. McCormick</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edwin Reed Ridgely</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1901</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William D. Vincent</td>
-    <td class="left">1897-1899</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Willis Joshua Bailey</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1901</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Justin DeWitt Bowersock</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1907</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James Monroe Miller</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William Augustus Reeder</td>
-    <td class="left">1899-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Charles Frederick Scott</td>
-    <td class="left">1901-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Alfred Metcalf Jackson</td>
-    <td class="left">1901-1903
-<a name="Page_243" id="Page_243"></a><span class="pageno">243</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Philip Pitt Campbell</td>
-    <td class="left">1903 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Victor Murdock</td>
-    <td class="left">1903-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">D. R. Anthony</td>
-    <td class="left">1907 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">E. H. Madison<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_22" id="fnanchor_22"></a><a href="#footnote_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="left">1907-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">A. C. Mitchell<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_23" id="fnanchor_23"></a><a href="#footnote_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1911</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Fred S. Jackson</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">R. R. Rees</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">I. D. Young</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1913</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Joseph Taggart</td>
-    <td class="left">1911-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Dudley Doolittle</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Guy T. Helvering</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">John R. Connelly</td>
-    <td class="left">1913-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">George A. Neeley</td>
-    <td class="left">1912-1915</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Jouett Shouse</td>
-    <td class="left">1915-1919</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">William A. Ayers</td>
-    <td class="left">1915 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Edward Little</td>
-    <td class="left">1915 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Hayes B. White</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">Homer Hoch</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James Strong</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left" colspan="2">James N. Tincher</td>
-    <td class="left">1919 &mdash;&mdash;</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_244" id="Page_244"></a><span class="pageno">244</span>
-<table summary="" class="smaller">
-
-<tr><th colspan="2">INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><strong>State Schools</strong></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">University of Kansas</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lawrence.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Agricultural College</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Manhattan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Normal School</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Emporia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Fort Hays Kansas Normal School</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hays.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Manual Training Normal School</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Pittsburg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kansas School for the Blind</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Kansas City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kansas School for the Deaf</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Olathe.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>Denominational Schools</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Baker University, Methodist Episcopal</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Baldwin.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Bethany College, Swedish Lutheran</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lindsborg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Bethany College, Episcopalian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Bethel College, Mennonite</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Newton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Campbell University</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Holton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">College of Emporia, Presbyterian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Emporia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">College Preparatory School (Private)</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atchison.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Cooper College, United Presbyterian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Sterling.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Enterprise Normal Academy, German M. E.</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Enterprise.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Fairmount College, Congregational</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Wichita.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Fowler Friends Academy, Friends</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Fowler.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Friends University, Friends</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Wichita.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Highland University, Presbyterian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Highland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Haviland Academy, Friends</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Haviland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kansas City University, United Brethren</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Kansas City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kansas Wesleyan University, Methodist Episcopal</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Salina.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">McPherson College, Church of the Brethren</td>
-    <td class="rightt">McPherson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Midland College, Lutheran</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atchison.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Mt. <abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Scholastica’s Academy, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atchison.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Nazareth Academy, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Concordia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Northbranch Academy, Friends</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Northbranch.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ottawa University, Baptist</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ottawa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Southwestern College, Methodist Episcopal</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Winfield.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Benedict’s College, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atchison.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John’s Lutheran College, Lutheran</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Winfield.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Martin’s School, Episcopalian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Salina.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s Academy, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Leavenworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s Academy, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Great Bend.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s College, Catholic</td>
-    <td class="rightt"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Marys.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Walden College, Evangelical</td>
-    <td class="rightt">McPherson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Washburn College, Congregational</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>State Penal or Corrective Institutions</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">State Industrial Reformatory</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hutchinson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Industrial School for Girls</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Beloit.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Industrial School for Boys</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Penitentiary</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lansing.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>State Benevolent Institutions</strong>
-<a name="Page_245" id="Page_245"></a><span class="pageno">245</span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">State Training School</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Winfield.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Hospital for the Insane</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Hospital for the Insane</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Osawatomie.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Hospital for the Insane</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Larned.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Hospital for Epileptics</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Parsons.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">State Hospital for Tuberculosis</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Norton.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>Special Institutions</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">State Soldiers’ Home</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Fort Dodge.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Mother Bickerdyke Home</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ellsworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atchison.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>State Colored Schools</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Western University</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Quindaro.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2"><br /><strong>Federal Institutions</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Haskell Institute, Indian</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lawrence.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Pottawatomie Boarding School for Indians</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Nadeau.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Federal Prison</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Leavenworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">National Soldiers’ Home</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Leavenworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">United States Disciplinary Barracks</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Fort Leavenworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="2">(Military Prison.)</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_246" id="Page_246"></a><span class="pageno">246</span>
-<table summary="" class="smaller">
- <colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 15em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 15em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 25em;" />
- </colgroup>
-
-<tr><th colspan="3">BALANCE OF POWER IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE
-BETWEEN THE FREE AND THE SLAVE STATES</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center">FREE.</td><td class="center">SLAVE.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Pennsylvania.</td>
-    <td class="left">Delaware.</td>
-    <td class="left">The original thirteen states.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">New Jersey.</td>
-    <td class="left">Georgia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Connecticut.</td>
-    <td class="left">Maryland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Massachusetts.</td>
-    <td class="left">South Carolina.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">New Hampshire.</td>
-    <td class="left">Virginia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">New York.</td>
-    <td class="left">North Carolina.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rhode Island.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">7</td>
-    <td class="center">6</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left"><br />Vermont, 1791.</td>
-    <td class="left"><br />Kentucky, 1792.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ohio, 1802.</td>
-    <td class="left">Tennessee, 1796.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Indiana, 1816.</td>
-    <td class="left">Louisiana, 1812.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Illinois, 1818.</td>
-    <td class="left">Mississippi, 1817</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Alabama, 1819.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">11</td>
-    <td class="center">11</td>
-    <td class="left">The Missouri Compromise, 1820.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Maine, 1820.</td>
-    <td class="left">Missouri, 1821.</td></tr>
-<tr><td></td>
-    <td class="left">Arkansas, 1836.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">12</td>
-    <td class="center">13</td>
-    <td class="left">First slave state majority.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Michigan, 1837.</td>
-    <td class="left">Florida, 1845.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Iowa, 1846.</td>
-    <td class="left">Texas, 1845.</td>
-    <td class="left">Last slave state.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wisconsin, 1848.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">15</td>
-    <td class="center">15</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">California, 1850.</td>
-    <td></td><td class="left">Compromise of 1850.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">16</td>
-    <td class="center">15</td>
-    <td class="left">Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. The last chance for the South to win.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Minnesota, 1858.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Oregon, 1859.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kansas, 1861.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2"><hr /></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="center">19</td>
-    <td class="center">15</td>
-    <td class="left">Secession and the Civil War.</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_247" id="Page_247"></a><span class="pageno">247</span>
-
-<table summary="" class="smaller">
- <colgroup>
-  <col span="1" style="width: 10em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 5em;" />
-  <col span="1" style="width: 10em;" />
- </colgroup>   
-
-<tr><th colspan="3">ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS</th></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><strong>Counties Organized Before 1860</strong></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left"><span class="decoration">&emsp;County.</span></td>
-    <td class="center"><span class="decoration">Date of Organization.</span></td>
-    <td class="rightt"><span class="decoration">County Seat.&emsp;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Allen</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Iola.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Anderson</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Garnett.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Atchison</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt"> Atchison.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Bourbon</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Fort Scott.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Brown</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hiawatha.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Butler</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">El Dorado.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Chase</td>
-    <td class="center">1859</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Cottonwood Falls.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Coffey</td>
-    <td class="center">1859</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Burlington.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Dickinson</td>
-    <td class="center">1857</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Abilene.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Doniphan</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Troy.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Douglas</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lawrence.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Franklin</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ottawa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Geary<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_24" id="fnanchor_24"></a><a href="#footnote_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Junction City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Jackson<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_25" id="fnanchor_25"></a><a href="#footnote_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1857</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Holton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Jefferson</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Oskaloosa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Johnson</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Olathe.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Leavenworth</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Leavenworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Linn</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Mound City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Marshall</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Marysville.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Miami<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_26" id="fnanchor_26"></a><a href="#footnote_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Paola.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Morris<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_27" id="fnanchor_27"></a><a href="#footnote_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Council Grove.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Nemaha</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Seneca.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Osage<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_28" id="fnanchor_28"></a><a href="#footnote_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lyndon.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Pottawatomie</td>
-    <td class="center">1856</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Westmoreland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Riley</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Manhattan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Saline</td>
-    <td class="center">1859</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Salina.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Shawnee</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Topeka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wabaunsee<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_29" id="fnanchor_29"></a><a href="#footnote_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1859</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Alma.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Woodson</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Yates Center.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wyandotte</td>
-    <td class="center">1855</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Kansas City.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><br /><strong>Counties Organized 1860-1870</strong>
-<a name="Page_248" id="Page_248"></a><span class="pageno">248</span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Cherokee</td>
-    <td class="center">1866</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Columbus.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Clay</td>
-    <td class="center">1866</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Clay Center.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Cloud<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_30" id="fnanchor_30"></a><a href="#footnote_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1860 </td>
-    <td class="rightt">Concordia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Crawford</td>
-    <td class="center">1867</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Girard.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ellis</td>
-    <td class="center">1867</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hays.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ellsworth</td>
-    <td class="center">1867</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ellsworth.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Greenwood</td>
-    <td class="center">1862 </td>
-    <td class="rightt">Eureka.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Labette<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_31" id="fnanchor_31"></a><a href="#footnote_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1867</td>
-    <td class="rightt"> Oswego.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Lyon<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_32" id="fnanchor_32"></a><a href="#footnote_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1860</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Emporia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Marion</td>
-    <td class="center">1860</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Marion.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Montgomery</td>
-    <td class="center">1869</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Independence.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Neosho<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_33" id="fnanchor_33"></a><a href="#footnote_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1864</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Erie.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ottawa</td>
-    <td class="center">1866</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Minneapolis.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Republic</td>
-    <td class="center">1868</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Belleville.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Washington</td>
-    <td class="center">1860</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Washington.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wilson</td>
-    <td class="center">1865</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Fredonia.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><br /><strong>Counties Organized 1870-1880</strong>
-<a name="Page_249" id="Page_249"></a><span class="pageno">249</span>
-</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Barber</td>
-    <td class="center">1873</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Medicine Lodge.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Barton</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Great Bend.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Chautauqua</td>
-    <td class="center">1875</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Sedan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Cowley<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_34" id="fnanchor_34"></a><a href="#footnote_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Winfield.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Decatur</td>
-    <td class="center">1879</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Oberlin.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Edwards</td>
-    <td class="center">1874</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Kinsley.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Elk<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_35" id="fnanchor_35"></a><a href="#footnote_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1875</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Howard.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ford</td>
-    <td class="center">1873</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Dodge City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Harper<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_36" id="fnanchor_36"></a><a href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1878</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Anthony.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Harvey</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Newton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Hodgeman</td>
-    <td class="center">1879</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Jetmore.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Jewell</td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Mankato.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kingman</td>
-    <td class="center">1874</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Kingman.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Lincoln</td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lincoln.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">McPherson</td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">McPherson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Mitchell</td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Beloit.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Norton</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Norton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Osborne</td>
-    <td class="center">1871</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Osborne.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Pawnee</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Larned.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Phillips</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Phillipsburg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Pratt<span class="lock"><a href="#footnote_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1879</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Pratt.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Reno</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hutchinson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rice</td>
-    <td class="center">1871</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lyons.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rooks</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Stockton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rush</td>
-    <td class="center">1874</td>
-    <td class="rightt">La Crosse.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Russell</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Russell.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Sedgwick</td>
-    <td class="center">1870</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Wichita.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Smith</td>
-    <td class="center">1872</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Smith Center.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Stafford</td>
-    <td class="center">1879</td>
-    <td class="rightt"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> John.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Sumner</td>
-    <td class="center">1871</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Wellington.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Trego</td>
-    <td class="center">1879</td>
-    <td class="rightt">WaKeeney.</td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="center" colspan="3"><br /><strong>Counties Organized 1880-1890</strong>
-<a name="Page_250" id="Page_250"></a><span class="pageno">250</span></td></tr>
-
-<tr><td class="left">Cheyenne</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt"><abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Francis.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Clark</td>
-    <td class="center">1885</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ashland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Comanche<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_37" id="fnanchor_37"></a><a href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1885</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Coldwater.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Finney<span class="lock"><a name="fnanchor_38" id="fnanchor_38"></a><a href="#footnote_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1884</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Garden City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Gove</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Gove.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Graham</td>
-    <td class="center">1880</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hill City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Gran</td>
-    <td class="center">1888</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ulysses.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Gray</td>
-    <td class="center">1887</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Cimarron.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Greeley</td>
-    <td class="center">1887</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Tribune.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Hamilton</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Syracuse.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Haskell</td>
-    <td class="center">1887</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Santa Fe.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kearny</td>
-    <td class="center">1888 </td>
-    <td class="rightt">Lakin.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Kiowa</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Greensburg.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Lane</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Dighton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Logan</td>
-    <td class="center">1887</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Russell Springs.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Meade</td>
-    <td class="center">1885</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Meade.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Morton</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Richfield.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Ness<span class="lock"><a href="#footnote_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a></span></td>
-    <td class="center">1880</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Ness City.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Rawlins</td>
-    <td class="center">1881</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Atwood.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Scott</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Scott.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Seward</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Liberal.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Sheridan</td>
-    <td class="center">1880</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Hoxie.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Sherman</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Goodland.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Stanton</td>
-    <td class="center">1887</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Johnson.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Stevens</td>
-    <td class="center">1886 </td>
-    <td class="rightt"> Hugoton.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Thomas</td>
-    <td class="center">1885</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Colby.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wichita</td>
-    <td class="center">1886</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Leoti.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="left">Wallace</td>
-    <td class="center">1888</td>
-    <td class="rightt">Sharon Springs.</td></tr>
-</table>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<p class="p4 footnote"> <a name="footnote_1" id="footnote_1"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_1"><span class="muchsmaller">[1]</span></a>
- Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_2" id="footnote_2"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_2"><span class="muchsmaller">[2]</span></a>
- In 1819 the United States gave to Spain that part of Kansas
-lying south of the Arkansas River and west of the 100th meridian.
-This territory again became a part of the United States by the
-annexation of Texas in 1845.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_3" id="footnote_3"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_3"><span class="muchsmaller">[3]</span></a>
- Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_4" id="footnote_4"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_4"><span class="muchsmaller">[4]</span></a>
- A cache was made by digging a jug-shaped hole in the ground
-and lining it with dry grass, or sticks, or anything to keep out moisture.
-Then the goods were packed in and the opening closed very
-carefully by replacing the sod and carrying away the earth that was
-removed, so that no sign was left by which the cache might be discovered.
-Sometimes a camp fire was built over it to destroy all
-traces of the cache.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_5" id="footnote_5"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_5"><span class="muchsmaller">[5]</span></a>
- Another phenomenon that makes the traveler in a dry or
-desert country afraid to trust his eyes is the mirage. He often sees
-what seem to be lakes, trees, buildings, cities, only to find on nearer
-approach that they all disappear. As Kansas has come under cultivation
-the mirage has become less frequent, but it is still seen in the
-western part of the State. Here is a description of one seen in early
-Kansas:</p>
-
-<p class="footnote">“On approaching the town of Lerny, about a mile and a quarter
-this side, we found the whole intermediate space between us and the
-grove of trees beyond the town apparently occupied by a beautiful
-lake. On the apparent shore next to ourselves the road ran down
-and disappeared in the lake, as did the fence upon one side of the
-road, while the placid and beautiful water extended upon the right
-and left, until lost in the distance. The trees in the distance appeared
-to be immersed for half their length in the lake, as if growing
-in the water. Even the reflection of the trees, and of the clouds
-above, was distinctly visible. We approached the vision and it
-vanished.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_6" id="footnote_6"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_6"><span class="muchsmaller">[6]</span></a>
- Because of the increasing migration westward, the National
-Government decided to send out expeditions for the purpose of discovering
-the best routes across the mountains to the Pacific. John
-C. Fremont was selected for this task, and between 1842 and 1850
-he made four journeys across the plains. Among the scouts who
-acted as guides was the famous hunter and trapper, and Indian
-fighter, Kit Carson.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_7" id="footnote_7"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_7"><span class="muchsmaller">[7]</span></a>
- The fact that Kansas was once an Indian country is shown
-by the many Indian names of counties, towns, and streams; as,
-Topeka, Pottawatomie, Hiawatha, Wyandotte, Shawnee, Cheyenne,
-Cherokee, and Kiowa.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_8" id="footnote_8"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_8"><span class="muchsmaller">[8]</span></a>
- Among the schools established by the missions three have
-continued in existence and have developed into important schools
-of to-day: Highland College, established by the Presbyterians;
-<abbr title="Saint">St.</abbr> Mary’s College, by the Catholics; and Ottawa University, by
-the Baptists.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_9" id="footnote_9"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_9"><span class="muchsmaller">[9]</span></a>
- Named after Mount Oread Seminary at Worcester, Mass.,
-of which Eli Thayer was the founder and proprietor.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_10" id="footnote_10"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_10"><span class="muchsmaller">[10]</span></a>
- Named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, an active
-member of the Emigrant Aid Company.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_11" id="footnote_11"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_11"><span class="muchsmaller">[11]</span></a>
- It should be borne in mind that many of the Missourians
-who took such an active part in Kansas affairs were not representative
-citizens of that state, but were of the unprincipled and outlaw
-classes. Many of them were hired for this work.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_12" id="footnote_12"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_12"><span class="muchsmaller">[12]</span></a>
- Ingalls said of this period: “No time was ever so minutely
-and so indelibly photographed upon the public retina. The name of
-no State was ever on so many friendly and so many hostile tongues.
-It was pronounced in every political speech, and inserted in every
-political platform. No region was ever so advertised, and the impression
-then produced has never passed away.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_13" id="footnote_13"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_13"><span class="muchsmaller">[13]</span></a>
- This period has given rise to the expression “bleeding
-Kansas.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_14" id="footnote_14"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_14"><span class="muchsmaller">[14]</span></a>
- The origin of the word “Jayhawker” is uncertain, though a
-number of different accounts have been given of it. In recent years
-the term has come to be applied to our State and our people, and it
-is not unusual for a Kansan to be spoken of as a “Jayhawker.”</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_15" id="footnote_15"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_15"><span class="muchsmaller">[15]</span></a>
- One of Hamelton’s men was brought to justice five years
-later.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_16" id="footnote_16"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_16"><span class="muchsmaller">[16]</span></a>
- A census taken in 1885 disclosed the fact that nearly 100,000
-Kansans had served in the Union army.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_17" id="footnote_17"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_17"><span class="muchsmaller">[17]</span></a>
- The Populist party was formed as a result of the political
-unrest following the collapse of the boom. The Populist measures
-attracted widespread attention, and the party, in fusion with the
-Democrats, succeeded in electing Governor Lewelling in 1892 and
-Governor Leedy in 1896. By that time conditions in the State had
-become more settled; with returning prosperity the political agitation
-died down and the Populists were soon absorbed into the other
-parties. Since that time many of the measures advocated by the
-Populists have been enacted into law or are being considered by the
-people of to-day.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_18" id="footnote_18"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_18"><span class="muchsmaller">[18]</span></a>
- This line was at first called the Kansas Pacific.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_19" id="footnote_19"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_19"><span class="muchsmaller">[19]</span></a>
-  See map, page 28.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_20" id="footnote_20"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_20"><span class="muchsmaller">[20]</span></a>
- The traveling library system in Kansas was adopted in 1900
-and is now under state control through a Commission which maintains
-an office in the capitol at Topeka. These traveling libraries
-are made up of collections of fifty books each, selected in accordance
-with the wishes of the applicant. They are sent to schools, clubs,
-granges, and similar organizations without charge other than a fee
-of two dollars to cover the cost of transportation. The libraries may
-be retained six months, or exchanged at any time for others.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_21" id="footnote_21"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_21"><span class="muchsmaller">[21]</span></a>
- The place was discovered in 1875 by Mrs. Elizabeth A. Johnson,
-who later purchased the land and presented it to the State.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_22" id="footnote_22"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_22"><span class="muchsmaller">[22]</span></a>
- Died, Sept. 18, 1911.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_23" id="footnote_23"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_23"><span class="muchsmaller">[23]</span></a>
- Died, July 7, 1911.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_24" id="footnote_24"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_24"><span class="muchsmaller">[24]</span></a>
- Named Davis until 1889.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_25" id="footnote_25"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_25"><span class="muchsmaller">[25]</span></a>
- Named Calhoun until 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_26" id="footnote_26"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_26"><span class="muchsmaller">[26]</span></a>
- Named Lykins until 1861.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_27" id="footnote_27"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_27"><span class="muchsmaller">[27]</span></a>
- Named Wise until 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_28" id="footnote_28"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_28"><span class="muchsmaller">[28]</span></a>
- Named Weller until 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_29" id="footnote_29"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_29"><span class="muchsmaller">[29]</span></a>
- Named Richardson before 1859.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_30" id="footnote_30"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_30"><span class="muchsmaller">[30]</span></a>
- The original name, Shirley, changed to Cloud in 1867.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_31" id="footnote_31"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_31"><span class="muchsmaller">[31]</span></a>
- Part of Dorn County until 1861. Named Neosho until 1867.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_32" id="footnote_32"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_32"><span class="muchsmaller">[32]</span></a>
- Named Breckinridge until 1862.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_33" id="footnote_33"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_33"><span class="muchsmaller">[33]</span></a>
- Named Dorn until 1861.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_34" id="footnote_34"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_34"><span class="muchsmaller">[34]</span></a>
- Originally named Hunter.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_35" id="footnote_35"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_35"><span class="muchsmaller">[35]</span></a>
- Originally the northern portion of Howard County.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_36" id="footnote_36"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_36"><span class="muchsmaller">[36]</span></a>
- First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_37" id="footnote_37"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_37"><span class="muchsmaller">[37]</span></a>
- First organization in 1873, later set aside as fraudulent.</p>
-
-<p class="footnote"> <a name="footnote_38" id="footnote_38"></a>
-<a href="#fnanchor_38"><span class="muchsmaller">[38]</span></a>
- Named Sequoyah until 1883.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<a name="Page_251" id="Page_251"></a><span class="pageno">251</span>
-<h3 class="p4 h3head">INDEX</h3>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Abilene, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li>
-<li>Actual Settlers’ Association, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
-<li>Adams, Franklin G., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Adams, Zu, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Admission of Kansas, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
-<li>Agricultural College, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-<li>Agricultural Society, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Agriculture, Board of, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Agriculture, taught to the Indians, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Territorial days, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-  <li>during Civil War, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>;</li>
-  <li>1860 to 1880, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>;</li>
-  <li>1880 to 1887, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li>
-  <li>1887 to 1893, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>;</li>
-  <li>1893 to 1918, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>;</li>
-  <li>basis of prosperity, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;</li>
-  <li>in schools, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Aid from the East, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>.</li>
-<li>Air Service, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Alfalfa, <a href="#Page_150">150</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Allerton, Ellen P., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Alliance, Farmers’, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Amendments to the Constitution, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>to National Constitution, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Ammunition Train, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Anderson, John A., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-<li>Andreas’ History of Kansas, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Anti-cigarette Law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>Appendix, <a href="#Page_223">223-250</a>.</li>
-<li>Apple Crop, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-<li>Aplington, Kate A., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Argonne, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Arizona, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-<li>Arkansas City, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
-<li>“Army of the North,” <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-<li>Ash Creek, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-<li>Atchison, D. R., <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-<li>Atchison, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>county, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Atchison, Topeka &amp; Santa Fe, building of, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-<li>Attorneys-General, Territorial, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_239">239</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Auditors, Territorial, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Automobile, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Baker University, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-<li>Balance of Power, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>table of, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Baptist Missions, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Barber, murder of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
-<li>Barton County, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-<li>Becknell, journey of, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-<li>Beecher, Henry Ward, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-<li>Beet Sugar Factory, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Berryman, Rev. J. C., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Bickerdyke, Mary A., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Black Jack, battle of, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>.</li>
-<li>Blackmar, F. W., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>“Bleeding Kansas,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>.</li>
-<li>Blue Lodges, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
-<li>Bluemont College, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-<li>“Blue Sky” Law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>Board of Administration, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Board of Agriculture, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Bogus Legislature, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Boom, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
-<li>Boston, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
-<li>Branson, Jacob, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>.</li>
-<li>Brewer, David J., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-<li>Brick, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
-<li>Broom Corn, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Brown, John, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>at Pottawatomie, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>;</li>
-  <li>at Osawatomie, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>;</li>
-  <li>site of battle field, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>;</li>
-  <li>monument, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Buchanan, President, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
-<li>Buffalo, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-<li>Building Stone, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Butler County, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Cabeza de Vaca, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>.</li>
-<li>Cache, how made, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-<li>California, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>gold seekers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
-  <li>gold fields, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
-  <li>Road, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
-  <li>emigration to, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Camp Funston, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>.</li>
-<li>Capital, State, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
-<li>Capitals, Territorial, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Capitol, State, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
-<li>Carruth, William Herbert, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Carson, Kit, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Catholic priests, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Cattle Trade, <a href="#Page_157">157-159</a>.</li>
-<li>Census, first Territorial, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>.</li>
-<li>Cherokee County, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Chief Justices, Territorial, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Child-labor Law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>Cibola, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
-<li>Cimarron Crossing, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-<li>Cimarron River, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-<li>Civil War, <a href="#Page_109">109-113</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115-129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Clark, Esther M., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Clark, William, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
-<li>Cloud County, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>.</li>
-<li>Coal, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Colby, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Coleman, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
-<li>Colleges, list of, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-<li>College of Emporia, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Columbus, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
-<li>Colorado, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Comanche Indians, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-<li>Commercial Work, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-<li>Commission, Railroad, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Congressmen, <a href="#Page_242">242</a>, <a href="#Page_243">243</a>.</li>
-<li>Connelley, William Elsey, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Consolidated Schools, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Districts, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Constitution, Topeka, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Lecompton, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li>
-  <li>Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>;</li>
-  <li>Wyandotte, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Constitutions, summary of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Corn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
-<li>Coronado, <a href="#Page_10">10-14</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>monument for, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;</li>
-  <li>sword of, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Cortez, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-<li>Cotton Gin, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
-<li>Council Grove, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-<li>Counties Organized, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>lists of, <a href="#Page_248">248-250</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>County High School, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>.</li>
-<li>Cowboy, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-<li>Crawford County, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Crawford, Samuel J., <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Crops of Kansas, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Dairying, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>.</li>
-<li>Daughters of American Revolution, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-<li>Democratic Party, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
-<li>Denominational Schools, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-<li>Denver, Governor, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
-<li>Dodge City, <a href="#Page_12">12</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>cattle trade center, <a href="#Page_158">158</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Domestic Science, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
-<li>Don Carlos, Mrs. Louise Cooke, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Doniphan County, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
-<li>Douglas County, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
-<li>Douglas, Stephen A., <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
-<li>Dow, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>.</li>
-<li>Drouth, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_119">119</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>.</li>
-<li>Dugout, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Education, <a href="#Page_187">187-206</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>see <a href="#schools">Schools</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Eldridge, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
-<li>Election, first Territorial, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>second Territorial, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Electric Railways, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-<li>Elwood, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-<li>Emigrant Aid Company, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>.</li>
-<li>Emporia, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>.</li>
-<li>English, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
-<li>Exodus, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
-<li>Experiment Station, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Extension Work, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Farmers’ Alliance, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Farmers’ Institutes, <a href="#Page_162">162</a>.</li>
-<li>Farmers’ Organizations, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-<li>Farming Implements, <a href="#Page_143">143-146</a>.</li>
-<li>Father Padilla, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
-<li>Feterita, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Fire-escape Law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>Floods, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>.</li>
-<li>Foreign Settlements, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Dodge, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Hays, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_228">228</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Hays Kansas Normal School, <a href="#Page_194">194</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Riley, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
-<li>Fort Scott, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_227">227</a>.</li>
-<li>Forts, list of, <a href="#Page_227">227-229</a>.</li>
-<li>“Forty-niners,” <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Fourth of July Creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
-<li>France, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>end of claims in America, <a href="#Page_17">17-18</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Franklin, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-<li>Fremont, John C., <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Friends Missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Friends University, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Funston, Fred, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-<li>Fur Traders, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Garden City, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Gardner, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-<li>Gas, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
-<li>Gasoline Tractor, <a href="#Page_147">147</a>.</li>
-<li>Geary, John W., <a href="#Page_90">90</a>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-<li>Giles, F. W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Glass, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>factories, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_171">171</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Gleed, Charles, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Glick, Geo. W., <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
-<li>Gold Seekers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-<li>Good Roads, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>federal aid, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Goss, Nathaniel S., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Governors, Territorial, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Graham, Effie, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Grange, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-<li>Grasshopper Invasion, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>.</li>
-<li>Gray, Alfred, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Great American Desert, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>.</li>
-<li>Great Bend, <a href="#Page_12">12-13</a>.</li>
-<li>Great Salt Lake, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Great Seal of Kansas, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
-<li>Greenwood County, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
-<li>Gregg, Josiah, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>.</li>
-<li>Gypsum, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Hall of Fame, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
-<li>Hamelton, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
-<li>Hand Planter, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-<li>Hard-surfaced Roads, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
-<li>Harger, Charles M., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Harris, William A., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-<li>Harvey, Henry, <a href="#Page_225">225-226</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Hays, <a href="#Page_163">163</a>.</li>
-<li>Highland College, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>High Schools, accredited, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>purpose of, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>;</li>
-  <li>courses, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Hinton, R. J., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Historical Society, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
-<li>History of Kansas, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
-<li>Homes of Kansas, poem, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
-<li>Homestead Law, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a>.</li>
-<li>Horner, Hattie, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Horses, used on Santa Fe Trail, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-<li>Horticulture, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-<li>Household Arts, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-<li>Howe, E. W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Hudson, Mary W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Hutchinson, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Illinois, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
-<li>Immigration, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_105">105-106</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117-118</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Independence, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-<li>Independence Creek, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>.</li>
-<li>Indiana, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
-<li>Indian Territory, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>.</li>
-<li>Indians, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>tribes of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>;</li>
-  <li>and traders, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>;</li>
-  <li>experience with, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>;</li>
-  <li>possessed Kansas, <a href="#Page_45">45-53</a>;</li>
-  <li>reservations, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>;</li>
-  <li>taught in missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;</li>
-  <li>removal of, <a href="#Page_45">45-46</a>;</li>
-  <li>raids, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>;</li>
-  <li>as farmers, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;</li>
-  <li>raised corn, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Industrial Training, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-<li>Industries of Kansas, <a href="#Page_142">142-171</a>.</li>
-<li>Ingalls, John J., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>, <a href="#Page_218">218</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Inman, Henry, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Institutions, State, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>, <a href="#Page_245">245</a>.</li>
-<li>Insurance, Superintendents of, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
-<li>Interstate Commerce Commission, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Interurban Lines, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-<li>Iowa, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-<li>“Iron Trail,” <a href="#Page_179">179</a>.</li>
-<li>Irrigation, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
-<li>Irving, Washington, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
-<li>Irwin, Rev. S. M., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Jayhawkers, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
-<li>Jefferson, President, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
-<li>Jesuits, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
-<li>Johnson, Mrs. Elizabeth A., <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-<li>Johnson, Rev. Thomas, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Johnson, William, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Joliet, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-<li>Jones, Sheriff, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
-<li>Junction City, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>.</li>
-<li>Juvenile Courts, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Kafir Corn, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas, admission of, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas City, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas History, in the making, <a href="#Page_221">221</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas-Nebraska Bill, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas Pacific Railroad, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas Spirit, <a href="#Page_217">217-221</a>.</li>
-<li>Kansas Territory, map, <a href="#Page_56">56</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>organization, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Kansas To-day, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>Kanza Indians, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>.</li>
-<li>Kaw Indians, same as Kanza Indians.</li>
-<li>King, Henry, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Kingman, Samuel A., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>La Croix, Father, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-<li>Land Grants, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-<li>Lane, James H., <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
-<li>La Salle, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-<li>Lawrence, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>sacking of, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>;</li>
-  <li>defense of, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>;</li>
-  <li>Quantrill raid, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;</li>
-  <li>floods, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Lawrence, Amos A., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>.</li>
-<li>Lead and Zinc, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
-<li>Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
-<li>Leavenworth Constitution, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Lecompton, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
-<li>Lecompton Constitution, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Leedy, Governor, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Legislature, Bogus, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>second Territorial, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Legislature, first Free-state, <a href="#Page_95">95</a>.</li>
-<li>Legislatures, summary of, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Length of school term, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
-<li>Lerrigo, Dr. C. H., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Lewelling, Governor, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Lewis and Clark, expedition of, <a href="#Page_20">20-21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
-<li>Lieutenant-Governors, <a href="#Page_237">237</a>.</li>
-<li>Lincoln, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>.</li>
-<li>Lindsborg, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Linn County, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Live Stock, <a href="#Page_156">156-159</a>.</li>
-<li>Locomotive, invention of, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>old and modern, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Long, Major, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>.</li>
-<li>Louisiana, naming of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>purchase of, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>;</li>
-  <li>exploration of, <a href="#Page_20">20</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Lykins, Dr. David, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Lykins, Dr. Johnson, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Manhattan, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_200">200</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-<li>Manual Training, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_192">192</a>.</li>
-<li>Manual Training Normal School, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>.</li>
-<li>Manufactures, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>.</li>
-<li>Marais des Cygnes Massacre, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
-<li>Marion County, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
-<li>Markham, Thomas B., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Marne, Battle of the, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Marquette, <a href="#Page_16">16</a>.</li>
-<li>Marysville, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-<li>Mason, Walt, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>McCarter, Margaret Hill, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>McCoy, Rev. Isaac, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>McCoy, Joseph G., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>McKeever, W. A., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Meat Packing, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Meeker, Jotham, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Memorial Hall, <a href="#Page_2">2</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
-<li>Memorials of Kansas, <a href="#Page_207">207-215</a>.</li>
-<li>Mendenhall, Rev. M., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-<li>Mennonites, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-<li>Methodist Missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Mexico, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>war with, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Miller, Sol, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>.</li>
-<li>Milling, <a href="#Page_165">165</a>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Milo, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Mine Creek, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Mineral Resources, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Minneola, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Mirage, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>.</li>
-<li>Missionaries, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>.</li>
-<li>Missions, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>established, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;</li>
-  <li>list of, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Missouri Compromise, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_246">246</a>.</li>
-<li>Missouri River closed to free-state immigration, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
-<li>Montgomery, James, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
-<li>Monuments, <a href="#Page_210">210-214</a>.</li>
-<li>Moody, Joel, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Morgan, Wm. Y., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Mormons, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
-<li>Mormon Trail, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-<li>Mortgages, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
-<li>Motor Trucks, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
-<li>Mounds, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Mount Oread, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>.</li>
-<li>Munger, Mrs. Dell H., <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Music, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-<li>Mutual Benefit Association, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Narvaez, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>.</li>
-<li>National Army, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>National Government, protected traders, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>sent out Fremont, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>;</li>
-  <li>removal policy of, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>;</li>
-  <li>established Fort Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>, <a href="#Page_52">52</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>National Guard, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Nebraska, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Neosho Valley, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-<li>Nevada, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-<li>New England Emigrant Aid Company, first party, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>second party, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;</li>
-  <li>third and fourth parties, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>New Mexico, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
-<li>New Spain, <a href="#Page_10">10</a>, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_14">14</a>.</li>
-<li>Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Nineteenth Kansas, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>.</li>
-<li>Normal Schools, <a href="#Page_196">196</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_198">198</a>, <a href="#Page_199">199</a>, <a href="#Page_201">201</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-<li>Northern Route to Kansas, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
-<li>Nurses in World War, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Officers, Territorial, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_237">237-243</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Officers’ Training Camps, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Ohio, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
-<li>Oil, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-<li>Oklahoma, <a href="#Page_24">24</a>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>opening of, <a href="#Page_128">128</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>“Old Mill,” <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-<li>Oregon, Emigrants to, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Oregon Trail, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>.</li>
-<li>Organization of Kansas Territory, <a href="#Page_55">55-59</a>.</li>
-<li>Osage County, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>.</li>
-<li>Osage Indians, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Osawatomie, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>pillaged, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>;</li>
-  <li>burned, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Ottawa University, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Oxen, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Pack Mules, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>.</li>
-<li>Padilla, Father, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
-<li>Padoucas, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>.</li>
-<li>Paine, Albert Bigelow, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Panic of 1893, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Patrons of Husbandry, <a href="#Page_160">160</a>.</li>
-<li>Pawnee Capitol, <a href="#Page_51">51</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_212">212</a>.</li>
-<li>Pawnee Fork, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>.</li>
-<li>Pawnee Indians, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>village, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Pawnee Rock, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-<li>Pawnee, town of, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
-<li>Peck, George R., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Peffer, William A., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Peery, Rev. E. T., <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Pennsylvania, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>.</li>
-<li>People’s Party, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Phillips, William A., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Pierce, President, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>.</li>
-<li>Pike’s Peak, <a href="#Page_22">22</a>.</li>
-<li>Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, <a href="#Page_21">21-23</a>, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-<li>Pioneer life, <a href="#Page_102">102-107</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a>.</li>
-<li>Pioneer Schools, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
-<li>Pipe Lines, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
-<li>Plumb, Preston B., <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-<li>Pomeroy, Samuel C., <a href="#Page_67">67</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>made Senator, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Pony Express, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
-<li>Popular Sovereignty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>.</li>
-<li>Population of Kansas, 1854, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>1855, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>;</li>
-  <li>1859, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>;</li>
-  <li>1865, <a href="#Page_113">113</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Populist Party, <a href="#Page_161">161</a>.</li>
-<li>Portland Cement, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
-<li>Pottawatomie Massacre, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
-<li>Prentis, Noble L., <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Presbyterian Missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Price Raid, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Printers, State, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
-<li>Prohibition Amendment, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_220">220</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>National, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Public Instruction, Superintendents of, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
-<li>Public Utilities Commission, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Quantrill Raid, <a href="#Page_111">111</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>loss from, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>;</li>
-  <li>monument, <a href="#Page_214">214</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Quivera, poem, <a href="#Page_8">8</a>.</li>
-<li>Quivira, land of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Indians, <a href="#Page_25">25</a>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Railroad Commission, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Railroads, <a href="#Page_127">127</a>, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174-183</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>first one in Kansas, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>;</li>
-  <li>Kansas advertised by, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>;</li>
-  <li>relation to industries, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>;</li>
-  <li>regulation of, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>;</li>
-  <li>mileage, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Rainbow Division, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Realf, Richard, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Redpath, James, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Reeder, Andrew H., <a href="#Page_72">72</a>, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-<li>Regiments of Kansas soldiers, <a href="#Page_117">117</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-<li>Regulation of Railroads, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Reign of Violence, <a href="#Page_83">83-92</a>.</li>
-<li>Removal Policy, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
-<li>Republican Party, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>.</li>
-<li>Republic County, <a href="#Page_21">21</a>, <a href="#Page_115">115</a>, <a href="#Page_209">209</a>.</li>
-<li>Richardson, Albert D., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>“Rifle Christians,” <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-<li>Road Materials, <a href="#Page_184">184</a>.</li>
-<li>Robinson, Dr. Charles, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>home burned, <a href="#Page_85">85</a>;</li>
-  <li>held prisoner, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>;</li>
-  <li>first Governor, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Ross, Edmund G., <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Round Mound, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
-<li>Rural Schools, pioneer, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>modern, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Sacramento, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>.</li>
-<li>Salt, <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</li>
-<li>Salt Lake, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-<li>Salt Lake Trail, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
-<li>San Francisco, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-<li>Santa Fe, city, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>, <a href="#Page_30">30</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
-<li>Santa Fe Trail, <a href="#Page_29">29-41</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>map of, <a href="#Page_28">28</a>;</li>
-  <li>length of, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
-  <li>marking of, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Schoenmaker, Rev., <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-<li><a name="schools" id="schools"></a>Schools, established by missions, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Territorial, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
-  <li>first in Lawrence, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
-  <li>subscription, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
-  <li>length of term, <a href="#Page_187">187</a>;</li>
-  <li>during Civil War, <a href="#Page_188">188</a>;</li>
-  <li>pioneer schools, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>;</li>
-  <li>rural, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li>
-  <li>consolidated, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li>
-  <li>high schools, <a href="#Page_193">193</a>;</li>
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_196">196-205</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>;</li>
-  <li>“Standard,” “Superior,” <a href="#Page_191">191</a>;</li>
-  <li>for blind, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li>
-  <li>for deaf, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>;</li>
-  <li>denominational, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>School Teachers, qualifications, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
-<li>Scott, Charles F., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Seal of State, <a href="#Page_116">116</a>.</li>
-<li>Secretaries, Territorial, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_238">238</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Senate, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>.</li>
-<li>Senators, United States, <a href="#Page_241">241</a>.</li>
-<li>Seven Cities of Cibola, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
-<li>Shannon, Wilson, <a href="#Page_76">76</a>, <a href="#Page_80">80</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-<li>Shawnee Indians, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>.</li>
-<li>Shawnee Mission, <a href="#Page_50">50</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>as capital, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Sheldon, Charles M., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Simmerwell, Rev. Robert, <a href="#Page_225">225</a>.</li>
-<li>Slavery in United States, <a href="#Page_57">57</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>.</li>
-<li>Slaves, <a href="#Page_62">62</a>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_73">73</a>, <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-<li>Smith, F. Dumont, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Snow, Francis Huntington, <a href="#Page_230">230</a>.</li>
-<li>Sod Corn, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>.</li>
-<li>Sod House, <a href="#Page_105">105</a>.</li>
-<li>Sod Schoolhouse, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>.</li>
-<li>Soldiers, <a href="#Page_41">41</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>furnished by Kansas, <a href="#Page_109">109</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Song of the Kansas Emigrant, <a href="#Page_61">61</a>.</li>
-<li>Sorghum Crops, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Soudan Grass, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Southeastern Kansas, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>.</li>
-<li>Southern Aid, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>.</li>
-<li>Southwestern University, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Spain, <a href="#Page_9">9</a>, <a href="#Page_13">13</a>, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>.</li>
-<li>Spanish-American War, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-<li>Speer, John, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Spring, L. W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Squatter Sovereignty, <a href="#Page_58">58</a>.</li>
-<li>Stage Lines, <a href="#Page_174">174</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>.</li>
-<li>State Capitol, <a href="#Page_130">130</a>.</li>
-<li>State Fair, Leavenworth, <a href="#Page_143">143</a>.</li>
-<li>Steele, James W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>St. John, Governor, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>.</li>
-<li>St. Joseph, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_175">175</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>.</li>
-<li>St. Mary’s College, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>.</li>
-<li>St. Mihiel, <a href="#Page_139">139</a>.</li>
-<li>Stockyards, <a href="#Page_154">154</a>.</li>
-<li>Stone, building, <a href="#Page_166">166</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>quarry, <a href="#Page_170">170</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Stringfellow, B. F., <a href="#Page_74">74</a>.</li>
-<li>Sugar Beets, <a href="#Page_153">153</a>.</li>
-<li>Superintendents of Public Instruction, Territorial, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_240">240</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Supplies Taken by Traders, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>.</li>
-<li>Swedish Settlements, <a href="#Page_181">181</a>.</li>
-<li>Sweet Clover, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Sword, old Spanish, <a href="#Page_215">215</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Tank Cars, <a href="#Page_168">168</a>.</li>
-<li>Teacher Training, <a href="#Page_195">195</a>.</li>
-<li>Tecumseh, <a href="#Page_89">89</a>.</li>
-<li>Telegraph, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Telephone, <a href="#Page_123">123</a>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a>.</li>
-<li>Territorial Officers, <a href="#Page_235">235</a>, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>.</li>
-<li>Territory, government of, <a href="#Page_72">72</a>.</li>
-<li>Texas, <a href="#Page_18">18</a>, <a href="#Page_23">23</a>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a>.</li>
-<li>Thayer, Eli, <a href="#Page_63">63</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>.</li>
-<li>The Caches, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>.</li>
-<li>The Three R’s, <a href="#Page_189">189</a>, <a href="#Page_191">191</a>.</li>
-<li>The “2700,” <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>.</li>
-<li>Tomlinson, W. P., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Topeka, <a href="#Page_68">68</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_133">133</a>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
-<li>Topeka Constitution, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Topeka Movement, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-<li>Trading Post Ford, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Trading Posts, <a href="#Page_47">47</a>, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>.</li>
-<li>Trail Markers, <a href="#Page_210">210</a>.</li>
-<li>Trails, Santa Fe, <a href="#Page_29">29-41</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>Oregon, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
-  <li>California, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>;</li>
-  <li>Mormon, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>;</li>
-  <li>Salt Lake, <a href="#Page_69">69</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Trappers, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>.</li>
-<li>Traveling Libraries, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Treasurers, Territorial, <a href="#Page_236">236</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>State, <a href="#Page_238">238-239</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Truancy Law, <a href="#Page_136">136</a>, <a href="#Page_190">190</a>.</li>
-<li>Turk, <a href="#Page_11">11</a>.</li>
-<li>Twentieth to Twenty-third Kansas Regiments, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Underflow, <a href="#Page_151">151</a>.</li>
-<li>Union Pacific Railroad, <a href="#Page_157">157</a>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a>, <a href="#Page_213">213</a>.</li>
-<li>University of Kansas, <a href="#Page_65">65</a>, <a href="#Page_197">197</a>, <a href="#Page_202">202</a>, <a href="#Page_203">203</a>, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>.</li>
-<li>Utah, <a href="#Page_29">29</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Van Quickenborn, Father, <a href="#Page_226">226</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-
-<li>Wagons, used on Trail, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>.</li>
-<li>Wakarusa War, <a href="#Page_79">79-81</a>.</li>
-<li>Walker, Governor, arrival of, <a href="#Page_94">94</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>resigned, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>War, Civil, <a href="#Page_107">107</a>, <a href="#Page_109">109-113</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>, <a href="#Page_131">131</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>French and Indian, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
-  <li>Revolutionary, <a href="#Page_17">17</a>;</li>
-  <li>Spanish-American, <a href="#Page_129">129</a>;</li>
-  <li>World, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Ware, Eugene F., <a href="#Page_208">208</a>, <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Washburn College, <a href="#Page_204">204</a>, <a href="#Page_244">244</a>.</li>
-<li>Wattles, Willard, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Wellhouse, Frederick, <a href="#Page_231">231</a>.</li>
-<li>Wellington, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
-<li>Western Kansas, <a href="#Page_148">148</a>, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a>.</li>
-<li>Westport, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_79">79</a>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>.</li>
-<li>Wheat, <a href="#Page_152">152</a>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a>, <a href="#Page_156">156</a>.</li>
-<li>White, William Allen, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Wichita, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
-<li>Wilder, Daniel W., <a href="#Page_232">232</a>, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>Windmill, at Lawrence, <a href="#Page_144">144</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>irrigation, <a href="#Page_149">149</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Winter of 1855-’<a href="#Page_56">56</a>, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>.</li>
-<li>Woman’s Kansas Day Club, <a href="#Page_207">207</a>.</li>
-<li>Woman’s Relief Corps, <a href="#Page_211">211</a>.</li>
-<li>Woman Suffrage, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>.</li>
-<li>Wood, S. N., <a href="#Page_87">87</a>.</li>
-<li>Woodson, Daniel, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>;
-  <ul class="none">
-  <li>opened Kansas to invaders, <a href="#Page_90">90</a>.</li>
-  </ul></li>
-<li>Woodward, Brinton W., <a href="#Page_233">233</a>.</li>
-<li>World War, <a href="#Page_137">137</a>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a>.</li>
-<li>Writers, Kansas, <a href="#Page_233">233</a>, <a href="#Page_234">234</a>.</li>
-<li>Wyandotte Constitution, <a href="#Page_98">98</a>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a>, <a href="#Page_223">223</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<ul class="none">
-<li>Zinc Smelters, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>.</li>
-</ul>
-
-</div><!--end chapter-->
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div class="chapter">
-<h4 class="p4 h4head">Transcriber’s Note:</h4>
-
-<p>Only a few photographs have a source attribution. Many
-may have been copied from newspapers, and some are not in focus. The texture was not
-improved, so that the electronic images would be similar to the originals.</p>
-
-<p>Inconsistent hyphenation, dialect, obsolete and alternative
-spellings were left unchanged.</p>
-
-<p>Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the
-book, preceding the Index. There are two anchors to Footnotes 36 and
-37.</p>
-
-<p>The following were changed:</p>
-<p class="p0">Changed comma to stop at end of index entry: Democratic Party, 98.</p>
-<p class="p0">Added stop to end of caption: STAGE COACH.</p>
-<p class="p0">Added names of Governors to captions.</p>
-<p class="p0">Corrected spelling: ecomomics to economics.</p>
-<p class="p0">Removed space from Wa Keeney in appendix.</p>
-</div><!--end chapter TN-->
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="pgx" />
-<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS***</p>
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