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diff --git a/old/65593-0.txt b/old/65593-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index c0609ab..0000000 --- a/old/65593-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8097 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, A History of Kansas, by Anna E. (Anna -Estelle) Arnold - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: A History of Kansas - - -Author: Anna E. (Anna Estelle) Arnold - - - -Release Date: June 11, 2021 [eBook #65593] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS*** - - -E-text prepared by MFR, Carol Brown, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 65593-h.htm or 65593-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65593/65593-h/65593-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/65593/65593-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/historyofkansas01arno - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text in italics is surrounded by underscores, _like this_. - - Text in bold face is surrounded by equal signs, =like this.= - - - - - - [Illustration: MEMORIAL HALL] - - -A HISTORY OF KANSAS - -by - -ANNA E. ARNOLD - -Author of Civics and Citizenship - - - [Illustration: Seal of the State of Kansas] - - - - - - -Published by -the State Of Kansas -Imri Zumwalt, State Printer -Topeka, 1919 -7-6552 - -Copyright 1914, Anna E. Arnold - -Copyright 1919 (Revised), Anna E. Arnold -All Rights Reserved - - - [Illustration: Printer’s Logo] - - - - -PREFACE - - -No State has a history better calculated to inspire patriotism in its -people than has Kansas. In this fact lies the greatest reason for -teaching Kansas History in the schools. A knowledge of the -difficulties that have been met and conquered in building the State -will create in the minds of the boys and girls a greater respect for -the sturdy qualities of the pioneers; it will give them a wholesome -sense of the great cost at which the ease and comfort of to-day have -been purchased; it will stimulate in them a desire to live up to the -past. - -If the study of Kansas History is to accomplish these results, the -subject must be presented in such a way as to arouse the interest of -the pupils. They must feel its reality. They must catch its spirit. - -With the hope of fulfilling in some measure these requirements, this -book has been prepared with the following aims constantly in mind: to -make it, as nearly as possible, a narrative; to select from the wealth -of material at hand such subject matter as is within the comprehension -of children, eliminating such matter as can be fully understood and -appreciated only by mature minds; to present the general movement of -the State’s progress rather than a mass of unrelated facts. Only so -much detail has been used as is necessary to a clear understanding of -events. The purpose has not been to chronicle a multitude of events, -but rather to show forth what manner of men and women were the -builders of our State, what motives actuated them, what conditions -surrounded them, how they lived, and what they accomplished. - -An effort has been made to give the pupils a general view of the -State’s history as a whole, to give them a framework on which to build -their later knowledge, and to leave them with a desire to learn more -of Kansas history. - - ANNA E. ARNOLD. - - - - -CONTENTS - - -CHAPTER PAGE - - I. THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY 9 - - II. KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES 16 - - III. EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE UNITED STATES 20 - - IV. KANSAS AS A PATHWAY 29 - - V. KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY 45 - - VI. KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY 55 - - VII. THE COMING OF THE SETTLERS 62 - - VIII. THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT 72 - - IX. RIVAL GOVERNMENTS IN KANSAS 78 - - X. THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE 83 - - XI. THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS 94 - - XII. PIONEER LIFE 102 - - XIII. KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR 109 - - XIV. THE PERIOD SINCE THE CIVIL WAR 115 - - XV. THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS 142 - - XVI. TRANSPORTATION IN KANSAS 174 - - XVII. EDUCATION IN KANSAS 187 - -XVIII. KANSAS MEMORIALS 207 - - XIX. THE KANSAS SPIRIT 217 - - APPENDIX 223 - - - - - QUIVERA――KANSAS - - In that half-forgotten era, - With the avarice of old, - Seeking cities he was told - Had been paved with yellow gold, - In the kingdom of Quivera―― - - Came the restless Coronado - To the open Kansas plain, - With his knights from sunny Spain; - In an effort that, though vain, - Thrilled with boldness and bravado. - - League by league, in aimless marching, - Knowing scarcely where or why, - Crossed they uplands drear and dry, - That an unprotected sky - Had for centuries been parching. - - But their expectations, eager, - Found, instead of fruitful lands, - Shallow streams and shifting sands, - Where the buffalo in bands - Roamed o’er deserts dry and meager. - - Back to scenes more trite, yet tragic, - Marched the knights with armor’d steeds - Not for them the quiet deeds; - Not for them to sow the seeds - From which empires grow like magic. - - Thus Quivera was forsaken; - And the world forgot the place - Through the lapse of time and space. - Then the blue-eyed Saxon race - Came and bade the desert waken. - - ――EUGENE WARE. - - - - -A HISTORY OF KANSAS - - - - -CHAPTER I - -THE BEGINNING OF KANSAS HISTORY - - -=Introduction.= More than four centuries have passed since Columbus -discovered America. During that time the hunting ground of three -hundred thousand Indians has become the United States with its more -than one hundred million civilized people. In the center of this great -nation, which occupies nearly half the area of the continent, lies -Kansas, a rectangle four hundred miles long and two hundred miles -wide. - -Kansas is a part of the great plain that slopes gradually from the -foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Mississippi River. Its -surface, cut by many eastward-flowing streams, lies level in the west -but in the east curves into countless hills and valleys. - -On these broad prairies to-day are thousands of cattle, and great -fields of corn, wheat, and alfalfa. Towns and cities are scattered -over the State, and the country between is dotted with the homes of -farmers. There are mines, factories, churches, schools, and colleges. -Uniting all are miles and miles of railroad. Kansas is now the home of -more than a million seven hundred thousand of busy, prosperous people. -But it was not always so; these prairies were once used only by the -Indian and the buffalo. If we are to understand how this change has -come about we must begin with the coming of the first white men to -America. - -=The First White Men in Kansas.= At that time Spain was the most -powerful nation of Europe, and since she had furnished the funds for -the voyage of Columbus she claimed the first right to America and -became the pioneer in the exploration of the New World. The Spaniards -first explored the Gulf of Mexico and Florida, discovered the Pacific -Ocean and the Mississippi River, and were the first to sail around the -world. In 1519 Cortez, a Spaniard, landed on the present site of Vera -Cruz and marched into the heart of Mexico, the home of the Aztec -Indians. He made himself master of that great region and called it New -Spain. All of these expeditions were too far south to reach what is -now Kansas, but only a few more years were to pass before this far-off -country was to be explored by the adventurous Spaniards, the first -white men to set foot on Kansas soil. - -=Cabeza de Vaca.= In 1528 Narvaez, a Spaniard, led an exploring -expedition westward from Florida along the Gulf of Mexico. Through -various misfortunes and hardships nearly all of the party perished. -One of the commanders, Cabeza de Vaca, and three of his men were taken -prisoners by the Indians. After being held in captivity nearly six -years they succeeded in making their escape. They fled westward, and -after an adventurous journey of nearly two years reached a Spanish -settlement near the western coast of New Spain. The exact route -followed by Cabeza de Vaca and his companions can never be known, but -his accounts of their wanderings were largely the cause of the -expedition of Coronado, who was the first white man known with -certainty to have traveled across what is now Kansas. - -=Purpose of the Spaniards.= The chief purpose of all the Spanish -explorers was to search for wealth. Cortez is said to have made this -remark to the Indians: “We Spaniards are troubled with a disease of -the heart for which we find gold, and gold only, a specific remedy.” -The hope of finding gold and precious stones lying about like pebbles -lured many Spaniards into enterprises filled with terrible hardships. -Reports of great cities of untold wealth to the northward, the “Seven -Cities of Cibola,” as they were called, had reached New Spain at -various times, and when Cabeza de Vaca told similar tales that he had -heard from the Indians it stirred the Spaniards to explore the region. - -=Coronado.= Great preparation was made for an expedition. An army of -three hundred Spaniards and eight hundred friendly Indians was -gathered and placed under the command of Coronado. This was a large -army for those times and the burden of furnishing it with arms and -supplies fell heavily on New Spain. But so hopeful were the people of -the success of the expedition that no sacrifice seemed too great. In -the spring of 1540 the long march into unexplored country began. - -=The Search for Quivira.= After months of travel in a northerly and -then in a northeasterly direction, Coronado and his army reached the -province of Cibola, which was probably in the western part of what is -now New Mexico, and the “Seven Cities” proved to be ordinary adobe -Indian villages. They took possession of the Indian supplies and spent -the winter in the villages. The Indians, anxious to get rid of their -unwelcome visitors, persuaded a Quivira Indian, whom they held as a -prisoner, to tell the Spaniards tales of the wonderful land of Quivira -in order to lead them off into the wilderness where they would die -from lack of food and water. Coronado and his men listened to this -Indian, whom they called “Turk,” and followed him as a guide for many -days. He led them steadily toward the east, and after a time they -became convinced that they were being deceived and made him confess -that Quivira was far to the northward. They had been only too willing -to listen to Turk’s stories, but when they learned that he had misled -them they put him to death. Supplies were now low and Coronado sent -back the main body of the army, which was composed of footmen, and -with thirty horsemen started northward. - - [Illustration: THE JOURNEYS OF CABEZA DE VACA AND CORONADO.] - -=Coronado in Kansas.= It must be remembered that the whole country was -a vast wilderness without names or boundary lines, and we can describe -the journey of the Spaniards only by using names and boundary lines -that have come into existence long since that time. As nearly as can -be learned, Coronado and his men entered Kansas about where Clark -County now is, and went on northward, crossing the Arkansas River at -or near the site of Dodge City. From this point they followed the -river to Great Bend, and then continued in a northeasterly direction -to the vicinity of Junction City. At the end of their journey they set -up a cross bearing the inscription: “Francisco Vasqueth de Coronado, -commander of an expedition, arrived at this place.” - - [Illustration: “FRANCISCO VASQUETH DE CORONADO, COMMANDER OF - AN EXPEDITION, ARRIVED AT THIS PLACE.”] - -=Quivira Found.= After all this weary journey they had reached Quivira -and found it to be merely the home of a tribe of Indians, the -Quiviras, later known as the Pawnees. Coronado wrote in a letter to -the King of Spain: - - “The country itself is the best I have ever seen for - producing all of the fruits of Spain, for, besides the land - itself being very fat and black, and being very well watered - by rivulets, springs, and rivers, I found prunes like those - in Spain and nuts and very good sweet grapes and mulberries. - I remained twenty-five days in this province of Quivira, - both to see and explore the country, and to find out whether - there was anything beyond which could be of service to your - Majesty, because the guides who had brought me had given me - an account of other provinces beyond this. And what I am - sure of is that there is not any gold or any other metal in - all that country, and the other things of which they told me - are nothing but little villages, and in many of these they - do not plant anything, and do not have any houses, except of - skins and sticks, and they wander around with the cows. So - that the account they gave me was false, because they wanted - to get me to go there with the whole force, believing that - as the way was through such uninhabitable deserts, and from - lack of water they would get us where our horses and we - would die of thirst. And the guides confessed this, and they - said they did it by the advice of the natives of these - provinces.”[1] - -=Coronado’s Return to New Spain.= Empty-handed, Coronado and his -little band of Spanish knights turned toward New Spain and carried to -their waiting countrymen the disappointing story of their two years’ -expedition. With this event fifty years had passed since the discovery -of America, and for the next two and a half centuries little attention -was paid to the Kansas country. - - - SUMMARY - - The history of Kansas begins with the first exploration of - this country by white men nearly four hundred years ago. - Spain was the first nation to explore the New World. The - chief purpose of the Spaniards was to find gold. They had - heard from the Indians of rich cities to the northward, and - when Cabeza de Vaca told them similar tales the people of - New Spain decided to explore the country. They sent Coronado - with a large army on a journey of exploration lasting two - years. He failed to find gold, but his expedition is of - interest because he was the first white man known to have - traversed what is now Kansas. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 1-23. - Foster, A History of the United States, p. 29. - Spring, Kansas, pp. 17-19. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 44-45. - Bourne, Spain in America (vol. III, of The American Nation, a - History). - Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. - Historical Collections, vol. VII, pp. 20, 40, 268, 573; vol. VIII, - p. 152; vol. X, p. 68; vol. XII, p. 219. - Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. How long has it been since Columbus discovered America? - - 2. Compare the population at that time with the present - population of the United States. - - 3. In what part of the United States is Kansas? - - 4. Describe briefly the western part of the Mississippi valley. - Describe the surface of Kansas. - - 5. What relation has Spain to the history of Kansas? Why did - Spain claim the first right to America? Name some of the early - discoveries of the Spaniards. - - 6. Where was New Spain? - - 7. What influenced the Spaniards in their ventures in the New - World? - - 8. Who was Cabeza de Vaca? Of what importance is the account of - his adventures? - - 9. Tell the story of Coronado. What is his relation to Kansas - history? - - - - -CHAPTER II - -KANSAS BECOMES A PART OF THE UNITED STATES - - -=The French.= While the Spaniards were searching for wealth in the -southern part of North America the French were trading with the -Indians in the northern part along the St. Lawrence River and around -the Great Lakes. Among the French were many Catholic priests, called -Jesuits, who came to carry their religious faith to the Indians. In -1673, one of these Jesuits, Father Marquette, accompanied a trader -named Joliet on an expedition to explore the Mississippi River. They -launched their canoes on the great river and floated downstream for -hundreds of miles, between shores that in some places were thickly -wooded, and in others were grassy plains. They went as far south as -the mouth of the Arkansas River, and then turned and began the long, -hard task of paddling back. - -=La Salle and Louisiana, 1682.= Among those who heard of the journey -of Marquette and Joliet was a young Frenchman, La Salle. He planned to -explore the whole Mississippi basin and to take possession of it in -the name of the King of France. In 1682, with a few companions, he -floated down the Mississippi to its mouth. Here, with much ceremony, -they planted a cross, buried a leaden plate inscribed with the arms of -France, and declared that all the land drained by the Mississippi -River and its tributaries should belong to France, and should be named -Louisiana in honor of the French King, Louis XIV. Thus in 1682, nearly -two centuries after the discovery of America, Kansas came into the -possession of the French. - -=The End of Spanish and French Explorations.= The French soon planted -a few colonies and forts along the Mississippi River and sent out -explorers, some of whom may have entered the present bounds of Kansas. -This roused the Spaniards in Mexico, who wished to hold the territory -for Spain, and they also sent expeditions. The armies of both nations -suffered severely at the hands of the Indians and the exploration of -the Kansas country was given up by both Spain and France, and for -nearly a century more it lay almost forgotten. The next exploration of -this territory was by people of another nation. - -=The English.= While the Spaniards were busy in the South and the -French in the North, another people, the English, began to make -explorations in the new continent. They did not come to hunt for gold, -nor to trade with the Indians, but to found homes. They settled along -the Atlantic coast between the French in Canada and the Spaniards in -Florida, and claimed the country westward to the Pacific Ocean. - -=Conflict of French and English Claims.= As time went on and the -settlements increased in number, the claims of the French and the -English conflicted and caused much strife between the colonies of the -two countries. The question of the ownership of the land was not -settled until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. As a -result of this war France gave up all her claims in America, -practically everything east of the Mississippi to England, and that -west of it to Spain. In 1800 Spain ceded her portion of America back -to France. - -=The Louisiana Purchase, 1803.= In the meantime the English colonies -had fought the Revolutionary War and become an independent nation. In -1803, when Thomas Jefferson was President, the United States bought -from France her tract of country lying west of the Mississippi River. -This was known as the Louisiana Purchase, and the date is one to be -remembered, for it marks the end of French claims in America, and it -marks the time when what is now Kansas became a part of the United -States.[2] - -=One Century More.= More than three centuries of American history had -passed and the country west of the Mississippi River remained -unsettled and practically unknown. The Spaniard and the Frenchman had -come and gone, but the Indian still hunted the buffalo on the -prairies. The white man had not yet made his home in the Kansas -country. - - - SUMMARY - - Spain explored in the South in search of wealth, France in - the North to trade in furs with the Indians, and England - along the coast between these two to establish homes. Spain - claimed the Kansas country because of the exploration by - Coronado, France through the claims of Marquette and La - Salle, and England through the ocean-to-ocean claim. None of - the nations succeeded in accomplishing anything here, and - the Kansas country was left alone for nearly a century after - it came into the possession of France. At the close of the - French and Indian War the country west of the Mississippi - was ceded to Spain. Later it came again into the hands of - France, and was purchased by the United States in 1803. - - - REFERENCES - - Elson, History of the United States, pp. 161, 384. - Fiske, Discovery of America, vol. II, chap. XII. - Foster, A History of the United States. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 24-40. - Parkman, La Salle and the Great West. - Spring, Kansas, pp. 19-20. - Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 250; vol. X, p. 336. - Wilder, Annals of Kansas, pp. 15-18. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. Who were the Jesuits? What can you say of Marquette? Joliet? - La Salle? - - 2. Contrast the motives of the French and Spanish in coming to - America. - - 3. Why did the English come to the New World? - - 4. What territory was claimed by the French? By the Spanish? By - the English? - - 5. To what nations did what is now Kansas successively belong? - How and when did it first become a part of the United States? - How long was this after the discovery of America? - - - - -CHAPTER III - -EXPLORATION OF THE KANSAS COUNTRY BY THE UNITED STATES - - -=President Jefferson Sent Explorers.= When the United States bought -Louisiana the country from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean -was a vast unknown area. President Jefferson was eager to learn -something about the great West, and sent out several exploring -parties. - -=Lewis and Clark.= The first expedition, sent in 1804, the year -following the purchase of Louisiana, was in charge of Meriwether Lewis -and William Clark. They were instructed to move up the Missouri River -and on to the Pacific Ocean. After a difficult journey lasting two and -a half years the party returned to St. Louis and brought to the people -of the United States much important information concerning the West. -It is the part of their journey along the border of what is now Kansas -in which we are most interested. - -=The Journey.= With about forty-five men and three boats Lewis and -Clark started up the Missouri River in the spring of 1804. Two -horsemen rode along the bank to hunt and bring in game, which was to -go far toward supplying provisions for the expedition. After a five -weeks’ journey they reached the mouth of the Kansas River, and -encamped that night on the present site of Kansas City, Kansas. From -there they continued up the Missouri River where it forms the present -boundary line of Kansas, along the border of what has since become -Leavenworth, Atchison, and Doniphan counties. Their account of the -journey describes the country through which they passed and the -different Indian tribes and villages they saw. It speaks of an Indian -tribe as “hunting on the plains for buffalo which our hunters have -seen for the first time.” Again we read, “Pecan trees were this day -seen, and large quantities of deer and wild turkey.” By July 4 they -had reached a point not far from the present city of Atchison. They -did not have the means for much of a celebration, but their observance -of the day included the firing of “an evening gun” and the naming of -two streams, Fourth of July Creek, and Independence Creek. -Independence Creek still retains its name. A week later they passed -the fortieth parallel, which afterward became the northern boundary of -Kansas, and continued on their way to the Pacific. - -=Pike’s Expedition.= In 1806 another exploring party was sent out in -command of Zebulon Montgomery Pike, a young lieutenant in the army. He -was instructed to ascend the Missouri River, visit the various Indian -tribes in the Kansas country, go west until the frontier of New Mexico -was reached, then south toward the source of the Red River which he -was to descend to the Mississippi, and thence to St. Louis, the -starting point. The journey did not, however, follow just this route. - -=Pike Visits the Osage Indians.= The Osage Indians lived in the -eastern part of Kansas, south of the Kansas River. At their villages -Pike purchased supplies for the overland journey. From there he went -west and then northwest toward the Pawnee village which is believed to -have been within the bounds of what is now Republic County. - -=Pike Among the Pawnees.= About the time he crossed the Solomon River -he came upon the trail of Spanish troops. It seems that the -authorities in Mexico had in some way heard of the Pike expedition and -had sent an army of five hundred men to intercept him. These forces -missed each other, but when Pike reached the village of the Pawnee -Indians he found them in possession of many blankets, bridles, -saddles, and other things which they had received from the Spaniards. -After having been visited with much ceremony by the mounted and lordly -army from Mexico, the Indians were not inclined to be courteous to -Pike and his score of dusty, bedraggled footmen. After much -unpleasantness and delay a council attended by four hundred warriors -was held. In his opening address Pike spoke, among other things, of -the numerous Spanish flags in the village. Pointing to one which -floated above the tent of the head chief, he demanded that it be -lowered and that an American flag be put in its place. Several Indians -made speeches without mentioning the flag. Pike again told them they -must choose between the Spanish and the American governments. The -Americans awaited the answer in anxious suspense. Finally an old chief -arose. He slowly hauled down the Spanish flag, laid it at Pike’s feet, -and received the American flag in return. This he unfurled above the -chiefs tent, and for the first time, so far as is known, the Stars and -Stripes floated over Kansas. - -=Pike in Colorado.= From this place Pike and his men moved southwest -to the Arkansas River, where the party divided, some of them going -down the river and on home. Pike and his remaining men, instead of -searching for the Red River according to instructions, followed the -Arkansas River into what is now Colorado. They pushed westward, and -after many days of travel sighted a mountain, which appeared at first -like a small blue cloud but which proved to be a great bald peak of -the Rocky Mountains. This peak has since been named Pike’s Peak in -honor of the explorer. By this time it was winter and their supplies -were low. Pike and his men suffered terribly from cold and hunger -while wandering among the mountains. Hoping to better their condition -they moved toward the southwest, only to find themselves taken -prisoners in Spanish territory. Later, however, they were escorted -across Texas to the American frontier in Louisiana and released. - - [Illustration: THE EXPEDITION OF PIKE, AND THE LOCATION OF THE - ORIGINAL INDIAN TRIBES. - There were no clearly defined boundaries between the tribes.] - -=The Return of Pike.= A whole year had passed before they found -themselves again in St. Louis, a year of hardship for them, but well -worth while, nevertheless, for Pike brought back a great deal of -valuable information. That he was a better soldier than farmer may be -seen from this passage taken from his journal: - - “From these immense prairies may rise one great advantage to - the United States, viz., the restriction of our population - to certain limits, and thereby a continuation of the union. - Our citizens, being so prone to rambling and extending - themselves on the frontiers, will, through necessity, be - constrained to limit their extent on the west to the borders - of the Missouri and the Mississippi, while they leave the - prairies, incapable of cultivation, to the wandering - aborigines of the country.”[3] - -=The Great American Desert.= Another explorer, Major Long, who came in -1819 and 1820, likewise expressed the idea that most of the country -was unfit for cultivation, and therefore uninhabitable by an -agricultural people. He even went so far as to say the country bore a -“resemblance to the deserts of Siberia.” Washington Irving, the great -writer, said of this region: “It could be well named, the Great -American Desert. It spreads forth into undulating and treeless plains -and desolate sandy wastes, wearisome to the eye from their extent and -monotony. It is a land where no man permanently abides, for at certain -seasons of the year there is no food for the hunter or his steed.” - - [Illustration: AN INDIAN VILLAGE. - The tribes that lived in permanent homes built lodges - consisting of an embankment of earth topped with a row of - poles brought together at the center and thatched with bark - and grass.] - -The views of these men largely molded public opinion concerning the -West. The country out of which has been carved such prosperous -agricultural states as Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska was, a hundred -years ago, known as the “Great American Desert,” and was so named on -the maps of that time. - - [Illustration: INTERIOR OF AN INDIAN LODGE.] - -=Indian Tribes in Kansas.= The western prairies had for untold ages -been occupied by Indians. At the time of Pike’s expedition there were -four tribes living within the present bounds of Kansas. These were the -Kanza, the Osage, the Pawnee, and the Comanche tribes. The Kanza, or -Kaw, Indians lived in the northeastern part of the State and were the -ones seen by Lewis and Clark in their expedition up the Missouri -River. It is from this tribe that Kansas probably received its name. -The Osage Indians were located in the eastern part, south of the -Kansas River. The Pawnee tribe lived north and west of the Kanza -Indians. It was in the Osage village that Pike secured supplies for -his journey, and in the Pawnee village that he caused the Spanish flag -to be lowered. The Pawnees were once called the Quiviras. The first of -their tribe that we know anything about was “Turk,” who led Coronado -into the wilderness. These three tribes lived in permanent homes and -had their tribal villages, but the fourth tribe were wanderers. They -were the Comanches, sometimes called the Padoucas, and they roved over -the western part of Kansas and adjacent territory, hunting buffaloes -and following the herds as they grazed from place to place. They were -fine horsemen, and brave, but very fierce and warlike. - -=The Kansas of a Century Ago.= This was the Kansas of a century ago. -At that time it had received neither name nor boundaries. For the -first fifty years that this region was a part of the United States, -that is, from the purchase of Louisiana until Kansas was organized as -a territory in 1854, the country was little used by the white people -except as a pathway to the West. - - - SUMMARY - - President Jefferson, wishing to learn something of the unknown - western country, sent out two exploring expeditions. The first, - in 1804, was in charge of Lewis and Clark, who were to follow the - Missouri River and to go on across the mountains until they - reached the Pacific coast. They passed along the northeast border - of Kansas. The next exploring party was in command of Pike. His - route was somewhat in the form of a circle. Beginning at St. - Louis it was to pass through Kansas, then south, then east, and - up the Mississippi to St. Louis. He visited the Osage Indians in - eastern Kansas, the Pawnee Indians in northern Kansas where he - raised the American flag, and then marched into Colorado where he - discovered Pike’s Peak. From Colorado he went into what is now - New Mexico, where he was taken prisoner by the Spaniards. They - took him nearly to the Mississippi River and released him. On his - return he reported this country as unfit for settlement, and his - opinion was shared by later explorers. At the time of Pike’s - expedition there were four tribes of Indians in Kansas, the - Osages, the Kanzas, the Pawnees, and the Comanches. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 31-41. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 49-53. - Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. - Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II. - Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 574; vol. VII, pp. 261-317; - vol. VI, p. 325; vol. X, pp. 15-159. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What was known of the Louisiana Purchase at the time it was - acquired by the United States? - - 2. Who were Lewis and Clark? Give an account of their expedition - as it related to Kansas. - - 3. What route was Pike instructed to take? - - 4. Describe Pike’s visit to the Osages. His visit to the Pawnees. - By what other name do we know the Pawnees? - - 5. Give an account of the remainder of Pike’s journey. - - 6. What was Pike’s opinion of the Kansas country? Long’s opinion? - Washington Irving’s opinion? - - 7. How much of Kansas did the Louisiana Purchase include? - - 8. What Indian tribes lived within the present bounds of Kansas? - Locate and tell something of each. - - 9. When was Kansas Territory organized? How long was this after - the Louisiana purchase? - - 10. What use did the white people make of Kansas during this - period? - - - - - [Illustration: THE SANTA FE AND OREGON TRAILS, AND EARLY LINES OF - RAILROAD, THROUGH KANSAS.] - - -CHAPTER IV - -KANSAS AS A PATHWAY - - -=Mexico a Century Ago.= Nearly three centuries passed from the time -Cortez led the Spaniards into Mexico until Kansas became a part of the -United States. During those years Spanish settlements had increased in -number until at the time of Pike’s expedition Mexico included most of -what is now California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and -Colorado. - -=Old Santa Fe.= Santa Fe, said to be the second oldest city in the -United States, was the most important point on the northern frontier -of Mexico. In those days it was not like the busy American Santa Fe of -to-day. It had about two thousand inhabitants, practically all -Spaniards, and they lived in little adobe houses arranged around a -public square after the manner of Spanish cities. - -=Origin of the Santa Fe Trail.= The “Great American Desert” lay -between Santa Fe and the settlements of the western border of the -United States. But Captain Pike’s interesting descriptions of the -wealth and resources of the Spanish country stirred up enthusiasm, and -Americans began to make their way across the plains to trade with the -Spaniards. Santa Fe soon became an important trading point for all of -northeastern Mexico. The traders, on their journeys to the Spanish -city, wore a pathway that crossed the length of Kansas. This pathway -came to be called the “Santa Fe Trail.” - -=Captain Becknell the First Trader.= Although a few earlier trips were -made, the trade with Santa Fe really began in the year 1822 with the -journey of Captain Becknell, of Missouri. He had started out the year -before to trade with the Indians, and had gone on with a party of -Mexican rangers to Santa Fe where he sold his small supply of -merchandise so profitably that he decided to try again on a larger -scale. In 1822 he took about thirty men and five thousand dollars’ -worth of merchandise. His success encouraged others, and a regular -trade with Santa Fe was soon established. - - [Illustration: SCENES IN EARLY SANTA FE. - Left, a street scene. Upper right, an adobe house. Lower right, - the old “Palace,” used by the Spanish and Mexican authorities as - government headquarters for about two centuries. It was in this - building that Pike was held prisoner.] - -=Merchandise Carried on Pack Mules=. For several years most of the -transportation along the Trail was done with pack mules. A caravan of -pack mules usually numbered from fifty to two hundred, each animal -carrying about three hundred pounds of merchandise. From the earliest -times the Mexicans had used pack mules as a means of transportation, -and were skilled in handling them. For this reason the American -traders usually employed Mexicans for the work of the pack train. The -average rate of travel of a mule train was from twelve to fifteen -miles a day. Since the Trail was nearly eight hundred miles long, -fifty to sixty days were required for the trip. - -=Wagons Used on the Trail=. Probably the first time that wagons were -used was in 1824, when a company of traders left Missouri with -twenty-five wagons and a train of pack mules. This experiment was so -satisfactory that the use of wagons soon became general and mules were -used less and less as pack animals. - -=The Traders and the Indians=. Travel over the Santa Fe Trail rapidly -increased, and the history of those days is filled with stories of -exciting adventure, of danger, of privation, and of deeds of courage. -The source of greatest danger and excitement was the Indians, for they -did not take kindly to the white men’s use of their hunting grounds. -For several years the traders crossed the plains in small parties, -each man taking only two or three hundred dollars’ worth of goods, and -they were seldom molested. But peace did not last long. The Indians -soon learned more about the journeys of the traders and how to -estimate the value of their stock. Also, many of the traders -considered every Indian a deadly enemy and killed all that fell into -their power simply because some wrong was known to have been committed -by Indians. This treatment tended to stir up the hatred of the red men -and to make them watch every opportunity for revenge. - -An example of the enmity between the Indians and the traders may be -seen in an occurrence of 1828. Two young men went to sleep on the bank -of a stream a short distance from their caravan, and were fatally -shot, it was supposed, with their own guns. When their comrades found -them one was dead, and the other died by the time the caravan reached -the Cimarron River, about forty miles farther on. During the simple -burial ceremonies a party of six or seven Indians appeared on the -other side of the river. It is probable that these Indians knew -nothing of the crime committed or they would not have approached the -white men. Some of the men took this view, but, against their advice, -the others fired and killed all of the Indians but one, who escaped to -carry the news to his tribe. The Indians of the wronged tribe then -followed the caravan to the Arkansas River where they robbed the -traders of nearly a thousand head of horses and mules. Other robberies -and murders followed until it became necessary for the traders to -petition the National Government for troops. The next year soldiers -escorted the caravan nearly to the Cimarron River. Government -protection was furnished again in 1834, and in 1843. In the other -years the traders fought their own way, but the day of small parties -was over. For mutual protection, the traders banded together. A single -big caravan started out each spring as soon as the grass was -sufficient to pasture their animals, and returned in the fall. - -=The Starting Point of the Traders.= For many years the city of -Franklin, on the Missouri River, was the starting point of the -traders, the place where they purchased their goods and their outfits. -Later, Independence, Missouri, and finally Westport which is now a -part of Kansas City, became the emporium of the Santa Fe trade. The -tourists and traders began to gather about the first of May for the -journey that would begin near the middle of that month. - -=Supplies Taken.= The ordinary supplies to be taken for each man were -about fifty pounds of flour, fifty pounds of bacon, ten pounds of -coffee, twenty pounds each of sugar, rice, and beans, and a little -salt. Anything else was considered an unnecessary luxury and was -seldom taken. The buffalo furnished fresh meat for the travelers. - -=Teams and Wagons.= After the first few years horses were little used -on the Trail except for riding. A wagon was usually drawn by eight -mules or oxen, though some of the larger ones required ten or twelve. -The large wagons often carried as much as five thousand pounds of -merchandise and supplies. The loading of the wagons for a journey of -nearly eight hundred miles was a very particular piece of work. - -=Council Grove the Meeting Place.= Although the traders banded -together in one big caravan, they did not all start from the same -place nor at the same time. The Kanza and Osage Indians seldom -committed worse deeds than petty thievery, and the more warlike -Comanches and Pawnees did not often appear along the first two hundred -miles of the Trail. The place where all the wagons united to form a -caravan was Council Grove, a point about one hundred and fifty miles -west of Independence. In those days Council Grove consisted of a strip -of fine timber along the Neosho valley. It is said to have been named -in 1825 by the United States Commissioners who met on this spot some -Osage Indians, with whom they made a treaty for the right of way for -the Santa Fe Trail. About 1850 a blacksmith shop and two or three -traders’ stores were established at Council Grove and this place -became “the last chance for supplies” for westbound travelers. - - [Illustration: COUNCIL OAK, - Under which the Commissioners and Indians met at Council Grove to - make their treaty. It is still standing. A Santa Fe marker has - been placed beneath its branches.] - -=Journeys of Gregg.= We can not get an idea of those days in a better -way, perhaps, than by following an account of one of the caravans. -Josiah Gregg, who crossed the prairie eight times, has left a very -interesting record of his experiences. Many of the following facts are -taken from his account of the journey of 1831. - -=Organization of the Caravan.= For this particular trip there were two -hundred men and nearly a hundred wagons, with a dozen smaller -vehicles, and two carriages carrying cannon. The total value of the -merchandise was about $200,000. For so large an undertaking it was, of -course, necessary to have some kind of organization. According to -custom, therefore, they elected officers and adopted a set of rules. -The head man was the “Captain of the Caravan,” who directed the order -of travel, selected the camping grounds, and performed many other -duties of a general nature. The wagons were divided into four groups, -each group under the charge of a lieutenant, who selected crossings -and superintended the “forming” of the camp. The men were well armed -with rifles, shotguns, and an abundant supply of pistols and knives. - -=The Starting of the Caravan.= When the time came to start from -Council Grove the command “Catch up! Catch up!” sounded by the captain -and passed on to all the groups, started a scene of hurry and uproar -as the teamsters vied with each other to be first to shout “All’s -set!” After a period of shouting at animals, the clanking of chains, -and the rattling of harness and yokes, all were ready. The command -“Stretch out!” was given, and the line of march began. - - [Illustration: CROSSING THE PLAINS.] - -=The Country West of Council Grove.= Council Grove seemed to form the -western boundary of the very rich, fertile, and well timbered country. -From here westward the streams were lined with but little timber -growth, and much of that was cottonwood. The country was mostly -prairie, with the vegetation gradually becoming more scarce. The -traders usually lashed under their wagons a supply of logs for needed -repairs, for Council Grove furnished the last good wood they would -pass. Westward from Council Grove not a single human habitation, not -even an Indian settlement, was to be seen along the whole route. It is -difficult to imagine such a condition in Kansas only eighty years ago. - - [Illustration: NORTH AMERICAN BISON, COMMONLY CALLED BUFFALOES. - They were described by Cabeza de Vaca as “crooked-backed oxen.”] - -=Buffaloes Sighted.= Soon after leaving Council Grove the traders -began watching for buffaloes, and when a small herd was sighted it -created much excitement. About half the men had never seen these -animals before. All the horsemen rushed toward the herd, and some of -the drivers even left their teams and followed on foot. - -=Pawnee Rock.= After a few more days of travel, during which nothing -more serious happened than a few false alarms of Indians, they reached -the Arkansas River. Another day’s travel over a level plain brought -them in sight of Pawnee Rock, a great rock standing on the plains near -the Big Bend of the Arkansas, and a landmark known from one end of the -Trail to the other. The surrounding country was not occupied by any -tribe of Indians, but was claimed by all of them as a hunting ground, -for it was a fine pasture for buffaloes. For many years it had been -the scene of bloody battles between different tribes. The Rock -afforded an excellent hiding place and retreat. Since the old Trail -passed within a few yards of it, this became a dreaded spot for the -traders, for at this point they seldom escaped a skirmish with the -Indians. The Rock probably received its name from some of the bloody -deeds of the Pawnees, who were especially connected with these scenes. - - [Illustration: PAWNEE ROCK.] - -=Forming Camp.= When the caravan camped at Ash Creek the traders found -a few old moccasins scattered around and some camp fires still -burning, which seemed to indicate the near presence of Indians. They -had, up to this point, marched in two columns, but after crossing -Pawnee Fork they formed four lines for better protection in case of -attack. In camp the wagons were arranged in the form of a hollow -square, each line forming a side. This provided an enclosure for the -animals when needed, and a fortification against the Indians. -Ordinarily the camp fires were lighted outside the square, the men -slept on the ground there, and the animals were picketed near. - -=The Caches.= The next important stopping place was The Caches, near -the present site of Fort Dodge. All that marked this spot from the -surrounding country was a group of pits in the ground. A number of -years before, a small party of traders had attempted to go to Santa Fe -in the fall. By the time they reached the Arkansas River a heavy -snowstorm forced them to take shelter on a large island, where they -were kept for three months by the severe winter. During this time most -of their animals perished. When spring came, having no way to carry -their goods, they made some caches,[4] where they stored their -merchandise until they could bring mules to haul it to Santa Fe. - -=The Trail Divided into Two Routes.= At Cimarron Crossing the Trail -divided, and did not reunite until within a few miles of Santa Fe. The -southern route was shorter, but it meant crossing fifty miles of -desert before reaching the Cimarron River. In all that stretch of -level plain there was no trail, nor landmark, nor stream of water. -Travelers sometimes lost their way in this desert, and unless they had -prepared for this part of the journey by taking along a sufficient -supply of water, they perished of thirst. - -=An Experience with Indians.= This caravan decided to take the -southern route. A band of Indians soon appeared, carrying an American -flag as a token of peace. They talked with the traders by means of -signs and told them there were immense numbers of Indians ahead. A -little later a band of warriors appeared and threatened to fight. -There was great excitement as the caravan prepared for battle and the -Indians continued to pour over the hills. But there was no fighting, -for the chief came forward with his “peace pipe,” from which the -captain took a whiff. The warriors were ordered back to rejoin the -long train of squaws and papooses who were following with the baggage. -There were probably three thousand Indians in this party, and they -moved down into the valley and pitched their wigwams. The traders felt -sure that since the women and children were along the Indians would -not be hostile, and they, therefore, formed their camp a few hundred -yards away. The Indians gathered around to gaze at the wagons, for it -was probably the first time most of them had ever seen such vehicles. -Some of them followed to the next camp, and the next day a large -number of them gathered around the caravan. This sort of thing -continued until the traders made up a present of fifty or sixty -dollars’ worth of goods to “seal the treaty of peace.” - -=Their First News.= Some days later the caravan met a Mexican buffalo -hunter. He told the traders the news from Santa Fe, the first they had -heard since the return of the caravan of the year before. To-day -Kansas City and Santa Fe are little more than twenty-four hours apart -by rail, and we read the latest news from both places in the morning -and evening papers. - -=Round Mound.= Round Mound, standing nearly a thousand feet above the -level of the surrounding plain, in what is now New Mexico, was one of -the landmarks along the Trail. At that point the caravan had completed -about three-fourths of the journey to Santa Fe. As they approached the -Mound some of the party decided to ascend it. They felt certain that -it could not be more than half a mile away, but they had to go fully -three miles before reaching it. This remarkable deception in distance -is characteristic of the West.[5] Nothing of particular note occurred -from Round Mound to the end of the journey. - -=Arrival at Santa Fe.= The arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe was a -source of excitement for both the traders and the city and was -celebrated with much festivity. The traders had entered what was in -those days a foreign country and had to pay duties on their goods at -the custom house. Then came the business of selling these goods to -those who had come in from the surrounding country to buy, after which -the traders, or freighters as they were often called, prepared for the -long return journey, planning to finish the round trip before the -winter began. This was but one of many trips made over the Santa Fe -Trail. - -=Travel Across Kansas During the ’40’s.= There was a war between the -United States and Mexico in 1846-’48. The trouble between the two -countries checked the Santa Fe trade between the years 1843 and 1850, -but even under those circumstances there was much travel across Kansas -during the ’40’s.[6] There were four principal classes of travelers: -soldiers, emigrants to Oregon, Mormons, and California gold seekers. - -=The Soldiers.= The war with Mexico broke out in 1846, and many of the -United States soldiers were sent to that country by way of the Santa -Fe Trail. This increased the travel across the prairies. - -=The Oregon Settlers.= The remote unsettled region in the Northwest, -known as Oregon, was soon to become the home of civilized people. In -1842 wagon trains of emigrants began to undertake the long and weary -journey to that far-off country. Others soon followed, and during the -next few years many thousands of people settled in the Oregon country. - -=The Mormons.= In those days the Mormon Church had not been long -established, but their beliefs had brought the Mormons into trouble -with the people around them and with the Government, and they had been -forced to move several times. The last time was in 1845, when they -left Nauvoo, Illinois, and began the long and perilous journey to the -valley of Great Salt Lake, in which region the main body of them -remains to-day. - -=The “Forty-niners.”= In 1848 a man named James Marshall, who was -running a sawmill near the present site of Sacramento, California, -discovered shining particles of gold in the mill race, and it was soon -found that there were rich gold fields in that part of the country. -The news spread, not rapidly as it would to-day, for there were no -railroad or telegraph lines west of the Mississippi River and only a -few east of it, but within a short time the whole country and even -Europe had heard of the California gold fields, and people from all -parts of the world began to make their way to the Pacific coast. Some -went by water but more of them made the journey overland. Long lines -of wagons, or prairie schooners as they were called, wound their way -across the plains and over the mountains to California. It is -estimated that ninety thousand people passed through Kansas on their -way to California during the two years 1848 and 1849, a few of them to -gain wealth, but thousands to be disappointed, and many to perish on -the way. - -=The Oregon Trail.= The Oregon settlers, the Mormons, and the gold -seekers entered Kansas at or near Atchison, Leavenworth, St. Joseph, -or Westport, and moved toward the northwest, crossed the border into -Nebraska, and went on across the mountains. The road worn by this -westward-moving stream of emigrants was known as the Oregon Trail, -though it was sometimes called the Mormon Trail, and more often the -California Road. For two thousand miles the Oregon Trail stretched -away through an utter wilderness, and every mile of it came to be the -scene of hardship and suffering, of battle, or of death. It was one of -the most remarkable highways in history. It had several branches, and -in many places it followed different routes at different times. The -largest number of travelers over this Trail entered Kansas at Westport -and followed for a short distance the Santa Fe Trail. Near the present -town of Gardner stood a signboard on which were the words, “Road to -Oregon.” At this point the two historic highways divided. It has been -said that, “never before nor since has so simple an announcement -pointed the way to so long and hard a journey.” - - - SUMMARY - - The Santa Fe Trail was a great road about 775 miles long, - beginning successively at the Missouri towns, Franklin, - Independence, and Westport, and extending westward to Santa - Fe. Four hundred miles of its length were in Kansas. Travel - began in 1822 for the purpose of trading with Mexico. The - first merchandise was carried on pack mules, but wagons - began to be used in 1824. The traders experienced much - trouble with the Indians, and in 1829 they began going - together in big caravans for protection. The gathering place - was Council Grove, where they organized and started. A few - of the well-known sites along the Trail were Pawnee Rock, - Ash Creek, Pawnee Fork, and The Caches. At Cimarron Crossing - the Trail divided. The northern branch followed the Arkansas - and crossed the mountains over practically the same route as - that followed by the Santa Fe Railway to-day. The southern - branch was the cut-off across the desert. Another historic - highway was the Oregon Trail, sometimes called the Mormon - Trail and sometimes the California Road. This Trail crossed - the northeast corner of Kansas. - - - REFERENCES - - Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. - Parrish, The Great Plains. - Pamphlet by Historical Society, Santa Fe Trail. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 42-49. - Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies. - Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II, p. 645. - Andreas, History of Kansas, p. 54. - Historical Collections, vol. VIII, p. 137; vol. IX, p. 552; vol. - XII, p. 253-269. - Hunt, California the Golden. - Aplington, Pilgrims of the Plains. (A novel.) - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What part of the United States did Mexico own a hundred years - ago? - - 2. Describe the city of Santa Fe. How did trade first begin with - Santa Fe? - - 3. Tell about the journey of Captain Becknell. - - 4. Discuss the use of pack mules on the Trail. When were wagons - first used? - - 5. What was the attitude of the Indians and the traders toward - each other? - - 6. What places were in turn the starting point of the traders? - - 7. What supplies were usually taken? - - 8. How did Council Grove get its name? Of what importance was the - place? - - 9. Who was Josiah Gregg? - - 10. Describe the organization of the caravan. The starting. - - 11. What occurred when buffaloes were sighted? - - 12. What is told of Pawnee Rock? - - 13. How was camp formed at Ash Creek? - - 14. Describe The Caches. How did this place receive its name? - - 15. Where did the Trail divide? Describe each route. - - 16. What experience did the travelers have with the Indians? - - 17. Explain the occurrence at Round Mound. - - 18. Describe the arrival of the caravan at Santa Fe. - - 19. Discuss the Santa Fe trade during the ’40’s. - - 20. Name the classes of travelers who crossed Kansas in the - ’40’s, and give an account of each. - - 21. Name and describe the trail made by these travelers. - - - - -CHAPTER V - -KANSAS AS AN INDIAN COUNTRY - - -=Kansas Belonged to the Indians.= During the years when the white men -were traveling back and forth across Kansas they were not making -settlements here. The country remained in the undisputed possession of -the Indians. The white men did not want it as yet. They looked upon -these vast prairies, not as a resource, but as so much land to be -crossed in reaching places farther west. But changing conditions in -the states east of the Mississippi River made people begin to look -upon Kansas in a different light. The country there was becoming -thickly settled and the people wanted the lands of the eastern -Indians. - -=Removal of Eastern Indians to Kansas.= Soon after the Louisiana -purchase was made people began to talk of an Indian reserve, of a -state set aside for the Indians, and it was believed that these -western prairies would be useful for such a purpose. Nothing definite -was done, however, until 1825, when the National Government began the -“removal policy.” The eastern part of Kansas was occupied by two -tribes of Indians, the Kanzas, or Kaws as they are often called, north -of the Kansas River, and the Osages south of it. In 1825 the National -Government made treaties with these two tribes. Under the provisions -of these treaties each tribe retained only a small part of its -territory, the rest being ceded to the Government. In return, the -Indians were to receive certain annual payments and were to be -supplied with cattle, hogs, and farming implements. The Government was -also to provide them with blacksmiths and with teachers of -agriculture. With these two tribes restricted to their reservations, a -large part of eastern Kansas was left to be apportioned into -reservations for Indians from the East. In 1830 Congress passed an act -setting aside an Indian country, which included eastern Kansas. Then -the removal policy was carried out. Under this arrangement the -Government made treaties with the various eastern tribes by which they -gave up their lands in exchange for certain tracts in the Indian -country. The Shawnees had come in 1825, and during the ten or twelve -years following 1830 about seventeen tribes were located on -reservations in Kansas. Among these were the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes, -Kickapoos, Delawares, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Wyandottes, and -Miamis. By 1850 there was not a tribe left east of the Mississippi -River. The Indians had all been moved to these western plains, and no -white man could settle on any of the reservations without the consent -of the Indians. - - [Illustration: AN INDIAN IN WAR DRESS.] - -=Indians Removed from Kansas.= According to the treaties the Indians -were promised their land “so long as grass should grow or water run.” -But it soon developed that the white men wanted Kansas also. In 1854 -we find the tribes being again transferred, this time to the Indian -Territory, now Oklahoma, where the remnants of the various tribes -still remain.[7] - -Although Kansas was not used during those early years to make homes -for white settlers, a few hundred people came here. They were of three -different classes; fur traders, missionaries, and soldiers. - - [Illustration: INDIAN RESERVATIONS IN KANSAS.] - -=The Fur Traders.= It is impossible to say when the first hunters and -trappers came to these western plains, for they were generally obscure -men and little was known of their comings and goings, but they were -the real pathfinders of the West. There are records of fur traders -here in the very early years of the nineteenth century, and they -gradually went farther and farther into the vast wilderness. The -streams of travel across Kansas in the ’40’s followed paths that had -been pointed out by the fur traders. - -The fur companies established many trading posts, which served as -forts for protection against the Indians and as places to which -hunters and trappers could bring their furs. Some of the hunters and -trappers were employed by the fur companies, and others worked -independently. - -Many Indians also engaged in this trade, and often they were given -tobacco, whisky, and weapons in exchange for their furs. In this way -much of the work of the missionaries was undone. In the earlier years -the hunters and trappers found many kinds of wild animals in Kansas: -the buffalo, the wolf, the fox, the deer, the elk, and the antelope, -and along the streams the beaver, the otter, the mink, and the -muskrat. Later the main supply of furs came from the mountains, and -the whole fur trade gradually moved west of what is now Kansas. - - [Illustration: THE INDIAN TEPEE, - Made of poles and buffalo hides, was the only home of the - wandering tribes, and was used by the other tribes when on - hunting trips.] - -=Father Padilla, the First Missionary in Kansas.= The attempt to -civilize the Indian began in the days of the early explorers, and it -was on Kansas soil that the first missionary’s life was lost in the -cause. This man was Father Padilla, a Jesuit, who came with Coronado -on his journey to Quivira. Father Padilla became much interested in -the Quivira Indians and remained to do missionary work among them. His -preaching was of short duration, however, for he was soon killed, -whether by the Quiviras or some other tribe is not known. - -=Kansas Missionaries of the Nineteenth Century.= Centuries later, when -Kansas became a part of the United States and was explored and -traversed by white men, missionaries were among the first to arrive. -They came to instruct the Indians in the Christian religion and to -persuade them to adopt the customs of civilization. - -Of the many who came, Rev. Isaac McCoy probably deserves first -mention. He had spent many years in work among the Indians and -strongly urged the removal policy. He believed that if they could live -in a separate state, free from contact with the white race, the -Indians could be civilized, and he gave his life to this work. - -Jotham Meeker and his wife were among the most devoted of the -missionaries, but there were many others, both men and women, who -placed the welfare of human beings above mere gain and who endured the -hardships of life among the savages for the sake of the good they -might do. - -=Missions Established.= As soon as the eastern Indians were removed to -Kansas a number of missions were established by Baptist, Methodist, -Presbyterian, Friends, and Catholic churches. The work of the -missionaries was not confined to religious instruction. Schools were -established,[8] books were printed, the Indian girls were taught -cooking and sewing, and the boys were taught farming and such trades -as blacksmithing and carpentry. - - [Illustration: SHAWNEE MISSION AS FIRST BUILT IN 1830. - In 1839 a new location was selected and fine new buildings - constructed.] - -The most noted mission in Kansas was the one established by the -Methodist Church for the Shawnee Indians near the present site of -Kansas City. This mission was opened in 1830 and continued its work -for more than a quarter of a century. It had a large tract of land and -good buildings, and maintained a successful school. Rev. Thomas -Johnson, who took a prominent part in early Kansas affairs, was in -charge of the mission. - - [Illustration: PAWNEE FLATS AT FORT RILEY. - Near the center of the view is the old Pawnee Capitol.] - - [Illustration: PONTOON BRIDGE AT FORT RILEY.] - -=The Soldiers.= The third class of people who came to early Kansas was -the soldiers. Their presence was necessary for the protection of the -few white people against the Indians. Fort Leavenworth was established -by the National Government in 1827, as headquarters for the troops. -This was shortly after the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the -’40’s this fort was used as a base of supplies for the soldiers of the -Mexican War, and as an outfitting point for many of the California -gold seekers and Mormon emigrants. Fort Leavenworth is to-day one of -the most important of the national forts. A number of other forts were -established, among them Fort Riley, Fort Dodge, Fort Scott, and Fort -Hays, but all of these have been abandoned except Fort Riley. - - [Illustration: - Above is the Old Wall at Fort Leavenworth. This wall is all that - remains of the original Fort. The lower picture is of the Main - Parade at Fort Leavenworth at the present time.] - -=Population of Pre-territorial Kansas.= Kansas remained in possession -of the Indians until 1854, when it was organized into a territory. -With this date a new era began. At this time the white population -consisted of about twelve hundred people, one half of them soldiers -and the other half connected with the trading posts and the missions. - - - SUMMARY - - When the country that is now Kansas became a part of the - United States it was occupied by four tribes of Indians. In - 1825 the Kanza and Osage tribes ceded a large part of their - lands to the Government and the eastern quarter of the State - was made a part of the Indian country by the Act of 1830. - Following this a number of eastern tribes were removed to - reservations in Kansas, where they remained until Kansas was - organized as a territory, in 1854, when they were moved to - Indian Territory, now Oklahoma. During these years there was - much travel through the State, but up to 1854 the white - population numbered only about twelve hundred. These people - were of three classes; traders, missionaries, and soldiers. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 50-64. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 58-74. - Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. II. - Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. - Elson, History of the United States, chap. II. - Kansas Historical Collections, vol. VIII, pp. 72, 171, 206, 250; - vol. IX, p. 565; vol. X, p. 327; vol. XI, p. 333; vol. XII, pp. - 65, 183. - Holloway, History of Kansas, chap. VIII. - Blackmar, Kansas, vol. I, pp. 655-703; vol. II, p. 291. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What use did the white people make of Kansas during the first - half of the nineteenth century? - - 2. How did the condition of the Indians here differ from that of - the Indians in the East? - - 3. What was the removal policy? Name some of the Indian tribes - brought here. What promise was made them? - - 4. Name the three classes of white people who came to Kansas - during this period. - - 5. Who was Father Padilla? Name some of the missionaries. What - work did they do? - - 6. Tell of the fur traders and their relations with the Indians. - - 7. Why were the soldiers here? - - 8. When did Kansas cease to be an Indian country? - - - - -CHAPTER VI - -KANSAS ORGANIZED AS A TERRITORY - - -=The Year 1854 an Important Date.= The year 1854 is an important one -in the history of Kansas, for it brings to a close the period during -which this region was used as a hunting ground by the Indians and -marks the beginning of its use as a home for white people. The white -settlers did not come in peace and quiet; the first dozen years -following 1854 were filled with hatred, struggle, and bloodshed. This -was brought about by conditions outside of Kansas. As we have seen, -twenty-five years earlier Kansas was made an Indian territory because -people in the states wanted the lands of the eastern Indians. In 1854 -a terrible conflict began here because there was a division between -the North and the South on the question of slavery. - - [Illustration: TERRITORIAL KANSAS.] - -=Attitude of the North and the South Toward Slavery.= Slavery had -existed in the United States since very early colonial days. It had -not been profitable in the northern states, but in the cotton fields -of the southern plantations slave labor was in demand, and its use -after the invention of the cotton gin had increased steadily with the -passing years. The Northerners had long been opposed to slavery and -made every effort to keep it from spreading into northern and western -territory, while the Southerners were just as determined that it -should flourish and that it should be extended into new territory. -This difference between the North and the South developed great -bitterness. Neither side lost any opportunity to take advantage of the -other, and each was anxious to secure a majority in the Senate in -order to obtain favorable legislation. This matter was so carefully -watched that it had long been the custom to keep the “balance of -power” between the states; that is, to admit free and slave states -alternately so as to keep the number of proslavery and free-state -senators balanced. The North, because of its more rapid growth in -population, had long had a majority in the House. - -=The Missouri Compromise, 1820.= Missouri was along the dividing line -between the North and the South, and when it asked to be admitted to -the Union there followed a long debate in Congress as to whether it -should come in slave or free. The question was finally settled by the -Missouri Compromise, which provided that Missouri might come in as a -slave state but that all the rest of the territory included in the -Louisiana Purchase and lying north of 36° 30′, the line forming the -southern boundary of Missouri, should be forever free. In other words, -slavery was to be forever excluded from Kansas and the territory lying -north of it. - -=Slavery Trouble Brings on the Civil War.= This was in 1820, about the -time of the beginning of the Santa Fe trade. During the years when -Kansas was an Indian country and was traversed by countless caravans -the country remained bound by the terms of this compromise. But all -this time the feeling of animosity between the North and the South was -growing more intense; northern churches and newspapers denounced the -evils of slavery, free-state and abolition parties developed, -thousands of slaves were assisted in making their escape through the -North to Canada in spite of the strict fugitive slave law, and there -was bitter strife in Congress between the free-state and the -slave-state members. The relations between the North and the South -were becoming more and more strained. The time was rapidly approaching -when the differences between the two sections were to be settled by a -great war. - -=The Conflict Brought into Kansas in 1854.= The Civil War began in -1861, the same year in which Kansas became a state; but seven years -earlier, in 1854, Congress had passed a measure that brought the -slavery trouble into Kansas and made this state the battle ground in -the great national struggle over the slavery question. - -=The Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854.= The measure passed by Congress that -played such an important part in the history of Kansas and of the -Nation was known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and was the work of -Senator Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois. It provided that the two -territories, Kansas and Nebraska, should be organized, and that the -question of slavery should be left for the people of each territory to -decide for themselves. This method of settling the question was known -as “popular sovereignty.” Because the settlers were often called -squatters it was frequently called “squatter sovereignty.” - -=Reception of the Bill.= Kansas and Nebraska were part of the -territory which, according to the terms of the Missouri Compromise, -was to be forever free, but under the Douglas bill they were to become -either slave or free as the people who settled the territories might -decide. When this bill was introduced into Congress it raised a storm -of indignation among those opposed to slavery, and the debate which -ensued lasted for months. The whole North was aroused and poured forth -objection and protest, but to no avail. The bill was passed May 30, -1854. - -=Result of the Bill.= The Kansas-Nebraska Bill meant that the Missouri -Compromise had been repealed and that there was no longer any boundary -line against slavery. It meant that Kansas and Nebraska were offered -as prizes to be contended for by the free and the slave states. The -South said, “You may have Nebraska; Kansas is ours.” The North refused -to recognize such a division of spoils, and insisted that both -territories had been carved from free soil and should both come into -the Union free. Both North and South desired to secure Kansas, and -each side urged that as many as possible of its own people should -emigrate to the new Territory. It could scarcely be expected that, -under such circumstances, Kansas would be left for gradual and -peaceful settlement. The result was that the scene of strife was -transferred from Congress to these western prairies, and from that -time until the admission of the Territory as a state the conflict -between the forces of freedom and slavery was waged here. - -=Indians Removed from Kansas Lands.= It must be remembered that at -this time Kansas was an Indian country; that many of the eastern -tribes had given up their lands in exchange for lands here which had -been promised to them forever. Nevertheless, the Indians were removed -from Kansas, many of them at once and others more leisurely. They were -taken to what has since become Oklahoma, where many of them still -live. In this way room was made for the white settlers to enter -Kansas. - - - SUMMARY - - For many years there had been bitter feeling between the - North and the South on the slavery question. In 1820 the - Missouri Compromise was passed. This measure provided that - all the Louisiana Purchase lying north of the southern - boundary of Missouri, except Missouri itself, should be - forever free. This agreement was observed until the passage - of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854. This bill provided that - the settlers of each of these territories should decide - whether it was to be made slave or free. Each side was - determined to win Kansas, and as a result the slavery - struggle was brought here. In order to make room for - settlers the Indians were moved to Indian Territory, now - known as Oklahoma. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 63-73. - Spring, Kansas, pp. 2-16. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 81-82. - Holloway, History of Kansas, chap. VI. - Tuttle, History of Kansas. - Larned, History for Ready Reference. - Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. III. - Historical Collections, vol. IX, p. 115; vol. VIII, p. 86. - Foster, A History of the United States, pp. 325-329. - Muzzey, American History, 379-412. - Hodder, Genesis of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, in Proceedings - of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1912, pp. 69-86. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. Why is 1854 an important date in Kansas history? - - 2. What great national question affected Kansas at that time? - Explain. - - 3. Explain the attitude of the North and the South toward - slavery. - - 4. What was meant by the “balance of power”? - - 5. Give the provisions and the date of the Missouri Compromise. - How did this Compromise affect Kansas? - - 6. What did the Kansas-Nebraska Bill provide? Give the attitude - of the North and the South toward it. - - 7. How did this Bill affect the Missouri Compromise? What was the - result in Kansas? - - 8. What was done with the Indians in Kansas? - - - - - THE SONG OF THE KANSAS EMIGRANT - - We cross the prairies as of old - The Pilgrims crossed the sea, - To make the West as they the East - The homestead of the free. - - CHORUS: - The homestead of the free, my boys, - The homestead of the free, - To make the West as they the East - The homestead of the free. - - We go to rear a wall of men - On Freedom’s southern line - And plant beside the cotton tree - The rugged northern pine. - - We’re flowing from our native hills, - As our free rivers flow; - The blessings of our mother-land - Is on us as we go. - - We go to plant her common schools - On distant prairie swells, - And give the Sabbaths of the wild - The music of her bells. - - Upbearing like the ark of old, - The Bible in her van, - We go to test the truth of God - Against the fraud of man. - - No pause, nor rest, save where the streams - That feed the Kansas run, - Save where our pilgrim gonfalon - Shall flout the setting sun. - - We’ll tread the prairies as of old - Our fathers sailed the sea; - And make the West as they the East - The homestead of the free. - - ――JOHN G. WHITTIER. - - - - -CHAPTER VII - -THE COMING OF THE SETTLERS - - -=Little Known of Kansas in 1854.= Kansas in 1854 was, to most people, -only a name, a part of the great desert in the Far West, an Indian -country. Many of those who had crossed it in emigrating to California -had been impressed with the beauty and richness of the country and had -written back glowing accounts of it. Some of them had returned from -the coast, and were now numbered among our early settlers. When its -organization as a territory brought it into such prominence, knowledge -of Kansas soon became more general. - -=Advantages of the South.= The people of the South felt confident that -they could make it a slave state, for they had gained many victories -in Congress, and the President, Franklin Pierce, was in sympathy with -them. Moreover, they were closer to Kansas than were the northern -people, and the only state touching Kansas was the slave state -Missouri. - -=Advantages of the North.= The people of the North, however, possessed -one very important advantage. The population of the South consisted -largely of plantation owners and their slaves, and it was not an easy -matter for these men to leave their property or to take it into a new -and untried country. On the other hand, the North was a land of small -farms and shops and many laborers. Moreover, there was much foreign -immigration into the United States in those years, and since the -employment of slaves left no place in the South for white laborers, -most of the immigrants entered the northern states, and added to the -number of those who were ready and anxious to go farther west. -Consequently many more settlers came into Kansas from the North than -from the South, but the Southerners tried to overcome this handicap in -other ways. - -=The Coming of the Missourians.= The plan of the South was to use -Missouri as the stepping-stone to Kansas. Immediately following the -passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill a number of Missourians came over -into Kansas and took as claims large tracts of the best lands, in some -cases not even waiting for the removal of the Indians. Settlers who -asked for claims were required to build houses and to use the land for -homes for a certain length of time. While some of the Missourians met -these requirements, many of them did not come here to live. They -notched trees, or posted notices, or laid rails on the ground in the -shape of a house, or in some other way indicated their claims, and -returned to their homes in Missouri, coming back only to vote or to -fight when it seemed to them necessary. While in Kansas, however, they -held a meeting at which it was resolved that: “We recognize slavery as -always existing in this Territory,” and, “We will afford protection to -no abolitionists as settlers of Kansas Territory.” - -=Handicap to Northern Emigration.= The free-state people could not -step over a boundary line and be in Kansas. They lived a long way off, -the trip out here was expensive, and little was known of the new -Territory. It was a land without homes or towns, churches, schools, or -newspapers, and the Northerners knew that people would hesitate to -start to Kansas under all these difficulties. - -=The New England Emigrant Aid Company.= So it came about that even -while the Kansas-Nebraska Bill was pending in Congress a Massachusetts -man named Eli Thayer had thought out a plan for assisting and -encouraging the people to undertake the long journey. His plan was to -form a company for the purpose of inducing and organizing emigration -to Kansas and reducing the expense and hardship involved. This was not -to be done as charity, but was to be put on a business basis. Thayer -aroused public interest in his plan by constant writing and speaking, -and since the people were ready to listen to whatever promised to aid -in making Kansas a free state, money enough was soon raised to -organize a company, called the New England Emigrant Aid Company. It -gathered and published information concerning the new country and -organized emigrants into large parties in order to make the journey -more pleasant, to reduce expense, and to lessen danger. Competent -guides were sent with the parties. The company established schools, -newspapers, mills, hotels, and other improvements that tended to -lessen the hardships of the pioneers and to further the development of -the new Territory. Several similar organizations were formed, but none -of them was so well known nor so efficient as the New England Emigrant -Aid Company. - -=Work of the Emigrant Aid Companies.= Hundreds of people came here -under the management of these companies, but probably the greatest -service the companies performed was that of giving an immense amount -of publicity and advertising to Kansas. Newspapers were filled with -descriptions of the loveliness, the fertility, and the future -greatness of the new Territory, and people were urged to go to Kansas -at once, both to secure the advantages of the country and to help in -saving it from slavery. In this way interest and enthusiasm were -aroused over the whole North, but for every one who came in one of the -emigrant aid parties there were many who came independently, -especially from the states farther west than New England――Pennsylvania, -Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. - -=Southern Organizations.= The organizations in the North aroused much -bitter feeling in the South, and a reward was offered for the capture -of Eli Thayer. The South soon formed organizations too, some of them -being known as Blue Lodges, Social Bands, and Sons of the South. - -=The Coming of the Free-state Settlers.= As has been stated, the -Missourians came into Kansas immediately after the passage of the -Kansas-Nebraska Bill on May 30, but the free-state people were not far -behind, for on the first day of August, just two months later, the -first party of emigrants sent out by the New England Emigrant Aid -Company reached the Territory. Even these were not the first -free-state men to arrive; a few who had come independently were -already here. - -=The First Party of Settlers.= This first party consisted of only -twenty-nine men. It had been organized with some difficulty, for -coming to Kansas was looked upon as a dangerous undertaking. Hundreds -of people gathered to bid these men farewell as they started on their -long journey to take part in the great conflict between freedom and -slavery. There were many who would not have been surprised had the -whole party been murdered on their arrival in Kansas, but when nothing -of the kind happened others took courage and more parties soon -followed. - - [Illustration: EARLY KANSAS CITY.] - -=They Reach the Present Site of Lawrence.= The pioneer party reached -St. Louis by railroad, where they boarded a steamboat and came up the -Missouri River to Kansas City, then a town of only three or four -hundred people. There they purchased an ox team to transport their -baggage, and on Saturday evening set out on foot into Kansas. By -Tuesday noon they reached the present site of Lawrence, where they -pitched their tents on a big flat-topped hill. To-day the great -buildings of the University of Kansas stand on this hill, which is -still called Mount Oread,[9] the name given it by this first party of -pioneers. The weather was extremely hot; a drouth had parched the -earth and prairie fires had destroyed the grass, but the pioneers were -not discouraged. They staked out claims in the surrounding country and -began preparations for the future. - -=The Second Party Arrives.= In a short time the second party arrived. -It was under the direction of Dr. Charles Robinson and Samuel C. -Pomeroy, who were leaders in the free-state cause during the whole -Territorial struggle. This party was much larger, and part of its -members were women and children. The town was now laid out, organized, -and named Lawrence.[10] On the arrival of this party a boarding house -was established by two of the women. It was thus described by a writer -of that time: “In the open air, on some logs of wood, two rough boards -were laid across for a table, and on washtubs, kegs, and blocks the -boarders were seated around it.” A short time later a hotel was -opened. It was constructed by driving into the ground two long rows of -poles, which were brought together at the top and the sides thatched -with prairie grass. The ends were made of cotton cloth, and the -building resembled the “stray roof of a huge warehouse.” - -=Getting Ready for the First Winter.= The people lived in tents and -houses of thatch through the summer and fall, but in the meantime all -were busy getting log cabins ready for the winter. By the time winter -had come a number of things had been accomplished: a sawmill was -running, churches had been organized, two newspapers had been -established, and Lawrence had been granted a post office with mail -from Kansas City three times a week. The population was about four -hundred. Many of the cabins still had cloth doors and were without -floors, and altogether the people had all they could do to take care -of themselves through the winter. When two more parties of emigrants -arrived at the beginning of winter the task became much more -difficult. - -=The Actual Settlers’ Association.= Besides the work of building homes -and developing the town, there was much to occupy the minds of the -pioneers. Missourians had taken claims over much of the eastern part -of the Territory. While some proslavery settlers had come to make -homes, just as the free-state settlers had, most of those who had -taken claims were really living in Missouri. When the first party came -to Lawrence, the members bought out the claims where they located -their town; later other claimants appeared, and there was much trouble -over the title to the land. The same kind of trouble arose in regard -to the land taken by many free-state settlers outside of Lawrence. It -became a common occurrence for a Missourian to come over and lay claim -to some free-state man’s land and warn him to leave the Territory. -This caused the formation of the Actual Settlers’ Association, which -helped to adjust such difficulties. - - [Illustration: THE FIRST HOUSE IN TOPEKA.] - -=Other Towns.= Lawrence was not the only place in the Territory that -was settled before the close of the first winter. People were coming -in from north, east, and south, settling on claims and starting other -towns. The principal proslavery towns were Leavenworth, Atchison, and -Lecompton. Free-state towns were Lawrence, Topeka, Osawatomie, and -Manhattan. Leavenworth and Atchison were both founded by people from -Missouri, and, since they were on the Missouri River, came to be -outfitting points for travelers over the California and Salt Lake -Trails. Lecompton, on the Kansas River, not far from Lawrence, soon -became the headquarters of the proslavery people, and for several -years was the Territorial capital. Topeka was founded with the hope of -its becoming the capital of Kansas. Osawatomie soon became an -important free-state center. Manhattan, on the Kansas River at the -mouth of the Big Blue, was for the first few months called Boston. On -the arrival of a party of seventy-five people from Cincinnati, Ohio, -the name was changed to Manhattan. This party made the entire trip -from Cincinnati to Manhattan by boat. - - - SUMMARY - - When Kansas Territory was organized little was known of it, - but, because it was wanted by both the North and the South, - knowledge of Kansas spread rapidly. The South had the - support of every branch of the National Government and the - added advantage that the only State touching Kansas was - proslavery. The advantage of the North lay in the fact that - it had a much larger number of people who were free to move - to a new country. The proslavery Missourians came in at once - and took claims. A few free-state people came within a - month, and in two months the emigrant aid parties began to - arrive. The fact that many Missourians had staked out claims - and gone back home led to numerous claim disputes and caused - the organization of the Actual Settlers’ Association. By the - time winter had come four emigrant aid parties had arrived - at Lawrence, many settlers were living on their claims, and - several towns had been started by each side. - - - REFERENCES - - Spring, Kansas, pp. 29-40. - Brooks, The Boy Settlers. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 71-78. - Thayer, The Kansas Crusade. - Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps. II-IV. - Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life. - Gihon, Geary and Kansas, chap. IV. - Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 90; vol. IX, p. 144. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. When was Kansas organized as a territory? In what ways had - the people gained any knowledge of Kansas up to this time? - Why did Kansas soon become well known? - - 2. What advantages did the South have in the effort to win - Kansas? The North? - - 3. Contrast the manner of life in the North and the South in - those days. What do you know of the conditions to-day? - - 4. Why did Missouri play an important part in early Kansas - affairs? Explain how Missourians took claims. - - 5. Why did the North organize emigrant aid companies? What was - the chief company? What did it do? Did all the Kansas settlers - come under the management of these companies? - - 6. What was the attitude of the South toward these - organizations? - - 7. When did the first emigrant aid party arrive? Tell of their - journey; their settlement. Were they the first free-state - settlers to arrive? - - 8. Give an account of the second party. Tell something of the - way they lived. What had been accomplished by the time winter - set in? - - 9. What was the Actual Settlers’ Association? Why was it formed? - - 10. Name several persons connected with this period of Kansas - history, and tell something of each. - - 11. Name and locate some of the towns settled during this period. - - - - -CHAPTER VIII - -THE FIRST TERRITORIAL GOVERNMENT - - -=The Government of a Territory.= When a territory is organized it must -be provided with a government. The people in a territory may not elect -their officers as in a state; they may elect a legislature and a -delegate to Congress, but the governor, secretary, judges, and certain -other officers are appointed by the President. - -=The First Territorial Governor.= In October, 1854, there arrived in -Kansas the first Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, who, although -he was known to favor slavery, was heartily welcomed by all the -people. That he might become familiar with conditions in the -Territory, Governor Reeder made a tour of inspection shortly after his -arrival. Although this was but little more than four months after the -opening of the Territory, he found a number of settlements scattered -over eastern Kansas. Towns were springing up, and the prairies were -dotted with the tents and cabins of the pioneers. Several thousand -people had arrived by this time, some of them free-state and some -proslavery. The proslavery settlers had brought a few slaves. There -were also many Indians here, for only a part of the tribes had as yet -been removed. - -=The First Election Called.= On his return from his tour of -observation, which had included the most remote settlements, as far -west as Council Grove and Fort Riley, Governor Reeder issued a -proclamation for the first election to be held in Kansas. The date was -set for November 29, at which time a delegate to Congress was to be -chosen. - -=Interest in the Election.= The settlers were all busily engaged in -building cabins and otherwise providing for the coming of winter, and -since this election was not deemed of much importance they took little -interest in it. This was not the case, however, with the Missourians, -and at this first election, under the leadership of their Senator, D. -R. Atchison, they gave an exhibition of the methods by which they -expected to control Kansas. - -=Election Day, November 29, 1854.= On the day before election the Blue -Lodge voters began to cross the border into Kansas. They came well -armed, and organized into companies, each of which went to a polling -place. They came to vote, and they voted. There were so many of them -that they were able to outnumber the legal voters in many of the -precincts where they took possession of the polls. Election judges who -refused to accept their votes were removed and judges of their own -installed.[11] - -=The Result.= Of course the proslavery delegate was overwhelmingly -elected. He would probably have been elected had the Missourians -stayed at home, for up to this time a majority of the settlers outside -of Lawrence favored slavery. The result of this unfair election was to -renew the excitement in the North at such a working out of the -principle of “popular sovereignty.” But the free-state pioneers were -not to be discouraged. They continued, during the winter, their home -building, their preparations for the spring cultivation, and the -securing of titles to their land. - -=The Second Election, March 30, 1855.= The first event of importance -in the new year was the taking of the census of the Territory in the -spring. It showed a total population of 8601, about 3000 of whom were -voters. A little later a date was set for the election of a -Territorial Legislature. Since this body of men would make the laws -for the Territory, there was no lack of interest among the settlers in -this election. It was well understood that the Missourians were -expecting to vote again. Money was being raised and men hired to march -into Kansas on election day. They came, fully five thousand of them, -armed with pistols, guns, and bowie-knives, and marched to the -different polling places. They did not pretend to be residents of -Kansas, but boasted that they were from Missouri. They were disorderly -and dangerous, and in many cases drove the legal voters from the -polls. Not more than half of the 3000 rightful voters cast ballots in -this election, but the count showed that more than 6000 ballots were -cast. - -=The “Bogus Legislature.”= The whole thing had been so openly -fraudulent that the free-state people demanded that the Governor set -aside this election and call a new one. The Missourians threatened his -life if this were done. When the day came for deciding the question, -the men who had been fraudulently elected gathered in the Governor’s -office, armed and defiant. The Governor and a number of his friends -who were there to protect him were also armed. Bitter discussion -ensued, but there was no fighting. Contests had not been filed against -all of the men elected. Governor Reeder decided to recognize the -election except where sufficient proof of fraud was shown. In these -cases he threw out the returns and ordered another election. The -proslavery men took no part in the new election, and a number of -free-state men were chosen to the Legislature. When the Legislature -met, the proslavery majority promptly unseated these free-state -members and recognized the men first elected. This gave the Territory -an entirely proslavery legislature. It was called by the free-state -people the “Bogus Legislature.” The proslavery leaders were B. F. -Stringfellow and D. R. Atchison, both of whom lived in Missouri but -took an active part in Kansas affairs. Senator Atchison said, “We wish -to make Kansas in all respects like Missouri.” So they adopted the -whole body of Missouri laws, and added a series of slave laws that -were probably the most severe of any ever enacted in the United -States. - -=The First Legislature, at Pawnee, July, 1855.= The Governor chose -Pawnee as the place where the Legislature should meet. Pawnee was a -new town on the Kansas River, within the present bounds of the Fort -Riley military reservation. Since it was west of nearly all the -settlements, the members had to make long journeys to reach it. Both -because of the inconvenience of location and because the proslavery -members desired to be nearer the Missouri border, the Legislature -remained in session at Pawnee only five days, just long enough to -unseat the free-state members and to pass an act removing the seat of -government temporarily to Shawnee Mission. All that remains of Pawnee -to-day is the old stone building that was erected for a capitol. - -=The Removal of Governor Reeder.= Governor Reeder had refused to -accede to all the demands of the proslavery people, and had fallen -into disfavor with them. When he refused to sign some of their -measures they petitioned the President for his removal, which soon -followed. Governor Reeder’s administration had lasted through less -than a year of these troublous times. In the summer of 1855, with the -Territory little more than a year old, the people were divided into -two bitter factions, proslavery and free-state, with the proslavery -people congratulating themselves upon being rid of a Governor they -could not control, upon having the support of the President, and upon -having a Legislature unanimously proslavery. Daniel Woodson, the -Territorial Secretary, who now became Acting Governor, approved the -acts of the proslavery Legislature. - -=Gloomy Outlook for the Free-state People.= These were dark days for -the free-state people; they had no hand in the Government and no -recognition in the laws of the Territory. They were denounced, -misrepresented, and ridiculed. To add to the gloom of the situation, -the new Territorial Governor, Wilson Shannon, at first entirely -ignored the existence of free-state citizens. No community could obey -the slave laws passed by the “Bogus Legislature” without becoming -proslavery. But the free-state people had no intention of becoming -proslavery; they had no intention of giving up the struggle. They -found themselves confronted with the question of what was to be done. -It was a very grave situation. - - - SUMMARY - - The first Territorial Governor, Andrew H. Reeder, arrived in - October, 1854. After a tour of inspection, he called an - election to choose a Territorial delegate to Congress. - Although there were probably enough proslavery settlers to - carry the election, the Missourians, to make sure, came over - in force, and elected their candidate with an overwhelming - majority. Another election was called in March to choose - members of a Territorial Legislature. The Missourians came - again, and although the census had shown but 3000 voters in - Kansas there were twice that number of ballots cast. On - proof of fraud Governor Reeder threw out the contested - returns and free-state men were elected, but when the - Legislature met the proslavery majority unseated them and - recognized those first elected. Pawnee was chosen by the - Governor as the Territorial capital, but after five days the - Legislature adjourned to Shawnee Mission. The measures - passed were entirely in the interest of slavery. Although - Governor Reeder came to Kansas favoring slavery, he did not - approve of the methods of the proslavery people. He was - removed in July, 1855. He was replaced by Wilson Shannon, - who was in full sympathy with slavery interests. Every - condition was unfavorable to the free-state people at this - time. - - - REFERENCES - - Spring, Kansas, chap. IV. - Robinson, The Kansas Conflict, chaps, VI, VII. - Holloway, History of Kansas, chaps, XII, XIII, XVII. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 87-101. - Connelley, Kansas Territorial Governors. - Historical Collections, vol. V, p. 163; vol. VII, p. 361; - vol. VIII, p. 227. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 79-87. - Hodder, Government of Kansas, pp. 5-13. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. How is a Territory governed? - - 2. Who was the first Territorial Governor of Kansas? How long - did he serve? What was his attitude toward slavery? - - 3. What were the conditions in Kansas when the first Governor - arrived? How far west did settlements reach at that time? - - 4. When was the first election held? What was its purpose? Give - an account of it. - - 5. When was the first census taken and what did it show? - - 6. What was the purpose of the second election? Give an account - of it. - - 7. Why was the “Bogus Legislature” so called? Where did it meet? - What did it do? - - 8. Who were some of the proslavery leaders? - - 9. Why were these “dark days” for the free-state people? - - 10. Who was the new Territorial Governor? With which side did he - sympathize? - - - - -CHAPTER IX - -RIVAL GOVERNMENTS IN KANSAS - - -=The Free-state Plan.= The free-state people decided to ignore the -proslavery government, and since they were really made outlaws by the -“Bogus Legislature” they organized another government and sought the -admission of Kansas as a state. To accomplish this it was necessary to -draw up a state constitution, which must be approved by the people of -the Territory and by Congress. - -=Free-state Leaders.= A number of meetings were held for the purpose -of getting the free-state people interested and willing to work -together. The leaders in these efforts were Dr. Charles Robinson, of -Lawrence, ex-Governor Reeder, who had come back to Kansas as a -tireless worker in the free-state cause, and James H. Lane, a man of -much experience, who had recently come to Kansas. Lane became one of -the most radical of free-state men and played an important part in -Kansas affairs for many years. - - [Illustration: JAMES H. LANE.] - -=The Topeka Constitution, 1855.= In the fall of 1855 a convention was -held at Topeka, and a state constitution which said, “There shall be -no slavery in this State,” was drawn up. When a little later the -Topeka Constitution was submitted to a vote of the people it carried -by an immense majority. Only free-state people voted, of course, for -the proslavery people did not recognize any of these acts as having -any force. Later in the winter state officers were elected under the -Constitution, Dr. Charles Robinson being made Governor and James H. -Lane a United States Senator. In the spring of 1856 the Constitution -was sent to Congress with a request that Kansas be admitted to the -Union, but the bill making Kansas a state failed to pass. - -=The Wakarusa War, 1855.= These were not the only events occurring in -the Territory. It had become evident early in the fall of 1855 that -with the people divided into these two groups, each governing itself -and denying the authority of the other, there would be a conflict. The -proslavery people had committed several outrages that added to the -irritation of the free-state people, but the real trouble came with -the murder of a free-state man. This brought on what was called the -Wakarusa War. - -=The Beginning of the Trouble.= A proslavery man named Coleman shot -and killed a young free-state man named Dow. This occurred about ten -miles south of Lawrence. Coleman then fled to Westport, Missouri, -where he appealed for protection to a man named Jones, who, although -he lived in Missouri and was the postmaster at Westport, had been -appointed by the “Bogus Legislature” as sheriff of Douglas County. -Jones was a border ruffian of the lowest and most dangerous type, and -had made himself obnoxious to the free-state people by his leadership -in the fraudulent elections. - -=The Arrest of Branson.= In the meantime a friend of Coleman declared -that his life was threatened by Jacob Branson, an old man with whom -young Dow had made his home. Thereupon Sheriff Jones arrested Branson, -but a party of free-state men, indignant because of such high-handed -proceedings, rescued him and took him to Lawrence. - -=Proslavery Hatred of Lawrence.= Of all the settlements in Kansas, -Lawrence was the most hated by the proslavery people, for it was the -hotbed of free-state principles and the gathering place of those who -scorned the Territorial Legislature. There had come to be a general -proslavery conviction that nothing less than the destruction of this -town could bring them peace and safety. - -=Sheriff Jones Gathers an Army.= Lawrence had nothing to do with any -of this trouble with the sheriff, but when the rescued Branson was -taken there it gave the enemy an excuse to threaten the destruction of -the town. When his prisoner was taken from him, Jones sent a call to -Missouri for help and asked Governor Shannon for three thousand men to -“carry out the laws.” The result was that fifteen hundred Missourians -assembled for the destruction of Lawrence, and camped on the banks of -the Wakarusa River about three miles south of the town. - -=Lawrence Prepares for Defense.= Meanwhile, although Branson and his -rescuers had left Lawrence and there was not a man in the town for -whom Jones had a warrant, his army continued to gather, and Lawrence -prepared for defense. The surrounding settlers came in and the six -hundred men built fortifications and drilled. - -=End of the Wakarusa War.= The army of Jones, “an unwashed, braggart, -volcanic multitude,” was living off the surrounding country, rifling -cabins and stealing horses and cattle. The people of Lawrence were -feeling the burden of the siege also, for with the large number of -those who had come in from the outside their supplies were being -rapidly exhausted. Finally two men succeeded in getting through the -lines of the enemy and reaching the Governor, who was being deceived -about conditions. Governor Shannon then came to Lawrence, and, -learning how things really were, took an active part in arranging a -treaty between the opposing forces, and, to the disgust and -disappointment of Sheriff Jones, dispersed the proslavery army. -Without battle or bloodshed, what has since been known as the Wakarusa -War was over. - - - SUMMARY - - Instead of submitting to the proslavery Territorial - Government, the free-state people decided to set up another - government. They held a convention at Topeka and drew up a - constitution prohibiting slavery. This constitution was - adopted by the free-state people of the Territory, and then - sent to Congress with a request that Kansas be admitted to - the Union. The bill failed to pass. These rival governments - within the Territory brought on the Wakarusa War, the - principal events of which were as follows: Coleman shot Dow - and fled to Jones, sheriff of Douglas County, for - protection. Jones arrested Dow’s friend Branson, who was - rescued by free-state men and taken to Lawrence, the town - most hated by the proslavery people. Jones then gathered an - army of Missourians for the purpose of destroying Lawrence. - While both sides were preparing for the struggle, two - free-state men succeeded in reaching Governor Shannon, who - came to Lawrence, and, on learning the real condition, - succeeded in arranging a treaty of peace, and dispersed the - proslavery army. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 88-92. - Spring, Kansas. - Holloway, History of Kansas. - Tuttle, History of Kansas. - Gihon, Geary and Kansas. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 101-120. - Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 291; vol. VII, p. 521; vol. - IX, p. 540; vol. X, p. 457. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. Explain what is meant by “rival governments in Kansas.” - - 2. What was the purpose of the Topeka Constitution? - - 3. Was Kansas admitted under this Constitution? - - 4. Who was Charles Robinson? James H. Lane? - - 5. What event brought on the Wakarusa War? Why was it so named? - - 6. Name five persons connected with this war, and tell something - of each. - - 7. What did Lawrence have to do with the trouble? - - 8. Give the events of the Wakarusa War. How was it ended? - - - - -CHAPTER X - -THE PERIOD OF VIOLENCE - - -=The Severe Winter of 1855-’56.= The Wakarusa War closed in December, -1855. This second winter proved to be an exceedingly severe one, and -many of the settlers were not sufficiently protected against the -sudden and intense cold. Most of the houses were hastily constructed, -one-room log buildings, many of them with dirt floors, and windows and -doors of cotton cloth. The storms drifted into these cabins through -numberless chinks and cracks in roof and walls. One of the pioneers, -writing of that winter, says: “At times, when the winds were bleakest, -we went to bed as the only escape from freezing. More than once we -awoke in the morning to find six inches of snow in the cabin. To get -up, to make one’s toilet under such circumstances, was not a very -comfortable performance. Often we had little to eat; the wolf was -never far from our door during that hard winter of 1855-’56.” - -=Preparations for Hostilities.= The struggle of the pioneers with the -hardships of winter closed hostilities for a while, but it soon became -evident that the Missourians were preparing more extensively than ever -to invade Kansas, destroy Lawrence, and drive the free-state people -from the Territory, or force them to recognize the proslavery -Territorial Government. The free-state people began to gather stores -and ammunition and to send calls to the northern states for men and -money to meet the situation. - - [Illustration: TERRITORIAL GOVERNORS. - WILSON SHANNON - ANDREW H. REEDER JOHN W. GEARY - JAMES W. DENVER - ROBT. J. WALKER SAMUEL MEDARY] - -=The Sacking of Lawrence, May 21, 1856.= A number of minor conflicts -occurred. Sheriff Jones was wounded, a young free-state man named -Barber was killed, and then came the long feared attack upon Lawrence. -From the beginning the policy of the free-state people had been to -avoid conflict wherever possible. On this occasion they made every -attempt to conciliate and to pacify the attacking force, but in vain. -As the proslavery leaders rode through the town they were invited to -dinner by Mr. Eldridge, the proprietor of the new $20,000 hotel built -by the Emigrant Aid Company. They accepted the invitation, and in the -afternoon the mob completely demolished the hotel. They threw the two -printing presses of the town into the river, ransacked stores and -houses, taking whatever they wanted, and before leaving town burned -Governor Robinson’s home. The financial loss to Lawrence and the -surrounding country was heavy. Though the people had been oppressed -and outraged they had not been conquered. By offering no resistance -they had robbed the affair of any possible justification in the eyes -of the world. - - [Illustration: JOHN BROWN.] - -=John Brown.= There was one who bitterly opposed this policy of -nonresistance, who believed that the way to meet the situation was to -fight. This was John Brown, a tall, gaunt, grizzled old man who had -come to Kansas a few weeks before the sacking of Lawrence. Five sons -had preceded him and had settled near Osawatomie. John Brown came, not -to aid his sons in their pioneer struggles, nor to make a home for -himself, but because it seemed to him an opportunity to strike a blow -at slavery. He hated slavery with an intensity that knew no bounds, -and he gave all of his mind and energy to warfare against it. - -=The Pottawatomie Massacre, May 24, 1856.= The sacking of Lawrence -roused him to a high pitch of excitement. He believed that this -outrage should be avenged, and determined to strike a blow, to return -violence for violence. With a party of seven or eight men, including -four of his sons, he made a night trip down Pottawatomie Creek where a -number of proslavery settlers lived. Five of these settlers were -called out of their houses and killed. - -=Beginning of Four Months of Violence.= This kind of warfare was not -in accordance with the plans or purposes of the leaders of the -free-state movement, and was not approved by them. News of the awful -affair spread rapidly through the Territory and created wild -excitement. The Pottawatomie massacre was followed by a period of -nearly four months of violence on both sides. - -=Both Sides Arm for War.= A band of border ruffians gathered to wreak -vengeance on those who had taken the lives of the proslavery settlers -of Pottawatomie Creek. The battle of Black Jack resulted, in which the -border ruffians were defeated by John Brown and his men. The Missouri -border hurriedly gathered more forces and marched a well-armed body of -men into Kansas. The free-state men had been busy, too, and on June 5 -the Missourians were met by a band of armed free-state Kansas -settlers. - -=Armies Dispersed by the Governor.= This alarming state of affairs -aroused Governor Shannon and he at once ordered both sides to -disperse. The free-state army disbanded, but the Missourians obeyed -sullenly, and on their way back to Missouri they committed a number of -depredations, and pillaged Osawatomie, which they hated because it was -the home of John Brown. - -=Free-state Help from Northern States.= The North was deeply stirred -by the calamities endured by the free-state people in Kansas. Although -practically all of the free-state newspapers here had been closed or -destroyed, the papers in the northern and eastern states were filled -with narrations of the hardships, robberies, and murders that had -befallen antislavery settlers in the Territory. The Kansas troubles -were discussed from the pulpit, and the great preacher, Henry Ward -Beecher, advised sending rifles to Kansas and pledged his church for a -definite number. The men thus sent out armed with Bibles and rifles -were sometimes called “The Rifle Christians.” Public meetings were -addressed by men fresh from Kansas, among them ex-Governor Reeder, S. -N. Wood, and James H. Lane. Much sympathy was aroused for the -suffering free-state settlers. Large sums of money were raised, and -companies of men were organized to take part in the Territorial -contest. The movement swept over the states from Boston to the -Northwest.[12] “Societies of semi-military cast, no less willing to -furnish guns than groceries, sprang up as if by magic, and -overshadowed the earlier, more pacific organizations.” As a result of -these agitations a stream of migration moved toward Kansas during the -spring and summer of 1856. Every party came prepared for defense, and -many brought with them a goodly stock of provisions. One writer says -of the immigrants, “There were fewer women and children, less -house-luggage, fewer agricultural implements; more men, more arms, -more ammunition.” - -=Missouri River Closed to Free-state Immigration.= These activities of -the North were viewed with alarm by the proslavery leaders. They -believed that this inflow of free-state settlers must be checked or it -would end all hope of making Kansas a slave state. One of the most -important of the measures they adopted for this purpose was the -closing of the Missouri River to free-state immigration. They -overhauled the steamboats and seized merchandise and arms that were -being sent to free-state people, and they arrested and turned back all -travelers whom they believed to be unfriendly to the South. All -overland immigrants received similar treatment as soon as they touched -Missouri soil. - -=New Route to Kansas.= Although this policy occasioned the northern -people considerable loss and much inconvenience, it did not check the -movement toward Kansas. It simply meant that the immigrants came -through Iowa and Nebraska, entering Kansas from the north. - -The Southerners also appealed to their people and money was raised and -men were sent to Kansas, but the response was not to be compared with -that of the North. - -=A Condition of Lawlessness.= While these things were going on, Kansas -was becoming more and more lawless. It would be hard to say which side -surpassed the other in misdeeds. A number of free-state leaders, -including Dr. Robinson, were held at Lecompton during the summer as -prisoners on a charge of treason. The free-state people were irritated -by the loss of money, supplies, and mail, through the Missouri -blockade. Bands of armed proslavery men guarded the roads out of -Topeka and Lawrence, so that these towns were really in a state of -siege. These guards lived on supplies taken from the surrounding -settlers, and cut off supplies sent to the towns so that food became -very scarce, especially at Lawrence, where the chief article of diet -for some time was ground oats. Meanwhile, supplies were reaching the -proslavery towns, Tecumseh, Lecompton, and Franklin, without -hindrance. It was evident to the free-state people that their enemies -expected to starve them out of the Territory, and they were stirred to -retaliate. The free-state guerrillas again began their work of seizing -the supplies of proslavery settlers and merchants. This was kept up -until many of the proslavery people were completely impoverished. - -=The “Army of the North.”= About the first of August a report that -Lane was coming with the “Army of the North” spread over the -Territory. James H. Lane was one of the free-state men who had been in -the northern states, addressing meetings and raising men and money. He -was a very eloquent speaker and had influenced many to come to Kansas. -The “Army of the North” consisted of several hundred men, women, and -children, most of whom had come to make homes for themselves. This -army was a combination of several parties that had united to come into -Kansas over the new route through Iowa and Nebraska. Lane was with the -party, but only a small number were armed or had been gathered by him. - -=A Proslavery Army Gathers.= The proslavery leaders began to rally -their men along the border. The following sentences are taken from one -of the calls they published: “Lane’s men have arrived! Civil war is -begun! And we call on all who are not prepared to see their friends -butchered, to be themselves driven from their homes, to rally to the -rescue.” A large number of men soon gathered on the border, anxiously -awaiting permission to move into Kansas; but as Governor Shannon had -dispersed the Missouri army a few weeks earlier, he now refused to -issue orders for the new army to move into the Territory. - -=Governor Shannon Resigns.= About this time Governor Shannon resigned. -He had so displeased the proslavery people that he was compelled to -flee for his life under cover of night. Daniel Woodson, Secretary of -the Territory, now became Acting Governor until the new Governor -should arrive. As he was in full sympathy with proslavery interests he -opened the Territory to the Missouri invasion. Woodson’s power lasted -only three weeks, but they were the darkest days that Kansas had -experienced. - -=The Burning of Osawatomie.= The proslavery army moved into Kansas. -The Pottawatomie massacre had not been forgotten, and when this army -reached Osawatomie, “the headquarters of old Brown,” they attacked the -town. John Brown had only forty-one men, and so thoroughly did the -enemy do their work this time that only four cabins escaped burning. - -=Arrival of Governor Geary, September, 1856.= At this time the new -Territorial Governor, John W. Geary, arrived. Governor Geary described -the situation that he found on his arrival in the following words: “I -reached Kansas and entered upon the discharge of my official duties in -the most gloomy hour of her history. Desolation and ruin reigned on -every hand; homes and firesides were deserted; the smoke of burning -dwellings darkened the atmosphere; women and children, driven from -their habitations, wandered over the prairies and among the woodlands, -or sought refuge even among the Indian tribes. The highways were -infested with numerous predatory bands, and the towns were fortified -and garrisoned by armies of conflicting partisans, each excited almost -to frenzy, and determined upon mutual extermination. Such was, without -exaggeration, the condition of the Territory at the period of my -arrival.” - -=Conditions in the Territory.= In the meantime the big body of armed -Missourians was moving forward and the proslavery settlers were -gathering in answer to a call that closed with these words: “Then let -every man who can bear arms be off to the war again. Let it be the -third and last time. Let the watchword be, ‘Extermination, total and -complete,’” The free-state people were scattered, unorganized, and but -scantily supplied with arms and provisions, and were therefore in no -condition to meet such a force. Fortunately, the new Governor, whose -policy was that of fair play, at once ordered all bodies of armed men -to disband. - -=Preparations for the Defense of Lawrence.= The Missourians, however, -continued to move toward Lawrence. The Governor then took some United -States troops and went to Lawrence, which he found in an almost -defenseless condition. The town was poorly fortified, with few -provisions and not more than ten rounds of ammunition. Even the women -and children were armed. There were not more than three hundred -people, but there seemed to be no thought of surrender. They would -either repulse the enemy or perish in the attempt. The arrival of the -Governor with United States soldiers brought unexpected relief. - -=End of the Reign of Violence, September, 1856.= On the morning of -September 15, Governor Geary marched out to the Missouri army encamped -about three miles from Lawrence, held a conference with the leaders, -and insisted that his orders for disbanding be obeyed. The Missourians -consented, and the force of twenty-seven hundred well-equipped men -went home. Thus ended the four months’ reign of violence[13] that had -begun with the sacking of Lawrence in May. The threatened attack on -Lawrence was the last organized effort of the Missourians to take -Kansas by force. Both sides soon gave up their plundering expeditions, -travel became safer and property more secure. For a time peace settled -down over the Territory, and Governor Geary, believing that order was -entirely restored to Kansas, appointed November 20 “as a day of -general praise and thanksgiving to Almighty God.” With the close of -the period of violence a little less than two and a half years had -passed since the organization of Kansas as a territory in the spring -of 1854. - - - SUMMARY - - Hostilities were renewed in the spring of 1856. The - Missourians prepared for invasion, and the free-state people - for defense. Several minor conflicts were followed by the - sacking of Lawrence, to which the free-state people offered - no resistance. This policy was not approved by John Brown. - He counseled revenge and the Pottawatomie massacre followed. - Then began a four months’ “reign of terror.” Several - conflicts followed, among them the battle of Black Jack. An - army was hurriedly gathered by each side, but Governor - Shannon ordered them to disperse. The sympathy of the whole - North was aroused, and men and money poured into Kansas. - This led to the closing of Missouri to free-state travel, - and the newcomers entered Kansas through Nebraska. During - this time both sides were committing many outrages and there - was a constant condition of lawlessness. The coming of the - “Army of the North” resulted in the gathering of a large - army from Missouri called “the 2700.” Governor Shannon - resigned, and Acting Governor Woodson permitted this army to - enter Kansas, and it marched toward Lawrence, pillaging - Osawatomie as it passed. While Lawrence was awaiting attack, - Geary, the new Governor, arrived and ordered the army - disbanded. This ended the period of violence. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 93-108. - Spring, Kansas. - Robinson, The Kansas Conflict. - Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life. - Blackmar, The Life of Charles Robinson. - Connelley, James Henry Lane, the Grim Chieftain of Kansas. - Connelley, John Brown. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 120-125. - Ingalls, Writings, pp. 76-92, 228-262. - McCarter, A Wall of Men. (A novel.) - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. When did the Wakarusa War close? - - 2. Describe the winter of 1855-’56. - - 3. What conditions came with the spring? - - 4. Give an account of the sacking of Lawrence. - - 5. Who was John Brown? Why did he come to Kansas? What was the - Pottawatomie massacre? What do you know of John Brown other - than what is given in this book? - - 6. Give an account of the battle of Black Jack, the gathering of - armies, and the pillaging of Osawatomie. - - 7. What free-state assistance was given by the North? - - 8. What measure did this lead Missouri to take? - - 9. What was the “Army of the North”? - - 10. What was “the 2700”? Who permitted this force to enter - Kansas? - - 11. Give an account of the second attack on Osawatomie. - - 12. Name the Territorial Governors up to this time. - - 13. Who was the new Governor? How did he describe the conditions - that he found in Kansas? - - 14. How was Lawrence threatened? What became of the army? - - 15. When did the period of violence close? - - 16. What condition followed? - - 17. How long was this after the organization of the Territory? - - - - -CHAPTER XI - -THE PERIOD OF POLITICAL CONTESTS - - -=Beginning of the Political Period, 1857.= The Missourians had given -up hope of conquering Kansas by force. After the close of the period -of violence the contest became almost entirely a political struggle -between the proslavery and the free-state settlers, each side trying -to win Kansas by securing control of its government. The next few -years were filled with conventions, elections, and political schemes. - -=Governor Geary Leaves the Territory.= The second Territorial -Legislature met at Lecompton in the opening days of 1857. Because of -Governor Geary’s efforts to be just to both sides, the Legislature did -everything possible to annoy and harass him. The free-state men -rallied to his support, but conditions soon became so intolerable that -one night in March, after having been in office about six months, he -made a hasty escape from Kansas. Governor Geary had found Kansas in a -deplorable condition and left it not greatly improved, but he had -attempted to do justice to all. His place was taken by Governor -Walker, who arrived in May. - -=A Proslavery Constitution Prepared, 1857.= Up to this time the only -attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state was the effort of the -free-state men under the Topeka Constitution, but the proslavery -people had long been planning to draw up a constitution under which -they might secure the admission of Kansas as a slave state. The -Territorial Legislature provided for a constitutional convention, -which met at Lecompton in September, 1857, and prepared what was -called the Lecompton Constitution. - -=The First Free-state Territorial Legislature.= Two important events -were to take place in the fall of 1857: the election of a new -Territorial Legislature, and the vote on the Lecompton Constitution. -When election day came, United States troops were stationed in the -different precincts to prevent illegal voting and invasions from -Missouri. Under Governor Walker’s promise of a fair election, both -parties voted for the first time since the fraudulent election in the -spring of 1855. The result was a free-state victory, and the first -time Kansas was to have a free-state Legislature. This result was not -achieved without many protests and threats from the proslavery people, -who now became afraid to submit their Lecompton Constitution to a -vote, for it was clear that the free-state people were largely in the -majority and would defeat it. - -=Fear to Submit the Lecompton Constitution.= After a number of -meetings and debates among themselves, the proslavery people decided -to get around this difficulty by not submitting the Constitution at -all, but by offering instead these two statements to choose between: -“The Constitution with slavery,” or “The Constitution without -slavery.” - -=Each Side Holds an Election.= This gave the free-state people no -chance to vote against the Constitution as a whole, and of course -their indignation was aroused. The election was held in December, -1857. The free-state men refused to vote, and after several meetings -and a special session of their new free-state Legislature the -free-state people appointed a day in January, 1858, for an election to -decide for or against the Constitution. This time the proslavery party -refused to vote. Thus each side held an election and carried its point -by a big majority. - -=End of the Lecompton Constitution.= No attention was paid to the -defeat of the Constitution at the hands of the free-state people, and -it was sent to Congress. After a long discussion Congress attached a -number of conditions to the Constitution and sent it back to Kansas to -be voted on by all the people. Of the 13,000 votes cast at this -election, which was held August 2, 1858, more than 11,000 were against -it. This ended the second attempt to get Kansas admitted as a state. - -=The Leavenworth Constitution, 1858.= While the Lecompton Constitution -was pending in Congress, the free-state people concluded that it was -time for them to try their hands at constitution making again. During -the winter and spring of 1858 they produced the Leavenworth -Constitution, but it was not favorably received by the people of -Kansas and was never voted on by either house of Congress. - -=Trouble in Southeastern Kansas.= These events of Territorial history -occurred within a small area. With Lawrence as a center, a circle with -a radius of thirty miles would include virtually all of them. Another -part of Kansas, the southeastern, including what is now Miami, Linn -and Bourbon counties, came into prominence at this time and showed -that the period of bloodshed was not yet past. The southeastern part -of the Territory had been settled largely by proslavery people, but -gradually the Northerners began to come in. The proslavery people -frequently made raids on them, the free-state settlers retaliated, and -southern Kansas was soon in the midst of a guerrilla warfare. The -free-state people engaged in this warfare came to be known as -Jayhawkers.[14] Their leader was a man named James Montgomery. - -=The Marais des Cygnes Massacre.= These conditions continued until in -the spring of 1858. While the Lecompton and Leavenworth constitutions -were being considered in the Territory, there occurred in Linn County -the Marais des Cygnes massacre, the most shocking and bloody event of -the whole Territorial period. A Southerner named Hamelton made up a -list of free-state men whom he planned to seize and execute. On May -19, almost two years to the day after the Pottawatomie massacre by -John Brown, Hamelton with a gang of Missourians captured eleven of the -free-state men, marched them to a near-by gulch, lined them up and -fired a volley. Five men were killed, five were wounded, and one -remained unharmed. This terrible deed created great excitement, and an -unsuccessful attempt was made to capture Hamelton and his men.[15] - -=Order Restored.= Steps were taken to bring about a more settled -condition in southeastern Kansas. Though several other outrages took -place, none of them was so barbarous as the Marais des Cygnes -massacre, and order was gradually restored. - -=Proslavery and Free-state Names Dropped.= During the trouble over the -Lecompton Constitution in the closing days of 1857 Governor Walker was -compelled to resign, and in the autumn of 1858 Governor Denver, who -succeeded him, voluntarily resigned. Although Denver was the fifth -Territorial Governor, he was the first one who had not been compelled -to give up his office. This was one of the indications that better -days were beginning in Kansas. Lawlessness was practically over. The -South was no longer hopeful of making Kansas a slave state. The -settlers dropped the terms proslavery and free-state, and identified -themselves with the National political parties. - -=The Wyandotte Constitution, 1859.= In the summer of the next year, -1859, a fourth constitutional convention was held at Wyandotte. There -was less hard feeling now between the two factions, and the members of -this convention were from both political parties, Democrat and -Republican. It was generally conceded by this time that Kansas was to -be a free state, and the new Constitution contained the words, “There -shall be no slavery in this State; and no involuntary servitude, -except for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted.” -This was called the Wyandotte Constitution, and when it was submitted -to the people in the fall a large majority of the votes were cast in -favor of it. - -=Kansas Admitted to the Union, January 29, 1861.= But the question was -not yet settled, for Congress had to vote on the admission of Kansas -under the Wyandotte Constitution. These events took place in the -closing days of 1859, only a little more than a year before the -beginning of the Civil War. Relations between the North and the South -had become strained almost to the breaking point. The Congressmen from -the South had given up hope of making Kansas a slave state, but they -were certainly not anxious to admit it as a free state, and -consequently a year passed before the Wyandotte Constitution of Kansas -was acted upon. Finally, in January, 1861, some of the southern states -seceded from the Union and their representatives and senators withdrew -from Congress, leaving a free-state majority. The bill for the -admission of Kansas under the Wyandotte Constitution was at once -called up and passed. The next day it was signed by President -Buchanan, and on January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state. - -=First State Officers.= In December, 1859, shortly after the people -had voted to adopt the Wyandotte Constitution, they held an election -to choose state officers to act whenever Kansas should be admitted to -the Union. For Governor they chose Dr. Charles Robinson, who had so -faithfully served the free-state cause throughout the long but -successful struggle. The first United States senators from Kansas were -two other well-known free-state men, James H. Lane and Samuel C. -Pomeroy. The Wyandotte Constitution designated Topeka as the temporary -capital. An election was held in November, 1861, for the purpose of -selecting a permanent capital. Topeka received 7996 votes, Lawrence -5291, and all other places 1184. Thus Topeka became the capital of -Kansas. - - - SUMMARY - - The first two and a half years of the Territorial period - were spent in the warfare which was practically closed when - Governor Geary sent “the 2700” home. The last four months of - the two and a half years formed the “period of violence.” - The next three years were given to the political struggle - which ended with the adoption of the Wyandotte Constitution. - During the remaining year the people went about their work, - while this Constitution was pending in Congress. In 1857, - early in the political period, the free-state people - succeeded, for the first time, in electing the Legislature. - The proslavery people prepared the Lecompton Constitution, - but submitted to the people only two statements concerning - it. The free-state people refused to vote, but held another - election, at which the proslavery people refused to vote. - After the Lecompton Constitution was returned from Congress - it was voted on by both factions and defeated. In the - meantime the free-state people submitted the Leavenworth - Constitution, which was defeated. During the last six months - of the political period the Wyandotte Constitution was - prepared, adopted, and sent to Congress. This was in 1859. - More than a year passed before Congress acted on the matter; - then, January 29, 1861, Kansas became a state. - - - REFERENCES - - Spring, Kansas. - Robinson, The Kansas Conflict. - Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life. - Holloway, History of Kansas. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 107-143. - Muzzey, American History, pp. 379-412. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 155-179. - Ingalls, Writings, pp. 443-465. - Historical Collections, vol. VI, p. 365; vol. VIII, pp. 331, 443; - vol. X, pp. 169, 216; vol. XI, p. 47; vol. XII, p. 331. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. How long was Kansas a territory? Into what periods may this - time be divided? - - 2. Was Lecompton a proslavery or a free-state town? Of which - faction was the second Legislature? How did the Legislature - treat Governor Geary? Who succeeded him? - - 3. What was the result of the election for a third Territorial - Legislature? - - 4. When and by whom was the Lecompton Constitution made? Why was - it not submitted as a whole? What became of it? - - 5. Give an account of the Leavenworth Constitution. - - 6. Within about what area did all these events occur? Show this - on a map of Kansas. - - 7. Give an account of the troubles in southeastern Kansas. Who - were the Jayhawkers? - - 8. Give an account of the Marais des Cygnes massacre. - - 9. What were the conditions in Kansas by the opening of 1859? - - 10. What was the last constitution made in Kansas? When and by - whom was it made? - - 11. When was Kansas admitted to the Union? - - 12. Who was the first State Governor? - - 13. How was the State capital selected? - - - - - THE HOMES OF KANSAS - - The cabin homes of Kansas! - How modestly they stood, - Along the sunny hillsides, - Or nestled in the wood. - They sheltered men and women, - Brave-hearted pioneers; - Each one became a landmark - Of Freedom’s trial years. - - The sod-built homes of Kansas! - Though built of mother earth, - Within their walls so humble - Are souls of sterling worth. - Though poverty and struggle - May be the builder’s lot, - The sod house is a castle, - Where failure enters not. - - The dugout homes of Kansas! - The lowliest of all, - They hold the homestead title - As firm as marble hall. - Those dwellers in the cavern, - Beneath the storms and snows, - Shall make the desert places - To blossom as the rose. - - The splendid homes of Kansas! - How proudly now they stand - Amid the fields and orchards, - All o’er the smiling land. - They rose up where the cabins - Once marked the virgin soil, - And are the fitting emblems - Of patient years of toil. - - God bless the homes of Kansas! - From poorest to the best; - The cabin of the border, - The sod house of the west; - The dugout, low and lonely, - The mansion, grand and great; - The hands that laid their hearthstones - Have built a mighty State. - ――SOL MILLER. - - - - -CHAPTER XII - -PIONEER LIFE - - [Illustration: A DUGOUT.] - - -=Comforts of Life Receive Little Attention.= The seven Territorial -years had brought freedom to Kansas, but the struggle had left the -pioneers little time or strength for building better homes, improving -their farms, or establishing public institutions. The energy that -might have accomplished these things had been given to fighting and to -politics. When Kansas became a State, the people had almost as few of -the comforts of life as when they first came to the Territory. A few -of them had come with little idea of the hardships and privations of -frontier life, and others had believed that such conditions would last -but a short time. Many of these, of course, grew discouraged and -returned to their eastern homes. But the great body of Kansas pioneers -had come with the twofold purpose of securing homes and making a free -state, and were not to be discouraged. They had come to stay. - - [Illustration: IN PIONEER DAYS.] - -=Conditions of Living During the ’50’s.= Frontier life is always hard, -but it was made many times harder in Kansas by the years of strife and -warfare. The inconveniences and hardships were especially severe -outside the towns. In these days of railways and good roads, of the -telegraph and the telephone, it is difficult to realize what life on -the prairies meant in the ’50’s. Post offices and mail routes came -slowly, and for many of the settlers a trip for mail and provisions -meant a journey of two or three days, or even longer, with an ox team. -Neighbors were often many miles apart. Nearly every one’s supply of -farming implements was scanty, and to replace a broken ax might -require a trip of from twenty-five to fifty miles. In the winter these -journeys were often accompanied with danger and suffering. Streams -were without bridges and many of the fords were deep and treacherous. -Fences were few and roads were mere trails over the prairies, so when -the blizzard swept across the country, piling its drifts of snow and -obliterating every landmark, the unfortunate traveler was in great -danger of losing his way. Getting a farm under cultivation was slow -work at best. Since most of the settlers brought but little money with -them they had to trust to raising a crop, and if sickness or drouth or -raids made it impossible to raise the crop, want and suffering -followed. - -The privations, the sacrifices, and the loneliness of pioneer life -fell most heavily on the women. Business and necessity brought the men -together occasionally, but the pioneer woman in the isolation of her -prairie home often saw no friendly face for months at a time. There -was much sickness and death, especially among women and children, -resulting from the combination of poor food, uncomfortable houses, -homesickness, and excitement arising from the many dangers. The cost -of transportation was so great that only the most necessary articles -were brought from the East. Most furniture was home-made and cooking -was done over an open fireplace. Corn bread and bacon with occasional -game and wild fruits were the usual foods. In wet seasons there was -much fever and ague. Sometimes a whole family would be sick at the -same time, with no neighbors near enough to help and no physician -within many miles. - -=The Drouth of 1859-’60.= Each year during the Territorial period the -crops raised were barely sufficient to keep the people through the -winter. There was no surplus at any time, and when the summer of 1859 -brought a drouth, a famine resulted. Through all the hard struggle the -people had believed that as soon as the strife and political -difficulties were over, prosperity would come. However, with the -dawning of peace in the Territory there came the most severe drouth -that has ever been known in the West. It began in June, 1859, and from -that time until November, 1860, a period of more than sixteen months, -not enough rain fell at any one time to wet the earth to a depth of -more than two inches. Two light snows fell during the winter, but -neither was heavy enough to cover the ground. The ground became so dry -that it broke open in great cracks, wells and springs went dry, and -the crops were a total failure. - - [Illustration: A SOD HOUSE.] - -=Effect of the Drouth on Kansas Settlers.= There were at this time -nearly 100,000 people in Kansas, and to fully 60,000 of them the -drouth finally meant that they must receive help or starve. They had -been able to fight border ruffians, but they could not fight -starvation. After a year of the drouth they began to give up and go -back East. During the fall of 1860 no fewer than 30,000 settlers -abandoned their claims and the improvements that had been made at the -expense of so much labor, and left Kansas. There were still 30,000 -people here for whom charity was necessary. All this brought bitter -disappointment to the people who had come to Kansas with high hopes -and willing hands. - -=Aid Sent from the East.= As soon as the true condition of affairs was -known in the East a movement was begun for the relief of the -sufferers. Many states responded liberally, and immense quantities of -provisions and clothes were sent here to be distributed. Hundreds of -bushels of seed wheat were furnished. Besides all of the public help, -many relatives and friends sent supplies to the pioneers. -Nevertheless, there were many that winter who barely escaped -starvation. - -=Drouth Retards Development of Kansas.= Great as was the suffering -from disappointment and want, the drouth brought another evil; it -threw Kansas back in its development. Not only had a third of the -population left the Territory, but the accounts given by those who -returned tended to discourage others from coming. The old stories -about the “Great American Desert” were revived. Kansas was looked upon -as a place of drouth and famine, and for several years the number of -immigrants was much decreased. - -=Statehood Begins.= All this was taking place while the Wyandotte -Constitution was being considered. Kansas was admitted as a State on -January 29, 1861, at the close of the terrible drouth. Through the -winter and spring of 1861 supplies continued to come in from other -states, and included seeds for the spring planting. An excellent -season followed. It might be thought that at last the Kansas settlers -were to have an opportunity to cultivate their farms, build homes, and -make their new State a place of peace and prosperity. But not so; -Kansas was again to suffer from the troubles of the Nation. The -opening of the Civil War was near. - - - SUMMARY - - The fighting and political strife of the Territorial period - left the people little opportunity for building up the - country. Statehood found frontier life but little improved. - The early settlers came to secure homes and to make Kansas a - free state, and were not easily discouraged. The drouth of - 1859-’60 caused nearly a third of the 100,000 Kansas - settlers to leave the Territory, and another third had to be - given aid from the East. Immigration to Kansas was greatly - decreased for a time. A good crop year followed, but Kansas - had yet to pass through the Civil War before it could enjoy - peace. - - - REFERENCES - - Andreas, History of Kansas, County Histories. - Cordley, Pioneering in Kansas. - Hunt, Kansas History for Children. - Historical Collections, vol. IX, pp. 33, 126; vol. XII, p. 353. - Mrs. Robinson, Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life. - Ropes, Six Months in Kansas. - - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What had been the chief interest of the Kansas people during - the Territorial period? - - 2. What were the chief reasons for people coming to Kansas? - - 3. Discuss the conditions under which the pioneers lived, - including travel, roads, bridges, fences, money, social life, - houses, furniture, food, and health. - - 4. Give an account of the drouth of 1859-’60. How long did it - last? - - 5. What was the population of Kansas in 1860? - - 6. What was the effect of the drouth on Kansas? - - 7. What have you read of pioneer conditions other than in this - book? - - 8. What have you learned about early Kansas conditions from - talking with people? - - 9. What new burden came with the beginning of statehood? - - - - -CHAPTER XIII - -KANSAS IN THE CIVIL WAR - - -=Beginning of the Civil War.= Just before Kansas was admitted several -of the southern states seceded from the Union. The trouble between the -North and the South had reached the point where it could no longer be -compromised. Other states seceded, and when, on April 12, 1861, Fort -Sumter was fired upon, the Civil War had begun. - -=Part Taken by Kansas in the Civil War.= A state that had just passed -through nearly seven years of Territorial struggle closing with a -famine would hardly be expected to take an active part in a great war, -but the Kansas people had been battling over the slavery question, -and, being deeply interested in the outcome, were ready to take up -arms in defense of the principle of freedom. Every call for soldiers -to defend the Union was liberally responded to in Kansas. This State -furnished more soldiers in proportion to its population than did any -other State. During the four years of the war Kansas furnished a few -more than twenty thousand men, nearly four thousand more than were -asked for, and all of them were volunteers. The poverty in the Kansas -homes made it especially hard for families to be left unprovided for, -and as much honor is due the women who stayed at home to work as is -due the men who marched away to fight. The Kansas soldiers did duty on -many battle-fields, and so conducted themselves as to bring much -credit to their State. During the war Kansas was exposed to three -lines of danger; invasions by the regular Confederate army, attacks by -the unorganized border troops, and Indian raids on the frontier. - - [Illustration: Bust of Abraham Lincoln - Underwood & Underwood, N. Y. - - “‘A house divided against itself cannot stand.’ I believe - this government cannot endure permanently half slave and - half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do - not expect the house to fall; but I do expect it will cease - to be divided.” - ――_Abraham Lincoln._] - -=The Quantrill Raid, August 21, 1863.= For Kansas people the Civil War -meant a continuation of the border troubles. Gangs of ruffians -plundered and destroyed property, and frequently committed worse -crimes. These acts reached a climax in the destruction of Lawrence on -August 21, 1863. The raid on Lawrence was led by Quantrill, a border -ruffian who had taken an active part in the guerrilla warfare, and who -with his men had sacked several smaller towns along the border. With -about four hundred and fifty mounted men Quantrill crossed the border -in the late afternoon of August 20, and proceeded toward Lawrence. -Just before sunrise the raiders reached a hill only a mile from the -town. It is strange that they could have made the ride of forty miles -through Kansas settlements without a word of warning reaching -Lawrence, but such was the case. When Quantrill and his men halted -within pistol shot of the houses of Lawrence to plan their attack, the -people suspected no danger. There was no armed organization within the -city, and all firearms were locked in the arsenal. - -The attack began with a wild charge on the town. Horsemen rode through -the streets at top speed, shooting in every direction. Then they -divided into small gangs and scattered over the town under orders to -“burn every house and kill every man.” The horror of what followed has -seldom been equaled in the warfare of civilized people. When the -people of Lawrence realized that their town was in the possession of -Quantrill’s band they expected that it would be burned and a few -prominent citizens killed, but wholesale murder was not looked for, -and many who might have escaped remained and were killed. For four -hours the ruffians robbed buildings, shot the occupants, and applied -the torch. Every house was a scene of brutality or of remarkable -escape. When the work of butchery and destruction was finished, -Quantrill and his men retreated toward Missouri, mounted on stolen -horses and heavily laden with plunder. They kept up their work of -destruction by burning farmhouses as they passed. A few troops -followed them, but the raiders escaped across the border. - -=Loss from the Raid.= The number of lives lost can never be known with -certainty, but it was about one hundred and fifty. Many were seriously -wounded. The loss of property was variously estimated from one to two -million dollars. The work of rebuilding the town was immediately -begun, and with all their poverty the people of the State gave -generously to the stricken citizens of Lawrence. - -=General Price Threatens Kansas.= Kansas was too far away from the -center of conflict of the Civil War to become the scene of great -battles, but it was from time to time threatened with invasion by the -regular Confederate army. During the last year of the war, General -Price, with a large Confederate force, marched northward through -Arkansas into Missouri. When it was reported that he was moving -westward, Kansas issued a call for more soldiers. The response was -immediate. More than 16,000 men appeared for service. A force of -Kansas troops marched into Missouri and met Price’s army in battle at -Lexington. As the armies moved westward other battles were fought at -the Little Blue and at the Big Blue, and again at Kansas City and -Westport, after which Price was forced to retreat southward. He was -followed by the Union army. He crossed into Kansas in Linn County, and -skirmishes took place at Trading Post Ford, at the Mounds, and at Mine -Creek. Price was then forced into Missouri again, where he was soon -defeated. - - [Illustration: THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS AT THE CLOSE OF THE CIVIL - WAR.] - -=End of the Civil War, 1865.= In April, 1865, the great war came to a -close, after lasting almost exactly four years. The questions of -slavery and disunion were finally settled. The whole nation was -thankful to lay down its arms and go back home, “to drop the sword and -grasp the plow,” but this was especially true of Kansas, where the -people had been doing battle over the slavery question for eleven -years. The Territorial period and the Civil War period made one -continuous conflict. With the heavy drain on resources and population, -it was not to be expected that Kansas would make much growth or -progress during the Civil War. Development could little more than -equal waste and loss. The population of Kansas numbered about 100,000 -at the beginning of the war, and about 136,000 at the close. There had -been little improvement in the manner of living during the four years. - - - SUMMARY - - The Civil War began within three months after Kansas became - a state. Although Kansas had had no opportunity to recover - from the Territorial struggle, it took an active part in the - war. General Price threatened to invade Kansas with a large - Confederate force, but did not succeed. The Indians - committed depredations on the western frontier. The worst - feature of the war was the border trouble, of which the - Quantrill raid was the climax. During the four years of the - Civil War Kansas did not make a large gain in population or - in progress. - - - REFERENCES - - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 179-215. - Blackmar, Life of Robinson. - Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties. - Cordley, History of Lawrence. - Connelley, Quantrill and the Border Wars. - Historical Collections, vol. VIII, pp. 271, 352; vol. IX, pp. - 430, 455; vol. XI, p. 217; vol. V, p. 116; vol. VI, pp. 305, - 317. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 143-168. - Spring, Kansas, chap. XIII. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. When did the Civil War begin? How long was this after Kansas - had become a state? - - 2. What part did Kansas take in the war? Explain. - - 3. What were the three classes of danger to which Kansas was - exposed? Discuss each. - - 4. To which of these does the Price campaign belong? - - 5. Who was General Price? Give an account of his threatened - invasion of Kansas. - - 6. Who was Quantrill? Give an account of his raid on Lawrence. - - 7. How long did the Civil War last? - - 8. How long had it been since Kansas was opened for settlement? - What progress had been made? - - 9. What was the population of Kansas in 1865? - - - - -CHAPTER XIV - -KANSAS SINCE THE CIVIL WAR - - -=Beginning of this Period.= Nearly three score years have passed since -the close of the Civil War; a period of work, growth, and progress. -The earlier years in Kansas were but a time of preparation, and with -the end of the war the people were at last free to turn their -attention to farming or to other occupations. Hundreds of new settlers -poured into the State each year. Little pioneer homes dotted the -eastern part of the State more and more thickly and the line of -settlement moved rapidly westward. - -=Indian Troubles on the Frontier.= As the white-topped wagons of the -immigrants became more numerous the Indian and the buffalo were pushed -farther on. But the red man did not give up his hunting ground without -a struggle. The encroachments of the settlers had long been resented. -Even before the close of the Civil War, while the soldiers were needed -elsewhere, the Indians had begun their depredations on the frontier. -In 1865 and 1866 settlements were attacked in Republic and Cloud -counties, stock was driven away, much property was destroyed, and a -number of people were killed. The few settlers on their scattered -claims were poorly armed, and, with no soldiers near to protect them, -they were in constant fear of wandering tribes of hostile Indians. - - [Illustration: Great Seal of the State of Kansas - It has long been customary for each nation to have a great seal. - The United States has one, as has also each of the states. A seal - is used to make an impression on a document as a sign of its - genuineness. The design for the Great Seal of Kansas was adopted - by the first State Legislature. The thirty-four stars represent - the thirty-four states comprising the Union at that time. The - scene is supposed to typify the settlement and growth of the - State. The motto “_Ad astra per aspera_,” meaning “To the stars - through difficulties,” is peculiarly descriptive of the state’s - history.] - -=Open War with the Indians.= The next year United States troops were -sent to protect the frontier. They drove the Indians back and -destroyed one of their villages. This only made the red men eager for -revenge, and they began an open war on all settlers, immigrant trains, -traders, and travelers. Robberies and murders were committed along the -whole frontier, particularly in the Republican, Solomon, and Smoky -Hill valleys, and in Marion, Butler and Greenwood counties. Travel -over the Santa Fe and other westward trails almost ceased and the line -of settlement was pushed eastward many miles. Many tribes engaged in -these attacks. They dashed into the State from north or south or west, -committed their cruelties, and were gone. - -=The Broken Treaty.= At one time the Government made a treaty with -several tribes by which they were removed to a reservation in the -Indian Territory, but were to have the privilege of hunting in Kansas -as far north as the Arkansas River, and were also to be provided with -arms. They kept their promise of peace only until they could get ready -for another attack, and while part of them were being supplied with -arms at one of the forts the rest were engaged in a most heartless and -bloody raid on the northwestern settlements. - -=The Indians Subdued.= This led Governor Crawford to organize several -companies of Kansas volunteers and to ask for more United States -soldiers. Later a regiment of Kansas volunteer cavalry was called for, -and on November 4, 1868, Governor Crawford resigned his office to take -command of this, the Nineteenth Regiment. After considerable fighting -the Indians were finally subdued, and by 1870 the trouble was -practically ended. There were a few outbreaks from time to time, but -none of them was very serious. During this contest, which had lasted -from 1864 to 1869, the lives of more than a thousand Kansas settlers -had been lost, a great deal of property had been destroyed, and the -westward movement of settlement had been greatly retarded. - - [Illustration: A PRAIRIE STREAM, COMMON IN THE WESTERN PART OF - THE STATE.] - -=The Homestead Law, 1862.= Shortly after the admission of Kansas to -the Union, Congress passed a measure that had a wonderful effect on -the growth of the State. This measure was the Homestead Law, passed in -1862. This law provides that any person who is the head of a family, -or who is twenty-one years of age, and who is a citizen of the United -States or has declared his intention to become such, may acquire a -tract of one hundred and sixty acres of public land on condition of -settlement, cultivation, and occupancy as a home for a period of five -years, and on payment of certain moderate fees. It also provides that -the time that any settler has served in the army or navy may be -deducted from the five years. Previous to 1862 settlers bought their -claims of the Government. The liberal provisions of the Homestead Law -attracted thousands of settlers to Kansas. Many of the newcomers were -young men who had been in the army.[16] Many of them were foreigners -newly arrived in America, while thousands of others came from the -eastern or central states. Nearly all of them were poor. Many had -scarcely enough to provide for themselves until the harvesting of -their first crop. But they were full of hope and ambition, and were -willing to undertake the toil and privations of pioneer life for the -chance to make real their dreams of a home on the Kansas prairies. - - [Illustration: A TIMBERED STREAM, COMMON IN THE EASTERN AND - CENTRAL PARTS OF THE STATE.] - -=Many Drouths in the Early Years.= The task of turning the bare plains -into fertile fields was a heavy one, and the brave people who began it -endured many hardships and met many discouragements and disappointments. -Severe drouths were of frequent occurrence in the early days, and hot -winds often swept across the country. The year 1869 was dry, with a -partial failure of crops, and in 1874 came a long dry spell, followed -in the late summer by a scourge of grasshoppers. - - [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS. 1861-1877. - THOMAS CARNEY - CHARLES ROBINSON SAMUEL J. CRAWFORD - JAMES M. HARVEY - NEHEMIAH GREEN THOMAS A. OSBORN] - -=The Grasshopper Invasion, 1874.= At different times there had been -invasions of grasshoppers in the country west of the Mississippi -River, but none of them was so disastrous as the one of 1874. The -grasshoppers, which were a kind of locust, came into the State from -the northwest and moved toward the southeast. The air was filled with -them. They covered the fields and trees and destroyed everything green -as they went. They left ruin and desolation in their pathway. In the -western counties, where the settlements were new and the people had no -crops laid by to depend upon, the result was much like that of the -terrible years of 1859 and 1860. By the time of the invasion there -were more people, more provisions, and more money, and the State was -able to do much to help the thousands of its citizens who were left -destitute. It became necessary, however, to accept aid from the East -again, and thousands of dollars and many carloads of supplies were -distributed to the needy. Never since has Kansas had to ask for help. -In more recent years our State has given generously to sufferers in -other states and in other lands. - -This visit of the grasshoppers was prolonged into the next year, for -they had deposited their eggs in the ground and the next spring large -numbers of young grasshoppers hatched. These destroyed the early -crops, but for some unaccountable reason they soon rose into the air -and flew back toward the northwest whence the swarms of the year -before had come. There was still time for late planting, and the crops -of 1875 were abundant. - -=Prosperous Years Follow the Grasshopper Invasion.= The coming of the -grasshoppers had temporarily discouraged immigration, but prosperous -years followed and people were again attracted to Kansas. More of the -prairie was turned into farms; new towns sprang up; the country came -to be more thickly settled; railroads, schools, and churches were -built; new counties were organized; and the old stories of “The Great -American Desert” were gradually forgotten. Kansas was taking her place -among the states. - -=Life of the Early Settlers.= In order that this great result might be -accomplished, that the Kansas of to-day might be, a generation of men -and women had to conquer these vast prairies that were swept by -blizzards, parched by drouths, scorched by hot winds, and scourged by -grasshoppers. A few of the pioneers gave up and returned to their old -homes, but most of them were of the sturdy type and remained, always -believing that the day of better things was to come. Though they had -little money and few of the comforts and conveniences of life, and -though they were often filled with homesickness for the friends and -scenes they had left behind, they stayed and worked and hoped. Volumes -could be filled with stories of the hardships and sorrows of those -brave people; stories of mothers who died from overwork or exposure or -lack of care, of children who sickened from want of proper food, of -homes swept away by prairie fires, and of homesteads mortgaged and -lost. - -=The Pleasures of Pioneer Life.= But this is only one side. Pioneer -life was not all dark. Most of the people were strong and healthy, and -the out-door life with plenty of exercise and simple food kept them -so. Although there was privation and hard work there was also much -pleasure. Ask any old settler whether the people had good times in -those days, and you will hear tales of spelling schools and of singing -schools, of literary societies at which debating was an important -feature, and of the country dance with its old-time music on the -fiddle. These affairs were attended by young and old from miles -around; a trip of from ten to fifteen or even twenty miles was not -unusual. Buggies were scarce, and most of the settlers went on -horseback, or in farm wagons that did not always have spring seats. - -Quilting and husking bees, house-warmings, and camp meetings were -other events of the early days. Since there were no telephones and -since it was often days from one mail to another, pioneer families -counted it a pleasure to “visit around” and exchange the news. Those -were the days of real hospitality; the “latch-string hung out at every -door,” and all were welcome to enter. No house was too small nor no -food supply too scanty for the entertainment of friends or wayfarers. -Those were the days, too, when the children often waited for “second -table” or stood up to eat because there were not enough chairs for -all; when the boys wore high-topped boots, the girls wore sunbonnets, -and a calico dress was good enough for almost any occasion. - -=Buffalo Hunting.= In the earlier years the buffalo hunt was one of -the pleasures of the pioneers. In the fall parties of men with their -teams and hunting outfits would set out for the buffalo range to -secure a supply of meat for the winter. They were usually successful -in finding not only buffaloes, but antelopes, wild turkeys, and -occasionally elk or deer. - -=Extermination of the Buffalo.= Remarkable stories are told of the -great numbers of buffaloes still roaming our western prairies fifty -years ago; stories of herds miles in width moving across the country. -With the inrushing tide of immigration the buffaloes rapidly -disappeared. Within little more than a dozen years after the close of -the Civil War there were practically none left. This was not because -they were used as food, but because they were killed for their hides. -Large numbers were slaughtered and skinned and the bodies left on the -plains. The hides were shipped east by carloads, where they were sold -to make robes. - - [Illustration: PILE OF BUFFALO HIDES READY FOR SHIPMENT.] - -=Selling Buffalo Bones.= In a few years the prairies were thickly -strewn with bleaching bones, and these, too, were gathered up and -shipped east, where they were ground into fertilizer to be used on -worn-out farms. These bones brought from six to ten dollars a ton, and -money earned in this way served to tide many a homesteader through the -winter. It has often been regretted that the Government did not take -measures to restrict the killing of the buffalo, but the danger of -extermination was not realized until too late. - -=The Trappers.= A great deal of trapping was done, especially by the -younger men. Often several of them would make up a party, and with -guns, traps, and a winter’s supply of provisions start for a favorite -trapping ground, where they would make a camp along some stream. -Sometimes the camp was a tent, but more often it was a dugout in the -bank with the front part made of logs. Along the streams they caught -chiefly the beaver, the otter, the raccoon, and the wildcat, and on -the prairies the big gray wolf and the coyote. The busy days were -filled with the work of visiting the traps, caring for the pelts, -chasing wild game, and keeping an alert watch for Indians. When spring -came and they turned homeward to take up the work on the farms they -often carried with them several hundred dollars’ worth of furs. - - [Illustration: COYOTE.] - -=The Exodus, 1878-1880.= The population of Kansas was gradually built -up from many sources, but until 1878 there were not many negroes in -the State. In that year there began in some of the southern states a -movement among the colored people to migrate to western and northern -states. So many thousands of them left the Southland that the movement -came to be called “The Exodus.” It is not strange that the State famed -for its fight for freedom should attract many of the ex-slaves, or the -“Exodusters,” as they were called. During the years 1878-’80 several -thousands of negroes arrived in Kansas. A few had teams and some farm -implements, some had a scanty supply of household goods, but many had -nothing at all and had to be given aid. A very few of them homesteaded -land, others found employment as farm hands, and the rest settled in -different towns of the State. - - [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1877-1893. - JOHN P. ST. JOHN - GEORGE T. ANTHONY GEORGE W. GLICK - LYMAN U. HUMPHREY - JOHN A. MARTIN LORENZO D. LLEWELLING] - -=The Kansas Boom in the ’80’s.= The ten years following the -grasshopper invasion of 1874 were all good years. The rains fell and -crops flourished. It was a period of remarkable growth and prosperity. -During these years the railroads were making special efforts to bring -settlers into the State, and Kansas was widely advertised. Reports of -the opportunities here stimulated immigration, and settlements -overspread the western prairies. Great confidence was felt in the -future of the State, and people in the East eagerly invested in -western land and property. Money was easy to borrow, and the Kansas -people borrowed liberally and began speculating in real estate. Kansas -was soon “on the boom.” Property was bought, not to use, but to sell -again at a higher price. Cities and towns laid out additions which -were divided into lots and sold for large sums. Expensive improvements -were made, and public and business buildings were constructed that -were far larger and more costly than the needs of the time demanded. -Railway and street-car lines were built where there was not business -enough to support them. Hundreds of new towns were mapped out and the -lots sold. Many of these towns never existed except on paper, and most -of the others were later turned into pastures or cornfields. - -=Collapse of the Boom, 1887.= Since the new settlers were not familiar -with soil and climate conditions in Kansas many of them selected land -that was not adapted to agriculture, therefore much of the farming was -not profitable. In 1887 came one of the most severe drouths that was -ever known in the country. The people lost confidence in Kansas and -the boom collapsed. Eastern people wanted their money back, but there -was nothing with which to pay them. Money could not be borrowed and -mortgages were foreclosed. People who had bought property at high -prices, expecting to sell at a profit, found themselves unable to sell -at any price. Many who had counted themselves wealthy found their -property almost valueless. Banks and business houses failed and -hundreds of people were ruined. Thousands left Kansas, some of the -western counties being almost abandoned. The year 1887 was followed, -however, by several good crop seasons. A great deal of attention was -given to the study of farm conditions, and Kansas began to make -progress again. - -=The Opening of Oklahoma.= In 1889 Kansas lost about 50,000 of her -population. This came about through the opening of Oklahoma to -settlement. The President issued a proclamation setting high noon of -April 22 as the time at which the settlers could enter the new country -to take claims. The opening of Oklahoma had been anxiously awaited for -years, and, as the appointed time drew near, people from all parts of -the United States began to assemble along the southern line of Kansas. -Arkansas City was the chief gathering place, for it was at this point -that the one line of railroad entered Oklahoma. When, at noon, April -22, the cavalrymen who patroled the borders fired their carbines as a -signal that the settlers could move across the line, a great shout -went up, and the race for claims began. Hundreds crowded the trains, -thousands rode on fleet horses, many rode in buggies and buckboards, -others in heavy farm wagons, and some even made the race on foot. In -the morning Oklahoma was an uninhabited prairie, at midday it was a -surging mass of earnest, excited humanity, in the evening it was a -land of many people. Within a few days the breaking plow was turning -the sod on many homesteads, while merchants, bankers, and professional -men were carrying on their business in tents or in rough board -shanties. The rush of settlement to Kansas was remarkable, but the -settlement of Oklahoma is the climax in the story of American -pioneering. Although Kansas furnished such a large number of the -Oklahoma settlers, immigration to our State from the East soon made up -the loss. - -=The Panic of 1893.= In 1893 a financial panic extended over the whole -country, accompanied in Kansas by a partial failure of crops. Those -were dark days in Kansas, for many of the people were still burdened -with heavy mortgages. But this period should be remembered as our last -“hard times.” Within two or three years conditions had greatly -improved. The twenty-five years following that time brought almost -uninterrupted prosperity. - -=Kansas in the Spanish-American War.= In 1898 the long period of peace -that the country had enjoyed since the Civil War was broken by the -Spanish-American War. The call for soldiers was eagerly responded to -in Kansas, and four regiments were raised. Our State had furnished -seventeen regiments during the Civil War and two for fighting the -Indians, therefore the four for the Spanish-American War were numbered -the Twentieth, the Twenty-first, the Twenty-second, and the -Twenty-third. The Twenty-third was composed of colored soldiers. The -only one of these regiments called upon to do any fighting was the -Twentieth, which was ordered to the Philippines. There, under a -Kansan, Colonel Fred Funston, the men of this regiment took part in -the campaigns that followed, and by their bravery and efficiency -brought much credit to themselves and to their State. The Twenty-third -was sent to Cuba. The other regiments were trained and kept in -readiness, but the early end of the war prevented their active -service. - - [Illustration: STATE CAPITOL, TOPEKA.] - - [Illustration: SENATE CHAMBER IN THE STATE CAPITOL.] - -=The State Capitol.= The year 1903 is an interesting one, for it -marked the completion of our State Capitol. Shortly after the -admission of Kansas to the Union the people selected Topeka as the -seat of government. As soon as the Civil War was over and they had -time to think about public improvements they began to lay plans for -building a capitol. Every state has a capitol, or state house as it is -often called, in which there are offices for the Governor and other -state officers as well as large rooms for the meetings of the -Legislature. It is for the state what a courthouse is for a county. It -should, of course, be a fine building, of which the people can be -proud. But back in the ’60’s Kansas people were few in number and had -little money. They could not afford to build a capitol that would be -large and handsome enough for the future, nor did they wish to -construct a small, cheap building that would have to be set aside -later. Instead they planned a fine structure to be built a little at a -time as they could afford it. - - [Illustration: A KANSAS CATTLE RANCH.] - -In 1866 the Legislature provided for the erection of what is now the -east wing of our state house. As the State grew in wealth and -population, more money was appropriated from time to time for the -construction of other wings, the great central portion, and lastly the -high dome that reaches nearly three hundred feet into the air. The -building was completed in 1903, having been thirty-seven years in the -making. It grew as the State grew, costing altogether between three -and four millions of dollars. It is fitting that the great State of -Kansas should now have one of the finest capitols in the United -States. - -=The Floods.= The people of Kansas had withstood a number of drouths, -but beginning in 1903 they were, for the first time, visited by a -series of floods. The first one was probably the most destructive. -Most of the water came down the Kansas River from the tributaries -draining central and western Kansas, where there had been heavy -rainfall. Farms and towns along these streams were flooded, property -was swept away, and a number of lives were lost. Topeka, Lawrence, and -Kansas City, where portions of the cities were inundated for days, -suffered heavy losses. The following year nearly every stream in the -State poured a flood of water down its valley, and many people had to -flee to the hills for safety. In 1908, for the third time in five -years, Kansas was again visited by high water. The loss occasioned by -these floods amounted to many millions of dollars, but help poured in -to the sufferers from many sources and they straightway began the work -of repairing and rebuilding. In a short time all traces of the -calamity had disappeared. - - [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1893-1914. - JOHN W. LEEDY - EDMUND N. MORRILL WILLIAM E. STANLEY - WILLIS J. BAILEY - EDWARD W. HOCH GEORGE H. HODGES - WALTER R. STUBBS] - -Stories of floods in Kansas have been handed down from far-off Indian -days, but the earliest flood of which there is any account was in -1844. The Indians told the white men about it and advised against -building close to the rivers, but no attention was paid to the -warning. Since the recent floods, however, a number of people have -moved back from the streams. A few of the cities, including Topeka, -Lawrence, and Kansas City, have built dikes, bridges have been -lengthened to give streams more room, and several railroad grades have -been raised above the danger line. - -=Kansas To-day.= While the floods caused much loss and suffering, the -State’s resources had become so great that the condition of general -prosperity was not seriously affected. Each year has added to the -prosperity and progress of the State until now Kansas is one of the -great states of the Union. We have only to look about us to see how -marvelously conditions have changed since pioneer days. Great fields -and orchards are spread over what was once the Indians’ hunting -ground, and cattle have taken the place of the roving herds of -buffaloes. Tractor plows now turn the soil where once there was only -buffalo grass, thriving towns and cities stand where once the tepee -stood and shining rails of steel mark the paths of Indian ponies and -emigrant trains. - -All these things have been done within a single generation. Thousands -of the men and women who came into Kansas in their wagons and drove -across the unfenced plains are still among us, but now when they -journey over the same country they go in swiftly moving trains or -automobiles. Where once they saw only the prairie and a few settlers’ -cabins they now see roads and bridges, farms and ranches, stores, -banks, mills, mines, and factories. They see what they have helped to -build, a great state, and they may well be proud of it. By their -unconquerable faith and courage and their unremitting toil they have -made Kansas what it is to-day. - -=Government of Kansas.= As the pioneers look at their State they may -feel a pride not only in the acres that have been brought under -cultivation and the wealth that has been produced, but also in a -government that is one of the most advanced in the Union. Many -measures have been passed to promote the welfare of the people. Among -the important ones are: the child-labor law, the truancy law, the -anti-cigarette law, the law providing for juvenile courts, laws -pertaining to public health, the fire-escape law, the “blue sky” law, -the primary-election law, and the law governing public utilities. -These are only a few, but among the hundreds of measures that have -been passed, affecting the character of our government, none stand out -more prominently than the two amendments to our Constitution providing -for prohibition and for woman suffrage. - -=Prohibition in Kansas.= Temperance was a live topic in Kansas from -the beginning; even in Territorial days laws were passed that tended -to regulate, in some degree, the liquor traffic. During the first -eighteen years of statehood there was a constant increase in sentiment -favorable to prohibition, and, in 1880, during the administration of -Governor John P. St. John, the people voted to adopt the following -amendment to the Constitution: “The manufacture and sale of -intoxicating liquors shall be forever prohibited in this State, except -for medical, scientific, and mechanical purposes.” The law has been -strengthened from time to time, and more attention has been given to -its enforcement, until to-day Kansas is one of the strictest -prohibition states, and the popular sentiment against the use of -liquor is stronger here, perhaps, than anywhere else in the United -States. For many years Kansas stood almost alone as a prohibition -state, but in recent years the number of prohibition states has -increased rapidly, and in 1918 a prohibition amendment to the National -Constitution was offered by Congress, and in 1919 it had been ratified -by the necessary two-thirds of the states. Kansas was among the -number. It is a matter of pride in Kansas that ours was a pioneer -state in this great movement. - -=Woman Suffrage.= Kansas has been one of the most liberal of the -states in its laws concerning the rights of women, but it is only in -recent years that Kansas women have had full political rights. In 1861 -women were given the right to vote in district school elections, and -in 1887 in city elections. The question of complete woman suffrage was -voted upon and defeated in 1867, and again in 1894, but in 1912 it -carried by a large majority. Only six states, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, -Wyoming, Washington, and California, preceded Kansas in granting to -women the right of suffrage. A number of other states have followed -Kansas, and now (1919) Congress has offered to the states for -ratification a woman suffrage amendment to the National Constitution. - -=Kansas in the World War.= The period from the opening of the -twentieth century to the beginning of the World War was, on the whole, -one of peace and prosperity in Kansas. No great destructive force, -such as famine or panic, left the people struggling for existence, nor -did anything occur to stir their deeper emotions. Their chief -interests were in building up their homes and their businesses and in -developing their State. But suddenly, in 1914, like the people of the -rest of the United States, they began to give more thought to the -affairs of other countries, and when on April 6, 1917, the United -States entered the war, the people of Kansas were ready to carry their -share of the burdens. - - [Illustration: CAMP FUNSTON. - The largest inland training camp in the United States. The 89th - National Army Division and the 10th Regular Army Division were - trained at Camp Funston.] - -The young men of the State began at once to offer their services in -the national guard, in the regular army and in the navy. There were -more than 18,000 of these volunteers. Within a few weeks Congress -passed the Compulsory Service Act, under the provisions of which -approximately 42,000 Kansas men were called into service during the -war. The National Guard, numbering about 10,000 men, was soon called. -Altogether there were fully 70,000 Kansans in the forces of the United -States. These men were sent to practically every organization in the -army, though the greater portion of them were in the 89th National -Army Division, the 10th Regular Army Division, the 35th National Guard -Division, and the 117th Ammunition Train of the 42d Division. All of -these except the 10th Division, which had not yet completed its -training when the armistice was signed, were sent to France, where -they took part in important engagements and bore themselves bravely, -notably the Rainbow Division in the last battle of the Marne, the 89th -at St. Mihiel and the Argonne, and the 35th Division in the Argonne -drive. Many of our young men went into special branches of service, -such as the Air Service, Railway Engineering, Signal Corps, -Quartermasters Corps and Ordnance Corps. The Federal Government -established two Officers’ Training Camps in Kansas, one at Fort Riley -and one at Fort Leavenworth. Many Kansas men attended these camps and -received commissions. - -Hundreds of Kansas young women rendered skilled and devoted service as -nurses, both in the training camps and overseas. - -The people of the State took an active part in various kinds of war -work and subscribed more than their quota to all appeals for funds and -to all bond issues. - -Altogether, Kansas played its part in the war with its accustomed -loyalty and spirit. - -=The Period Since the Civil War.= In the present chapter we have -touched only in a general way upon the State’s progress, but growth -has been in many directions and each activity has a history of its -own. In order that we may better understand the advancement that has -been made we will study more fully three of the most important phases -of the State’s progress and development――industry, transportation, and -education. - - - SUMMARY - - The years since the Civil War have been eventful ones. The - Indian troubles on the frontier lasted from 1864 until 1869. - Much property and more than 1000 lives were lost. National - troops and a regiment of Kansas soldiers were required to - quell the trouble. Governor Crawford resigned his position - and took command of the Kansas troops. In 1878-’80 thousands - of negroes arrived in Kansas. This movement from the South - was called the “Exodus.” The grasshopper invasion in 1874 - was followed by ten years of prosperity. Then came the boom, - which was ended by the drouth in 1887. Eastern moneylenders - held thousands of Kansas mortgages, and though several good - crop years followed, the State had not yet recovered when - the panic in 1893 brought renewed trouble. Good crops - followed, and Kansas soon entered upon a period of - prosperity which has continued to the present time. Kansas - furnished four regiments for the Spanish-American War in - 1898, and made the most of every opportunity to serve in the - World War in 1917-’18. The State Capitol, which was begun in - 1866, was completed in 1903. The years 1903, 1904, and 1908 - were the flood years. Among the many important governmental - measures are the prohibition and woman suffrage amendments. - During the period since the Civil War Kansas has become a - great and prosperous state. - - - REFERENCES - - Andreas, History of Kansas, Selected Topics. - Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. - Parrish, The Great Plains. - Wright, Dodge City, the Cowboy Capital. - Crawford, Kansas in the Sixties. - Spring, Kansas, chap. IV. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168, 172-173, 184, 194, 204, 211, - 218-222. - Historical Collections, Selected Topics. - McCarter, Price of the Prairie. (A novel.) - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What were the conditions in Kansas at the close of the Civil - War? - - 2. Give an account of the Indian troubles in Kansas. - - 3. How did the Homestead Law affect immigration? - - 4. Give an account of the grasshopper invasion and its effect on - Kansas. - - 5. What progress was made during the next ten years? - - 6. What effect did the railroads have on immigration? - - 7. When was the “boom”? Describe conditions during the boom. - What were some of its causes? What ended it? - - 8. What was the effect of this boom on Kansas? What have you - learned from talking with persons who lived here in the “boom - days”? - - 9. Tell something of the “hard times” of the early ’90’s. - - 10. What part did Kansas take in the Spanish-American War? - - 11. Give an account of the building of the State Capitol. - - 12. Give an account of the floods in Kansas. - - 13. Give an account of the opening of Oklahoma. How did it affect - Kansas? - - 14. Compare Kansas to-day with Kansas as it was fifty years ago. - - 15. What part did Kansas take in the World War? - - 16. What is the prohibition amendment? The woman suffrage - amendment? - - - - -CHAPTER XV - -THE INDUSTRIES OF KANSAS - - -=The Earliest Kansas Farmers.= Agriculture, the leading industry of -our State, was for many years almost the only occupation of our -people. The Indians were the first farmers in Kansas. The Comanches, -in the western part of the State, were roving hunters, but the eastern -Indians had permanent homes and tilled the soil. They were both -hunters and farmers. A government agent in describing their mode of -living says: “They raise annually small crops of corn, beans, and -pumpkins. These they cultivate entirely with the hoe, in the simplest -manner. Their crops are usually planted in April, and receive one -dressing before they leave their villages for the summer hunt in May.” - -=Agriculture Taught to the Indians.= When Kansas was made an Indian -country the National Government agreed in the treaties to supply the -Indians with cattle, hogs, and farming implements, and to employ -persons to teach them agriculture. In accordance with this agreement -several government farms were established, and both the government -farmers and the missionaries taught agriculture to the Indians. By the -time Kansas was organized as a Territory, in 1854, there were a number -of farms in the different reservations and at the missions, and the -produce was such as to show that the soil of Kansas is remarkably -fertile. - -=Agriculture During Territorial Days.= Most of the early settlers of -Kansas were farmers, but during Territorial days the political and -governmental troubles made much progress in farming impossible. The -terrible season of 1860 made a dreary closing for this period, and -confirmed in the minds of many eastern people the old idea that Kansas -was fit only for Indians, buffaloes, and prairie dogs. - - [Illustration: HAND PLANTER.] - -=Agriculture During the Civil War.= The year following the drouth -brought a good crop, but it also brought the beginning of the Civil -War which absorbed the energies of the settlers for four years more. -It was not until the close of the war, in 1865, that agriculture can -be said to have had a real beginning in Kansas. But, in spite of the -poverty and hardships of the war years, two things of especial -significance were done that showed the interest of the pioneers in -agriculture. During this period the Agricultural College at Manhattan -was established, and the State Agricultural Society was formed. The -object of the Society was “to promote the improvement of agriculture -and its kindred arts throughout the State of Kansas.” Under its -management a state fair was held at Leavenworth in 1863, and in that -year the Legislature appropriated $1000 for the benefit of the -Society. These events are worthy of note because they showed the -enterprise of the people when their resources were small. - - [Illustration: THE “OLD MILL” AT LAWRENCE, - Erected in 1863. This was a gristmill, an octagon shaped, - four-story structure, having a genuine Holland windmill for - motive power. Additional buildings were erected for the - manufacture of wagons and farming implements. The mill was - abandoned many years ago, and in 1905 it burned.] - -=Early Farming Implements.= The farming implements of the pioneers -were few and simple. Much of the machinery of to-day had not then been -invented. Because of the cost of transportation, and the lack of money -among the settlers, even the machinery of that day was scarce in -Kansas. The all-important implement was the plow. The pioneer’s first -crop was usually “sod corn.” The field was prepared with a breaking -plow, which threw up the sod in parallel strips from two to five -inches in thickness. Then the farmer, with an ax or a spade and a bag -of seed corn, walked back and forth across the field, prying apart or -gashing the sod at regular intervals and dropping into each opening -three or four grains of corn. Then he waited for the crop. Once the -land was broken, it was, in after years, prepared for the seed with -the stirring plow and the harrow, and planting was done with a hand -planter. Later the corn planter drawn by a team came into use. This -machine required a driver, and another person to work the lever that -dropped the corn. Then came the planter with the checkrower which, -when attached to the planter, made only a driver necessary. During the -last few years the lister has come into very general use. - - [Illustration: CORN BINDER.] - -The early settlers cultivated their corn with a single-shovel -cultivator drawn by one horse. With this cultivator it was necessary -to make a trip along each side of every row of corn. The double-shovel -cultivator soon came into use, but it, also, was drawn by one horse -and cultivated but one side of the row at a time. This labor was -greatly reduced by the invention of the cultivator drawn by a team and -having shovels for both sides of the corn row. Now cultivators may be -had that till two rows at a time. Formerly the farmer cut all of his -corn by hand with a knife. Now he uses the riding corn binder. - -Great as has been the improvement in corn machinery, even greater -changes have come about in the machinery used for the wheat crop. The -earliest harvesting implement used in Kansas was the cradle, a scythe -with long fingers parallel with the blade to catch the grain as it was -cut. The cradler laid the grain in rows. A second man followed with a -rake and gathered the wheat into small piles, which he tied into -bundles, using some of the straw for bands. The next machine was the -reaper, which carried two men, one to drive the team and one to push -off the wheat whenever enough had been cut to make a bundle. The -reaper required four or five binders to follow it. It was soon -improved by being made self-dumping, and later, self-binding. -Inventions and improvements have followed in rapid succession, and -to-day the planting and harvesting of wheat can be done with -remarkable speed and efficiency. - - [Illustration: HEADING WHEAT.] - -The many wonderful inventions in farm machinery have made possible in -the farming of to-day a great saving of time and labor as compared -with the farming of forty years ago. There are few lines in which -greater progress has been made. - - [Illustration: GASOLINE TRACTOR.] - -=Agriculture Between 1860 and 1880.= For several years after the Civil -War the population of Kansas increased more rapidly than did the -crops, and the country was kept poor. The destruction of crops by the -grasshoppers in 1874 retarded immigration and left the people -discouraged. Several good crop years followed, however, and confidence -in the agricultural future of Kansas soon returned. By 1880 nearly -9,000,000 acres of land were in cultivation, a third of which was -planted to corn and a fourth to wheat. The next largest acreage was in -oats. A number of other crops were reported, including rye, barley, -buckwheat, sorghum, cotton, hemp, tobacco, broom corn, millet, clover, -and blue grass. At that time not a great deal was known of the soil or -climate of the State, and we find in this list of crops several that -have since been found unprofitable and are no longer raised in any -considerable quantities. - - [Illustration: ALFALFA.] - -=Agriculture from 1880 to 1887.= The year 1880 found the people of -Kansas full of hope and courage, and from that time until the drouth -of 1887 agriculture developed rapidly. It was a period of new ideas -and new methods. Millions of additional acres were brought into -cultivation. The principal crops, corn, wheat, and oats, were each -greatly increased. Fields of timothy, clover, orchard grass, and blue -grass were planted in the central counties, and even farther west. -Soil that a few years before had been considered unfit for farming was -now producing crops. The State was being rapidly settled, many miles -of railroad were in operation, and the excellent crops did much to -encourage the “boom” of 1885 to 1887. - -=Agriculture from 1887 to 1893.= The period of good crops following -the dry season of 1887 lasted for five years, and it was a time of -great activity along many lines of agricultural advancement. By 1890 -nearly 16,000,000 acres had been brought under cultivation. This area -was almost double the areas under cultivation ten years earlier. - -=Western Kansas.= Before 1890 most of the farming was done in the -eastern and central parts of the State, the western part being -considered poorly adapted to agricultural purposes. During the next -few years, however, it was shown that wheat can be successfully raised -clear to the Colorado line. The sorghum crops also proved to be well -adapted to this section. The soil of western Kansas was found to be -wonderfully fertile, needing only moisture to make it produce -abundantly. A more thorough understanding of soil and climate has -brought better methods of tillage, and this, together with a careful -selection of crops, is making the yield much larger and more certain. - - [Illustration: IRRIGATION FROM THE UNDERFLOW. - Upper, water pumped into the reservoir by windmills. - Lower, water pumped into the reservoir by an engine.] - -=Irrigation in Western Kansas.= The possibilities of irrigation for -this section of the country have long been given much consideration. -For several years water from the Arkansas River was successfully used. -Colorado, however, in developing irrigation, used so much of the water -from the upper Arkansas that there was not a sufficient amount left -for our State. Investigation resulted in the discovery of an -underground water supply. This water, which is called the underflow, -moves eastward from the Rocky Mountains through strata of gravel and -sand. It offers to a large part of western Kansas a practically -inexhaustible supply of water for irrigation. Wells are bored into -this underflow and the water is pumped for irrigating purposes. Only a -small part of western Kansas is under irrigation as yet, but -experiments for the purpose of finding the best methods of utilizing -the underflow are being carried on by individuals, by experiment -stations, and by the State. Irrigation by pumping is bringing about a -remarkable agricultural advancement in western Kansas. - - [Illustration: STACKING ALFALFA.] - -=Alfalfa.= About 1890 several new crops came into prominence in -Kansas, the most important of which was alfalfa. Alfalfa is now grown -in every county of Kansas and has become one of our foremost crops. -Because of its long, penetrating roots it can be grown successfully -without irrigation even in most of the drier parts of Kansas. As its -many points of excellence become better known its acreage is -constantly increasing. Kansas produces more alfalfa than any other -state in the Union. - -Sweet clover and Soudan grass have increased so much in acreage in -very recent years that they are rapidly becoming important crops in -this state. - - [Illustration: Upper, threshing scene in a Kansas wheat field. - Lower, train of fifty cars of threshing machines on the way to - the Kansas wheat fields.] - -=The Sorghum Crops.= Another of the new crops was Kafir corn, which -has also proved very valuable. This plant is a variety of sorghum. -Other varieties had been raised in Kansas for many years, especially -the sweet sorghum that could be used for making sugar and molasses. -Broom corn is another sorghum crop that has been grown in Kansas for a -long while and is raised in large quantities in the southwestern part -of the State. In more recent years two more sorghums, milo and -feterita, give promise of becoming valuable forage crops. - - [Illustration: THE BEET SUGAR FACTORY AT GARDEN CITY.] - -=Sugar Beets.= During the early ’80’s considerable sugar had been made -from sorghum cane, but in 1889 it was, for the first time, made from -beets. For a number of years experiments were made with sugar beets in -different parts of western Kansas. To encourage sugar-beet raising a -bounty was offered by the State, and a good many tons were raised and -shipped to sugar factories in Colorado and Nebraska. In 1906 a large -factory was completed at Garden City, and the raising of sugar beets -has become an important industry in that part of Kansas. Efforts are -now being made to introduce this crop into other parts of the State. - - [Illustration: STOCKYARDS AT KANSAS CITY.] - -=The Twenty-five Years Following 1893.= Progress was checked in 1893 -by the financial panic that extended throughout the country. Values -dropped, and prices were low on everything the farmers had to sell. In -addition to the panic, Kansas suffered a crop failure in most parts of -the State. That was a discouraging period, but within a few years -Kansas had recovered. From that time until the present there has been -a steady rise in all values. Owing largely to the fact that there is -no longer any free land to be taken as homesteads, land prices have -steadily risen. The price of land products has also greatly increased. -In 1893 corn was worth but ten to fifteen cents a bushel and wheat -from thirty to forty cents. A comparison of these with present prices -serves to show how great has been the change. - - [Illustration: A KANSAS WHEAT FIELD.] - -=Kansas Wheat.= Kansas is now one of the leading agricultural states -of the Union. It produces a greater variety of crops than does almost -any other state, but the principal ones are now, as they have been -from the earliest days, corn and wheat. In recent years alfalfa has -come to be a close third. Wheat is our most noted crop. Kansas is -unsurpassed in the production of this grain. Wheat is grown in every -county in the State, but by far the greatest quantity comes from the -“wheat belt,” which extends across the middle of the State, from north -to south. Most of the Kansas wheat is of the winter varieties commonly -called “Turkey wheats,” first brought here from southern Russia by the -Mennonites in 1873. - - [Illustration: KANSAS CORN.] - -=The Corn Crop.= Corn was raised here by the Indians, and from the -time of the settlement of the Territory until very recent years it was -the leading crop and the greatest source of Kansas wealth. Since 1913, -however, wheat has been the most valuable crop of the State and corn -has had to take second place. Corn is raised in all parts of the -State, but much the largest portion is produced in the eastern half. -It is on this crop that the great live-stock industries of Kansas most -depend. - -=The Live-stock Industry.= The live-stock industry is one of the -important interests of the State. The grain and forage crops, the -large areas of good pasture, the plentiful supply of water, and the -nearness to market, all combine to make Kansas an excellent live-stock -region. The raising and fattening of cattle and hogs constitute the -chief features of this industry, although there are a number of -others, prominent among which is dairying. - - [Illustration: EARLY DAY STOCK FARM.] - -The early farmers had their herds and flocks, but paid little -attention to quality or breeds. In time it was found that better -grades were more profitable, and the early range cattle and the scrub -stock of the pioneers have disappeared. - - [Illustration: PRESENT DAY STOCK FARM.] - - [Illustration: THE COWBOY WAS A FAMILIAR FIGURE IN KANSAS FORTY - YEARS AGO.] - -When the Union Pacific Railroad was built the cattlemen of Texas began -driving their cattle into Kansas in order to ship them to market. For -many years Abilene was the shipping center. When the Santa Fe Railway -was built, Wichita, being farther south, became the chief shipping -point. As the country became more thickly settled the cattle trade was -pushed farther west. Finally it reached Dodge City which remained the -shipping center for many years. The building of railroads into the -Southwest made it unnecessary for the Texas cattlemen to drive their -stock to a Kansas shipping point, and about 1885 the practice was -abandoned. While the trade flourished, the cowboy, with his boots and -spurs and broad-brimmed hat, was a familiar figure on the plains of -western Kansas; but as the settlers turned the grazing land into farms -the cowboy moved farther west. - - [Illustration: IN FULL BLOOM.] - -=Horticulture.= Another Kansas industry is horticulture, the -cultivation of fruits. The first orchard in Kansas was planted at -Shawnee Mission in 1837. Very little tree planting was done, however, -until after the Civil War, and even then the Kansas plains were for -many years regarded as unfit for fruit growing. The early crops were -small but of a very fine quality, and Kansas apples won the gold medal -at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1876. This aroused -much enthusiasm, and during the next few years many thousands of fruit -trees were planted, but most of them proved worthless because the -varieties were not adapted to conditions in this State. Long years of -hard work and patient effort were required to secure the knowledge -necessary to make a successful fruit state of Kansas. To-day there are -many fruits grown here, but it is the Kansas apple that is famous. -Scarcely a farm in the eastern and central parts of the State is -without its orchard, and there are a number of commercial orchards -that are making horticulture an important industry in Kansas. - - [Illustration: KANSAS APPLES.] - -=Farmers’ Organizations.= The farmers of the State have at different -times, especially in the earlier years, formed a number of -organizations. An early organization was the Order of Patrons of -Husbandry, or the “Grange,” a national movement, introduced into -Kansas in 1872. Its general purpose was the improvement of farm life. -Many granges were organized during the ’70’s. The Farmers’ Cooperative -Association, begun in 1873, and the Farmers’ Mutual Benefit -Association in 1883, had for their general purposes the cooperation of -the farmers in buying and selling and in securing lower freight rates. - - [Illustration: ONE OF THE CROPS IN CENTRAL AND WESTERN KANSAS.] - -About 1888 the Farmers’ Alliance, already a national organization, -formed many local organizations in Kansas. The Alliance demanded a -number of measures for the betterment of the farmers, including lower -freight and passenger rates, and better mortgage, debtor, and tax -laws. The Farmers’ Alliance was a widespread movement and, for a time, -overshadowed all other farmers’ organizations. In 1890 the People’s -party, or the Populist party,[17] as it came to be called, took over -the political work of the Farmers’ Alliance, and that organization -gradually disappeared. The Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union -of Kansas is a more recent organization. - - [Illustration: STATE GOVERNORS, 1915―――― - ARTHUR CAPPER - HENRY J. ALLEN] - -=The State Board of Agriculture.= In 1872 the Agricultural Society, -organized during the Civil War, was changed into the State Board of -Agriculture. For a number of years this Board gave especial attention -to gathering and distributing information concerning the resources of -the State for the purpose of stimulating immigration. Later it began -the work of furnishing to the farmers information concerning methods -of farming best adapted to Kansas conditions. These activities have -been continued, and the Board of Agriculture has been of great -practical value to the State. - - [Illustration: UPPER, DEEP SHAFT COAL MINING. - LOWER, SURFACE COAL MINING.] - -=Work of the Agricultural College.= The Agricultural College in its -early years laid but little stress on agricultural and industrial -work, but in 1873 its plan of work was changed and it soon began to -fulfill its real mission. A few years later the usefulness of the -College was greatly increased by the establishment of an experiment -station where investigations are carried on in such matters as the -testing of seeds, the introduction of new crops, the rotation of -crops, dairy and animal husbandry, butter and cheese making, orchard -and crop pests, stock foods, and diseases of live stock. Branch -experiment stations have, in later years, been established at Hays, -Garden City, Dodge City, Tribune, and Colby, where problems peculiar -to the western part of the State are studied. The Agricultural College -is doing a great work in gathering information and bringing it to the -people by means of bulletins, lectures, correspondence courses, -demonstration trains, demonstration agents, and farmers’ institutes. -Kansas was one of the first states to hold a Farmers’ Institute in -connection with its Agricultural College. This work was begun in 1869, -and the purpose was then, as it is to-day, to promote the knowledge of -scientific agriculture. - - [Illustration: ONE OF THE EARLY FLOURING MILLS.] - -=Manufactures Based on Agriculture.= The agricultural resources of -Kansas have led to the development of a number of manufacturing -industries. One of the oldest of these is milling. Among the first -needs of the settlers of the new country was a means of grinding their -corn and wheat into meal and flour for family use. This caused the -building of small gristmills in every community. Most of them were -built along streams and were run by water power, though a few of the -early ones used wind power. In later years steam has come to be -generally used. After the introduction of the hard wheats, the wheat -crop came to be much more certain, the acreage increased, and the -milling industry grew. Kansas flour is now sold in all the important -markets of the world, and Kansas is one of the leading states in the -milling industry. - -Meat packing has held first place among the manufacturing industries -of Kansas for a number of years. Kansas City, the second greatest -packing center in the United States, is the chief market for Kansas -live stock, but there are several packing houses in different parts of -the State. Creameries, canning factories, and pickling works represent -other industries that have been developed to make use of our -agricultural products. - -=The Mineral Industries.= Although Kansas is not one of the great -mining states, it has a number of valuable mineral resources, the -chief of which are coal, lead, zinc, oil, gas, salt, building stone, -and gypsum. These resources form the basis of an important part of the -industrial life of the State. The coal and gas have made possible a -number of manufacturing industries. - -=Coal.= As early as the Territorial period it was known that there -were coal fields in Kansas, and small amounts of coal were mined in -Crawford and Cherokee counties. Immediately after the Civil War the -settlers in the southeastern part of the State gave much attention to -the digging of coal, some of which lay so near the surface that it -could be uncovered with a plow. Within the next few years coal was -found in Osage and Leavenworth counties and in the vicinity of Fort -Scott. These places produced large amounts, but Crawford and Cherokee -counties soon came to be the leading coal districts of the State. At -the present time about nine-tenths of the Kansas output is mined in -these two counties. The importance of the coal fields of Kansas lies -not only in the value of the coal, but in the stimulation of the -growth of manufactures. Many industries can be carried on only by -means of large amounts of fuel to supply power. The development of a -number of such industries in Kansas has been made possible chiefly by -the cheap and abundant supply of coal. - -=Lead and Zinc.= Before Kansas was organized as a Territory lead -mining was an important industry in southwest Missouri, but not until -1876 was it discovered that the lead and zinc field extends into the -southeast corner of Kansas. Prospecting began at once and thousands of -people were soon on the ground. Although zinc was found in abundance -with the lead, but little attention was paid to it. Within a few -years, however, it was found that the abundance of coal made the -smelting of zinc profitable, and zinc soon assumed the leading place. -For a number of years much more zinc than lead has been produced. A -large amount of ore from the Missouri mines is shipped to the Kansas -smelters, and the smelting of lead and zinc, but particularly of zinc, -has come to be one of the most important of our mineral industries. -The development of the gas field furnished a cheaper and more abundant -fuel than coal, and much of the smelting was soon being done where gas -could be used. In later years gas is less abundant and there is a -tendency to return to the use of coal. - -=Oil and Gas.= Although prospecting had been done in earlier years, -the real development of oil and gas in Kansas began about 1892, with -the discovery of the big Kansas-Oklahoma field. The oil and gas area -is included within an irregular strip, forty to fifty miles wide, -extending from Kansas City southwesterly into Oklahoma. It is -frequently spoken of as the “oil and gas belt.” - -By 1900 nearly every town in the gas belt had more gas than it knew -what to do with, and various manufacturing enterprises, such as brick -plants, zinc smelters, glass factories, and Portland cement mills, -were soon attracted to these towns. A little later gas was being -supplied to cities outside of the gas belt. Pipe lines were laid to -Wellington, Wichita, Hutchinson, Topeka, Lawrence, Kansas City, -Leavenworth, Atchison, and many of the towns between. After ten years -of this greatly increased use of gas the supply became less abundant, -and now it is feared that the supply from this field may fail at no -distant date. - - [Illustration: OIL WELL, OR “GUSHER.”] - -In the earlier years the oil was all carried in tank cars, but a -system of pipe lines for carrying it was soon laid. Many refineries -were soon established. The crude oil is used chiefly for fuel and for -machine oil. In the refineries it is made into benzine, gasoline, and -kerosene. Vaseline and paraffin are among the by-products. - -In 1914 oil and gas were discovered in Butler County. Within two years -this field was yielding such large quantities of oil that the total -production of the State was more than doubled. During the next year, -1917, more than three times as much oil was produced as in 1916, and -Kansas had become the greatest oil-producing state in the Union. The -output of the Butler County field is still increasing, and its -remarkable yield will probably continue for several years. - - [Illustration: SALT PLANT AT HUTCHINSON.] - -=Salt.= Salt is found in Kansas as a brine in the salt marshes, and as -beds of rock salt lying beneath the surface. The marshes were known to -the early hunters and settlers, and through the early years of -statehood a little salt was manufactured from this brine. In the late -’80’s the rock salt beds were discovered and the salt-making industry -was rapidly developed. The center of the salt industry is now, as it -has been from the beginning, at Hutchinson. Salt is found in a large -part of Kansas, but the most valuable area extends across the middle -of the State from north to south. This great bed of salt is in most -places from two hundred and fifty to four hundred feet thick. Some -salt is made by crushing the rock salt, but the greater portion is -made by the evaporation of brines. The brines are obtained by forcing -a stream of water through rock salt. - -=Brick.= Brickmaking in Kansas dates from the early years. Brick clays -are found in many parts of the State, but the industry is carried on -chiefly in the eastern part of the State, especially in the gas belt, -because of the fuel supply. - -=Gypsum.= Gypsum beds are found in the central part of Kansas, -especially around Blue Rapids and in Saline, Dickinson, and Barber -counties. Plaster of Paris, used chiefly for making plaster for -covering wall surfaces, is made from gypsum. - - [Illustration: STONE QUARRY.] - -=Portland Cement.= Portland cement is a comparatively new product in -the United States. The development of this industry in Kansas -commenced about 1900. Portland cement is made from certain mixtures of -rock substances, put through processes of grinding and heating. Its -chief use is in making concrete, which is widely used for construction -work. There are a number of Portland cement mills in the gas belt. - -=Glass.= Gas is the most satisfactory fuel for glassmaking, and since -the gas field in Kansas was opened a number of glass factories have -been established in the State. Sand of a good quality for making glass -has also been found in southeastern Kansas. - -=Agriculture the Basis of Material Progress.= At present there are -numbers of factories in Kansas, engaged in many different lines of -work. Our industries are constantly growing in number and importance, -and it takes all of them to make a well-rounded state, but it is the -agricultural industries that form the basis of our prosperity. On -these we must depend, and the history of agriculture in Kansas is, -largely, the history of our material progress. - - - SUMMARY - - The principal agricultural industries of the State are - farming, stock raising and horticulture. The principal - mineral industries are concerned with coal, lead, zinc, oil, - gas, salt, building stone, and gypsum. The leading - manufacturing industries are concerned largely with - agricultural and mineral products, and are carried on most - extensively in the coal and gas regions. - - Drouths, which occur in all agricultural regions, have been - most severe in Kansas in the following years: 1860, 1869, - 1874, 1887, 1893, 1913. These years have marked into periods - what has otherwise been a steady progress in agriculture. - - The Agricultural Society, organized during the Civil War, - was, in 1872, changed into the State Board of Agriculture. - The Agricultural College, established during the Civil War, - began active work along agricultural lines in 1873. There - have been a number of organizations of farmers, most of them - between 1870 and 1890. - - Advancement in agriculture has been made in area under - cultivation, selection of crops, improvements in machinery, - better methods of tillage, and irrigation. The leading crops - are now corn, wheat, and alfalfa. - - - REFERENCES - - Bulletins and Reports of the State Board of Agriculture. - Bulletins and Reports of the Agricultural College. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 252-265. - Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. - Old Newspaper Files. - Historical Collections, vol. IX, pp. 33, 94, 480; vol. XI, - pp. 81-211; vol. XII, p. 60. - Walters, History of the Agricultural College. - Tuttle, History of Kansas. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 232-234, 292-295. - Publications of the University Geological Survey of Kansas. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What is the leading industry of Kansas? - - 2. Discuss the Indians as farmers. - - 3. What agricultural progress was made during the Territorial - period? During the Civil War? - - 4. When and why was the Agricultural Society formed? What has - taken its place? Tell something of the work of the new - organization. - - 5. Describe the early farm implements and methods of farming. - What have you learned of these things from old settlers? - - 6. What were the agricultural conditions in Kansas in 1880? - Between 1880 and 1887? - - 7. What connection does the date 1887 have with the agricultural - history of the State? What conditions followed this date? - - 8. What are the soil and climate conditions of western Kansas? - Give an account of irrigation in that section. - - 9. Name new crops that came into prominence about 1890, and tell - something of each. - - 10. What conditions prevailed in Kansas in the early ’90’s? - During the period that followed? - - 11. Discuss Kansas wheat; Kansas corn. - - 12. Discuss the live-stock industry in Kansas. - - 13. Give an account of the cattle trade of earlier days. - - 14. What progress has horticulture made in Kansas? - - 15. What farmers’ organizations have been formed? For what - purpose? - - 16. Discuss the relation of the Agricultural College to the - farmers. - - 17. Discuss the milling industry of our State. The meat-packing - industry. - - 18. Name the mineral resources of Kansas. Discuss each. - - 19. What manufacturing industries have grown from the mineral - resources? - - 20. What industries are carried on in your community? Are any - others being considered? - - - - -CHAPTER XVI - -TRANSPORTATION IN KANSAS - - -=The Beginning of Railroads in the United States.= About the time -Kansas was becoming the highway for the Santa Fe trade, experiments -were being made in England with a new invention, the steam locomotive. -By 1825 a fair degree of success had been attained. During the next -half dozen years experiments were carried on in the United States, and -by 1831 several short railroad lines were in use. By 1850 one could -travel by rail between the chief cities of the East and as far west as -St. Louis, but a decade more passed before any railroads were built in -Kansas. - -=Kansas Settlers Desire Railroads.= The agitation for railroads in -this part of the country began even before the organization of the -Kansas Territory. The settlers knew the difficulty of building up the -State without the aid of the railway. They had crept across the -prairies in their canvas-covered wagons, or had toiled up the shallow, -sluggish waterways, and they foresaw that they would be unable to -market their crops or their stock because of the lack of adequate -means of transportation. Their great desire for railroads is made -evident by the large number of railway charters granted to different -companies by the Territorial Legislatures. On account of the immense -cost of railroad construction, however, work was slow to begin. - -=Early Stage Lines.= While the West was waiting for its railroads a -number of stage routes for carrying mail and passengers were -established. The first one was over the Santa Fe Trail. Stages made -the trip from Kansas City to Santa Fe in about fifteen days. For many -years stage lines were operated between the different towns of the -Territory. Later, lines were established to Denver, to Salt Lake, and -even to San Francisco. - - [Illustration: STAGE COACH.] - -=The Pony Express, 1859-’61.= The trip to San Francisco, a distance of -about 2000 miles, occupied nearly a month, and the people of -California were very anxious that a quicker way of getting their mails -be devised. To meet this demand the Pony Express was established in -1859. The line extended from St. Joseph to San Francisco, a long, -lonely way across plains and deserts and over mountains, sometimes in -a straight line but often winding through dark cañons or along the -edge of mountain precipices. The Pony Express required one hundred and -ninety stations, nearly five hundred horses, and eighty riders. The -stations averaged about ten miles apart. The horses were selected for -their speed and endurance, and the distance from one station to -another was covered in the shortest possible time. At each station a -fresh horse was waiting, and the only delay was in changing the mail -pouch from one horse to another. The pouch contained only letters, and -they were written on the thinnest of paper to avoid surplus weight. -Five dollars was charged for the carrying of each letter. The first -trip was made in ten days, the shortest one in seven days and -seventeen hours. Many stories of adventure are related of the two -years in which the Pony Express was in operation. In 1861 a telegraph -line was constructed across the continent, which made it possible to -flash news from ocean to ocean in a few seconds, and the Pony Express -went out of existence. - -=The First Railroad in Kansas, 1860.= By this time railroad building -had begun in Kansas. The first road was laid in the spring of 1860, -while Kansas was still a Territory, between Elwood, opposite St. -Joseph, Missouri, and Marysville. When the first five miles of rail -had been laid, a little old locomotive that had done service on many -eastern roads was brought into the State and a celebration was held in -honor of the first trip. Though the engine was old and drew only a few -flat cars over the rough and crooked track, it was an important event, -for it marked the beginning of railroad building in Kansas. - -=The Union Pacific Railroad, 1862-’69.= There had long been talk of a -railroad to the Pacific coast, and in 1862, while the Civil War was -still in progress, Congress granted a charter for such a line. This -was the beginning of the Union Pacific Railroad. It was to be built as -soon as possible by working from both ends. From the east the road was -to pass through Nebraska and on toward Salt Lake, and from the west it -was to be built from San Francisco eastward until the two lines met. -This road did not pass through Kansas, but while it was being -constructed a line that later became a part of the Union Pacific[18] -system was built from Kansas City westward, along the Kansas River, -through Manhattan, Junction City, and Salina, and on west through -Denver to join the main line at Cheyenne.[19] - - [Illustration: THE INDIAN, THE SOLDIER, AND THE BUILDER.] - -During the seven years spent in building this railroad many -difficulties were met and conquered. Most of the country along the -line was without timber, fuel, or any of the necessary supplies. The -materials for construction were brought up the Missouri River by -steamboat to Kansas City. From this point they were hauled by train -over the new railroad as far as it was completed. The Indians opposed -the work because it meant the westward movement of civilization and -the settling of their hunting grounds. They were a constant source of -danger to the whole frontier, but especially to the railroad builders. -The men usually went to their work armed, and stacked their guns ready -for instant use. Sometimes it was even necessary to guard the men with -troops while they worked. History gives many accounts of Indian -massacres committed along the line of the Union Pacific Railroad. The -entire line was finished in 1869. - - [Illustration: EARLY DAYS ON THE UNION PACIFIC.] - -=The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, Completed in 1872.= In the meantime -other lines had been chartered through Kansas, the principal one being -the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. This railroad was begun at Topeka in -1868 and completed to the western boundary of the State in a little -more than four years. The line between Topeka and Atchison was also -completed within this period. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe has -since been extended westward to the coast and eastward to Chicago, and -many branches have been added. This railroad follows the general -direction of the Santa Fe Trail across the eastern half of the State. -Near Great Bend the track runs on the exact course of the old highway, -and from this point on through the rest of the State they are never -far apart and often coincide. When, in 1872, the “Santa Fe,” as it is -generally called, was completed through Kansas, the last caravan of -wagons had wound its way over the old Trail. The trains of cars -rushing over the new iron trail marked another advance in the westward -march of civilization. - - [Illustration: THE “IRON TRAIL” ACROSS THE PRAIRIES.] - -=Railroad Companies Receive Land Grants.= The immense cost of railroad -construction, the sparsely settled country, and the limited amount of -traffic, made the early building of railroads a risky undertaking. But -railroads were needed in order to unite the West to the East as well -as for the development of the new country, and in order to encourage -their building Congress adopted the policy of making liberal land -grants to railroad companies. The Union Pacific through Kansas was -given land amounting to a strip ten miles wide on each side of its -line. Several other companies, including the Atchison, Topeka & Santa -Fe, received grants amounting to five miles on each side. This policy -brought about the rapid building of railroads, but when the State -became fairly well supplied the land grants were discontinued. Much of -the land was later forfeited by the companies through failure to meet -the conditions of their grants. - -=Railroad Companies Interested in Settlement.= When the early -railroads were first built across Kansas there were but few people -living in the western part of the State. Since population was -necessary to the prosperity of the railroad companies, these companies -gave much attention to the matter of increasing the settlements along -their lines. They sent land agents throughout the United States and -Europe, they invited people of prominence to join excursions through -Kansas, and they filled the newspapers with descriptions of the great -West. Kansas was widely and favorably advertised. Interest was -everywhere aroused and many people were attracted to the State. - -=Mennonite Settlements.= The railroad companies succeeded in planting -a number of colonies of foreigners on their lands. Among them were the -settlements of Mennonites in Reno, Harvey, Marion, and McPherson -counties. These people came from Russia for religious freedom. “They -came simultaneously with the grasshoppers but outstayed them.” The -first party, in 1874, numbered 1900 people, and many more followed -rapidly until there are now many thousands of these people in Kansas. -They brought a considerable amount of money with them and were able to -purchase their land. The Mennonites were farmers, a thrifty, -industrious people who have contributed much toward making Kansas a -great agricultural State. - -=Swedish Settlements.= Swedes had been coming to Kansas since -Territorial days. In 1871 the Union Pacific sold a large tract of land -in Saline County for a Swedish settlement. This settlement has -increased and others have been formed until there are now many people -of this nationality in Kansas. Lindsborg, almost entirely Swedish, is -their religious and social center. It is noted for its school of -music. Most of these people came in poverty, but they have converted -the bare prairies into fine agricultural districts and have become -prosperous citizens. They are an industrious, intelligent, -progressive, and law-abiding people. - -Other colonies have settled in various parts of the State; among -these, German-Russians in Russell, Rush, and Ellis counties, Scotch in -Republic County, English in Clay County, and Bohemians in Ellsworth -County. There are, at present, people of many nationalities in Kansas. - -=Relation of Railroads to State’s Industries.= Not only did the early -building of railroads do much to bring about the rapid settlement of -Kansas, but it hastened the development of practically all of the -State’s industries. For instance, the railroads have made it possible -for the farmer to market his live stock and his crops. Out of these -better market facilities have grown the great meat-packing centers and -the flouring mills. On the other hand, the growth of settlements and -industries has brought prosperity to the railroads and they have -increased in wealth, equipment, and mileage. Thus the relation between -the railroads and the State’s progress is very close. - -There are at present nearly 10,000 miles of railroad in Kansas, most -of it belonging to the four great companies, the Atchison, Topeka & -Santa Fe, the Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Chicago, -Rock Island & Pacific. - - [Illustration: A MODERN LOCOMOTIVE AND ONE OF 1880.] - -=Railroad Regulation.= There has been but little railroad building in -Kansas for a number of years for the State is now fairly well -supplied. Almost every county now has one or more railroads. In the -earlier years the important thing was to get the railroads. Having -secured them, the matter of chief concern has been to regulate them. -During the late ’70’s much dissatisfaction arose because railroad -rates were high, and several attempts were made to place the matter of -rate regulation under the control of the State. In 1883 a law was -passed creating a Railroad Commission of three members. This -Commission was given a great deal of power, especially in regard to -revising and establishing rates, and in adjusting disputes between the -railroads and their patrons. Within a few years, through the efforts -of the Commission together with the increase in business resulting -from a growing population, rates were reduced almost half. Since its -work proved to be of great service to the people the Commission was -continued. In 1911 the Railroad Commission became the Public Utilities -Commission, which was given control over all such corporations as -railroads, electric lines, and telegraph and telephone systems, in -matters that are of interest only to this particular State. In matters -that concern more than one state the Interstate Commerce Commission -may act. - -When the United States entered the World War it became evident that -one of the big problems to be met was that of transportation, within -our own country, of men and supplies. The solution decided upon was -that of government control of the railroads, which was secured by -placing a director-general in charge of all the railroads of the -United States. It was provided that this control might be continued -for a period of twenty-one months after the close of the war. - -=Interurban Lines.= Within recent years our means of transportation -have been increased by the building of electric railway lines. They -usually extend from one city to another, and are therefore called -interurban lines. Most of those already built are in the southeastern -part of the State. Plans were under way for a number of additional -lines, but the coming of the War checked practically all of this work. -The return of normal conditions will doubtless see a large increase in -interurban mileage. - -=Road Improvement.= The building of railroads did not make wagon roads -less important, but more so, for there must be plenty of good roads if -the people are to make full use of the railroads. The development of -roads in this State has been going forward since the earliest days. -Time, money, and effort are required to build roads in a new country, -and during the years that Kansas has been engaged in this great task -many different plans have been tried out and many road laws have been -passed from time to time, but it was not until after Congress passed -an act providing federal aid in road making that a unified plan for -the whole State became a fact. This act was passed in 1916, and Kansas -accepted its provisions in 1917. Since that time remarkable progress -has been made. A system of State highways forming a network over the -entire State has been selected, thousands of miles of which are -“federal-aid roads”; a complete system of connecting county roads has -been designated; information has been compiled and distributed -concerning the making of different kinds of roads, as earth, oiled -earth, gravel, water-bound macadam, bituminous macadam, asphaltic -concrete, concrete, and brick; bridge and culvert building have been -standardized; and many miles of hard-surfaced roads have already been -built or are in process of construction. Road building in Kansas is -now progressing at a rate far beyond that of any time in the past. - -=Motor Truck Service.= Much of the attention now being given to road -improvement has been brought about by the rapidly increasing use of -the automobile. During the earlier years of the automobile it was used -chiefly for the transportation of passengers, but the development of -the motor truck is making it an important factor in freight -transportation. Many lines of motor truck service already have been -established in the State, but on account of the uncertain condition of -most of the roads the service is necessarily irregular. With the -building of hard-surfaced roads the motor truck will no doubt soon -become a fully established part of our transportation system. - - - SUMMARY - - Railroad construction was begun in the United States about - 1830. By 1850 railroads reached as far west as St. Louis. - Many stage lines were established in early Kansas. The first - railroad was built in Kansas in 1860; the line extended from - Elwood to Marysville. The Union Pacific was built through - Kansas between 1862 and 1869. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa - Fe Railway was completed in 1872. In the meantime a number - of other roads were built. The railroads received large - grants of land, which they sold to settlers, thereby raising - money and increasing business. They advertised Kansas - widely. The people soon found it necessary to regulate the - railroads, and created for this purpose the Railroad - Commission, now the Public Utilities Commission. Besides the - various railroad systems of the State, there are many - interurban lines and a rapidly growing motor truck service. - Great progress in road improvement is being made. - - - REFERENCES - - Arnold, Civics and Citizenship, pp. 97-108. - Maps and Folders, published by the railroad companies. - Blackmar, Kansas, vol. II, pp. 533-548. - Elson, History of the United States, pp. 475, 618, 818. - Prentis, History of Kansas, pp. 168-170, 184-186, 191-194. - Historical Collections, vol. VIII, p. 384; vol. XI, p. 529; vol. - XII, pp. 37, 47, 383; vol. IX, p. 467; vol. VI, p. 357. - Reports of Interstate Commerce Commission and Public Utilities - Commission. - Andreas, History of Kansas, pp. 241-252. - Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. - Root and Connelley, The Overland Stage Route to California. - Spring, Kansas, pp. 306-313. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. Give an account of the beginning of railway transportation in - the United States. What were the conditions by 1850? - - 2. What were the early methods of travel in Kansas? - - 3. Why were the early settlers anxious for railroads? What did - they do to secure railroads? - - 4. Discuss the stage lines; the Pony Express. - - 5. When and where was the first railroad built in Kansas? - - 6. Tell something of the building of the main line of the Union - Pacific. - - 7. Give an account of the building of the Union Pacific through - Kansas. What were some of the difficulties that had to be - overcome? - - 8. When was the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe built? Give its - route. - - 9. Name other railroads in Kansas. - - 10. Why were land grants made to the railroad companies? How did - the railroad companies use this land? - - 11. Why did the railroad companies advertise Kansas? What was the - effect on the State? - - 12. Locate settlements of foreigners in Kansas. - - 13. Show why there is a close relation between the people and the - railroads. - - 14. Why has regulation of the railroads been found necessary? How - has it been accomplished? - - 15. What is, approximately, the railroad mileage of the State? - - 16. What lines of railroad in your community? - - 17. Are there any interurban lines near you? Are any such lines - being discussed? - - 18. What motor truck service is being carried on in your - community? - - 19. Locate the state highways and the county roads of your - county. - - 20. Describe recent improvement of roads in your community. - - - - -CHAPTER XVII - -EDUCATION IN KANSAS - - -=The First Schools in Kansas.= The first schools in Kansas were the -mission schools for the Indians. When Kansas was organized as a -Territory and the white settlers began to make their homes here, the -education of their children became one of their first interests. In -the summer of 1855 the first Territorial Legislature passed a law -providing for the establishment of common schools, and thus laid the -foundation for our public school system. - -=Early Territorial Schools.= In January of 1855, when the town of -Lawrence was only six months old, a school was opened in the back of -Dr. Charles Robinson’s office. A term of school was held in Lawrence -every winter thereafter. Other towns also maintained schools, as did a -few of the country communities, but the settlers’ claims were so -widely scattered and the dangers during the days of raids and warfare -were so great that country schools were almost an impossibility during -the first few years. - -=Subscription Schools.= Many of the earlier schools were “subscription -schools,” which means that they were not public schools supported by a -tax levy, but that the teacher’s pay came from a tuition charged each -pupil who attended. - -=Beginning of Our School System.= By 1859, when Territorial conditions -had become more settled, the Legislature turned its attention to the -matter of education and passed a set of school laws that has served -ever since as the basis of our system of education. While Kansas was -still a Territory, a few districts were organized and schoolhouses -built, and the minimum school term was made three months. - - [Illustration: SOD SCHOOLHOUSE.] - -=Schools After the Civil War.= Little educational progress was made -during the Civil War, but when peace had come to Kansas and the people -could turn their minds to the needs of their homes and communities, -schoolhouses built of logs or sod sprang up everywhere, for the -pioneers had brought with them a desire to educate their children. -Sometimes the settlers did not even wait to organize their district, -but gathered together and began work on their schoolhouse. Where there -was a timber supply they made their buildings of logs. On the prairie -they built of sod. With the breaking plow they sliced out long pieces -of sod from two to four inches thick and twelve to fourteen inches -wide, and these, mortared with soft mud, were used like brick to build -the walls. The roof was sometimes of lumber, but often the sod was -laid over a framework of brush and poles. Whether the building was of -logs or of sod, the floor was usually of dirt sprinkled and packed -until it was hard and smooth. As the country grew in population and -resources these buildings were replaced by others made of lumber, -brick, or stone, but the little log and sod schoolhouses served the -pioneers well. They were used not only for school purposes, but for -religious services and for social gatherings, spelling schools, -singing schools, and literary societies. The schoolhouses were the -social centers in early Kansas. - - [Illustration: INTERIOR OF SOD SCHOOLHOUSE.] - -=The Work of the Pioneer Schools.= Although the minimum term was three -months, it was usually made a little longer for the benefit of the -smaller children. As a rule the older boys and girls went to school -only during the winter months when they could be spared from the -farms. The work in the schools in those days consisted chiefly of the -three R’s, “readin’, ’ritin’ and ’rithmetic.” In most cases, the -pupils started each year at the beginning of their books and worked as -far as they could. This was continued winter after winter until the -girls and boys were eighteen to twenty-one years of age, or even -older. There was no such thing as graduating from the country schools; -the pupils attended until they were ready to quit. Since there were -almost no high schools in the State, few of the children received more -than a common school education, and most of the teachers had no more -than that. - - [Illustration: A PRESENT DAY RURAL SCHOOL.] - -=Changes in the District Schools.= Conditions are quite different in -the country schools to-day. Many of them have terms of eight months, a -few have nine months, while seven months is the shortest term -permitted by the State. The truancy law requires attendance during the -full term, whatever its length. The sod and log schoolhouses of -pioneer days were, in time, replaced by neat little box-like buildings -usually constructed of wood, though occasionally of brick or stone, -and these in turn are now rapidly disappearing and their places are -being taken by buildings that are larger, more beautiful, more -comfortable, and far better adapted to educational needs. The -qualifications of teachers have been raised. In earlier days, when -there were but few high schools, many teachers had no education beyond -what they had obtained in the country schools, but to-day ninety per -cent of the rural teachers of the State are high-school graduates, and -this per cent is steadily increasing. The work of the rural schools -has expanded far beyond the “three R’s.” In addition to the regular -work it now includes as much as time will permit of such subjects as -music, manual training, agriculture, and household arts. The rural -schools have been receiving a great deal of attention in recent years -and are very rapidly being improved. Several hundred of them have -already met the requirements laid down by the State for a “standard” -school, and a few for a “superior” school, and these lists are -constantly growing. - - [Illustration: A CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL.] - - [Illustration: A HIGH-SCHOOL CLASS IN DOMESTIC SCIENCE.] - - [Illustration: A HIGH-SCHOOL CLASS IN MANUAL TRAINING.] - -=Consolidated Schools.= Consolidation is generally looked upon as a -method of bettering conditions in the rural schools. A consolidated -district is one formed by the union of several districts. The little -district schoolhouses are replaced by a larger building, usually -centrally located, to which the children are conveyed in wagons -provided for that purpose. With its larger valuation the consolidated -district can have plenty of teachers and equipment and can offer a -greater variety of subjects. There are a number of consolidated -schools in the State now, and the plan is being considered in many -communities. The good roads movement will no doubt do much to -encourage consolidation. - - [Illustration: A COUNTY HIGH SCHOOL.] - -=Growth of the High School.= A number of years passed before there -were many high schools in Kansas. Four schools constituted the list of -accredited high schools of the State as published in 1876. By 1886 the -number had grown to thirty-six, and by 1896 it had reached -seventy-seven. From that time on the number increased very rapidly -until in 1918 there were six hundred thirty accredited high schools in -the State, one hundred twenty-one of which were rural high schools. -Until about 1905 the standard for an accredited high school was a -course of only three years. Since that time it has been four years. In -the early years the real purpose of the high school was considered to -be that of preparing the pupils for college, and the courses of study -included only such subjects as were suited to that purpose. The -present idea is that this is only one of the purposes of the high -school, the other being that of supplying to the great mass of pupils, -who will never go to college, the best possible preparation for -living. To accomplish this latter purpose courses of study have been -broadened to include such work as music, manual training, agriculture, -commercial work, household arts, teacher training, and industrial -training. Until very recent years high schools were established only -in towns and cities, but now they are to be found in consolidated -districts, and in rural districts, sometimes in small towns in those -districts and sometimes in communities that are entirely rural. There -is not now a county in the State that is without a four-year -accredited high school. - - [Illustration: FORT HAYS KANSAS NORMAL SCHOOL.] - - [Illustration: TWO-TEACHER RURAL SCHOOL.] - - [Illustration: KANSAS STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, EMPORIA.] - -=Institutions of Higher Learning.= The deep interest of the Kansas -settlers in matters of education is nowhere more apparent than in -their early establishment of institutions of higher learning. In the -first Constitution, made in 1855, one reads, “The General Assembly may -take measures for the establishment of a university”; and again, -“Provisions may be made by law for the support of normal schools.” -These matters were not lost sight of, and almost immediately after the -admission of Kansas as a state this ambition found expression in the -establishment of the Normal School, the Agricultural College, and the -University. - - [Illustration: RURAL HIGH SCHOOL.] - -=The Normal Schools.= The State Normal School at Emporia opened in -1865 with eighteen students enrolled. It used the upper floor of the -new schoolhouse that had just been built for Emporia which was then -but a small town. There was no furniture, and the equipment consisted -of a Bible and a dictionary. Seats were borrowed from a neighboring -church. But the Normal soon had a building of its own. In later years -this has been three times replaced by a larger and better one and many -new buildings have been added. - - [Illustration: MANUAL TRAINING NORMAL SCHOOL, PITTSBURG.] - -The Normal School is based on the principle that it is not only -necessary to know what to teach but how to teach; that there are new -discoveries and advances in methods of teaching as there are in other -lines, such as medicine or farming. The purpose of the Normal School -is to train teachers. - - [Illustration: SCHOOLHOUSE USED AS A SOCIAL CENTER.] - -When our State Normal School was established there were not more than -a dozen other such schools in the United States and none that prepared -teachers for high-school positions. To-day there are many normal -schools, but none larger than ours or more amply equipped to prepare -teachers for all lines of teaching. The course of study, reaching from -the kindergarten to the completion of a college course, places our -State Normal School in the front rank of institutions of its kind. - - [Illustration: KANSAS STATE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, MANHATTAN.] - -In 1901 the Western Branch State Normal School was established at -Hays, and in 1903 another branch, the Manual Training Normal School, -was opened at Pittsburg. Each of these has since been made an -independent school. The one at Hays is now known as the Fort Hays -Kansas Normal School. - -=The Agricultural College.= In 1862 Congress passed an act providing -for land grants to states for the purpose of establishing colleges of -agriculture and mechanic arts. Kansas was among the first states to -accept the endowment, and the next year Bluemont Central College, a -Methodist school at Manhattan, was given to the State and made the -State Agricultural College. During the first ten years the growth of -the Agricultural College was very slow. This was chiefly due to the -fact that industrial education was something new and did not receive -much attention. The College gave only a little work in agriculture or -manual training, and what was given was merely supplementary. It was -doing little to educate toward the farm or the workshop. In 1873 the -school was reorganized. Farmers began to be interested in it and to -discuss its possibilities. Such subjects as Latin and Greek were -dropped and agriculture, home economics, and mechanic arts were -emphasized. Workshops, print shops, kitchen and sewing rooms, -agricultural implements, and live stock, were provided. This was a -very advanced step at that time and it aroused some opposition. It was -called the “new-fangled” education, and farmers who read and studied -methods of farming were often sneered at as “book farmers.” But in -time people began to view these things in a different light. It has -now come to be generally recognized that successful farming requires a -broader and more varied knowledge than almost any other business, and -that in an agricultural state like ours nothing is more important than -the training of its citizens for home and farm life. The Agricultural -College now occupies the position of leadership in the agricultural -and industrial interests of the State, and is one of the largest -agricultural colleges in the United States. - - [Illustration: THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS, LAWRENCE.] - -=The University.= The University of Kansas was established by an act -of the Legislature of 1864, and its object, as given by this act, is -to “provide the inhabitants of the State with means of acquiring a -thorough knowledge of the various branches of literature, science, and -the arts.” The university idea is hundreds of years old, and so there -was nothing new in the thought of a university in Kansas. The -University of Kansas was built on the flat-topped hill in Lawrence -where the first party of free-state settlers pitched their tents. It -was opened in 1866 with forty students and three professors. To-day -there are twenty great buildings on Mount Oread. The central -department of the University is the college, which provides a liberal -education in languages, sciences, mathematics, history, and kindred -subjects. Besides the college there are schools of engineering, of -fine arts, of law, of pharmacy, of medicine, and of education. Ours -now ranks high among the universities of the United States. - -=Control of State Schools.= Altogether, the University, the -Agricultural College, and the Normal Schools employ about seven -hundred instructors and enroll between eight and nine thousand -students each year. The total annual cost to the people of Kansas is -nearly two million dollars. These schools, together with the School -for the Blind at Kansas City, and the School for the Deaf at Olathe, -were, in 1913, placed under the management of a board of three members -called the Board of Administration. In 1917 the Board of -Administration was reorganized and the penal and the charitable -institutions of the State were placed under its control. - -=Denominational Colleges.= In addition to the State institutions -Kansas has more than thirty denominational colleges. A few of the -largest of these are Baker University at Baldwin, Washburn College at -Topeka, Ottawa University at Ottawa, Friends University at Wichita, -the Southwestern University at Winfield, and the College of Emporia. -There are also a number of business colleges and a few independent -schools. - -=Other Provisions for Education.= Besides all the schools where the -people of Kansas may obtain an education, every effort is being made -to provide other educational opportunities by means of extension work, -public and traveling libraries, and night schools. The State Normal -School, the Agricultural College, and the University all do extension -work, which means that they offer correspondence courses, send out -lecturers, and in various other ways carry their work to those who can -not attend the schools. Many communities maintain free public -libraries and the State maintains a traveling library.[20] Night -schools are now provided in several of our larger cities. An education -is now possible to any one who really wants it. - -All of this has been brought about within little more than a half -century, and though there is much yet to be done the people of Kansas -have every reason to be proud of what they have accomplished in the -interests of education. - - - SUMMARY - - Education in Kansas began with the mission schools and was - one of the first interests in Territorial days. There were - many subscription schools before district schools were - organized. The organization of districts began in the - Territorial period and kept pace with settlement. The - University, the Normal School and the Agricultural College - were established during the Civil War. Since that time many - denominational colleges have been established, the high - school has been developed, and many other means of education - have been provided. Great educational progress has been - made. - - - REFERENCES - - Prentis, History of Kansas, chap. XXXV. - Historical Collections, vol. VI, pp. 70, 114; vol. VII, pp. 167, - 502; vol. XI, p. 424; vol. XII, pp. 69, 77, 195. - Catalogues of the State Schools. - Reports of State Department of Education. - Statutes of Kansas. - Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. - Andreas, History of Kansas, General and County Histories. - Spring, Kansas, pp. 319-325. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. What were the mission schools? - - 2. When did the settlers become interested in education? - - 3. What was done in education during the Territorial period? - - 4. What were subscription schools? - - 5. Describe the early schoolhouses. Compare them with the - buildings of to-day. - - 6. How did work in the early schools differ from work in the - schools of to-day? - - 7. Give the history of the growth of the high school. - - 8. Give an account of the establishment of the State Normal - School; its growth; its purpose. What other normal schools do - we now have? - - 9. When and where was the Agricultural College established? Give - an account of its growth; its work to-day. - - 10. What is the purpose of a university? When and where was the - University of Kansas established? - - 11. What is the present enrollment and cost of the State schools? - - 12. What is a denominational college? Name some of the most - important of the denominational colleges in Kansas. - - 13. What other opportunities for education have been provided? - - - - -CHAPTER XVIII - -KANSAS MEMORIALS - - -=Significance of Kansas History.= Kansas is a comparatively new State. -Nearly all of its history has been made within little more than a -century, and most of it within the sixty years of its period of -settlement. Few states, however, have had a more eventful history. -From its beginning Kansas has been a place of action. The pages of its -history are filled with wars and battles, with stirring adventure, and -with deeds of courage and daring. Nearly every part of the State has -its places of historic interest, and the names of men and women who -should be honored for good and brave deeds would make a long list. - -The people of Kansas are proud of the history of their State and -desire to preserve it. To that end they have taken steps to save a -number of the old landmarks, they have built many monuments, and have -gathered and kept many records of the past. - - [Illustration: Bust of Eugene Ware - - “Of all the states, but three will live in story; - Old Massachusetts with her Plymouth Rock, - And Old Virginia with her noble stock, - And Sunny Kansas with her woes and glory.” - ――EUGENE F. WARE.] - -=Pawnee Rock.= One of the early landmarks was Pawnee Rock on the old -Santa Fe Trail, in what is now Barton County. This giant rock standing -on the level plain was a noted spot, for the Trail ran near its base, -and while it provided a place of rest and safety for many a weary -traveler, it also afforded a retreat from which the Indians could dash -down upon the traders. In later years much of the rock was torn away -for building purposes and this historic old landmark was rapidly -disappearing. The Woman’s Kansas Day Club resolved to save this -historic spot, and secured a deed for the Rock and five acres of -ground surrounding it. On Kansas Day, 1909, the women presented this -deed to the State. The transfer was made with the condition that the -State spend $3000 for improvements. This was done and the preservation -of Pawnee Rock is now assured. - - [Illustration: PRESENT VIEW OF PAWNEE ROCK.] - -=The Pike Memorial.= The exact site of the Pawnee Indian village -visited by Lieutenant Pike in 1806 was not known with certainty for -many years, but was finally found to be in Republic County. It was -located through the discovery of rows of circular ridges supposed to -have been the embankments of the Indian lodges.[21] An iron fence now -incloses about six acres of the ground, on which the rings are still -plainly visible, and a granite shaft stands where the Stars and -Stripes first floated over Kansas. The monument bears the inscription: -“Erected by the State of Kansas, 1901, to mark the site of the Pawnee -Republic where Lieutenant Zebulon M. Pike caused the Spanish flag to -be lowered and the flag of the United States to be raised, September -29, 1806.” - - [Illustration: WHERE THE STARS AND STRIPES FIRST FLOATED OVER - KANSAS.] - -=Marking of the Santa Fe Trail.= The Santa Fe Trail, which was -associated with most of the early history of Kansas, was known -throughout the country, but with the settlement of the State the old -highway was growing dim; the ruts were filling in, grass was covering -the broad track, and with the passing of those who knew it in the old -days the true route was in danger of being forgotten. To prevent this, -the Daughters of the American Revolution began, in the opening years -of the present century, to agitate the question of marking the line of -the Trail through the State. In 1905 the Legislature appropriated -$1000 “for procuring suitable monuments for this purpose.” Kansas Day -of 1906 was designated “Trail Day” in the public schools, and the -children were invited to contribute a penny each toward the fund. They -gave $584.40. Eighty-nine markers were purchased. Various local -organizations added nine more, making a total of ninety-eight markers. -They were placed along the Trail from the eastern to the western end -of the State. They bear the inscription, “Santa Fe Trail 1822-1872. -Marked by the Daughters of the American Revolution and the State of -Kansas, 1906.” A few of the markers bear special inscriptions in -addition to this. The one at Council Grove has on the other side, “On -this spot, August 10, 1825, the treaty was made with the Osage Indians -for the right of way of the Santa Fe Trail.” - - [Illustration: SANTA FE TRAIL MARKER, WITH LOCAL INSCRIPTION.] - - [Illustration: SANTA FE TRAIL MARKER.] - -=Pawnee Capitol.= The old stone building erected at Pawnee for the -capitol of Kansas still stands on the Fort Riley Reservation. In 1907 -a subscription fund was raised and the money used to repair and -restore the old building so that it will stand for many years as a -relic of our early history. - - [Illustration: OLD PAWNEE CAPITOL ON THE FORT RILEY MILITARY - RESERVATION.] - -=John Brown’s Battle Field.= The site of John Brown’s battle field at -Osawatomie was purchased by the Woman’s Relief Corps of Kansas and -presented to the State in 1909. - -=Statues in the Hall of Fame.= Each State is permitted to place two -statues in the Hall of Fame in the National Capitol at Washington. In -1905 one of the Kansas places was filled with a statue of John J. -Ingalls, who was a Senator from this State from 1873 to 1891. In 1913 -the other place was filled with a statue of George W. Glick, who was -Governor of Kansas from 1883 to 1885. - - [Illustration: THE JOHN BROWN MONUMENT.] - -=Other Monuments.= A number of monuments have been erected in various -parts of the State in commemoration of noted persons or events. The -John Brown monument at Osawatomie was dedicated on August 30, 1877. It -bears two inscriptions: “In commemoration of those who, on the 30th of -August, 1856, gave up their lives at the battle of Osawatomie in -defense of freedom,” and, “This inscription is also in commemoration -of the heroism of Captain John Brown, who commanded at the battle of -Osawatomie, August 30, 1856; who died and conquered American slavery -on the scaffold at Charlestown, Virginia, December 2, 1859.” - - [Illustration: MARAIS DES CYGNES MONUMENT.] - -A splendid monument has been erected in Linn County to mark the graves -of the victims of the Marais des Cygnes massacre. - - [Illustration: QUANTRILL RAID MONUMENT.] - -At Lawrence there is a monument bearing this inscription: “Dedicated -to the memory of the one hundred and fifty citizens who, defenseless, -fell victims to the inhuman ferocity of border guerrillas, led by the -infamous Quantrill in his raid upon Lawrence, August 21, 1863. Erected -May 30, 1895.” - -A monument has been raised near Junction City in honor of the -expedition of Coronado. There are several other monuments in the State -commemorating the Spanish explorations of 1541-1542. - -Monuments have been dedicated to the memory of settlers killed in the -Indian raids on the frontier, and to men who were killed by Indians -while engaged in construction work on the Union Pacific Railroad. - -=Memorial Hall.= These are only a few; many tablets, monuments, and -markers have been erected in Kansas, but by far the greatest number of -them are monuments in honor of the soldiers of the Civil War. Many of -these are very handsome, and they have cost, in the aggregate, -thousands of dollars; but this recognition seemed insufficient, and it -had long been hoped that a handsome and serviceable building might be -erected as a fitting and worthy recognition by the whole State of the -honor due the soldiers and sailors of the Civil War. The fulfillment -of this ambition finally became possible when the United States paid -to Kansas an old Civil War debt amounting to nearly a half-million -dollars. The money was used for the construction of Memorial Hall. -This beautiful structure, built of white marble, stands near the -grounds of the State Capitol at Topeka. Part of Memorial Hall is used -as headquarters for the Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the -Republic, and the rest by the State Historical Society. - - [Illustration: AN OLD, DOUBLE-EDGED, SPANISH SWORD, - Found in Finney county some years ago and presented to the State - Historical Society. The sword bears the name of one of - Coronado’s officers, Juan Gallego. On the blade, in Spanish, are - the words: “Draw me not without reason; sheathe me not without - honor.”] - -=The State Historical Society.= The State Historical Society was -organized in 1875. From that time until the present the Society has -gathered and kept books, writings, narratives, maps, relics and other -matter relating to the history of Kansas. In these collections may be -found information concerning the explorations, the Indians, the -overland travel, the settlements, and the condition and progress of -the State in its various departments. Volumes of clippings, files of -newspapers, and thousands of books, provide a very complete record of -all phases of the State’s history. One of the interesting features is -the collection of relics, among which are: an old Spanish sword -supposed to have belonged to one of Coronado’s soldiers; the pistol of -the Jayhawker, James Montgomery; two cannon used in the border -troubles; and the cap, saddle, and sword of John Brown. There are many -Indian pipes, ornaments, implements, arrowheads, and a war bonnet. The -historical collections, which have increased from year to year, are -very interesting and should be seen by every citizen of Kansas. The -Historical Society had rooms in the State Capitol until the completion -of Memorial Hall, when it was moved into the new building. Thus -Memorial Hall stands as a tribute not only to the soldiers but to the -entire history of Kansas. - - - SUMMARY - - In late years Kansas has taken many steps to preserve its - history. Some of its most prominent memorials are: Pawnee - Rock; Pike Memorial; Santa Fe Trail markers; Pawnee Capitol; - John Brown’s battle-field; monuments to commemorate the - battle of Osawatomie, the Marais des Cygnes massacre, and - the Quantrill raid. Many other monuments and tablets have - been erected in different parts of the State to commemorate - important events. Memorial Hall, completed in 1914, was - built in honor of the soldiers and sailors who served in the - Civil War. This building provided fitting quarters for the - Kansas Department of the Grand Army of the Republic, and for - the State Historical Society which has a large and valuable - collection of original historical material. - - - REFERENCES - - Blackmar, Kansas, Selected Topics. - Inman, The Old Santa Fe Trail. - Historical Collections, vol. XI, p. 253; vol. X, pp. 15, 50, 472. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. How long since Kansas became a state? - - 2. What places of historic interest are there in the State? - - 3. What places of historic interest are there in your locality? - Have they been marked in any way? - - 4. What have you learned from the old settlers about the history - of your locality? - - 5. Locate Pawnee Rock. Give its early history. Its recent - history. - - 6. Give an account of Pike’s visit to the Pawnee Indians. Where - was the Indian village? How has this event been commemorated? - - 7. Give an account of the marking of the Santa Fe Trail. - - 8. Locate the old Pawnee Capitol and give its history. - - 9. Name as many other memorials as you can and give the event - which each commemorates. - - 10. What is Memorial Hall? Why was it erected? For what is it to - be used? - - 11. Explain the work and purpose of the State Historical Society. - - - - -CHAPTER XIX - -THE KANSAS SPIRIT - - -=Introduction.= Kansas is a great State; great in size and wealth, -great in industries and resources, and great in what it has -accomplished. But there are states that are larger, others that are -wealthier, and many that have larger cities, greater population, a -longer history, and more splendid memorials, so it is not for these -things that Kansas is especially noted among the states. The quality -that is the mark of its distinction is the character of its history -and of its people. - -=The Meaning of the Kansas Spirit.= Any people is, in large part, the -product of its thinking, its beliefs, and its hopes and desires. This -is the lesson of Hawthorne’s story, “The Great Stone Face.” Through -all the years Ernest studied the face on the mountain and pondered the -thoughts that he read there. In time he came to resemble the great -face, both in its features and in the character it expressed. In the -same way the people of Kansas have become what they are to-day because -of their thoughts, their experiences and their ideals. We often hear -it said concerning some act or some effort toward progress, “That is -the Kansas spirit,” which means that the thing done shows what kind of -people the Kansans are; it is characteristic of them. If, then, we -would understand what this Kansas spirit is, we must know what -thoughts and experiences and ideals have had a part in producing it. - - [Illustration: Bust of John J. Ingalls - - “This is but the dawn. We stand in the vestibule of the temple. - The achievements of the past will pale into insignificance - before the completed glory of the century to come.” - ――JOHN J. INGALLS.] - -=Pioneer Qualities.= Certain characteristics of the people of Kansas -are largely due to the fact that this was so recently a frontier -state. Pioneer life, wherever it exists, develops the qualities of -independence, courage, resourcefulness, endurance, and democracy. The -pioneer has only himself to lean on; he learns to take chances, he -laughs at adversity, he adapts himself to circumstances, and he lives -in the future. - - [Illustration: THE FORUM, WICHITA, KANSAS.] - -=Qualities that Make the Kansas Spirit.= These characteristics are -not, however, peculiar to the Kansas people, for the early settlers of -other states lived on the frontier and developed these same qualities. -But Kansas had a Territorial history which was very different from -that of any other state and which has left its impress upon the -people. Other pioneers have had the great task of making a state out -of a wilderness, but Kansas pioneers had a second great task, that of -making a free state in the face of the most determined opposition. -They came to Kansas as the Puritans came to America, in the name of -liberty. They were stern, unyielding, purposeful men and women, sure -of the presence of divine leadership, and their character has deeply -influenced the Kansas people. This influence has made them hate -oppression; it has made them demand justice and fair play; it has made -them value people for their personal worth; it has made them believe -in the equality of human rights, and in the ability of the people to -govern themselves. These are characteristics of every true Kansan and -the qualities that make the Kansas spirit. - -=Manifestations of the Kansas Spirit.= This spirit is evident in many -phases of the life and progress of our people, but it is nowhere more -apparent than in their political affairs and in their laws. The spirit -that made the pioneers refuse to submit to the “Bogus Legislature” -also impelled them to send more than their share of soldiers to the -Civil War. Later, the same spirit led the Kansas people to adopt the -prohibition amendment and to grant to women the full right of -suffrage. It caused the farmers and other laboring people to form -organizations for the better protection of their rights. It made the -State do its part in the World War cheerfully and generously. In -short, the Kansas spirit has manifested itself whenever the people -have made an effort to overcome difficulties, whenever they have tried -to secure more justice or liberty for themselves. These efforts have -sometimes been so radical, and the plans offered for the betterment of -conditions so new and startling as to attract much attention in the -rest of the country. But Kansas has continued to believe in the worth -and possibilities of her people and to make every effort to bring -about conditions that will give them the opportunity to rise to the -full measure of their nature. - -=The Task Confronting the Kansas of To-day.= All over the United -States there is a growing tendency on the part of the people to -exercise a more direct control of their government; to take more and -more authority into their own hands. This means that the people must -be interested, active and well-informed. For us, it means that the -quality of Kansas government depends upon the quality of Kansas -citizenship. While the task of the pioneers was a heavy one, ours -to-day is no less great, though it is different. Their struggle was to -get the soil under cultivation, ours to see that it does not become -worn out; theirs to get public utilities, ours to use and regulate -them; theirs to develop new industries, ours to see that they are -carried on with justice to all; theirs to establish schools, ours to -make them more efficient; in general, theirs to build up, ours to use -wisely. - -Kansas history is not made; it is in the making. We study the past -that we may learn how to make the present better. Great things have -been accomplished but there is much yet to be done. The pioneers -solved their problems, and if we are worthy of the Kansas they have -given us we will strive to solve ours. We will keep alive the Kansas -spirit. - - - SUMMARY - - The Kansas people have developed the same pioneer qualities - as have the people of other states; but, in addition, their - peculiar Territorial history has made them believe in a - marked degree in liberty, justice, equality, and democracy. - These characteristics have given rise to what is called “the - Kansas spirit.” This spirit is especially evident in the - political movements through which the people have taken more - and more of the control of government into their own hands. - - - REFERENCES - - Kansas, Carl Becker. - Historical Collections. Selected Topics. - Connelley, History as an Asset of the State. - - - QUESTIONS - - 1. In what things is Kansas great? Name other states that are - greater in any of these things. What quality distinguishes - Kansas? - - 2. How can the lesson in the story of “The Great Stone Face” be - applied to Kansas? - - 3. Why does pioneer life develop courage? Independence? - Resourcefulness? - - 4. What effect has the Territorial history of Kansas had on the - people? - - 5. What is meant by the Kansas spirit? What are some of the ways - in which it has been shown? Discuss each. - - 6. Discuss the responsibilities of the Kansas people of to-day. - - - - -THE APPENDIX - -TERRITORIAL PERIOD - - -Legislatures - -There were six Territorial legislatures. The first two were -proslavery. Beginning in 1858 the four that followed were free-state. - - -Constitutions - -Four constitutions were prepared: the Topeka Constitution in 1855, the -Lecompton in 1857, the Leavenworth in 1858, and the Wyandotte in 1859. -The Lecompton was the only one that provided for slavery. The State -was admitted under the Wyandotte, our present Constitution. It was -based on the constitution of Ohio and was drafted by men from both -parties. - - -Capitals - -Several different places served as Territorial capitals. When Governor -Reeder came to Kansas he kept his office at Leavenworth for about two -months, then removed it to Shawnee Mission, which was used as the -Territorial capital until the following spring when Governor Reeder -named Pawnee as the capital. The Legislature remained at Pawnee only -five days and then adjourned to Shawnee Mission, where the Governor’s -office was kept another year. In August, 1855, the Territorial -Legislature selected Lecompton, which continued as the capital during -the remainder of the Territorial period. However, when the free-state -people gained control of the Legislature in 1858 they made an effort -to change the capital to Minneola. Failing in this, they met at -Lecompton for each session and then at once adjourned to Lawrence. At -an election in November, 1861, the people selected Topeka as the -permanent capital of Kansas. - - -The Topeka Movement - -The free-state Government under the Topeka Constitution was organized -in the days of the “Bogus Legislature” for the purpose of uniting the -free-state people and enabling them to oppose proslavery methods. It -was continued until the free-state people gained control of the -Territorial Legislature, when it became no longer necessary and was -dropped. The principal events were as follows: The convention met in -October of 1855, completed the Topeka Constitution in November, and -the free-state people voted favorably on it in December. In January of -1856 they elected Charles Robinson governor. Their Legislature met in -March, and in the same month they applied for admission to the Union -but the bill failed to pass. The Legislature met again in July, but -was disbanded by United States troops under Sumner. They met in -January of 1857, but the officers were arrested. Two additional -meetings were held; one in January and one in March of 1858. Then, -having served its purpose, the Topeka movement was at an end. - - -INDIAN MISSIONS IN EARLY KANSAS - - -Presbyterian Missions - -Two Presbyterian missions were established among the Osages in what is -now Neosho County in 1824. One was the Boudinot mission. The work was -in charge of Rev. Benton Pixley. - -Rev. S. M. Irwin established a mission among the Iowas, Sacs and Foxes -in Doniphan County, near the present town of Highland, in 1837. -Highland College, one of the oldest colleges in the State, still -remains as a school of this church. - - -Methodist Missions - -In 1830 the Shawnee Methodist mission was established a few miles -southwest of where Kansas City now stands. This mission was in charge -of Rev. Thomas Johnson. A few years later it had a manual-labor school -and a farm and was one of the largest and best known of the missions -in Kansas. - -In 1832 a mission was established among the Delawares in Wyandotte -County, on the site of the town of White Church, by William Johnson -and Thomas B. Markham. Rev. E. T. Peery was in charge. - -A mission for the Kickapoos was founded in 1833. It was just north of -the site of Leavenworth and was in charge of Rev. J. C. Berryman. - -In 1833 a mission was established for the Kanzas at Mission Creek, -Shawnee County, by Rev. William Johnson, who continued the work for -seven years. When the Kanzas were moved, the mission was located at -Council Grove. It existed from 1850 to 1854. - - -Baptist Missions - -The Baptist Church established a mission among the Shawnees in 1831. -It was about two miles northwest of the Shawnee Methodist mission. The -leader was Isaac McCoy, and he was joined later by Dr. Johnson Lykins -and Rev. Jotham Meeker. Mr. Meeker was a printer, and in 1834 issued -the first book printed in Kansas, a primer in the Indian language. - -A mission was established among the Ottawas in 1837, on the present -site of Ottawa, under the charge of Rev. Jotham Meeker. This mission -survives in Ottawa University. - -A mission was opened among the Pottawatomies in 1837, by Rev. Robert -Simmerwell, near the site of Osawatomie. When this tribe moved to the -new reservation the mission was relocated at Mission Creek in Shawnee -County. It was abandoned in 1854. - -In 1840 Dr. David Lykins established a mission among the Miamis, about -ten miles southeast of the present city of Paola. - -Dr. Johnson Lykins opened a mission among the Delawares in 1832. - - -Friends Mission - -The Society of Friends established a mission among the Shawnees in -1834, about three miles west of the Methodist mission. Henry Harvey, -M. Mendenhall, and the Hadleys were teachers in this mission. - - -Catholic Missions - -In 1822 Father La Croix visited the Osages, just across the line in -Missouri, and baptized several Indian children. At different times -Father Van Quickenborn visited the Osages and preached. In 1847 Rev. -Schoenmaker established the Osage Mission, now St. Paul, in Neosho -County. - -The Catholic mission was founded in 1836 by Fathers Van Quickenborn -and Hœken for the Kickapoos, near the Junction of Salt Creek with the -Missouri, in Leavenworth County. - -St. Mary’s mission among the Pottawatomies was established in Miami -County in 1838, and moved to Linn County in 1839, where it remained -until the removal of the tribe to Pottawatomie County in 1849. The -mission was then established at St. Mary’s, where it survives to-day -in St. Mary’s school for boys. - - -FORTS IN EARLY KANSAS - -Many forts were established in early Kansas; a few by the fur -companies, some by the War Department, some by state troops, a number -by settlers as a place of refuge from the Indians, and a few by -free-state and proslavery forces during the Territorial struggle. Some -of them consisted merely of a wall of earth thrown up, others of a -strongly built log cabin within a line of earthworks or line of -palisades. Many of them were more pretentious, and were built of logs, -adobe, or stone. Some of the forts established by the National -Government cost many thousands of dollars and most of them had large -land reserves. As the settlements moved westward the necessity for the -forts no longer existed, and with the exception of Fort Leavenworth -and Fort Riley, which are still maintained by the National Government -as army posts, they fell into disuse. The principal early forts were: - -Fort Kanzas, established by the French fur traders in the early part -of the eighteenth century, was located in what is now Atchison County. -It is mentioned in the journal of Lewis and Clark as an abandoned -fort. - -Fort Lyon, earlier called Bent’s Fort, was built in 1826 for a -fur-trading post. It occupied several different sites on the Arkansas -River, all of them within the present bounds of Colorado, the last one -being within Territorial Kansas. It was opened to settlement in 1890. - -Fort Leavenworth was established in 1827 by Col. Henry Leavenworth of -the United States army. It has from its beginning been an important -military post. More than $2,000,000 has been expended on it, and it -now ranks among the first of the military posts of the United States. - -Fort Riley was established in 1852 by the United States. It has been -enlarged and improved from time to time until it is now an important -military center. Fort Riley is near the junction of the Republican and -Smoky Hill rivers, and is very near the geographical center of the -United States. - -Fort Atkinson, one of the early forts erected along the Santa Fe -Trail, was located on the Arkansas River about six miles above the -present site of Dodge City. This fort was built in 1850 and abandoned -in 1854. It was known for a few months as Fort Mackey, when the name -was changed to Fort Atkinson. - -Fort Mann was probably erected about 1845 on or near the site on which -Fort Atkinson was later built. - -Fort Scott was built in 1842 on the site of the present city of Fort -Scott. In 1853 it ceased to be used as a military post, and in 1855 -the buildings were sold. This fort had no reservation. - -Fort Larned was located in 1859 on Pawnee Fork, about eight miles -above the mouth of that stream. It was for a number of years an -important post, but was later abandoned as a fort, and in 1882 the -reservation was opened for sale to settlers. - -Fort Saunders was a proslavery stronghold about twelve miles southwest -of Lawrence in 1856. It was destroyed by a body of free-state settlers -the same year. - -Fort Titus, located about two miles south of Lecompton, was a log -house used as a proslavery fortification. It was captured and -destroyed by free-state forces shortly after the destruction of Fort -Saunders. - -Fort Wakarusa was a free-state fortification on the Wakarusa River, -about five miles from Lawrence. - -Fort Bain was a log cabin in the northern part of Bourbon County which -served as a retreat for John Brown and James Montgomery in 1857 and -1858. - -Fort Baxter, a military post, was established by General Blunt in -1863. It was the scene of an attack by Quantrill, known as the Baxter -Springs massacre. After the war the town of Baxter Springs grew up on -the site. - -Fort Dodge was one of the most important forts on the western -frontier. It was located to the east of The Caches, near Dodge City, -in 1864. The first buildings were of adobe, but in 1867 good buildings -were erected. Fort Dodge was not abandoned until 1882. The Soldiers’ -Home at Fort Dodge was later established on a part of this military -reservation. - -Fort Downer was located on Downer’s Creek, about fifty miles west of -Fort Hays. It was in existence between 1863 and 1868. - -Fort Harker was established in 1864, near the present site of -Ellsworth, with the name Fort Ellsworth. Two years later the name was -changed to Fort Harker and the site moved about a mile northeast. This -fort was for a long time the shipping point for freight bound for New -Mexico. Fort Harker was abandoned in 1872 and the reservation opened -to settlement in 1880. - -Fort Wallace was established near the present town of Wallace in 1865. -This was an important post during the building of the Union Pacific -railroad. It was abandoned as a fort in 1882, and in 1888 the land was -ordered sold. - -Fort Zarah was established in 1864, about four miles east of the -present city of Great Bend. It was dismantled in 1869, and the -reservation was later sold. - -Fort Hays was established by the National Government, in 1865, about -fourteen miles southeast of the present Hays City, and was for a year -known as Fort Fletcher. In 1867 a new site, about three-fourths mile -from Hays City, was selected. The reservation consisted of 7500 acres. -General Sheridan used Fort Hays for headquarters during the Black -Kettle raid in 1868. It continued to be used as a military post until -1889. In 1900 Kansas secured the land and buildings for educational -purposes. The Fort Hays Kansas Normal School and an experiment station -for the Agricultural College are now located there. - -Fort Henning, Fort Blair, and Fort Insley were three blockhouses -erected at Fort Scott in 1861 for the purpose of guarding military -stores from the Confederate forces. - -Fort Lincoln was built by Lane in 1861, about twelve miles northwest -of Fort Scott, for protection from the Confederate forces. It was -abandoned in 1864. - -Fort Aubrey was one of the forts established in 1865 by the soldiers -sent to quell the Indian uprisings. It was located near the present -village of Mayline in Hamilton County. It was abandoned the following -year. - -Fort Jewell was erected in 1870 on the site of Jewell City for the -protection of the settlers against the Cheyennes who were then on the -warpath. It consisted of a wall of earth around a fifty-yard square. -After the Indian troubles were over Fort Jewell was abandoned. - - -SOME PROMINENT KANSANS - -Hundreds of Kansas men and women have served their State in a way -worthy of note. To tell the story of the services rendered by all of -them would require many volumes. In a book like the present one, -mention can be made of only a few of those most widely known. In -addition to names mentioned in the body of the text, the following are -a few of the names of Kansans, no longer living, who had much to do -with making the history of the State: - -PRESTON B. PLUMB came to Kansas to make his home in 1857. He started a -newspaper, _Kansas News_, at Emporia. In 1861 he was elected to the -State House of Representatives. The same year he entered the Union -army and served until the close of the war. He then engaged in the -practice of law. In 1876 he was elected to the United States Senate, -which position he filled until his death in 1891, a period of fourteen -years of continuous service. - -WILLIAM A. HARRIS came to Kansas in 1865, at the close of four years -of service in the Confederate army, and entered the employ of the -Union Pacific Railroad Company as a civil engineer. Later he became a -well-known farmer and stock raiser. In 1896 he was elected to the -State Senate, and in 1897 to the United States Senate. His later years -were given to various lines of agricultural advancement. He served as -a regent of the State Agricultural College. His death occurred in -1909. - -SAMUEL A. KINGMAN came to Kansas in 1857. He was a lawyer. He served -as a member of the Wyandotte Constitutional Convention. He was -associate justice of the Supreme Court of Kansas, 1861 to 1865, and -chief justice, 1867 to 1876, when he resigned because of ill health. -He died in 1904. - -DAVID J. BREWER came to Leavenworth in 1859, where he engaged in the -practice of law. He served continuously in various offices. He was -associate justice of the State Supreme Court from 1871 to 1884, a -judge of the United States Circuit Court from 1884 to 1889, and in -1889 he was commissioned Associate Justice of the United States -Supreme Court, which position he filled until his death in 1910. - -JOHN A. ANDERSON came to Junction City in 1858 as pastor of the -Presbyterian church. In 1873 he was made president of the State -Agricultural College. He reorganized that institution and remained at -its head until 1878, when he was elected to Congress where he served -until 1891. He was appointed consul-general to Cairo, Egypt, in 1891. -He died on his way back home in the following year. - -FRANCIS HUNTINGTON SNOW was elected to the first faculty of the -University of Kansas as professor of mathematics and natural sciences, -in 1866. In 1870 he became professor of natural history in the -University. He organized the collecting expeditions which have -resulted in the extensive natural history museums of the University. -He was made Chancellor of the University in 1890, from which position -he retired in 1901. He died in 1908. - -EDMUND G. ROSS came to Kansas in 1856. He was a member of the -Wyandotte Constitutional Convention and served in the Union army. In -1866 he was appointed to fill the vacancy in the United States Senate -caused by the death of James H. Lane. He cast the deciding vote in the -Senate against the impeachment of President Johnson, which act aroused -great indignation. He engaged in newspaper work until 1882, when he -went to New Mexico where he served as Territorial Governor from 1885 -to 1889. He died in 1907. - -MRS. C. I. H. NICHOLS, a writer and lecturer, came with her family to -Kansas in 1854. She lived first at Lawrence and then at Wyandotte. She -was a strong advocate of a more just understanding of the rights of -women. She attended the meetings of the Wyandotte Constitutional -Convention, and counseled with the members on all matters relating to -women, with the result that the Kansas Constitution was one of the -most liberal in the United States at that time. Her death occurred in -1885. - -MRS. MARY A. BICKERDYKE, generally known as “Mother Bickerdyke,” -served as a nurse during the Civil War. At its close she came to -Kansas and was instrumental in assisting soldiers who were left -without employment to come to Kansas and take homesteads. Through her -efforts aid was given settlers after Indian raids, and she assisted in -securing aid for Kansas settlers after the grasshopper invasion. The -Mother Bickerdyke Home for soldiers’ widows, at Ellsworth, was named -in her honor. After a life of great activity she died in 1901. - -ALFRED GRAY came to Kansas in 1857. With the exception of his period -of service in the Union army he was engaged in farming until 1873. -From 1866 until 1870 he was a director of the State Agricultural -Society. When the State Board of Agriculture was organized, in 1872, -he became its first secretary, and filled the position until his death -in 1880. - -FREDERICK WELLHOUSE came to Leavenworth County, Kansas, in 1859. He -was engaged in the growing and sale of fruit trees until 1876, when he -began planting commercial apple orchards. During the next eighteen -years he planted 1637 acres of apple trees. Many years were given to -experiments to determine the varieties best adapted to Kansas. He -became known throughout the country, and was called “The Apple King.” -For ten years he was president of the State Horticultural Society, and -was at different times engaged in many public activities. He died in -1911. - -FRANKLIN G. ADAMS settled on a farm in Leavenworth County in 1856. He -held various positions of public service, and on the organization of -the State Historical Society in 1875 he was made its secretary, which -position he held until his death in 1899. He organized and developed -the work of the Society, in which work he was materially assisted by -his daughter, Miss Zu Adams, who continued her work from 1880 until -her death in 1911. - -MRS. SARA T. D. ROBINSON came to the Territory in 1854 with her -husband, Dr. Charles Robinson, and took an active part in early Kansas -affairs. She wrote Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life, the most -notable book produced by a Kansan of that time. It had a wide -circulation and a great influence. Mrs. Robinson died at her home near -Lawrence in 1911. - -NOBLE L. PRENTIS came to Kansas in 1869 as editor of the _Topeka -Record_. From that time until his death in 1900 he was connected with -various Kansas newspapers: the _Topeka Commonwealth_, the _Lawrence -Journal_, the _Junction City Union_, the _Atchison Champion_, and the -_Kansas City Star_. He wrote five books: A Kansan Abroad, Southern -Letters, Southwestern Letters, Kansas Miscellanies, and History of -Kansas. - -DANIEL W. WILDER, who first came to Kansas in 1857, was at different -times the editor of a number of newspapers. He was one of the founders -of the State Historical Society, served one term as state auditor and -two terms as superintendent of insurance. It was as a newspaper man -that Mr. Wilder’s influence was especially felt. He was the author of -the Annals of Kansas, Life of Shakespeare, and was one of the -compilers of all editions of Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations. - -EUGENE F. WARE came to Kansas in 1867. He practiced law, and was for -many years the editor of the _Fort Scott Monitor_. He served in the -state legislature, and from 1902 to 1905 was United States Pension -Commissioner. He died in 1911. It is as a writer that Mr. Ware is best -known. His Rhymes of Ironquill is his most widely read work. - - -KANSAS WRITERS - -The Kansas struggle was the source of a great deal of writing. Eastern -newspapers were full of the Kansas question. During the Territorial -period many of the eastern papers kept correspondents in the -Territory, and these men wrote much of the conflict here and of -pioneer life and conditions. The Kansas people themselves were too -busy to give much attention to literature and produced but few -writings of permanent value. Kansas――Its Interior and Exterior Life, -by Mrs. Sara T. D. Robinson, was written during this period. Other -early writers were: William A. Phillips, Richard Realf, James Redpath, -Albert D. Richardson, W. P. Tomlinson, and Henry Harvey. - -During the Civil War practically all of the writing produced in Kansas -was concerned with the struggle that the people were going through. -The period from the close of the Civil War until the “grasshopper -year” of 1874 was one of remarkable growth and expansion and the -people were full of confidence and enthusiasm. It was in this period -that _The Kansas Magazine_ was published. Though it lasted less than -two years, it was a magazine of real literature. Among the -contributors were: Henry King, James W. Steele, John J. Ingalls, D. W. -Wilder, R. J. Hinton, Charles Robinson, and Noble L. Prentis. - -The depression caused by the grasshopper raid affected Kansas in -literature as well as in other activities. For several years but few -books were published. Two of the books produced during this period -were, however, very valuable ones: Andreas’ History of Kansas, a -compilation by many writers, and Wilder’s Annals of Kansas. George R. -Peck and John J. Ingalls came into prominence about this time as -orators. Many of their speeches have become a part of our literature. -Joseph G. McCoy and Joel Moody were writers of this period. - -A number of good books were published in the ’80’s, among them: The -Story of a Country Town, E. W. Howe; A Kansan Abroad, Noble L. -Prentis; Rhymes of Ironquill, Eugene F. Ware; History of Kansas, L. W. -Spring; Anabel and Other Poems, Ellen P. Allerton. Other writers of -this time were: F. W. Giles, Charles Gleed, and Hattie Horner. - -The period following the collapse of the boom, 1888 to 1892, produced -many books. Some of the most prominent were: Kansas Miscellanies, -Prentis; The Farmers’ Side, William A. Peffer; Letters, Charles F. -Scott; In the Van of Empire, Henry Inman; Richard Bruce, Charles M. -Sheldon; Old Wine in New Bottles, Brinton W. Woodward. During this -period _The Agora_, a Kansas magazine, was published. All the best -Kansas writers of the period were among its contributors, but it lived -only a short time. Among other writers were: Nathaniel S. Goss, Mrs. -Mary W. Hudson, Gov. Charles Robinson, Albert Bigelow Paine, and John -Speer. - -The last twenty years have brought peace and prosperity to Kansas and -the people have been able to give more time and thought to literature. -Many writings have been produced――poetry, essays, speeches, newspaper -and magazine articles, and many books. The following are among the -writers who have come into prominence in the last two decades: - -Henry Inman, author of: The Old Santa Fe Trail, The Great Salt Lake -Trail, The Ranch on the Oxhide, and The Delahoyd Boys. - -Charles M. Sheldon, author of: Richard Bruce, Robert Hardy’s Seven -Days, The Crucifixion of Philip Strong, His Brother’s Keeper, In His -Steps, Malcolm Kirk, Lend a Hand, The Redemption of Freetown, The -Miracle at Markham, One of the Two, For Christ and the Church, Born to -Serve, Who Killed Joe’s Baby, The Reformer, The Narrow Gate, The Heart -of the World, Paul Douglas, The Good Fight, The High Calling, The -Twentieth Door. - -William Allen White, author of: The Real Issue, Stratagems and Spoils, -Court of Boyville, God’s Puppets, In Our Town, A Certain Rich Man, The -Martial Adventures of Henry and Me, In the Heart of a Fool, Rhymes by -Two Friends (poems by Mr. White and Albert Bigelow Paine). - -Eugene Ware, author of: The Rise and Fall of the Saloon, The Lyon -Campaign and History of the First Iowa Infantry, The Indian Campaign -of 1864, Rhymes of Ironquill, Ithuriel, From Court to Court, Several -translations from Spanish, French and Latin, contributions to many -publications. - -William Y. Morgan, author of: A Jayhawker in Europe, The Journey of a -Jayhawker, The Near East, and numerous newspaper articles. - -Margaret Hill McCarter, author of: The Cottonwood’s Story, Cuddy’s -Baby, In Old Quivira, A Master’s Degree, The Peace of the Solomon -Valley, Price of the Prairie, The Reclaimers, A Wall of Men, Winning -the Wilderness, Vanguard of the Plains, and a series of classics. - -Walt Mason, author of: Horse Sense, Rippling Rhymes, Terse Verse, Walt -Mason: His Book, and Business Prose Poems. - -William Elsey Connelley, author of: John Brown, James H. Lane, Wyandot -Folk-Lore, An Appeal to the Record, Kansas Territorial Governors, -Memoirs of John James Ingalls, Ingalls of Kansas, Quantrill and the -Border Wars, Life of Preston B. Plumb, and Kansas and Kansans. - -Samuel J. Crawford, author of Kansas in the Sixties. - -William Herbert Carruth, author of Each in His Own Tongue and Other -Poems. - -Among other present-day Kansas writers are: E. W. Howe, F. W. -Blackmar, Mrs. Louisa Cooke, Don Carlos, Effie Graham, W. A. McKeever, -Mrs. Dell H. Munger, Mrs. Kate A. Aplington, Esther M. Clark, F. -Dumont Smith, Charles M. Harger, Willard Wattles, and Dr. C. H. -Lerrigo. - - -TERRITORIAL OFFICERS OF KANSAS - -The Governors were appointed for terms of four years, but none of them -served a full term. Ten different men filled the office during the -Territorial period of six years and eight months. There were six -Governors and five Acting Governors, James W. Denver serving in both -capacities. During the absence of a Governor or when there was a -vacancy in the office the duties of the Governor fell upon the -Secretary of the Territory and he was called the Acting Governor. - - Governors Acting Governors Terms Served - - Andrew H. Reeder July 7, 1854, to August 16, - 1855. - Daniel Woodson August 16, 1855, to - September 7, 1855. - Wilson Shannon September 7, 1855, to - August 18, 1856. - Daniel Woodson August 18, 1856, to September - 9, 1856. - John W. Geary September 9, 1856, to March - 12, 1857. - Daniel Woodson March 12, 1857, to April 16, - 1857. - Frederick P. Stanton April 16, 1857, to May 27, - 1857. - Robert J. Walker May 27, 1857, to November - 16, 1857. - Frederick P. Stanton November 16, 1857, to - December 21, 1857. - James W. Denver December 21, 1857, to May - 12, 1858. - James W. Denver May 12, 1858, to October 10, - 1858. - Hugh S. Walsh October 10, 1858, to - December 18, 1858. - Samuel Medary December 18, 1858, to - December 17, 1860. - Hugh S. Walsh August 1, 1859, to September - 15, 1859. - Hugh S. Walsh April 15, 1860, to June 16, - 1860. - George M. Beebe September 11, 1860, to - November 25, 1860. - - - Auditors - - John Donaldson 1855-1857 - Hiram Jackson Strickler 1857-1861 - - - Treasurers - - Thomas J. B. Cramer 1855-1859 - Robert B. Mitchell 1859-1861 - - - Attorneys-General - - Andrew Jackson Isacks 1854-1857 - William Weer 1857-1858 - Alson C. Davis 1858-1861 - - - Superintendents of Schools - - James H. Noteware 1858 - Samuel Wiley Greer 1858-1861 - John C. Douglass 1861 - - - Territorial Chief Justices - - Samuel Dexter Lecompte 1854-1859 - John Pettit 1859-1861 - - - Associate Justices - - Saunders W. Johnston 1854-1855 - J. M. Burrell 1855-1856 - Thomas Cunningham 1856-1857 - Joseph Williams 1857-1861 - Rush Elmore 1854-1855 - Sterling G. Cato 1855-1858 - Rush Elmore 1858-1861 - - - STATE OFFICERS OF KANSAS - - - Governors - - Charles Robinson 1861-1863 - Thomas Carney 1863-1865 - Samuel J. Crawford 1865-1868 - Resigned November 4, 1868 - Nehemiah Green, Acting Governor 1868-1869 - James M. Harvey 1869-1873 - Thomas A. Osborn 1873-1877 - George T. Anthony 1877-1879 - John P. St. John 1879-1883 - George W. Glick 1883-1885 - John A. Martin 1885-1889 - Lyman U. Humphrey 1889-1893 - Lorenzo D. Lewelling 1893-1895 - Edmund N. Morrill 1895-1897 - John W. Leedy 1897-1899 - William E. Stanley 1899-1903 - Willis Joshua Bailey 1903-1905 - Edward W. Hoch 1905-1909 - Walter Roscoe Stubbs 1909-1913 - George H. Hodges 1913-1915 - Arthur Capper 1915-1919 - Henry J. Allen 1919 ―――― - - - Lieutenant-Governors - - Joseph P. Root 1861-1863 - Thomas A. Osborn 1863-1865 - James McGrew 1865-1867 - Nehemiah Green 1867-1868 - Charles V. Eskridge 1869-1871 - Peter P. Elder 1871-1873 - Elias S. Stover 1873-1875 - Melville J. Salter 1875-1877 - Resigned July 19, 1877. - Lyman U. Humphrey, elected November 6 1877 - Lyman U. Humphrey 1879-1881 - D. W. Finney 1881-1885 - Alex. P. Riddle 1885-1889 - Andrew J. Felt 1889-1893 - Percy Daniels 1893-1895 - James A. Troutman 1895-1897 - A. M. Harvey 1897-1899 - H. E. Richter 1899-1903 - David J. Hanna 1903-1907 - W. J. Fitzgerald 1907-1911 - Richard J. Hopkins 1911-1913 - Sheffield Ingalls 1913-1915 - William Yost Morgan 1915-1919 - Chas. E. Huffman 1919 ―――― - - -Secretaries of State - - John Winter Robinson 1861-1862 - Removed July 28, 1862. - Sanders Rufus Shepherd, appointed 1862-1863 - William Wirt Henry Lawrence 1863-1865 - Rinaldo Allen Barker 1865-1869 - Thomas Moonlight 1869-1871 - William Hillary Smallwood 1871-1875 - Thomas H. Cavanaugh 1875-1879 - James Smith 1879-1885 - Edwin Bird Allen 1885-1889 - William Higgins 1889-1893 - Russel Scott Osborn 1893-1895 - William Congdon Edwards 1895-1897 - William Eben Bush 1897-1899 - George Alfred Clark 1899-1903 - Joel Randall Burrow 1903-1907 - C. E. Denton 1907-1911 - Charles H. Sessions 1911-1915 - John Thomas Botkin 1915-1919 - L. J. Pettijohn 1919 ―――― - - - Auditors - - George Shaler Hillyer 1861-1862 - Removed July 28, 1862. - David Long Lakin, appointed 1862-1863 - Asa Hairgrove 1863-1865 - John R. Swallow 1865-1869 - Alois Thoman 1869-1873 - Daniel Webster Wilder 1873-1876 - Resigned September 20, 1876. - Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake, appointed 1876 - Parkinson Isaiah Bonebrake 1877-1883 - Edward P. McCabe 1883-1887 - Timothy McCarthy 1887-1891 - Charles Merrill Hovey 1891-1893 - Van B. Prather 1893-1895 - George Ezekiel Cole 1895-1897 - William H. Morris 1897-1899 - George Ezekiel Cole 1899-1903 - Seth Grant Wells 1903-1907 - J. M. Nation 1907-1911 - W. E. Davis 1911-1917 - F. W. Knapp 1917 ―――― - - - Treasurers - - William Tholen, elected in 1859. - Entered the army and did not qualify. - Hartwin R. Dutton, appointed March 26 1861 - Hartwin R. Dutton, elected 1861-1863 - William Spriggs 1863-1867 - Martin Anderson 1867-1869 - George Graham 1869-1871 - Josiah Emery Hayes 1871-1874 - Resigned April 30, 1874 - John Francis, appointed 1874-1875 - Samuel Lappin 1875 - Resigned December 20, 1875. - John Francis, appointed 1875 - John Francis 1877-1883 - Samuel T. Howe 1883-1887 - James William Hamilton 1887-1890 - Resigned March 1, 1890. - William Sims, appointed 1890-1891 - Solomon G. Stover 1891-1893 - William Henry Biddle 1893-1895 - Otis L. Atherton 1895-1897 - David H. Heflebower 1897-1899 - Frank E. Grimes 1899-1903 - Thomas T. Kelly 1903-1907 - Mark Tully 1907-1913 - Earl Akers 1913-1917 - Walter L. Payne 1917 ―――― - - - Attorneys-General - - Benjamin Franklin Simpson 1861 - Resigned July, 1861. - Charles Chadwick, appointed 1861 - Samuel A. Stinson 1861-1863 - Warren W. Guthrie 1863-1865 - Jerome D. Brumbaugh 1865-1867 - George Henry Hoyt 1867-1869 - Addison Danford 1869-1871 - Archibald L. Williams 1871-1875 - Asa M. F. Randolph 1875-1877 - Willard Davis 1877-1881 - William A. Johnston 1881-1884 - Resigned December 1, 1884. - George P. Smith, appointed 1884-1885 - Simeon Briggs Bradford 1885-1889 - Lyman Beecher Kellogg 1889-1891 - John Nutt Ives 1891-1893 - John Thomas Little 1893-1895 - Fernando B. Dawes 1895-1897 - Louis C. Boyle 1897-1899 - Aretas A. Godard 1899-1903 - Charles Crittenden Coleman 1903-1907 - F. S. Jackson 1907-1911 - John S. Dawson 1911-1915 - Sardies Mason Brewster 1915-1919 - Richard J. Hopkins 1919 ―――― - - - Superintendents of Public Instruction - - William Riley Griffith 1861-1862 - Died February 12, 1862. - Simeon Montgomery Thorp, appointed 1862-1863 - Isaac T. Goodnow 1863-1867 - Peter McVicar 1867-1871 - Hugh De France McCarty 1871-1875 - John Fraser 1875-1877 - Allen Borsley Lemmon 1877-1881 - Henry Clay Speer 1881-1885 - Joseph Hadden Lawhead 1885-1889 - George Wesley Winans 1889-1893 - Henry Newton Gaines 1893-1895 - Edmund Stanley 1895-1897 - William Stryker 1897-1899 - Frank Nelson 1899-1903 - Insley L. Dayhoff 1903-1907 - E. T. Fairchild 1907-1912 - Resigned November 19, 1912. - W. D. Ross, appointed 1912 - W. D. Ross 1913-1919 - Lorraine E. Wooster 1919 ―――― - - - - Chief Justices - - Thomas Ewing, Jr. 1861-1862 - Resigned November 28, 1862. - Nelson Cobb, appointed 1862-1864 - Robert Crozier 1864-1867 - Samuel Austin Kingman 1867-1876 - Resigned December 30, 1876. - Albert Howell Horton, appointed 1876 - Albert Howell Horton 1877-1895 - Resigned April 30, 1895. - David Martin, appointed 1895 - David Martin 1895-1897 - Frank Doster 1897-1903 - William Agnew Johnston 1903 ―――― - - - State Printers - - S. S. Prouty 1869-1873 - George W. Martin 1873-1881 - T. Dwight Thatcher 1881-1887 - Clifford C. Baker 1887-1891 - E. H. Snow 1891-1895 - J. K. Hudson 1895-1897 - J. S. Parks 1897-1899 - W. Y. Morgan 1899-1903 - George A. Clark 1903-1905 - T. A. McNeal 1905-1911 - W. C. Austin 1911-1915 - William R. Smith 1915-1919 - Resigned February 1, 1919. - Imri Zumwalt, appointed 1919 ―――― - - - Superintendents of Insurance - - Webb McNall 1897-1901 - W. V. Church 1901-1903 - Charles H. Luling 1903-1907 - Charles W. Barnes 1907-1911 - Ike S. Lewis 1911-1915 - Carey J. Wilson 1915-1919 - Frank L. Travis 1919 ―――― - - - United States Senators - - - LANE SUCCESSION - - James H. Lane 1861-1866 - Died July 11, 1866. - Edmund G. Ross, appointed 1866 - Edmund G. Ross 1867-1871 - Alexander Caldwell 1871-1873 - Resigned March 24, 1873. - Robert Crozier, appointed 1873-1874 - James M. Harvey, elected 1874-1877 - Preston B. Plumb 1877-1891 - Died December 20, 1891. - Bishop W. Perkins, appointed 1892-1893 - John Martin, elected January 25 1893-1895 - Lucien Baker 1895-1901 - Joseph Ralph Burton 1901-1906 - Resigned, 1906. - A. W. Benson, appointed 1906-1907 - Charles Curtis 1907-1913 - William H. Thompson 1913-1919 - Arthur Capper 1919 ―――― - - - POMEROY SUCCESSION - - Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861-1873 - John James Ingalls 1873-1891 - William Alfred Peffer 1891-1897 - William A. Harris 1897-1903 - Chester I. Long 1903-1909 - J. L. Bristow 1909-1915 - Charles Curtis 1915 ―――― - - - Congressmen - - Martin F. Conway 1861-1863 - Abel Carter Wilder 1863-1865 - Sidney Clarke 1865-1871 - David P. Lowe 1871-1875 - Stephen Alonzo Cobb 1873-1875 - William Addison Phillips 1873-1879 - William R. Brown 1875-1877 - John R. Goodin 1875-1877 - Dudley C. Haskell 1877-1883 - Thomas Ryan 1877-1889 - John Alexander Anderson 1879-1891 - Edmund N. Morrill 1883-1891 - Samuel Ritter Peters 1883-1891 - Lewis Hanback 1883-1887 - Bishop W. Perkins 1883-1891 - Edward Hogue Funston 1883-1893 - Erastus J. Turner 1887-1891 - Harrison Kelley 1889-1891 - Case Broderick 1891-1899 - B. H. Clover 1891-1893 - John Davis 1891-1895 - Jerry Simpson { 1891-1895 - { 1897-1899 - John Grant Otis 1891-1893 - William Baker 1891-1897 - William Alexander Harris 1893-1895 - Horace L. Moore 1893-1895 - Charles Curtis 1893-1907 - Thomas J. Hudson 1893-1895 - Richard W. Blue 1895-1897 - Orrin L. Miller 1895-1897 - Snyder S. Kirkpatrick 1895-1897 - Chester I. Long { 1895-1897 - { 1899-1903 - William A. Calderhead { 1895-1897 - { 1899-1911 - Jeremiah Dunham Botkin 1897-1899 - Mason Summers Peters 1897-1899 - N. B. McCormick 1897-1899 - Edwin Reed Ridgely 1897-1901 - William D. Vincent 1897-1899 - Willis Joshua Bailey 1899-1901 - Justin DeWitt Bowersock 1899-1907 - James Monroe Miller 1899-1911 - William Augustus Reeder 1899-1911 - Charles Frederick Scott 1901-1911 - Alfred Metcalf Jackson 1901-1903 - Philip Pitt Campbell 1903 ―――― - Victor Murdock 1903-1915 - D. R. Anthony 1907 ―――― - E. H. Madison[22] 1907-1911 - A. C. Mitchell[23] 1911-1911 - Fred S. Jackson 1911-1913 - R. R. Rees 1911-1913 - I. D. Young 1911-1913 - Joseph Taggart 1911-1915 - Dudley Doolittle 1913-1919 - Guy T. Helvering 1913-1919 - John R. Connelly 1913-1919 - George A. Neeley 1912-1915 - Jouett Shouse 1915-1919 - William A. Ayers 1915 ―――― - Edward Little 1915 ―――― - Hayes B. White 1919 ―――― - Homer Hoch 1919 ―――― - James Strong 1919 ―――― - James N. Tincher 1919 ―――― - - - - - INSTITUTIONS IN KANSAS - - - State Schools - - University of Kansas Lawrence. - State Agricultural College Manhattan. - State Normal School Emporia. - Fort Hays Kansas Normal School Hays. - State Manual Training Normal School Pittsburg. - Kansas School for the Blind Kansas City. - Kansas School for the Deaf Olathe. - - - Denominational Schools - - Baker University, Methodist Episcopal Baldwin. - Bethany College, Swedish Lutheran Lindsborg. - Bethany College, Episcopalian Topeka. - Bethel College, Mennonite Newton. - Campbell University Holton. - College of Emporia, Presbyterian Emporia. - College Preparatory School (Private) Atchison. - Cooper College, United Presbyterian Sterling. - Enterprise Normal Academy, German M. E. Enterprise. - Fairmount College, Congregational Wichita. - Fowler Friends Academy, Friends Fowler. - Friends University, Friends Wichita. - Highland University, Presbyterian Highland. - Haviland Academy, Friends Haviland. - Kansas City University, United Brethren Kansas City. - Kansas Wesleyan University, Methodist Episcopal Salina. - McPherson College, Church of the Brethren McPherson. - Midland College, Lutheran Atchison. - Mt. St. Scholastica’s Academy, Catholic Atchison. - Nazareth Academy, Catholic Concordia. - Northbranch Academy, Friends Northbranch. - Ottawa University, Baptist Ottawa. - Southwestern College, Methodist Episcopal Winfield. - St. Benedict’s College, Catholic Atchison. - St. John’s Lutheran College, Lutheran Winfield. - St. Martin’s School, Episcopalian Salina. - St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic Leavenworth. - St. Mary’s Academy, Catholic Great Bend. - St. Mary’s College, Catholic St. Marys. - Walden College, Evangelical McPherson. - Washburn College, Congregational Topeka. - - - State Penal or Corrective Institutions - - State Industrial Reformatory Hutchinson. - State Industrial School for Girls Beloit. - State Industrial School for Boys Topeka. - State Penitentiary Lansing. - - - State Benevolent Institutions - - State Training School Winfield. - State Hospital for the Insane Topeka. - State Hospital for the Insane Osawatomie. - State Hospital for the Insane Larned. - State Hospital for Epileptics Parsons. - State Hospital for Tuberculosis Norton. - - - Special Institutions - - State Soldiers’ Home Fort Dodge. - Mother Bickerdyke Home Ellsworth. - Soldiers’ Orphans’ Home Atchison. - - - State Colored Schools - - Topeka Industrial and Educational Institute Topeka. - Western University Quindaro. - - - Federal Institutions - - Haskell Institute, Indian Lawrence. - Pottawatomie Boarding School for Indians Nadeau. - Federal Prison Leavenworth. - National Soldiers’ Home Leavenworth. - United States Disciplinary Barracks Fort Leavenworth. - (Military Prison.) - - - - -BALANCE OF POWER IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE BETWEEN THE FREE AND THE -SLAVE STATES - - - FREE. SLAVE. - Pennsylvania. Delaware. The original thirteen states. - New Jersey. Georgia. - Connecticut. Maryland. - Massachusetts. South Carolina. - New Hampshire. Virginia. - New York. North Carolina. - Rhode Island. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 7 6 - - Vermont, 1791. Kentucky, 1792. - Ohio, 1802. Tennessee, 1796. - Indiana, 1816. Louisiana, 1812. - Illinois, 1818. Mississippi, 1817 - Alabama, 1819. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 11 11 The Missouri Compromise, - 1820. - Maine, 1820. Missouri, 1821. - Arkansas, 1836. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 12 13 First slave state majority. - - Michigan, 1837. Florida, 1845. - Iowa, 1846. Texas, 1845. Last slave state. - Wisconsin, 1848. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 15 15 - - California, 1850. Compromise of 1850. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 16 15 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. - The last chance for the - Minnesota, 1858. South to win. - Oregon, 1859. - Kansas, 1861. - ―――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――― - 19 15 Secession and the Civil War. - - - - - ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES OF KANSAS - - - Counties Organized Before 1860 - - _County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ - Allen 1855 Iola. - Anderson 1855 Garnett. - Atchison 1855 Atchison. - Bourbon 1855 Fort Scott. - Brown 1855 Hiawatha. - Butler 1855 El Dorado. - Chase 1859 Cottonwood Falls. - Coffey 1859 Burlington. - Dickinson 1857 Abilene. - Doniphan 1855 Troy. - Douglas 1855 Lawrence. - Franklin 1855 Ottawa. - Geary[24] 1855 Junction City. - Jackson[25] 1857 Holton. - Jefferson 1855 Oskaloosa. - Johnson 1855 Olathe. - Leavenworth 1855 Leavenworth. - Linn 1855 Mound City. - Marshall 1855 Marysville. - Miami[26] 1855 Paola. - Morris[27] 1855 Council Grove. - Nemaha 1855 Seneca. - Osage[28] 1855 Lyndon. - Pottawatomie 1856 Westmoreland. - Riley 1855 Manhattan. - Saline 1859 Salina. - Shawnee 1855 Topeka. - Wabaunsee[29] 1859 Alma. - Woodson 1855 Yates Center. - Wyandotte 1855 Kansas City. - - - Counties Organized 1860-1870 - - _County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ - Cherokee 1866 Columbus. - Clay 1866 Clay Center. - Cloud[30] 1860 Concordia. - Crawford 1867 Girard. - Ellis 1867 Hays. - Ellsworth 1867 Ellsworth. - Greenwood 1862 Eureka. - Labette[31] 1867 Oswego. - Lyon[32] 1860 Emporia. - Marion 1860 Marion. - Montgomery 1869 Independence. - Neosho[33] 1864 Erie. - Ottawa 1866 Minneapolis. - Republic 1868 Belleville. - Washington 1860 Washington. - Wilson 1865 Fredonia. - - - Counties Organized 1870-1880 - - _County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ - Barber 1873 Medicine Lodge. - Barton 1872 Great Bend. - Chautauqua 1875 Sedan. - Cowley[34] 1870 Winfield. - Decatur 1879 Oberlin. - Edwards 1874 Kinsley. - Elk[35] 1875 Howard. - Ford 1873 Dodge City. - Harper[36] 1878 Anthony. - Harvey 1872 Newton. - Hodgeman 1879 Jetmore. - Jewell 1870 Mankato. - Kingman 1874 Kingman. - Lincoln 1870 Lincoln. - McPherson 1870 McPherson. - Mitchell 1870 Beloit. - Norton 1872 Norton. - Osborne 1871 Osborne. - Pawnee 1872 Larned. - Phillips 1872 Phillipsburg. - Pratt[36] 1879 Pratt. - Reno 1872 Hutchinson. - Rice 1871 Lyons. - Rooks 1872 Stockton. - Rush 1874 La Crosse. - Russell 1872 Russell. - Sedgwick 1870 Wichita. - Smith 1872 Smith Center. - Stafford 1879 St. John. - Sumner 1871 Wellington. - Trego 1879 WaKeeney. - - - Counties Organized 1880-1890 - - _County._ _Date of Organization._ _County Seat._ - Cheyenne 1886 St. Francis. - Clark 1885 Ashland. - Comanche[37] 1885 Coldwater. - Finney[38] 1884 Garden City. - Gove 1886 Gove. - Graham 1880 Hill City. - Gran 1888 Ulysses. - Gray 1887 Cimarron. - Greeley 1887 Tribune. - Hamilton 1886 Syracuse. - Haskell 1887 Santa Fe. - Kearny 1888 Lakin. - Kiowa 1886 Greensburg. - Lane 1886 Dighton. - Logan 1887 Russell Springs. - Meade 1885 Meade. - Morton 1886 Richfield. - Ness[37] 1880 Ness City. - Rawlins 1881 Atwood. - Scott 1886 Scott. - Seward 1886 Liberal. - Sheridan 1880 Hoxie. - Sherman 1886 Goodland. - Stanton 1887 Johnson. - Stevens 1886 Hugoton. - Thomas 1885 Colby. - Wichita 1886 Leoti. - Wallace 1888 Sharon Springs. - - - - - [1] Fourteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. - - [2] In 1819 the United States gave to Spain that part of - Kansas lying south of the Arkansas River and west of the - 100th meridian. This territory again became a part of the - United States by the annexation of Texas in 1845. - - [3] Coues, Expedition of Zebulon Montgomery Pike. - - [4] A cache was made by digging a jug-shaped hole in the - ground and lining it with dry grass, or sticks, or anything - to keep out moisture. Then the goods were packed in and the - opening closed very carefully by replacing the sod and - carrying away the earth that was removed, so that no sign - was left by which the cache might be discovered. Sometimes a - camp fire was built over it to destroy all traces of the - cache. - - [5] Another phenomenon that makes the traveler in a dry or - desert country afraid to trust his eyes is the mirage. He - often sees what seem to be lakes, trees, buildings, cities, - only to find on nearer approach that they all disappear. As - Kansas has come under cultivation the mirage has become less - frequent, but it is still seen in the western part of the - State. Here is a description of one seen in early Kansas: - - “On approaching the town of Lerny, about a mile and a - quarter this side, we found the whole intermediate space - between us and the grove of trees beyond the town apparently - occupied by a beautiful lake. On the apparent shore next to - ourselves the road ran down and disappeared in the lake, as - did the fence upon one side of the road, while the placid - and beautiful water extended upon the right and left, until - lost in the distance. The trees in the distance appeared to - be immersed for half their length in the lake, as if growing - in the water. Even the reflection of the trees, and of the - clouds above, was distinctly visible. We approached the - vision and it vanished.” - - [6] Because of the increasing migration westward, the - National Government decided to send out expeditions for the - purpose of discovering the best routes across the mountains - to the Pacific. John C. Fremont was selected for this task, - and between 1842 and 1850 he made four journeys across the - plains. Among the scouts who acted as guides was the famous - hunter and trapper, and Indian fighter, Kit Carson. - - [7] The fact that Kansas was once an Indian country is shown - by the many Indian names of counties, towns, and streams; - as, Topeka, Pottawatomie, Hiawatha, Wyandotte, Shawnee, - Cheyenne, Cherokee, and Kiowa. - - [8] Among the schools established by the missions three have - continued in existence and have developed into important - schools of to-day: Highland College, established by the - Presbyterians; St. Mary’s College, by the Catholics; and - Ottawa University, by the Baptists. - - [9] Named after Mount Oread Seminary at Worcester, Mass., of - which Eli Thayer was the founder and proprietor. - - [10] Named in honor of Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, an - active member of the Emigrant Aid Company. - - [11] It should be borne in mind that many of the Missourians - who took such an active part in Kansas affairs were not - representative citizens of that state, but were of the - unprincipled and outlaw classes. Many of them were hired for - this work. - - [12] Ingalls said of this period: “No time was ever so - minutely and so indelibly photographed upon the public - retina. The name of no State was ever on so many friendly - and so many hostile tongues. It was pronounced in every - political speech, and inserted in every political platform. - No region was ever so advertised, and the impression then - produced has never passed away.” - - [13] This period has given rise to the expression “bleeding - Kansas.” - - [14] The origin of the word “Jayhawker” is uncertain, though - a number of different accounts have been given of it. In - recent years the term has come to be applied to our State - and our people, and it is not unusual for a Kansan to be - spoken of as a “Jayhawker.” - - [15] One of Hamelton’s men was brought to justice five years - later. - - [16] A census taken in 1885 disclosed the fact that nearly - 100,000 Kansans had served in the Union army. - - [17] The Populist party was formed as a result of the - political unrest following the collapse of the boom. The - Populist measures attracted widespread attention, and the - party, in fusion with the Democrats, succeeded in electing - Governor Lewelling in 1892 and Governor Leedy in 1896. By - that time conditions in the State had become more settled; - with returning prosperity the political agitation died down - and the Populists were soon absorbed into the other parties. - Since that time many of the measures advocated by the - Populists have been enacted into law or are being considered - by the people of to-day. - - [18] This line was at first called the Kansas Pacific. - - [19] See map, page 28. - - [20] The traveling library system in Kansas was adopted in - 1900 and is now under state control through a Commission - which maintains an office in the capitol at Topeka. These - traveling libraries are made up of collections of fifty - books each, selected in accordance with the wishes of the - applicant. They are sent to schools, clubs, granges, and - similar organizations without charge other than a fee of two - dollars to cover the cost of transportation. The libraries - may be retained six months, or exchanged at any time for - others. - - [21] The place was discovered in 1875 by Mrs. Elizabeth A. - Johnson, who later purchased the land and presented it to - the State. - - [22] Died, Sept. 18, 1911. - - [23] Died, July 7, 1911. - - [24] Named Davis until 1889. - - [25] Named Calhoun until 1859. - - [26] Named Lykins until 1861. - - [27] Named Wise until 1859. - - [28] Named Weller until 1859. - - [29] Named Richardson before 1859. - - [30] The original name, Shirley, changed to Cloud in 1867. - - [31] Part of Dorn County until 1861. Named Neosho until - 1867. - - [32] Named Breckinridge until 1862. - - [33] Named Dorn until 1861. - - [34] Originally named Hunter. - - [35] Originally the northern portion of Howard County. - - [36] First organization in 1873, later set aside as - fraudulent. - - [37] First organization in 1873, later set aside as - fraudulent. - - [38] Named Sequoyah until 1883. - - - - - INDEX - - Abilene, 157. - Actual Settlers’ Association, 68. - Adams, Franklin G., 231. - Adams, Zu, 231. - Admission of Kansas, 98, 106. - Agricultural College, 143, 163, 197, 201. - Agricultural Society, 143, 163. - Agriculture, Board of, 163. - Agriculture, taught to the Indians, 45, 142; - Territorial days, 142; - during Civil War, 143; - 1860 to 1880, 147; - 1880 to 1887, 148; - 1887 to 1893, 148; - 1893 to 1918, 153; - basis of prosperity, 171; - in schools, 191, 195. - Aid from the East, 106, 121. - Air Service, 139. - Alfalfa, 150, 151. - Allerton, Ellen P., 233. - Alliance, Farmers’, 161. - Amendments to the Constitution, 136; - to National Constitution, 137. - Ammunition Train, 139. - Anderson, John A., 230. - Andreas’ History of Kansas, 233. - Anti-cigarette Law, 136. - Appendix, 223-250. - Apple Crop, 160. - Aplington, Kate A., 234. - Argonne, 139. - Arizona, 29. - Arkansas City, 128. - “Army of the North,” 89. - Ash Creek, 37. - Atchison, D. R., 73, 74. - Atchison, 21, 42, 68, 168; - county, 20. - Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, building of, 178, 180. - Attorneys-General, Territorial, 236; - State, 239. - Auditors, Territorial, 235; - State, 238. - Automobile, 184. - - Baker University, 204, 244. - Balance of Power, 57; - table of, 246. - Baptist Missions, 225. - Barber, murder of, 83. - Barton County, 207. - Becknell, journey of, 29. - Beecher, Henry Ward, 87. - Beet Sugar Factory, 153. - Berryman, Rev. J. C., 225. - Bickerdyke, Mary A., 231. - Black Jack, battle of, 86. - Blackmar, F. W., 234. - “Bleeding Kansas,” 91. - Blue Lodges, 65. - Bluemont College, 201. - “Blue Sky” Law, 136. - Board of Administration, 204. - Board of Agriculture, 163. - Bogus Legislature, 74, 76, 78, 80, 220, 223. - Boom, 127, 148. - Boston, 69. - Branson, Jacob, 79, 80. - Brewer, David J., 230. - Brick, 167, 170. - Broom Corn, 151. - Brown, John, 85; - at Pottawatomie, 86, 97; - at Osawatomie, 86, 90; - site of battle field, 211; - monument, 212, 213. - Buchanan, President, 98. - Buffalo, 9, 18, 21, 25, 33, 36, 37, 48, 115, 123, 124, 143. - Building Stone, 166. - Butler County, 117, 168, 169. - - Cabeza de Vaca, 10, 11, 36. - Cache, how made, 38. - California, 29, 175; - gold seekers, 41; - gold fields, 41; - Road, 42, 69; - emigration to, 62. - Camp Funston, 138. - Capital, State, 99. - Capitals, Territorial, 223. - Capitol, State, 130. - Carruth, William Herbert, 234. - Carson, Kit, 41. - Catholic priests, 16; - missions, 49, 226. - Cattle Trade, 157-159. - Census, first Territorial, 78. - Cherokee County, 166. - Chief Justices, Territorial, 236; - State, 240. - Child-labor Law, 136. - Cibola, 11. - Cimarron Crossing, 38. - Cimarron River, 32, 38. - Civil War, 109-113, 115-129, 131, 143, 166. - Clark, Esther M., 234. - Clark, William, 20. - Cloud County, 115. - Coal, 166. - Colby, 163. - Coleman, 79. - Colleges, list of, 244. - College of Emporia, 204. - Columbus, 9, 10. - Colorado, 22, 29, 151, 153. - Comanche Indians, 25, 33. - Commercial Work, 195. - Commission, Railroad, 182. - Congressmen, 242, 243. - Connelley, William Elsey, 234. - Consolidated Schools, 191; - Districts, 195. - Constitution, Topeka, 78, 94, 223; - Lecompton, 94, 95, 96, 223; - Leavenworth, 96, 223; - Wyandotte, 98, 99, 106, 223. - Constitutions, summary of, 223. - Corn, 156. - Coronado, 10-14, 49; - monument for, 213; - sword of, 215. - Cortez, 10, 29. - Cotton Gin, 55. - Council Grove, 33, 34, 72, 210. - Counties Organized, 113, 122; - lists of, 248-250. - County High School, 193. - Cowboy, 158, 159. - Crawford County, 166. - Crawford, Samuel J., 117, 234. - Crops of Kansas, 147, 148. - - Dairying, 157. - Daughters of American Revolution, 210. - Democratic Party, 98. - Denominational Schools, 204, 244. - Denver, Governor, 97. - Dodge City, 12, 163; - cattle trade center, 158. - Domestic Science, 192. - Don Carlos, Mrs. Louise Cooke, 234. - Doniphan County, 20. - Douglas County, 79. - Douglas, Stephen A., 58. - Dow, 79. - Drouth, 67, 104, 105, 106, 119, 127, 142, 148. - Dugout, 102. - - Education, 187-206; - see Schools. - Eldridge, 85. - Election, first Territorial, 72; - second Territorial, 73. - Electric Railways, 182, 183. - Elwood, 176. - Emigrant Aid Company, 63, 64, 65, 85. - Emporia, 197. - English, 17. - Exodus, 125. - Experiment Station, 163. - Extension Work, 204. - - Farmers’ Alliance, 161. - Farmers’ Educational and Cooperative Union, 163. - Farmers’ Institutes, 162. - Farmers’ Organizations, 160. - Farming Implements, 143-146. - Father Padilla, 48. - Feterita, 153. - Fire-escape Law, 136. - Floods, 133. - Foreign Settlements, 180, 181. - Fort Dodge, 38, 52, 228. - Fort Hays, 52, 228. - Fort Hays Kansas Normal School, 194. - Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52, 139, 227. - Fort Riley, 51, 52, 72, 75, 139, 211, 212, 227. - Fort Scott, 52, 166, 227. - Forts, list of, 227-229. - “Forty-niners,” 41. - Fourth of July Creek, 21. - France, 16, 139; - end of claims in America, 17-18. - Franklin, 33, 89. - Fremont, John C., 41. - Friends Missions, 49, 225. - Friends University, 204. - Funston, Fred, 129. - Fur Traders, 47. - - Garden City, 153, 163. - Gardner, 42. - Gas, 167, 168, 171. - Gasoline Tractor, 147. - Geary, John W., 90, 91, 92, 94. - Giles, F. W., 233. - Glass, 171; - factories, 167, 171. - Gleed, Charles, 233. - Glick, Geo. W., 211. - Gold Seekers, 41, 42. - Good Roads, 183, 193; - federal aid, 183. - Goss, Nathaniel S., 233. - Governors, Territorial, 235; - State, 237. - Graham, Effie, 234. - Grange, 160. - Grasshopper Invasion, 121, 122, 127. - Gray, Alfred, 231. - Great American Desert, 24, 25, 29, 106, 122. - Great Bend, 12-13. - Great Salt Lake, 41. - Great Seal of Kansas, 116. - Greenwood County, 117. - Gregg, Josiah, 34. - Gypsum, 168, 170. - - Hall of Fame, 211. - Hamelton, 97. - Hand Planter, 143, 144. - Hard-surfaced Roads, 184. - Harger, Charles M., 234. - Harris, William A., 230. - Harvey, Henry, 225-226, 233. - Hays, 163. - Highland College, 49, 225. - High Schools, accredited, 193, 195, 197; - purpose of, 195; - courses, 195. - Hinton, R. J., 233. - Historical Society, 214, 215. - History of Kansas, 207, 221. - Homes of Kansas, poem, 101. - Homestead Law, 117, 118. - Horner, Hattie, 233. - Horses, used on Santa Fe Trail, 33. - Horticulture, 159. - Household Arts, 191, 195. - Howe, E. W., 233, 234. - Hudson, Mary W., 233. - Hutchinson, 167, 169. - - Illinois, 64. - Immigration, 64, 65, 67, 88, 105-106, 115, 117-118, 122, 129, 180, - 181. - Independence, 33. - Independence Creek, 21. - Indiana, 64. - Indian Territory, 46. - Indians, 9, 20, 21, 22, 55, 72, 135; - tribes of, 25; - and traders, 31; - experience with, 38; - possessed Kansas, 45-53; - reservations, 46; - taught in missions, 49; - removal of, 45-46; - raids, 109, 115, 117; - as farmers, 142; - raised corn, 156. - Industrial Training, 195. - Industries of Kansas, 142-171. - Ingalls, John J., 87, 211, 218, 233. - Inman, Henry, 233, 234. - Institutions, State, 244, 245. - Insurance, Superintendents of, 241. - Interstate Commerce Commission, 182. - Interurban Lines, 183. - Iowa, 64, 88, 89. - “Iron Trail,” 179. - Irrigation, 149. - Irving, Washington, 24. - Irwin, Rev. S. M., 225. - - Jayhawkers, 96. - Jefferson, President, 17, 20. - Jesuits, 16, 48. - Johnson, Mrs. Elizabeth A., 209. - Johnson, Rev. Thomas, 50, 225. - Johnson, William, 225. - Joliet, 16. - Jones, Sheriff, 79, 81, 83. - Junction City, 13. - Juvenile Courts, 136. - - Kafir Corn, 151. - Kansas, admission of, 98, 106. - Kansas City, 39, 50, 65, 66, 68, 112, 133, 166, 167, 174, 177. - Kansas History, in the making, 221. - Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 58, 63. - Kansas Pacific Railroad, 177. - Kansas Spirit, 217-221. - Kansas Territory, map, 56; - organization, 58. - Kansas To-day, 135, 136. - Kanza Indians, 25, 33, 45. - Kaw Indians, same as Kanza Indians. - King, Henry, 233. - Kingman, Samuel A., 230. - - La Croix, Father, 226. - Land Grants, 180. - Lane, James H., 78, 79, 87, 89, 99. - La Salle, 16. - Lawrence, 65, 68, 79, 80, 83, 88, 99, 167; - sacking of, 83; - defense of, 91; - Quantrill raid, 111; - floods, 133, 135. - Lawrence, Amos A., 67. - Lead and Zinc, 167. - Leavenworth, 42, 68, 168. - Leavenworth Constitution, 96, 166, 223. - Lecompton, 68, 69, 88, 95. - Lecompton Constitution, 94, 95, 223. - Leedy, Governor, 161. - Legislature, Bogus, 74, 76, 79, 80; - second Territorial, 94. - Legislature, first Free-state, 95. - Legislatures, summary of, 223. - Length of school term, 187, 190. - Lerrigo, Dr. C. H., 234. - Lewelling, Governor, 161. - Lewis and Clark, expedition of, 20-21, 25. - Lieutenant-Governors, 237. - Lincoln, 110. - Lindsborg, 181. - Linn County, 97, 112. - Live Stock, 156-159. - Locomotive, invention of, 174; - old and modern, 182. - Long, Major, 24. - Louisiana, naming of, 16; - purchase of, 17, 20, 45, 57; - exploration of, 20. - Lykins, Dr. David, 225. - Lykins, Dr. Johnson, 225. - - Manhattan, 68, 69, 177, 200, 201. - Manual Training, 191, 192. - Manual Training Normal School, 198, 201. - Manufactures, 165. - Marais des Cygnes Massacre, 97, 212. - Marion County, 117. - Markham, Thomas B., 225. - Marne, Battle of the, 139. - Marquette, 16. - Marysville, 176. - Mason, Walt, 234. - McCarter, Margaret Hill, 234. - McCoy, Rev. Isaac, 49, 225. - McCoy, Joseph G., 233. - McKeever, W. A., 234. - Meat Packing, 166, 181. - Meeker, Jotham, 49, 225. - Memorial Hall, 2, 213, 214. - Memorials of Kansas, 207-215. - Mendenhall, Rev. M., 226. - Mennonites, 156, 180. - Methodist Missions, 49, 50, 225. - Mexico, 17, 21, 29; - war with, 40, 50. - Miller, Sol, 101. - Milling, 165, 181. - Milo, 153. - Mine Creek, 112. - Mineral Resources, 166. - Minneola, 223. - Mirage, 40. - Missionaries, 47, 48, 49, 142. - Missions, 53, 142; - established, 49, 50; - list of, 225, 226. - Missouri Compromise, 57, 58, 246. - Missouri River closed to free-state immigration, 88. - Montgomery, James, 96. - Monuments, 210-214. - Moody, Joel, 233. - Morgan, Wm. Y., 234. - Mormons, 41, 52. - Mormon Trail, 42. - Mortgages, 128. - Motor Trucks, 184. - Mounds, 112. - Mount Oread, 67, 203. - Munger, Mrs. Dell H., 234. - Music, 191, 195. - Mutual Benefit Association, 160. - - Narvaez, 10. - National Army, 138, 139. - National Government, protected traders, 32; - sent out Fremont, 41; - removal policy of, 45; - established Fort Leavenworth, 50, 52. - National Guard, 139. - Nebraska, 25, 42, 88, 89, 153. - Neosho Valley, 33. - Nevada, 29. - New England Emigrant Aid Company, first party, 65; - second party, 67; - third and fourth parties, 68. - New Mexico, 11, 21, 29, 39. - New Spain, 10, 11, 14. - Nichols, Mrs. C. I. H., 231. - Nineteenth Kansas, 117. - Normal Schools, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 244. - Northern Route to Kansas, 88. - Nurses in World War, 139. - - Officers, Territorial, 235, 236; - State, 237-243. - Officers’ Training Camps, 139. - Ohio, 64. - Oil, 167, 168, 169. - Oklahoma, 24, 46, 59, 167; - opening of, 128. - “Old Mill,” 144. - Oregon, Emigrants to, 41. - Oregon Trail, 42. - Organization of Kansas Territory, 55-59. - Osage County, 166. - Osage Indians, 21, 25, 33, 34, 45, 225. - Osawatomie, 85; - pillaged, 86; - burned, 90. - Ottawa University, 49, 204. - Oxen, 33. - - Pack Mules, 31. - Padilla, Father, 48. - Padoucas, 25. - Paine, Albert Bigelow, 233, 234. - Panic of 1893, 129, 153. - Patrons of Husbandry, 160. - Pawnee Capitol, 51, 75, 212. - Pawnee Fork, 37. - Pawnee Indians, 13, 22, 25, 33, 37; - village, 21, 209. - Pawnee Rock, 36, 37, 207, 209. - Pawnee, town of, 75. - Peck, George R., 233. - Peffer, William A., 233. - Peery, Rev. E. T., 225. - Pennsylvania, 64. - People’s Party, 161. - Phillips, William A., 233. - Pierce, President, 62. - Pike’s Peak, 22. - Pike, Zebulon Montgomery, 21-23, 25, 29, 30, 209. - Pioneer life, 102-107, 122, 123, 124. - Pioneer Schools, 189, 190. - Pipe Lines, 167, 168. - Plumb, Preston B., 230. - Pomeroy, Samuel C., 67; - made Senator, 99. - Pony Express, 175. - Popular Sovereignty, 58, 73. - Population of Kansas, 1854, 53; - 1855, 73; - 1859, 105; - 1865, 113. - Populist Party, 161. - Portland Cement, 167, 170. - Pottawatomie Massacre, 86, 97. - Prentis, Noble L., 232, 233. - Presbyterian Missions, 49, 225. - Price Raid, 112. - Printers, State, 240, 241. - Prohibition Amendment, 136, 220; - National, 137. - Public Instruction, Superintendents of, 240. - Public Utilities Commission, 182; - law, 136. - - Quantrill Raid, 111; - loss from, 112; - monument, 214. - Quivera, poem, 8. - Quivira, land of, 11, 13; - Indians, 25, 48. - - Railroad Commission, 182. - Railroads, 127, 148, 174-183; - first one in Kansas, 176; - Kansas advertised by, 180; - relation to industries, 181; - regulation of, 182; - mileage, 181. - Rainbow Division, 139. - Realf, Richard, 233. - Redpath, James, 233. - Reeder, Andrew H., 72, 75, 78, 87. - Regiments of Kansas soldiers, 117, 129. - Regulation of Railroads, 182. - Reign of Violence, 83-92. - Removal Policy, 49. - Republican Party, 98. - Republic County, 21, 115, 209. - Richardson, Albert D., 233. - “Rifle Christians,” 87. - Road Materials, 184. - Robinson, Dr. Charles, 67, 78, 79, 187, 233; - home burned, 85; - held prisoner, 88; - first Governor, 99. - Robinson, Mrs. Sara T. D., 231, 233. - Ross, Edmund G., 231. - Round Mound, 39. - Rural Schools, pioneer, 189; - modern, 190, 191. - - Sacramento, 41. - Salt, 169. - Salt Lake, 175, 176. - Salt Lake Trail, 69. - San Francisco, 175, 176. - Santa Fe, city, 29, 30, 40, 175. - Santa Fe Trail, 29-41, 174, 179; - map of, 28; - length of, 33, 42; - marking of, 210. - Schoenmaker, Rev., 226. - Schools, established by missions, 49; - Territorial, 187; - first in Lawrence, 187; - subscription, 187; - length of term, 187; - during Civil War, 188; - pioneer schools, 190; - rural, 191, 193; - consolidated, 191; - high schools, 193; - State, 196-205, 244; - “Standard,” “Superior,” 191; - for blind, 203; - for deaf, 203; - denominational, 204, 244. - School Teachers, qualifications, 191. - Scott, Charles F., 233. - Seal of State, 116. - Secretaries, Territorial, 235; - State, 238. - Senate, 55. - Senators, United States, 241. - Seven Cities of Cibola, 11. - Shannon, Wilson, 76, 80, 86, 89. - Shawnee Indians, 50. - Shawnee Mission, 50; - as capital, 75. - Sheldon, Charles M., 233, 234. - Simmerwell, Rev. Robert, 225. - Slavery in United States, 57, 63. - Slaves, 62, 63, 73, 74. - Smith, F. Dumont, 234. - Snow, Francis Huntington, 230. - Sod Corn, 144. - Sod House, 105. - Sod Schoolhouse, 189. - Soldiers, 41, 47, 213; - furnished by Kansas, 109. - Song of the Kansas Emigrant, 61. - Sorghum Crops, 148, 151. - Soudan Grass, 151. - Southeastern Kansas, 96. - Southern Aid, 88. - Southwestern University, 204. - Spain, 9, 13, 17. - Spanish-American War, 129. - Speer, John, 233. - Spring, L. W., 233. - Squatter Sovereignty, 58. - Stage Lines, 174, 175. - State Capitol, 130. - State Fair, Leavenworth, 143. - Steele, James W., 233. - St. John, Governor, 136. - St. Joseph, 42, 175, 176. - St. Mary’s College, 49. - St. Mihiel, 139. - Stockyards, 154. - Stone, building, 166; - quarry, 170. - Stringfellow, B. F., 74. - Sugar Beets, 153. - Superintendents of Public Instruction, Territorial, 236; - State, 240. - Supplies Taken by Traders, 33. - Swedish Settlements, 181. - Sweet Clover, 151. - Sword, old Spanish, 215. - - Tank Cars, 168. - Teacher Training, 195. - Tecumseh, 89. - Telegraph, 176, 182. - Telephone, 123, 182. - Territorial Officers, 235, 236. - Territory, government of, 72. - Texas, 18, 23, 159. - Thayer, Eli, 63, 65. - The Caches, 38. - The Three R’s, 189, 191. - The “2700,” 91, 92. - Tomlinson, W. P., 233. - Topeka, 68, 69, 88, 99, 133, 135, 167. - Topeka Constitution, 78, 94, 223. - Topeka Movement, 223. - Trading Post Ford, 112. - Trading Posts, 47, 53. - Trail Markers, 210. - Trails, Santa Fe, 29-41; - Oregon, 42; - California, 42, 69; - Mormon, 42; - Salt Lake, 69. - Trappers, 125. - Traveling Libraries, 204. - Treasurers, Territorial, 236; - State, 238-239. - Truancy Law, 136, 190. - Turk, 11. - Twentieth to Twenty-third Kansas Regiments, 129. - - Underflow, 151. - Union Pacific Railroad, 157, 176, 177, 178, 213. - University of Kansas, 65, 197, 202, 203, 204. - Utah, 29. - - Van Quickenborn, Father, 226. - - Wagons, used on Trail, 31, 39. - Wakarusa War, 79-81. - Walker, Governor, arrival of, 94; - resigned, 97. - War, Civil, 107, 109-113, 129, 131; - French and Indian, 17; - Revolutionary, 17; - Spanish-American, 129; - World, 137, 183. - Ware, Eugene F., 208, 232, 234. - Washburn College, 204, 244. - Wattles, Willard, 234. - Wellhouse, Frederick, 231. - Wellington, 167. - Western Kansas, 148, 149, 180. - Westport, 33, 42, 79, 112. - Wheat, 152, 155, 156. - White, William Allen, 234. - Wichita, 167. - Wilder, Daniel W., 232, 233. - Windmill, at Lawrence, 144; - irrigation, 149. - Winter of 1855-’56, 83. - Woman’s Kansas Day Club, 207. - Woman’s Relief Corps, 211. - Woman Suffrage, 137. - Wood, S. N., 87. - Woodson, Daniel, 75; - opened Kansas to invaders, 90. - Woodward, Brinton W., 233. - World War, 137, 183. - Writers, Kansas, 233, 234. - Wyandotte Constitution, 98, 106, 223. - - Zinc Smelters, 167. - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - -Inconsistent hyphenation, dialect, obsolete and alternative -spellings were left unchanged. - -Footnotes were renumbered sequentially and moved to the end of the -book, preceding the Index. There are two anchors to Footnotes 36 and -37. - -The following were changed: - - Changed comma to stop at end of index entry: Democratic Party, 98. - - Added stop to end of caption: Illustration: STAGE COACH. - - Added descriptor to illustrations: - Bust of Abraham Lincoln - Great Seal of the State of Kansas - Bust of Eugene Ware - Bust of John J. Ingalls - - Added names of Governors to captions. - - Corrected spelling: ecomomics to economics. - - Removed space from Wa Keeney in appendix. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A HISTORY OF KANSAS*** - - -******* This file should be named 65593-0.txt or 65593-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/5/5/9/65593 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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