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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65613 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65613)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ye Olde Mint, by Frank H. Stewart
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Ye Olde Mint
-       Being a brief description of the first U.S. Mint, established by
-       Congress in the year 1792, at Seventh Street and Sugar Alley (now
-       Filbert Street) Philadelphia
-
-Author: Frank H. Stewart
-
-Release Date: June 13, 2021 [eBook #65613]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
-             at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images
-             generously made available by The Internet Archive/American
-             Libraries.)
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YE OLDE MINT ***
-
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: MINT OFFICE BUILDING
-
-37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET]
-
-
-
-
-                              Ye Olde Mint
-
-                 Being a brief description of the first
-                   U. S. Mint, established by Congress
-                   in the year 1792, at Seventh Street
-                  and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street)
-                              Philadelphia
-
-                             COMPLIMENTS OF
-                      Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.
-                  7th and Filbert Streets Philadelphia
-
-                             Copyright 1909
-                      Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.
-                            Philadelphia, Pa.
-
-
-
-
-FOREWORD
-
-
-The great interest shown in numismatics and antiquities nowadays has
-caused this imperfect endeavor to collate some of the interesting
-historical data still in existence regarding the first United States
-Mint, and also at the same time preserve by means of photographs and
-descriptions the present appearance of the old buildings.
-
-Practically every chronological list of important events which have
-happened in the United States records the establishment of the first
-United States Mint in Philadelphia in 1792, and if anyone has the time
-and inclination to investigate the history and coinage of the mint
-for the first forty (40) years of its existence, and publish to the
-numismatic world the result of his research, I shall be satisfied if my
-efforts here should furnish the slightest inspiration.
-
-Numismatists very rarely, if ever, pay any attention to the persons who
-made their rare and valuable specimens of coins, and probably still less
-attention to the places where they were made.
-
-The great majority of the rare United States coins were made in buildings
-still standing at 37 and 39 North Seventh Street, Philadelphia, or, to
-be more exact, in the coinage building in the rear of these numbers.
-Until recently these buildings were unmarked, and the people of the
-neighborhood in a great many instances were unaware of the fact that for
-a period of forty (40) years all of the United States coins were made
-so near at hand. Those who daily walked past the buildings had nothing
-to direct their attention to them, and it is safe to say that not five
-hundred persons in Philadelphia could point out what at one time was one
-of the most important buildings in the United States, as well as the
-first erected under authority of Congress for Federal purposes.
-
-The author purchased the buildings and feels that it is his duty to do
-what he can to describe them before they are demolished, and also at the
-same time publish such data in his possession as may prove interesting
-or valuable to the limited few who collect rare coins or are in any way
-interested in what was an exceedingly important department of our early
-national life.
-
-                                                        FRANK H. STEWART.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: COINAGE BUILDING
-
-REAR OF 37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET
-
-UNDOUBTEDLY THE FIRST BRICK BUILDING ERECTED BY ACT OF CONGRESS FOR
-PUBLIC USE]
-
-
-
-
-Ye OLDE MINT
-
-
-The first United States mint buildings are indeed historical in more ways
-than one, and while a number of suggestions have been made for their
-preservation it is highly probable they will eventually be located by the
-means of a bronze tablet on the front of the steel and concrete structure
-in contemplation for the use of the Frank H. Stewart Electric Company,
-who now occupy the buildings adjoining them on the south and east. The
-retention of the buildings on the present site is prohibited on account
-of the great value of the land and its location in the heart of the
-business section, and their removal by private enterprise to another site
-unlikely because of the great expense that such removal would entail.
-
-If a few 1804 dollars, which now have a record price of thirty-six
-hundred dollars each, should be found in the buildings, their removal
-would be rendered easier, provided they were found before the destruction
-of the buildings, but this is highly improbable, although there will
-undoubtedly be a few coins discovered, as there were when the building
-was erected on the Filbert Street lot on the site of the old mint
-smelting house, which is contiguous to the Seventh Street lot.
-
-Washington in his first annual address to Congress referred to the
-importance of uniformity in the currency.
-
-His second annual address urged the importance of the establishment of a
-mint.
-
-In his third address he spoke of disorders in the existing currency, the
-scarcity of change, and recommended carrying into effect the resolution
-already entered into concerning the establishment of a mint; also
-remarked that measures had been taken for procuring some of the most
-necessary artists, together with the necessary apparatus.
-
-His fourth annual address referred to employment of artists, both from
-abroad and at home, to aid in the establishment of the mint. He also
-stated that provision had been made for the requisite buildings, which
-were then being put in proper condition, and spoke of a small beginning
-in the coinage of half “dismes.”
-
-His sixth annual address stated “the mint had entered upon the coinage
-of the precious metals, and there was a pleasing prospect that the
-institution would at no remote day realize the expectation which was
-originally formed of its utility.”
-
-His seventh annual address called attention to “the necessity of further
-legislation for checking abuses in particular quarters, and for carrying
-its business more completely into effect.”
-
-It will be seen from Washington’s reference in six out of eight of
-his messages to Congress to the currency and mint that he was deeply
-interested in the matter and considered it of more than ordinary
-importance.
-
-It has been stated that he was a frequent visitor to the mint, and that
-the first silver dismes and half dismes were made from silver contributed
-by him. The will of John L. Kates, a former owner of the buildings, says
-that the corner-stone was laid by Washington, but this is unlikely,
-as he was not in Philadelphia the day on which it is supposed to have
-been laid. The contents of the corner-stone when found will undoubtedly
-contain something of great interest to antiquarians.
-
-The original buildings, with the exception of the smelting house, still
-stand at 37 and 39 North Seventh Street, and in the rear of these
-numbers. There were three different brick buildings, all separated by
-yards and alleys, those facing Seventh Street were used for executive
-offices, etc. Immediately back of them was the one used as the coinage
-department, and back of that was the small two-story building facing
-Filbert Street and about twenty feet back of the line of that street. The
-old building used as the smelting house was torn down the latter part of
-1907, and a four-story concrete building erected on the site.
-
-The frontispiece shows the front buildings facing Seventh Street, and the
-illustration opposite page 5 the coinage building back of them, which is
-separated from the front buildings by a court yard 18 feet deep. Inasmuch
-as considerable attempt at ornamentation was made on the front of the
-coinage building, it is quite probable that this was the first building
-erected. Tradition has it that this was originally three stories high and
-that the top story was burned off. If such was the case the third story
-was of wooden construction. The walled up windows in the rear show the
-window sills to be badly charred.
-
-Remains of old arched brick vaults still exist in the basement of 39
-North Seventh Street.
-
-The building in the rear, used as the coinage department, has two arched
-and paved brick vaults in its basement intact except the doors. One of
-the vaults, illustrated opposite page 9, has a smaller vault in its rear
-end, which was undoubtedly used as a storage place for the most valuable
-of the mint’s possessions. Strong brick arches and exceedingly heavy
-joists, averaging twelve inches square, were placed in the basement to
-support the coinage presses above.
-
-The building formerly facing Filbert Street had no basement, and when
-excavations were made for the new building two old brick-walled wells
-were uncovered, one of which was four feet in diameter, with cesspool
-refuse in the bottom. The other well was about seven feet in diameter and
-the bottom was not reached, as the excavations only went down about 12
-feet. These wells were between the old building and Filbert Street. The
-larger one was three or four feet back of the centre of the property at
-35 North Seventh Street, and the other was just off the southeast corner
-of the demolished building. It is quite likely that the largest well
-furnished water for the distillery of Michael Shubart.
-
-It is interesting to note that in the excavations on the site of the old
-building, several copper coins and planchets were found, most of which
-are illustrated opposite page 20. Two worthy of mention are about the
-size of half-cents, but with small holes in the centre, one of them
-having a milled edge, the other a plain edge. They are supposed to be
-planchets for the excessively rare 1792 silver centre cents, which must
-certainly have been struck off at the mint, otherwise the planchets
-would not have been found there. The author now has these finds in his
-possession, as well as a collection of hand forged hardware taken off the
-old building.
-
-On May 8, 1792, the director of the mint was authorized, with the
-approbation of the President, to purchase a quantity of copper for the
-coinage of cents and half-cents, and Congress also provided that when
-fifty thousand (50,000) dollars of such cents and half-cents had been
-coined notice should be given to the public in at least two newspapers,
-and that any attempt to pass other copper coins would result in their
-forfeiture.
-
-From a national viewpoint the old mint buildings are the most historical
-in the United States, because they were the first erected by the
-authority of the Federal Government for public use. It was the sole
-United States Mint from 1792 to 1833. The corner-stone was laid July 31,
-1792, and presumably by David Rittenhouse, the celebrated astronomer
-and philosopher and first director of the mint. The achievements of
-Rittenhouse very readily place him in the same distinguished class as
-Benjamin Franklin.
-
-The ground on which the first United States mint buildings stand was sold
-by William Penn to the Pennsylvania Land Company, and transferred to it
-by deed dated August 12, 1699, “in the 11th year of our Sovereign Lord
-King William III, of England, Scotland, France and Ireland.”
-
-The Pennsylvania Land Company then consisted of Tobias Collett,
-haberdasher; Michael Russell, weaver; Daniel Quare, watchmaker, and Henry
-Goldney, linendraper, all of London, England.
-
-[Illustration: VAULT WITHIN A VAULT
-
-BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING
-
-THE “BURGLAR PROOF” OF 1792]
-
-The deed was signed by Penn August 17, 1699, and was stamped with two
-six-penny stamps. The consideration was 2,000 pounds. Herbert Springett,
-Wm. Martin and Wm. Springett acted as witnesses.
-
-The mint grounds are part of “six inland city lots, lying between the two
-rivers, Delaware and Schuylkill.”
-
-This deed, in addition to the six city lots which were evidently thrown
-in as a bonus, conveyed two river front lots, one on the Delaware and one
-on the Schuylkill, also 60,310 acres of land, variously and indefinitely
-located for the greater part. Two hundred and ten acres of this land
-was granted by warrant to Richard Noble, “old renter,” by Penn the 14th
-day of the 5th month, 1683, and afterwards by a patent to Noble the 5th
-day of the 6th month, 1685, by Thomas Lloyd, James Claypoole and Robert
-Turner, commissioners for Penn.
-
-Another parcel of 100 acres of this land was part of a tract of 309
-acres, “granted by an order from New York,” and surveyed on or about
-the 12th day of May, 1679, unto Wm. Clark, and afterwards disposed of
-to Richard Noble, and which was on the 8th day of the 8th month, 1689,
-granted and confirmed unto Noble by Wm. Markham and John Goodson,
-commissioners for Penn.
-
-The 310 acres were transferred to Penn by Noble February 22, 1695.
-
-The Penn deed to the Pennsylvania Land Company gives recital of grant to
-Penn by Charles II.
-
-Richard Noble came over in the ship Griffith with John Fenwick in 1675
-and landed at Salem, N. J. The Griffith was the first English ship to
-land in west New Jersey.
-
-Noble surveyed and plotted the town of Burlington, N. J., in 1677, and
-on December 15, 1679, was appointed surveyor by Governor Andross, of New
-York, as surveyor of Upland, now Chester, Pa. He also surveyed a part of
-the present site of Philadelphia for the Swedes, Swansons, in 1681.
-
-Wm. Markham was a cousin of Wm. Penn and landed in America in 1681.
-He at one time held a captaincy in the English army. He was the first
-Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania.
-
-Thomas Lloyd was president of council, justice of the peace of
-Philadelphia, and _de facto_ Deputy-Governor in 1690. He founded, under
-Penn’s instructions, the first public school in Pennsylvania in 1689.
-
-James Claypoole built the first brick house in Philadelphia, and was a
-member of council in 1687 and one of the Free Society of Traders.
-
-Robert Turner was a close friend of Penn, and at one time a merchant
-of Dublin, Ireland. Penn was in frequent correspondence with him and,
-among other things, wrote him on May 5, 1681, how and why the name of
-Pennsylvania was selected. He was also a member of the Free Society of
-Traders.
-
-John Goodson was a prominent man in the early days of the settlement
-of Pennsylvania, and like Markham, Lloyd, Claypoole, Turner and others
-empowered to sell land for Penn.
-
-The Pennsylvania Land Company held possession until December 26, 1758,
-when Francis Rawle, acting as its attorney, transferred a parcel
-containing part of the mint lots to Daniel Roberdeau, he being the
-highest bidder at a public sale.
-
-This piece of land was described as a “certain piece of ground situate
-on the east side of the Seventh Street from the Delaware, City of
-Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the said street 50 feet, and in
-length or depth 198 feet, or thereabouts, be the same more or less, to
-the middle or half way between Sixth Street and Seventh Street,” bounded
-on the south by the back ends of High Street (now Market) and on the
-north by land of Rebecca Cooper.
-
-On December 26, 1758 (the same date as the Roberdeau deed) Francis
-Rawle, attorney for Thomas Hyam, merchant; Thomas Reynolds, clothworker,
-and Thomas How, goldsmith, only surviving feoffees in trust of the
-Pennsylvania Land Company, sold to Rebecca Cooper, spinster, as the
-highest bidder at public sale, “a certain piece of ground situate on
-the east side of the Seventh Street from Delaware in the said City of
-Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the same street 50 feet.”
-
-This lot was also 198 feet deep and bounded on the east by land conveyed
-to Richard Farmer, as was the ground sold to Daniel Roberdeau. Joshua
-Howell and William Govett were witnesses on both the deeds and both were
-acknowledged before Isaac Jones, Justice.
-
-Daniel Roberdeau, by deed dated February 27, 1759, conveyed to Richard
-Farmer, practitioner in physics, the same piece of ground he purchased at
-auction of the Pennsylvania Land Company. Deed witnessed by H. W. Dovey
-and John Reily.
-
-Rebecca Cooper, by deed dated April 3, 1759, also sold to Richard Farmer
-the ground she purchased at auction of the Pennsylvania Land Company. Her
-lot was bounded on the south by ground late of Daniel Roberdeau.
-
-These two pieces of ground of 50 feet each on Seventh Street, each
-contained part of what afterwards became the mint lot, which faced
-Seventh Street, and which was, and now is, 36 feet 10 inches front,
-with another lot making an outlet on Filbert Street, now covered by a
-four-story concrete and steel-frame building occupied by the Frank H.
-Stewart Electric Company, and connected by openings with the building on
-the northeast corner of Seventh and Filbert Streets, also occupied by the
-same concern.
-
-Richard Farmer and wife, by deed dated September 1, 1760, conveyed to
-Michael Shubart, distiller, “two certain pieces of ground,” one of which
-was located on Seventh Street, with a frontage of 36 feet and 10 inches
-and with a depth of 99 feet, which was bounded on the south by a piece of
-ground sold by Farmer to George Keller, 20 feet by 99 feet.
-
-The other piece of ground was on the north side of a certain 14-foot
-alley (now Filbert Street, mentioned for the first time), containing in
-breadth 17 feet on the alley and 56 feet 10 inches deep, connecting with
-above lot in the rear and for its entire width as well as the Keller lot.
-
-The consideration was a yearly ground rental of 21 Spanish silver pieces
-of 8 of 17 pennyweight and 6 grains each, with the option within
-seven years of cancellation by payment of 133 pounds, lawful money of
-Pennsylvania.
-
-Shubart agreed to erect within four (4) years on one of the pieces of
-ground one good brick kitchen, or tenement, or other brick building at
-least 15 feet square.
-
-This deed was witnessed by Robert Wilson, Jr., and John Clarkson;
-acknowledged by Wm. Peters, justice.
-
-This transfer shows that the High Street lots, near Seventh Street,
-extended at one time back to what is now Filbert Street, and also that
-Richard Farmer’s land was taken in whole or in part for the purpose of
-what then was termed an alley, and later known as Sugar Alley, then
-Farmers Street, and now Filbert Street.
-
-James Ash, high sheriff, on May 27, 1790, conveyed to Frederick Hailer
-the land purchased by Shubart from Farmer, together with a tenement
-distill house and coppers, distills, worms, cisterns, tubs and other
-utensils belonging to said distillery.
-
-This conveyance was subject to the payment of the yearly ground rent of
-21 Spanish pieces of 8.
-
-Jacob Barge was the creditor who caused the sale.
-
-Frederick Wailer, surgeon barber, and wife, Christiana, July 18, 1792,
-sold to the United States Government the land and distill house and frame
-tenement building formerly owned by Shubart.
-
-This deed recites the Act of Congress referred to elsewhere, and states
-“the President in pursuance thereof caused to be purchased from said
-Wailer, etc., etc.”
-
-Wailer made a nice profit. He bought it for 515 pounds and sold it for
-4,266⅔ dollars, subject to the ground rent as before.
-
-This deed was acknowledged by Wailer and wife before James Biddle,
-president of the Court of Common Pleas, of the County of Philadelphia,
-July 21, 1792.
-
-During the entire time the government owned the property it paid an
-annual ground rent, which seems rather strange now.
-
-On July 1, 1792, Washington appointed David Rittenhouse director of the
-mint, and on July 19th, the day following the purchase, eight carpenters,
-besides other laborers, commenced to tear down the distillery, and on
-August 25th the frame work for the new building was raised.
-
-Work on the bellows furnaces was commenced September 7th, and on
-September 11th six pounds of old copper for coinage was purchased at the
-price of one shilling three pence per pound.
-
-Three coining presses, imported from Europe, arrived September 21st, and
-in October they were in operation.
-
-On December 30, 1792, Jefferson, then Secretary of State, wrote Pinckney,
-our minister to England, about the difficulty of procuring copper, and
-suggested Sweden as a source of supply and enclosed draft on the treasury
-of the United States for $10,000.
-
-The United States of America on January 12, 1836, by deed reciting Act
-of Congress under date of May 1, 1830, transferred the mint grounds and
-buildings to Michael Kates, bell hanger, for $8,100, he having been the
-highest bidder at public sale. In this deed the 14-foot alley was called
-Sugar Alley and the ground rent again noted.
-
-Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America, signed this
-deed and the great seal of the United States of America was attached.
-John Forsyth, Secretary of State, witnessed the President’s signature.
-
-On February 18, 1836, Francis Hopkinson, Clerk of the District and
-Circuit Courts of the United States of America for the eastern district
-of Pennsylvania, appeared before John Swift, Mayor of the City of
-Philadelphia, and on his oath said he was acquainted with the signatures
-of both Jackson and Forsyth and was satisfied they were their own and
-proper signatures.
-
-The neighborhood of the old mint is rich in traditions regarding it, and
-it may happen that when the buildings are torn down some of them will be
-substantiated.
-
-During the War of 1812 Dr. R. M. Patterson, Adam Eckfelt and Joseph
-Cloud, respectively director of the mint, chief coiner, melter and
-refiner, were engaged at the Breast Works at Grays Ferry, and, as these
-gentlemen were the chief employees of the mint at the time, it is highly
-probable there was considerable alarm over the safety of the mint. Among
-other traditions is one that the bullion, planchets and coins were walled
-up and buried during this scare. The actions of the British at Washington
-showed their tendency towards destruction of government property.
-
-An old lady living in West Philadelphia has the original appointment
-of her ancestor, Joseph Cloud, to his position in the mint, signed by
-Washington. She would not even allow it to be photographed for fear
-something might happen to it while in the photographer’s hands.
-
-Biddle’s Directory of 1791 gives the address of Michael Shubart,
-distiller, as 29 North Seventh Street; Hardie’s 1793 directory gives
-the mint at 29 North Seventh Street, which indicates that a change of
-numbers in the mint property has been made since that time. Shubart was
-a prominent Philadelphian; during the Revolution he was a city assessor,
-and on one occasion took an unconditional oath while his colleagues
-made a reservation. In the elaborate pageant of July 4, 1788, he bore
-the Standard at the head of the distillery section, followed by other
-notables engaged in that business.
-
-Daniel Roberdeau, mentioned elsewhere as an owner of part of the mint
-grounds, at one time was a brigadier-general of militia, and his name
-appears frequently in the Revolutionary Annals of Philadelphia as a man
-of pronounced ideas and stern character.
-
-The beginning of the mint establishment may be traced back to the
-articles of Confederation, dated July 9, 1778, which contained the
-following: “The United States in Congress assembled shall also have the
-sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of
-coin struck by their own authority or by that of the respective States.”
-
-The Constitution of the United States, September 17, 1787, contains in
-Article I, Section 8: “The Congress shall have power to coin money,
-regulate the value thereof and of foreign coins”; and further, “No State
-shall coin money, emit bills of credit, make anything but gold and silver
-coin a tender in payment of debts.”
-
-Analysis of the above will show the reason why the various States
-discontinued their own coinage.
-
-The Continental Congress, January 7, 1782, instructed Robert Morris,
-the financier of the Revolution, to prepare and report a table of
-rates at which the different species of foreign coins most likely to
-circulate within the United States should be received at the treasury.
-On January 15th, the week following, he made a lengthy report regarding
-the different names and values of coins then in use and the necessity
-of a legal tender. He stated that the necessary machinery for a mint
-could easily be made and that the advantage of possessing legal money in
-preference to any other would induce people to carry foreign money to the
-mint until a sufficiency were struck for the circulating medium, and the
-remainder of foreign gold and silver coins should be left entirely to the
-operations of commerce as bullion.
-
-On April 14, 1790, Thomas Jefferson reported to the House of
-Representatives, advising the declination of the proposition of John
-H. Mitchell regarding his offer to furnish coins from Europe at a
-fixed price per pound for copper coins. His objections were that
-the opportunity of recoinage of coins would be lost, and that in
-transportation across the ocean it would be subject to the dangers of the
-sea, acts of piracy, and, in times of war, would offer the sinews of war
-to the enterprise of the enemy, and further, that the resource of coining
-household plate would be lost. The risk of counterfeiting was also noted.
-
-Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on January 28, 1791, as
-a result of instructions on the part of the House of Representatives on
-April 15, 1790, sent a lengthy communication to it on “The Establishment
-of a Mint.” This communication was evidently the basis for the act of
-Congress, dated April 2, 1792, establishing the mint and regulating the
-coins of the United States.
-
-The mint was to be situated at the seat of government, then Philadelphia,
-and the President, in addition to the authority given him under the Act
-of March 3, 1791, was authorized to cause to be provided and put in
-proper condition such buildings as appeared to him to be necessary for
-carrying on the business of the mint.
-
-The Act of March 3, 1791, approved by President Washington, authorized
-the establishment of a mint under such regulations as should be directed
-by law. This Act authorized him to cause to be engaged artists and the
-procurement of the necessary apparatus.
-
-On December 30, 1793, Jefferson wrote the President regarding artists. He
-mentioned that a certain Drotz had been hired, but, after considerable
-delay, refused to come to America, and that our minister at London had
-succeeded in getting Mr. Albion Coxe, who was probably the person of that
-name who had the right to make copper coins for the State of New Jersey
-in 1786, to accept the position as assayer. Inasmuch as it was impossible
-to secure abroad a chief coiner of greater ability than at home, Mr.
-Henry Voight, who was temporarily in the position, was favorably
-mentioned.
-
-These two men were required to furnish security in the sum of ten
-thousand dollars each, which neither was able to do, and Jefferson stated
-that the coinage of precious metals was prevented for some time past, but
-that in order that the mint might not be entirely idle the coinage of
-copper had been going on. Jefferson recommended that their securities be
-lessened by reducing their responsibilities.
-
-[Illustration: BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING
-
-SHOWING PRESS SUPPORTS AND HAMMERED ONE INCH SQUARE IRON WINDOW BARS.
-TIMBERS AVERAGE 12 INCHES SQUARE. CUT SHOWS NEARLY ONE HALF OF BASEMENT.]
-
-October 28, 1794, David Rittenhouse, director of the mint, reported that
-it had been necessary to purchase an additional lot of ground, that
-nearly one million of cents had been coined and a beginning made in the
-coinage of precious metals, that nearly 120,000 ounces of bullion had
-been deposited for coinage and that a large parcel of blank dollars was
-ready for coining as soon as a more powerful press could be finished.
-
-February 9, 1795, Mr. Boudinot, one of the Congressional Committee
-appointed to examine and report on the state of the mint, made a long
-report on the duties and work of the various employees.
-
-At that time besides the buildings at 37 and 39 North Seventh Street,
-now belonging to the Frank H. Stewart Electric Company, a lease was held
-on one in the “Northern Liberties” for five years at the rent of five
-shillings per annum, a very trifling sum indeed.
-
-There was more or less criticism about the conduct of the mint which
-Mr. Boudinot explained was due to trouble in getting competent workmen,
-proper materials and strong apparatus. He reported the lots for the
-buildings were too small and that this hindered the operations; and,
-further, that the frequent breaking of dies, which were all made in
-the mint, caused numerous delays. Up to September, 1794, the lands
-purchased had cost $4,266.66; buildings, apparatus, machines, etc.,
-$22,720.45; copper, $15,815.51; salaries, $15,591.99, a grand total of
-$58,394.61, which he considered a very great amount. He remarked that a
-great saving could be made if the machinery could be operated by water
-or steam instead of manual labor or that of horses. He noted that in
-case the projected canal between the Schuylkill and Delaware should be
-accomplished the heavy expense of the mint would be greatly reduced.
-
-His report, among other things, showed that when the bullion was not
-in use it was kept under two locks, the keys of which were kept by the
-assayer and chief coiner. This was for the time it was in the custody
-of the chief coiner. That part not in his custody was in the vaults of
-the mint, also secured under two locks, keys of which were kept by the
-treasurer and assayer. Mention is made elsewhere regarding these vaults.
-He recommended a reduction in the size of the copper cent and a change in
-the standard for silver coins to ten parts silver and one part copper.
-
-Henry William DeSaussure in a letter, dated the mint office, October
-27, 1795, to the President of the United States, George Washington,
-apologized for the length of his communication and said he was prepared
-to deliver the direction of the mint to his successor.
-
-He stated the coinage of gold had begun under his administration. He
-deemed it proper to state there was no copper in the mint fit for
-coining, and that the price of copper had advanced, and suggested the
-desirability of reducing the weight of the cent and thereby help in
-preventing its use by coppersmiths.
-
-He mentioned the important fact that the standard of the silver coin in
-use at the mint differed from the standard fixed by law. He thought that
-either the law should be changed or the standard used according to law.
-
-He suggested the desirability of having laws made to close up certain
-establishments making debased foreign coins and thereby curtailing the
-supply of gold bullion and degrading our national character.
-
-He referred to an attempt on the mint dies and implements with nefarious
-views.
-
-Elias Boudinot, in a letter dated at the mint, December 3, 1795, referred
-to the sudden death of Assayer Mr. Albion Coxe on the preceding Friday,
-and said “until this officer is replaced the business of the mint would
-be confined to striking cents only.” In the same letter he recommended,
-among other things, “that some proper person be authorized to purchase
-on public account all small quantities of silver and gold brought to the
-mint, at the best market price, to be coined for the public treasury.”
-
-Elias Boudinot, in a very able letter to the President, dated at the
-mint, November 29, 1796, told how impossible it was to run the mint with
-business-like dispatch, hampered as it was by unreasonable restrictions.
-He pointed out how in one case a depositor of bullion below standard got
-500 pounds sterling more than he should and still was within his legal
-rights. In other words, it cost the mint that much to refine the bullion
-for which it received no compensation. He also pointed out how expensive
-it was to coin bullion in rotation so that each depositor got his money
-in turn. In this way it was just as expensive to melt and refine 20
-ounces as 1,000 ounces and he recommended a fund for the mint to be used
-in paying off small depositors of bullion and thus be able to melt and
-refine in larger quantities.
-
-February 13, 1797, Mr. Havens, of the committee to examine and report on
-Mr. Boudinot’s letter, made his report to Congress and recommended the
-sum of $2,820.71 be appropriated to make good the deficiency caused by
-wastage in coining gold and silver since the commencement of the coinage
-of these metals. The report was substantially a confirmation of the
-statements made by Mr. Boudinot.
-
-May 19, 1798, recommendation of allowance to John Vaughan was made
-because silver bullion, to the extent of 230,888 ounces, deposited by him
-was of greater fineness than that regularly used in coinage.
-
-During the latter part of 1797 it became very apparent that the out-put
-of the mint was not sufficient for the needs of the country, and foreign
-coins were necessarily continued as legal tender despite legislation to
-the contrary.
-
-Elias Boudinot, in a letter from the mint to the President, dated January
-3, 1799, mentioned that during the previous summer a scheme for robbing
-the mint was discovered. One of the persons in the mint was in collusion
-with outside parties. The offenders were detected, prosecuted and
-punished.
-
-January 8, 1800, Boudinot reported to President Adams and called his
-attention to the fact that fifty thousand one hundred and eleven dollars
-and forty-two cents ($50,111.42) of cents, had been coined and that it
-was necessary for the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to
-comply with provisions of law of May 8, 1792, by giving the public notice
-therein mentioned.
-
-Also brought up the point that the mint was not at the seat of
-government, which had been moved to Washington, and if mint was to be
-removed steps should be taken immediately regarding it.
-
-Also called attention to workmen in gold and silver melting down coins
-for commercial purposes to the loss of the United States.
-
-Mr. Hillhouse, of the committee to whom was referred the report of the
-director of the mint to the President of the United States, on January
-8, 1800, recommended, on March 18, 1800, that a committee be appointed
-to bring in a bill for repealing the first section of the Act entitled,
-“An Act establishing a mint and regulating the coins of the United
-States....” dated April 21, 1792, and such other sections and parts of
-sections of said Act as relate to the establishment of the mint, and to
-provide for taking care of the materials and property appertaining to
-the mint and which belong to the United States; and, further, that the
-Secretary of the Treasury be directed to report a plan for furnishing the
-United States with cents and half-cents as shall be deemed necessary or
-expedient.
-
-February 13, 1801, Elias Boudinot advised the President that the
-Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Comptroller of the Treasury,
-the Chief Justice and Attorney-General were not present on the day
-specified by law to assay reserved pieces of coins, and that the
-depositors complained of their being deprived of their reserved money,
-and that the check on coinage contemplated by law was frustrated. Also
-mentioned that the act of July 16, 1790, provided for removal of all
-offices attached to the seat of government to the District of Columbia
-on the first Monday in December, 1800. Called attention to Act of last
-session of Congress locating mint in Philadelphia until March 4th next.
-
-[Illustration: PLANCHETS FOR COPPER CENTS, HALF CENTS AND SILVER CENTRE
-CENTS, ALSO PIECE OF SCRAP COPPER FROM WHICH A HALF CENT WAS STRUCK, ALL
-FOUND WHILE EXCAVATIONS WERE BEING MADE FOR NEW BUILDING 631 FILBERT
-STREET. SIZE 15/16 OF ORIGINALS.]
-
-He, on February 27, 1802, in a communication to the Secretary of the
-Treasury, calls attention to outstanding contracts for copper abroad
-which were obligatory, and the difficulty attending the securing of
-copper in the past. Questioned the scheme of importing coined copper
-cents because of a chance of a flood of lightweight cents contrary to
-law, and suggested that the government would have greater security by
-placing contract in United States.
-
-On March 4, 1802, Robert Scott, engraver at the mint, wrote the Secretary
-of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, calling attention to the probability
-of abolishment of the mint, explained the sacrifices he had made and
-desired to be invested with the exclusive privilege, according to law, of
-furnishing cents of the regular weight and quality free of all expense to
-the government at the face value.
-
-In a letter dated March 22, 1802, Mint of the United States,
-Philadelphia, Elias Boudinot wrote the Secretary of Treasury, giving an
-inventory of the real and personal property of the mint, as follows:
-
-“Two lots on Seventh Street between Market and Arch, 20 feet each on
-Seventh Street and extending back 100 feet, with a dwelling house on the
-north lot and a shell of a house on the south lot, which last lot widens
-on the rear to about 60 feet on which the stable stands. These lots pay a
-ground rent of $27.50 per annum.
-
-“A lot on Sugar Alley at the rear of the above, 20-feet front on the
-alley and about 100-feet deep.
-
-“A frame building improved for a large furnace in the commons at the
-north end of Sixth Street, of little value, the ground being merely
-loaned to us.
-
-“Personal estate—copper planchets on hand, 22 tons.
-
-“Three horses, good for little but for use of mint.
-
-“Machinery of mint no value except for mint.
-
-“Five striking presses.
-
-“Three cutting presses.
-
-“One milling machine.
-
-“Five pairs rollers, great and small.
-
-“One drawing machine.
-
-“Three pairs smith’s bellows.
-
-“Set blacksmith’s tools.
-
-“Large number of hubs and dies.
-
-“Carpenter’s tools.
-
-“Seven stoves.
-
-“One turning lathe.
-
-“Six scale beams, scales and weights.
-
-“Two sets assay scales and sundry adjusting scales.
-
-“Furniture in clerks’ rooms.
-
-“Various implements used in the several departments.
-
-“About 2,000 bushels charcoal.
-
-“Engravers’ tools, pots, bottles, etc.
-
-“An old horse cart and gears.
-
-“About 2,000 fire brick.
-
-“Considerable quantity of old iron.”
-
-Stated machinery was in poor repair and should be moved by steam instead
-of horses. Said lots were too small and was greatly cramped for room.
-
-Said lots were then very valuable, being in the heart of the city. In his
-opinion the necessary coins of the government could not be protected at
-much less expense than the mint cost.
-
-In this inventory no mention was made of the building used by the coinage
-department, and which, no doubt, was the best and most important building
-then on the lots. The sizes of the lots given are inaccurate, and the
-idea evidently intended to be conveyed was that there was very little of
-value in buildings or equipment.
-
-In 1793 salaries of the mint employees were as follows:
-
-    David Rittenhouse, director, $2,000 per annum
-    Tristram Dalton, treasurer,   1,200  ”    ”
-    Henry Voight, coiner,         1,500  ”    ”
-    Isaac Hugh, clerk,              312  ”    ”
-
-The regular coinage of copper began in 1793; silver in 1794, and gold in
-1795.
-
-The following curious extracts are taken from the mint rules and
-regulations, dated January 1, 1825:
-
-“The allowance under the name of drink money is hereafter to be
-discontinued.”
-
-“The operations of the mint throughout the year are to commence at 5
-o’clock in the morning.”
-
-“Christmas Day and the Fourth of July—and no other days—are established
-holidays at the mint.”
-
-“He (watchman) will keep in a proper arm chest, securely locked, a musket
-and bayonet, two pistols and a sword. The arms are to be kept in perfect
-order and to be inspected by an officer once a month, when the arms are
-to be discharged and charged anew.
-
-“The watchman of the mint must attend from 6 o’clock in the evening
-to 5 o’clock in the morning—and until relieved by the permission of
-an officer, or until the arrival of the doorkeeper. He will ring the
-yard bell precisely every hour by the mint clock from 10 o’clock until
-relieved by the doorkeeper, or an officer, or the workmen on working
-days, and will send the watch-dog through the yard immediately after
-ringing the bell.”
-
-The operations at the mint were suspended at different times because of
-yellow fever epidemics, and this, in connection with the scarcity of
-metal, and a fire at the mint and the use of coins for purely commercial
-purposes by coppersmiths, silversmiths and other tradesmen, accounts
-for the scarcity of certain coins made at “Ye Olde Mint,” under great
-disadvantages, when men and horses did the work now done by electricity.
-
-
-
-
-Copy of Letter Regarding Purchase of First U. S. Mint Lots.
-
-
-                                                            June 9, 1792.
-
-DEAR SIR:
-
-I am in sentiment with you and the Director of the Mint, respecting the
-purchase of the lots and houses which are offered for sale, in preference
-to renting—as the latter will certainly exceed the interest of the former.
-
-That all the applications may be brought to view, and considered for
-coining, &c., Mr. Lear will lay the letters and engravings before you, to
-be shewn to the Director of the Mint. I have no other object or wish in
-doing it, than to obtain the best.
-
-                               Yours, &c.,
-
-                                                          Go. WASHINGTON.
-
-MR. JEFFERSON.
-
-
-
-
-[Illustration: COINS FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS MADE FOR BASEMENT OF CONCRETE
-BUILDING NOW IN REAR OF COINAGE BUILDING. SIZE 31/32 OF ORIGINALS.]
-
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ye Olde Mint, by Frank H. Stewart</div>
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-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
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-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Ye Olde Mint</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Being a brief description of the first U.S. Mint, established by Congress in the year 1792, at Seventh Street and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street) Philadelphia</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Frank H. Stewart</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 13, 2021 [eBook #65613]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YE OLDE MINT ***</div>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus1" style="width: 550px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="550" height="550" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">MINT OFFICE BUILDING</p>
-
-<p class="caption">37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage larger">Y<sup>e</sup> Olde Mint</p>
-
-<p class="center">Being a brief description of the first<br />
-U. S. Mint, established by Congress<br />
-in the year 1792, at Seventh Street<br />
-and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street)<br />
-Philadelphia</p>
-
-<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">COMPLIMENTS OF</span><br />
-Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.<br />
-7th and Filbert Streets Philadelphia</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p>
-
-<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyright 1909<br />
-Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.<br />
-Philadelphia, Pa.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">FOREWORD</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The great interest shown in numismatics and antiquities
-nowadays has caused this imperfect endeavor to collate
-some of the interesting historical data still in existence
-regarding the first United States Mint, and also at the same
-time preserve by means of photographs and descriptions the
-present appearance of the old buildings.</p>
-
-<p>Practically every chronological list of important events
-which have happened in the United States records the establishment
-of the first United States Mint in Philadelphia in
-1792, and if anyone has the time and inclination to investigate
-the history and coinage of the mint for the first forty (40)
-years of its existence, and publish to the numismatic world the
-result of his research, I shall be satisfied if my efforts here
-should furnish the slightest inspiration.</p>
-
-<p>Numismatists very rarely, if ever, pay any attention to the
-persons who made their rare and valuable specimens of coins,
-and probably still less attention to the places where they were
-made.</p>
-
-<p>The great majority of the rare United States coins were
-made in buildings still standing at 37 and 39 North Seventh
-Street, Philadelphia, or, to be more exact, in the coinage building
-in the rear of these numbers. Until recently these buildings
-were unmarked, and the people of the neighborhood in a
-great many instances were unaware of the fact that for a
-period of forty (40) years all of the United States coins were
-made so near at hand. Those who daily walked past the
-buildings had nothing to direct their attention to them, and it
-is safe to say that not five hundred persons in Philadelphia
-could point out what at one time was one of the most important<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span>
-buildings in the United States, as well as the first erected
-under authority of Congress for Federal purposes.</p>
-
-<p>The author purchased the buildings and feels that it is his
-duty to do what he can to describe them before they are
-demolished, and also at the same time publish such data in his
-possession as may prove interesting or valuable to the limited
-few who collect rare coins or are in any way interested in what
-was an exceedingly important department of our early
-national life.</p>
-
-<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Frank H. Stewart.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus2" style="width: 550px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="550" height="700" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">COINAGE BUILDING</p>
-
-<p class="caption">REAR OF 37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET</p>
-
-<p class="caption">UNDOUBTEDLY THE FIRST BRICK BUILDING ERECTED BY ACT OF CONGRESS FOR PUBLIC USE</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p>
-
-<h1>Y<sup>e</sup> OLDE MINT</h1>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The first United States mint buildings are indeed historical
-in more ways than one, and while a number of suggestions
-have been made for their preservation it is highly
-probable they will eventually be located by the means of a
-bronze tablet on the front of the steel and concrete structure in
-contemplation for the use of the Frank H. Stewart Electric
-Company, who now occupy the buildings adjoining them on the
-south and east. The retention of the buildings on the present
-site is prohibited on account of the great value of the land and
-its location in the heart of the business section, and their removal
-by private enterprise to another site unlikely because of
-the great expense that such removal would entail.</p>
-
-<p>If a few 1804 dollars, which now have a record price of
-thirty-six hundred dollars each, should be found in the buildings,
-their removal would be rendered easier, provided they
-were found before the destruction of the buildings, but this
-is highly improbable, although there will undoubtedly be a few
-coins discovered, as there were when the building was erected
-on the Filbert Street lot on the site of the old mint smelting
-house, which is contiguous to the Seventh Street lot.</p>
-
-<p>Washington in his first annual address to Congress referred
-to the importance of uniformity in the currency.</p>
-
-<p>His second annual address urged the importance of the
-establishment of a mint.</p>
-
-<p>In his third address he spoke of disorders in the existing
-currency, the scarcity of change, and recommended carrying
-into effect the resolution already entered into concerning the
-establishment of a mint; also remarked that measures had been
-taken for procuring some of the most necessary artists, together
-with the necessary apparatus.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p>
-
-<p>His fourth annual address referred to employment of artists,
-both from abroad and at home, to aid in the establishment of
-the mint. He also stated that provision had been made for the
-requisite buildings, which were then being put in proper condition,
-and spoke of a small beginning in the coinage of half
-“dismes.”</p>
-
-<p>His sixth annual address stated “the mint had entered upon
-the coinage of the precious metals, and there was a pleasing
-prospect that the institution would at no remote day realize the
-expectation which was originally formed of its utility.”</p>
-
-<p>His seventh annual address called attention to “the necessity
-of further legislation for checking abuses in particular quarters,
-and for carrying its business more completely into effect.”</p>
-
-<p>It will be seen from Washington’s reference in six out of
-eight of his messages to Congress to the currency and mint that
-he was deeply interested in the matter and considered it of
-more than ordinary importance.</p>
-
-<p>It has been stated that he was a frequent visitor to the mint,
-and that the first silver dismes and half dismes were made from
-silver contributed by him. The will of John L. Kates, a former
-owner of the buildings, says that the corner-stone was
-laid by Washington, but this is unlikely, as he was not in
-Philadelphia the day on which it is supposed to have been laid.
-The contents of the corner-stone when found will undoubtedly
-contain something of great interest to antiquarians.</p>
-
-<p>The original buildings, with the exception of the smelting
-house, still stand at 37 and 39 North Seventh Street, and in
-the rear of these numbers. There were three different brick
-buildings, all separated by yards and alleys, those facing Seventh
-Street were used for executive offices, etc. Immediately
-back of them was the one used as the coinage department, and
-back of that was the small two-story building facing Filbert
-Street and about twenty feet back of the line of that street.
-The old building used as the smelting house was torn down the
-latter part of 1907, and a four-story concrete building erected
-on the site.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p>
-
-<p>The frontispiece shows the front buildings facing Seventh
-Street, and <a href="#illus2">the illustration opposite page 5</a> the coinage building
-back of them, which is separated from the front buildings by
-a court yard 18 feet deep. Inasmuch as considerable attempt
-at ornamentation was made on the front of the coinage building,
-it is quite probable that this was the first building erected.
-Tradition has it that this was originally three stories high and
-that the top story was burned off. If such was the case the
-third story was of wooden construction. The walled up windows
-in the rear show the window sills to be badly charred.</p>
-
-<p>Remains of old arched brick vaults still exist in the basement
-of 39 North Seventh Street.</p>
-
-<p>The building in the rear, used as the coinage department,
-has two arched and paved brick vaults in its basement intact
-except the doors. One of the vaults, <a href="#illus3">illustrated opposite page
-9</a>, has a smaller vault in its rear end, which was undoubtedly
-used as a storage place for the most valuable of the mint’s
-possessions. Strong brick arches and exceedingly heavy joists,
-averaging twelve inches square, were placed in the basement
-to support the coinage presses above.</p>
-
-<p>The building formerly facing Filbert Street had no basement,
-and when excavations were made for the new building
-two old brick-walled wells were uncovered, one of which was
-four feet in diameter, with cesspool refuse in the bottom. The
-other well was about seven feet in diameter and the bottom
-was not reached, as the excavations only went down about
-12 feet. These wells were between the old building and Filbert
-Street. The larger one was three or four feet back of the
-centre of the property at 35 North Seventh Street, and the
-other was just off the southeast corner of the demolished building.
-It is quite likely that the largest well furnished water for
-the distillery of Michael Shubart.</p>
-
-<p>It is interesting to note that in the excavations on the site
-of the old building, several copper coins and planchets were
-found, most of which are <a href="#illus5">illustrated opposite page 20</a>. Two
-worthy of mention are about the size of half-cents, but with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span>
-small holes in the centre, one of them having a milled edge,
-the other a plain edge. They are supposed to be planchets for
-the excessively rare 1792 silver centre cents, which must certainly
-have been struck off at the mint, otherwise the planchets
-would not have been found there. The author now has these
-finds in his possession, as well as a collection of hand forged
-hardware taken off the old building.</p>
-
-<p>On May 8, 1792, the director of the mint was authorized,
-with the approbation of the President, to purchase a quantity
-of copper for the coinage of cents and half-cents, and Congress
-also provided that when fifty thousand (50,000) dollars
-of such cents and half-cents had been coined notice should be
-given to the public in at least two newspapers, and that any
-attempt to pass other copper coins would result in their forfeiture.</p>
-
-<p>From a national viewpoint the old mint buildings are the
-most historical in the United States, because they were the first
-erected by the authority of the Federal Government for public
-use. It was the sole United States Mint from 1792 to 1833.
-The corner-stone was laid July 31, 1792, and presumably by
-David Rittenhouse, the celebrated astronomer and philosopher
-and first director of the mint. The achievements of Rittenhouse
-very readily place him in the same distinguished class
-as Benjamin Franklin.</p>
-
-<p>The ground on which the first United States mint buildings
-stand was sold by William Penn to the Pennsylvania Land
-Company, and transferred to it by deed dated August 12, 1699,
-“in the 11th year of our Sovereign Lord King William III, of
-England, Scotland, France and Ireland.”</p>
-
-<p>The Pennsylvania Land Company then consisted of Tobias
-Collett, haberdasher; Michael Russell, weaver; Daniel Quare,
-watchmaker, and Henry Goldney, linendraper, all of London,
-England.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus3" style="width: 550px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="550" height="700" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">VAULT WITHIN A VAULT</p>
-
-<p class="caption">BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING</p>
-
-<p class="caption">THE “BURGLAR PROOF” OF 1792</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>The deed was signed by Penn August 17, 1699, and was
-stamped with two six-penny stamps. The consideration was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span>
-2,000 pounds. Herbert Springett, Wm. Martin and Wm.
-Springett acted as witnesses.</p>
-
-<p>The mint grounds are part of “six inland city lots, lying
-between the two rivers, Delaware and Schuylkill.”</p>
-
-<p>This deed, in addition to the six city lots which were evidently
-thrown in as a bonus, conveyed two river front lots, one on
-the Delaware and one on the Schuylkill, also 60,310 acres of
-land, variously and indefinitely located for the greater part.
-Two hundred and ten acres of this land was granted by warrant
-to Richard Noble, “old renter,” by Penn the 14th day of the
-5th month, 1683, and afterwards by a patent to Noble the 5th
-day of the 6th month, 1685, by Thomas Lloyd, James Claypoole
-and Robert Turner, commissioners for Penn.</p>
-
-<p>Another parcel of 100 acres of this land was part of a tract
-of 309 acres, “granted by an order from New York,” and
-surveyed on or about the 12th day of May, 1679, unto Wm.
-Clark, and afterwards disposed of to Richard Noble, and
-which was on the 8th day of the 8th month, 1689, granted and
-confirmed unto Noble by Wm. Markham and John Goodson,
-commissioners for Penn.</p>
-
-<p>The 310 acres were transferred to Penn by Noble February
-22, 1695.</p>
-
-<p>The Penn deed to the Pennsylvania Land Company gives
-recital of grant to Penn by Charles II.</p>
-
-<p>Richard Noble came over in the ship Griffith with John
-Fenwick in 1675 and landed at Salem, N. J. The Griffith was
-the first English ship to land in west New Jersey.</p>
-
-<p>Noble surveyed and plotted the town of Burlington, N. J.,
-in 1677, and on December 15, 1679, was appointed surveyor
-by Governor Andross, of New York, as surveyor of Upland,
-now Chester, Pa. He also surveyed a part of the present site
-of Philadelphia for the Swedes, Swansons, in 1681.</p>
-
-<p>Wm. Markham was a cousin of Wm. Penn and landed in
-America in 1681. He at one time held a captaincy in the English
-army. He was the first Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<p>Thomas Lloyd was president of council, justice of the peace<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span>
-of Philadelphia, and <i>de facto</i> Deputy-Governor in 1690. He
-founded, under Penn’s instructions, the first public school in
-Pennsylvania in 1689.</p>
-
-<p>James Claypoole built the first brick house in Philadelphia,
-and was a member of council in 1687 and one of the Free
-Society of Traders.</p>
-
-<p>Robert Turner was a close friend of Penn, and at one time
-a merchant of Dublin, Ireland. Penn was in frequent correspondence
-with him and, among other things, wrote him on
-May 5, 1681, how and why the name of Pennsylvania was
-selected. He was also a member of the Free Society of
-Traders.</p>
-
-<p>John Goodson was a prominent man in the early days of
-the settlement of Pennsylvania, and like Markham, Lloyd,
-Claypoole, Turner and others empowered to sell land for Penn.</p>
-
-<p>The Pennsylvania Land Company held possession until December
-26, 1758, when Francis Rawle, acting as its attorney,
-transferred a parcel containing part of the mint lots to Daniel
-Roberdeau, he being the highest bidder at a public sale.</p>
-
-<p>This piece of land was described as a “certain piece of
-ground situate on the east side of the Seventh Street from the
-Delaware, City of Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the
-said street 50 feet, and in length or depth 198 feet, or thereabouts,
-be the same more or less, to the middle or half way
-between Sixth Street and Seventh Street,” bounded on the
-south by the back ends of High Street (now Market) and on
-the north by land of Rebecca Cooper.</p>
-
-<p>On December 26, 1758 (the same date as the Roberdeau
-deed) Francis Rawle, attorney for Thomas Hyam, merchant;
-Thomas Reynolds, clothworker, and Thomas How, goldsmith,
-only surviving feoffees in trust of the Pennsylvania Land
-Company, sold to Rebecca Cooper, spinster, as the highest
-bidder at public sale, “a certain piece of ground situate on the
-east side of the Seventh Street from Delaware in the said City
-of Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the same street 50
-feet.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p>
-
-<p>This lot was also 198 feet deep and bounded on the east by
-land conveyed to Richard Farmer, as was the ground sold to
-Daniel Roberdeau. Joshua Howell and William Govett were
-witnesses on both the deeds and both were acknowledged
-before Isaac Jones, Justice.</p>
-
-<p>Daniel Roberdeau, by deed dated February 27, 1759, conveyed
-to Richard Farmer, practitioner in physics, the same
-piece of ground he purchased at auction of the Pennsylvania
-Land Company. Deed witnessed by H. W. Dovey and John
-Reily.</p>
-
-<p>Rebecca Cooper, by deed dated April 3, 1759, also sold to
-Richard Farmer the ground she purchased at auction of the
-Pennsylvania Land Company. Her lot was bounded on the
-south by ground late of Daniel Roberdeau.</p>
-
-<p>These two pieces of ground of 50 feet each on Seventh
-Street, each contained part of what afterwards became the
-mint lot, which faced Seventh Street, and which was, and now
-is, 36 feet 10 inches front, with another lot making an outlet
-on Filbert Street, now covered by a four-story concrete and
-steel-frame building occupied by the Frank H. Stewart Electric
-Company, and connected by openings with the building on the
-northeast corner of Seventh and Filbert Streets, also occupied
-by the same concern.</p>
-
-<p>Richard Farmer and wife, by deed dated September 1, 1760,
-conveyed to Michael Shubart, distiller, “two certain pieces of
-ground,” one of which was located on Seventh Street, with a
-frontage of 36 feet and 10 inches and with a depth of 99 feet,
-which was bounded on the south by a piece of ground sold
-by Farmer to George Keller, 20 feet by 99 feet.</p>
-
-<p>The other piece of ground was on the north side of a
-certain 14-foot alley (now Filbert Street, mentioned for the
-first time), containing in breadth 17 feet on the alley and 56
-feet 10 inches deep, connecting with above lot in the rear and
-for its entire width as well as the Keller lot.</p>
-
-<p>The consideration was a yearly ground rental of 21 Spanish
-silver pieces of 8 of 17 pennyweight and 6 grains each, with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span>
-option within seven years of cancellation by payment of 133
-pounds, lawful money of Pennsylvania.</p>
-
-<p>Shubart agreed to erect within four (4) years on one of the
-pieces of ground one good brick kitchen, or tenement, or other
-brick building at least 15 feet square.</p>
-
-<p>This deed was witnessed by Robert Wilson, Jr., and John
-Clarkson; acknowledged by Wm. Peters, justice.</p>
-
-<p>This transfer shows that the High Street lots, near Seventh
-Street, extended at one time back to what is now Filbert
-Street, and also that Richard Farmer’s land was taken in whole
-or in part for the purpose of what then was termed an alley,
-and later known as Sugar Alley, then Farmers Street, and now
-Filbert Street.</p>
-
-<p>James Ash, high sheriff, on May 27, 1790, conveyed to Frederick
-Hailer the land purchased by Shubart from Farmer, together
-with a tenement distill house and coppers, distills,
-worms, cisterns, tubs and other utensils belonging to said distillery.</p>
-
-<p>This conveyance was subject to the payment of the yearly
-ground rent of 21 Spanish pieces of 8.</p>
-
-<p>Jacob Barge was the creditor who caused the sale.</p>
-
-<p>Frederick Wailer, surgeon barber, and wife, Christiana, July
-18, 1792, sold to the United States Government the land and
-distill house and frame tenement building formerly owned by
-Shubart.</p>
-
-<p>This deed recites the Act of Congress referred to elsewhere,
-and states “the President in pursuance thereof caused to be
-purchased from said Wailer, etc., etc.”</p>
-
-<p>Wailer made a nice profit. He bought it for 515 pounds and
-sold it for 4,266⅔ dollars, subject to the ground rent as before.</p>
-
-<p>This deed was acknowledged by Wailer and wife before
-James Biddle, president of the Court of Common Pleas, of
-the County of Philadelphia, July 21, 1792.</p>
-
-<p>During the entire time the government owned the property
-it paid an annual ground rent, which seems rather strange now.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p>
-
-<p>On July 1, 1792, Washington appointed David Rittenhouse
-director of the mint, and on July 19th, the day following the
-purchase, eight carpenters, besides other laborers, commenced
-to tear down the distillery, and on August 25th the frame
-work for the new building was raised.</p>
-
-<p>Work on the bellows furnaces was commenced September
-7th, and on September 11th six pounds of old copper for coinage
-was purchased at the price of one shilling three pence per
-pound.</p>
-
-<p>Three coining presses, imported from Europe, arrived September
-21st, and in October they were in operation.</p>
-
-<p>On December 30, 1792, Jefferson, then Secretary of State,
-wrote Pinckney, our minister to England, about the difficulty
-of procuring copper, and suggested Sweden as a source of supply
-and enclosed draft on the treasury of the United States for
-$10,000.</p>
-
-<p>The United States of America on January 12, 1836, by deed
-reciting Act of Congress under date of May 1, 1830, transferred
-the mint grounds and buildings to Michael Kates, bell
-hanger, for $8,100, he having been the highest bidder at public
-sale. In this deed the 14-foot alley was called Sugar Alley and
-the ground rent again noted.</p>
-
-<p>Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America,
-signed this deed and the great seal of the United States of
-America was attached. John Forsyth, Secretary of State,
-witnessed the President’s signature.</p>
-
-<p>On February 18, 1836, Francis Hopkinson, Clerk of the
-District and Circuit Courts of the United States of America
-for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, appeared before John
-Swift, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, and on his oath said
-he was acquainted with the signatures of both Jackson and
-Forsyth and was satisfied they were their own and proper
-signatures.</p>
-
-<p>The neighborhood of the old mint is rich in traditions regarding
-it, and it may happen that when the buildings are torn
-down some of them will be substantiated.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p>
-
-<p>During the War of 1812 Dr. R. M. Patterson, Adam Eckfelt
-and Joseph Cloud, respectively director of the mint, chief
-coiner, melter and refiner, were engaged at the Breast Works
-at Grays Ferry, and, as these gentlemen were the chief employees
-of the mint at the time, it is highly probable there was
-considerable alarm over the safety of the mint. Among other
-traditions is one that the bullion, planchets and coins were
-walled up and buried during this scare. The actions of the
-British at Washington showed their tendency towards destruction
-of government property.</p>
-
-<p>An old lady living in West Philadelphia has the original appointment
-of her ancestor, Joseph Cloud, to his position in
-the mint, signed by Washington. She would not even allow it
-to be photographed for fear something might happen to it
-while in the photographer’s hands.</p>
-
-<p>Biddle’s Directory of 1791 gives the address of Michael
-Shubart, distiller, as 29 North Seventh Street; Hardie’s 1793
-directory gives the mint at 29 North Seventh Street, which
-indicates that a change of numbers in the mint property has
-been made since that time. Shubart was a prominent Philadelphian;
-during the Revolution he was a city assessor, and on
-one occasion took an unconditional oath while his colleagues
-made a reservation. In the elaborate pageant of July 4, 1788,
-he bore the Standard at the head of the distillery section,
-followed by other notables engaged in that business.</p>
-
-<p>Daniel Roberdeau, mentioned elsewhere as an owner of part
-of the mint grounds, at one time was a brigadier-general of
-militia, and his name appears frequently in the Revolutionary
-Annals of Philadelphia as a man of pronounced ideas and
-stern character.</p>
-
-<p>The beginning of the mint establishment may be traced back
-to the articles of Confederation, dated July 9, 1778, which
-contained the following: “The United States in Congress
-assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and
-power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by
-their own authority or by that of the respective States.”</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p>
-
-<p>The Constitution of the United States, September 17, 1787,
-contains in Article I, Section 8: “The Congress shall have
-power to coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign
-coins”; and further, “No State shall coin money, emit bills of
-credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment
-of debts.”</p>
-
-<p>Analysis of the above will show the reason why the various
-States discontinued their own coinage.</p>
-
-<p>The Continental Congress, January 7, 1782, instructed Robert
-Morris, the financier of the Revolution, to prepare and
-report a table of rates at which the different species of foreign
-coins most likely to circulate within the United States should be
-received at the treasury. On January 15th, the week following,
-he made a lengthy report regarding the different names
-and values of coins then in use and the necessity of a legal
-tender. He stated that the necessary machinery for a mint
-could easily be made and that the advantage of possessing legal
-money in preference to any other would induce people to carry
-foreign money to the mint until a sufficiency were struck for
-the circulating medium, and the remainder of foreign gold
-and silver coins should be left entirely to the operations of
-commerce as bullion.</p>
-
-<p>On April 14, 1790, Thomas Jefferson reported to the House
-of Representatives, advising the declination of the proposition
-of John H. Mitchell regarding his offer to furnish coins from
-Europe at a fixed price per pound for copper coins. His objections
-were that the opportunity of recoinage of coins would
-be lost, and that in transportation across the ocean it would be
-subject to the dangers of the sea, acts of piracy, and, in times
-of war, would offer the sinews of war to the enterprise of the
-enemy, and further, that the resource of coining household
-plate would be lost. The risk of counterfeiting was also noted.</p>
-
-<p>Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on January
-28, 1791, as a result of instructions on the part of the House
-of Representatives on April 15, 1790, sent a lengthy communication
-to it on “The Establishment of a Mint.” This communication<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span>
-was evidently the basis for the act of Congress, dated
-April 2, 1792, establishing the mint and regulating the coins of
-the United States.</p>
-
-<p>The mint was to be situated at the seat of government, then
-Philadelphia, and the President, in addition to the authority
-given him under the Act of March 3, 1791, was authorized to
-cause to be provided and put in proper condition such buildings
-as appeared to him to be necessary for carrying on the
-business of the mint.</p>
-
-<p>The Act of March 3, 1791, approved by President Washington,
-authorized the establishment of a mint under such
-regulations as should be directed by law. This Act authorized
-him to cause to be engaged artists and the procurement of the
-necessary apparatus.</p>
-
-<p>On December 30, 1793, Jefferson wrote the President regarding
-artists. He mentioned that a certain Drotz had been
-hired, but, after considerable delay, refused to come to America,
-and that our minister at London had succeeded in getting
-Mr. Albion Coxe, who was probably the person of that name
-who had the right to make copper coins for the State of New
-Jersey in 1786, to accept the position as assayer. Inasmuch
-as it was impossible to secure abroad a chief coiner of greater
-ability than at home, Mr. Henry Voight, who was temporarily
-in the position, was favorably mentioned.</p>
-
-<p>These two men were required to furnish security in the sum
-of ten thousand dollars each, which neither was able to do,
-and Jefferson stated that the coinage of precious metals was
-prevented for some time past, but that in order that the mint
-might not be entirely idle the coinage of copper had been
-going on. Jefferson recommended that their securities be
-lessened by reducing their responsibilities.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus4" style="width: 700px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING</p>
-
-<p class="caption">SHOWING PRESS SUPPORTS AND HAMMERED ONE INCH SQUARE IRON WINDOW BARS. TIMBERS AVERAGE
-12 INCHES SQUARE. CUT SHOWS NEARLY ONE HALF OF BASEMENT.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>October 28, 1794, David Rittenhouse, director of the mint,
-reported that it had been necessary to purchase an additional
-lot of ground, that nearly one million of cents had been coined
-and a beginning made in the coinage of precious metals, that
-nearly 120,000 ounces of bullion had been deposited for coinage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span>
-and that a large parcel of blank dollars was ready for
-coining as soon as a more powerful press could be finished.</p>
-
-<p>February 9, 1795, Mr. Boudinot, one of the Congressional
-Committee appointed to examine and report on the state of the
-mint, made a long report on the duties and work of the various
-employees.</p>
-
-<p>At that time besides the buildings at 37 and 39 North Seventh
-Street, now belonging to the Frank H. Stewart Electric
-Company, a lease was held on one in the “Northern Liberties”
-for five years at the rent of five shillings per annum, a very
-trifling sum indeed.</p>
-
-<p>There was more or less criticism about the conduct of the
-mint which Mr. Boudinot explained was due to trouble in getting
-competent workmen, proper materials and strong apparatus.
-He reported the lots for the buildings were too small and that
-this hindered the operations; and, further, that the frequent
-breaking of dies, which were all made in the mint, caused
-numerous delays. Up to September, 1794, the lands purchased
-had cost $4,266.66; buildings, apparatus, machines, etc., $22,720.45;
-copper, $15,815.51; salaries, $15,591.99, a grand total
-of $58,394.61, which he considered a very great amount. He
-remarked that a great saving could be made if the machinery
-could be operated by water or steam instead of manual labor
-or that of horses. He noted that in case the projected canal
-between the Schuylkill and Delaware should be accomplished
-the heavy expense of the mint would be greatly reduced.</p>
-
-<p>His report, among other things, showed that when the bullion
-was not in use it was kept under two locks, the keys of which
-were kept by the assayer and chief coiner. This was for the
-time it was in the custody of the chief coiner. That part not
-in his custody was in the vaults of the mint, also secured under
-two locks, keys of which were kept by the treasurer and
-assayer. Mention is made elsewhere regarding these vaults.
-He recommended a reduction in the size of the copper cent
-and a change in the standard for silver coins to ten parts silver
-and one part copper.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p>
-
-<p>Henry William DeSaussure in a letter, dated the mint office,
-October 27, 1795, to the President of the United States, George
-Washington, apologized for the length of his communication
-and said he was prepared to deliver the direction of the mint
-to his successor.</p>
-
-<p>He stated the coinage of gold had begun under his administration.
-He deemed it proper to state there was no copper in
-the mint fit for coining, and that the price of copper had advanced,
-and suggested the desirability of reducing the weight
-of the cent and thereby help in preventing its use by coppersmiths.</p>
-
-<p>He mentioned the important fact that the standard of the
-silver coin in use at the mint differed from the standard fixed
-by law. He thought that either the law should be changed or
-the standard used according to law.</p>
-
-<p>He suggested the desirability of having laws made to close
-up certain establishments making debased foreign coins and
-thereby curtailing the supply of gold bullion and degrading
-our national character.</p>
-
-<p>He referred to an attempt on the mint dies and implements
-with nefarious views.</p>
-
-<p>Elias Boudinot, in a letter dated at the mint, December 3,
-1795, referred to the sudden death of Assayer Mr. Albion
-Coxe on the preceding Friday, and said “until this officer is
-replaced the business of the mint would be confined to striking
-cents only.” In the same letter he recommended, among
-other things, “that some proper person be authorized to purchase
-on public account all small quantities of silver and gold
-brought to the mint, at the best market price, to be coined for
-the public treasury.”</p>
-
-<p>Elias Boudinot, in a very able letter to the President, dated
-at the mint, November 29, 1796, told how impossible it was
-to run the mint with business-like dispatch, hampered as it
-was by unreasonable restrictions. He pointed out how in one
-case a depositor of bullion below standard got 500 pounds
-sterling more than he should and still was within his legal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span>
-rights. In other words, it cost the mint that much to refine
-the bullion for which it received no compensation. He also
-pointed out how expensive it was to coin bullion in rotation
-so that each depositor got his money in turn. In this way it
-was just as expensive to melt and refine 20 ounces as 1,000
-ounces and he recommended a fund for the mint to be used in
-paying off small depositors of bullion and thus be able to melt
-and refine in larger quantities.</p>
-
-<p>February 13, 1797, Mr. Havens, of the committee to examine
-and report on Mr. Boudinot’s letter, made his report to Congress
-and recommended the sum of $2,820.71 be appropriated
-to make good the deficiency caused by wastage in coining gold
-and silver since the commencement of the coinage of these
-metals. The report was substantially a confirmation of the
-statements made by Mr. Boudinot.</p>
-
-<p>May 19, 1798, recommendation of allowance to John
-Vaughan was made because silver bullion, to the extent of
-230,888 ounces, deposited by him was of greater fineness than
-that regularly used in coinage.</p>
-
-<p>During the latter part of 1797 it became very apparent that
-the out-put of the mint was not sufficient for the needs of the
-country, and foreign coins were necessarily continued as legal
-tender despite legislation to the contrary.</p>
-
-<p>Elias Boudinot, in a letter from the mint to the President,
-dated January 3, 1799, mentioned that during the previous
-summer a scheme for robbing the mint was discovered. One
-of the persons in the mint was in collusion with outside parties.
-The offenders were detected, prosecuted and punished.</p>
-
-<p>January 8, 1800, Boudinot reported to President Adams and
-called his attention to the fact that fifty thousand one hundred
-and eleven dollars and forty-two cents ($50,111.42) of cents,
-had been coined and that it was necessary for the Secretary of
-the Treasury of the United States to comply with provisions
-of law of May 8, 1792, by giving the public notice therein
-mentioned.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p>
-
-<p>Also brought up the point that the mint was not at the seat
-of government, which had been moved to Washington, and if
-mint was to be removed steps should be taken immediately
-regarding it.</p>
-
-<p>Also called attention to workmen in gold and silver melting
-down coins for commercial purposes to the loss of the United
-States.</p>
-
-<p>Mr. Hillhouse, of the committee to whom was referred the
-report of the director of the mint to the President of the
-United States, on January 8, 1800, recommended, on March
-18, 1800, that a committee be appointed to bring in a bill for
-repealing the first section of the Act entitled, “An Act establishing
-a mint and regulating the coins of the United States....”
-dated April 21, 1792, and such other sections and parts of sections
-of said Act as relate to the establishment of the mint, and
-to provide for taking care of the materials and property appertaining
-to the mint and which belong to the United States; and,
-further, that the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to report
-a plan for furnishing the United States with cents and half-cents
-as shall be deemed necessary or expedient.</p>
-
-<p>February 13, 1801, Elias Boudinot advised the President that
-the Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Comptroller of
-the Treasury, the Chief Justice and Attorney-General were not
-present on the day specified by law to assay reserved pieces of
-coins, and that the depositors complained of their being deprived
-of their reserved money, and that the check on coinage
-contemplated by law was frustrated. Also mentioned that the
-act of July 16, 1790, provided for removal of all offices attached
-to the seat of government to the District of Columbia
-on the first Monday in December, 1800. Called attention to
-Act of last session of Congress locating mint in Philadelphia
-until March 4th next.</p>
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus5" style="width: 700px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">PLANCHETS FOR COPPER CENTS, HALF CENTS AND SILVER CENTRE
-CENTS, ALSO PIECE OF SCRAP COPPER FROM WHICH A HALF CENT WAS STRUCK, ALL
-FOUND WHILE EXCAVATIONS WERE BEING MADE FOR NEW BUILDING 631 FILBERT
-STREET. SIZE 15/16 OF ORIGINALS.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<p>He, on February 27, 1802, in a communication to the Secretary
-of the Treasury, calls attention to outstanding contracts
-for copper abroad which were obligatory, and the difficulty
-attending the securing of copper in the past. Questioned the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span>
-scheme of importing coined copper cents because of a chance
-of a flood of lightweight cents contrary to law, and suggested
-that the government would have greater security by placing
-contract in United States.</p>
-
-<p>On March 4, 1802, Robert Scott, engraver at the mint, wrote
-the Secretary of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, calling attention to
-the probability of abolishment of the mint, explained the
-sacrifices he had made and desired to be invested with the
-exclusive privilege, according to law, of furnishing cents of
-the regular weight and quality free of all expense to the
-government at the face value.</p>
-
-<p>In a letter dated March 22, 1802, Mint of the United States,
-Philadelphia, Elias Boudinot wrote the Secretary of Treasury,
-giving an inventory of the real and personal property of the
-mint, as follows:</p>
-
-<p>“Two lots on Seventh Street between Market and Arch, 20
-feet each on Seventh Street and extending back 100 feet, with
-a dwelling house on the north lot and a shell of a house on the
-south lot, which last lot widens on the rear to about 60 feet on
-which the stable stands. These lots pay a ground rent of
-$27.50 per annum.</p>
-
-<p>“A lot on Sugar Alley at the rear of the above, 20-feet
-front on the alley and about 100-feet deep.</p>
-
-<p>“A frame building improved for a large furnace in the commons
-at the north end of Sixth Street, of little value, the
-ground being merely loaned to us.</p>
-
-<p>“Personal estate—copper planchets on hand, 22 tons.</p>
-
-<p>“Three horses, good for little but for use of mint.</p>
-
-<p>“Machinery of mint no value except for mint.</p>
-
-<p>“Five striking presses.</p>
-
-<p>“Three cutting presses.</p>
-
-<p>“One milling machine.</p>
-
-<p>“Five pairs rollers, great and small.</p>
-
-<p>“One drawing machine.</p>
-
-<p>“Three pairs smith’s bellows.</p>
-
-<p>“Set blacksmith’s tools.</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p>
-
-<p>“Large number of hubs and dies.</p>
-
-<p>“Carpenter’s tools.</p>
-
-<p>“Seven stoves.</p>
-
-<p>“One turning lathe.</p>
-
-<p>“Six scale beams, scales and weights.</p>
-
-<p>“Two sets assay scales and sundry adjusting scales.</p>
-
-<p>“Furniture in clerks’ rooms.</p>
-
-<p>“Various implements used in the several departments.</p>
-
-<p>“About 2,000 bushels charcoal.</p>
-
-<p>“Engravers’ tools, pots, bottles, etc.</p>
-
-<p>“An old horse cart and gears.</p>
-
-<p>“About 2,000 fire brick.</p>
-
-<p>“Considerable quantity of old iron.”</p>
-
-<p>Stated machinery was in poor repair and should be moved
-by steam instead of horses. Said lots were too small and
-was greatly cramped for room.</p>
-
-<p>Said lots were then very valuable, being in the heart of
-the city. In his opinion the necessary coins of the government
-could not be protected at much less expense than the
-mint cost.</p>
-
-<p>In this inventory no mention was made of the building used
-by the coinage department, and which, no doubt, was the best
-and most important building then on the lots. The sizes of
-the lots given are inaccurate, and the idea evidently intended
-to be conveyed was that there was very little of value in buildings
-or equipment.</p>
-
-<p>In 1793 salaries of the mint employees were as follows:</p>
-
-<table summary="1793 salaries of the mint employees">
-  <tr>
-    <td>David Rittenhouse, director,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">$2,000</td>
-    <td>per annum</td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Tristram Dalton, treasurer,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,200</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Henry Voight, coiner,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">1,500</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-  </tr>
-  <tr>
-    <td>Isaac Hugh, clerk,</td>
-    <td class="tdr">312</td>
-    <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td>
-  </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>The regular coinage of copper began in 1793; silver in 1794,
-and gold in 1795.</p>
-
-<p>The following curious extracts are taken from the mint rules
-and regulations, dated January 1, 1825:</p>
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p>
-
-<p>“The allowance under the name of drink money is hereafter
-to be discontinued.”</p>
-
-<p>“The operations of the mint throughout the year are to
-commence at 5 o’clock in the morning.”</p>
-
-<p>“Christmas Day and the Fourth of July—and no other days—are
-established holidays at the mint.”</p>
-
-<p>“He (watchman) will keep in a proper arm chest, securely
-locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols and a sword. The
-arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected by an
-officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and
-charged anew.</p>
-
-<p>“The watchman of the mint must attend from 6 o’clock in
-the evening to 5 o’clock in the morning—and until relieved
-by the permission of an officer, or until the arrival of the
-doorkeeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely every hour
-by the mint clock from 10 o’clock until relieved by the doorkeeper,
-or an officer, or the workmen on working days, and
-will send the watch-dog through the yard immediately after
-ringing the bell.”</p>
-
-<p>The operations at the mint were suspended at different times
-because of yellow fever epidemics, and this, in connection with
-the scarcity of metal, and a fire at the mint and the use of coins
-for purely commercial purposes by coppersmiths, silversmiths
-and other tradesmen, accounts for the scarcity of certain coins
-made at “Ye Olde Mint,” under great disadvantages, when men
-and horses did the work now done by electricity.</p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="chapter">
-
-<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p>
-
-<h2 class="nobreak">Copy of Letter Regarding Purchase of First
-U. S. Mint Lots.</h2>
-
-</div>
-
-<p class="right">June 9, 1792.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p>
-
-<p>I am in sentiment with you and the Director of the
-Mint, respecting the purchase of the lots and houses which
-are offered for sale, in preference to renting—as the latter
-will certainly exceed the interest of the former.</p>
-
-<p>That all the applications may be brought to view,
-and considered for coining, &amp;c., Mr. Lear will lay the
-letters and engravings before you, to be shewn to the Director
-of the Mint. I have no other object or wish in doing it,
-than to obtain the best.</p>
-
-<p class="center">Yours, &amp;c.,</p>
-
-<p class="right">G<sup>o</sup>. WASHINGTON.</p>
-
-<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Mr. Jefferson.</span></p>
-
-<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" />
-
-<div class="figcenter" id="illus6" style="width: 700px;">
-
-<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="700" height="515" alt="" />
-
-<p class="caption">COINS FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS MADE FOR BASEMENT OF CONCRETE
-BUILDING NOW IN REAR OF COINAGE BUILDING. SIZE 31/32 OF ORIGINALS.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YE OLDE MINT ***</div>
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