diff options
Diffstat (limited to 'old/65613-h/65613-h.htm')
| -rw-r--r-- | old/65613-h/65613-h.htm | 1627 |
1 files changed, 0 insertions, 1627 deletions
diff --git a/old/65613-h/65613-h.htm b/old/65613-h/65613-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 0d5f85a..0000000 --- a/old/65613-h/65613-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1627 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> - <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ye Olde Mint, by Frank H. Stewart. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg" /> - -<style type="text/css"> - -a { - text-decoration: none; -} - -body { - margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; -} - -h1,h2 { - text-align: center; - clear: both; -} - -h2.nobreak { - page-break-before: avoid; -} - -hr.chap { - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - clear: both; - width: 65%; - margin-left: 17.5%; - margin-right: 17.5%; -} - -div.chapter { - page-break-before: always; -} - -p { - margin-top: 0.5em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: 0.5em; - text-indent: 1em; -} - -table { - margin: 1em auto 1em auto; - max-width: 40em; - border-collapse: collapse; -} - -td { - padding-left: 2.25em; - padding-right: 0.25em; - vertical-align: top; - text-indent: -2em; -} - -.tdr { - text-align: right; -} - -.caption { - text-align: center; - margin-bottom: 1em; - font-size: 90%; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.center { - text-align: center; - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.ditto { - margin-left: 1em; - margin-right: 1em; -} - -.figcenter { - margin: auto; - text-align: center; -} - -.larger { - font-size: 150%; -} - -.noindent { - text-indent: 0em; -} - -.pagenum { - position: absolute; - right: 4%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - font-style: normal; -} - -.right { - text-align: right; -} - -.smaller { - font-size: 80%; -} - -.smcap { - font-variant: small-caps; - font-style: normal; -} - -.titlepage { - text-align: center; - margin-top: 3em; - text-indent: 0em; -} - </style> - </head> -<body> - -<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Ye Olde Mint, by Frank H. Stewart</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Ye Olde Mint</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Being a brief description of the first U.S. Mint, established by Congress in the year 1792, at Seventh Street and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street) Philadelphia</p> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Frank H. Stewart</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 13, 2021 [eBook #65613]</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.)</div> - -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YE OLDE MINT ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus1" style="width: 550px;"> - -<img src="images/illus1.jpg" width="550" height="550" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">MINT OFFICE BUILDING</p> - -<p class="caption">37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_1"></a>[1]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage larger">Y<sup>e</sup> Olde Mint</p> - -<p class="center">Being a brief description of the first<br /> -U. S. Mint, established by Congress<br /> -in the year 1792, at Seventh Street<br /> -and Sugar Alley (now Filbert Street)<br /> -Philadelphia</p> - -<p class="titlepage"><span class="smaller">COMPLIMENTS OF</span><br /> -Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.<br /> -7th and Filbert Streets Philadelphia</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2"></a>[2]</span></p> - -<p class="titlepage smaller">Copyright 1909<br /> -Frank H. Stewart Electric Co.<br /> -Philadelphia, Pa.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3"></a>[3]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">FOREWORD</h2> - -</div> - -<p>The great interest shown in numismatics and antiquities -nowadays has caused this imperfect endeavor to collate -some of the interesting historical data still in existence -regarding the first United States Mint, and also at the same -time preserve by means of photographs and descriptions the -present appearance of the old buildings.</p> - -<p>Practically every chronological list of important events -which have happened in the United States records the establishment -of the first United States Mint in Philadelphia in -1792, and if anyone has the time and inclination to investigate -the history and coinage of the mint for the first forty (40) -years of its existence, and publish to the numismatic world the -result of his research, I shall be satisfied if my efforts here -should furnish the slightest inspiration.</p> - -<p>Numismatists very rarely, if ever, pay any attention to the -persons who made their rare and valuable specimens of coins, -and probably still less attention to the places where they were -made.</p> - -<p>The great majority of the rare United States coins were -made in buildings still standing at 37 and 39 North Seventh -Street, Philadelphia, or, to be more exact, in the coinage building -in the rear of these numbers. Until recently these buildings -were unmarked, and the people of the neighborhood in a -great many instances were unaware of the fact that for a -period of forty (40) years all of the United States coins were -made so near at hand. Those who daily walked past the -buildings had nothing to direct their attention to them, and it -is safe to say that not five hundred persons in Philadelphia -could point out what at one time was one of the most important<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4"></a>[4]</span> -buildings in the United States, as well as the first erected -under authority of Congress for Federal purposes.</p> - -<p>The author purchased the buildings and feels that it is his -duty to do what he can to describe them before they are -demolished, and also at the same time publish such data in his -possession as may prove interesting or valuable to the limited -few who collect rare coins or are in any way interested in what -was an exceedingly important department of our early -national life.</p> - -<p class="right"><span class="smcap">Frank H. Stewart.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus2" style="width: 550px;"> - -<img src="images/illus2.jpg" width="550" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">COINAGE BUILDING</p> - -<p class="caption">REAR OF 37 AND 39 NORTH SEVENTH STREET</p> - -<p class="caption">UNDOUBTEDLY THE FIRST BRICK BUILDING ERECTED BY ACT OF CONGRESS FOR PUBLIC USE</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5"></a>[5]</span></p> - -<h1>Y<sup>e</sup> OLDE MINT</h1> - -</div> - -<p>The first United States mint buildings are indeed historical -in more ways than one, and while a number of suggestions -have been made for their preservation it is highly -probable they will eventually be located by the means of a -bronze tablet on the front of the steel and concrete structure in -contemplation for the use of the Frank H. Stewart Electric -Company, who now occupy the buildings adjoining them on the -south and east. The retention of the buildings on the present -site is prohibited on account of the great value of the land and -its location in the heart of the business section, and their removal -by private enterprise to another site unlikely because of -the great expense that such removal would entail.</p> - -<p>If a few 1804 dollars, which now have a record price of -thirty-six hundred dollars each, should be found in the buildings, -their removal would be rendered easier, provided they -were found before the destruction of the buildings, but this -is highly improbable, although there will undoubtedly be a few -coins discovered, as there were when the building was erected -on the Filbert Street lot on the site of the old mint smelting -house, which is contiguous to the Seventh Street lot.</p> - -<p>Washington in his first annual address to Congress referred -to the importance of uniformity in the currency.</p> - -<p>His second annual address urged the importance of the -establishment of a mint.</p> - -<p>In his third address he spoke of disorders in the existing -currency, the scarcity of change, and recommended carrying -into effect the resolution already entered into concerning the -establishment of a mint; also remarked that measures had been -taken for procuring some of the most necessary artists, together -with the necessary apparatus.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6"></a>[6]</span></p> - -<p>His fourth annual address referred to employment of artists, -both from abroad and at home, to aid in the establishment of -the mint. He also stated that provision had been made for the -requisite buildings, which were then being put in proper condition, -and spoke of a small beginning in the coinage of half -“dismes.”</p> - -<p>His sixth annual address stated “the mint had entered upon -the coinage of the precious metals, and there was a pleasing -prospect that the institution would at no remote day realize the -expectation which was originally formed of its utility.”</p> - -<p>His seventh annual address called attention to “the necessity -of further legislation for checking abuses in particular quarters, -and for carrying its business more completely into effect.”</p> - -<p>It will be seen from Washington’s reference in six out of -eight of his messages to Congress to the currency and mint that -he was deeply interested in the matter and considered it of -more than ordinary importance.</p> - -<p>It has been stated that he was a frequent visitor to the mint, -and that the first silver dismes and half dismes were made from -silver contributed by him. The will of John L. Kates, a former -owner of the buildings, says that the corner-stone was -laid by Washington, but this is unlikely, as he was not in -Philadelphia the day on which it is supposed to have been laid. -The contents of the corner-stone when found will undoubtedly -contain something of great interest to antiquarians.</p> - -<p>The original buildings, with the exception of the smelting -house, still stand at 37 and 39 North Seventh Street, and in -the rear of these numbers. There were three different brick -buildings, all separated by yards and alleys, those facing Seventh -Street were used for executive offices, etc. Immediately -back of them was the one used as the coinage department, and -back of that was the small two-story building facing Filbert -Street and about twenty feet back of the line of that street. -The old building used as the smelting house was torn down the -latter part of 1907, and a four-story concrete building erected -on the site.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7"></a>[7]</span></p> - -<p>The frontispiece shows the front buildings facing Seventh -Street, and <a href="#illus2">the illustration opposite page 5</a> the coinage building -back of them, which is separated from the front buildings by -a court yard 18 feet deep. Inasmuch as considerable attempt -at ornamentation was made on the front of the coinage building, -it is quite probable that this was the first building erected. -Tradition has it that this was originally three stories high and -that the top story was burned off. If such was the case the -third story was of wooden construction. The walled up windows -in the rear show the window sills to be badly charred.</p> - -<p>Remains of old arched brick vaults still exist in the basement -of 39 North Seventh Street.</p> - -<p>The building in the rear, used as the coinage department, -has two arched and paved brick vaults in its basement intact -except the doors. One of the vaults, <a href="#illus3">illustrated opposite page -9</a>, has a smaller vault in its rear end, which was undoubtedly -used as a storage place for the most valuable of the mint’s -possessions. Strong brick arches and exceedingly heavy joists, -averaging twelve inches square, were placed in the basement -to support the coinage presses above.</p> - -<p>The building formerly facing Filbert Street had no basement, -and when excavations were made for the new building -two old brick-walled wells were uncovered, one of which was -four feet in diameter, with cesspool refuse in the bottom. The -other well was about seven feet in diameter and the bottom -was not reached, as the excavations only went down about -12 feet. These wells were between the old building and Filbert -Street. The larger one was three or four feet back of the -centre of the property at 35 North Seventh Street, and the -other was just off the southeast corner of the demolished building. -It is quite likely that the largest well furnished water for -the distillery of Michael Shubart.</p> - -<p>It is interesting to note that in the excavations on the site -of the old building, several copper coins and planchets were -found, most of which are <a href="#illus5">illustrated opposite page 20</a>. Two -worthy of mention are about the size of half-cents, but with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8"></a>[8]</span> -small holes in the centre, one of them having a milled edge, -the other a plain edge. They are supposed to be planchets for -the excessively rare 1792 silver centre cents, which must certainly -have been struck off at the mint, otherwise the planchets -would not have been found there. The author now has these -finds in his possession, as well as a collection of hand forged -hardware taken off the old building.</p> - -<p>On May 8, 1792, the director of the mint was authorized, -with the approbation of the President, to purchase a quantity -of copper for the coinage of cents and half-cents, and Congress -also provided that when fifty thousand (50,000) dollars -of such cents and half-cents had been coined notice should be -given to the public in at least two newspapers, and that any -attempt to pass other copper coins would result in their forfeiture.</p> - -<p>From a national viewpoint the old mint buildings are the -most historical in the United States, because they were the first -erected by the authority of the Federal Government for public -use. It was the sole United States Mint from 1792 to 1833. -The corner-stone was laid July 31, 1792, and presumably by -David Rittenhouse, the celebrated astronomer and philosopher -and first director of the mint. The achievements of Rittenhouse -very readily place him in the same distinguished class -as Benjamin Franklin.</p> - -<p>The ground on which the first United States mint buildings -stand was sold by William Penn to the Pennsylvania Land -Company, and transferred to it by deed dated August 12, 1699, -“in the 11th year of our Sovereign Lord King William III, of -England, Scotland, France and Ireland.”</p> - -<p>The Pennsylvania Land Company then consisted of Tobias -Collett, haberdasher; Michael Russell, weaver; Daniel Quare, -watchmaker, and Henry Goldney, linendraper, all of London, -England.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus3" style="width: 550px;"> - -<img src="images/illus3.jpg" width="550" height="700" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">VAULT WITHIN A VAULT</p> - -<p class="caption">BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING</p> - -<p class="caption">THE “BURGLAR PROOF” OF 1792</p> - -</div> - -<p>The deed was signed by Penn August 17, 1699, and was -stamped with two six-penny stamps. The consideration was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9"></a>[9]</span> -2,000 pounds. Herbert Springett, Wm. Martin and Wm. -Springett acted as witnesses.</p> - -<p>The mint grounds are part of “six inland city lots, lying -between the two rivers, Delaware and Schuylkill.”</p> - -<p>This deed, in addition to the six city lots which were evidently -thrown in as a bonus, conveyed two river front lots, one on -the Delaware and one on the Schuylkill, also 60,310 acres of -land, variously and indefinitely located for the greater part. -Two hundred and ten acres of this land was granted by warrant -to Richard Noble, “old renter,” by Penn the 14th day of the -5th month, 1683, and afterwards by a patent to Noble the 5th -day of the 6th month, 1685, by Thomas Lloyd, James Claypoole -and Robert Turner, commissioners for Penn.</p> - -<p>Another parcel of 100 acres of this land was part of a tract -of 309 acres, “granted by an order from New York,” and -surveyed on or about the 12th day of May, 1679, unto Wm. -Clark, and afterwards disposed of to Richard Noble, and -which was on the 8th day of the 8th month, 1689, granted and -confirmed unto Noble by Wm. Markham and John Goodson, -commissioners for Penn.</p> - -<p>The 310 acres were transferred to Penn by Noble February -22, 1695.</p> - -<p>The Penn deed to the Pennsylvania Land Company gives -recital of grant to Penn by Charles II.</p> - -<p>Richard Noble came over in the ship Griffith with John -Fenwick in 1675 and landed at Salem, N. J. The Griffith was -the first English ship to land in west New Jersey.</p> - -<p>Noble surveyed and plotted the town of Burlington, N. J., -in 1677, and on December 15, 1679, was appointed surveyor -by Governor Andross, of New York, as surveyor of Upland, -now Chester, Pa. He also surveyed a part of the present site -of Philadelphia for the Swedes, Swansons, in 1681.</p> - -<p>Wm. Markham was a cousin of Wm. Penn and landed in -America in 1681. He at one time held a captaincy in the English -army. He was the first Deputy-Governor of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Thomas Lloyd was president of council, justice of the peace<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10"></a>[10]</span> -of Philadelphia, and <i>de facto</i> Deputy-Governor in 1690. He -founded, under Penn’s instructions, the first public school in -Pennsylvania in 1689.</p> - -<p>James Claypoole built the first brick house in Philadelphia, -and was a member of council in 1687 and one of the Free -Society of Traders.</p> - -<p>Robert Turner was a close friend of Penn, and at one time -a merchant of Dublin, Ireland. Penn was in frequent correspondence -with him and, among other things, wrote him on -May 5, 1681, how and why the name of Pennsylvania was -selected. He was also a member of the Free Society of -Traders.</p> - -<p>John Goodson was a prominent man in the early days of -the settlement of Pennsylvania, and like Markham, Lloyd, -Claypoole, Turner and others empowered to sell land for Penn.</p> - -<p>The Pennsylvania Land Company held possession until December -26, 1758, when Francis Rawle, acting as its attorney, -transferred a parcel containing part of the mint lots to Daniel -Roberdeau, he being the highest bidder at a public sale.</p> - -<p>This piece of land was described as a “certain piece of -ground situate on the east side of the Seventh Street from the -Delaware, City of Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the -said street 50 feet, and in length or depth 198 feet, or thereabouts, -be the same more or less, to the middle or half way -between Sixth Street and Seventh Street,” bounded on the -south by the back ends of High Street (now Market) and on -the north by land of Rebecca Cooper.</p> - -<p>On December 26, 1758 (the same date as the Roberdeau -deed) Francis Rawle, attorney for Thomas Hyam, merchant; -Thomas Reynolds, clothworker, and Thomas How, goldsmith, -only surviving feoffees in trust of the Pennsylvania Land -Company, sold to Rebecca Cooper, spinster, as the highest -bidder at public sale, “a certain piece of ground situate on the -east side of the Seventh Street from Delaware in the said City -of Philadelphia, containing in breadth on the same street 50 -feet.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11"></a>[11]</span></p> - -<p>This lot was also 198 feet deep and bounded on the east by -land conveyed to Richard Farmer, as was the ground sold to -Daniel Roberdeau. Joshua Howell and William Govett were -witnesses on both the deeds and both were acknowledged -before Isaac Jones, Justice.</p> - -<p>Daniel Roberdeau, by deed dated February 27, 1759, conveyed -to Richard Farmer, practitioner in physics, the same -piece of ground he purchased at auction of the Pennsylvania -Land Company. Deed witnessed by H. W. Dovey and John -Reily.</p> - -<p>Rebecca Cooper, by deed dated April 3, 1759, also sold to -Richard Farmer the ground she purchased at auction of the -Pennsylvania Land Company. Her lot was bounded on the -south by ground late of Daniel Roberdeau.</p> - -<p>These two pieces of ground of 50 feet each on Seventh -Street, each contained part of what afterwards became the -mint lot, which faced Seventh Street, and which was, and now -is, 36 feet 10 inches front, with another lot making an outlet -on Filbert Street, now covered by a four-story concrete and -steel-frame building occupied by the Frank H. Stewart Electric -Company, and connected by openings with the building on the -northeast corner of Seventh and Filbert Streets, also occupied -by the same concern.</p> - -<p>Richard Farmer and wife, by deed dated September 1, 1760, -conveyed to Michael Shubart, distiller, “two certain pieces of -ground,” one of which was located on Seventh Street, with a -frontage of 36 feet and 10 inches and with a depth of 99 feet, -which was bounded on the south by a piece of ground sold -by Farmer to George Keller, 20 feet by 99 feet.</p> - -<p>The other piece of ground was on the north side of a -certain 14-foot alley (now Filbert Street, mentioned for the -first time), containing in breadth 17 feet on the alley and 56 -feet 10 inches deep, connecting with above lot in the rear and -for its entire width as well as the Keller lot.</p> - -<p>The consideration was a yearly ground rental of 21 Spanish -silver pieces of 8 of 17 pennyweight and 6 grains each, with the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12"></a>[12]</span> -option within seven years of cancellation by payment of 133 -pounds, lawful money of Pennsylvania.</p> - -<p>Shubart agreed to erect within four (4) years on one of the -pieces of ground one good brick kitchen, or tenement, or other -brick building at least 15 feet square.</p> - -<p>This deed was witnessed by Robert Wilson, Jr., and John -Clarkson; acknowledged by Wm. Peters, justice.</p> - -<p>This transfer shows that the High Street lots, near Seventh -Street, extended at one time back to what is now Filbert -Street, and also that Richard Farmer’s land was taken in whole -or in part for the purpose of what then was termed an alley, -and later known as Sugar Alley, then Farmers Street, and now -Filbert Street.</p> - -<p>James Ash, high sheriff, on May 27, 1790, conveyed to Frederick -Hailer the land purchased by Shubart from Farmer, together -with a tenement distill house and coppers, distills, -worms, cisterns, tubs and other utensils belonging to said distillery.</p> - -<p>This conveyance was subject to the payment of the yearly -ground rent of 21 Spanish pieces of 8.</p> - -<p>Jacob Barge was the creditor who caused the sale.</p> - -<p>Frederick Wailer, surgeon barber, and wife, Christiana, July -18, 1792, sold to the United States Government the land and -distill house and frame tenement building formerly owned by -Shubart.</p> - -<p>This deed recites the Act of Congress referred to elsewhere, -and states “the President in pursuance thereof caused to be -purchased from said Wailer, etc., etc.”</p> - -<p>Wailer made a nice profit. He bought it for 515 pounds and -sold it for 4,266⅔ dollars, subject to the ground rent as before.</p> - -<p>This deed was acknowledged by Wailer and wife before -James Biddle, president of the Court of Common Pleas, of -the County of Philadelphia, July 21, 1792.</p> - -<p>During the entire time the government owned the property -it paid an annual ground rent, which seems rather strange now.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13"></a>[13]</span></p> - -<p>On July 1, 1792, Washington appointed David Rittenhouse -director of the mint, and on July 19th, the day following the -purchase, eight carpenters, besides other laborers, commenced -to tear down the distillery, and on August 25th the frame -work for the new building was raised.</p> - -<p>Work on the bellows furnaces was commenced September -7th, and on September 11th six pounds of old copper for coinage -was purchased at the price of one shilling three pence per -pound.</p> - -<p>Three coining presses, imported from Europe, arrived September -21st, and in October they were in operation.</p> - -<p>On December 30, 1792, Jefferson, then Secretary of State, -wrote Pinckney, our minister to England, about the difficulty -of procuring copper, and suggested Sweden as a source of supply -and enclosed draft on the treasury of the United States for -$10,000.</p> - -<p>The United States of America on January 12, 1836, by deed -reciting Act of Congress under date of May 1, 1830, transferred -the mint grounds and buildings to Michael Kates, bell -hanger, for $8,100, he having been the highest bidder at public -sale. In this deed the 14-foot alley was called Sugar Alley and -the ground rent again noted.</p> - -<p>Andrew Jackson, President of the United States of America, -signed this deed and the great seal of the United States of -America was attached. John Forsyth, Secretary of State, -witnessed the President’s signature.</p> - -<p>On February 18, 1836, Francis Hopkinson, Clerk of the -District and Circuit Courts of the United States of America -for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, appeared before John -Swift, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, and on his oath said -he was acquainted with the signatures of both Jackson and -Forsyth and was satisfied they were their own and proper -signatures.</p> - -<p>The neighborhood of the old mint is rich in traditions regarding -it, and it may happen that when the buildings are torn -down some of them will be substantiated.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14"></a>[14]</span></p> - -<p>During the War of 1812 Dr. R. M. Patterson, Adam Eckfelt -and Joseph Cloud, respectively director of the mint, chief -coiner, melter and refiner, were engaged at the Breast Works -at Grays Ferry, and, as these gentlemen were the chief employees -of the mint at the time, it is highly probable there was -considerable alarm over the safety of the mint. Among other -traditions is one that the bullion, planchets and coins were -walled up and buried during this scare. The actions of the -British at Washington showed their tendency towards destruction -of government property.</p> - -<p>An old lady living in West Philadelphia has the original appointment -of her ancestor, Joseph Cloud, to his position in -the mint, signed by Washington. She would not even allow it -to be photographed for fear something might happen to it -while in the photographer’s hands.</p> - -<p>Biddle’s Directory of 1791 gives the address of Michael -Shubart, distiller, as 29 North Seventh Street; Hardie’s 1793 -directory gives the mint at 29 North Seventh Street, which -indicates that a change of numbers in the mint property has -been made since that time. Shubart was a prominent Philadelphian; -during the Revolution he was a city assessor, and on -one occasion took an unconditional oath while his colleagues -made a reservation. In the elaborate pageant of July 4, 1788, -he bore the Standard at the head of the distillery section, -followed by other notables engaged in that business.</p> - -<p>Daniel Roberdeau, mentioned elsewhere as an owner of part -of the mint grounds, at one time was a brigadier-general of -militia, and his name appears frequently in the Revolutionary -Annals of Philadelphia as a man of pronounced ideas and -stern character.</p> - -<p>The beginning of the mint establishment may be traced back -to the articles of Confederation, dated July 9, 1778, which -contained the following: “The United States in Congress -assembled shall also have the sole and exclusive right and -power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by -their own authority or by that of the respective States.”</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15"></a>[15]</span></p> - -<p>The Constitution of the United States, September 17, 1787, -contains in Article I, Section 8: “The Congress shall have -power to coin money, regulate the value thereof and of foreign -coins”; and further, “No State shall coin money, emit bills of -credit, make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment -of debts.”</p> - -<p>Analysis of the above will show the reason why the various -States discontinued their own coinage.</p> - -<p>The Continental Congress, January 7, 1782, instructed Robert -Morris, the financier of the Revolution, to prepare and -report a table of rates at which the different species of foreign -coins most likely to circulate within the United States should be -received at the treasury. On January 15th, the week following, -he made a lengthy report regarding the different names -and values of coins then in use and the necessity of a legal -tender. He stated that the necessary machinery for a mint -could easily be made and that the advantage of possessing legal -money in preference to any other would induce people to carry -foreign money to the mint until a sufficiency were struck for -the circulating medium, and the remainder of foreign gold -and silver coins should be left entirely to the operations of -commerce as bullion.</p> - -<p>On April 14, 1790, Thomas Jefferson reported to the House -of Representatives, advising the declination of the proposition -of John H. Mitchell regarding his offer to furnish coins from -Europe at a fixed price per pound for copper coins. His objections -were that the opportunity of recoinage of coins would -be lost, and that in transportation across the ocean it would be -subject to the dangers of the sea, acts of piracy, and, in times -of war, would offer the sinews of war to the enterprise of the -enemy, and further, that the resource of coining household -plate would be lost. The risk of counterfeiting was also noted.</p> - -<p>Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on January -28, 1791, as a result of instructions on the part of the House -of Representatives on April 15, 1790, sent a lengthy communication -to it on “The Establishment of a Mint.” This communication<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16"></a>[16]</span> -was evidently the basis for the act of Congress, dated -April 2, 1792, establishing the mint and regulating the coins of -the United States.</p> - -<p>The mint was to be situated at the seat of government, then -Philadelphia, and the President, in addition to the authority -given him under the Act of March 3, 1791, was authorized to -cause to be provided and put in proper condition such buildings -as appeared to him to be necessary for carrying on the -business of the mint.</p> - -<p>The Act of March 3, 1791, approved by President Washington, -authorized the establishment of a mint under such -regulations as should be directed by law. This Act authorized -him to cause to be engaged artists and the procurement of the -necessary apparatus.</p> - -<p>On December 30, 1793, Jefferson wrote the President regarding -artists. He mentioned that a certain Drotz had been -hired, but, after considerable delay, refused to come to America, -and that our minister at London had succeeded in getting -Mr. Albion Coxe, who was probably the person of that name -who had the right to make copper coins for the State of New -Jersey in 1786, to accept the position as assayer. Inasmuch -as it was impossible to secure abroad a chief coiner of greater -ability than at home, Mr. Henry Voight, who was temporarily -in the position, was favorably mentioned.</p> - -<p>These two men were required to furnish security in the sum -of ten thousand dollars each, which neither was able to do, -and Jefferson stated that the coinage of precious metals was -prevented for some time past, but that in order that the mint -might not be entirely idle the coinage of copper had been -going on. Jefferson recommended that their securities be -lessened by reducing their responsibilities.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus4" style="width: 700px;"> - -<img src="images/illus4.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">BASEMENT OF COINAGE BUILDING</p> - -<p class="caption">SHOWING PRESS SUPPORTS AND HAMMERED ONE INCH SQUARE IRON WINDOW BARS. TIMBERS AVERAGE -12 INCHES SQUARE. CUT SHOWS NEARLY ONE HALF OF BASEMENT.</p> - -</div> - -<p>October 28, 1794, David Rittenhouse, director of the mint, -reported that it had been necessary to purchase an additional -lot of ground, that nearly one million of cents had been coined -and a beginning made in the coinage of precious metals, that -nearly 120,000 ounces of bullion had been deposited for coinage<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17"></a>[17]</span> -and that a large parcel of blank dollars was ready for -coining as soon as a more powerful press could be finished.</p> - -<p>February 9, 1795, Mr. Boudinot, one of the Congressional -Committee appointed to examine and report on the state of the -mint, made a long report on the duties and work of the various -employees.</p> - -<p>At that time besides the buildings at 37 and 39 North Seventh -Street, now belonging to the Frank H. Stewart Electric -Company, a lease was held on one in the “Northern Liberties” -for five years at the rent of five shillings per annum, a very -trifling sum indeed.</p> - -<p>There was more or less criticism about the conduct of the -mint which Mr. Boudinot explained was due to trouble in getting -competent workmen, proper materials and strong apparatus. -He reported the lots for the buildings were too small and that -this hindered the operations; and, further, that the frequent -breaking of dies, which were all made in the mint, caused -numerous delays. Up to September, 1794, the lands purchased -had cost $4,266.66; buildings, apparatus, machines, etc., $22,720.45; -copper, $15,815.51; salaries, $15,591.99, a grand total -of $58,394.61, which he considered a very great amount. He -remarked that a great saving could be made if the machinery -could be operated by water or steam instead of manual labor -or that of horses. He noted that in case the projected canal -between the Schuylkill and Delaware should be accomplished -the heavy expense of the mint would be greatly reduced.</p> - -<p>His report, among other things, showed that when the bullion -was not in use it was kept under two locks, the keys of which -were kept by the assayer and chief coiner. This was for the -time it was in the custody of the chief coiner. That part not -in his custody was in the vaults of the mint, also secured under -two locks, keys of which were kept by the treasurer and -assayer. Mention is made elsewhere regarding these vaults. -He recommended a reduction in the size of the copper cent -and a change in the standard for silver coins to ten parts silver -and one part copper.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18"></a>[18]</span></p> - -<p>Henry William DeSaussure in a letter, dated the mint office, -October 27, 1795, to the President of the United States, George -Washington, apologized for the length of his communication -and said he was prepared to deliver the direction of the mint -to his successor.</p> - -<p>He stated the coinage of gold had begun under his administration. -He deemed it proper to state there was no copper in -the mint fit for coining, and that the price of copper had advanced, -and suggested the desirability of reducing the weight -of the cent and thereby help in preventing its use by coppersmiths.</p> - -<p>He mentioned the important fact that the standard of the -silver coin in use at the mint differed from the standard fixed -by law. He thought that either the law should be changed or -the standard used according to law.</p> - -<p>He suggested the desirability of having laws made to close -up certain establishments making debased foreign coins and -thereby curtailing the supply of gold bullion and degrading -our national character.</p> - -<p>He referred to an attempt on the mint dies and implements -with nefarious views.</p> - -<p>Elias Boudinot, in a letter dated at the mint, December 3, -1795, referred to the sudden death of Assayer Mr. Albion -Coxe on the preceding Friday, and said “until this officer is -replaced the business of the mint would be confined to striking -cents only.” In the same letter he recommended, among -other things, “that some proper person be authorized to purchase -on public account all small quantities of silver and gold -brought to the mint, at the best market price, to be coined for -the public treasury.”</p> - -<p>Elias Boudinot, in a very able letter to the President, dated -at the mint, November 29, 1796, told how impossible it was -to run the mint with business-like dispatch, hampered as it -was by unreasonable restrictions. He pointed out how in one -case a depositor of bullion below standard got 500 pounds -sterling more than he should and still was within his legal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19"></a>[19]</span> -rights. In other words, it cost the mint that much to refine -the bullion for which it received no compensation. He also -pointed out how expensive it was to coin bullion in rotation -so that each depositor got his money in turn. In this way it -was just as expensive to melt and refine 20 ounces as 1,000 -ounces and he recommended a fund for the mint to be used in -paying off small depositors of bullion and thus be able to melt -and refine in larger quantities.</p> - -<p>February 13, 1797, Mr. Havens, of the committee to examine -and report on Mr. Boudinot’s letter, made his report to Congress -and recommended the sum of $2,820.71 be appropriated -to make good the deficiency caused by wastage in coining gold -and silver since the commencement of the coinage of these -metals. The report was substantially a confirmation of the -statements made by Mr. Boudinot.</p> - -<p>May 19, 1798, recommendation of allowance to John -Vaughan was made because silver bullion, to the extent of -230,888 ounces, deposited by him was of greater fineness than -that regularly used in coinage.</p> - -<p>During the latter part of 1797 it became very apparent that -the out-put of the mint was not sufficient for the needs of the -country, and foreign coins were necessarily continued as legal -tender despite legislation to the contrary.</p> - -<p>Elias Boudinot, in a letter from the mint to the President, -dated January 3, 1799, mentioned that during the previous -summer a scheme for robbing the mint was discovered. One -of the persons in the mint was in collusion with outside parties. -The offenders were detected, prosecuted and punished.</p> - -<p>January 8, 1800, Boudinot reported to President Adams and -called his attention to the fact that fifty thousand one hundred -and eleven dollars and forty-two cents ($50,111.42) of cents, -had been coined and that it was necessary for the Secretary of -the Treasury of the United States to comply with provisions -of law of May 8, 1792, by giving the public notice therein -mentioned.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20"></a>[20]</span></p> - -<p>Also brought up the point that the mint was not at the seat -of government, which had been moved to Washington, and if -mint was to be removed steps should be taken immediately -regarding it.</p> - -<p>Also called attention to workmen in gold and silver melting -down coins for commercial purposes to the loss of the United -States.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hillhouse, of the committee to whom was referred the -report of the director of the mint to the President of the -United States, on January 8, 1800, recommended, on March -18, 1800, that a committee be appointed to bring in a bill for -repealing the first section of the Act entitled, “An Act establishing -a mint and regulating the coins of the United States....” -dated April 21, 1792, and such other sections and parts of sections -of said Act as relate to the establishment of the mint, and -to provide for taking care of the materials and property appertaining -to the mint and which belong to the United States; and, -further, that the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to report -a plan for furnishing the United States with cents and half-cents -as shall be deemed necessary or expedient.</p> - -<p>February 13, 1801, Elias Boudinot advised the President that -the Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, Comptroller of -the Treasury, the Chief Justice and Attorney-General were not -present on the day specified by law to assay reserved pieces of -coins, and that the depositors complained of their being deprived -of their reserved money, and that the check on coinage -contemplated by law was frustrated. Also mentioned that the -act of July 16, 1790, provided for removal of all offices attached -to the seat of government to the District of Columbia -on the first Monday in December, 1800. Called attention to -Act of last session of Congress locating mint in Philadelphia -until March 4th next.</p> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus5" style="width: 700px;"> - -<img src="images/illus5.jpg" width="700" height="550" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">PLANCHETS FOR COPPER CENTS, HALF CENTS AND SILVER CENTRE -CENTS, ALSO PIECE OF SCRAP COPPER FROM WHICH A HALF CENT WAS STRUCK, ALL -FOUND WHILE EXCAVATIONS WERE BEING MADE FOR NEW BUILDING 631 FILBERT -STREET. SIZE 15/16 OF ORIGINALS.</p> - -</div> - -<p>He, on February 27, 1802, in a communication to the Secretary -of the Treasury, calls attention to outstanding contracts -for copper abroad which were obligatory, and the difficulty -attending the securing of copper in the past. Questioned the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21"></a>[21]</span> -scheme of importing coined copper cents because of a chance -of a flood of lightweight cents contrary to law, and suggested -that the government would have greater security by placing -contract in United States.</p> - -<p>On March 4, 1802, Robert Scott, engraver at the mint, wrote -the Secretary of Treasury, Albert Gallatin, calling attention to -the probability of abolishment of the mint, explained the -sacrifices he had made and desired to be invested with the -exclusive privilege, according to law, of furnishing cents of -the regular weight and quality free of all expense to the -government at the face value.</p> - -<p>In a letter dated March 22, 1802, Mint of the United States, -Philadelphia, Elias Boudinot wrote the Secretary of Treasury, -giving an inventory of the real and personal property of the -mint, as follows:</p> - -<p>“Two lots on Seventh Street between Market and Arch, 20 -feet each on Seventh Street and extending back 100 feet, with -a dwelling house on the north lot and a shell of a house on the -south lot, which last lot widens on the rear to about 60 feet on -which the stable stands. These lots pay a ground rent of -$27.50 per annum.</p> - -<p>“A lot on Sugar Alley at the rear of the above, 20-feet -front on the alley and about 100-feet deep.</p> - -<p>“A frame building improved for a large furnace in the commons -at the north end of Sixth Street, of little value, the -ground being merely loaned to us.</p> - -<p>“Personal estate—copper planchets on hand, 22 tons.</p> - -<p>“Three horses, good for little but for use of mint.</p> - -<p>“Machinery of mint no value except for mint.</p> - -<p>“Five striking presses.</p> - -<p>“Three cutting presses.</p> - -<p>“One milling machine.</p> - -<p>“Five pairs rollers, great and small.</p> - -<p>“One drawing machine.</p> - -<p>“Three pairs smith’s bellows.</p> - -<p>“Set blacksmith’s tools.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22"></a>[22]</span></p> - -<p>“Large number of hubs and dies.</p> - -<p>“Carpenter’s tools.</p> - -<p>“Seven stoves.</p> - -<p>“One turning lathe.</p> - -<p>“Six scale beams, scales and weights.</p> - -<p>“Two sets assay scales and sundry adjusting scales.</p> - -<p>“Furniture in clerks’ rooms.</p> - -<p>“Various implements used in the several departments.</p> - -<p>“About 2,000 bushels charcoal.</p> - -<p>“Engravers’ tools, pots, bottles, etc.</p> - -<p>“An old horse cart and gears.</p> - -<p>“About 2,000 fire brick.</p> - -<p>“Considerable quantity of old iron.”</p> - -<p>Stated machinery was in poor repair and should be moved -by steam instead of horses. Said lots were too small and -was greatly cramped for room.</p> - -<p>Said lots were then very valuable, being in the heart of -the city. In his opinion the necessary coins of the government -could not be protected at much less expense than the -mint cost.</p> - -<p>In this inventory no mention was made of the building used -by the coinage department, and which, no doubt, was the best -and most important building then on the lots. The sizes of -the lots given are inaccurate, and the idea evidently intended -to be conveyed was that there was very little of value in buildings -or equipment.</p> - -<p>In 1793 salaries of the mint employees were as follows:</p> - -<table summary="1793 salaries of the mint employees"> - <tr> - <td>David Rittenhouse, director,</td> - <td class="tdr">$2,000</td> - <td>per annum</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Tristram Dalton, treasurer,</td> - <td class="tdr">1,200</td> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Henry Voight, coiner,</td> - <td class="tdr">1,500</td> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td>Isaac Hugh, clerk,</td> - <td class="tdr">312</td> - <td><span class="ditto">”</span> <span class="ditto">”</span></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<p>The regular coinage of copper began in 1793; silver in 1794, -and gold in 1795.</p> - -<p>The following curious extracts are taken from the mint rules -and regulations, dated January 1, 1825:</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23"></a>[23]</span></p> - -<p>“The allowance under the name of drink money is hereafter -to be discontinued.”</p> - -<p>“The operations of the mint throughout the year are to -commence at 5 o’clock in the morning.”</p> - -<p>“Christmas Day and the Fourth of July—and no other days—are -established holidays at the mint.”</p> - -<p>“He (watchman) will keep in a proper arm chest, securely -locked, a musket and bayonet, two pistols and a sword. The -arms are to be kept in perfect order and to be inspected by an -officer once a month, when the arms are to be discharged and -charged anew.</p> - -<p>“The watchman of the mint must attend from 6 o’clock in -the evening to 5 o’clock in the morning—and until relieved -by the permission of an officer, or until the arrival of the -doorkeeper. He will ring the yard bell precisely every hour -by the mint clock from 10 o’clock until relieved by the doorkeeper, -or an officer, or the workmen on working days, and -will send the watch-dog through the yard immediately after -ringing the bell.”</p> - -<p>The operations at the mint were suspended at different times -because of yellow fever epidemics, and this, in connection with -the scarcity of metal, and a fire at the mint and the use of coins -for purely commercial purposes by coppersmiths, silversmiths -and other tradesmen, accounts for the scarcity of certain coins -made at “Ye Olde Mint,” under great disadvantages, when men -and horses did the work now done by electricity.</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24"></a>[24]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">Copy of Letter Regarding Purchase of First -U. S. Mint Lots.</h2> - -</div> - -<p class="right">June 9, 1792.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>:</p> - -<p>I am in sentiment with you and the Director of the -Mint, respecting the purchase of the lots and houses which -are offered for sale, in preference to renting—as the latter -will certainly exceed the interest of the former.</p> - -<p>That all the applications may be brought to view, -and considered for coining, &c., Mr. Lear will lay the -letters and engravings before you, to be shewn to the Director -of the Mint. I have no other object or wish in doing it, -than to obtain the best.</p> - -<p class="center">Yours, &c.,</p> - -<p class="right">G<sup>o</sup>. WASHINGTON.</p> - -<p class="noindent"><span class="smcap">Mr. Jefferson.</span></p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="figcenter" id="illus6" style="width: 700px;"> - -<img src="images/illus6.jpg" width="700" height="515" alt="" /> - -<p class="caption">COINS FOUND IN EXCAVATIONS MADE FOR BASEMENT OF CONCRETE -BUILDING NOW IN REAR OF COINAGE BUILDING. SIZE 31/32 OF ORIGINALS.</p> - -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK YE OLDE MINT ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following -the terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use -of the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for -copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very -easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as creation -of derivative works, reports, performances and research. Project -Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given away--you may -do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks not protected -by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the trademark -license, especially commercial redistribution. -</div> - -<div style='margin:0.83em 0; font-size:1.1em; text-align:center'>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<span style='font-size:smaller'>THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</span> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person -or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the -Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when -you share it without charge with others. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country other than the United States. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work -on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the -phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: -</div> - -<blockquote> - <div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most - other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions - whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms - of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online - at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this eBook. - </div> -</blockquote> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project -Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg™ License. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format -other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain -Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -provided that: -</div> - -<div style='margin-left:0.7em;'> - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation.” - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ - works. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - </div> - - <div style='text-indent:-0.7em'> - • You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. - </div> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of -the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set -forth in Section 3 below. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the “Right -of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at www.gutenberg.org. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, -Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up -to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website -and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without widespread -public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state -visit <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org/donate/">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate -</div> - -<div style='display:block; font-size:1.1em; margin:1em 0; font-weight:bold'> -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Most people start at our website which has the main PG search -facility: <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. -</div> - -</div> - -</body> -</html> |