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diff --git a/old/65618-0.txt b/old/65618-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 26e5eb6..0000000 --- a/old/65618-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2573 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Practical Farm Buildings, by A. F. Hunter - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Practical Farm Buildings - Plans and Suggestions - -Author: A. F. Hunter - -Release Date: June 15, 2021 [eBook #65618] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Charlene Taylor and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team - at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images - generously made available by The Internet Archive) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS *** - - - - -Transcriber’s Notes: - - Underscores “_” before and after a word or phrase indicate _italics_ - in the original text. - Small capitals have been converted to SOLID capitals. - Illustrations have been moved so they do not break up paragraphs. - Typographical and punctuation errors have been silently corrected. - - - - - PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS - - PLANS AND SUGGESTIONS - - BY A. F. HUNTER - - [Illustration] - - PUBLISHED BY - F. W. BIRD & SON - Established 1817 - - _Mills and Main Office_ - EAST WALPOLE, MASS., U.S.A. - - _Branch Offices_ - NEW YORK - CHICAGO - WASHINGTON - HAMILTON, ONT. _Canadian Factory at_ - WINNIPEG, MAN. HAMILTON, ONT. - - COPYRIGHT, 1905, F. W. BIRD & SON, EAST WALPOLE, MASS. - - - - -A FOREWORD - - -The very cordial appreciation which has met the first edition of our -book, “Practical Farm Buildings,” makes it seem wise to prepare a -larger and more complete book, and we hope you will find some of these -plans and suggestions adapted for your own particular requirements. - -Farm-building plans are as variable, almost, as is the individuality -of those building and using them, and in making this selection, we -have been guided by the practical merits of the designs, including -only such as have proved their value by constant use on the farm. In -poultry buildings it has been our special purpose to present plans -which illustrate the marked tendency of recent years, which has been to -open up the houses to sunshine and fresh air; a tendency which makes -conditions more wholesome and promotes the good health and greater -profitableness of the flocks. - -Our editor, Mr. Hunter, wishes here to fully acknowledge his -indebtedness to Bulletin No. 16 of the Cornell Reading Course for -Farmers, entitled, “Building Poultry Houses,” also Farmers’ Bulletin -No. 141 of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, entitled, “Poultry -Raising on the Farm,” from which he borrows many of the hints and -suggestions here given. Some of the poultry plans are taken, or -adapted, from several poultry periodicals and Experiment Station -Bulletins, and for their kind courtesy our thanks are tendered. - - F. W. BIRD & SON. - EAST WALPOLE, MASS., U. S. A. - - - - -PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS - - - - -1. POULTRY HOUSES - - -Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 141, says: “Poultry houses need not be elaborate -in their fittings or expensive in construction. There are certain -conditions, however, which should be insisted upon in all cases. In -the first place, the house should be located upon soil which is well -drained and dry. A gravelly knoll is best, but, failing this, the site -should be raised by the use of the plow and scraper until there is -a gentle slope in all directions sufficient to prevent any standing -water even at the wettest times. A few inches of sand or gravel on the -surface will be very useful in preventing the formation of mud. If the -house is sheltered from the north and northwest winds by a group of -evergreens, this will be a decided advantage in the colder parts of the -country.” - -In “Building Poultry Houses,” Professor Rice says: “Poultry keeping is -an exacting business. The four corner-stones upon which success rests -are: - - (1) Suitable buildings, properly located. - (2) The right foods, skilfully fed. - (3) Good fowls, carefully bred. - (4) Facility and ability to hatch and rear chickens.” - -Here we find that “suitable buildings, properly located,” is the first, -hence most important, of the four corner-stones upon which success with -poultry rests, and in giving the buildings this prominence we believe -the professor is entirely right. No one thing does more to promote, or -hinder, success with poultry than the buildings, hence the importance -of a wise decision as to which of the many different patterns of houses -is best adapted to your purpose. - -[Illustration: FIG. 1—A plan to secure dryness.] - -_Select a dry location_; if the ground is not naturally dry make -it so by draining it. The first illustration gives a plan for making -the interior of a poultry house absolutely dry, if the ground is fairly -well drained. The foundation walls are built up about eighteen inches -above the ground level; about twelve inches of this space is filled in -with small stones or coarse gravel, and the balance with fine sand or -dry, sandy loam; on the outside the ground is sloped up to the level -of the bottom of the sills, and thus all surface water is effectually -turned away. - -[Illustration: FIG. 2—The shape of the roof influences the -cost.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 3—Each of these houses require the same -material.] - -_In building a hen-house_ the working unit is the floor and air -space required for each hen. A safe working rule is about five to six -square feet of floor space, and about eight to ten cubic feet of air -space for every fowl. Foundation walls should be built deep enough to -prevent heaving by the frost and high enough to prevent surface water -from entering. Where large stones are scarce sometimes grout walls may -be made with gravel or small stones and cement; or the building may -be set upon posts set well into the ground, in which case hemlock or -hard wood boards should be securely nailed to bottom half of sills and -extend down to natural ground level, to exclude rats. - -_Dampness is fatal to hens_; build or drain so as to secure -dryness. It is better by far to have a cold, dry house than a warm, -damp house. The warmer the air the more moisture it will hold; when -this moist air comes in contact with a cold surface condensation takes -place, which is often converted into hoar-frost. The remedy is to -remove the moisture as far as possible, by first cutting off the water -from below which comes up from the soil. The water table is the same -under a hen-house as it is outdoors; dirt floors, therefore, are liable -to be damp. Stone filling covered with soil is sometimes difficult to -keep clean and may only partially keep out dampness. Board floors are -short lived if the air is not allowed to circulate under them, and -in a cold climate a free circulation of air under the floors makes -them very cold; in either case they are likely to harbor rats. A good -cement floor is nearly as cheap as a good matched-board floor, counting -lumber, sleepers, nails, time, etc. When once properly made it is good -for all time. It is practically rat-proof, easily cleaned and perfectly -dry, cutting off absolutely all the water from below. If covered with a -little soil, or straw, or both, as all floors should be, it will be a -warm floor. - -_A low house is easier warmed than a high one._ Solid walls -radiate heat rapidly. The best way to make a poultry house warm is to -build it as low as possible without danger of bumping heads. There -will then be ample air-space for as many fowls as the floor space will -accommodate. Too much air-space makes a house cold; it cannot be warmed -by the heat given off by the fowls. - -_Sunlight is a necessity to fowls_; it carries warmth and good -cheer, and tends to arrest or prevent disease. Too much glass makes -a house too cold at night and too warm in the daytime, because glass -gives off heat at night as readily as it collects it in the daytime. -Much glass makes construction expensive; allow one square foot glass -surface to about sixteen square feet floor space, if the windows are -properly placed. The windows should be high, and placed up and down, -not horizontally and low (Fig. 4). In the former the sunlight passes -over the entire floor during the day, from west to east, drying and -purifying practically the whole interior. The time sunshine is most -needed is when the sun is lowest, from September 21 to March 21. The -lines in Fig. 4 represent the extreme points which the sunshine reaches -during this period, with the top of a four-foot window placed four -feet, six feet, and seven feet high, respectively. With the highest -point of the window at four feet, the direct sun’s rays would never -reach farther back than nine feet; at six feet it would shine thirteen -and one-half feet back, and at seven feet it would strike the back side -of the house one foot above the floor. - -[Illustration: FIG. 4—Showing extent of sun’s rays.] - -_Make the yards long and narrow_ (Fig. 5). Double yards are -desirable where space can be given for them; they allow a rotation of -green crops, which cleanses and sweetens the ground, and converts the -excrement which would become a source of danger into a valuable food -crop. The shape of the fields, the slope of the land, and the location -of other farm buildings will have much to do with the shape of the yards -and mode of access to the poultry buildings. Generally the yards should -be long and narrow, so as to make cultivation easy. Two rods wide and -eight rods long is a good size yard for forty or fifty hens, although -more room would be better. This size permits a row of fruit trees in -the center for shade, which is a necessity. - -Much of the dampness in poultry houses in winter is due to the -condensation of the breath of the fowls. The warm air exhaled from the -lungs is heavily charged with moisture, and this, coming in contact -with the cold roof and walls, is condensed into hoar-frost, which melts -and drops to the floor when the house is warmed up by the sun. In -recent years considerable success has attended efforts made to prevent -this moisture by ventilating the pens through muslin curtains set into -the tops of doors, or forming a part of the front wall (see plans of -Dr. Bricault’s poultry house, page 12, and of the Maine Experiment -Station House, page 18), also by setting the curtains into part of the -window spaces. In Fig. 6 is given an illustration of an experiment -tried on the Lone Oak Poultry Farm, Reading, Mass., in the winters of -1904-6. Being much annoyed by the moisture which collected on the roof -and walls in the night and, melting, dropped to the floor when the -sun warmed the roof and walls during the day, frames the size of one -fourth of each window were made and common muslin tacked on. To better -ascertain the effect of the curtains the windows in house No. 1 were -left closed, as formerly; in house No. 2 the top sash was dropped the -length of one light and a curtain set into the space; in house No. -3 the windows were dropped from the top and raised from the bottom, -curtains being set into both spaces. In house No. 1 the dampness and -“chill” remained as before; in house No. 2 there was some improvement; -in house No. 3 there was a great improvement, and the temperature, -in the coldest days of the winter, was about six degrees warmer in -house No. 3 than in house No. 1 where the windows were all kept closed -tight. The two curtains, making half the space of each window, were not -quite sufficient to dry out the moisture, which had already got well -established, but by installing the curtains both top and bottom as soon -as the weather dropped below freezing the next fall, they were found to -be ample to keep the pens well ventilated and quite dry. - -[Illustration: FIG. 5—Make the yards long and narrow.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 6—An experiment with curtains in the windows.] - -Secure shelter and warmth by building in the lee of a windbreak or a -hill, or of other farm buildings. Buildings that face the south, or -about two points east of south, will get the largest amount of exposure -to the sun’s rays and protection from the cold northwest and west winds -of winter; other things being equal they will be warmer, dryer, and -more cheerful. An eastern exposure is usually preferable to a western -exposure, barring prevailing winds being from the east; because, like -flowers, hens prefer morning to afternoon sun. - -The shape of the roof of a poultry house greatly influences the cost, -and, generally speaking, the preference should be for houses with -single-span (or “shed”) roofs. See Figs. 2 and 3. These houses are the -easiest and cheapest to build, they give the much-desired vertical -front, with room for the windows to be placed high to distribute the -winter sunshine (Fig. 4), and with the drip of the roof all carried off -to the north the ground in front of the house is dry. It also is cooler -in summer, as it is not exposed to the direct rays of the sun, and is -warmer in winter because it gets the direct rays of the sun. - -[Illustration: FIG. 7—An implement house adapted for poultry.] - -Not infrequently there are small buildings on the place which can be -easily and economically adapted to poultry use; as, for example, an old -implement house, or grain house, or tool shed, which can be altered -into a one or two pen-house, as desired, by arranging windows and doors -and adding one or two open-front scratching-sheds for exercise and -fresh air (Figs. 7 and 10). In case there is no building suitable for -remodelling into a poultry house an inexpensive lean-to may be built -onto the south end of the stable (Fig. 9). A house of this kind can -be simply, economically, and conveniently built, and well supplies -the conditions for successful poultry keeping; we recently visited a -dairy and poultry farm in Connecticut where house room for one hundred -and fifty head of laying-breeding stock had been built in the lee of -and annexed to the dairy barns and sheds. A good prepared roofing, -such as “Paroid,” makes quite shallow and low lean-to roofs easy of -construction, both air and water-tight, and very durable. - -Sometimes a dweller in the suburbs, or one living on a small, rented -place, wants to keep a flock of fifteen or twenty head of fowls, to -supply the family with fresh-laid eggs during the fall, winter, and -spring, and then fresh poultry meat for the table; these are all -disposed of before the family goes away to the country or seashore for -the summer, and another flock of well-matured pullets is bought in the -fall. For such purpose the small portable house shown in Fig. 12, or -one of the several patterns of “colony-houses” given herein, will serve -excellently; all of these colony-houses are portable. A good size of -house of this kind is ten feet long by seven feet wide, six feet high -in front and four feet six inches high at the back; or for a flock of -eight or ten fowls eight feet long by five or six feet wide will answer -well. Houses of this type are built of a size to suit the builder, and -they can be easily moved to a new location at any time. - -Excellent patterns of small poultry houses, well adapted to the -suburban lot or for moving out into the orchard on a farm, are shown on -pages 8 and 9; these “colony” houses have proved their merits in many -different localities. They are especially valuable on a farm, where it -is desired to locate a flock of half-grown chicks out in the stubble of -a newly-cut grain field, or colonies of chicks along the border of a -cornfield, or on a poultry farm where extra room is needed for surplus -stock and cockerels which are to be sold for breeding purposes. A solid -board floor enables shutting the birds in at night and keeping them in -until the team has drawn them to the new location in the morning; it -also secures the birds against marauding animals at night, if the slide -door has been closed. For convenience of drawing to a new location it -is best to have them mounted on low runners. - -[Illustration: FIG. 8—Ground Plan.] - -An excellent plan of colony-house is given in Figs. 14 and 15, and -comes from the Connecticut Experiment Station; this combines the -advantages of the curtained-front scratching-shed with that of the -small colony-house. This house is sixteen feet long by six feet wide, -is six feet high in front and four feet high at the rear; the roosting -apartment being 7 × 6 feet and the scratching-shed 9 × 6 feet in size. -A muslin curtain 4 × 8 feet, tacked to a light frame which is hinged -to the top of open space, closes the front on cold nights and is kept -closed in stormy weather. - -On page 17 we show a type of colony-house which is well adapted for a -portable brooder house, an “in-door” brooder being placed in each end -and fifty to seventy-five chicks being put in each brooder. When the -chicks are large enough to do without artificial warmth the brooders -are removed, the chicks being left till such time as it is well to -separate the sexes, when the cockerels can be removed and the pullets -left to grow to laying maturity. On page 42 we show an illustration of -thirty of this pattern of colony brooder house in use on the “Gowell -Poultry Farm,” Orono, Maine; a few over four thousand chickens were -put into these thirty portable houses in the spring of 1905, nineteen -hundred and eighty-five cockerels were sold off as broilers, some -sixty more raised for breeding males, and a few over two thousand -mature pullets taken from them in October and moved into the 400 feet -long poultry house which had been erected during the summer. When the -pullets were occupying them, in midsummer, they were turned about to -face north and lifted up to about a foot and a half height above the -ground by stones about a foot in height being put under the ends of the -runners; this gave the pullets the much-needed shade of both the inside -and underneath the house, a simple device, but decidedly helpful. - -In Fig. 11 we show a type of colony-house such as used on the large -colony poultry farms about Tiverton and Little Compton, R. I. These are -usually about ten by sixteen feet in size, six feet high to the eaves -when built with double-pitch roof, seven feet high in front and five -feet at back when shed roof. These houses are very simple in plan and -construction, there being three roost-poles about three feet above the -ground at the back, five or six nest boxes, food trough, water dish -and hopper for shells and grit. The houses hold about forty fowls, are -placed about a hundred and fifty to two hundred feet apart in locations -convenient to drive to with the feed and water-wagon, and on some of -the large farms as many as fifty to a hundred of these colony-houses -may be seen. The capital needed to equip a colony farm of this kind is -very much less than where long houses and yards are erected; the labor -charge of caring for the flocks is very much greater, however, so that -what is saved in capital is expended in labor. - -[Illustration: FIG. 9—A lean-to poultry house.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 10—Implement house with scratching-shed attached.] - -Poultry farmers in America have generally preferred the -continuous-house plan of keeping fowls, and the resulting poisoned -ground of the yards has no doubt been the cause of many a failure in -the poultry business. An eminent English lecturer is authority for the -statement that the portable-house plan has been the saving of the -poultry business in England, and bringing the small (portable) houses -together near the other small buildings in winter, then moving them to -convenient locations out in the fields in the spring, has solved the -difficulty of extensive poultry farming over there. It would be well to -carefully consider these points while taking up the continuous-house -plans which we give in following pages. - -An objection to the scattered “colony-house” plan, as seen on the large -poultry farms in Tiverton and Little Compton, R. I., has been the great -labor of feeding two or three times a day—one of the feeds being a -cooked mash. By adopting the modern method of feeding the food dry and -keeping a supply of food constantly before the fowls a considerable -saving in labor is effected, and it is practicable to successfully -keep a large number with but one visit a day to the several flocks; -this would be an afternoon visit, for rinsing and refilling the -water fountains and collecting the eggs. By having the food-hoppers -sufficiently capacious to hold a supply of food for a week but one -visit a week would be made for filling them. - -This is the method adopted on the Vernon Fruit and Poultry Farm, -Vernon, Conn., where some three thousand head of layers are kept, the -food-hoppers being refilled once a week; as there is a little brook and -numerous springs convenient to the houses no watering whatever is done, -each flock of fowls having but fifty to two hundred feet to journey to -find an abundant supply of running water. - -[Illustration: FIG. 11—Type of house on Rhode Island colony poultry -farms.] - -On the Gowell Poultry Farm, Orono, Maine, there is an excellent -example of the continuous-house, and by the partial adoption of the -dry-feeding method the labor is so far reduced that one man can do all -the work of feeding and caring for two thousand head of layers, kept in -a house four hundred feet long by twenty feet wide, which is divided -into pens twenty feet square and one hundred birds kept in each. The -double-yard system is in use here, there being one tier of yards one -hundred feet long by twenty feet wide extending south from the house, -and another tier of yards the same size north of the house; when the -south-yards have been denuded of green food the birds are turned into -those north of the house, and the south-yards are plowed and sown (or -planted) to a quick-maturing crop. By this method poisoned ground -is avoided and the conveniences of the continuous-house retained; -the safety of such a plant would lie, of course, in the intelligent -handling of the work. It is worthy of note that on the Gowell Farm -the portable colony-house method is in use in growing the young stock -(see page 42), while the continuous-house method is used with the -laying-breeding stock. This is true of practically all of the large -poultry farms, it being conceded that free range over farm-fields, or -through orchard and woodland, promotes good growth in the young stock. -When, however, it is desired to develop the physical energies towards -egg-production the semi-confinement of houses and yards is brought into -play; in this manner the greatest egg-yield, and consequent profit is -obtained. - -Here are three different methods of avoiding the evil of -ground-poisoning: First, the continuous-house with double-yard system, -one set of yards being used while the other is being sweetened by a -growing crop; second, the colony-house plan with houses located a -hundred and fifty to two hundred feet apart and convenient to drive -to for feeding and watering; third, the “portable-house” plan, which -is the colony method with the houses changed from one location to -another, and brought together near the group of farm buildings for the -winter months. Convenience, amount of capital available, and other -considerations, will influence the choice of a method. - -[Illustration: FIG. 12—A small “portable” poultry house.] - -In Fig. 14 we give an illustration of an elevated poultry house used in -Florida, which was published in the “Poultry Standard,” of Stamford, -Conn., and described as made of Neponset Red Rope Roofing, both top -and sides; a better construction would be Paroid Roofing for roof and -sides, or Paroid for roof and Neponset Red Rope Roofing for the ends -and sides. This house is built upon posts set in the ground at the back -and six feet high in front; the six posts, three front and three back, -are all the frame required. The light furring to sustain the roof and -sides is nailed to the posts, and the roofing securely nailed to the -strips of furring. - -The open space below the house is enclosed by one-inch mesh wire -netting; there is no floor, and a narrow platform along the rear, -inside, gives the hens access to the nest boxes, which are hinged at -one end, and swing out as shown in the drawing. The roost-poles should -be a foot above the open bottom, to be quite sheltered from winds. - -Of similar pattern is the “Mushroom Poultry House,” from Southern -California. These houses may be built any size, but are usually made -four or five feet square. They set up from the ground about eighteen -inches, and the closed sides are three feet, the posts being four and -one half above the ground. There is no floor used, the air circulating -freely beneath. When built of boards no frame is needed, the boarding -being nailed to the posts. The roof goes up from all four sides, in -pyramid form, and is made water-tight. The roosts are placed about -fifteen or eighteen inches above the bottom, as shown by the dotted -lines, and a walk or ladder is provided which leads from the ground to -the rear roost. This is made movable, so that it can be taken down at -night, thus protecting the fowls from marauding animals. - -[Illustration: FIG. 13—A California “Mushroom” poultry house.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 14—A Florida poultry house.] - -Some of the houses are built of iron advertising signs, and have the -common double-pitch roof; in some cases the sides are made of burlap -tacked on to furring, which is nailed to the posts. This burlap is -then painted with crude oil, distillate, and Venetian red, to make it -wind-proof. Lumber is very expensive in that section, and the burlap, -when water-proofed, makes a cheap and quite desirable house. - -A much better wind and water-tight construction would be Paroid for the -roof, and Paroid or Neponset Red Rope Roofing for the sides. - - -THE ADVANTAGE OF DOUBLE YARDS - -When fowls are kept in the confinement of houses and yards an important -question is how to keep the yards sweet. The ground becomes tainted -in a couple of years or so, and then is a fruitful source of disease. -Unless grass can be kept growing so as to keep the ground free from -the poison of the droppings there is no alternative but to change the -ground. It is well to have two runs, using each alternately, and by -planting the one vacated with some quick-growing crop it can be made -ready for occupancy again in a few weeks. An excellent crop for this -purpose is Dwarf Essex Rape, which makes one of the best summer-green -foods for fowls confined to houses and yards; or such garden crops as -squashes, melons, etc., can be grown. After these rye or oats can be -sown, to furnish green food in the fall. - -It is a comparatively simple proposition to have the yards divided -into two sections, by setting the house in the middle, having half (or -two-fifths or three-fifths) of the length of yards north of the house; -these north yards being used three or four months in summer, a crop of -some suitable kind being grown in the vacant yards south of the house -in the meantime. - -[Illustration: FIG. 15—Illustrates double yards for a continuous -poultry house.] - -In Fig. 17 we give a plan for such house and yards. In this plan we -suppose the yards to be one hundred and twenty-five feet long by -eighteen wide, and have placed fifty feet of length of yards north -of the house and seventy-five feet of length south of it. There are -lift-off gates next to the house in the fence south of the house, the -second gate in illustration being shown as lifted off and leaning -against the next panel of fence. These gates give access to all the -yards, for plowing, harrowing, and cultivating a crop; also for driving -up to the front of the pen with a cart to haul away the fouled earth -of the floor of the house. The usual access to these yards is through -the house itself and a gate opening out of the scratching-shed; for -ordinary visits to the north yards there are small, swinging gates next -to the house, and then lift-gates which will admit a team for plowing, -etc. There should be a row of fruit trees set in each yard, to give the -needed shade, and the trees give the owner a second source of profit. - -[Illustration: FIG. 16—Dr. Bricault’s “New Idea” poultry house.] - -Desiring a poultry house which would give closed pens or could be -opened up to admit the air and sunshine at will, Dr. C. Bricault, -Andover, Mass., adapted the well-known “Dutch Door” to his purpose, -putting the door in the middle of the front of each pen, and so -arranging it that the whole door could be open day and night, in warm -weather, or the lower half of the door shut and the top half open, or -the top half could be closed by a curtain in quite cold weather, and -in severe storms the whole door closed. The size of the pens are ten -by twelve feet, the frame and building plan being substantially the -same as in the preceding house-plan, the doors in the front of each -partition giving a passage through the entire length of the house. -There are two windows in the front of each pen; the roosts are set up -against the partitions between the pens, and the trap-nests are set on -a platform against the north wall. The building is covered with a cheap -sheathing paper, then with sheathing quilt, then Neponset Red Rope -Roofing; a better construction would be Paroid Roofing on the roof and -Neponset on the sides. - -[Illustration: FIG. 17—Interior of pen.] - -Fig. 17 gives an interior view of one of the pens showing roosts and -trap-nests. - - -A POULTRY HOUSE 240 FEET LONG - -[Illustration: FIG. 18—A long poultry house on the White Leghorn -Poultry Yards, Waterville, N.Y.] - -In New York State it has been thought desirable to have warm houses -for the Single Comb White Leghorns so largely kept there, and we give -illustrations of one of the long poultry houses of the White Leghorn -Poultry Yards, Waterville, N.Y. This house is two hundred and forty -feet long by sixteen feet wide, divided into pens twelve feet square -and a walk three and a half feet wide along the north side. It has a -floor of seven-eighths inch matched boards throughout. The outside -walls are first boarded, then covered with sheathing and clapboarded. -The inside of the building is boarded up with matched boards on the -inside of the studs, making a four-inch dead air space between the -walls. The ceilings are made of matched boards laid at the level of the -plates. In this ceiling, over the centre of each pen, is a small trap -door, two feet square, opening up into the attic space above, which is -designed to give diffusive ventilation. - -Three ventilating cupolas cap the roof, and there are full-sized -windows in each gable end. This attic space is storage room for straw, -which is drawn upon from time to time, to furnish scratching material -for the pen floors and opening the trap-door into the ceiling, it -gives excellent ventilation without drafts. A door opens from the -alleyway into each pen, and doors in the partition between the pens -permit passing through from pen to pen. The roost platforms with nest -boxes beneath are against the partition between the walk and pens and -the plan of partitions between pens as shown in Fig. 19. The roof is -covered with Paroid Roofing. A fault here is the wire netting in these -partitions; a better plan would be matched-board partitions throughout. - -The twelve feet square pens have one hundred and forty-four square feet -of floor space each, giving ample room for twenty-five head of layers, -and while a long house of this description is somewhat expensive -to build, it has many advantages, which, on a large and permanent -poultry plant, will more than make up for the first cost in the ease -and economy of feeding, etc., and the warmth of the house and the -simplicity of the ventilation. This style of poultry house has been -in use on the White Leghorn farm for several years, and it has been -found to be both practical and economical; it combines very completely -the laying and the breeding house. On this plant they practise the -alternate system of males in the pens, a small coop for the extra male -being set against the partition in one corner of the pen, four feet up -from the floor. One male bird is cooped up while the other runs with -the hens and they are exchanged every two or three days, the change -being effected at night, on occasion of the shutting-up visit. - -[Illustration: FIG. 19—Interior, showing partitions between pens.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 20—Interior of pens, showing roosts.] - - -MR. DUSTON’S POULTRY HOUSES - -[Illustration: FIG. 21—Mr. A. G. Duston’s five-pen breeding house.] - -One of America’s most successful poultrymen is Mr. Arthur G. Duston, -South Framingham, Mass., and as he has recently established himself on -a new farm, to secure necessary room, the type of poultry houses he -decides are the best for him is of interest. He is building seventeen -houses of five pens each, and uses some thirty odd of his well-known -colony-houses (Fig. 23). The five-pen houses are raised from the ground -from two to three feet, the space beneath being utilized as scratching -room. Each house is fifty by twelve feet, the pens being ten by twelve -feet each, and there is a window and door in the front of each pen; -doors in the front of partitions allow passing through from pen to pen. -The roosts are at the back, with nest boxes beneath the roost platforms. - -This house has a short hip-roof sloping south, which is open to the -objection of carrying part of the roof-drip to the front of the -house,—a fault which can be mitigated by a gutter along the front, but -that increases the cost without always giving complete relief from the -drip; we decidedly prefer the single-slope roof. - -[Illustration: FIG. 22—Ground plan and cross-section.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 23—Mr. Duston’s “colony” house.] - -Mr. Duston’s “colony,” or portable, houses are justly favorites, the -distinctive feature of them being the double door, or wire netting door -covered with a second door. These “colony” houses are ten by five feet -on the ground, five feet high in front, and four feet high at the back, -and have board floors. - - -THE STRAW-LOFT POULTRY HOUSE - -[Illustration: FIG. 24—The straw-loft poultry house.] - -In New York state, especially, the Single Combed White Leghorns have -long been the preferred variety, and, as they have rather thin single -combs, which are considered to be susceptible to frost in cold weather, -it has been a problem to house them so that they shall be protected -from freezing. Many different types of houses have been tried, some of -them with a stove in one end and a long pipe running through to the -chimney at the other, thirty or forty feet away; a decided disadvantage -with this was the having to keep the house shut quite tight to conserve -the heat, and the consequent dampness from the moisture of the breath -of the birds. - -To get over this difficulty diffused ventilation was devised by Mr. H. -J. Blanchard, of Fairview Farm, Groton, N. Y.; this ventilation was -obtained by stowing straw (or swale hay) in the loft in the gable, and -this permits a slow diffusion of air upward through the cracks of the -floor and out of the small doors in each end of gable. This straw-loft -poultry house has been widely adopted all over the United States; a -good example of a long house of this type is shown in the illustration -on page 12. - -[Illustration: FIG. 25—Ground plan.] - -Mr. Blanchard’s houses are forty feet long by sixteen feet wide, and -divided into two pens twenty by sixteen feet each; about fifty birds -are wintered in each pen. The walls of the house are made double, -boarded on both sides of the studs with a dead air space between; in -some cases the walls are packed with saw dust or planer shavings, at -the well-known Van Dresser farm, in Cobleskill, N.Y., they are packed -with straw. The floor is double boarded, with a good sheathing paper -between. Overhead, on the plates, two by six inch stringers are laid, -and a loose floor of rough boards, with inch to inch and a half cracks -between, is laid. A one-third pitch roof is laid on shingle laths nailed -to the rafters six inches apart, and on this a good sheathing paper -covered with two-ply Paroid. In each gable a door is cut, as large as -will swing under the roof. On the attic floor is put some twelve to -fifteen inches of loose straw. - -In very cold weather, when the house is tightly closed save for a -muslin curtain in one or two windows of each pen, the vapor thrown -off in the breath of the fowls will pass up through the cracks in -the loft-floor and be absorbed in the straw above, instead of being -condensed on the walls and roof in the form of frost. On mild days in -winter the doors in the gable may be opened wide, or if it is very -windy the door in the leeward end may be opened, which permits the -air to draw through over the straw, drying it thoroughly, without any -draughts upon the birds on the floor below. - -In warm weather the gable doors may be left open night and day, and -the draught through the loft, together with the ventilation through -open doors and windows in the house below, keeps the birds cool and -comfortable. These houses are thoroughly practical in every way and -will be found very desirable for use on any large farm. A few such -scattered in convenient localities will give good opportunity to rotate -crops and poultry, and so gain a two-fold profit from the land and -at the same time avoid all danger of the soil becoming poisoned by -accumulation of the droppings. At Fairview Farm Mr. Blanchard combines -fruit growing with poultry keeping, a combination which it would be -difficult to better for double profits, and a combination which should -be better understood by poultry growers. The advantages of combining -fruit and poultry growing are many, not the least of the advantages -being furnishing the shade which Prof. Rice tells us is so essential in -summer. For the permanent yards there is nothing to equal apple trees, -but as they are of somewhat slow growth and need large space when full -grown, it is well to set apple trees about forty feet apart and set -plums or peaches (or both) in the spaces between; the plum and peach -trees will mature, produce a few crops of fruit and break down, before -the apple trees will have grown to a stature to require all the room. A -few years ago plum trees were strongly recommended for poultry yards, -but experience has demonstrated that they cannot be depended upon for -but a half dozen years or so, hence the wisdom of setting apple trees -for permanent shade. - -[Illustration: FIG. 26—West Virginia Experiment Station Colony-house.] - -Plantations of small fruits, such as grapes, blackberries, and -raspberries, serve admirably for range and semi-shade for growing -chicks, and it is a mistake to imagine that the chicks damage the -crops of fruit; if they touch any it will only be the lower (and -always inferior) stems that they reach. There are such substantial -benefits accruing from the presence of little chicks about the small -fruit plantations, or the mature birds about the apple, plum, and -peach trees—such as the destruction of hosts of worms and insects and -keeping the surface of the ground stirred, that every consideration -urges the combination of fruit and poultry growing. At the Vernon Fruit -and Poultry Farm, Vernon, Conn., we saw last summer Baldwin apple -trees that were six inches through at the butt, yielded an average of -a barrel of choice apples each in the fall, and had been set only six -years. They began bearing the second year after setting, had borne -increasing crops every year, last season averaged to be about six -inches through and gave their owner a barrel of apples each. These -apple trees were part of an orchard which was occupied by colony -poultry houses having fifty layers each, and set sufficient distance -apart so that there were about two hundred birds to the acre; the owner -told us he had never seen a borer or any evidence of borers about those -trees. - -[Illustration: FIG. 27—Colony poultry house at Connecticut Experiment -Station.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 28—Ground plan.] - - -THE CURTAIN-FRONT, CURTAINED-ROOSTING-CLOSET, POULTRY HOUSE - -[Illustration: FIG. 29—The curtain-front, -curtained roosting-closet, poultry house. Maine Experiment Station.] - -As stated elsewhere, the tendency in poultry house construction today -is to more and more open up the houses to fresh air and sunshine, -and the most advanced type of the fresh air poultry house has been -developed at the Maine Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. This consists -of a house-front about half open, a little more than a fourth of each -pen-front being closed by a cloth curtain only, two windows and a door -making with the curtain about half of the whole front of each pen. - -At the rear of each pen, and elevated three feet above the pen-floor, -is a curtained-front “roosting closet,” as it is called; this roosting -closet is the “bed-room” and the whole pen the “living-room,” in this -type of house. - -[Illustration: FIG. 30—Cross-section.] - -It seems almost like cruelty to animals to put hens in such houses, -where they have but the two cloth curtains between them and all -outdoors in the very cold winters they have up in central Maine; the -Maine Station is very nearly up to forty-five north latitude, about the -same as Ottawa, Ontario, St. Paul, Minn., and Portland, Oregon. One of -the Station bulletins, however, says: “These curtain-front houses have -all proved eminently satisfactory. Not a case of cold or snuffles has -developed from sleeping in the warm elevated closets with the cloth -fronts, and then going down into the cold room, onto the dry straw, -and spending the day in the open air. The egg-yield per bird has been -as good in these houses as in the warmed one.” In a letter written by -Prof. Gowell, just after an extremely cold period, he says: “This is -the ninth day of weather all the way from zero to twenty-five degrees -below, still the fifty pullets in the ten by twenty-five feet curtained -front house with its curtained-front roosting-room have fallen off but -little in their egg-yield, and both the house and scratching material -on the floor are perfectly dry. There is no white frost on the walls -and there will be no dampness when the weather moderates and a thaw -comes.” There could hardly be a stronger indorsement of fresh, pure air -in a poultry house and good ventilation without draughts. If such good -results can be attained in cold Maine they can be attained anywhere in -the United States and southern Canada. - -[Illustration: FIG. 31—Maine Station Colony Brooder House.] - -The Maine Experiment Station has now three of these curtain-front -houses, of which one is one hundred and forty feet long by twelve -feet wide, divided into pens twenty by twelve feet in size, in each -pen being housed fifty birds; the other is one hundred and twenty by -sixteen feet, divided into pens thirty by sixteen feet, and one hundred -hens are kept in each. On Prof. Gowell’s farm, two miles distant from -the Station, he erected last year a house of this type four hundred -feet long by twenty feet wide, divided into pens twenty by twenty -feet each, and a hundred birds are kept in each pen; in the thirty -by sixteen feet pens there is a floor space of four and eight-tenths -feet per bird; in the twenty by twenty feet pens the floor space is -four feet per bird. It is of interest to note that the one hundred -birds, Barred Plymouth Rocks, penned on this four hundred square feet -of floor space, do not go outdoors from the time they are put in -the house in October till the ground of the yards is well dried off -in spring, say about May first; this suggests the practicability of -housing laying-stock in suitable convenient buildings in winter, pains -being taken that ample sunshine and fresh air (through curtains) be -supplied, and in the spring the birds be moved out to portable colony -houses scattered about the orchard, or a wood-lot, or other convenient -place, where they would be pushed for a liberal egg-yield through the -summer and sold off to market before molting time in the fall. This -plan supposes the rearing of another generation of pullets for layers -during the summer, and these pullets go into the winter-laying-pens -in October, to be removed to the colony-houses in May, to be in turn, -sold off to market in September. This plan of an annual rotation -of laying-stock will undoubtedly give the best financial returns -from egg-farming, and as by the adoption of the dry-feeding method -of handling the fowls the labor is reduced to the minimum, the -results, with intelligent management of the business should be quite -satisfactory; the profits will be liberal for amount of capital -invested and labor engaged. - -In Fig. 29 we give a single pen of the one hundred and twenty feet long -house, with a door opening into each pen from the board-walk along the -front. Each pen has two windows, which light the interior when the -weather is stormy and it is necessary to keep the curtain closed; the -curtain is open every day when the weather is fair. There are banks of -nest boxes at each end of pens, and coops for breaking up broody birds -above the nest boxes. The twelve by four feet curtain in the pen-front -is hinged at top so it may be swung up against the roof and hooked -up there; the roosting closet is up three feet from the floor, the -platform is three feet wide, and the curtain which closes the front is -the whole length of the pen, and also swings up against the roof, where -hooks secure it up out of the way. The whole floor of the pen is open -for exercise, and is an enclosed out-of-doors pen all the time. - - -THE CONTINUOUS CURTAINED-FRONT SCRATCHING-SHED POULTRY HOUSE - -The tendency in poultry house construction in recent years has -been to more and more open up the house to fresh air and sunshine, -and this opening up of the houses, and getting more and more fresh -air and sunshine into them, has been a decided step in advance in -poultry work. There are many modifications and adaptations of the -scratching-shed plan of house, perhaps the best known of them being -the “scratching-pen” plan, and the enclosed-roosting-closet plan, -the latter being the one evolved at the Maine Experiment Station -and illustrated on page 16. In this enclosed-roosting-closet house -we see the entire floor of the pen a curtained-front scratching -pen and the roosting apartment lifted up and enclosed by another -curtain-front; in the one we have the shed one department and the -roosting-laying department another (one a “living-room” and the other -the “bed-room”), with wide range of adaptability in the way of opening -up the roosting-laying room; in the other the enclosed roosting-closet, -or “bed-room,” and scratching-shed, or “living-room,” are in the -one apartment. Certain it is the curtained-front scratching-shed -type of house that has been growing very rapidly in favor with -practical poultrymen, and probably combines more advantages with fewer -disadvantages than any other one style of poultry house. - -Each combined pen and shed covers eighteen by ten feet, the -curtained-front shed being ten by ten feet, and the roosting-room -adjoining being eight by ten feet, room sufficient for twenty-five -to thirty fowls of the American or thirty-five to forty of the -Mediterranean varieties. No “walk” is required because the walk is -through gates and doors, from shed to pen and pen to shed, and so -on to the end of the house and out the other end. The much-desired -ventilation of the poultry house is very varied in this plan, at the -discretion and according to the judgment of the operator, and can be -adapted to the different seasons in half a dozen different ways. In -summer the doors and windows are all wide open and the curtains are -hooked up against the roof out of the way. (It is to be remembered -that the doors between two pens are never to be left open when there -are birds in the pens, they are always kept closed except when opened -for the attendant to pass through from one pen to another). When the -nights begin to be decidedly frosty in the fall close the windows -in the fronts of the roosting pens, but leave shed-curtains hooked up -and doors between pens and sheds open. When it begins to freeze nights -close the curtains (at night) in fronts of sheds, but still leave -doors between pens and sheds open. These doors (including the slide -door) are never closed excepting on nights of solid cold, say when -the thermometer runs five to twenty degrees below zero; and for real -zero weather, from five above to away below zero, close the curtains -in front of roosts and all doors and windows are closed. An additional -protection against cold in extremely cold latitudes would be to -double-wall the back of the roost-pen, from the sill up to plate and -then up the roof-rafters four feet, packing the spaces between the -studs and rafters with planer shavings, straw, swale hay, or seaweed -(the latter is vermin-proof), then have a hinged curtain to drop down -to within about six inches of front of roost platform, and extending -a foot below it; this curtain we would close only on the very coldest -nights. - -We would build this house seven feet high in front and five feet high -at the back. Sills and plates are all of two by four scantling, halved -and nailed together at joints. The rafters, corner studs, and studs in -centers of fronts of sheds are all two by four; the intermediate studs -are two by three. Set the sills on stone foundation a foot and a half -above the ground level, or on posts set into the ground below the usual -frost line, the posts being set five feet apart excepting in front of -roosting pens (where they come four feet apart)—there being a post at -corner of each pen and shed, with one between. The rafters should be -two feet between centers; as lumber comes twelve, fourteen, or sixteen -feet in length, and two-feet-apart rafters allow the lumber to be used -with almost no waste. The sills we would set a foot and a half above -average ground level. When set on posts put hemlock (or some hard wood) -boards from bottom half of sill down to ground, nailing them firmly -to sill and foundation posts; then fill up inside to bottom of sills -and slope the ground outside to same height, as illustrated in Fig. -1. Toe-nail studs to sills firmly, plates to studs ditto, and rafters -to plates. Set the studs in front of roosting pens to take the window -frames (or the window sash, if no frames are used), and in partitions -a stud should be set to take the two and one half feet wide doors and -gates. All of the framing is simple and easy, and any man who can -saw off a board or joist reasonably square and drive nails straight -can build this house; the slight bevel at each end of rafters being -perfectly simple. All boarding is lengthwise, the boards firmly nailed -and good joints made all over. Cover the roof and sides with Paroid, -and the house will be wind and waterproof. - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration: FIG. 32—The Continuous, Curtained-Front Scratching-shed -Poultry.] - - -THE ALL-OPEN-FRONT POULTRY HOUSE - -This “Fresh Air Poultry House” has been evolved by Mr. Joseph Tolman, a -practical poultryman of eastern Massachusetts, some twenty-five miles -south of Boston, and differs from most other plans in that the front is -wide open night and day all the year around; the south front is always -open, being closed by one-inch mesh wire netting only. - -[Illustration: FIG. 33—The All-Open-Front Poultry House.] - -The roof and sides are one inch boards nailed to two by four inch -rafters and studs, and covered with sheathing paper and two-ply Paroid; -this makes a tight roof, and east, west, and north walls, excepting -that there is a window in the center of the west side and a door -opposite it, in center of east side. In operating this house in summer -both the door and window are removed and wire netting tacked to a -light frame set in the places; for convenience we recommend that the -door-screen be hinged to outside of door frame, and when not in use -hooked back against the wall. There are many nights in spring and fall -when it is desirable to leave the door open excepting that the opening -is closed by the wire screen, and possibly the very next night it is -better that the door be closed; having the door-screen hung to the wall -enables adapting to weather changes at will. - -[Illustration: FIG. 34—Ground plan.] - -The house here shown is made eight by fourteen feet in size, four feet -to eaves and seven feet to apex of roof, and makes a fine home for -twenty-five fowls; a larger size of this house is recommended to be -made twenty-one by fourteen feet on the ground, with five feet posts -in north and south ends and eight feet to apex of roof; this would -comfortably house fifty head of layers. - - - - -2. BARNS, STABLES, ETC. - - -There is a very great diversity in plans of barns and stables, the -taste of individual owners seeming to favor this or that plan, which -they think is best adapted to their needs. Observation of various types -of farm buildings, however, will convince the thoughtful man that too -often a single point of convenience is magnified till other points -are wholly obscured, and to secure the one advantage several decided -conveniences are sacrificed; in a study of conveniences all possible -points should be considered and a decision arrived at which will give -the greatest and sacrifice the least number. - -Talking with a dairy farmer living in central New York, who had just -completed a dairy barn which cost him about three thousand dollars, -he told that he had waited a dozen years to build that barn, and had -studied and figured to get the two most important conveniences of a -cement floor to preserve the liquid manure and a drive-way onto the -main floor; to get those he had let go one or two others which he -considered of far less importance, and had at last got a barn exactly -to his liking. One of the conveniences which he had let go was a -covered-way to the barn, and this one point is considered of so great -importance by many that almost everything else is sacrificed to gain -it. We were discussing this point with a farmer whose barn was about -a hundred and fifty feet away from his house, and he was positive -that the advantage of having the barn near to and connected with the -dwelling house was over-estimated; that there were but a very few days -in a year when the covered-way was of so great advantage, and there -were decided advantages in having the barn a little distance from the -house,—among them absence of barn-odors, flies, and noises. With the -barn off a little distance he avoids those, and gains the (to him) -great advantage of a drive-way onto the main floor, a fine basement for -composting the manure and housing the farm carts, etc., and a drive-way -out of the basement with only an insignificant rise to the level of the -fields. - -This same farm-barn had one defect, to remedy which we offered the -suggested shed shown in Fig. 35. The barn extended very nearly east -and west, consequently the linter door was exposed to the cold west -and northwest winds of winter, and during the winter the farmer wanted -his cows to have the exercise-room of the barn yard on the south side -of the barn. To overcome the difficulty we suggested an open-front -shed along the west side of the barn yard, and a covered-in walk down -from the linter door to the shed; as subsequently built the shed was -extended five feet beyond the corner of the barn, so as to cover the -linter door, and a broad door in the shed-end gave out to the lane -leading to the pasture. By closing that broad door in the end of the -shed and opening a gate to the barn yard a covered-way was made for the -cows to pass from the linter to the barn yard, without being exposed to -the cold winds of winter, and gaining the complete shelter of the shed -on the west; a simple expedient, and yet a very decided convenience. - -[Illustration: FIG. 35—A convenient shed-shelter for west end of barn -yards.] - -Driveways onto two or more different floors of a barn or stable are -most substantial aids to the economical doing of the farm work. On -a large Essex county (Mass.) farm which we recently visited a new -hay-barn was being erected, the site for it being especially selected -so that an easy grade could be built to the top floor, permitting the -hay wagons being driven into the top of the barn, under the high roof, -and all the hay was pitched off and down into the twenty-feet deep -mows. A recent letter says: “The new barn is practically done, and -already some twenty loads of hay are in one corner of it. We find it -a great saving of labor; four men in the barn will take better care -of the hay and keep ahead of the gang in the field easier than seven -men and a horse could put it into the top of the barn with a fork.” -A second drive-way leads out of the ground floor of this barn to the -high road, practically on a level, and a third out of the west end of -the basement, whence an easy grade rises to the farm roads. By these -convenient driveways much hard work is eliminated—a most important point -in these days of growing scarcity of farm help. Because of this great -scarcity of help, especially of dependable help, it is a necessity that -the farmer take advantage of every convenience, or labor-saving device, -which will aid him in his work; it is both good economy and good -business policy for him to do so. - -We have thought it wise to give here a few simple, practical plans, -which have approved themselves in everyday use. Barns and stables -need not be expensive in construction nor elaborate in fittings; -the important considerations are the comfort of the animals, the -convenience of the owner and the adaptability of the building to its -purpose. - -In Figs. 36, 37, and 38 we give a plan for a village stable, for the -man who keeps a horse and one or two cows, and the ground floor also -provides room for the work-bench (which is most desirable where there -are boys in the family), besides standing room for the carriage, wagon -and sleigh. - -[Illustration: FIG. 36—A village stable for a horse and cow.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 37—Cross-section.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 38—Ground plan.] - -This stable is planned to be twenty-six feet long by eighteen feet -wide, is ten feet from floor level to eaves, and fourteen feet from -floor to ridge of roof. More pitch can be given to roof if desired, but -with a good roofing like Paroid the roof slope may be slight. It would -be better to make the walls two feet higher if more storage space is -desired above the scaffold floor. The doorway is eight by eight feet, -and stall space eight by eight feet is made in each front corner; a box -stall is provided for the horse and two cow stalls in the left-hand -corner, with a small door opening into the cow linter. Hay scaffolds -seven feet above the floor extend across each end and may be joined at -the rear if desired; a scaffold floor above the large doors extends -from front to rear, or to the drop-scaffold walk connecting the two -side scaffolds at the rear. A basement six or seven feet deep under the -whole is a valuable addition to such a stable, making room for storing -and rotting the manure, and a storage room for roots, etc., in one -corner. - -Six-inch-square sills, posts, and floor stringers are amply strong for -the strain usually put upon a small stable, and the center posts, set -at corners of box stall and cow stalls, help carry the main floor and -the storage floor above. If preferred, the intermediate posts may be -set in the center and the stall-spaces extended a foot, making them -eight by nine feet. With the roof covered with Paroid Roofing, and -the sides with Neponset Red Rope Roofing battened on laps and halfway -between laps, a very neat and economically constructed stable is made. -If desired a richer appearance may be given to the roof by adding the -ornamental battens shown on page 28 and painting the whole a dark red. - -The farm-barn is a most important aid to economy of labor, if rightly -planned, and we give on this page the plans of a small barn, for a -farm where eight or ten cows are kept, such as is quite common in New -England and the Middle States, and which gives excellent satisfaction -everywhere. On the farm where this plan was studied the pair of horses -were housed in a small horse barn nearer the dwelling house, the -Democrat wagon, canopy top carriage and sleigh, etc., being under the -same roof. - -[Illustration: FIG. 39—A barn for a small dairy farm.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 40—Ground plan.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 41—Cross-section.] - -This barn is forty-four feet long by thirty-four feet wide, and is -built in four “bays” of eleven feet in length each. The main floor is -twelve feet wide, and hay wagons drive in at either end and out at the -other. The cow stalls occupy all of the linter on the south side, a -door at the end opening into the lane to the pasture. The first bay -on the north side is ceiled up with tongued and grooved boards, has a -tight floor overhead, and is used as a grain storeroom; the other three -bays on that side are hay mows from floor to roof. - -Over the main floor and fifteen feet above it is a floor for hay, or -corn, or used for general storage at different seasons. There was no -floor on the collar-beams when the present owner bought the farm. -Strong poles had been laid across the space and surplus hay thrown -on them; since being floored over the owner says it is the best part -of the barn, and invaluable for drying out crops not fully cured. A -basement about six feet in depth receives the manure from the cows, -and three or four logs have the run of the cellar and manure heaps, -thoroughly rotting and “fining” the manure for the next season’s crops. - -The frame of this barn is of eight-inch square hemlock timber, the -braces three by four inch hemlock mortised into posts and stringers, -the floor stringers three by nine inches, two feet apart and well -cross-bridged, the floor of three-inch plank. The scaffold floor is of -inch boards laid on two by six inch stringers three feet apart, and is -amply strong for any load put upon it. - -Grain bins along two sides of the grain room may be four feet wide, -and, fitted with drop fronts may be five feet high and divided into two -or more compartments. Two small bins may be fitted in each side of the -window; the window may be in the end if preferred. - - -A COMPLETE DAIRY BARN - -[Illustration: FIG. 42—A complete dairy barn, with silo.] - -Modern dairy farming means an up-to-date dairy barn, and we give -herewith the plans of one which is warmly endorsed by the owner and -carries fifty cows in perfect comfort. This is a truss-frame barn, -ninety-three feet long by forty feet wide, the basement (or ground) -floor being wholly occupied by cow stalls and calving pens, the main -floor being a hay-storage room. Two bays on one side are used for grain -storage, all the remainder of the bays on both sides being for hay; a -drive-way fifteen feet wide extends through this floor, and inclined -driveways at each end give access from the fields in either direction. - -The ground floor is concrete throughout. A walk five feet wide extends -along each side and cross walks three feet wide are between each row -of stalls at both front and rear, one for breeding and the other for -the cows and the milkers. A shallow gutter, eighteen inches wide by -six inches deep, extends along the rear of the stalls to receive the -droppings and urine, which is removed twice a day and drawn at once to -the fields or heaped for tramping over and rotting under wide-roofed -sheds. The calving stalls, four at each end of this floor, are eight by -seven and three quarters feet in size, and one or two of them can be -occupied by bulls, if desired. - -The watering system may be either a wooden gutter extending along the -front of each row of stalls or a cast-iron semicircular pan set between -each pair of stalls so as to supply a cow on either side. Whether -troughs or pans are used there should be an automatic cock and tank, -which keeps the water always at the desired level, and check valves -which prevent the water once in the trough or basin returning to the -pipe and contaminating others. - -[Illustration: FIG. 43—Cross-section showing truss-frame -plan.] - -All the food is stored on the main floor, whence convenient chutes -convey it to feeding troughs or push-carts on the walks below. The -ensilage from the silo is loaded directly into the push-carts just -outside the door, or could be chuted to the walk inside. The soiling -crops fed in summer are cut up on the main floor and sent down to the -waiting push-carts in the walks below. The roof and sides of this barn -are covered with Paroid roofing. - -[Illustration: FIG. 44—Ground floor plan of basement story.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 45—Floor plan of main floor.] - -The tying arrangement may be either chains, straps, or swing stanchions -as desired, and all three methods are in use on up-to-date dairy barns. -The stock kept may have an influence upon the length of the stalls; -those given are seven and one half feet long by three feet three inches -wide. - - -A STABLE FOR A SUBURBAN PLACE - -[Illustration: FIG. 46—A stable for a suburban place.] - -A convenient and well-arranged stable is greatly appreciated, and we -present plans for a stable for four horses, with carriage room, harness -room, man’s room, etc., hay-loft, platform for drying the bedding, and -other accessories of a modern stable for a suburban home. It is built -without cupola or other ornamental features, is just a plain, simple -stable. - -This building is forty-four by twenty-four feet in size, the sides and -roof rough boards covered with Paroid Roofing. There is a basement -under the whole. - -[Illustration: FIG. 47—Second story plan.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 48—Floor plan.] - -The walls and ceiling of the entire lower floor are sheathed with hard -pine, a wooden partition separating the stalls from the carriages, and -abundant windows give light and air to all parts. The ventilation of -the horse room is such that no gases reach the carriages, and “Hydrex” -waterproofing felt between the floorings of the carriage room cuts -of the steam and gases from the manure pit. The iron gutter along -the rear of the stalls is covered with maple or birch plank, and the -stall floors are either maple or birch. Running water is piped to the -water basin in the horse room, and a hose cock on the other side of -the partition receives the hose for washing carriages, or a revolving, -overhead hose-fixture can be installed, just above the washing floor, -if desired. A hot-water heater may be installed on the main floor, but -better be in the basement, where the coal bin would be; radiators may -be set as desired, with one at least in rear of the box stall and one -on the carriage floor, and a small one in the man’s room on second -floor. The roof is drained by galvanized iron pipes emptying into blind -wells. The carriage room floor is concreted, and a drain pipe leads -from the depression where carriages are washed to a blind well. At one -end is a platform for drying the bedding, and ventilation is so well -provided for there are almost no odors. As it is planned this is a -practical, convenient, well-arranged stable, adapted to the needs of a -family of moderate means on a suburban place. - - -A COMBINED HORSE AND COW STABLE - -AS DESIGNED FOR C. H. LINVILLE, ESQ., BALTIMORE, MD. - -Desiring a stable which would give him room for four cows, three horses -and carriage room under one roof, Mr. C. H. Linville, of Baltimore, -Md., wrote and asked about enlarging the plan of a stable for a -suburban place, and wished to place the carriage room at the other end -of the stable, because the slope of the ground was such as to favor -getting the basement under that end in the location on which he desired -to build; the result was a re-drawing of that plan and presenting it as -given herewith. A comparison of these two plans will aid any intending -builder to change and adapt to his especial purpose such plan as he -prefers, but which may not be, as here presented, the best for him. - -[Illustration: FIG. 49—A combined horse and cow stable.] - -This stable is planned to be forty-eight feet long by twenty-five -feet wide, outside measure, and the space is so divided there is a -good seven by ten feet box stall and a good harness room in the horse -apartment; in the west end a grain room ten by twelve feet gives space -for four grain bins and the stairway up to loft opens out of this room. -The carriage room is sixteen by twenty-five feet, and the manure pit -is in the basement beneath this room; to prevent the escape of ammonia -from the manure pit into the carriage room a good cement floor should -be laid down. - -This building is planned to be fourteen feet high to the plates and -twenty feet to the ridge, which gives liberal hay-lofts; should more -hay space be thought desirable we would carry side walls to sixteen or -eighteen feet height, six feet, or even five feet of height from plates -to ridge gives ample slope to roof where Paroid is the roof covering. -An ornamental cupola could easily be placed at the junction of the roof -of the gable with the main roof, and would aid in the ventilation of -the hay-loft. - -[Illustration: FIG. 50—Floor plan.] - -The partitions between the different divisions and about the stalls -give ample opportunity for studs to be set to support the hay-loft -floor excepting in the clear span over the carriage room, and the floor -stringers there should be doubly heavy to support the weight over so -large a space. Another way to gain the desired strength here would -be to tie the roof-rafters securely and carry the strain on hangers -dropped from the ridge; the three or four hangers necessary would -interfere but slightly with the hay storage space. - - -AN ATTRACTIVE DAIRY BARN - -[Illustration: FRONT ELEVATION - -FIG. 51—An attractive dairy barn.] - -Sometimes it is desired to have more attractive looking buildings than -the severely plain ones seen on many farms, and to illustrate the -decidedly attractive appearance which can be given to buildings which -are covered with Paroid roofing, we have had prepared plans of a dairy -barn and a village stable, with the roofs treated with ornamental -battens and the whole roof painted with a dark green or red paint, -which gives the rich effect of copper sheathing and is most pleasing to -the artistic eye. A cross-section of the battens we recommend are given -here. Paroid can be laid more rapidly when battens are used, and enough -labor is saved to pay for the slight extra cost of the battens. - -[Illustration: FIG. 52. SIDE ELEVATION.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 53—Ornamental battens.] - -The same idea may be carried out on the sides of all kinds of -buildings, and especially farm and poultry buildings, at a less expense -than clapboards and shingles. Parine Paint, which is made especially -for Paroid Roofing, is a dark brown and produces very neat results. -Paroid one-ply is the best weight for the sides and we would recommend -two-ply for the roof. - -This dairy barn is spread out extensively, instead of being built up -into the air, the front being eighty feet long by twenty-six feet wide, -and there being two wings twenty feet wide extending forward thirty-two -feet, enclosing three sides of a quadrangle. A dairy room is set out in -rear of the end containing the pens and yards for the bulls, and is -connected with the cow stable by a covered walk; this semi-detached -dairy room avoids having the stable odors contaminating the milk, and -aids to cleanliness of dairy utensils by ample equipment for washing -and refrigerating. - -[Illustration: FIG. 54. FIRST FLOOR PLAN.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 55. SECOND FLOOR PLAN.] - -The second floor of the main building is utilized for hay and grain -storage, and in one end are rooms for the stablemen, including a -bath-room; this latter is a most important adjunct of a good dairy -stable, it having been demonstrated that facilities for cleanness -promotes cleanness, and absolute cleanness of men, animals, and all -utensils is demanded in the up-to-date dairy. - - -A SUBURBAN STABLE - -[Illustration: FIG. 56—A suburban stable.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 57—Ground plan.] - -The smaller stable, designed for a modest suburban residence, or -country summer home, gives space for a pair of horses and three or four -cows. It is planned to be built fifty-three feet long by thirty-three -feet wide, the end being planned to be the front, with a drive-way -onto the main floor in the front. The hay is pitched into the storage -loft through a trap-door in the ceiling, or, as some might prefer, -a hay-door could be set in place of the window over the drive-way -doors. The dormer windows and ornamental cupola combine with the -copper sheathing effect of the Paroid-covered roof to make a most -attractive stable building and at comparatively moderate cost. If it -was desired this plan could be altered to give a more roomy hay-loft -by adding either two or three feet to the length of the posts, and -correspondingly flattening the roof, carrying the dormers very nearly -out to the eaves. The added height of the posts could be added to the -height of the stable, keeping the roofs as steep as at present, if -preferred, but it is one of the many advantages of Paroid covering for -a roof that the roof need have but slight pitch, when a shallow pitch -is desired. The ground plan can be arranged differently; an improvement -might be to place the harness room where a calf-pen is indicated, -making the space gained into a clothes and wash-room for the stableman. - - -A PLANK-FRAME BARN - -The plank-frame barn has been very popular in several sections of -the country; the considerable saving in lumber and ease of building -recommending it to practical men. Less men and time are required to -build one of these barns; they are stronger, the excellent “bracing” of -the frame making them effective to stand the pressure of hay and grain -within or strong winds without. - -[Illustration: FIG. 58—A plank-frame barn.] - -In some sections a solid frame foundation is used, in Maine the entire -structure is of plank; the barns are built either with or without -basement, according to the taste of the owner. A good, firmly built -stone and cement foundation is advisable; with this foundation to rest -the plank upon the frame is raised. Do not be sparing of spikes, they -are an essential feature. - -[Illustration: FIG. 59—Cross-section.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 60—Ground plan.] - -No sills are used, and the upright studs take the place of posts. Two -for each post are set on the foundation on each side, between these is -placed and spiked the cross-plank, which extends the width of the barn -and ties the two sides together. The scantlings on each side of barn -floor, forming center posts, are then raised and spiked in place. Upon -outside of each upright is spiked a plank of same size as, and parallel -with, the first cross-plank; this gives three 2 × 8’s for cross sills -through center of barn, each joint or band being fixed in this way. -End joints, using boards instead of plank on outside, give the bedwork -of the barn. At the sides, between uprights in place of sill, a plank -is firmly spiked; this holds the uprights firmly in place and prevents -working sideways, while the thoroughly spiked cross planks prevent all -movement in other directions. - -Some barns are boarded diagonally, some horizontally; both methods give -excellent satisfaction. Many of these barns are built with a hip-roof, -as in the illustration given, and these give a great amount of storage -room in the loft. The steeper single-slope roof gives equally good -results, looks well, and is a little more economical to build. - -Paroid on roof and sides make it wind and waterproof. - - -A PRACTICAL SHEEP SHED - -(FROM A WISCONSIN FARM-INSTITUTE BULLETIN) - -[Illustration: FIG. 61—Perspective of sheds.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 62—Frame plan.] - -It is in the nature of sheep to dislike dampness. In the pasture they -will fold at night always on the high and dry elevations. In selecting -the site of a sheep shed these facts should determine the choice of a -site that is drained and dry throughout the year. Dryness is one of the -essentials of a good foundation for a healthy shed; second only to this -in importance is the ventilation. Warm, close sheds mean the downfall -of the sheep that are folded in them. A sheep is warm in body, as its -blood temperature is high, and then the nature of the fleece is such -as to be very retentive of the body’s heat. The cause of most failures -to keep sheep profitably has been from housing them in warm, close -buildings. - -[Illustration: FIG. 63—Ground plan.] - -Closely connected with the question of ventilation is the size of the -shed. The amount of room required by a sheep will vary considerably, -ranging from ten square feet for the Merino and Southdown to fifteen -square feet for the larger breeds, including the Cotswolds and larger -Downs. It is not advisable to crowd breeding ewes into a small area. -The crowding is most injurious when it results from restricted room at -the feeding rack and when it occurs through narrow doors. A breeding -ewe weighing one hundred and fifty pounds will require fully one and -one-quarter feet of space at the fodder rack. - -A desirable attribute of a shed is the entrance of sunlight; this -particularly encourages the growth of the lambs, and it is to them that -the shed will do the most good. To further the entrance of sunlight -the windows should be higher than they are wide, which will materially -assist in diffusing the rays over the greatest amount of inside space. -In addition to these a shed should be large enough to supply storage -space for sufficient fodder to feed the sheep while they must be -sheltered. Estimating that a ton of hay requires five hundred cubic -feet, and that a sheep will not eat over three pounds of hay per day, -it would require about one hundred and twenty-five cubic feet of space -to contain the hay needed to maintain a sheep during six months. There -should also be room available for a root cellar and for the storage of -straw. - -[Illustration: FIG. 64.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 65. Rack for inside feeding.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 66.] - -[Illustration: FIG. 67. Rack for outside feeding.] - -The plan here given is of a building forty feet wide and sixty feet -long. It has two stories, the first being nine feet high and the -second six feet from the floor to the eaves. It is advisable to make -the height of the lower story nine feet to secure the best results in -ventilation. The sills are six by eight inches, resting preferably -on stone foundation, and if set on posts they should be heavier. The -ground both on the inside and outside should come close to the sills, -so that no obstruction is offered by the sills to the free passage of -the sheep through the doors. The doors are all four feet wide, and -those that are used by the sheep should be sliding; the windows are -three feet wide and four and one-half feet high. In the center of the -sheep apartment there are double doors ten feet wide. When both are -opened and the center post removed a wagon can be driven through to -remove the manure from the pens. - -The arrangement of the lower floor has been adjusted so as to give -the sheep the smallest amount of space and yet have easily accessible -feed racks that would give sufficient room to the sheep for feeding. -The feed racks are all permanent, as there is no necessity for their -removal, and they form a wall for the passage way which runs through -the center. In this way it is easy to put hay in them, and it is very -easy to put grain into the troughs in front of them. As will be seen in -the ground plan there are two chutes at each end, down which the hay is -thrown from the loft. From where it falls it is easily distributed into -all the racks. - - -HOG HOUSES - -(ADAPTED FROM BULLETIN NO. 109. ILLINOIS EXPERIMENT STATION.) - -[Illustration: FIG. 68—Individual hog house.] - -_Individual Houses._—Individual hog houses, or “cots,” as they -are sometimes called, are built in many different ways. Some are built -with four upright walls and a shed roof, each of which (the walls and -roof) being a separate piece can easily be taken down and replaced, -making the moving of these small houses to another location an easy -matter. Others are built with two sides sloping in towards the top so -as to form the roof, as shown in Fig. 68. These are built on skids -and when necessary can be moved as a whole by being drawn by a horse. -They are built in several different styles: some have a window in the -front end above the door, while all may have a small door in the rear -end, near the apex, for ventilating purposes. These houses are built -in different sizes; indeed, there are about as many different forms of -cots as there are individuals using them. - -The arguments in favor of this type of house for swine are that each -sow at farrowing time may be kept alone and away from all disturbance; -that each litter of pigs may be kept and fed by itself, consequently -there will not be too large a number of pigs in a common lot; that -these houses may be placed at the farther end of the feed lot, thus -compelling the sow and pigs to take exercise, especially in winter, -when they come to the feed trough at the front end of the lot; that the -danger of spreading disease among a herd is at a minimum; and in case -the place occupied by the cot becomes unsanitary it may be removed to a -clean location. - -_Large Houses._—Individual hog houses have certain advantages in -their favor, and large houses, if properly planned and built, have many -points of advantage; among them being good sanitation, serviceability, -safety in farrowing, ease in handling hogs, and large pastures -involving little expense for fences. In order to be sanitary a hog -house should admit the direct rays of the sun to the floor of all the -pens and exclude cold drafts in winter, be dry, free from dust, well -ventilated, and exclude the hot sun during the summer. - -[Illustration: FIG. 69—Large hog house.] - -The illustrations show a hog house built with this purpose in view. The -building is one hundred and twenty feet long by thirty feet wide, and -has an eight-foot alley running lengthwise through the middle, between -the two rows of pens. It stands lengthwise east and west with the -windows on the south side, the windows being so placed that at noon -of the shortest day of the year, the rays of sunlight passing through -the upper part will fall upon the floor of the south side pen on the -opposite side from the window. This allows the total amount of light -coming through the window at this season of the year and at this time -of the day to fall upon the floor within the pen; consequently, during -the latter winter months, there will be a maximum amount of sunlight -on the floor of the pen; the window in the upper part of the building -performs the same function for the pen on the north side of the alley. -By this arrangement of windows there is possible a maximum amount of -sunlight on the floor of the pens in winter, which will serve to warm -the interior of the house, and especially the beds, during the latter -months of winter, thus making it possible to have pigs farrowed very -early in the season. Sunlight not only warms and dries the building, -but destroys disease germs, thus making the building both warm and -sanitary. - -The upper window, which throws light into the pen on the north side is -long, and this necessitates a flat roof for the part of the building -south of the alley, which must necessarily be covered with some -material, such as Paroid Roofing, that will shed water at a slight -pitch. Dryness should be secured by thorough drainage, freedom from -dust by sprinkling with water, and the direct sunlight should be -prevented from entering the pens during the hot part of the summer -days; this is done by the manner of constructing the building—the -lower window is shaded by the eaves and the rays passing through the -upper windows fall upon the floor of the alley. - -In order to be most serviceable a hog house should be constructed so -that it can be used every day in the year. In order to be an economizer -of labor the house should be planned so that the largest amount of -work may be performed with the smallest amount of labor, which, with -the present scarcity of labor, is a very important factor. Farrowing -pens should be supplied with fenders, which prevent the sows crushing -the pigs, and should be built so the attendant may lend assistance, if -necessary, with both convenience and safety. By having all the hogs -under one roof handling becomes simpler, and in case of bad weather -much more convenient. - -[Illustration: FIG. 70—Ground plan.] - -The alley through the middle of the building is eight feet wide; this -permits driving through the building with a wagon, which allows the -bedding to be hauled directly to the pens, and the manure to be loaded -on the wagon directly from the pens and hauled to the fields. The pens -are ten feet wide and eleven feet deep. Each pen has a slide door -opening to the outside, and a door opening to the alley; the latter is -hung so that when it is opened it will turn the pigs towards the front -end of the house, for weighing, etc. It also permits changing pigs -from one pen to another, and gives easy access to the attendant. The -trough is placed on the side of the pen next the alley, and a swinging -panel above the trough, shown in the illustration of the interior, -makes feeding a very easy and convenient operation. The “fender” is -shown in the ground plan, and consists of a two-inch iron pipe placed -on posts of the same set in concrete in the floor. This fender should -be placed eight or nine inches above the floor and about six inches -from the wall, it is to prevent the sows crushing the pigs at farrowing -time; the sow will necessarily make her bed in this corner as the other -three corners are occupied, two of them by doors and the other the feed -trough. - -There is a four-inch drain tile laid from each pen to the main lines -on either side, which are placed on the outside of the pens, leading -off down the ravine. The tile opens up through the floor of the pens -by means of a perforated iron disk, which is laid in the bell-end of a -length of sewer pipe. The floor is made to slope toward the drain so -that it can be flushed with water. - -All the gates and partitions of the interior are made of wire netting -panels. Wire is better than lumber for this purpose, for several -reasons. They are no obstruction to light, the rays of light coming -through the windows are not cut off from reaching the floor, where they -are most needed; they keep the floor and bedding warm and disinfected. -In case the hog house should become infected with disease germs it can -be flushed out and disinfected much more easily and thoroughly. Wire -partitions allow the hogs always to be in sight of each other and of -the attendant. By this means the sows, when they are shut up to farrow, -will not become estranged from one another, and will not be so likely -to fight after returning to a common pasture. - -[Illustration: FIG. 71—Large hog house—interior.] - -A hog house built and operated according to the above outlined plan -makes it possible to perform a maximum amount of work with a minimum -amount of labor, and to put the pigs on the market at seasons of the -year that are out of the ordinary; it can be expected that pigs thus -marketed will sell for higher prices than those that are marketed along -with the general supply. - -_The Question of Space._—A question which most frequently comes -to the front is: “How much room is required for a horse, cow, hen, -etc.?” and there is no one question about which there is greater -difference of opinion. A good size of horse stall is four feet wide -by nine feet long, and a good size of cow stall is three feet wide -by five feet long; of course these dimensions taking no account of -gutter-space at rear of stalls for catching the manure. Another good -dairyman will tell us that he wants his cow stalls four feet wide, -and will present strong arguments in favor of the greater amount of -room; it is obvious that twenty-five per cent. increase of width of -stalls decidedly increases the space-cost per cow. The best testimony, -however, is in favor of being liberal in space, as, for example, is -said about the sheep sheds: “Crowding is most injurious when it results -from restricted room at the feeding rack and when it occurs through -narrow doors. A breeding ewe weighing one hundred and fifty pounds will -require fully one and one-quarter feet of space at the fodder rack.” - -The same suggestion applies to floor space per hen. It has been -demonstrated that it is unprofitable to crowd fowls too much, and -well known writers have urged that ten square feet of floor space be -given to each bird; in practice, however, very much less space per -bird gives good results in health of flocks and average egg-product. -In the scratching-shed plan of house, on pages 18 and 19, the floor -space is recommended as seven and one-fifth square feet per bird with -twenty-five fowls of the American varieties per pen, and six square -feet each with thirty birds of one of the Mediterranean varieties per -pen. In the Gowell Poultry Farm house, on pages 16 and 17, four square -feet of floor space is allotted to each bird, and it is the plan there -to keep the birds wholly confined to the pens for the five cold months. -These illustrations show that there is wide range in actual practice, -but we believe it is wise to allow at least five to six square feet of -floor space to each fowl. - - - - -PAROID ROOFING - - -[Illustration: Partial View of Our Mills on the Neponset River at East -Walpole, Mass. Paroid is Made from Start to Finish Right in Our Own -Mills.] - -Our products are for the man who is planning new buildings, or about to -make repairs to old ones; and we have tried to tell in the following -paragraphs how each one of our materials is particularly adapted to -the different kinds of work for which it is made. Our claims are -based on actual experiences and if you are in the market for roofing -or sheathing papers, you will find that our materials will save you -money. First of all, we are going to tell you about our Paroid Roofing, -because the roof is one of the most important parts of every building. -If it is not right, there is no end of trouble. - -THE DIFFICULTIES OF CHOOSING A GOOD ROOF. There are about thirty -different brands of ready roofing, and for most of them the same claims -are made. Under those conditions, how are you going to choose the one -that will prove most economical for you? There is only one test that -will tell, and that is the test of time. Of course you can’t make that -test yourself, but it is for your interests to find out if others have -made it and for how long. - -The most economical roofing is not the one that costs you the least per -roll when you buy it, but the roofing that costs you least per year of -service. We are going to tell you here the most important facts about -Paroid; how it compares with shingles, metal and other kinds of ready -roofing, and then you can be your own judge. - -PAROID vs. TIN AND IRON ROOFS. The best quality of tin, iron and steel -roofings cost much more than Paroid at the start, and then there is -always the additional cost of painting each year. In spite of all you -can do, a metal roof will rust out and spring leaks which cannot be -permanently repaired. Paroid cannot rust; it costs less than metal -roofs when you buy it, and less to apply. Anyone can lay Paroid. One -example that proves the superiority of Paroid over metal roofs was -shown when the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, who had tried different -kinds of roofing on their Chicago train sheds, including a good tin -roof, used Paroid when the tin roof failed. The Paroid Roofing is still -in good condition. - -PAROID vs. SHINGLES. If you have recently asked your lumber dealer for -a price on shingles, you are probably looking for a substitute because -of the exorbitant price asked for them. Lumber is scarce everywhere, -and shingles are growing poorer in quality and higher in price every -day. The test of time has proved that Paroid is the real substitute for -shingles, and it has many advantages which shingles do not have. Figure -this out for yourself. The first cost of Paroid is less than that of a -medium grade of shingles. You can lay Paroid yourself and it requires -an experienced man to lay shingles. Shingles catch fire easily, while -Paroid is practically fireproof against sparks, cinders and embers. - -Read what a large lumber dealer in Maine says about the comparative -cost of shingles and Paroid Roofing. He is right in the heart of the -shingle belt, and naturally the difference is not so great as in other -sections of the country where shingles are not so plentiful. - -[Illustration: Colony chicken houses on farm of G. M. Gowell, of the -Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, Orono, Maine. The roofs are -covered with PAROID, sides with NEPONSET. - -See plans and description on page 17.] - -One-ply Paroid, which is usually heavy enough for the roof and sides of -most farm and poultry buildings, will save you at least 35% over the -cost of shingles. Here are the figures showing the comparative cost of -one-ply Paroid and B. C. Cedar Shingles. - - Clear cedar shingles per square $3.10 - 4 lbs. nails at 3¢ per lb. .12 - Average cost of carpenter labor 1.25 4.47 - ——— - Cost per square foot 45¢ - - 1-ply Paroid per square $2.50 - Laying .35 2.85 - ——— - Cost per square foot 28½¢ - -Lumber dealers all over the United States and Canada who previously -sold shingles exclusively, now sell large quantities of Paroid Roofing. -That tells the whole story. - -In the core of each roll of Paroid sufficient nails, rust-proof caps, -cement, and complete directions for applying are packed. You can lay -it yourself with a hammer and knife. One-ply Paroid, costing about one -half as much as shingles, is heavy enough for most farm and poultry -buildings. For barns, stables, and other large buildings we recommend -two-ply, which is heavier and thicker. - - -PAROID _vs._ OTHER READY ROOFINGS - -There are certain qualities that all ready roofings must have, but the -important question is, How long do they keep these qualities? We have -made our story short, but at the same time complete enough, so that you -can be your own judge when you compare our claims for Paroid with the -claims of other manufacturers. - -[Illustration: A hog house on a Vermont farm, covered with PAROID.] - -READY ROOFING EXPERIENCE. You have probably read the advertisements of -some manufacturers who claim that because they have had fifty to one -hundred years’ experience (in some business or other), that they -make the best ready roofing. We have been making felt, paper and -roofing materials here in our own mills for nearly one hundred years -(established in 1817) but WE REFUSE TO CLAIM that the length of time we -have been established has anything to do with the real merit of Paroid -Roofing. It shows only that we have had the right kind of experience. -We maintain that the test of time is the only real test of a roofing. -Paroid has stood this test. - -[Illustration: Paroid covers the Plant Industry Buildings, U. S. -Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.] - -THE OLD CRY OF THE IMITATORS. Most manufacturers warn you against -“imitations” of their “genuine” ready roofing. Investigate, and -you’ll find that the imitators themselves are the first to talk about -imitations. The question of imitations has nothing to do with the -merits of a particular roofing. Some imitations are often better than -the originals; but there is only one way to prove it—the test of time -is the test that tells. Paroid has stood this test. - -PAROID IS MADE BETTER THAN OTHER READY ROOFINGS. There are three -important things that enter into the manufacture of ready roofing; -namely, the felt, saturation and the coating. - -We make the felt for Paroid Roofing in our own mills because we could -not entrust to others the making of the most important part of Paroid. -If the felt is not right the roofing will not be. Do not run risks. Buy -your roofing from manufacturers who make their own felt. - -SATURATION AND COATING. The strong, well-made Paroid Roofing felt is -soaked, not merely dipped, in a compound of our own, rendering every -fibre of it absolutely proof against water, cold and heat. The felt is -then given a thicker, smoother and more pliable coating than that on -any other ready roofing. Compare samples and you will see and feel the -difference. It is more flexible in cold, and it will not melt or run -in the heat. It is more sightly, and lays easier and smoother than any -other ready roofing. - -[Illustration: Roof of Brooder house, covered with PAROID, White -Leghorn Poultry Yards, Waterville, N. Y. See plan and description on -page 12.] - -WE WERE THE ORIGINATORS OF THE COMPLETE ROOFING KIT - -Inside of each roll of Paroid is packed cement, nails, rust-proof caps, -and complete directions for applying. Anyone can lay Paroid and get -good results if the directions are carefully followed. - -OUR PATENTED RUST RETARDING CAPS - -Paroid is the only ready roofing supplied with rust retarding caps for -applying the roofing to a building. They are square, and therefore, -have more binding surface than the ordinary round caps. The nails are -also coated with a rust retarding preparation. - -[Illustration: Largest stock barn on the largest stock farm in -Minnesota. Eight hundred squares of PAROID put on roof of this barn by -the farm hands themselves.] - - -PAROID FOR FARM AND POULTRY BUILDINGS - -Paroid is adapted to all kinds of buildings and especially farm and -poultry buildings. It makes a building warmer in winter and cooler in -summer than other kinds of roofing. It will not taint rain water and is -not affected by gases and fumes. - - -PAROID FOR SIDING - -The next time you put up a poultry house, shed, or other farm building, -lay Paroid on the roof yourself, and then apply it to the sides with -battens. You will be surprised at the neat effect it gives, and it is -more economical than clapboards and shingles. - - -OUR GUARANTEE - -You run no risks when you buy Paroid. Every roll is sold on this -guarantee. - -Buy a roll of Paroid; open it; examine it; apply it to your roof; and -then, if you are not satisfied that you have the best ready roofing on -the market, send us your name and address and we will send you a check -for the full amount you have paid for the roofing, including the cost -of applying it. - -[Illustration: D. J. Lambert says, “PAROID is all right;” and he knows.] - -Our dealers all over the country who handle Paroid will also make you -this offer. If your dealer does not carry Paroid in stock, send us your -order and check or money order direct. We will pay the freight. - -[Illustration: Bird’s-eye View of Egg Plant. W. Harry Owen’s Farm, -Vineyard Haven, Mass. All buildings are covered with PAROID.] - - -PRICES - -You can pay most any price for a ready roofing, and, like everything -else, you get as much quality as you pay for. Paroid may cost more than -other ready roofings the day you buy it, but it is less expensive after -it is applied to your roof, because it will last longer. We maintain -that the test of time is the test that tells, and Paroid has stood that -test. Don’t make a mistake and buy a roofing that will go to pieces in -a short time. If you would save money, choose the roofing that lasts -the longest. - -PRICE LIST - - Paroid Roofing, 1-ply, $2.50 per square (100 sq. ft.). - Paroid Roofing, 2-ply, $3.50 per square (100 sq. ft.). - -These prices include extra roofing for laps and nails, rust-proof caps, -cement, and directions for applying. - -[Illustration: Meadow Brook Farm poultry plant, Dallas, Pa. Roofs are -covered with PAROID.] - -[Illustration: Monmouth Poultry Farm, Freneau, N. J. Roof covered with -PAROID.] - - AMBOY, ILL., Dec. 29, 1905. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, Chicago, Ill. - - Please send me your up-to-date poultry and farm - building plans. I use Paroid, and can find no equal. - I am going to build a hog house, and will cover it - with Paroid. - Yours respectfully, - F. M. BLOWERS. - - Aug. 15, 1905. - - MESSRS. F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Gentlemen_: Of three kinds of paper used this - season on my bee hive covers, your Paroid has given such - satisfaction that I would use nothing else in future. - - Yours respectfully, - E. H. DEWEY. - - Great Barrington, Mass. - - AKRON, OHIO, June 11, 1906. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, - Chicago, Ill. - - _Gentlemen_: Enclosed you will find the slip - that I received from you filled out with my address and - a two-cent stamp, for which please send me the book - “Practical Farm Buildings,” and oblige. - - In regard to your Paroid Roofing will say that it - is the best that I have seen to date, for durability, - easiness to lay, and its wearing qualities. - - I have used it on my poultry buildings for the last - ten years, and if occasion demands that I shall need - any more roofing for any additional poultry buildings - PAROID it shall be. - - So hoping to receive the book as soon as convenient - for you to send it, I remain, - Yours respectfully, - PAUL C. BORK. - - 343 Hickory St. - -[Illustration: PAROID covers a Vermont barn and silo.] - -[Illustration: The Largest Duck Farm in the World. Duck breeding house, -roof and sides covered with PAROID, Weber Bros., Pondville, Mass.] - -[Illustration: Willow Brook Farm, Berlin, Conn. All poultry buildings -are covered with PAROID. See testimonial below.] - - BERLIN, CONN., Jan. 24, 1906. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Dear Sirs_: We find your Paroid roofing paper - the very best we have ever used. We have thousands of - visitors who are looking for information in regard to - roofing paper each year, and in each and every instance - we recommend your roofing paper. We have done this - because we think it is the best out, and will take - pleasure in recommending it in the future. - - Very truly yours, - WILLOW BROOK FARM. - -[Illustration: Pigeonry on Jordan’s Hackney Stud Farm, Plymouth, Mass. -Covered with PAROID.] - -[Illustration: Round House of the New York Central & Hudson River -Railroad, near High Bridge, N. Y.] - - - CITY OF DETROIT, MICH., - DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WORKS, - March 28, 1906. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Gentlemen_: Please send me a copy of your book - of farm and poultry building plans, and oblige. I have - one building covered with your Paroid, and like it very - much. It wears well and gives no trouble. - - Yours truly, - (_Signed_) PORTER MURPHY. - - 82 Perry St., Detroit, Mich. - -[Illustration: Tongue Point Lumber Co., Astoria, Oregon. Covered with -PAROID.] - -[Illustration: Woodbury & Walker Block, Burlington, Vermont. Roofed -with PAROID.] - - - - -NEPONSET RED ROPE ROOFING - - -[Illustration] - -[Illustration] - -For over twenty-five years Neponset has been the standard low cost -roofing and siding. It must not be compared with tarred felts just -because it costs about the same. Neponset will usually outlast them -three to one. - -Neponset won’t run and dry out like tarred felts. It is easier to apply -and cleaner to handle. - -Figure it out for yourself. A tarred felt costing the same as Neponset -lasts only a few seasons. Neponset lasts at least from five to seven -years and in most cases longer. If you are going to use a low cost -roofing, Neponset will save you money. - -Neponset makes a practically permanent siding, and if Paroid is too -expensive for both roof and sides, we recommend Paroid for the roof and -Neponset for the sides. - -Neponset is put up in rolls 36 inches wide, containing, 100, 250 and -500 square feet. Fixtures and directions for applying Neponset are -packed inside of each roll. - -NEPONSET BLACK WATERPROOF PAPER is made especially for sheathing -purposes, but it will last a year or two on the roof or sides of -buildings. It costs less and is cleaner to handle than tarred felts. -Neponset Black is put up in rolls 36 inches wide containing 250 and 500 -square feet. - - -NEPONSET WATERPROOF SHEATHING PAPER - -One of the most important items that every house builder ought to -consider is that of sheathing papers. This important question, unless -decided right, means an additional expense of many dollars in fuel -each year. Sheathing papers are used to keep out cold and dampness, -but only a few fulfill their purpose. Cold draughts penetrate cheap -papers, and in a very short time these cheap papers disintegrate and -become mere dust. A good waterproof paper repels dampness, keeps -out the cold and lasts the life of a building. For over twenty-five -years Neponset Papers have been the standard. Actual experiences have -proved that Neponset saves one-third of the fuel required to heat a -house, therefore, a big saving each year. Neponset acts as a blanket -on a house it keeps out the cold and keeps in the heat. Don’t lay the -foundations for an annual loss, save one-third of the money you would -spend on fuel. That’s what Neponset has done for others, it will do it -for you. - -[Illustration: Bird’s-eye View of Chas. F. Thompson & Co.’s Poultry -Plant, Lynnfield Centre, Mass. See testimonial.] - - LYNNFIELD CENTRE, MASS., - April 3, 1906. - - MESSRS. F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Gentlemen_: Replying to yours of the 2nd, there - is no photographer here that can take views. I am - sending you a catalogue showing views we have half-tone - plates for. If they will do I can loan them to you. - The original photographs are lost. The long buildings - shown, bird’s-eye view are covered with Neponset, put - on nearly ten years ago; one coat of paint put on at - the time, nothing done since and not a leak; appear in - good condition now. Anything we can do for you let us - know. - CHAS. F. THOMPSON & CO. - - NEWBURGH, N. Y., April 13th, 1906. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Gentlemen_: Your favor at hand. Samples of - leaflets only had Neponset on. Hope that you will - also send some with Paroid as we find, in many cases, - customers prefer to pay the difference. - - One of our roofs, about twelve hundred square feet, - was covered with Red Rope some ten years ago. It had - no care, but kept OK. until this season. Pretty good - record for a cheap roof. - Yours very truly, - THE NEWBURGH LUMBER CO. - -[Illustration: A Pennsylvania Duck Farm. NEPONSET is especially adapted -for poultry houses.] - - KANSAS CITY, Nov. 24, 1905. - - THE KANSAS CITY ROOFING & CORRUGATING CO., - Kansas City, Mo. - - _Gentlemen_: Replying to yours of the 22nd - inst., we covered our large lumber shed and barn with - Neponset Red Rope Roofing two years ago this fall, - and painted same at once, and to this day is in good - condition and has given us entire satisfaction. Other - kinds of roofing which we paid more money for do not - seem to have given us the service that this has. We - ask you to kindly advise us what is the best paint to - repaint this with, and which is the best season of the - year to use same. - Yours very truly, - BADGER LUMBER CO., - (_Signed_) L. J. GILLES, Agent. - - WAYLAND, N. Y., Oct. 20, 1906. - - F. W. BIRD & SON, - East Walpole, Mass. - - _Gentlemen_: Will you please send me sample of - sidings and roofings, and also prices? I want to get - Neponset unless you have got something better. Neponset - beats anything of the kind I ever used. - - Yours truly, - W. E. MOULTON. - -[Illustration: Dancing Pavilion, Easton, Pa. Roof is covered with -NEPONSET.] - - - - -PROSLATE ROOFING AND SIDING - - -PATENTED MAY 13, 1906 - -DESIGNED ESPECIALLY FOR PITCH ROOF HOUSES AND FOR A PERMANENT SIDING - -[Illustration] - - -SPECIAL FEATURES - -DESCRIPTION. Proslate is our regular Paroid roofing material with an -additional wearing surface (not a colored coating) of a mixture of -paint and sand, making a _slate-like_ surface, _slate_ in -color and effect. Proslate is an entirely new material—patented. - -FOR PITCH ROOFS. Proslate is especially designed to take the place of -shingles and clapboards for residences. Attractiveness and economy -are both secured by using Proslate for pitch roofs. It is finished in -18-inch rolls, ready to lay, with ornamented edge. - -Proslate is applied in the usual way—lapped, cemented and nailed—no -waste by excessive overlapping—cement and fixtures of same slate color -with complete directions for laying are packed in each roll. Any good -carpenter can apply it. - -Proslate is finished in rolls containing 122 square feet, sufficient -to cover 100 square feet of surface and is sold on a basis of material -enough to cover 100 square feet. - -FOR FLAT ROOFS AND SIDING. For flat roofs and as a siding, we furnish -Proslate in rolls 36 inches wide, plain straight edges. By the use of -broad cleats, a very neat effect can be made on the sides of houses. -Proslate for a siding is warmer than clapboards or shingles. It acts as -a blanket. - -GENERAL USE. As a permanent all round roof, we believe that Proslate -represents the best material for the money yet made. It is good -enough for residences, factories and railroad buildings. Shingles are -unsatisfactory and cannot be used on flat roofs, porches, etc., and -slate is too expensive. Proslate fills every requirement of a good -roofing, well made with an extra weather surface, economical—permanent. - - - - -FLORIAN SOUND-DEADENING FELT - - -This material is used between floors as an insulator against sound. -It is, without any exception, the cleanest and most effective -sound-deadening felt made. The corrugations make small dead air cells -when the felt is placed in position and this is considered to be the -most effective method of deadening sound. Tests have proved that one -sheet of Florian is equal to six sheets of ordinary deadening felt. -Florian is also a good non-conductor of fire, heat and cold. It should -be used between floors in every house to insure a well insulated -building. - - -OTHER THINGS WE MAKE - -We make Neponset and Kosat Insulating Papers for cold storage work; -Parine Paint, especially for our own roofings, and all kinds of outside -work; Tack, Screw, and Shoe boxes, all kinds of special papers and -paper boxes. - -We have had a large experience with all kinds of building and roofing -construction, and if we can help you on any of your problems please be -sure to write us. - -[Illustration] - - F. W. BIRD & SON, MAKERS - ESTABLISHED 1817 - - EAST WALPOLE, MASS. - NEW YORK WASHINGTON CHICAGO - - CANADIAN FACTORY AND OFFICE, HAMILTON, ONT. - WESTERN CANADIAN OFFICE, WINNIPEG, MAN. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK PRACTICAL FARM BUILDINGS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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