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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65704 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65704)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois, by
-anonymous anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois
-       Educational Series 7
-
-Author: anonymous anonymous
-
-Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65704]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF
-ILLINOIS ***
-
-
-
-
-                             _Guide to the_
-                        GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS
-
-
-                   _Illinois State Geological Survey
-                         Educational Series 7_
-
-                           STATE of ILLINOIS
-                         Otto Kerner, Governor
-
-    [Illustration: SEAL OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS]
-
-                DEPARTMENT of REGISTRATION and EDUCATION
-                   William Sylvester White, Director
-
-
-                                  1961
-
-
-                    ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-                          John C. Frye, Chief
-                            URBANA, ILLINOIS
-
-             PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
-                          42517-20M 2 (78783)
-
-
-
-
-                             _Guide to the_
-                        GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS
-
-
-
-
-                            GLACIAL GEOLOGY
-
-
-    [Illustration: Decorative capital]
-
-Although the age of the Earth is measured in billions of years, the face
-of Illinois is young—a mere 15,000 years old.
-
-During the Ice Age, most of Illinois was repeatedly invaded by huge
-glaciers, sometimes towering a mile or more high, that carried embedded
-in them ground up rock materials they had gouged out of the bedrock to
-the north as they ponderously pushed south.
-
-When the last of the glaciers melted from Illinois, about 15,000 years
-ago, the country that emerged looked far different from the preglacial
-land. Old hills and valleys had vanished, new ones had formed, and a
-mantle of unconsolidated rock material, the burden carried by the ice
-and dropped as the ice melted, lay over most of the region.
-
-Most of this material, called glacial drift, was brought in by the ice
-during the last two of the four major periods of glaciation—the
-Illinoian period 100,000 to 150,000 years ago and the Wisconsinan 5,000
-to 50,000 years ago. The older drift introduced during the Kansan and
-Nebraskan glacial periods is almost entirely buried beneath the later
-drifts.
-
-The glaciers covered all of Illinois except the northwestern corner, the
-southwestern edge along the Mississippi River, and extreme southern
-Illinois, as shown in figure 1. In those areas the land is much as it
-was before the glaciers came. In the glaciated portion of the state,
-however, the bedrock generally is covered by the rock debris the ice
-carried from as far away as Canada. As the fringes of the ice melted,
-these loads of rock material were, in some places, dumped as ridges
-(moraines) which are the hills and mounds on the flat prairies of the
-present landscape. Such material also filled ancient river valleys, but
-new valleys were cut by torrents of water released by the melting ice.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 1—A mantle of glacial drift covers the bedrock
-    in much of Illinois.]
-
-  WISCONSINAN GLACIAL DRIFT
-  KANSAN GLACIAL DRIFT
-  ILLINOIAN GLACIAL DRIFT
-
-The glacial drift belongs to the youngest (topmost layer) of the major
-divisions of our rocks, which geologists have named the Pleistocene
-(scientific name for Ice Age deposits).
-
-Most of the drift is an unsorted mixture of clay, pebbles, and boulders
-called “till,” but some glacial deposits consist of water-sorted sand
-and gravel carried and deposited by meltwater from the glaciers. Other
-materials were deposited by the wind—sand was piled into shifting dunes
-and fine silts were spread like a blanket over the land. This mantle of
-silt is called loess.
-
-The glacial deposits contain a wide variety of rocks, some brought from
-regions to the north, others scoured from the layers of native rock in
-Illinois.
-
-The limits of the Illinoian, the Wisconsinan, and the Kansan glaciations
-are shown in figure 1. Some of the more prominent moraines are sketched
-with dark gray lines on plate 1. Within this area, glacial drift covers
-the bedrock except along valleys where streams have cut through and
-removed it.
-
-
-                            BEDROCK GEOLOGY
-
-Beneath the glacial drift of Illinois many layers of rocks overlie a
-base of ancient crystalline rocks that in Illinois occur at depths of
-2,000 to as much as 15,000 feet. The geologic map (plate 1, in pocket)
-is drawn as if the mantle of glacial drift had been removed to expose
-the layers of bedrock, which are largely limestone, shale, and
-sandstone.
-
-The key on the map shows the age sequence of the rocks, arranged with
-the youngest at the top, and gives the names that geologists have
-assigned to the various systems of rocks. Each system consists of rocks
-that were deposited during a long period of time. The complete sequence
-of rocks might be likened to a book of earth history, and each system
-likened to a chapter. Systems are divided into formations, which might
-be regarded as pages in the book.
-
-As shown on the generalized rock column in figure 2, the rocks next
-older than the glacial drift (Pleistocene) are the Tertiary and
-Cretaceous sands, gravels, and clays, mostly unconsolidated. They occur
-only at the extreme southern tip of Illinois and were deposited when
-that area was covered by a northward extension of the Gulf of Mexico.
-The Tertiary rocks are shown on the map in grayed pink (T) and the
-Cretaceous in red-violet (K).
-
-Next older than the Cretaceous are the Pennsylvanian rocks, named for
-the state of Pennsylvania where they are well exposed and were first
-studied.
-
-The Pennsylvanian System is divided into two areas on the map (P¹ and
-P²). The rocks shown in lightest gray (P²) lie above the No. 6 Coal in
-the sequence and those in medium gray (P¹) lie below it. The No. 6 Coal
-is one of the thickest, most valuable coals in the state. Pennsylvanian
-rocks occur under the glacial drift, and their thickness ranges from a
-few feet to as much as 3,000 feet.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 2—Diagram of layers of rocks in Illinois. The
-    oldest rocks are at the bottom, the youngest at the top. Names are
-    the standard ones applied by geologists to the subdivisions of the
-    geologic eras.]
-
- Era                                 General Types of Rocks
-    Period or System and Thickness
-       Epoch
-
- CENOZOIC “Recent Life”
- Age of Mammals
-    Quaternary
-    0-500′
-       Pleistocene or Glacial Age
-                        Recent—alluvium in river valleys
-                        Glacial till, glacial outwash, gravel, sand,
-                        silt lake deposits of clay and silt, loess and
-                        sand dunes; covers nearly all of state except
-                        northwest corner and southern tip
-    Tertiary
-    0-500′
-       Pliocene         Chert gravel; present in northern, southern, and
-                        western Illinois
-       Eocene           Mostly micaceous sand with some silt and clay;
-                        present only in southern Illinois
-       Paleocene        Mostly clay, little sand; present only in
-                        southern Illinois
- MESOZOIC “Middle Life”
- Age of Reptiles
-    Cretaceous          Mostly sand, some thin beds of clay and,
-    0-300’              locally, gravel; present only in southern
-                        Illinois
- PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life”
-    Age of Amphibians and Early Plants
-    Pennsylvanian       Largely shale and sandstone with beds of coal,
-    0-3,000′            limestone, and clay
-    (“Coal Measures”)
-    Mississippian       Black and gray shale at base; middle zone of
-    0-3,500’            thick limestone that grades to siltstone, chert,
-                        and shale; upper zone of interbedded sandstone,
-                        shale and limestone
-    Age of Fishes
-    Devonian            Thick limestone, minor sandstones and shales;
-    0-1,500’            largely chert and cherty limestone in southern
-                        Illinois
-    Age of Invertebrates
-    Silurian            Principally dolomite and limestone
-    0-1,000’
-    Ordovician          Largely dolomite and limestone but contains
-    500-2,000’          sandstone, shale, and siltstone formations
-    Cambrian            Chiefly sandstones with some dolomite and shale;
-    1,500-3,000’        exposed only in small areas in north-central
-                        Illinois
- ARCHEOZOIC and PROTEROZOIC
-                        Igneous and metamorphic rocks; known in Illinois
-                        only from deep wells
-
-The Pennsylvanian System contains many different kinds of rocks,
-including all of our minable coals. It also contains important deposits
-of limestone, shale, and clay, and at places oil and gas.
-
-Next below the Pennsylvanian are the rocks of the Mississippian System,
-shown in blue on the map (M¹ and M²). The lower and middle Mississippian
-rocks (M¹) are largely limestone in and near the areas mapped, but in
-the central and eastern part of the state where they are buried under
-Pennsylvanian rocks they contain much siltstone and cherty limestone.
-The upper Mississippian rocks (M²) consist of a succession of sandstone,
-shale, and limestone formations.
-
-This system of rocks takes its name from the Mississippi River because
-there are excellent exposures of these strata along the Mississippi
-Valley in western Illinois, southeastern Iowa, and eastern Missouri.
-
-The Mississippian rocks are a source of limestone, fluorspar, zinc, and
-ganister, and are of greatest economic significance in southeastern
-Illinois where they are the most important of our oil-producing rocks.
-
-The Devonian (D, dark gray on the map), Silurian, (S, violet),
-Ordovician (O, light pink), and Cambrian (C, deep pink) rocks, in the
-order named, are older than the Mississippian strata. In general, they
-include dolomite, limestone, shale, and sandstone. Except for small
-areas along the Mississippi and Illinois River Valleys, these older
-rocks are found at the surface only in the northern quarter of the state
-and locally in Alexander, Hardin, Jackson, Monroe, Pike, and Union
-Counties. They are nevertheless economically important because they
-yield limestone, dolomite, silica sand, oil, zinc and lead, tripoli,
-novaculite, and novaculite gravel.
-
-The rocks of the Cambrian through Pennsylvanian Systems belong to the
-Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic rocks overlie crystalline rocks, such as
-granites, that extend to unknown depths in the crust of the earth. The
-crystalline rocks are not exposed in Illinois but are encountered in the
-drilling of some deep wells and may be seen in the nearby Missouri
-Ozarks and in central Wisconsin.
-
-
-                           STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
-
-The rock formations appear to lie flat in most of Illinois, but they are
-slightly inclined in most places. In some areas they are down-warped
-into basins and troughs (synclines), upfolded into domes and arches
-(anticlines), or broken by faults.
-
-The largest structural feature in Illinois is a great spoon-shaped
-basin—the Illinois Basin—that extends southeastward into Indiana and
-Kentucky. The deepest part of the basin is in southeastern Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 3—When rocks are down-warped and the surface
-    is leveled by erosion, the youngest rocks are preserved in the
-    center and the older rocks are exposed at the margins.]
-
-Because the entire region, including the basin, has been eroded by rain,
-ice, wind, and many rivers and streams, the youngest Paleozoic rocks
-(top-most layers) are preserved only in the middle of the basin, as
-shown in figures 3, 6, and 7. This is why the map shows the coal-bearing
-rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the center of the state and the older
-rocks cropping out in successive bands around the margins of the basin
-in southern, western, and northern Illinois.
-
-Distribution of bedrock in northern Illinois is influenced by a broad
-upfold or arch (see figures 4, 6, and 7). The map (plate 1) shows the
-older rocks (Cambrian and Ordovician) exposed at the center of the arch
-and surrounded by younger Silurian and Devonian rocks. Another elongated
-upfold (anticlinal belt) extends from the vicinity of Dixon
-southeastward into Indiana. The crest of the upfold is indicated on the
-map by patches of Silurian and Devonian rocks in Champaign and Douglas
-Counties.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 4—When rocks are upfolded and the surface is
-    eroded, the older rocks are exposed at the crest of the dome or
-    anticline.]
-
-In extreme southern Illinois and in north-central Illinois, the rock
-layers are broken by great faults (see figures 5 and 6) which displace
-the layers of rocks by as little as a few inches to as much as 3,000
-feet.
-
-The structural map of Illinois (figure 6) shows the position of the
-major geologic structures. The big basin is indicated by shading, with
-the darkest pattern showing where the basin is deepest. The same strata
-that lie at sea level at the basin’s outer edge are downwarped to 6,000
-feet below sea level in its deepest part. Axes of some small anticlines
-and locations of major fault zones also are shown.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 5—When rocks are faulted by earth stresses,
-    the layers of rock are displaced or offset.]
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 6—Major structural features of Illinois—the
-    Illinois Basin, anticlines, and faults. The increasing depth of the
-    basin is shown by progressively darker patterns.]
-
-  KANKAKEE ARCH
-  MISSISSIPPI R. ARCH
-  LA SALLE ANTICLINAL BELT
-  OZARK UPLIFT
-  KEY
-    Position of major anticline
-    Major faults
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 7—The cross section from north to south
-    through Illinois shows the strata down-warped into the basin.]
-
-
-                           HISTORICAL GEOLOGY
-
-Reading the history of the earth’s crust is like reading a mystery
-story. The geologist must examine, or read, each rock layer, from the
-youngest at the top to the oldest at the bottom, searching for clues to
-its origin, age, and development from which he can reconstruct the past.
-
-One of the clues to the past is the fossil remains of plants and animals
-found in the rocks. For instance, if a certain coral is known to have
-lived only during one span of time, all rocks containing that coral
-fossil must have been formed within that span.
-
-Records of wells (well logs) and rock cores or samples collected when
-test holes are drilled into the bedrock also reveal much about the
-sequence of rock strata beneath the surface. The kinds of rocks
-encountered tell, in addition, something about ancient geography, for
-some were formed on land and others were deposited in long-departed
-seas.
-
-Such knowledge is extremely important in finding and developing mineral
-resources such as coal and oil.
-
-
-                            ECONOMIC GEOLOGY
-
-Minerals produced commercially in Illinois include crude oil, coal,
-limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, gravel, fluorspar, tripoli, ganister,
-novaculite gravel, silica sand, and the metals zinc and lead. The
-distribution of mineral industries, shown in the several maps of figures
-8 through 12, is, of course, related to the distribution of the rocks
-(plate 1). For example, the coal mines are scattered along the margin of
-the area of Pennsylvanian rocks where the coals are at relatively
-shallow depths.
-
-The mineral fuels, coal and petroleum, are the leading mineral products
-of Illinois, making up about 70 percent of the annual value of all
-minerals produced in the state. For many years coal was at the top of
-the list, but petroleum now holds first place.
-
-
-                               Petroleum
-
-In recent years production of petroleum has averaged about 78 million
-barrels each year, making Illinois the eighth largest petroleum
-producing state. The major oil area is the deep part of the Illinois
-Basin in the southcentral and southeastern parts of the state, but
-significant discoveries have been made recently in central and western
-Illinois. There are about 490 oil fields in Illinois, ranging from a few
-to several thousand acres in size.
-
-Oil has been discovered in rocks of the Pennsylvanian, Mississippian,
-Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician Systems, but the Mississippian are
-the most productive and account for about 76 percent of our total oil
-production.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 8—Oil pools in Illinois as of January 1, 1961.
-    The pools are concentrated mainly in the Illinois Basin and along
-    the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt.]
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 9—Active coal mines are scattered around the
-    margin of the basin where the coals are at relatively shallow
-    depths.]
-
-  KEY
-    SHIPPING MINES
-      Underground
-      Strip
-      Slope
-    LOCAL MINES OVER 25,000 TONS
-      Underground
-      Strip
-
-
-                                  Coal
-
-Illinois ranks fourth in the nation among states that produce bituminous
-coal, the type of coal most widely mined in the United States. Coal is
-used by many manufacturing industries, by public utilities companies
-that burn coal to generate electricity, and by individuals for heating
-homes.
-
-All Illinois coal deposits are found in the Pennsylvanian System. Of the
-many coals, only a few are thick enough to be mined profitably. The coal
-is of bituminous rank, but it varies in quality. Illinois coal reserves
-in strata more than 28 inches thick are estimated at 137 billion tons
-and are larger than those of any other state.
-
-Around the edge of the coal basin where the coal lies at shallow depths,
-it is commonly mined in open pits (strip mines). However, in the past,
-most coal has been mined underground, and more than half of Illinois
-coal is still produced from such mines.
-
-
-                         Limestone and Dolomite
-
-There are two types of carbonate rocks in Illinois, limestone and
-dolomite. In appearance they are almost indistinguishable, although they
-are different chemically. Limestone is composed mainly of calcium
-carbonate (the mineral calcite), whereas dolomite is calcium magnesium
-carbonate (the mineral dolomite).
-
-Limestone deposits are found at many places in the western,
-southwestern, and southern marginal portions of the state. They are
-largely of Mississippian and Ordovician age. Lesser deposits of
-Pennsylvanian limestone are found in the central portion of the state.
-In the northern fifth of the state, dolomites of Silurian and Ordovician
-age are exposed at many places.
-
-Limestone and dolomite are quarried for a variety of uses, including
-aggregate for concrete, agricultural limestone, railroad ballast, chips
-for bituminous roads, and for use in metallurgical and chemical
-processes. They also are quarried for building stone at some places, and
-marble is produced in southern Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 10—Limestone and dolomite are quarried at many
-    places, but fluorspar, zinc, and lead are produced in restricted
-    mineralized areas.]
-
-  KEY
-    Quarry, Limestone or Dolomite
-    Cement or Lime
-    Fluorspar
-    Zinc and Lead
-
-Limestone and shale or clay are burned together in kilns to produce
-portland cement. Portland cement is manufactured from a Pennsylvanian
-limestone in LaSalle County and from an Ordovician limestone in Lee
-County.
-
-Limestone or dolomite also is burned in kilns to make lime.
-Mississippian limestone is used in Adams County and Silurian dolomite is
-used in Cook County for lime making.
-
-
-                         Clay and Clay Products
-
-Illinois commercial clays are found in glacial, Cretaceous, Tertiary,
-and Pennsylvanian deposits. Pennsylvanian shales also are sources of
-clays. Glacial clays, which occur as loess (wind-blown materials),
-alluvial (water-deposited) sediments, and glacial till, are widespread
-in the state. Cretaceous and Tertiary clays, at the extreme southern tip
-of the state, are valuable for the manufacture of heat-resistant bricks
-and coatings and for floor-sweeping compounds.
-
-Pennsylvanian clays and shales are the most important source of clay for
-manufacturing such products as pottery, stoneware, drain tile, sewer
-pipe, flue tile, building tile, brick, and special heat-resistant
-fire-brick.
-
-
-                            Sand and Gravel
-
-Deposits of sand and gravel, found in many parts of Illinois, provide
-large quantities of material for concrete, railroad ballast, road
-gravel, building sand, molding sand, and other uses. Glacial deposits
-are the principal sources of sand and gravel, but in extreme southern
-Illinois where there is no glacial drift the main source of supply is
-Tertiary gravel and Devonian chert gravel.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 11—The clay industry is scattered widely in
-    Illinois. Many manufacturing plants are located at the clay pits.]
-
-  KEY
-    Pit or Plant
-
-Almost every county has some sand and gravel, but the major areas of
-production are northeastern Illinois and some of the major rivers.
-Considerable tonnages of sand and gravel are dredged from bars in the
-channels of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash Rivers.
-
-
-                              Silica Sand
-
-Silica sand is used in making glass, for sand blasting, as grinding
-sand, as molding sand for casting steel, and in the fracture treatment
-of oil wells to increase oil production. Some of the sand is finely
-pulverized into a powder that is used as a filler, a fine abrasive, as a
-ceramic material, and for many other purposes.
-
-This special sand, composed of grains of the mineral quartz (silica),
-comes from a sandstone of Ordovician age that is mined in LaSalle and
-Ogle Counties.
-
-
-                          Tripoli and Ganister
-
-Tripoli, or “amorphous” silica, is mined from Devonian rocks in
-Alexander County. The silica is finely ground for use as a polishing
-agent, as a filler, in buffing compounds, and for other purposes.
-
-Ganister, a granular material with a high silica content, also is mined
-in extreme southern Illinois. It is used in making products that can
-withstand high temperatures.
-
-
-                               Fluorspar
-
-For many years Illinois has led the nation in the production of
-fluorspar, accounting annually for about half the total United States
-output. The industry is centered in Hardin and Pope Counties where the
-deposits occur in veins and beds in rocks of the Mississippian System.
-Reserves of fluorspar are adequate to supply the industry for many
-years.
-
-    [Illustration: Figure 12—Sand and gravel is produced at many places
-    in the state. Silica sand is produced only from a sandstone in
-    northern Illinois. Tripoli is found only in southern Illinois.]
-
-  KEY
-    Sand and Gravel
-    Silica Sand
-    Molding Sand
-    Tripoli
-
-Fluorspar is used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, as a flux in
-the manufacture of steel, in the refining of aluminum, for the
-manufacture of fluorine compounds used in a variety of products, in
-ceramic glazes, and for other special purposes.
-
-
-                             Lead and Zinc
-
-Lead and zinc are the only metallic minerals mined in Illinois. Deposits
-are found in Jo Daviess County in northwestern Illinois and in the
-fluorspar area of Hardin and Pope Counties in extreme southern Illinois.
-In northwestern Illinois the ore occurs in rocks of Ordovician age, but
-in southeastern Illinois it is associated with fluorspar in rocks of
-Mississippian age.
-
-Between 1820 and 1865, the mining area of which northwestern Illinois is
-a part was the nation’s principal producer of lead ore. In recent years
-production of zinc has increased and that of lead has decreased.
-
-
-                             Water Supplies
-
-Water, too, is a mineral resource, and our most necessary one. The
-source of nearly all water is rain and snow, which collect in lakes and
-streams or seep into the ground to form our two types of water
-supplies—surface water and ground water.
-
-Ground water in Illinois collects underground in deposits of sand and
-gravel or in the porous sandstone or limestone layers of bedrock. These
-rock materials are called “aquifers” because of their ability to hold
-water and to allow it to flow into wells that are drilled into them.
-
-The aquifers are not equally distributed throughout Illinois, so
-ground-water supplies are abundant in some parts of the state but are
-scarce in others. Some Illinois cities depend wholly or partly on
-surface supplies from lakes and rivers.
-
-The sand and gravel aquifers yield more ground water than any others in
-Illinois. The major sand and gravel aquifers were deposited by streams
-and lie along river valleys. Some of these river valleys are no longer
-visible to us because they were buried by glacial drift. They are
-recognized, however, from well records or drilling records.
-
-The northern third of Illinois has the most abundant supplies of ground
-water. Bedrock formations of Devonian through Cambrian age are favorable
-aquifers and supply drinkable (potable) water at depths of from 200 to
-2,000 feet. These formations, however, lie much deeper in the Illinois
-Basin, where the water they furnish is too salty for most uses.
-
-West of the Illinois River and at the southern tip of the state, the
-Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian limestones are the chief aquifers.
-Their yield, however, is small.
-
-In the Illinois Basin all these formations are overlain by Pennsylvanian
-rocks which offer only small, scattered supplies of ground water.
-
-
-
-
-                    ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-
-
-A city or farmer needs a new water supply. Where can suitable
-water-bearing formations be found? A new limestone quarry is considered.
-Where are the most suitable limestone deposits? A coal mine is being
-planned. How deep must a shaft be sunk to reach the nearest minable coal
-and what will the mining conditions be? A land owner has a clay deposit
-on his land. What uses can be made of it? A road is to be constructed.
-Are sand and gravel or limestone deposits available nearby for
-construction materials? A farmer wants to know whether there might be
-oil on his property. Are oil-bearing structures present and, if so, at
-what depth?
-
-These are typical questions brought to the Illinois State Geological
-Survey by the industries and people of Illinois. From its accumulated
-store of information and experience, the Survey provides answers. This
-storehouse of knowledge is the result of the Survey’s continuous program
-of geologic exploration, mapping, research, and organization and
-interpretation of data.
-
-The Survey explores and maps the geology and mineral resources of the
-state, does research to find new and improved uses for our mineral
-resources, and organizes and interprets basic geologic information
-gathered from well logs, rock samples, and field studies, putting them
-all into usable form.
-
-Such knowledge is shared with the public through publications, maps,
-lectures, and personal consultations with industries, drillers,
-engineers, land owners, teachers, and others in need of geologic
-information.
-
-The discovery of facts about the rich mineral resources of Illinois has,
-in effect, only begun, and it is the task of the Geological Survey to
-continue to collect and apply new information so that our resources can
-be used to the best advantage.
-
-
-
-
-                     EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM
-
-
-The Educational Extension Section of the Geological Survey conducts six
-field trips each year, in various parts of the state, for teachers,
-students, and laymen. It also assembles and distributes rock and mineral
-collections for Illinois educational groups, gives lectures, prepares
-exhibits, and identifies rocks and minerals for the public.
-
-
-Educational Extension publications, such as this book, are simplified
-discussions of geological subjects. Available for 25 cents each, these
-include:
-
-    Educational Series 4: Guide for Beginning Fossil Hunters, by Charles
-          W. Collinson.
-    Educational Series 5: Guide to Rocks and Minerals of Illinois.
-    Educational Series 6: Field Book of Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of
-          Illinois, by Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt.
-
-Many technical discussions of the various phases of Illinois geology
-also are published by the Geological Survey. Regional reports on the
-geology and mineral resources of some areas are available in many school
-and public libraries or they may be purchased from the Survey. Some of
-the regional reports include:
-
-    Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont Quadrangles, Bulletin 82,
-          $1.00.
-    Buda Quadrangle, Circular 275, no charge.
-    Carlinville Quadrangle, Bulletin 77, $1.00
-    Chicago Region, Bulletin 65, Part 1, 50 cents.
-    Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator Quadrangles, Bulletin 66, $1.00.
-
-“Mineral Production in Illinois in 1959,” Circular 300 (no charge), is
-one of a series of annual economic summaries. “Caves of Illinois,”
-Report of Investigations 215, price 50 cents, will be available by
-September 1961.
-
-
-         Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series 7
-                  24 pages, 1 plate, 12 figures, 1961
-
-    [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational
-    Series 7—Plate 1—North]
-
-    [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational
-    Series 7—Plate 1—Central]
-
-    [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational
-    Series 7—Plate 1—South]
-
-  GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS
-  showing
-  BEDROCK BELOW
-  THE GLACIAL DRIFT
-  1961
-  KEY
-    T  Tertiary (Pliocene omitted)
-    K  Cretaceous
-    P²  Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal)
-    P¹  Pennsylvanian (Below No. 6 Coal)
-    P³  Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal)
-    M²  Mississippian (Upper)
-    M¹  Mississippian (Middle and Lower)
-    D   Devonian
-    SD   Silurian and Devonian
-    S   Silurian
-    O   Ordovician
-    C   Cambrian
-    F  Fault
-    OSDM   Complex faulted area
-  Physiographic base map by James A. Bier
-  Price, 25 cents
-
-    [Illustration: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL-BEARING ROCKS]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF
-ILLINOIS ***
-
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois, by anonymous anonymous</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Educational Series 7</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: anonymous anonymous</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65704]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois" width="1000" height="1516" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="smallest"><i>Guide to the</i>
-<br /><span class="ss">GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS</span></span></h1>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i class="large">Illinois State Geological Survey
-<br />Educational Series 7</i></p>
-</div>
-<p class="center">STATE of ILLINOIS
-<br />Otto Kerner, Governor</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="SEAL OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS" width="314" height="324" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">DEPARTMENT of REGISTRATION and EDUCATION
-<br />William Sylvester White, Director</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">1961</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
-<br />John C. Frye, Chief
-<br />URBANA, ILLINOIS</p>
-<p class="center smaller">PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS
-<br />42517-20M 2 (78783)</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h1 title=""><span class="ss smallest"><i>Guide to the</i>
-<br />GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS</span></h1>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">GLACIAL GEOLOGY</span></h2>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="Decorative capital" width="100" height="150" />
-</div>
-<p>Although the age of the Earth is measured in
-billions of years, the face of Illinois is young&mdash;a
-mere 15,000 years old.</p>
-<p>During the Ice Age, most of Illinois was repeatedly
-invaded by huge glaciers, sometimes towering
-a mile or more high, that carried embedded in them ground
-up rock materials they had gouged out of the bedrock to
-the north as they ponderously pushed south.</p>
-<p>When the last of the glaciers melted from Illinois,
-about 15,000 years ago, the country that emerged looked
-far different from the preglacial land. Old hills and valleys
-had vanished, new ones had formed, and a mantle
-of unconsolidated rock material, the burden carried by
-the ice and dropped as the ice melted, lay over most of
-the region.</p>
-<p>Most of this material, called glacial drift, was
-brought in by the ice during the last two of the four major
-periods of glaciation&mdash;the Illinoian period 100,000 to
-150,000 years ago and the Wisconsinan 5,000 to 50,000
-years ago. The older drift introduced during the Kansan
-and Nebraskan glacial periods is almost entirely buried
-beneath the later drifts.</p>
-<p>The glaciers covered all of Illinois except the northwestern
-corner, the southwestern edge along the Mississippi
-River, and extreme southern Illinois, as shown in
-<a href="#fig1">figure 1</a>. In those areas the land is much as it was before
-the glaciers came. In the glaciated portion of the
-state, however, the bedrock generally is covered by the
-rock debris the ice carried from as far away as Canada.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_4">4</span>
-As the fringes of the ice
-melted, these loads of rock
-material were, in some
-places, dumped as ridges
-(moraines) which are the
-hills and mounds on the
-flat prairies of the present
-landscape. Such material
-also filled ancient
-river valleys, but new
-valleys were cut by torrents
-of water released
-by the melting ice.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="449" height="801" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 1&mdash;A mantle of glacial
-drift covers the bedrock in
-much of Illinois.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>WISCONSINAN GLACIAL DRIFT</dt>
-<dt>KANSAN GLACIAL DRIFT</dt>
-<dt>ILLINOIAN GLACIAL DRIFT</dt></dl>
-<p>The glacial drift belongs
-to the youngest
-(topmost layer) of the major
-divisions of our rocks,
-which geologists have
-named the Pleistocene
-(scientific name for Ice
-Age deposits).</p>
-<p>Most of the drift is an unsorted mixture of
-clay, pebbles, and
-boulders called &ldquo;till,&rdquo;
-but some glacial deposits consist of water-sorted
-sand and gravel carried and deposited by meltwater from
-the glaciers. Other materials were deposited by the
-wind&mdash;sand was piled into shifting dunes and fine silts
-were spread like a blanket over the land. This mantle of
-silt is called loess.</p>
-<p>The glacial deposits contain a wide variety of rocks,
-some brought from regions to the north, others scoured
-from the layers of native rock in Illinois.</p>
-<p>The limits of the Illinoian, the Wisconsinan, and the
-Kansan glaciations are shown in <a href="#fig1">figure 1</a>. Some of the
-more prominent moraines are sketched with dark gray
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-lines on <a href="#fig13">plate 1</a>. Within this area, glacial drift covers
-the bedrock except along valleys where streams have cut
-through and removed it.</p>
-<h3 id="c2">BEDROCK GEOLOGY</h3>
-<p>Beneath the glacial drift of Illinois many layers of
-rocks overlie a base of ancient crystalline rocks that in
-Illinois occur at depths of 2,000 to as much as 15,000
-feet. The geologic map (<a href="#fig13">plate 1</a>, in pocket) is drawn as
-if the mantle of glacial drift had been removed to expose
-the layers of bedrock, which are largely limestone, shale,
-and sandstone.</p>
-<p>The key on the map shows the age sequence of the
-rocks, arranged with the youngest at the top, and gives
-the names that geologists have assigned to the various
-systems of rocks. Each system consists of rocks that
-were deposited during a long period of time. The complete
-sequence of rocks might be likened to a book of
-earth history, and each system likened to a chapter.
-Systems are divided into formations, which might be regarded
-as pages in the book.</p>
-<p>As shown on the generalized rock column in <a href="#fig2">figure 2</a>,
-the rocks next older than the glacial drift (Pleistocene)
-are the Tertiary and Cretaceous sands, gravels, and
-clays, mostly unconsolidated. They occur only at the
-extreme southern tip of Illinois and were deposited when
-that area was covered by a northward extension of the
-Gulf of Mexico. The Tertiary rocks are shown on the map
-in grayed pink (T) and the Cretaceous in red-violet (K).</p>
-<p>Next older than the Cretaceous are the Pennsylvanian
-rocks, named for the state of Pennsylvania where
-they are well exposed and were first studied.</p>
-<p>The Pennsylvanian System is divided into two areas
-on the map (P&sup1; and P&sup2;). The rocks shown in lightest gray
-(P&sup2;) lie above the No. 6 Coal in the sequence and those
-in medium gray (P&sup1;) lie below it. The No. 6 Coal is one
-of the thickest, most valuable coals in the state. Pennsylvanian
-rocks occur under the glacial drift, and their
-thickness ranges from a few feet to as much as 3,000
-feet.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="1619" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 2&mdash;Diagram of layers of rocks in Illinois. The oldest
-rocks are at the bottom, the youngest at the top. Names are
-the standard ones applied by geologists to the subdivisions
-of the geologic eras.</p>
-</div>
-<table class="center">
-<tr class="th"><th class="l" colspan="2">Era </th><th> </th><th>General Types of Rocks</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th> </th><th class="l" colspan="4">Period or System and Thickness</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th> </th><th> </th><th class="l" colspan="2">Epoch</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">CENOZOIC &ldquo;Recent Life&rdquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">Age of Mammals</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Quaternary<br />0-500&prime;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Pleistocene or Glacial Age</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Recent&mdash;alluvium in river valleys</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Glacial till, glacial outwash, gravel, sand, silt lake deposits of clay and silt, loess and sand dunes; covers nearly all of state except northwest corner and southern tip</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Tertiary<br />0-500&prime;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Pliocene </td><td class="l">Chert gravel; present in northern, southern, and western Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Eocene </td><td class="l">Mostly micaceous sand with some silt and clay; present only in southern Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Paleocene </td><td class="l">Mostly clay, little sand; present only in southern Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">MESOZOIC &ldquo;Middle Life&rdquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">Age of Reptiles</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Cretaceous<br />0-300&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Mostly sand, some thin beds of clay and, locally, gravel; present only in southern Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">PALEOZOIC &ldquo;Ancient Life&rdquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="3" class="l">Age of Amphibians and Early Plants</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Pennsylvanian<br />0-3,000&prime;<br />(&ldquo;Coal Measures&rdquo;) </td><td class="l">Largely shale and sandstone with beds of coal, limestone, and clay</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Mississippian<br />0-3,500&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Black and gray shale at base; middle zone of thick limestone that grades to siltstone, chert, and shale; upper zone of interbedded sandstone, shale and limestone</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="3" class="l">Age of Fishes</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Devonian<br />0-1,500&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Thick limestone, minor sandstones and shales; largely chert and cherty limestone in southern Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="3" class="l">Age of Invertebrates</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Silurian<br />0-1,000&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Principally dolomite and limestone</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Ordovician<br />500-2,000&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Largely dolomite and limestone but contains sandstone, shale, and siltstone formations</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td colspan="2" class="l">Cambrian<br />1,500-3,000&rsquo; </td><td class="l">Chiefly sandstones with some dolomite and shale; exposed only in small areas in north-central Illinois</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="4" class="l">ARCHEOZOIC and PROTEROZOIC</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Igneous and metamorphic rocks; known in Illinois only from deep wells</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<p>The Pennsylvanian System contains many different
-kinds of rocks, including all of our minable coals. It
-also contains important deposits of limestone, shale,
-and clay, and at places oil and gas.</p>
-<p>Next below the Pennsylvanian are the rocks of the
-Mississippian System, shown in blue on the map (M&sup1; and
-M&sup2;). The lower and middle Mississippian rocks (M&sup1;) are
-largely limestone in and near the areas mapped, but in
-the central and eastern part of the state where they are
-buried under Pennsylvanian rocks they contain much siltstone
-and cherty limestone. The upper Mississippian
-rocks (M&sup2;) consist of a succession of sandstone, shale,
-and limestone formations.</p>
-<p>This system of rocks takes its name from the Mississippi
-River because there are excellent exposures of
-these strata along the Mississippi Valley in western Illinois,
-southeastern Iowa, and eastern Missouri.</p>
-<p>The Mississippian rocks are a source of limestone,
-fluorspar, zinc, and ganister, and are of greatest economic
-significance in southeastern Illinois where they
-are the most important of our oil-producing rocks.</p>
-<p>The Devonian (D, dark gray on the map), Silurian,
-(S, violet), Ordovician (O, light pink), and Cambrian (C,
-deep pink) rocks, in the order named, are older than the
-Mississippian strata. In general, they include dolomite,
-limestone, shale, and sandstone. Except for small areas
-along the Mississippi and Illinois River Valleys, these
-older rocks are found at the surface only in the northern
-quarter of the state and locally in Alexander, Hardin,
-Jackson, Monroe, Pike, and Union Counties. They are
-nevertheless economically important because they yield
-limestone, dolomite, silica sand, oil, zinc and lead,
-tripoli, novaculite, and novaculite gravel.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<p>The rocks of the Cambrian through Pennsylvanian
-Systems belong to the Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic rocks
-overlie crystalline rocks, such as granites, that extend
-to unknown depths in the crust of the earth. The crystalline
-rocks are not exposed in Illinois but are encountered
-in the drilling of some deep wells and may be seen in the
-nearby Missouri Ozarks and in central Wisconsin.</p>
-<h3 id="c3">STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY</h3>
-<p>The rock formations appear to lie flat in most of Illinois,
-but they are slightly inclined in most places. In
-some areas they are down-warped into basins and troughs
-(synclines), upfolded into domes and arches (anticlines),
-or broken by faults.</p>
-<p>The largest structural feature in Illinois is a great
-spoon-shaped basin&mdash;the Illinois Basin&mdash;that extends
-southeastward into Indiana and Kentucky. The deepest
-part of the basin is in southeastern Illinois.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="347" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 3&mdash;When rocks are down-warped
-and the surface is leveled by erosion,
-the youngest rocks are preserved in the
-center and the older rocks are exposed
-at the margins.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Because the
-entire region,
-including the basin,
-has been
-eroded by rain,
-ice, wind, and
-many rivers and
-streams, the
-youngest Paleozoic
-rocks (top-most
-layers) are
-preserved only in
-the middle of the basin,
-as shown in figures
-<a href="#fig3">3</a>, <a href="#fig6">6</a>, and <a href="#fig7">7</a>. This is why the map shows the coal-bearing
-rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the center of the
-state and the older rocks cropping out in successive
-bands around the margins of the basin in southern, western,
-and northern Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<p>Distribution
-of bedrock in
-northern Illinois
-is influenced by
-a broad upfold or
-arch (see figures
-<a href="#fig4">4</a>, <a href="#fig6">6</a>, and <a href="#fig7">7</a>). The
-map (<a href="#fig13">plate 1</a>)
-shows the older
-rocks (Cambrian
-and Ordovician)
-exposed at the
-center of the arch and surrounded by younger Silurian and
-Devonian rocks. Another elongated upfold (anticlinal
-belt) extends from the vicinity of Dixon southeastward
-into Indiana. The crest of the upfold is indicated on the
-map by patches of Silurian and Devonian rocks in Champaign
-and Douglas Counties.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p05b.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="350" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 4&mdash;When rocks are upfolded and
-the surface is eroded, the older rocks
-are exposed at the crest of the dome
-or anticline.</p>
-</div>
-<p>In extreme southern Illinois and in north-central Illinois,
-the rock layers are broken by great faults (see
-figures <a href="#fig5">5</a> and <a href="#fig6">6</a>) which displace the layers of rocks by
-as little as a few inches to as much as 3,000 feet.</p>
-<p>The structural map of Illinois (<a href="#fig6">figure 6</a>) shows the
-position of the major geologic structures. The big basin
-is indicated by shading, with the darkest pattern showing
-where the basin is deepest. The same strata that lie at
-sea level at the basin&rsquo;s outer edge are downwarped to
-6,000 feet below sea level in its deepest part. Axes
-of some small anticlines and locations of major
-fault zones also are shown.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="320" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 5&mdash;When rocks are faulted by
-earth stresses, the layers of rock
-are displaced or offset.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="541" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 6&mdash;Major structural features of Illinois&mdash;the Illinois
-Basin, anticlines, and faults. The increasing depth of
-the basin is shown by progressively darker patterns.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>KANKAKEE ARCH</dt>
-<dt>MISSISSIPPI R. ARCH</dt>
-<dt>LA SALLE ANTICLINAL BELT</dt>
-<dt>OZARK UPLIFT</dt>
-<dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>Position of major anticline</dd>
-<dd>Major faults</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="601" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 7&mdash;The cross section from north to south through
-Illinois shows the strata down-warped into the basin.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c4">HISTORICAL GEOLOGY</h3>
-<p>Reading the history of the earth&rsquo;s crust is like reading
-a mystery story. The geologist must examine, or
-read, each rock layer, from the youngest at the top to
-the oldest at the bottom, searching for clues to its origin,
-age, and development from which he can reconstruct
-the past.</p>
-<p>One of the clues to the past is the fossil remains of
-plants and animals found in the rocks. For instance, if
-a certain coral is known to have lived only during one
-span of time, all rocks containing that coral fossil must
-have been formed within that span.</p>
-<p>Records of wells (well logs) and rock cores or samples
-collected when test holes are drilled into the bedrock
-also reveal much about the sequence of rock strata
-beneath the surface. The kinds of rocks encountered
-tell, in addition, something about ancient geography, for
-<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span>
-some were formed on land and others were deposited in
-long-departed seas.</p>
-<p>Such knowledge is extremely important in finding
-and developing mineral resources such as coal and oil.</p>
-<h3 id="c5">ECONOMIC GEOLOGY</h3>
-<p>Minerals produced commercially in Illinois include
-crude oil, coal, limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, gravel,
-fluorspar, tripoli, ganister, novaculite gravel, silica
-sand, and the metals zinc and lead. The distribution of
-mineral industries, shown in the several maps of figures
-<a href="#fig8">8</a> through <a href="#fig12">12</a>, is, of course, related to the distribution
-of the rocks (<a href="#fig13">plate 1</a>). For example, the coal mines are
-scattered along the margin of the area of Pennsylvanian
-rocks where the coals are at relatively shallow depths.</p>
-<p>The mineral fuels, coal and petroleum, are the leading
-mineral products of Illinois, making up about 70 percent
-of the annual value of all minerals produced in the
-state. For many years coal was at the top of the list,
-but petroleum now holds first place.</p>
-<h3 id="c6">Petroleum</h3>
-<p>In recent years production of petroleum has averaged
-about 78 million barrels each year, making Illinois the
-eighth largest petroleum producing state. The major oil
-area is the deep part of the Illinois Basin in the southcentral
-and southeastern parts of the state, but significant
-discoveries have been made recently in central and
-western Illinois. There are about 490 oil fields in Illinois,
-ranging from a few to several thousand acres in
-size.</p>
-<p>Oil has been discovered in rocks of the Pennsylvanian,
-Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician
-Systems, but the Mississippian are the most productive
-and account for about 76 percent of our total oil production.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="561" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 8&mdash;Oil pools in Illinois as of January 1, 1961.
-The pools are concentrated mainly in the Illinois
-Basin and along the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="570" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 9&mdash;Active coal mines are scattered around the margin
-of the basin where the coals are at relatively shallow depths.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>SHIPPING MINES</dd>
-<dd class="t">Underground</dd>
-<dd class="t">Strip</dd>
-<dd class="t">Slope</dd>
-<dd>LOCAL MINES OVER 25,000 TONS</dd>
-<dd class="t">Underground</dd>
-<dd class="t">Strip</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<h3 id="c7">Coal</h3>
-<p>Illinois ranks fourth in the nation among states that
-produce bituminous coal, the type of coal most widely
-mined in the United States. Coal is used by many manufacturing
-industries, by public utilities companies that
-burn coal to generate electricity, and by individuals for
-heating homes.</p>
-<p>All Illinois coal deposits are found in the Pennsylvanian
-System. Of the many coals, only a few are thick
-enough to be mined profitably. The coal is of bituminous
-rank, but it varies in quality. Illinois coal reserves in
-strata more than 28 inches thick are estimated at 137
-billion tons and are larger than those of any other state.</p>
-<p>Around the edge of the coal basin where the coal
-lies at shallow depths, it is commonly mined in open pits
-(strip mines). However, in the past, most coal has been
-mined underground, and more than half of Illinois coal is
-still produced from such mines.</p>
-<h3 id="c8">Limestone and Dolomite</h3>
-<p>There are two types of carbonate rocks in Illinois,
-limestone and dolomite. In appearance they are almost
-indistinguishable, although they are different chemically.
-Limestone is composed mainly of calcium carbonate
-(the mineral calcite), whereas dolomite is calcium magnesium
-carbonate (the mineral dolomite).</p>
-<p>Limestone deposits are found at many places in the
-western, southwestern, and southern marginal portions
-of the state. They are largely of Mississippian and Ordovician
-age. Lesser deposits of Pennsylvanian limestone
-are found in the central portion of the state. In
-the northern fifth of the state, dolomites of Silurian and
-Ordovician age are exposed at many places.</p>
-<p>Limestone and dolomite are quarried for a variety of
-uses, including aggregate for concrete, agricultural limestone,
-railroad ballast, chips for bituminous roads, and
-for use in metallurgical and chemical processes. They
-also are quarried for building stone at some places, and
-marble is produced in southern Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="571" height="1001" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 10&mdash;Limestone and dolomite are quarried at many
-places, but fluorspar, zinc, and lead are produced in
-restricted mineralized areas.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>Quarry, Limestone or Dolomite</dd>
-<dd>Cement or Lime</dd>
-<dd>Fluorspar</dd>
-<dd>Zinc and Lead</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<p>Limestone and shale or clay are burned together in
-kilns to produce portland cement. Portland cement is
-manufactured from a Pennsylvanian limestone in LaSalle
-County and from an Ordovician limestone in Lee County.</p>
-<p>Limestone or dolomite also is burned in kilns to
-make lime. Mississippian limestone is used in Adams
-County and Silurian dolomite is used in Cook County for
-lime making.</p>
-<h3 id="c9">Clay and Clay Products</h3>
-<p>Illinois commercial clays are found in glacial, Cretaceous,
-Tertiary, and Pennsylvanian deposits. Pennsylvanian
-shales also are sources of clays. Glacial
-clays, which occur as loess (wind-blown materials),
-alluvial (water-deposited) sediments, and glacial till,
-are widespread in the state. Cretaceous and Tertiary
-clays, at the extreme southern tip of the state, are valuable
-for the manufacture of heat-resistant bricks and
-coatings and for floor-sweeping compounds.</p>
-<p>Pennsylvanian clays and shales are the most important
-source of clay for manufacturing such products
-as pottery, stoneware, drain tile, sewer pipe, flue tile,
-building tile, brick, and special heat-resistant fire-brick.</p>
-<h3 id="c10">Sand and Gravel</h3>
-<p>Deposits of sand and gravel, found in many parts
-of Illinois, provide large quantities of material for concrete,
-railroad ballast, road gravel, building sand, molding
-sand, and other uses. Glacial deposits are the principal
-sources of sand and gravel, but in extreme southern
-Illinois where there is no glacial drift the main source
-of supply is Tertiary gravel and Devonian chert gravel.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="589" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 11&mdash;The clay industry is scattered widely in Illinois.
-Many manufacturing plants are located at the clay pits.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>Pit or Plant</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<p>Almost every county has some sand and gravel, but
-the major areas of production are northeastern Illinois
-and some of the major rivers. Considerable tonnages of
-sand and gravel are dredged from bars in the channels of
-the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash Rivers.</p>
-<h3 id="c11">Silica Sand</h3>
-<p>Silica sand is used in making glass, for sand blasting,
-as grinding sand, as molding sand for casting steel,
-and in the fracture treatment of oil wells to increase oil
-production. Some of the sand is finely pulverized into a
-powder that is used as a filler, a fine abrasive, as a
-ceramic material, and for many other purposes.</p>
-<p>This special sand, composed of grains of the mineral
-quartz (silica), comes from a sandstone of Ordovician
-age that is mined in LaSalle and Ogle Counties.</p>
-<h3 id="c12">Tripoli and Ganister</h3>
-<p>Tripoli, or &ldquo;amorphous&rdquo; silica, is mined from Devonian
-rocks in Alexander County. The silica is finely
-ground for use as a polishing agent, as a filler, in buffing
-compounds, and for other purposes.</p>
-<p>Ganister, a granular material with a high silica content,
-also is mined in extreme southern Illinois. It is
-used in making products that can withstand high temperatures.</p>
-<h3 id="c13">Fluorspar</h3>
-<p>For many years Illinois has led the nation in the
-production of fluorspar, accounting annually for about
-half the total United States output. The industry is centered
-in Hardin and Pope Counties where the deposits
-occur in veins and beds in rocks of the Mississippian
-System. Reserves of fluorspar are adequate to supply
-the industry for many years.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="576" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap">Figure 12&mdash;Sand and gravel is produced at many places in the
-state. Silica sand is produced only from a sandstone in
-northern Illinois. Tripoli is found only in southern Illinois.</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>Sand and Gravel</dd>
-<dd>Silica Sand</dd>
-<dd>Molding Sand</dd>
-<dd>Tripoli</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<p>Fluorspar is used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric
-acid, as a flux in the manufacture of steel, in the refining
-of aluminum, for the manufacture of fluorine compounds
-used in a variety of products, in ceramic glazes,
-and for other special purposes.</p>
-<h3 id="c14">Lead and Zinc</h3>
-<p>Lead and zinc are the only metallic minerals mined
-in Illinois. Deposits are found in Jo Daviess County in
-northwestern Illinois and in the fluorspar area of Hardin
-and Pope Counties in extreme southern Illinois. In northwestern
-Illinois the ore occurs in rocks of Ordovician
-age, but in southeastern Illinois it is associated with
-fluorspar in rocks of Mississippian age.</p>
-<p>Between 1820 and 1865, the mining area of which
-northwestern Illinois is a part was the nation&rsquo;s principal
-producer of lead ore. In recent years production of zinc
-has increased and that of lead has decreased.</p>
-<h3 id="c15">Water Supplies</h3>
-<p>Water, too, is a mineral resource, and our most necessary
-one. The source of nearly all water is rain and
-snow, which collect in lakes and streams or seep into
-the ground to form our two types of water supplies&mdash;surface
-water and ground water.</p>
-<p>Ground water in Illinois collects underground in deposits
-of sand and gravel or in the porous sandstone or
-limestone layers of bedrock. These rock materials are
-called &ldquo;aquifers&rdquo; because of their ability to hold water
-and to allow it to flow into wells that are drilled into
-them.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<p>The aquifers are not equally distributed throughout
-Illinois, so ground-water supplies are abundant in some
-parts of the state but are scarce in others. Some Illinois
-cities depend wholly or partly on surface supplies
-from lakes and rivers.</p>
-<p>The sand and gravel aquifers yield more ground water
-than any others in Illinois. The major sand and gravel
-aquifers were deposited by streams and lie along river
-valleys. Some of these river valleys are no longer visible
-to us because they were buried by glacial drift. They
-are recognized, however, from well records or drilling
-records.</p>
-<p>The northern third of Illinois has the most abundant
-supplies of ground water. Bedrock formations of Devonian
-through Cambrian age are favorable aquifers and
-supply drinkable (potable) water at depths of from 200 to
-2,000 feet. These formations, however, lie much deeper
-in the Illinois Basin, where the water they furnish is too
-salty for most uses.</p>
-<p>West of the Illinois River and at the southern tip of
-the state, the Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian
-limestones are the chief aquifers. Their yield, however,
-is small.</p>
-<p>In the Illinois Basin all these formations are overlain
-by Pennsylvanian rocks which offer only small, scattered
-supplies of ground water.</p>
-<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY</span></h2>
-<p>A city or farmer needs a new water supply. Where
-can suitable water-bearing formations be found? A new
-limestone quarry is considered. Where are the most suitable
-limestone deposits? A coal mine is being planned.
-How deep must a shaft be sunk to reach the nearest minable
-coal and what will the mining conditions be? A land
-owner has a clay deposit on his land. What uses can be
-made of it? A road is to be constructed. Are sand and
-gravel or limestone deposits available nearby for construction
-materials? A farmer wants to know whether
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-there might be oil on his property. Are oil-bearing structures
-present and, if so, at what depth?</p>
-<p>These are typical questions brought to the Illinois
-State Geological Survey by the industries and people of
-Illinois. From its accumulated store of information and
-experience, the Survey provides answers. This storehouse
-of knowledge is the result of the Survey&rsquo;s continuous
-program of geologic exploration, mapping, research,
-and organization and interpretation of data.</p>
-<p>The Survey explores and maps the geology and mineral
-resources of the state, does research to find new
-and improved uses for our mineral resources, and organizes
-and interprets basic geologic information gathered
-from well logs, rock samples, and field studies, putting
-them all into usable form.</p>
-<p>Such knowledge is shared with the public through
-publications, maps, lectures, and personal consultations
-with industries, drillers, engineers, land owners, teachers,
-and others in need of geologic information.</p>
-<p>The discovery of facts about the rich mineral resources
-of Illinois has, in effect, only begun, and it is
-the task of the Geological Survey to continue to collect
-and apply new information so that our resources can be
-used to the best advantage.</p>
-<hr />
-<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM</span></h2>
-<p>The Educational Extension Section of the Geological
-Survey conducts six field trips each year, in various
-parts of the state, for teachers, students, and laymen.
-It also assembles and distributes rock and mineral collections
-for Illinois educational groups, gives lectures,
-prepares exhibits, and identifies rocks and minerals for
-the public.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<p class="tb">Educational Extension publications, such as this
-book, are simplified discussions of geological subjects.
-Available for 25 cents each, these include:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dd>Educational Series 4: Guide for Beginning Fossil Hunters, by Charles W. Collinson.</dd>
-<dd>Educational Series 5: Guide to Rocks and Minerals of Illinois.</dd>
-<dd>Educational Series 6: Field Book of Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of Illinois, by Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt.</dd></dl>
-<p>Many technical discussions of the various phases
-of Illinois geology also are published by the Geological
-Survey. Regional reports on the geology and mineral resources
-of some areas are available in many school and
-public libraries or they may be purchased from the Survey.
-Some of the regional reports include:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dd>Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont Quadrangles, Bulletin 82, $1.00.</dd>
-<dd>Buda Quadrangle, Circular 275, no charge.</dd>
-<dd>Carlinville Quadrangle, Bulletin 77, $1.00</dd>
-<dd>Chicago Region, Bulletin 65, Part 1, 50 cents.</dd>
-<dd>Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator Quadrangles, Bulletin 66, $1.00.</dd></dl>
-<p>&ldquo;Mineral Production in Illinois in 1959,&rdquo; Circular
-300 (no charge), is one of a series of annual economic
-summaries. &ldquo;Caves of Illinois,&rdquo; Report of Investigations
-215, price 50 cents, will be available by September
-1961.</p>
-<hr />
-<p class="center">Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series 7
-<br />24 pages, 1 plate, 12 figures, 1961</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="6392" height="4752" />
-<p class="pcap">Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana
-Educational Series 7&mdash;Plate 1&mdash;North</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="6392" height="4752" />
-<p class="pcap">Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana
-Educational Series 7&mdash;Plate 1&mdash;Central</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="6392" height="4752" />
-<p class="pcap">Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana
-Educational Series 7&mdash;Plate 1&mdash;South</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS</dt>
-<dt>showing</dt>
-<dt>BEDROCK BELOW</dt>
-<dt>THE GLACIAL DRIFT</dt>
-<dt>1961</dt>
-<dt>KEY</dt>
-<dd>T  Tertiary (Pliocene omitted)</dd>
-<dd>K  Cretaceous</dd>
-<dd>P&sup2;  Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal)</dd>
-<dd>P&sup1;  Pennsylvanian (Below No. 6 Coal)</dd>
-<dd>P&sup3;  Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal)</dd>
-<dd>M&sup2;  Mississippian (Upper)</dd>
-<dd>M&sup1;  Mississippian (Middle and Lower)</dd>
-<dd>D   Devonian</dd>
-<dd>SD   Silurian and Devonian</dd>
-<dd>S   Silurian</dd>
-<dd>O   Ordovician</dd>
-<dd>C   Cambrian</dd>
-<dd>F  Fault</dd>
-<dd>OSDM   Complex faulted area</dd>
-<dt>Physiographic base map by James A. Bier</dt>
-<dt>Price, 25 cents</dt></dl>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="457" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ssn">PENNSYLVANIAN COAL-BEARING ROCKS</span></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS ***</div>
-<div style='text-align:left'>
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