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diff --git a/old/65704-0.txt b/old/65704-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8ffa470..0000000 --- a/old/65704-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1083 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois, by -anonymous anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Guide to the Geologic Map of Illinois - Educational Series 7 - -Author: anonymous anonymous - -Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65704] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF -ILLINOIS *** - - - - - _Guide to the_ - GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS - - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 7_ - - STATE of ILLINOIS - Otto Kerner, Governor - - [Illustration: SEAL OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS] - - DEPARTMENT of REGISTRATION and EDUCATION - William Sylvester White, Director - - - 1961 - - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - John C. Frye, Chief - URBANA, ILLINOIS - - PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS - 42517-20M 2 (78783) - - - - - _Guide to the_ - GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS - - - - - GLACIAL GEOLOGY - - - [Illustration: Decorative capital] - -Although the age of the Earth is measured in billions of years, the face -of Illinois is young—a mere 15,000 years old. - -During the Ice Age, most of Illinois was repeatedly invaded by huge -glaciers, sometimes towering a mile or more high, that carried embedded -in them ground up rock materials they had gouged out of the bedrock to -the north as they ponderously pushed south. - -When the last of the glaciers melted from Illinois, about 15,000 years -ago, the country that emerged looked far different from the preglacial -land. Old hills and valleys had vanished, new ones had formed, and a -mantle of unconsolidated rock material, the burden carried by the ice -and dropped as the ice melted, lay over most of the region. - -Most of this material, called glacial drift, was brought in by the ice -during the last two of the four major periods of glaciation—the -Illinoian period 100,000 to 150,000 years ago and the Wisconsinan 5,000 -to 50,000 years ago. The older drift introduced during the Kansan and -Nebraskan glacial periods is almost entirely buried beneath the later -drifts. - -The glaciers covered all of Illinois except the northwestern corner, the -southwestern edge along the Mississippi River, and extreme southern -Illinois, as shown in figure 1. In those areas the land is much as it -was before the glaciers came. In the glaciated portion of the state, -however, the bedrock generally is covered by the rock debris the ice -carried from as far away as Canada. As the fringes of the ice melted, -these loads of rock material were, in some places, dumped as ridges -(moraines) which are the hills and mounds on the flat prairies of the -present landscape. Such material also filled ancient river valleys, but -new valleys were cut by torrents of water released by the melting ice. - - [Illustration: Figure 1—A mantle of glacial drift covers the bedrock - in much of Illinois.] - - WISCONSINAN GLACIAL DRIFT - KANSAN GLACIAL DRIFT - ILLINOIAN GLACIAL DRIFT - -The glacial drift belongs to the youngest (topmost layer) of the major -divisions of our rocks, which geologists have named the Pleistocene -(scientific name for Ice Age deposits). - -Most of the drift is an unsorted mixture of clay, pebbles, and boulders -called “till,” but some glacial deposits consist of water-sorted sand -and gravel carried and deposited by meltwater from the glaciers. Other -materials were deposited by the wind—sand was piled into shifting dunes -and fine silts were spread like a blanket over the land. This mantle of -silt is called loess. - -The glacial deposits contain a wide variety of rocks, some brought from -regions to the north, others scoured from the layers of native rock in -Illinois. - -The limits of the Illinoian, the Wisconsinan, and the Kansan glaciations -are shown in figure 1. Some of the more prominent moraines are sketched -with dark gray lines on plate 1. Within this area, glacial drift covers -the bedrock except along valleys where streams have cut through and -removed it. - - - BEDROCK GEOLOGY - -Beneath the glacial drift of Illinois many layers of rocks overlie a -base of ancient crystalline rocks that in Illinois occur at depths of -2,000 to as much as 15,000 feet. The geologic map (plate 1, in pocket) -is drawn as if the mantle of glacial drift had been removed to expose -the layers of bedrock, which are largely limestone, shale, and -sandstone. - -The key on the map shows the age sequence of the rocks, arranged with -the youngest at the top, and gives the names that geologists have -assigned to the various systems of rocks. Each system consists of rocks -that were deposited during a long period of time. The complete sequence -of rocks might be likened to a book of earth history, and each system -likened to a chapter. Systems are divided into formations, which might -be regarded as pages in the book. - -As shown on the generalized rock column in figure 2, the rocks next -older than the glacial drift (Pleistocene) are the Tertiary and -Cretaceous sands, gravels, and clays, mostly unconsolidated. They occur -only at the extreme southern tip of Illinois and were deposited when -that area was covered by a northward extension of the Gulf of Mexico. -The Tertiary rocks are shown on the map in grayed pink (T) and the -Cretaceous in red-violet (K). - -Next older than the Cretaceous are the Pennsylvanian rocks, named for -the state of Pennsylvania where they are well exposed and were first -studied. - -The Pennsylvanian System is divided into two areas on the map (P¹ and -P²). The rocks shown in lightest gray (P²) lie above the No. 6 Coal in -the sequence and those in medium gray (P¹) lie below it. The No. 6 Coal -is one of the thickest, most valuable coals in the state. Pennsylvanian -rocks occur under the glacial drift, and their thickness ranges from a -few feet to as much as 3,000 feet. - - [Illustration: Figure 2—Diagram of layers of rocks in Illinois. The - oldest rocks are at the bottom, the youngest at the top. Names are - the standard ones applied by geologists to the subdivisions of the - geologic eras.] - - Era General Types of Rocks - Period or System and Thickness - Epoch - - CENOZOIC “Recent Life” - Age of Mammals - Quaternary - 0-500′ - Pleistocene or Glacial Age - Recent—alluvium in river valleys - Glacial till, glacial outwash, gravel, sand, - silt lake deposits of clay and silt, loess and - sand dunes; covers nearly all of state except - northwest corner and southern tip - Tertiary - 0-500′ - Pliocene Chert gravel; present in northern, southern, and - western Illinois - Eocene Mostly micaceous sand with some silt and clay; - present only in southern Illinois - Paleocene Mostly clay, little sand; present only in - southern Illinois - MESOZOIC “Middle Life” - Age of Reptiles - Cretaceous Mostly sand, some thin beds of clay and, - 0-300’ locally, gravel; present only in southern - Illinois - PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life” - Age of Amphibians and Early Plants - Pennsylvanian Largely shale and sandstone with beds of coal, - 0-3,000′ limestone, and clay - (“Coal Measures”) - Mississippian Black and gray shale at base; middle zone of - 0-3,500’ thick limestone that grades to siltstone, chert, - and shale; upper zone of interbedded sandstone, - shale and limestone - Age of Fishes - Devonian Thick limestone, minor sandstones and shales; - 0-1,500’ largely chert and cherty limestone in southern - Illinois - Age of Invertebrates - Silurian Principally dolomite and limestone - 0-1,000’ - Ordovician Largely dolomite and limestone but contains - 500-2,000’ sandstone, shale, and siltstone formations - Cambrian Chiefly sandstones with some dolomite and shale; - 1,500-3,000’ exposed only in small areas in north-central - Illinois - ARCHEOZOIC and PROTEROZOIC - Igneous and metamorphic rocks; known in Illinois - only from deep wells - -The Pennsylvanian System contains many different kinds of rocks, -including all of our minable coals. It also contains important deposits -of limestone, shale, and clay, and at places oil and gas. - -Next below the Pennsylvanian are the rocks of the Mississippian System, -shown in blue on the map (M¹ and M²). The lower and middle Mississippian -rocks (M¹) are largely limestone in and near the areas mapped, but in -the central and eastern part of the state where they are buried under -Pennsylvanian rocks they contain much siltstone and cherty limestone. -The upper Mississippian rocks (M²) consist of a succession of sandstone, -shale, and limestone formations. - -This system of rocks takes its name from the Mississippi River because -there are excellent exposures of these strata along the Mississippi -Valley in western Illinois, southeastern Iowa, and eastern Missouri. - -The Mississippian rocks are a source of limestone, fluorspar, zinc, and -ganister, and are of greatest economic significance in southeastern -Illinois where they are the most important of our oil-producing rocks. - -The Devonian (D, dark gray on the map), Silurian, (S, violet), -Ordovician (O, light pink), and Cambrian (C, deep pink) rocks, in the -order named, are older than the Mississippian strata. In general, they -include dolomite, limestone, shale, and sandstone. Except for small -areas along the Mississippi and Illinois River Valleys, these older -rocks are found at the surface only in the northern quarter of the state -and locally in Alexander, Hardin, Jackson, Monroe, Pike, and Union -Counties. They are nevertheless economically important because they -yield limestone, dolomite, silica sand, oil, zinc and lead, tripoli, -novaculite, and novaculite gravel. - -The rocks of the Cambrian through Pennsylvanian Systems belong to the -Paleozoic Era. The Paleozoic rocks overlie crystalline rocks, such as -granites, that extend to unknown depths in the crust of the earth. The -crystalline rocks are not exposed in Illinois but are encountered in the -drilling of some deep wells and may be seen in the nearby Missouri -Ozarks and in central Wisconsin. - - - STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY - -The rock formations appear to lie flat in most of Illinois, but they are -slightly inclined in most places. In some areas they are down-warped -into basins and troughs (synclines), upfolded into domes and arches -(anticlines), or broken by faults. - -The largest structural feature in Illinois is a great spoon-shaped -basin—the Illinois Basin—that extends southeastward into Indiana and -Kentucky. The deepest part of the basin is in southeastern Illinois. - - [Illustration: Figure 3—When rocks are down-warped and the surface - is leveled by erosion, the youngest rocks are preserved in the - center and the older rocks are exposed at the margins.] - -Because the entire region, including the basin, has been eroded by rain, -ice, wind, and many rivers and streams, the youngest Paleozoic rocks -(top-most layers) are preserved only in the middle of the basin, as -shown in figures 3, 6, and 7. This is why the map shows the coal-bearing -rocks of Pennsylvanian age in the center of the state and the older -rocks cropping out in successive bands around the margins of the basin -in southern, western, and northern Illinois. - -Distribution of bedrock in northern Illinois is influenced by a broad -upfold or arch (see figures 4, 6, and 7). The map (plate 1) shows the -older rocks (Cambrian and Ordovician) exposed at the center of the arch -and surrounded by younger Silurian and Devonian rocks. Another elongated -upfold (anticlinal belt) extends from the vicinity of Dixon -southeastward into Indiana. The crest of the upfold is indicated on the -map by patches of Silurian and Devonian rocks in Champaign and Douglas -Counties. - - [Illustration: Figure 4—When rocks are upfolded and the surface is - eroded, the older rocks are exposed at the crest of the dome or - anticline.] - -In extreme southern Illinois and in north-central Illinois, the rock -layers are broken by great faults (see figures 5 and 6) which displace -the layers of rocks by as little as a few inches to as much as 3,000 -feet. - -The structural map of Illinois (figure 6) shows the position of the -major geologic structures. The big basin is indicated by shading, with -the darkest pattern showing where the basin is deepest. The same strata -that lie at sea level at the basin’s outer edge are downwarped to 6,000 -feet below sea level in its deepest part. Axes of some small anticlines -and locations of major fault zones also are shown. - - [Illustration: Figure 5—When rocks are faulted by earth stresses, - the layers of rock are displaced or offset.] - - [Illustration: Figure 6—Major structural features of Illinois—the - Illinois Basin, anticlines, and faults. The increasing depth of the - basin is shown by progressively darker patterns.] - - KANKAKEE ARCH - MISSISSIPPI R. ARCH - LA SALLE ANTICLINAL BELT - OZARK UPLIFT - KEY - Position of major anticline - Major faults - - [Illustration: Figure 7—The cross section from north to south - through Illinois shows the strata down-warped into the basin.] - - - HISTORICAL GEOLOGY - -Reading the history of the earth’s crust is like reading a mystery -story. The geologist must examine, or read, each rock layer, from the -youngest at the top to the oldest at the bottom, searching for clues to -its origin, age, and development from which he can reconstruct the past. - -One of the clues to the past is the fossil remains of plants and animals -found in the rocks. For instance, if a certain coral is known to have -lived only during one span of time, all rocks containing that coral -fossil must have been formed within that span. - -Records of wells (well logs) and rock cores or samples collected when -test holes are drilled into the bedrock also reveal much about the -sequence of rock strata beneath the surface. The kinds of rocks -encountered tell, in addition, something about ancient geography, for -some were formed on land and others were deposited in long-departed -seas. - -Such knowledge is extremely important in finding and developing mineral -resources such as coal and oil. - - - ECONOMIC GEOLOGY - -Minerals produced commercially in Illinois include crude oil, coal, -limestone, dolomite, clay, sand, gravel, fluorspar, tripoli, ganister, -novaculite gravel, silica sand, and the metals zinc and lead. The -distribution of mineral industries, shown in the several maps of figures -8 through 12, is, of course, related to the distribution of the rocks -(plate 1). For example, the coal mines are scattered along the margin of -the area of Pennsylvanian rocks where the coals are at relatively -shallow depths. - -The mineral fuels, coal and petroleum, are the leading mineral products -of Illinois, making up about 70 percent of the annual value of all -minerals produced in the state. For many years coal was at the top of -the list, but petroleum now holds first place. - - - Petroleum - -In recent years production of petroleum has averaged about 78 million -barrels each year, making Illinois the eighth largest petroleum -producing state. The major oil area is the deep part of the Illinois -Basin in the southcentral and southeastern parts of the state, but -significant discoveries have been made recently in central and western -Illinois. There are about 490 oil fields in Illinois, ranging from a few -to several thousand acres in size. - -Oil has been discovered in rocks of the Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, -Devonian, Silurian, and Ordovician Systems, but the Mississippian are -the most productive and account for about 76 percent of our total oil -production. - - [Illustration: Figure 8—Oil pools in Illinois as of January 1, 1961. - The pools are concentrated mainly in the Illinois Basin and along - the LaSalle Anticlinal Belt.] - - [Illustration: Figure 9—Active coal mines are scattered around the - margin of the basin where the coals are at relatively shallow - depths.] - - KEY - SHIPPING MINES - Underground - Strip - Slope - LOCAL MINES OVER 25,000 TONS - Underground - Strip - - - Coal - -Illinois ranks fourth in the nation among states that produce bituminous -coal, the type of coal most widely mined in the United States. Coal is -used by many manufacturing industries, by public utilities companies -that burn coal to generate electricity, and by individuals for heating -homes. - -All Illinois coal deposits are found in the Pennsylvanian System. Of the -many coals, only a few are thick enough to be mined profitably. The coal -is of bituminous rank, but it varies in quality. Illinois coal reserves -in strata more than 28 inches thick are estimated at 137 billion tons -and are larger than those of any other state. - -Around the edge of the coal basin where the coal lies at shallow depths, -it is commonly mined in open pits (strip mines). However, in the past, -most coal has been mined underground, and more than half of Illinois -coal is still produced from such mines. - - - Limestone and Dolomite - -There are two types of carbonate rocks in Illinois, limestone and -dolomite. In appearance they are almost indistinguishable, although they -are different chemically. Limestone is composed mainly of calcium -carbonate (the mineral calcite), whereas dolomite is calcium magnesium -carbonate (the mineral dolomite). - -Limestone deposits are found at many places in the western, -southwestern, and southern marginal portions of the state. They are -largely of Mississippian and Ordovician age. Lesser deposits of -Pennsylvanian limestone are found in the central portion of the state. -In the northern fifth of the state, dolomites of Silurian and Ordovician -age are exposed at many places. - -Limestone and dolomite are quarried for a variety of uses, including -aggregate for concrete, agricultural limestone, railroad ballast, chips -for bituminous roads, and for use in metallurgical and chemical -processes. They also are quarried for building stone at some places, and -marble is produced in southern Illinois. - - [Illustration: Figure 10—Limestone and dolomite are quarried at many - places, but fluorspar, zinc, and lead are produced in restricted - mineralized areas.] - - KEY - Quarry, Limestone or Dolomite - Cement or Lime - Fluorspar - Zinc and Lead - -Limestone and shale or clay are burned together in kilns to produce -portland cement. Portland cement is manufactured from a Pennsylvanian -limestone in LaSalle County and from an Ordovician limestone in Lee -County. - -Limestone or dolomite also is burned in kilns to make lime. -Mississippian limestone is used in Adams County and Silurian dolomite is -used in Cook County for lime making. - - - Clay and Clay Products - -Illinois commercial clays are found in glacial, Cretaceous, Tertiary, -and Pennsylvanian deposits. Pennsylvanian shales also are sources of -clays. Glacial clays, which occur as loess (wind-blown materials), -alluvial (water-deposited) sediments, and glacial till, are widespread -in the state. Cretaceous and Tertiary clays, at the extreme southern tip -of the state, are valuable for the manufacture of heat-resistant bricks -and coatings and for floor-sweeping compounds. - -Pennsylvanian clays and shales are the most important source of clay for -manufacturing such products as pottery, stoneware, drain tile, sewer -pipe, flue tile, building tile, brick, and special heat-resistant -fire-brick. - - - Sand and Gravel - -Deposits of sand and gravel, found in many parts of Illinois, provide -large quantities of material for concrete, railroad ballast, road -gravel, building sand, molding sand, and other uses. Glacial deposits -are the principal sources of sand and gravel, but in extreme southern -Illinois where there is no glacial drift the main source of supply is -Tertiary gravel and Devonian chert gravel. - - [Illustration: Figure 11—The clay industry is scattered widely in - Illinois. Many manufacturing plants are located at the clay pits.] - - KEY - Pit or Plant - -Almost every county has some sand and gravel, but the major areas of -production are northeastern Illinois and some of the major rivers. -Considerable tonnages of sand and gravel are dredged from bars in the -channels of the Mississippi, Ohio, and Wabash Rivers. - - - Silica Sand - -Silica sand is used in making glass, for sand blasting, as grinding -sand, as molding sand for casting steel, and in the fracture treatment -of oil wells to increase oil production. Some of the sand is finely -pulverized into a powder that is used as a filler, a fine abrasive, as a -ceramic material, and for many other purposes. - -This special sand, composed of grains of the mineral quartz (silica), -comes from a sandstone of Ordovician age that is mined in LaSalle and -Ogle Counties. - - - Tripoli and Ganister - -Tripoli, or “amorphous” silica, is mined from Devonian rocks in -Alexander County. The silica is finely ground for use as a polishing -agent, as a filler, in buffing compounds, and for other purposes. - -Ganister, a granular material with a high silica content, also is mined -in extreme southern Illinois. It is used in making products that can -withstand high temperatures. - - - Fluorspar - -For many years Illinois has led the nation in the production of -fluorspar, accounting annually for about half the total United States -output. The industry is centered in Hardin and Pope Counties where the -deposits occur in veins and beds in rocks of the Mississippian System. -Reserves of fluorspar are adequate to supply the industry for many -years. - - [Illustration: Figure 12—Sand and gravel is produced at many places - in the state. Silica sand is produced only from a sandstone in - northern Illinois. Tripoli is found only in southern Illinois.] - - KEY - Sand and Gravel - Silica Sand - Molding Sand - Tripoli - -Fluorspar is used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, as a flux in -the manufacture of steel, in the refining of aluminum, for the -manufacture of fluorine compounds used in a variety of products, in -ceramic glazes, and for other special purposes. - - - Lead and Zinc - -Lead and zinc are the only metallic minerals mined in Illinois. Deposits -are found in Jo Daviess County in northwestern Illinois and in the -fluorspar area of Hardin and Pope Counties in extreme southern Illinois. -In northwestern Illinois the ore occurs in rocks of Ordovician age, but -in southeastern Illinois it is associated with fluorspar in rocks of -Mississippian age. - -Between 1820 and 1865, the mining area of which northwestern Illinois is -a part was the nation’s principal producer of lead ore. In recent years -production of zinc has increased and that of lead has decreased. - - - Water Supplies - -Water, too, is a mineral resource, and our most necessary one. The -source of nearly all water is rain and snow, which collect in lakes and -streams or seep into the ground to form our two types of water -supplies—surface water and ground water. - -Ground water in Illinois collects underground in deposits of sand and -gravel or in the porous sandstone or limestone layers of bedrock. These -rock materials are called “aquifers” because of their ability to hold -water and to allow it to flow into wells that are drilled into them. - -The aquifers are not equally distributed throughout Illinois, so -ground-water supplies are abundant in some parts of the state but are -scarce in others. Some Illinois cities depend wholly or partly on -surface supplies from lakes and rivers. - -The sand and gravel aquifers yield more ground water than any others in -Illinois. The major sand and gravel aquifers were deposited by streams -and lie along river valleys. Some of these river valleys are no longer -visible to us because they were buried by glacial drift. They are -recognized, however, from well records or drilling records. - -The northern third of Illinois has the most abundant supplies of ground -water. Bedrock formations of Devonian through Cambrian age are favorable -aquifers and supply drinkable (potable) water at depths of from 200 to -2,000 feet. These formations, however, lie much deeper in the Illinois -Basin, where the water they furnish is too salty for most uses. - -West of the Illinois River and at the southern tip of the state, the -Mississippian, Devonian, and Silurian limestones are the chief aquifers. -Their yield, however, is small. - -In the Illinois Basin all these formations are overlain by Pennsylvanian -rocks which offer only small, scattered supplies of ground water. - - - - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - - -A city or farmer needs a new water supply. Where can suitable -water-bearing formations be found? A new limestone quarry is considered. -Where are the most suitable limestone deposits? A coal mine is being -planned. How deep must a shaft be sunk to reach the nearest minable coal -and what will the mining conditions be? A land owner has a clay deposit -on his land. What uses can be made of it? A road is to be constructed. -Are sand and gravel or limestone deposits available nearby for -construction materials? A farmer wants to know whether there might be -oil on his property. Are oil-bearing structures present and, if so, at -what depth? - -These are typical questions brought to the Illinois State Geological -Survey by the industries and people of Illinois. From its accumulated -store of information and experience, the Survey provides answers. This -storehouse of knowledge is the result of the Survey’s continuous program -of geologic exploration, mapping, research, and organization and -interpretation of data. - -The Survey explores and maps the geology and mineral resources of the -state, does research to find new and improved uses for our mineral -resources, and organizes and interprets basic geologic information -gathered from well logs, rock samples, and field studies, putting them -all into usable form. - -Such knowledge is shared with the public through publications, maps, -lectures, and personal consultations with industries, drillers, -engineers, land owners, teachers, and others in need of geologic -information. - -The discovery of facts about the rich mineral resources of Illinois has, -in effect, only begun, and it is the task of the Geological Survey to -continue to collect and apply new information so that our resources can -be used to the best advantage. - - - - - EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION PROGRAM - - -The Educational Extension Section of the Geological Survey conducts six -field trips each year, in various parts of the state, for teachers, -students, and laymen. It also assembles and distributes rock and mineral -collections for Illinois educational groups, gives lectures, prepares -exhibits, and identifies rocks and minerals for the public. - - -Educational Extension publications, such as this book, are simplified -discussions of geological subjects. Available for 25 cents each, these -include: - - Educational Series 4: Guide for Beginning Fossil Hunters, by Charles - W. Collinson. - Educational Series 5: Guide to Rocks and Minerals of Illinois. - Educational Series 6: Field Book of Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils of - Illinois, by Charles Collinson and Romayne Skartvedt. - -Many technical discussions of the various phases of Illinois geology -also are published by the Geological Survey. Regional reports on the -geology and mineral resources of some areas are available in many school -and public libraries or they may be purchased from the Survey. Some of -the regional reports include: - - Beardstown, Glasford, Havana, and Vermont Quadrangles, Bulletin 82, - $1.00. - Buda Quadrangle, Circular 275, no charge. - Carlinville Quadrangle, Bulletin 77, $1.00 - Chicago Region, Bulletin 65, Part 1, 50 cents. - Marseilles, Ottawa, and Streator Quadrangles, Bulletin 66, $1.00. - -“Mineral Production in Illinois in 1959,” Circular 300 (no charge), is -one of a series of annual economic summaries. “Caves of Illinois,” -Report of Investigations 215, price 50 cents, will be available by -September 1961. - - - Illinois State Geological Survey Educational Series 7 - 24 pages, 1 plate, 12 figures, 1961 - - [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational - Series 7—Plate 1—North] - - [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational - Series 7—Plate 1—Central] - - [Illustration: Illinois State Geological Survey, Urbana Educational - Series 7—Plate 1—South] - - GEOLOGIC MAP OF ILLINOIS - showing - BEDROCK BELOW - THE GLACIAL DRIFT - 1961 - KEY - T Tertiary (Pliocene omitted) - K Cretaceous - P² Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal) - P¹ Pennsylvanian (Below No. 6 Coal) - P³ Pennsylvanian (Above No. 6 Coal) - M² Mississippian (Upper) - M¹ Mississippian (Middle and Lower) - D Devonian - SD Silurian and Devonian - S Silurian - O Ordovician - C Cambrian - F Fault - OSDM Complex faulted area - Physiographic base map by James A. Bier - Price, 25 cents - - [Illustration: PENNSYLVANIAN COAL-BEARING ROCKS] - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO THE GEOLOGIC MAP OF -ILLINOIS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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