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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65705 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65705)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition), by
-Robert H.  Mohlenbrock
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition)
-
-Author: Robert H.  Mohlenbrock
-
-Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65705]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
-             Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD
-EDITION) ***
-
-
-
-
-                              Forest Trees
-                              of Illinois
-
-
-                             THIRD EDITION
-
-
-                        By Robert H. Mohlenbrock
-           Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University
-
-      Photography by John A. Richardson and Robert H. Mohlenbrock
-       Illustrations by Miriam Wysong Meyer and Fredda J. Burton
-                      Southern Illinois University
-
-             Printed by authority of the State of Illinois
-                               Issued by
-                       DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
-                          Division of Forestry
-
-                                   14
-                            (17943—10M—4-80)
-
-
-
-
-                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
-
-
-  Acknowledgments                                                      4
-  Introduction                                                         5
-  Illustrated Glossary                                                 6
-  Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall             9
-  Key to the Trees of Illinois in Winter                              27
-  Trees of Illinois                                                   38
-  Special Places to Study Trees                                      318
-  White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois                              322
-  Illinois Big Tree Champions                                        323
-  Index to Common and Scientific Names                               324
-  District Foresters                                                 330
-
-
-
-
-                            Acknowledgments
-
-
-I am grateful to the late Mr. Fred Siemert, State Forester of the
-Illinois Division of Forestry, for suggesting the need for a new “Forest
-Trees of Illinois.” The first and second editions of this work have been
-immensely popular, and the need for a third edition is gratifying.
-
-This third edition is only slightly modified from the second. A few
-illustrations and bark photographs have been substituted, and the key
-has been improved in places. New material has been added to the
-description of the water hickory.
-
-I wish to give thanks to Mr. Al Mickelson of the Illinois Division of
-Forestry for encouraging this third edition, and to his assistants, Mr.
-John Sester and Mr. Ernest Kunze, for editing it for publication. Mark
-Mohlenbrock has redrawn the leaves and fruit illustrated on pages 101
-and 169.
-
-
-
-
-                              Introduction
-
-
-The initial edition of Forest Trees of Illinois was written in 1927 by
-W. R. Mattoon and R. B. Miller, two prominent foresters in the state at
-that time. This was revised in 1955 by Dr. George Damon Fuller, then of
-the Illinois State Museum, and E. E. Nuuttila, State Forester of
-Illinois.
-
-In 1973, I prepared the first edition of the new Forest Trees of
-Illinois with new text, keys, photographs, and illustrations. An updated
-second edition was published in 1978. Because of the heavy demand for
-this work, this third edition has been prepared.
-
-Woody plants are usually divided into trees and shrubs, but the
-difference between these growth forms is not always distinct. In this
-work, we consider a plant to be of tree stature if it has a single erect
-trunk which branches above the ground to form a crown. It must have a
-diameter of at least 3 inches 4½ feet above the ground and an overall
-height of 12 feet. Some of the plants included in this work are
-borderline between trees and shrubs. The height of a plant may be
-influenced by its geography. Thus, the Gray Dogwood (_Cornus racemosa_)
-in extreme southern Illinois may reach the dimensions of a small tree,
-but this same species in northern Illinois is also of a shrubby stature.
-
-Almost every kind of plant in the world is known by a Common Name and a
-Latin Name. The Common Name is the one used locally by residents of the
-area. It is of limited value because people in different areas sometimes
-have different names for the same plant. For example, one of the trees
-in Illinois is known by some as the Ironwood, by others as the Blue
-Beech, by others as the American Hornbeam, and by still others as the
-Musclewood Tree. Then again, the name Ironwood applies to at least two
-different kinds of trees in Illinois. The Latin Name for each kind of
-tree is known the World over by the same name. Actually, the Latin Name
-is composed of two words, the genus name, which is always capitalized,
-and the specific epithet, which is not capitalized.
-
-Of all the kinds of plants in the World, none is so well-loved, so
-stately and majestic, as a forest tree. More and more people each year
-are vacationing and seeking outdoor recreation. Many of them “take to
-the woods” for their leisure, because the forests of our state hold an
-unending fascination to many who enter them.
-
-Moreover, trees provide us with building material for our homes, shade
-for our lawns and parks, and hundreds of other products used in our
-everyday living.
-
-To know the trees we encounter is to enhance our appreciation for them.
-The purpose of FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS is to bring to Illinoisans a
-means of identifying the trees that grow in this state.
-
-
-
-
-                          Illustrated Glossary
-
-
-In order to distinguish one kind of tree from another, it is necessary
-to learn the major characteristics which the forest trees of Illinois
-may possess. Illustrated below are several of the most commonly
-encountered characteristics of leaves and twigs. A thorough
-understanding of these structures will insure a quicker and more
-accurate identification.
-
-On the pages following the illustrated glossary are keys to the trees of
-Illinois. A key is a botanical device which enables the user, through
-proper selection of a series of choices, to identify a specimen at hand.
-Separate keys are provided for trees during the spring, summer, and
-autumn seasons and during the winter season. Begin at the first pair of
-number 1’s, choose the statement that best fits the unknown specimen,
-and then go to the next pair of statements beneath. Continue this same
-procedure until the name of the plant is reached.
-
-    [Illustration: LEAF FORMS, ARRANGEMENT, SHAPES]
-
-  LEAF FORMS AND ARRANGEMENT
-    SIMPLE
-    PINNATELY COMPOUND
-    PALMATELY COMPOUND
-    DOUBLY PINNATELY COMPOUND
-    OPPOSITE
-    ALTERNATE
-    WHORLED
-  LEAF SHAPES
-    LANCEOLATE
-    OBLANCEOLATE
-    OBLONG
-    ELLIPTICAL
-    OVATE
-    OBOVATE
-
-    [Illustration: WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS]
-
-  WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS
-    BUD SCALE
-    TERMINAL BUD
-    LATERAL BUD
-    LEAF SCAR
-    LENTICELS
-    BUNDLE TRACES
-  {LEAF LAYERS}
-    UPPER EPIDERMIS
-    PALISADE LAYER
-    RIBS AND VEINS
-    SPONGY LAYER
-    STOMA
-    LOWER EPIDERMIS
-  LEAF TIPS
-    ACUTE
-    OBTUSE
-    LONG-TAPERING
-  LEAF EDGES
-    PINNATELY LOBED
-    WAVY
-    TOOTHED
-    DOUBLY TOOTHED
-    SMOOTH
-  LEAF BASES
-    HEART-SHAPED
-    TRUNCATE
-    ASYMMETRICAL
-    ROUNDED
-    TAPERING
-
-
-
-
-        Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall
-
-
-  1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like                            Group A
-  1. Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like.
-    2. Leaves compound (divided into 3 or more leaflets)         Group B
-    2. Leaves simple.
-      3. Leaves opposite or whorled                              Group C
-      3. Leaves alternate.
-        4. Leaves neither toothed nor lobed                      Group D
-        4. Leaves toothed or lobed or both.
-          5. Leaves toothed but not lobed                        Group E
-          5. Leaves lobed                                        Group F
-
-
-                                GROUP A
-
-Leaves needle-like or scale-like, often evergreen.
-
-  1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.
-    2. Leaves in clusters of 10 or more, falling off during autumn.
-      3. Leaves blue-green; cone-scales smooth          _Larix laricina_
-      3. Leaves bright green; cone-scales hairy          _Larix decidua_
-    2. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, evergreen.
-      4. Leaves in clusters of 5                         _Pinus strobus_
-      4. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.
-        5. Leaves in clusters of 2.
-          6. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually
-              twisted.
-            7. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not
-                longer than ⅛ inch                     _Pinus banksiana_
-            7. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least
-                ⅓ inch long                           _Pinus sylvestris_
-          6. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely
-              twisted.
-            8. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a
-                small spine                             _Pinus echinata_
-            8. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without
-                a spine                                 _Pinus resinosa_
-        5. Leaves in clusters of 3.
-          9. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at
-              base of leaves about ¼ inch long          _Pinus echinata_
-          9. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at
-              base of leaves about 1 inch long             _Pinus taeda_
-  1. Leaves solitary.
-    10. Leaves evergreen, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about
-        ⅛ inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long
-                                                  _Juniperus virginiana_
-    10. Leaves falling off in autumn, all needle-like, usually at least
-        ½ inch long.
-      11. Leaves 3-angled.
-        12. Leaves blue-green                           _Larix laricina_
-        12. Leaves bright green                          _Larix decidua_
-      11. Leaves flat                               _Taxodium distichum_
-
-
-                                GROUP B
-
-Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, compound.
-
-  1. Leaves alternate.
-    2. Leaflets 3                                    _Ptelea trifoliata_
-    2. Leaflets 5 or more.
-      3. Main stalk between leaflets winged on either side
-                                                        _Rhus copallina_
-      3. Main stalk between leaflets not winged.
-        4. Leaves with an even number of leaflets, often doubly
-            compound.
-          5. Leaflets not more than ½ inch wide.
-            6. Pods usually 12 inches long or longer, with 6 or more
-                seeds                            _Gleditsia triacanthos_
-            6. Pods 1-2 inches long, with 1-3 seeds _Gleditsia aquatica_
-          5. Some or all the leaflets at least one inch broad.
-            7. Leaves doubly compound; leaflets smooth along the edges;
-                leaves without a foul odor when crushed
-                                                   _Gymnocladus dioicus_
-            7. Leaves once compound; leaflets usually with a few coarse
-                teeth along the edges; leaves with a foul odor when
-                crushed                            _Ailanthus altissima_
-        4. Leaves with an odd number of leaflets, once compound (twice
-            compound in _Aralia spinosa_, which has prickly leafstalks).
-          8. Leaflets without teeth along the edges.
-            9. Leaflets less than 1 inch broad and 2 inches long; twigs
-                with short spines at base of leaf stalks
-                                                  _Robinia pseudoacacia_
-            9. Leaflets up to 4 inches long and up to 2 inches broad;
-                twigs without spines.
-              10. Some or all the leaflets alternate; base of leafstalk
-                  conspicuously swollen               _Cladrastis lutea_
-              10. All the leaflets opposite; base of leafstalk not
-                  swollen                                  _Rhus vernix_
-          8. Leaflets toothed along the edges.
-            11. Leaves doubly compound, often with small prickles on the
-                leafstalks and on some of the veins     _Aralia spinosa_
-            11. Leaves once compound, without prickles.
-              12. All leaves with 11 or more leaflets.
-                13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves completely
-                    smooth                                 _Rhus glabra_
-                13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves (at least on
-                    the veins) hairy.
-                  14. Pith of twigs chambered when cut lengthwise.
-                    15. Pith pale brown; bark dark brown, with roughened
-                        ridges                           _Juglans nigra_
-                    15. Pith dark brown; bark gray, with smooth ridges
-                                                       _Juglans cinerea_
-                  14. Pith of twigs solid.
-                    16. Leaves strongly aromatic when crushed; twigs not
-                        covered with velvety hairs.
-                      17. Bud scales with yellow hairs; nut 1½ to 2
-                          times longer than broad    _Carya illinoensis_
-                      17. Bud scales without yellow hairs; nut about as
-                          broad as long                 _Carya aquatica_
-                    16. Leaves not aromatic when crushed; twigs covered
-                        with velvety hairs                _Rhus typhina_
-              12. Some or all leaves with less than 11 leaflets.
-                18. Buds with 4-6 scales arranged in pairs; most of the
-                    leaves with at least 9 leaflets.
-                  19. Terminal leaflet without a stalk or with a very
-                      short stalk; buds mustard-yellow
-                                                     _Carya cordiformis_
-                  19. Terminal leaflet with a well-developed stalk; bud
-                      reddish-brown                     _Carya aquatica_
-                18. Buds with 6 or more overlapping scales; most of the
-                    leaves with fewer than 9 leaflets (except sometimes
-                    in _Carya tomentosa_ and _Carya laciniosa_), never
-                    with 11 leaflets.
-                  20. Teeth along the leaf margin with small tufts of
-                      hairs                                _Carya ovata_
-                  20. Teeth along the leaf margin without small tufts of
-                      hairs.
-                    21. Lower surface of leaflets densely and uniformly
-                        hairy.
-                      22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached densely
-                          hairy; bark tight, not shaggy
-                                                       _Carya tomentosa_
-                      22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached smooth or
-                          sparsely hairy; bark shaggy at maturity
-                                                       _Carya laciniosa_
-                    21. Lower leaf surface smooth, or with tufts of
-                        hairs in the vein axils, or sometimes sparsely
-                        hairy along the veins.
-                      23. Scales of buds, stalk of leaves, and young
-                          twigs rusty-hairy or -scaly     _Carya texana_
-                      23. Rusty hairs and scales not present.
-                        24. Leaflets mostly 5; bud scales without hairs
-                            at the tip; bark tight, not peeling
-                                                          _Carya glabra_
-                        24. Leaflets mostly 7; bud scales with hairs at
-                            the tip; bark peeling at maturity
-                                                          _Carya ovalis_
-  1. Leaves opposite.
-    25. Leaves palmately compound.
-      26. Leaflets mostly 7; buds very sticky   _Aesculus hippocastanum_
-      26. Leaflets mostly 5; buds not sticky.
-        27. Fruit prickly; flowers yellow              _Aesculus glabra_
-        27. Fruit smooth; flowers red                _Aesculus discolor_
-    25. Leaves pinnately compound, or sometimes with only 3 leaflets.
-      28. Leaflets usually 3, or sometimes 5; twigs green or glaucous
-                                                          _Acer negundo_
-      28. Leaflets usually 7 or more, sometimes 5; twigs not green.
-        29. Some or all of the twigs square     _Fraxinus quadrangulata_
-        29. Stems not square.
-          30. Leaflets without stalks                   _Fraxinus nigra_
-          30. Leaflets stalked.
-            31. Stalks of the leaflets winged.
-                          _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ var. _subintegerrima_
-            31. Twigs and leafstalks smooth
-              32. Leaflets whitened on the lower surface
-                                                    _Fraxinus americana_
-              32. Leaflets green or yellow-brown on the lower surface
-                                                    _Fraxinus tomentosa_
-
-
-                                GROUP C
-
-Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, opposite
-or whorled.
-
-  1. Leaves (or some of them) in whorls of 3.
-    2. Leaves with a bad odor when crushed; flowers with conspicuous
-        purple spots                              _Catalpa bignonioides_
-    2. Leaves without a bad odor when crushed; flowers merely lined with
-        purple                                        _Catalpa speciosa_
-  1. Leaves opposite.
-    3. Leaves at least 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, heart-shaped at
-        the base, never palmately lobed            _Paulownia tomentosa_
-    3. Leaves usually less than 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, not
-        heart-shaped at the base or, if slightly heart-shaped, then also
-        palmately lobed.
-      4. Leaves palmately lobed.
-        5. Leafstalk with milky sap when broken       _Acer platanoides_
-        5. Leafstalk without milky sap.
-          6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly V-shaped; leaves usually
-              silvery or white on the lower surface.
-            7. Leaves deeply divided, the areas between the lobes
-                extending more than half-way to the midvein
-                                                      _Acer saccharinum_
-            7. Leaves shallowly divided, the areas between the lobes
-                extending less than half-way to the midvein.
-              8. Leaves completely covered with a white felt on the
-                  lower surface            _Acer rubrum var. drummondii_
-              8. Leaves smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower leaf
-                  surface                                  _Acer rubrum_
-          6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly U-shaped; leaves green or
-              paler on the lower surface, not white or silvery.
-            9. Leaves with the edges drooping.
-              10. Leaves green on the lower surface; small leafy
-                  outgrowths sometimes present at the base of the
-                  leafstalk                                _Acer nigrum_
-              10. Leaves grayish on the lower surface; small leafy
-                  outgrowths at the base of the leafstalk absent
-                                                         _Acer barbatum_
-            9. Leaves flat, the edges not drooping      _Acer saccharum_
-
-      4. Leaves not lobed.
-        11. Leaves toothed along the edges.
-          12. Edges of leaves regularly toothed from tip of leaf to
-              base; leaves usually short-pointed or rounded at the tip.
-            13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the
-                leaf covered with rusty hairs       _Viburnum rufidulum_
-            13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the
-                leaf without rusty hairs.
-              14. Leaf stalks wavy along the edges    _Viburnum lentago_
-              14. Leaf stalks not wavy along the edges.
-                15. Branches spine-tipped           _Rhamnus cathartica_
-                15. Branches not spine-tipped     _Viburnum prunifolium_
-          12. Edges of leaves toothed only above the middle of the leaf;
-              leaves tapering to a long point     _Forestiera acuminata_
-        11. Leaves not toothed along the edges.
-          16. Upper surface of leaves rough to the touch
-                                                     _Cornus drummondii_
-          16. Upper surface of leaves smooth.
-            17. Leaves with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface;
-                lower surface of leaves gray or whitish.
-              18. Leaves often nearly as broad as long; flowers
-                  surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries red;
-                  twigs green                           _Cornus florida_
-              18. Leaves longer than broad; flowers not surrounded by 4
-                  large, white bracts; berries white; twigs gray
-                                                       _Cornus racemosa_
-            17. Leaves without deeply impressed veins; leaves often
-                paler on the lower surface, but not gray or whitish
-                                                  _Forestiera acuminata_
-
-
-                                GROUP D
-
-Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple,
-alternate, neither toothed nor lobed.
-
-  1. Most or all of the leaves more than six inches long.
-    2. Leaves long-tapering to the base; winter buds elongated, about ⅛
-        inch long, covered with reddish-brown hairs    _Asimina triloba_
-    2. Leaves rounded or only short-tapering to the base; winter buds
-        either ½ inch long and white-hairy, or rounded and yellow.
-      3. Leafstalks usually more than 1½ inches long, hairy; buds nearly
-          round, yellow                                 _Nyssa aquatica_
-      3. Leafstalks usually less than 1½ inches long, smooth; buds
-          elongated, white-hairy                    _Magnolia acuminata_
-  1. Most or all of the leaves less than six inches long.
-    4. Leafstalks with milky sap; twigs usually bearing small spines
-        near the point of the leaf attachment         _Maclura pomifera_
-    4. Leafstalks without milky sap; twigs not spiny.
-      5. Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, twigs green
-                                                     _Sassafras albidum_
-      5. Leaves not spicy-aromatic when crushed; twigs usually not
-          green.
-        6. Leaves distinctly asymmetrical at base, usually obviously
-            3-nerved from the base.
-          7. Leaves usually at least twice longer than broad, rounded at
-              the base                                _Celtis laevigata_
-          7. Leaves usually less than twice longer than broad, more or
-              less heart-shaped at the base          _Celtis tenuifolia_
-        6. Leaves symmetrical at the base, with a single main vein.
-          8. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, about as broad as long
-                                                     _Cercis canadensis_
-          8. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, longer than broad.
-            9. Many of the leaves clustered near the tips of the twigs.
-              10. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at the tip
-                                                       _Nyssa sylvatica_
-              10. Leaves tapering to the tip.
-                11. Veins of leaf deeply impressed, strongly arching
-                    toward the tip of the leaf; fruit a berry
-                                                   _Cornus alternifolia_
-                11. Veins of leaf not deeply impressed nor strongly
-                    arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit an acorn.
-                  12. Lower surface of leaves hairy; leafstalk usually
-                      hairy; leaves usually one inch wide or wider
-                                                    _Quercus imbricaria_
-                  12. Lower surface of leaves smooth except for the
-                      veins; leafstalk usually smooth; leaves usually
-                      less than one inch wide          _Quercus phellos_
-            9. Leaves not clustered near the tips of the twigs.
-              13. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins;
-                  leafstalks often 1½ inches long or longer
-                                                        _Nyssa aquatica_
-              13. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leafstalks
-                  rarely as long as 1½ inches.
-                14. Leaves abruptly contracted to a short point at the
-                    tip.
-                  15. Leaves usually about twice as long as broad; fruit
-                      an orange berry about 1 inch in diameter
-                                                  _Diospyros virginiana_
-                  15. Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad;
-                      fruit a blue berry up to ½ inch in diameter
-                                                       _Nyssa sylvatica_
-                14. Leaves gradually tapering to the tip
-                                                   _Rhamnus caroliniana_
-
-
-                                GROUP E
-
-Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple,
-alternate, toothed but not lobed.
-
-  1. Leaves asymmetrical at the base.
-    2. Leaves with 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade.
-      3. Edge of leaf with low, rounded teeth or merely wavy
-                                                  _Hamamelis virginiana_
-      3. Edge of leaf sharply or finely toothed.
-        4. Most of all the leafstalks less than one inch long; trunk
-            usually warty.
-          5. Upper surface of leaf very rough to the touch; leaves thick
-              and leathery.
-            6. Leaves tapering to a long point at the tip; most or all
-                of the blades 3 inches long or longer
-                                                   _Celtis occidentalis_
-            6. Leaves tapering to a short point at the tip; most or all
-                of the blades less than 3 inches long
-                                                     _Celtis tenuifolia_
-          5. Upper surface of leaf smooth or only slightly rough to the
-              touch; leaves thin and membranaceous.
-            7. Leaves at least three times longer than broad
-                                                      _Celtis laevigata_
-            7. Leaves less than three times longer than broad.
-              8. Some or all the leaves 3 inches long or longer
-                                                   _Celtis occidentalis_
-              8. Leaves less than 3 inches long      _Celtis tenuifolia_
-        4. Leafstalks more than 1 inch long.
-          9. Leaves smooth on the lower surface except for small tufts
-              of hairs where the veins meet            _Tilia americana_
-          9. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.
-            10. Lower surface of leaves white       _Tilia heterophylla_
-            10. Lower surface of leaves green          _Tilia americana_
-
-    2. Leaves with one main vein arising from the base of the blade.
-      11. Some of the twigs with corky wings.
-        12. Some or all the leaves four inches long or longer;
-            leaf-stalks more than ⅛ inch long           _Ulmus thomasii_
-        12. None of the leaves four inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch
-            long                                           _Ulmus alata_
-      11. Twigs without corky wings.
-        13. Leaves very rough-hairy to the touch           _Ulmus rubra_
-        13. Leaves smooth or soft to the touch.
-          14. Edge of leaf doubly toothed (each tooth divided into a
-              second small tooth).
-            15. Leaves distinctly one-sided at the base; leafstalks
-                often smooth                           _Ulmus americana_
-            15. Leaves only slightly one-sided at the base; leafstalks
-                hairy.
-              16. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in
-                  flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf
-                  unbranched                      _Carpinus caroliniana_
-              16. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit surrounded by
-                  inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf
-                  branched                           _Ostrya virginiana_
-          14. Edge of leaf singly toothed.
-            17. Leaves smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks smooth
-                                                          _Ulmus pumila_
-            17. Leaves hairy on the lower surface, at least where the
-                veins meet; leafstalks usually hairy  _Planera aquatica_
-  1. Leaves symmetrical at the base.
-    18. Leaves with 2-4 irregular teeth along the edges.
-      19. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leaf stalks
-          often 1½ inches long or longer                _Nyssa aquatica_
-      19. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leaf stalks rarely as
-          long as 1½ inches                            _Nyssa sylvatica_
-    18. Leaves more regularly toothed with more than 4 teeth along the
-        edges.
-      20. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.
-        21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs
-                                               _Broussonetia papyrifera_
-        21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short
-            hairs.
-          22. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins   _Morus rubra_
-          22. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins
-                                                            _Morus alba_
-      20. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.
-        23. Leaves at least 4 times as long as broad.
-          24. Leafstalks less than ⅛ inch long; leaves irregularly
-              toothed along the edges                   _Salix interior_
-          24. Leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long; leaves regularly toothed
-              along the edges.
-            25. Leaves green on the lower surface          _Salix nigra_
-            25. Leaves whitish on the lower surface.
-              26. Each leaf with a pair of leaf-like stipules at the
-                  base of the leafstalk              _Salix caroliniana_
-              26. Each leaf without a pair of leaf-like stipules
-                                                    _Salix amygdaloides_
-        23. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad.
-          27. Leaves as broad as long or broader.
-            28. Leaf stalks not flattened.
-              29. Leaves strongly whitened on the lower surface, not
-                  heart-shaped at the base                _Populus alba_
-              29. Leaves not strongly whitened on the lower leaf
-                  surface, heart-shaped at the base
-                                                  _Populus heterophylla_
-            28. Leaf stalks flattened.
-              30. Leaves basically triangular in shape, coarsely toothed
-                                                     _Populus deltoides_
-              30. Leaves basically ovate or spherical, coarsely or
-                  finely toothed.
-                31. Leaves with 20 or more fine teeth along the edges
-                                                   _Populus tremuloides_
-                31. Leaves with up to 15 coarse teeth along the edges.
-                                                 _Populus grandidentata_
-          27. Leaves longer than broad.
-            32. Twigs usually with sharp spines.
-              33. Leaves broadest below the middle; fruit a small apple.
-                34. Many of the leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly
-                    elliptic                        _Malus angustifolia_
-                34. Most of the leaves ovate to oval to broadly
-                    lance-shaped.
-                  35. Twigs and young leaves densely hairy
-                                                         _Malus ioensis_
-                  35. Twigs and young leaves smooth or nearly so
-                                                       _Malus coronaria_
-              33. Leaves broadest at or above the middle; fruit a
-                  hawthorn.
-                36. Leaves broadest at the middle; leafstalks one inch
-                    long or longer                   _Crataegus viridis_
-                36. Leaves broadest above the middle; leafstalks up to ¾
-                    inch long.
-                  37. Leaves leathery, smooth on both surfaces
-                                                  _Crataegus crus-galli_
-                  37. Leaves not leathery, usually somewhat hairy on the
-                      lower surface                 _Crataegus punctata_
-            32. Twigs not spiny.
-              38. Some of the twigs with corky wings.
-                39. Some or all the leaves 4 inches long or longer;
-                    leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long    _Ulmus thomasii_
-                39. None of the leaves 4 inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛
-                    inch long                              _Ulmus alata_
-              38. None of the twigs with corky wings.
-                40. Individual teeth along edge of the leaf at least ¼
-                    inch long.
-                  41. Most of the veins not reaching to the tip of each
-                      leaf; lower surface of leaf usually silvery-white
-                                                       _Quercus bicolor_
-                  41. Most of the veins projecting to the tip of each
-                      leaf; lower surface of leaf green or pale, but
-                      usually not silvery-white.
-                    42. Leaves usually with sharp-pointed teeth.
-                      43. Fruit an acorn; lower leaf surface usually
-                          covered with very short hairs
-                                                  _Quercus muhlenbergii_
-                      43. Fruit enclosed in a prickly bur; lower leaf
-                          surface smooth or nearly so _Castanea dentata_
-                    42. Leaves usually with somewhat rounded teeth.
-                      44. Cup of acorn at least 1 inch across; trunk
-                          whitish to gray            _Quercus michauxii_
-                      44. Cup of acorn less than 1 inch across; trunk
-                          brown to black                _Quercus prinus_
-                40. Individual teeth along edge of leaf up to ⅛ inch
-                    long.
-                  45. Some of the leaves produced from short, stubby
-                      shoots along the main twigs         _Ilex decidua_
-                  45. Twigs without short, stubby side shoots.
-                    46. Leafstalks with 1 or more small glands
-                        (“bumps”), usually near the point of attachment
-                        to the blade.
-                      47. Each tooth along the edge of the leaf bearing
-                          a small, reddish-brown gland.
-                        48. Some or all leaves one inch broad or
-                            broader.
-                          49. Leaves flat             _Prunus hortulana_
-                          49. Leaves more or less folded down the middle
-                                                     _Prunus munsoniana_
-                        48. None of the leaves as much as one inch broad
-                                                   _Prunus angustifolia_
-                      47. Teeth along the edge of the leaf not bearing a
-                          gland.
-                        50. Leaves usually with a dull, wrinkled
-                            surface; fruit a plum     _Prunus americana_
-                        50. Leaves usually appearing smooth and rather
-                            shiny; fruit an elongated cluster of small
-                            cherries.
-                          51. Teeth along edge of leaf curving inward,
-                              usually rather blunt     _Prunus serotina_
-                          51. Teeth along edge of leaf pointing outward,
-                              usually sharp-pointed  _Prunus virginiana_
-                    46. Leafstalks not bearing glands.
-                      52. Leaves doubly toothed along the edges.
-                        53. Bark peeling off into papery strips or
-                            layers; leaves usually about two-thirds as
-                            broad as long or broader.
-                          54. Bark yellowish, silvery-gray, or
-                              creamy-white.
-                            55. Bark yellowish or silvery-gray; leaves
-                                with 8 or more pairs of veins
-                                                          _Betula lutea_
-                            55. Bark creamy-white; leaves with no more
-                                than 7 pairs of veins
-                                                     _Betula papyrifera_
-                          54. Bark reddish-brown          _Betula nigra_
-                        53. Bark broken into small plates, or smooth and
-                            sinewy, not peeling off into papery strips
-                            or layers.
-                          56. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit
-                              enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower
-                              lateral veins of leaf unbranched
-                                                  _Carpinus caroliniana_
-                          56. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit
-                              enclosed in inflated, bladdery bracts;
-                              lower lateral veins of leaf branched
-                                                     _Ostrya virginiana_
-                      52. Leaves singly toothed along the edges.
-                        57. Leaves heart-shaped at the base.
-                          58. Leaves up to six inches long and nearly as
-                              broad               _Populus heterophylla_
-                          58. Leaves not more than four inches long and
-                              about half as broad.
-                            59. Leaves bronze as they unfold; leafstalk
-                                smooth              _Amelanchier laevis_
-                            59. Leaves densely white-hairy as they
-                                unfold; leafstalk somewhat hairy
-                                                   _Amelanchier arborea_
-                        57. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, not
-                            heart-shaped.
-                          60. Teeth along edge of leaf widely spaced, at
-                              least ¼ inch apart     _Fagus grandifolia_
-                          60. Teeth along edge of leaf closely and
-                              regularly spaced.
-                            61. Leafstalk hairy; fruit fleshy.
-                              62. Leaves shiny on the upper surface;
-                                  leafstalks ½ inch long or longer
-                                                   _Rhamnus caroliniana_
-                              62. Leaves dull on the upper surface;
-                                  leafstalks up to ¼ inch long
-                                                      _Planera aquatica_
-                            61. Leafstalk smooth at maturity; fruit dry
-                                and variously winged.
-                              63. Some of the leaves three inches long
-                                  or longer; fruit 4-winged or a woody
-                                  “cone.”
-                                64. Leaves pointed at the tip; fruit
-                                    4-winged          _Halesia carolina_
-                                64. Leaves rounded at the tip; fruit a
-                                    woody “cone”       _Alnus glutinosa_
-                              63. Leaves less than 3 inches long; fruit
-                                  surrounded by a flat wing
-                                                          _Ulmus pumila_
-
-
-                                GROUP F
-
-Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple,
-alternate, lobed.
-
-  1. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.
-    2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs
-                                               _Broussonetia papyrifera_
-    2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs.
-      3. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins        _Morus rubra_
-      3. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins
-                                                            _Morus alba_
-  1. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.
-    4. Twigs usually with sharp spines.
-      5. Leaves broadest at the middle or above the middle.
-        6. Leaves broadest at the middle; lower surface of leaf smooth
-            except for a few tufts of hairs near the veins
-                                                     _Crataegus viridis_
-        6. Leaves broadest above the middle; lower surface of leaf hairy
-            throughout                              _Crataegus punctata_
-      5. Leaves broadest below the middle.
-        7. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.
-          8. Leaves mostly tapering to the base; fruit a crab apple
-                                                         _Malus ioensis_
-          8. Leaves rounded at the base; fruit a hawthorn.
-            9. Fruit with pitted seeds; flowers appearing in late May
-                and June                        _Crataegus calpodendron_
-            9. Fruit without pitted seeds; flowers appearing in April or
-                early May                             _Crataegus mollis_
-        7. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only on the
-            veins.
-          10. Leaves tapering to the base.
-            11. Leaves oval to ovate to broadly lance-shaped
-                                                       _Malus coronaria_
-            11. Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic
-                                                    _Malus angustifolia_
-          10. Leaves rounded at the base.
-            12. Leaves blue-green; fruit spherical or nearly so
-                                                    _Crataegus pruinosa_
-            12. Leaves green; fruit shaped like a little apple
-                                                       _Malus coronaria_
-    4. Twigs without spines.
-      13. Leaves star-shaped                   _Liquidambar styraciflua_
-      13. Leaves not star-shaped.
-        14. Leaves 4-lobed, smooth on both surfaces
-                                               _Liriodendron tulipifera_
-        14. Leaves more than 4-lobed, hairy on one or both surfaces.
-          15. Leaves palmately lobed and veined.
-            16. Leaves densely coated with white felt on the lower
-                surface                                   _Populus alba_
-            16. Leaves without a coat of white felt on the lower surface
-                                                 _Platanus occidentalis_
-          15. Leaves pinnately lobed and veined.
-            17. Lobes of leaf with bristle-tips.
-              18. Leaves broadest above the middle _Quercus marilandica_
-              18. Leaves broadest at or below the middle.
-                19. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.
-                  20. Lower surface of leaves with gray hairs; base of
-                      leaf blade usually broadly rounded.
-                    21. Leaves with 5-11 more or less equal lobes, the
-                        uppermost lobe not strongly curved
-                                                  _Quercus pagodaefolia_
-                    21. Leaves with 3-5 more or less unequal lobes, the
-                        uppermost lobes often strongly curved
-                                                       _Quercus falcata_
-                  20. Lower surface of leaves with rusty hairs; base of
-                      leaf blade not broadly rounded  _Quercus velutina_
-                19. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only
-                    next to the veins.
-                  22. Leaves divided less than halfway to the middle.
-                    23. Leafstalks hairy; buds hairy, gray
-                                                      _Quercus velutina_
-                    23. Leafstalks smooth; buds smooth, reddish-brown
-                        _Quercus rubra_
-                  22. Leaves divided more than halfway to the middle.
-                    24. Leafstalks hairy; cup of acorn fringed around
-                        the edge                      _Quercus velutina_
-                    24. Leafstalks smooth; cup of acorn not fringed
-                        around the edge.
-                      25. Lower surface of leaves with large tufts of
-                          hairs in the vein axils.
-                        26. Cup of acorn saucer-shaped.
-                          27. Cup of acorn up to ½ inch broad.
-                                                     _Quercus palustris_
-                          27. Cup of acorn more than ½ inch broad
-                                                     _Quercus shumardii_
-                        26. Cup of acorn top-shaped.
-                          28. Cup of acorn enclosing about ⅓ the nut at
-                              most                   _Quercus shumardii_
-                          28. Cup of acorn enclosing more than one-third
-                              of the nut         _Quercus ellipsoidalis_
-                      25. Lower surface of leaves smooth or with small
-                          tufts in hairs in the vein axils
-                                                      _Quercus coccinea_
-            17. Lobes of leaf with round tips, not bristle-tipped.
-              29. Leaves smooth on the lower surface      _Quercus alba_
-              29. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.
-                30. Upper three lobes of leaf squarish, forming a cross;
-                    twigs hairy                       _Quercus stellata_
-                30. Leaves without three squarish lobes at the upper
-                    end; twigs smooth or nearly so.
-                  31. Edge of acorn cup with a fringe
-                                                    _Quercus macrocarpa_
-                  31. Edge of acorn cup not fringed     _Quercus lyrata_
-
-
-
-
-                    Key to Illinois Trees in Winter
-
-
-  1. Green leaves present during winter, needle-like or scale-like
-                                                                 Group G
-  1. Green leaves absent during winter                           Group H
-
-
-                                GROUP G
-
-  1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.
-    2. Leaves in clusters of 5                           _Pinus strobus_
-    2. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.
-      3. Leaves in clusters of 2.
-        4. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually
-            twisted.
-          5. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not
-              longer than ⅛ inch                       _Pinus banksiana_
-          5. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least ⅓
-              inch long                               _Pinus sylvestris_
-        4. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted.
-          6. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a
-              small spine                               _Pinus echinata_
-          6. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a
-              spine                                     _Pinus resinosa_
-      3. Leaves in clusters of 3.
-        7. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at
-            base of leaves about ¼ inch long            _Pinus echinata_
-        7. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base
-            of leaves about 1 inch long                    _Pinus taeda_
-  1. Leaves solitary, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about ⅛
-      inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long
-                                                  _Juniperus virginiana_
-
-
-                                GROUP H
-
-  1. Leaf scars absent (scars which resemble leaf scars present but
-      lacking bundle scars)                         _Taxodium distichum_
-  1. Leaf scars present.
-    2. Leaf scars in whorls of 3                          _Catalpa spp._
-    2. Leaf scars opposite or alternate.
-      3. Leaf scars opposite.
-        4. Bundle scar 1                          _Forestiera acuminata_
-        4. Bundle scars 3 or more.
-          5. Bundle scars usually 9 or more.
-            6. Pith hollow or sometimes chambered  _Paulownia tomentosa_
-            6. Pith solid, not chambered.
-              7. Twigs 4-sided                  _Fraxinus quadrangulata_
-              7. Twigs not 4-sided.
-                8. Twigs hairy.
-                  9. Leaf scars notched at top.
-                    10. Twigs with conspicuous large lenticels; trunks
-                        swollen at the base         _Fraxinus tomentosa_
-                    10. Twigs with inconspicuous lenticels; trunks not
-                        swollen at the base         _Fraxinus americana_
-                  9. Leaf scars more or less straight across at the top
-                                                _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_
-                8. Twigs smooth.
-                  11. Leaf scars oval; buds brownish-black to black
-                                                        _Fraxinus nigra_
-                  11. Leaf scars half-round; buds brown.
-                    12. Leaf scars notched at the top
-                                                    _Fraxinus americana_
-                    12. Leaf scars more or less straight across the top
-                          _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ var. _subintegerrima_
-          5. Bundle scars usually 3-7 (sometimes 9 in _Acer negundo_).
-            13. Leaf scars very broad, usually at least ⅓ inch across.
-              14. Bark smooth                        _Aesculus discolor_
-              14. Bark becoming furrowed and scaly     _Aesculus glabra_
-            13. Leaf scars narrow, less than ⅓ inch across.
-              15. Buds with 2 exposed outer scales.
-                16. Twigs gray or gray-brown.
-                  17. Buds long and narrow, at least 5 times longer than
-                      broad                           _Viburnum lentago_
-                  17. Buds shorter, at most 3 times longer than broad.
-                    18. Buds reddish-brown.
-                      19. Buds smooth or scurfy   _Viburnum prunifolium_
-                      19. Buds hairy                _Viburnum rufidulum_
-                    18. Buds light brown.
-                      20. Buds hairy                 _Cornus drummondii_
-                      20. Buds smooth or nearly so     _Cornus racemosa_
-                16. Twigs purple or orange-brown.
-                  21. Twigs purplish                    _Cornus florida_
-                  21. Twigs orange-brown, at least usually not purplish
-                                                       _Cornus racemosa_
-              15. Buds with more than 2 exposed scales.
-                22. Twigs green or glaucous               _Acer negundo_
-                22. Twigs brown.
-                  23. Buds rounded, several in a cluster; twigs red or
-                      orange.
-                    24. Twigs hairy        _Acer rubrum var. drummondii_
-                    24. Twigs smooth.
-                      25. Twigs with an unpleasant odor; bark scaly
-                                                      _Acer saccharinum_
-                      25. Twigs without an unpleasant odor; bark not
-                          scaly                            _Acer rubrum_
-                  23. Buds elongated; twigs brown or gray.
-                    26. Ends of some twigs tapering to a spine
-                                                    _Rhamnus cathartica_
-                    26. Ends of twigs not spiny.
-                      27. Twigs (at least by the time they are 2 years
-                          old) pale gray-brown, dull       _Acer nigrum_
-                      27. Twigs pale reddish-brown, shiny.
-                        28. Buds pointed at the tip     _Acer saccharum_
-                        28. Buds more or less rounded at the tip
-                                                         _Acer barbatum_
-      3. Leaf scars alternate.
-        29. Thorns or spines present.
-          30. Spines in pairs                     _Robinia pseudoacacia_
-          30. Spines solitary, although sometimes branched.
-            31. Spines scattered all along the twigs and branches
-                                                        _Aralia spinosa_
-            31. Spines not scattered all along the twigs and branches.
-              32. Thorns branched                       _Gleditsia spp._
-              32. Thorns unbranched.
-                33. Buds pointed at the tip.
-                  34. Twigs usually hairy                _Malus ioensis_
-                  34. Twigs usually smooth.
-                    35. Buds with reddish scales       _Malus coronaria_
-                    35. Buds with chestnut-brown scales
-                                                    _Malus angustifolia_
-                33. Buds more or less rounded at the tip.
-                  36. Terminal bud absent             _Maclura pomifera_
-                  36. Terminal bud present              _Crataegus spp._
-        29. Thorns or spines absent.
-          37. Pith chambered, at least at the nodes.
-            38. Leaf scars 3-lobed and usually with 3 groups of bundle
-                scars.
-              39. Pith pale brown; leaf scars without velvety hairs at
-                  the top                                _Juglans nigra_
-              39. Pith chocolate-brown; leaf scars with velvety hairs at
-                  the top                              _Juglans cinerea_
-            38. Leaf scars half-round, not 3-lobed.
-              40. Pith chambered only at the nodes; stipular scars
-                  present.
-                41. Buds about ¼ inch long         _Celtis occidentalis_
-                41. Buds about ⅛ inch long.
-                  42. Twigs usually smooth; trees     _Celtis laevigata_
-                  42. Twigs usually hairy; shrubs    _Celtis tenuifolia_
-              40. Pith chambered between the nodes as well as at most of
-                  the nodes; stipular scars absent.
-                43. Exposed bud scales 2          _Diospyros virginiana_
-                43. Exposed bud scales 4              _Halesia carolina_
-          37. Pith solid, although sometimes with diaphragms.
-            44. Pith with diaphragms.
-              45. Buds without bud scales              _Asimina triloba_
-              45. Buds with 1 or more scales.
-                46. Bud scales 1-2; bundle scars 7 or more; stipular
-                    scars present.
-                  47. Bud scale 1, hairy            _Magnolia acuminata_
-                  47. Bud scales 2, smooth     _Liriodendron tulipifera_
-                46. Bud scales 3-several; bundle scars 3; stipular scars
-                    absent.
-                  48. Buds about ¼ inch long           _Nyssa sylvatica_
-                  48. Buds up to 1 inch long            _Nyssa aquatica_
-            44. Pith without diaphragms.
-              49. Bundle scar 1.
-                50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown     _Larix decidua_
-                50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown    _Larix laricina_
-              49. Bundle scars 2 or more.
-                51. Stipular scars forming a ring around the twig
-                                                 _Platanus occidentalis_
-                51. Stipular scars not forming a ring around the twig,
-                    or absent.
-                  52. Twigs aromatic when cut.
-                    53. Twigs green; buds generally smooth
-                                                     _Sassafras albidum_
-                    53. Twigs orange-brown; buds generally hairy
-                                                          _Betula lutea_
-                  52. Twigs not aromatic when cut.
-                    54. Buds without scales.
-                      55. Terminal buds larger than the rest of the
-                          buds.
-                        56. Buds rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.
-                          57. Buds rusty-hairy, 2-3 times longer than
-                              broad                    _Asimina triloba_
-                          57. Buds gray-woolly, not much longer than
-                              broad                      _Malus ioensis_
-                        56. Buds smooth or, if hairy, not conspicuously
-                            rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.
-                          58. Leaf scars lobed; twigs without stipular
-                              scars.
-                            59. Buds bright yellow   _Carya cordiformis_
-                            59. Buds brown or reddish-brown.
-                              60. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs
-                                  with orange lenticels
-                                                     _Carya illinoensis_
-                              60. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs
-                                  with pale lenticels   _Carya aquatica_
-                          58. Leaf scars unlobed; twigs with stipular
-                              scars.
-                            61. Buds pale brown; twigs often zig-zag
-                                                  _Hamamelis virginiana_
-                            61. Buds light brown; twigs mostly straight
-                                                   _Rhamnus caroliniana_
-                      55. Terminal buds smaller than other buds, or
-                          absent.
-                        62. Pith reddish-brown; leaf scars often ½ inch
-                            across                 _Gymnocladus dioicus_
-                        62. Pith not reddish-brown; leaf scars less than
-                            ½ inch across.
-                          63. Milky sap present.
-                            64. Twigs hairy.
-                              65. Twigs velvety; pith yellow
-                                                          _Rhus typhina_
-                              65. Twigs not velvety; pith whitish
-                                                        _Rhus copallina_
-                            64. Twigs smooth               _Rhus glabra_
-                          63. Milky sap absent.
-                            66. Leaf scars completely encircling the bud
-                                                      _Cladrastis lutea_
-                            66. Leaf scars only partly encircling the
-                                bud                  _Ptelea trifoliata_
-                    54. Buds with 1 or more scales.
-                      67. Buds with 1 scale                 _Salix spp._
-                      67. Buds with 2 or more scales.
-                        68. Bundle scar 1.
-                          69. Twigs with short spur-like shoots
-                                                          _Ilex decidua_
-                          69. Twigs without short spur-like shoots
-                                                  _Diospyros virginiana_
-                        68. Bundle scars 2 or more.
-                          70. Buds at least 4 times longer than broad.
-                            71. Stipular scars encircling the twig, or
-                                nearly so            _Fagus grandifolia_
-                            71. Stipular scars not encircling the twigs,
-                                or absent.
-                              72. Lowermost bud scale directly above the
-                                  leaf scar          _Populus deltoides_
-                              72. Lowermost bud scale to one side of
-                                  leaf scar.
-                                73. Twigs reddish-brown, with pale
-                                    lenticels      _Amelanchier arborea_
-                                73. Twigs gray-brown, with dark
-                                    lenticels       _Amelanchier laevis_
-                                  70. Buds less than 4 times longer than
-                                      broad. (Go to 74)
-  74. Pith star-shaped, or triangular, or variously lobed in
-      cross-section.
-    75. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar.
-      76. Twigs densely hairy; bark white                 _Populus alba_
-      76. Twigs smooth or sparsely hairy.
-        77. Visible bud scales more than 4.
-          78. Buds smooth, shiny, brown            _Populus tremuloides_
-          78. Buds hairy, dull, gray             _Populus grandidentata_
-        77. Visible bud scales 3-4.
-          79. Buds at least ½ inch long              _Populus deltoides_
-          79. Buds less than ½ inch long          _Populus heterophylla_
-    75. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar.
-      80. Buds clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales in 5 rows.
-        81. Buds at least ¼ inch long.
-          82. Buds angular.
-            83. Buds smooth                          _Quercus shumardii_
-            83. Buds hairy, at least at tip.
-              84. Buds hairy all over.
-                85. Buds with rusty or brown hairs.
-                  86. Buds with rusty hairs        _Quercus marilandica_
-                  86. Buds with brown hairs          _Quercus michauxii_
-                85. Buds with gray hairs              _Quercus velutina_
-              84. Buds hairy only at the tip.
-                87. Buds light red-brown          _Quercus pagodaefolia_
-                87. Buds dark red-brown               _Quercus coccinea_
-          82. Buds not angular.
-            88. Buds and twigs orange-brown             _Quercus prinus_
-            88. Buds and twigs red, red-brown, dark brown, or
-                gray-brown.
-              89. Buds red or red-brown.
-                90. Buds light red to light red-brown    _Quercus rubra_
-                90. Buds dark red to dark red-brown    _Quercus falcata_
-              89. Buds dark brown                     _Quercus coccinea_
-        81. Buds less than ¼ inch long.
-          91. Buds pointed at the tip.
-            92. Buds and twigs brown to orange-brown
-                                                  _Quercus muhlenbergii_
-            92. Buds and twigs red to red-brown to gray-brown.
-              93. Scales of buds hairy.
-                94. Twigs dark red-brown to gray; buds red-brown
-                                                       _Quercus falcata_
-                94. Twigs light or dark brown; buds gray-brown
-                                                    _Quercus imbricaria_
-              93. Scales of buds smooth or nearly so.
-                95. Buds dark red-brown                _Quercus phellos_
-                95. Buds light red-brown             _Quercus palustris_
-          91. Buds more or less rounded.
-            96. Twigs red-brown, shiny.
-              97. Buds not angular                        _Quercus alba_
-              97. Buds angular                   _Quercus ellipsoidalis_
-            96. Twigs gray to yellow-brown to purplish, dull.
-              98. Twigs and buds smooth or nearly so.
-                99. Twigs purplish, with a whitish coating
-                                                       _Quercus bicolor_
-                99. Twigs gray to yellow-brown          _Quercus lyrata_
-              98. Twigs and buds hairy.
-                100. Buds red-brown                   _Quercus stellata_
-                100. Buds gray to gray-brown        _Quercus macrocarpa_
-      80. Buds not clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales not in
-          5 rows.
-        101. Bundle scars in more than 3 groups; leaf scars lobed.
-          102. Visible bud scales 2.
-            103. Buds bright yellow                  _Carya cordiformis_
-            103. Bud scales brown or reddish-brown.
-              104. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs with orange
-                  lenticels                          _Carya illinoensis_
-              104. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs with pale
-                  lenticels                             _Carya aquatica_
-          102. Visible bud scales more than 2.
-            105. Some or all the terminal buds ½ inch long or longer.
-              106. Outermost bud scales falling away early, revealing
-                  pale inner scales; bark not peeling  _Carya tomentosa_
-              106. Outermost bud scales persistent; bark peeling.
-                107. Twigs orange-brown, with orange lenticels
-                                                       _Carya laciniosa_
-                107. Twigs dark brown or red-brown, with pale lenticels
-                                                           _Carya ovata_
-            105. Terminal buds usually less than ½ inch long.
-              108. Buds rusty-hairy, with silvery or yellow scales
-                                                          _Carya texana_
-              108. Buds smooth or only slightly hairy, without scales.
-                109. Bark smooth or furrowed, not scaly   _Carya glabra_
-                109. Bark becoming scaly                  _Carya ovalis_
-        101. Bundle scars in 3 groups; leaf scars not lobed.
-          110. Buds up to ⅙ inch long; twigs bitter to the taste.
-            111. Pith triangular in cross-section      _Alnus glutinosa_
-            111. Pith not triangular in cross section.
-              112. Buds very shiny                     _Prunus serotina_
-              112. Buds dull                         _Prunus virginiana_
-          110. Buds longer than ⅙ inch; twigs not bitter to the taste.
-            113. Twigs sometimes with corky wings; buds with 4 or more
-                exposed scales                 _Liquidambar styraciflua_
-            113. Twigs without corky wings; buds with 2-3 exposed scales
-                                                      _Castanea dentata_
-  74. Pith round or nearly so in cross-section.
-    114. Terminal bud present.
-      115. Buds with 2-3 exposed scales            _Cornus alternifolia_
-      115. Buds with 4 or more exposed scales.
-        116. Bud scales fleshy                         _Crataegus spp._.
-        116. Bud scales not fleshy                         _Prunus spp._
-    114. Terminal bud absent.
-      117. Leaf scars at least ½ inch across; bundle scars 9
-                                                   _Ailanthus altissima_
-      117. Leaf scars smaller; bundle scars not 9.
-        118. Stipular scars absent.
-          119. Leaf scars bordered by hairs          _Cercis canadensis_
-          119. Leaf scars not hairy                     _Gleditsia spp._
-        118. Stipular scars present.
-          120. Exposed bud scales 2.
-            121. Milky sap present             _Broussonetia papyrifera_
-            121. Milky sap absent.
-              122. Twigs gray or brown                 _Tilia americana_
-              122. Twigs light red                  _Tilia heterophylla_
-          120. Exposed bud scales 3 or more.
-            123. Exposed bud scales 3-4; lenticels horizontal.
-              124. Twigs with taste of wintergreen        _Betula lutea_
-              124. Twigs without taste of wintergreen.
-                125. Twigs and buds smooth; bark white
-                                                     _Betula papyrifera_
-                125. Twigs and buds somewhat hairy; bark reddish
-                                                          _Betula nigra_
-            123. Exposed bud scales more than 4; lenticels more or less
-                circular.
-              126. Bundle scars not in groups of 3; milky sap present.
-                127. Buds about ¼ inch long                _Morus rubra_
-                127. Buds about ⅛ inch long                 _Morus alba_
-              126. Bundle scars in groups of 3; milky sap absent.
-                128. Exposed bud scales usually about 12
-                                                  _Carpinus caroliniana_
-                128. Exposed bud scales usually about 6.
-                  129. Leaf scars and bundle scars slightly elevated
-                                                     _Ostrya virginiana_
-                  129. Leaf scars and bundle scars depressed.
-                    130. Buds less than ⅛ inch long       _Ulmus pumila_
-                    130. Buds at least ⅛ inch long.
-                      131. Some of the twigs with corky wings.
-                        132. Buds about ¼ inch long     _Ulmus thomasii_
-                        132. Buds about ⅛ inch long        _Ulmus alata_
-                      131. None of the twigs with corky wings.
-                        133. Buds rusty-hairy, about ¼ inch long
-                                                           _Ulmus rubra_
-                        133. Buds light brown, smooth, about ⅛ inch long
-                                                       _Ulmus americana_
-
-
-
-
-                           Trees of Illinois
-
-
-                          SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE
-                         _Acer barbatum_ Michx.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Smooth and pale brown at first, becoming darker and furrowed when
-      old.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with pale lenticels;
-      leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 4 inches long, nearly as broad,
-      palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges sparsely
-      and coarsely toothed, green and smooth or a little hairy on the
-      upper surface, paler and much hairier on the lower surface;
-      leaf-stalks up to 3 inches long, very hairy. The leaves turn
-      yellow or orange in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish-green, appearing as the
-      leaves unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-      greenish, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, light brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets.
-
-Habitat: Woodlands.
-
-Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to southeastern Oklahoma, south
-      to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Southern Sugar Maple resembles the Black
-      Maple because of its drooping leaves, but differs by its smaller,
-      thicker leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE]
-
-
-                               BOX ELDER
-                           _Acer negundo_ L.
-
-Other Name: Ash-leaved Maple.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown wide-spreading.
-
-Bark: Light brown, ridged when young, becoming deeply furrowed with age.
-
-Twigs: Smooth, green, glaucous, or rarely purplish, shiny, usually with
-      white lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 5-9 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, white-hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets
-      elliptic to ovate, up to 4 inches long, about half as broad,
-      pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the sometimes
-      asymmetrical base, smooth or usually coarsely toothed along the
-      edges or even shallowly lobed, light green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, several in a
-      cluster, greenish-yellow, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, in drooping clusters, composed of a curved wing
-      with a seed at the base, greenish-yellow, up to 2 inches long.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, close-grained, white.
-
-Uses: Paper pulp, interior finishing, furniture.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods.
-
-Range: Vermont across to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Box Elder most nearly resembles ashes, but
-      differs by its green or glaucous twigs and its paired fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: BOX ELDER]
-
-
-                              BLACK MAPLE
-                          _Acer nigrum_ Michx.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown broad, with several upright branches.
-
-Bark: Dark brown to black, smooth when young, soon becoming furrowed and
-      scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars
-      opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long and nearly as
-      broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges
-      of the leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth on
-      the upper surface, yellow-green and smooth or hairy on the veins
-      on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 5 inches long, smooth or
-      hairy. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish, appearing as the leaves
-      unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-      reddish-brown to greenish, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, cabinets.
-
-Habitat: Rich woodlands.
-
-Range: New Hampshire across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to
-      Louisiana, east to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Black Maple is distinguished from the Sugar
-      Maple by its drooping leaves. It differs from the Southern Sugar
-      Maple, which also has drooping leaves, by its larger, thinner
-      leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK MAPLE]
-
-
-                               RED MAPLE
-                            _Acer rubrum_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown oval or rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, mostly smooth, more or less reddish, usually with pale
-      lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, reddish, usually hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad,
-      palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply toothed
-      to nearly toothless, pale green and smooth on the upper surface,
-      white or gray and either smooth or hairy on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks smooth or finely hairy, up to 4 inches long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense clusters, bright red or yellow, opening in
-      February and March before the leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the
-      base, red or yellow, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, close-grained, light brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, gun-stocks.
-
-Habitat: Swamps, low woods, upland slopes, bluff tops.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Red Maple is characterized by its white
-      lower leaf surfaces and its shallowly lobed leaves. The similar
-      Silver Maple has very deeply lobed leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: RED MAPLE]
-
-
-                            SWAMP RED MAPLE
-             _ rubrum_ L. var. _drummondii_ (H. & A.) Sarg.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-      foot; crown narrow.
-
-Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, white-hairy when young, usually becoming smooth or
-      nearly so, reddish; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, reddish, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad,
-      palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves toothed, green
-      and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, densely white-hairy on
-      the lower surface; leafstalks stout, densely hairy, up to 4 inches
-      long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense red clusters, opening before the leaves begin
-      to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the
-      base, bright red, over 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, coarse-grained, light brown.
-
-Use: Furniture.
-
-Habitat: Wooded swamps.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Red Maple is distinguished from the
-      Red Maple by the dense coat of white hairs on the undersurface of
-      the leaves and by the longer fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP RED MAPLE]
-
-
-                              SILVER MAPLE
-                         _Acer saccharinum_ L.
-
-Other Name: Soft Maple.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 5 feet; crown usually broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray or silvery, smooth at first, becoming loose and scaly or even
-      somewhat shaggy when old.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, often curving upward; leaf scars
-      opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded, reddish-brown, smooth to finely hairy, up to
-      ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, nearly as broad,
-      deeply palmately 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply toothed,
-      pale green and smooth on the upper surface, silvery-white and
-      usually smooth on the lower surface, except in the leaf axils;
-      leafstalks smooth, up to 5 inches long, often reddish.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, opening in February
-      and March before the leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a curved wing with a seed at the
-      base, green or yellow, up to 3 inches long.
-
-Wood: Hard, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture; sometimes grown as an ornamental, but the branchlets
-      are brittle.
-
-Habitat: Wet soil.
-
-Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to
-      Oklahoma, Texas, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The deeply lobed leaves which are silvery-white
-      on the flower surface best distinguish this tree.
-
-    [Illustration: SILVER MAPLE]
-
-
-                              SUGAR MAPLE
-                        _Acer saccharum_ Marsh.
-
-Other Name: Hard Maple.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many branches.
-
-Bark: Gray to dark brown to black, becoming furrowed and scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, brown, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars
-      opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, dark brown, smooth or a little hairy, shiny, up to ¼ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 5 inches long, nearly as broad or
-      a little broader, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves
-      sparsely and coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, green or paler on the lower surface and usually smooth,
-      or sometimes hairy on the veins; leafstalks up to 3 inches long,
-      smooth and sometimes hairy. The leaves turn brilliant shades of
-      yellow and orange in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the
-      same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing as the
-      leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-      greenish-yellow to brownish, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; maple sugar is derived
-      from the sap; frequently grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      northern Florida.
-
-_Distinguishing_ Features: Leaves of the Sugar Maple differ from those
-      of the Black Maple and the Southern Sugar Maple by being flat,
-      rather than drooping along the edges. {Sap differs from the Norway
-      Maple, _Acer platanoides_, by being clear rather than milky.}
-
-    [Illustration: SUGAR MAPLE]
-
-
-                              RED BUCKEYE
-                       _Aesculus discolor_ Pursh
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches;
-      crown rounded and spreading.
-
-Bark: Gray to tan, smooth.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, gray to tan, smooth; leaf scars opposite,
-      triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, up to ½ inch long, not hairy, not
-      sticky.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 leaflets; leaflets elliptic
-      to obovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6
-      inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the edges,
-      green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and finely hairy on
-      the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Numerous, red, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1 foot long,
-      appearing in April.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches across, light
-      brown, not prickly, containing 1 or 2 light reddish-brown seeds.
-
-Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental because of its showy flowers.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: North Carolina across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-      Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The smooth fruits and the beautiful red flowers
-      distinguish this species from other members of the genus in
-      Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: RED BUCKEYE]
-
-
-                              OHIO BUCKEYE
-                        _Aesculus glabra_ Willd.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15
-      inches; crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray to pale gray, deeply furrowed and roughened when mature.
-
-Twigs: Stout, pale brown, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular, with
-      3 groups of bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown to yellowish, up to ⅔ inch long, not
-      hairy, not sticky.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets
-      obovate to oblanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-      base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along
-      the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, green or much
-      whitened on the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Numerous, yellow-green, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1
-      foot long, appearing in April and May, the petals of each flower
-      of different lengths.
-
-Fruit: Prickly, spherical or nearly so, up to 1½ inch in diameter, pale
-      brown, containing 1 large, smooth and shiny seed.
-
-Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown to nearly white.
-
-Uses: Paper pulp. The tree is also sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Usually rich woods.
-
-Range: Pennsylvania across to Nebraska, south to Oklahoma, east to
-      Alabama.
-
-_Distinguishing_ Features: The Ohio Buckeye differs from the Horse
-      Chestnut {_Aesculus hippocastanum_} by its non-sticky buds. It
-      differs from the Red Buckeye by the greenish-yellow flowers and
-      prickly fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE]
-
-
-                             TREE-OF-HEAVEN
-                 _Ailanthus altissima_ (Mill.) Swingle
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      2 feet; crown spreading and irregular. The tree readily spreads by
-      underground root-suckers.
-
-Bark: Smooth or slightly roughened, light brown to dark brown.
-
-Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, gray to light brown, with lenticels; leaf
-      scars alternate, large, broadly heart-shaped, slightly elevated,
-      with usually 9 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth or a little hairy,
-      brown.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 41 leaflets; leaflets
-      lanceolate, tapering to a long point at the tip, rounded at the
-      base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, smooth or
-      somewhat hairy on both surfaces, often with some teeth along the
-      edges. The leaves have an unpleasant odor when crushed.
-
-Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with one or
-      the other, in large green or yellow clusters, each flower small,
-      with 5 petals. The staminate flowers produce a very unpleasant
-      odor. The flowers appear in June and July.
-
-Fruit: Large clusters of winged seeds, yellow or orange, each fruit up
-      to 2 inches long with one seed about in the middle.
-
-Use: Tree-of-Heaven is grown as an ornamental, principally in urban
-      areas where it is able to withstand considerable smoke and smog.
-
-Habitat: Disturbed woods; readily adapts to urban conditions.
-
-Range: Native of Asia; frequently planted in the United States and
-      readily spreading from cultivation.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to 41
-      leaflets, unpleasantly scented when crushed, make this a readily
-      recognizable species.
-
-    [Illustration: TREE-OF-HEAVEN]
-
-
-                              BLACK ALDER
-                     _Alnus glutinosa_ (L.) Gaertn.
-
-Growth Form: Small or medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      12 inches; crown broadly rounded when mature.
-
-Bark: Smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or gray-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly round or obovate, rounded at
-      the tip, rounded or somewhat tapering to the base, up to five
-      inches long, often nearly as broad, irregularly and rather
-      coarsely toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth on the
-      upper surface, green and smooth beneath, or sometimes hairy on the
-      veins; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the
-      same tree, appearing before the leaves unfold, the staminate in
-      slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the pistillate in
-      erect, oblong “cones” less than 1 inch long.
-
-Fruit: Cone-shaped, up to ¾ inch long, composed of several nut-like
-      seeds, each subtended by a woody segment of the “cone.”
-
-Wood: Soft, straight-grained.
-
-Uses: The wood is easily carved and used in the making of small wooden
-      objects. It is also used for charcoal and fuel. The bark has
-      reputed medicinal properties.
-
-Habitat: Moist, disturbed areas.
-
-Range: Native of Europe, Asia, and Africa; naturalized throughout much
-      of northeastern North America.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The small, woody “cones” and the often
-      orbicular, irregularly toothed leaves are the distinguishing marks
-      of this species.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK ALDER]
-
-
-                                SHADBUSH
-                _Amelanchier arborea_ (Michx. f.) Fern.
-
-Other Names: Shadblow; Serviceberry.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-      inches; crown rounded and spreading with many slender branchlets;
-      trunk straight, slender, often divided into several trunks.
-
-Bark: Smooth and silvery at first, later becoming darker and divided
-      into loose scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, with a few hairs when very young; leaf scars
-      alternate, 2-ranked, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, slender, brown, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to broadly lanceolate, pointed at
-      the tip, rounded or sometimes a little heart-shaped at the base,
-      finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth or nearly so on
-      the upper surface, paler and often hairy on the lower surface, up
-      to 4 inches long and about half as broad; leafstalks up to 2
-      inches long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: Several produced in drooping clusters before the leaves appear,
-      each showy with 5 white, oblong petals, with much of the flower
-      hairy.
-
-Fruit: Mostly spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-purple,
-      capped by the persistent calyx, dry, 1- to 2-seeded.
-
-Wood: Rather heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruit is edible.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes; edge of cliffs.
-
-Range: Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska, east to Louisiana
-      and Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Shadbush is recognized by its alternate,
-      simple leaves which are usually heart-shaped at the base, and by
-      its distinctive white flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: SHADBUSH]
-
-
-                            SMOOTH SHADBUSH
-                       _Amelanchier laevis_ Wieg.
-
-Other Name: Smooth Serviceberry.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-      inches; crown narrowly round-topped, with many slender branchlets.
-
-Bark: Smooth and gray at first, becoming darker and scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¾ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      usually rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about ½ as
-      broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the
-      upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      slender, up to 1 inch long, smooth.
-
-Flowers: Up to 6 in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves are
-      half grown, each showy with 5 white, narrow petals, with most of
-      the flower smooth.
-
-Fruit: Usually spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark purple, sweet,
-      fleshy, 1- to 2-seeded.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruits are edible.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods and slopes.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to Iowa, Illinois, and
-      Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Smooth Shadbush differs from the Shadbush
-      by its smooth leafstalks and juicy, edible, dark purple fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: SMOOTH SHADBUSH]
-
-
-                             HERCULES’ CLUB
-                          _Aralia spinosa_ L.
-
-Other Name: Devil’s Walking-stick.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches;
-      crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, roughened, shallowly furrowed, with short, hard
-      prickles.
-
-Twigs: Stout, pale brown or gray, smooth except for many short, hard
-      prickles; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with about 15
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Cone-shaped, brown, smooth, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, doubly or triply pinnately compound, with very
-      numerous leaflets; leaflets ovate to lance-ovate, pointed at the
-      tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about
-      half as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth
-      on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface,
-      except usually for a few prickles along the veins.
-
-Flowers: Numerous, in many umbrella-shaped clusters, appearing during
-      late June and July, each with 5 small white petals and purple
-      stalks.
-
-Fruit: Black, spherical berries up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing 2-5
-      seeds.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, brittle, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Use: Hercules’ Club is sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to Iowa, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The clusters of flowers and the leaves each may
-      be as much as 4 feet long. The short, sharp prickles of the twigs
-      are distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: HERCULES’ CLUB]
-
-
-                                 PAWPAW
-                        _Asimina triloba_ Dunal.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree rarely up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      10 inches; crown broad and spreading; trunk straight, slender;
-      thickets develop by means of root suckers.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, thin, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured
-      with age.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, gray; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, more or
-      less horseshoe-shaped, usually with 5 or less commonly 7 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Very narrow, dark rusty-brown, covered with golden hairs, up to ⅔
-      inch long, without bud scales.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped to elliptic,
-      short-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, without teeth
-      along the edges, smooth on both surfaces, paler on the lower
-      surface, up to 1 foot long and 6 inches broad; leafstalks short,
-      slender, smooth.
-
-Flowers: Borne singly when the leaves begin to unfold, up to 2 inches
-      across, green at first, becoming deep maroon, composed of three
-      wrinkled, leathery sepals and six similar petals.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, thick, up to 6 inches long, greenish-yellow, with yellow
-      edible flesh and several dark brown seeds, ripening in September.
-
-Wood: Soft, coarse-grained, light in weight, greenish-yellow.
-
-Use: The fruit is used as a source of food; the wood has few uses.
-
-Habitat: Woods and thickets, often many growing together in a colony.
-
-Range: New York across to Michigan and Iowa, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Pawpaw is distinguished by its large,
-      toothless, alternate leaves, its slender buds without bud scales,
-      and its thick, fleshy fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: PAWPAW]
-
-
-                              YELLOW BIRCH
-                         _Betula lutea_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Gray Birch.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with small branches.
-
-Bark: Smooth and silvery or grayish, curling into strips, very rough
-      when old.
-
-Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown, smooth, with numerous lenticels; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, brown, usually somewhat hairy, up to ⅙ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or
-      less rounded at the somewhat asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches
-      long, and nearly half as wide, double-toothed, dark green and
-      nearly smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually somewhat
-      hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, hairy, up to one
-      inch long. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the
-      same tree, the staminate crowded in elongated clusters, the
-      pistillate crowded in shorter, thicker clusters, appearing after
-      the leaves have begun to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Several winged nuts, crowded together in erect “cones” up to 1½
-      inches long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, flooring, boxes.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern
-      Illinois, northern Indiana, Ohio, and Delaware; also in the
-      Appalachian Mountains to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Birch differs from all other birches
-      in Illinois by its silvery or grayish bark and its ovate leaves.
-      The bark has the faint fragrance of wintergreen.
-
-    [Illustration: YELLOW BIRCH]
-
-
-                              RIVER BIRCH
-                           _Betula nigra_ L.
-
-Other Name: Red Birch.
-
-Growth Form: Up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown
-      irregularly rounded.
-
-Bark: Curling, shredding, brownish-pink to reddish-brown.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with several short hairs; leaf scars
-      alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Up to one-fourth inch long, pointed, hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rhombic to ovate, coarsely doubly
-      toothed, paler and densely hairy on the lower surface, up to 3
-      inches long, acute at the tip, truncate or tapering to the base,
-      the leafstalks woolly.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, inconspicuous, opening
-      in late April and May, the staminate in slender drooping clusters,
-      the pistillate in short, conelike, woolly clusters.
-
-Fruit: Tiny, hairy nuts, each with a 3-lobed wing, crowded together in a
-      cylindrical cone up to 1½ inches long and ½ inch thick.
-
-Wood: Strong but light, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Wood is used for furniture; sometimes planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Along rivers and streams; bottomland woods.
-
-Range: Massachusetts and New Hampshire across to southern Minnesota and
-      eastern Kansas, south to eastern Texas and Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The shaggy, peeling reddish-brown bark readily
-      distinguishes this tree from any other in Illinois, as does its
-      rhombic, doubly toothed leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: RIVER BIRCH]
-
-
-                              PAPER BIRCH
-                       _Betula papyrifera_ Marsh.
-
-Other Name: Canoe Birch.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, irregular, with many slender
-      branches.
-
-Bark: Thin and white or creamy, splitting at maturity into papery
-      layers, becoming very dark and furrowed near the base of the trunk
-      at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to blackish, more or less hairy;
-      leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, pointed, dark brown, smooth or nearly so, up to
-      one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or
-      less rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, over half as wide,
-      coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface,
-      yellow-green and smooth or somewhat hairy on the lower surface and
-      with black dots on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, smooth or
-      finely hairy, up to 1 inch long. The leaves turn yellow in the
-      autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree,
-      developing in the autumn and present on the tree during the
-      winter, the staminate crowded into slender spikes up to 4 inches
-      long, the pistillate crowded into thicker spikes up to 1¼ inches
-      long, the flowers minute, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Cone-like, cylindrical, drooping, composed of many minute seeds
-      attached to 3-lobed wings.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, light
-      reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Bark used to cover canoes; wood used for pulp, fuel, toothpicks,
-      and spools; sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes and stream banks.
-
-Range: Labrador across to Alaska, south to Montana, Colorado, northern
-      Illinois, and West Virginia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Paper Birch is readily distinguished by its
-      white bark which peels off into thin, papery layers.
-
-    [Illustration: PAPER BIRCH]
-
-
-                             PAPER MULBERRY
-                  _Broussonetia papyrifera_ (L.) Vent.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray or light brown, smooth.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, greenish-gray, smooth or finely hairy, zigzag;
-      leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, elevated, with 5 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Cone-shaped, more or less smooth, up to 3 mm long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, tapering to a point at the tip,
-      more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long,
-      sometimes nearly as broad, toothed, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed,
-      usually rough-hairy on both surfaces; leafstalks up to 2 inches
-      long, smooth or finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, on separate
-      trees, appearing as the leaves unfold, the staminate in pendulous
-      catkins, the pistillate in dense, hairy, spherical heads.
-
-Fruit: Spherical, semi-fleshy, orange, up to 1 inch in diameter, with
-      red fruits projecting.
-
-Use: Often planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Along roads, around old homes.
-
-Range: Native of Asia; occasionally found along roads and in fencerows
-      in the eastern United States.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves, some of which are 2- or 3-lobed,
-      are very reminiscent of mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaves, however,
-      are not densely rough-hairy.
-
-    [Illustration: PAPER MULBERRY]
-
-
-                               BLUE BEECH
-                      _Carpinus caroliniana_ Walt.
-
-Other Names: Ironwood; American Hornbeam; Musclewood.
-
-Growth Form: Up to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown
-      rounded.
-
-Bark: Smooth, blue-gray, ridged, appearing “muscular.”
-
-Twigs: Slender, difficult to break, reddish-brown, smooth or finely
-      hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Small, angular, tapering to a short point.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thin, pointed at the tip, usually
-      rounded at the base, 2-4 inches long and about half as wide,
-      finely doubly toothed, the upper surface smooth, the lower surface
-      either smooth or hairy; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree but in different catkins,
-      opening during May.
-
-Fruit: Nutlets borne at the base of a three-lobed green “leaf,” crowded
-      together into a fruiting cluster.
-
-Wood: Strong and hard, hence the name Ironwood.
-
-Use: Tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to central Minnesota, south to eastern
-      Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Several other trees may be confused with the
-      Blue Beech. Beech, which has smooth gray bark, has leaves with
-      fewer teeth and twigs with pointed buds. Hop Hornbeam, with very
-      similar leaves, has a flaky bark. The elms, which also have
-      somewhat similar leaves, usually have the leaves asymmetrical at
-      the base.
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE BEECH]
-
-
-                             WATER HICKORY
-                   _Carya aquatica_ (Michx. f.) Nutt.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet;
-      crown narrow.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or gray, smooth or occasionally slightly
-      hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with
-      several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown with yellow scales, usually hairy, up to ¼
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, curved, pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-      asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches wide,
-      finely toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or nearly so
-      on the upper surface, brownish and smooth or somewhat hairy on the
-      lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate
-      several in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the
-      pistillate fewer, in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.
-
-Fruit: Short-ellipsoid, usually tapering to either end, flattened, up to
-      1½ inches long and two-thirds as broad, the husk 4-winged, dark
-      brown but with yellow scales, thin, splitting only about halfway
-      to the base, the nut flattened, 4-angled, reddish-brown, the shell
-      thin, the seed bitter.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Swampy woods and drained floodplains.
-
-Range: Virginia across to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Water Hickory is similar to Pecan and Bitternut
-      Hickory in having 7 or more leaflets per leaf. However, it lacks
-      the yellow buds of the Bitternut Hickory and the slender, edible
-      nut of the Pecan. The leaves are generally hairier than those of
-      the Pecan.
-
-    [Illustration: WATER HICKORY]
-
-
-                           BITTERNUT HICKORY
-                  _Carya cordiformis_ (Wang.) K. Koch
-
-Other Name: Yellow-bud Hickory.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown broadly rounded and often irregular; trunk straight,
-      columnar.
-
-Bark: Brown, thin, separating into small, platy scales or shallow ridges
-      and fissures.
-
-Twigs: Slender, grayish or orange-brown, smooth, usually with lenticels;
-      leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, scarcely elevated, with
-      usually several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Narrow, slender, pointed, covered by a dense, bright yellow coat
-      of glandular dots and small hairs, up to ¾ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7-9 leaflets;
-      leaflets lance-shaped, usually curved, long-pointed at the tip,
-      tapering or rounded at the base, toothed along the edges,
-      yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, somewhat lighter and
-      usually hairy on the lower surface, up to 6 inches long and
-      usually less than half as wide.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate in groups of 1 or 2.
-
-Fruit: More or less spherical, up to 1¼ inches in diameter, the husk
-      thin, yellowish, with 4 distinct ridges extending about halfway
-      down, the nut somewhat flattened, the seed very bitter.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods; dry hills; along roads.
-
-Range: Southern Ontario across to central Minnesota, south to eastern
-      Texas, east to north-central Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Bitternut Hickory is easily recognized by its
-      slender, mustard-yellow buds. It differs further from the Water
-      Hickory by its rounded fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY]
-
-
-                             PIGNUT HICKORY
-                      _Carya glabra_ (Mill.) Sweet
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown oblong or obovoid, with many small, spreading
-      branchlets; trunk straight, columnar, sometimes branching fairly
-      low to the ground.
-
-Bark: Light gray to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, at
-      maturity furrowed and ridged.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, shiny, smooth, tough, usually with
-      lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed,
-      scarcely elevated, usually with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, tan
-      or grayish, the outermost scales tipped with a few small hairs,
-      never with small yellow dots, the inner scales hairy all along the
-      edges, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 5, sometimes 7
-      leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering at
-      the bottom, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, green and smooth or sometimes hairy on the veins on the
-      lower surface, up to 5 inches long and up to 2 inches broad, the
-      upper three leaflets larger than the lower two.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to expand, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate in groups of 1-3.
-
-Fruit: Spherical to pear-shaped, up to 1 inch long, not quite as broad,
-      the husks thin, greenish, usually not splitting all the way to the
-      base, the nut somewhat compressed and with a very hard shell, the
-      seed sweet. Occasional trees have fruits up to 2 inches long.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, fence posts, tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes and ridges.
-
-Range: Vermont across to southern Michigan and northern Illinois, south
-      across Missouri to eastern Texas, east to central Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Pignut Hickory is best recognized by its rather
-      small leaflets which usually are five in number, the tight bark,
-      and the characteristic pear-shaped fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: PIGNUT HICKORY]
-
-
-                                 PECAN
-                  _Carya illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown widely spreading and rounded; trunk rather short,
-      stout, straight.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, becoming roughened into platy scales.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, brown, hairy when young, but becoming smooth; leaf
-      scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with 3-18 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Long-pointed, covered with yellow glandular dots and fine hairs,
-      up to one-half inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 9-19 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering
-      to the asymmetrical base, finely doubly-toothed, yellow-green and
-      usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and either smooth or
-      hairy on the lower surface, up to 8 inches long and 3 inches
-      broad.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate
-      many in slender, drooping, yellow-green catkins, the pistillate
-      fewer in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.
-
-Fruit: Ellipsoid, pointed at the tip, up to 2 inches long and 1 inch
-      broad, the husk narrowly 4-winged, dark brown but with yellow
-      scales, thin, usually splitting nearly to the base, the nut
-      pointed at the tip, reddish-brown with black markings, the shell
-      thin, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: The nuts are prized for their tastiness; the wood is used for
-      interior finishing, furniture, fuel, and tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods, particularly along rivers.
-
-Range: Indiana to Iowa, south through southeastern Kansas to eastern
-      Texas, east to Alabama; Mexico.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Pecan differs from all other hickories by
-      its greater number of leaflets. The Black Walnut and Butternut,
-      which may have as many leaflets, have a partitioned pith. In every
-      case, the fruit of the Pecan is distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: PECAN]
-
-
-                            KINGNUT HICKORY
-                  _Carya laciniosa_ (Michx. f.) Loud.
-
-Other Names: Big Shellbark Hickory; Riverbank Hickory.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown oblong to ovoid, with drooping lower branches; trunk
-      straight, columnar, stout.
-
-Bark: Light gray, soon separating into long, thick, vertical plates
-      which curve away from the trunk.
-
-Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, conspicuously dotted with orange lenticels;
-      leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, not elevated,
-      usually with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Elongated, dark brown, hairy, up to ¾ inch long, the outer scales
-      with a long, stiff point.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at
-      the base, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and mostly
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower
-      surface, up to 10 inches long and up to half as wide.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate in clusters of 2-5.
-
-Fruit: Spherical, often depressed at the top, up to 2¼ inches across,
-      the husk divided all the way to the base into four sections,
-      minutely orange-speckled and sometimes hairy, the nut with
-      conspicuous ridges, the seed very sweet.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Wood is used for tool handles and fuel; nuts are sold commercially
-      because of their edible qualities.
-
-Habitat: Rich bottomlands.
-
-Range: Southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michigan across to central
-      Illinois and southern Iowa, south to northeastern Oklahoma,
-      Arkansas, and eastern Tennessee; also in scattered areas of New
-      York, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The shaggy bark and large leaflets resemble
-      those of the Shagbark Hickory, but the Kingnut Hickory has
-      orange-dotted twigs and usually seven leaflets which lack minute
-      tufts of hairs at the tip of each tooth.
-
-    [Illustration: KINGNUT HICKORY]
-
-
-                          SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY
-                      _Carya ovalis_ (Wang.) Sarg.
-
-Other Names: False Shagbark Hickory; Small-fruited Hickory.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk up to 2 feet
-      in diameter; crown oblong or broadly rounded, with upright,
-      spreading upper branches and drooping lower branches; trunk
-      straight, columnar.
-
-Bark: Gray, tight and rather smooth when young, usually peeling off into
-      narrow plates at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, tough, smooth, usually with lenticels;
-      leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with several
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, tan
-      or grayish, usually minutely yellow-dotted, the scales hairy all
-      along the edges up to ⅔ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7, sometimes 5,
-      leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped sometimes curved, pointed at the
-      tip, tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, finely toothed
-      along the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, minutely
-      dotted and sometimes with some hairs on the lower surface, up to 6
-      inches long, up to 2 inches broad.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate in groups of 1-2.
-
-Fruit: Ellipsoid, rarely spherical, up to 1¼ inch long, the husk green
-      and minutely warty, thin, splitting all the way to the base, the
-      nut somewhat 4-angled, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.
-
-Uses: Tool handles, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes.
-
-Range: New Hampshire across to Wisconsin, south to Arkansas, east to
-      Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This Hickory cannot always be reliably
-      distinguished from the Pignut Hickory. However, it usually has a
-      somewhat scaly bark, seven leaflets, minutely yellow-dotted buds,
-      and fruits which split all the way to the base.
-
-    [Illustration: SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY]
-
-
-                            SHAGBARK HICKORY
-                     _Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 3½ feet; crown rounded, with some of the branches often
-      hanging.
-
-Bark: Gray, separating into long, shreddy scales giving the trunk a
-      shaggy appearance.
-
-Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf
-      scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, up to 1 inch long,
-      hairy, the scales conspicuously yellow-green or reddish as they
-      unfold in the spring.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets
-      ovate, obovate, or less commonly lance-shaped, usually
-      short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 10 inches
-      long, up to 5 inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, with
-      the tip of each tooth with a minute tuft of hairs, green or
-      yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or
-      somewhat hairy on the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping
-      catkins, the pistillate in groups of 2-5.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or occasionally punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches
-      across, the husk yellow-green to reddish-brown, up to ½ inch
-      thick, splitting all the way to the base, the nut 4-angled, nearly
-      white, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, light brown, close-grained.
-
-Uses: Tool handles, fuel; the nuts are tasty.
-
-Habitat: Low, shaded woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Shagbark Hickory is distinguished by its
-      shaggy bark, its usually 5 large leaflets, and its large winter
-      buds.
-
-    [Illustration: SHAGBARK HICKORY]
-
-
-                             BLACK HICKORY
-                         _Carya texana_ Buckl.
-
-Other Names: Red Hickory; Texas Hickory; Buckley’s Hickory.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown oblong to rounded, with numerous, small branchlets; trunk
-      straight or somewhat crooked, slender but sturdy.
-
-Bark: Brown to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, becoming
-      somewhat furrowed and ridged at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray, tough, almost always smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      three-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, short-pointed, up to ½ inch long, covered by shiny
-      silvery-golden scales and tipped with a small tuft of hairs.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, finely
-      toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or sometimes hairy
-      on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower
-      surface, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, the stalks
-      covered with reddish and yellowish scales and hairs.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping
-      catkins, the pistillate in groups of 1-2.
-
-Fruit: Spherical to ellipsoid, up to 1½ inches across, the husk
-      yellow-green, thin, minutely hairy or scaly, splitting nearly to
-      the base, the nut 4-angled, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Dry ridges and cliffs.
-
-Range: Southern Indiana across to Kansas, south to Texas and Louisiana.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Black Hickory differs from the somewhat
-      similar Pignut and Sweet Pignut Hickories by the yellow scales
-      along the leafstalks.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK HICKORY]
-
-
-                           MOCKERNUT HICKORY
-                    _Carya tomentosa_ (Poir.) Nutt.
-
-Other Name: White Hickory.
-
-Growth Form: Medium or tall tree to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown rounded, the branchlets either erect or hanging.
-
-Bark: Dark gray, shallowly furrowed, not scaly, often with a
-      diamond-shaped pattern.
-
-Twigs: Slender or relatively stout, usually hairy, gray; leaf scars
-      alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, rounded or pointed at the tip, up to nearly 1 inch long,
-      reddish-brown, hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-      broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, pointed at the tip, rounded or
-      tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long, about half as wide,
-      finely toothed along the edge, yellow-green and hairy on the upper
-      surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-      without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping
-      catkins, the pistillate in groups of 2-5.
-
-Fruit: Ellipsoid or obovoid or spherical, up to 2 inches across, the
-      husk reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch thick, smooth or slightly hairy,
-      the nut sometimes 4-angled, reddish-brown, the seed sweet but
-      small.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Tool handles, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Dry wooded slopes; shaded woods.
-
-Range: Massachusetts across to southern Ontario, south to eastern Texas,
-      east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Mockernut Hickory is distinguished from all
-      other Illinois hickories by its usually 7 or 9 hairy leaflets with
-      hairy leafstalks and hairy twigs. The large fruits with the small
-      seeds within, which may account for the common name, are also
-      distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY]
-
-
-                                CHESTNUT
-                   _Castanea dentata_ (Marsh.) Borkh.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree, formerly attaining a height of 100 feet; trunk
-      diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, shallowly furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, angular, glabrous or nearly so; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, up to ⅓ inch long, dark brown, smooth.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
-      pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long and
-      less than half as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges,
-      yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on
-      the lower surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, usually finely
-      hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing in June after the leaves are fully grown, without
-      petals, greenish or yellowish, the staminate many in elongated
-      catkins up to 8 inches long, the pistillate 1-3 together.
-
-Fruit: Spiny bur up to 2 inches in diameter, brown, splitting open to
-      reveal 3 flattened nutlets.
-
-Wood: Soft, light in weight, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, fuel. The nuts are edible
-      delicacies.
-
-Habitat: Formerly in rocky woods, once occupying several acres near
-      Olmstead in Pulaski County. Now virtually extinct, except for a
-      few sprouts, due to a disease of the bark. A tree about 40 feet
-      tall still exists near Little Grassy Lake in Williamson County.
-
-Range: Maine to southern Ontario and southern Minnesota, south to
-      Delaware, Kentucky, and southern Illinois, and in the mountains to
-      central Alabama.
-
-Distinguishing Features: In addition to its large, spiny fruits, the
-      Chestnut can be distinguished by its sharply toothed leaves.
-      Yellow Chestnut Oak may sometimes have similar leaves, but the
-      pith of the oak is star-shaped.
-
-    [Illustration: CHESTNUT]
-
-
-                             COMMON CATALPA
-                      _Catalpa bignonioides_ Walt.
-
-Other Names: Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.
-
-Growth Form: Short to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Light brown, with thin, platy scales.
-
-Twigs: Stout, smooth or slightly hairy, orange-brown to grayish, with
-      conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, round-elliptic,
-      elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Round, reddish-brown, slightly hairy, very small.
-
-Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip,
-      heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long and about as broad,
-      smooth along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, paler and finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      stout, smooth, up to 6 inches long.
-
-Flowers: Large, showy, several in a large cluster, appearing in May and
-      June, the clusters usually more than 6 inches long, each flower up
-      to 2 inches long, the petals white and spotted with purple.
-
-Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ½ inch thick, brown,
-      splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds about
-      1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties; ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Along railroads, streams, in fields; planted elsewhere.
-
-Range: Native from Texas to Georgia and Florida; widely planted
-      elsewhere.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves of this species, when crushed, give
-      off a very unpleasant aroma.
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON CATALPA]
-
-
-                                CATALPA
-                       _Catalpa speciosa_ Engelm.
-
-Other Names: Western Catalpa; Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown broad, widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Light brown, dark brown, or black, usually with rather deep
-      furrows.
-
-Twigs: Stout, smooth, brown, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in
-      whorls of 3, with one of the 3 scars smaller than the other 2,
-      round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Round, brown to black, smooth, very small.
-
-Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, long-pointed at the tip,
-      heart-shaped at the base, up to 1 foot long and about ⅔ as broad,
-      smooth along the edges, dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy on
-      the upper surface, soft hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      stout, up to 6 inches long.
-
-Flowers: Large, showy, several in an elongated cluster, appearing in May
-      and June, the clusters up to six inches long, each flower up to 2½
-      inches long, the petals white and lined with purple.
-
-Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ¾ inch thick, brown,
-      splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds about
-      1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, interior finishing, railroad ties.
-
-Habitat: Low woods; often planted in a variety of habitats.
-
-Range: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southern Missouri, south
-      to Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee; commonly planted elsewhere.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The two Catalpas in Illinois are hard to tell
-      apart. This one usually has deeply furrowed bark, shorter clusters
-      of flowers, petals merely lined with purple rather than spotted,
-      and leaves which are not unpleasantly scented when crushed.
-
-    [Illustration: CATALPA]
-
-
-                               SUGARBERRY
-                       _Celtis laevigata_ Willd.
-
-Other Names: Southern Hackberry; Mississippi Hackberry.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown open and broad, with drooping branches.
-
-Bark: Gray, with many conspicuous warts.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf
-      scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with
-      3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, pointed, smooth, brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually lance-shaped, long-pointed at
-      the tip, tapering or rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 6
-      inches long, less than half as broad, with few or no teeth along
-      the edges, usually smooth or barely roughened on one or both
-      surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: One to several in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves
-      are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, ellipsoid to nearly round, reddish-orange to yellowish,
-      about ¼ inch in diameter, with 1 seed, ripening in September or
-      October, borne on slender, drooping stalks.
-
-Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, furniture.
-
-Habitat: Lowland woods to dry hilltops.
-
-Range: Virginia across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Sugarberry differs generally from other
-      hackberries by its narrower, mostly toothless leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: SUGARBERRY]
-
-
-                               HACKBERRY
-                        _Celtis occidentalis_ L.
-
-Other Name: Sugarberry.
-
-Growth Form: Medium or large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 5 feet; crown usually oblong, with many small branchlets.
-
-Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming
-      rough and scaly on old trees.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray to reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf
-      scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, brown or gray, finely hairy, about ¼ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or broadly lance-shaped,
-      long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the asymmetrical
-      base, up to 6 inches long and up to half as broad, usually
-      coarsely toothed along the edges except sometimes near the base,
-      smooth or more often rough-hairy on one or both surfaces;
-      leafstalks up to 1 inch long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: Arranged in drooping clusters, or sometimes solitary, appearing
-      after the leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without
-      petals.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, nearly round, dark purple, about ⅓ inch in diameter, with
-      1 seed, ripening in September and October, borne on slender,
-      drooping stalks.
-
-Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, furniture.
-
-Habitat: Low woodlands.
-
-Range: Massachusetts across to Manitoba and South Dakota, southern
-      Oklahoma, Alabama, and Virginia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Hackberry leaves resemble those of some elms,
-      but have 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade. This
-      Hackberry differs from other hackberries in Illinois by its
-      larger, usually coarsely toothed leaves and its larger, dark
-      purple fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: HACKBERRY]
-
-
-                            DWARF HACKBERRY
-                       _Celtis tenuifolia_ Nutt.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches;
-      crown irregular, with numerous slender branchlets.
-
-Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming
-      rough and scaly on old trees.
-
-Twigs: Slender, green to reddish-brown, smooth at maturity; leaf scars
-      alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, grayish-brown, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or
-      somewhat heart-shaped at the base, up to 3 inches long, often at
-      least half as broad, with a few coarse teeth along the edges, or
-      sometimes lacking teeth, often leathery, smooth or hairy on one or
-      both surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: One or a few in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves
-      are partly grown, finely hairy, greenish-yellow, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, reddish-purple, up to ½ inch in diameter,
-      1-seeded, ripening September and October.
-
-Wood: Heavy, close-grained, yellowish.
-
-Use: Fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Edge of bluffs, woods.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to Illinois and Kansas, south to Oklahoma,
-      Louisiana, and northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This small tree is extremely variable in that
-      its leaves may or may not have teeth, they may or may not be
-      hairy, and they may or may not be leathery. It differs from the
-      Sugarberry primarily by its broader leaves and from the Common
-      Hackberry by its smaller fruits and usually less-toothed leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: DWARF HACKBERRY]
-
-
-                                 REDBUD
-                         _Cercis canadensis_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown usually broad and flattened.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, separating into long plates and thin scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, zigzag, smooth, angular, brown; leaf scars alternate,
-      somewhat elevated, triangular, hairy across the top, with 3 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Small, rounded, chestnut-brown, smooth or nearly so.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades heart-shaped, contracted to a short
-      point at the tip, up to 6 inches long and nearly as broad, smooth
-      on the upper surface, smooth or with some hairs on the lower
-      surface, without teeth along the edges; leafstalks slender, up to
-      5 inches long, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: In small clusters on last year’s branches or on the trunks,
-      rose-purple, each pea-shaped, about ½ inch long, appearing when
-      the leaves are first beginning to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and ½ inch broad, flat, smooth, brown
-      at maturity, with several seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark reddish-brown.
-
-Use: The major importance of this small tree lies in its value as an
-      ornamental, because of its spectacular appearance when in flower.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: Connecticut across to southern Wisconsin, south to Texas, east to
-      northern Florida; also Mexico.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The heart-shaped, toothless leaves easily
-      identify this tree.
-
-    [Illustration: REDBUD]
-
-
-                               YELLOWWOOD
-                 _Cladrastis lutea_ (Michx. f.) K. Koch
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      14 inches; crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Gray, smooth.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with some lenticels, somewhat zigzag;
-      leaf scars alternate, narrow and completely encircling the bud,
-      with 3-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Three or four crowded together, resembling at first a single bud,
-      hairy, without scales, covered at first by the hollow base of the
-      leafstalk.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets
-      oval, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches
-      long and up to half as wide, smooth on both surfaces, toothless
-      along the edges. The leaflets turn yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: In long, drooping clusters up to 1 foot long, white, slightly
-      fragrant, appearing during June.
-
-Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, smooth,
-      pale brown, with 4-6 seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, yellow to light brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel. In olden days, a yellow dye was extracted from this tree.
-
-Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes.
-
-Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri and Arkansas, south to
-      northern Alabama and northern Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The large, pinnately compound leaflets and the
-      smooth, gray trunk distinguish this tree.
-
-    [Illustration: YELLOWWOOD]
-
-
-                        ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD
-                        _Cornus alternifolia_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches;
-      crown flattened.
-
-Bark: Brown, slightly roughened, with shallow furrows.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or greenish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      crescent-shaped, somewhat elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Narrowly ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, although often clustered toward the tip of the twig,
-      simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or
-      rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long, about half as broad, the
-      edges smooth or finely round-toothed, green and mostly smooth on
-      the upper surface, paler and frequently hairy on the lower
-      surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, usually finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Several in crowded round-topped clusters, appearing in May and
-      June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.
-
-Fruit: Blue, spherical berries up to ⅓ inch in diameter, borne on a red
-      stalk.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: Tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to
-      Missouri, Alabama, and Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This is the only American dogwood with the
-      leaves arranged in an alternate manner.
-
-    [Illustration: ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD]
-
-
-                          ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD
-                       _Cornus drummondii_ Meyer
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches;
-      crown open and irregular.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly, shallowly furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, pale brown, purplish, or gray, smooth or slightly hairy;
-      leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, flattened, pointed, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, pointed at
-      the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, up
-      to half as wide, smooth along the edges, green and with short
-      hairs on the upper surface, paler and hairy on lower surface;
-      leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Several in round-topped clusters, appearing in May and June,
-      each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.
-
-Fruit: White, spherical berries up to ¼ inch in diameter, borne on red
-      stalks.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: Tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Woods; edges of prairies.
-
-Range: New York across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and Texas, east
-      to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This is the only dogwood in Illinois that is
-      rough-hairy on the upper surface of the leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD]
-
-
-                           FLOWERING DOGWOOD
-                          _Cornus florida_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter rarely
-      more than 2 feet; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Brown, divided into squarish plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, greenish to light brown, smooth, often curving upward at
-      the tip; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Of two kinds, the leaf buds slender, pointed, the flower buds flat
-      and biscuit-shaped.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, less than
-      half as broad, the veins deeply impressed, the edges without
-      teeth, green and smooth or sparsely hairy on the upper surface,
-      pale and finely hairy or sometimes smooth on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks up to ¾ inch long, smooth or finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Several crowded together in a yellow-green cluster, each
-      cluster subtended by 4 large white petal-like bracts, appearing in
-      late April and May.
-
-Fruit: Red, ovoid berries up to ½ inch long, shiny, with mealy flesh and
-      1 or 2 seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: The wood is used in the making of tool handles, although the real
-      value of the Flowering Dogwood is its ornamental potential.
-
-Habitat: Woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida; also in
-      Mexico.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The opposite, toothless leaves with deeply
-      impressed veins distinguish this species.
-
-    [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD]
-
-
-                             OTHER DOGWOODS
-
-Several other dogwoods, most of them rarely if ever attaining the
-stature of small trees, occur in Illinois.
-
-Gray Dogwood (_Cornus racemosa_ Lam.). This plant rarely exceeds a
-height of 10 feet. It is distinguished by its slender gray twigs, its
-small white flowers borne in clusters about as broad as high, and its
-white berries about ¼ inch in diameter. The Racemose Dogwood occurs in a
-variety of habitats, including prairies and woods.
-
-Stiff Dogwood (_Cornus foemina_ Mill.). This small dogwood has brownish
-twigs with white pith and bluish fruits. Its leaves usually are smooth
-on both surfaces. It occurs in low, wet woods.
-
-Round-leaved Dogwood (_Cornus rugosa_ Lam.). As the name implies, this
-shrubby dogwood has roundish leaves which are woolly on the lower
-surface. The greenish twigs have white pith. The berries are pale blue.
-The Round-leaved Dogwood grows in dry, rocky woods.
-
-Red Osier (_Cornus stolonifera_ Michx.). Red Osier has dark red twigs
-with white pith. The leaves are pale and somewhat hairy on the lower
-surface. The berries are white or grayish. Red Osier usually grows along
-shores, often forming thickets.
-
-Silky Dogwood (_Cornus obliqua_ Raf.). This plant is usually a shrub,
-but may get as much as 15 feet tall. It has twigs with pale brown pith.
-The leaves are pale on the lower surface, and usually have white,
-appressed hairs. The berries are blue. Silky Dogwood grows in low
-ground.
-
-Willow Dogwood (_Cornus amomum_ Mill.). The Willow Dogwood rarely
-exceeds a height of 10 feet. Like the Silky Dogwood, it has twigs with
-pale brown pith. The leaves usually have reddish-colored hairs on the
-lower surface. The berries are pale blue. Willow Dogwood grows in low
-ground.
-
-    [Illustration: Gray Dogwood]
-
-
-                            COCK-SPUR THORN
-                       _Crataegus crus-galli_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, scaly.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, light brown, smooth, usually with sharp spines
-      up to 4 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped,
-      slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually smooth.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadest above the middle, rounded or
-      short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches
-      long, up to 1½ inches broad, leathery, toothed along the edges, at
-      least in the upper half of the leaf, dark green, smooth, shiny on
-      the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth.
-
-Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and June, each up
-      to ¾ inch across, with 5 white petals.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ½ inch in diameter, red, fleshy but
-      dry, with 1-2 nutlets.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes, thickets.
-
-Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to
-      South Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Cock-spur Thorn differs from most other
-      hawthorns in Illinois by its leathery, shiny leaves which are
-      broadest above the middle.
-
-    [Illustration: COCK-SPUR THORN]
-
-
-                                RED HAW
-               _Crataegus mollis_ (Torr. & Gray) Scheele
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14 inches;
-      crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Gray-brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, gray or brown, smooth or slightly hairy, rarely
-      with spines; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly
-      elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, broadest near the base,
-      short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long
-      and nearly as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges,
-      occasionally with shallow lobes, yellow-green and hairy on the
-      upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in April and May, each
-      up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red, fleshy but
-      dry, with 4-5 nutlets.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods.
-
-Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Oklahoma, east to
-      Alabama.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Red Haw is distinguished by its densely
-      hairy, ovate leaves which are often shallowly lobed.
-
-    [Illustration: RED HAW]
-
-
-                              PRUINOSE HAW
-                 _Crataegus pruinosa_ (Wendl.) K. Koch
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown broad and irregular.
-
-Bark: Dark gray, scaly, furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, with spines up to 2 inches long;
-      leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly
-      so.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, broadest below the
-      middle, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 3 inches
-      long and about ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges and
-      frequently shallowly lobed, bluish-green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks stout,
-      up to 1 inch long, smooth or somewhat hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and early June,
-      each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ¾ inch in diameter, dark red to
-      purple, fleshy but dry, with 5 nutlets.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Habitat: Woods and thickets.
-
-Range: Newfoundland to southern Ontario, south to Arkansas, east to
-      North Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Pruinose Haw is distinguished by its
-      bluish-green leaves which are widest just below the middle.
-
-    [Illustration: PRUINOSE HAW]
-
-
-                            OTHER HAWTHORNS
-
-Many other hawthorns occur in Illinois. Several of them have been found
-only a very few times. Most of them are difficult to distinguish unless
-leaves, flowers, and fruits are available. A few of the hawthorns which
-are likely to be encountered are described on this and the following
-page.
-
-Scarlet Hawthorn (_Crataegus coccinioides_ Ashe). This hawthorn grows to
-a height of 15 feet and has very scaly brown bark. The slender gray
-twigs have many stout, sharp spines up to 2 inches long. The ovate
-leaves are coarsely toothed and usually shallowly lobed. There are some
-hairs on both surfaces of the leaves. The spherical fruits, when mature,
-are deep red speckled with several pale dots. There are usually 5
-nutlets inside each fruit. The Scarlet Hawthorn is found primarily on
-rocky hills.
-
-Urn-shaped Hawthorn (_Crataegus calpodendron_ (Ehrh.) Medic.) The
-Urn-shaped Hawthorn is named for the shape of its fruit, which is
-usually about ½ inch long, red, with sweet flesh and 2-3 nutlets inside.
-This small tree only grows to a height of about 15 feet. The leaves are
-usually ovate and are coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed. They
-have a greenish-yellow color and are hairy, at least on the underneath
-surface. This hawthorn frequently grows along rocky streams.
-
-    [Illustration: Urn-Shaped Hawthorn]
-
-Green Haw (_Crataegus viridis_ L.). The Green Haw is primarily a tree of
-low, wet woods, where it grows to a height of nearly 30 feet and has a
-gray, scaly bark. The rather variable leaves range from elliptic to
-elliptic-ovate and toothed to occasionally shallowly lobed. The leaves
-are thin and smooth on both surfaces, except for some tufts of hair
-along the axils of the veins on the lower surface. The orange-red fruits
-are spherical and about ⅓ inch in diameter. There are 5 nutlets embedded
-in the rather sweet flesh.
-
-Dotted Haw (_Crataegus punctata_ Jacq.). This hawthorn grows to a height
-of about 20 feet and has many stout thorns on its twigs. The leaves
-generally are broadest above the middle and are obovate. The edges of
-the leaves are usually toothed from the middle to the tip. Sometimes
-lobes are formed. The leaves have a relatively thick texture and are
-hairy on the veins of the under surface of the leaves. The usually
-spherical fruit is about ¾ inch in diameter and contains 3 or 5 nutlets.
-The Dotted Thorn often forms thickets along the edges of woods or in
-rocky fields.
-
-    [Illustration: Green Hawthorn
-    Dotted Hawthorn]
-
-
-                               PERSIMMON
-                       _Diospyros virginiana_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-      foot; crown broad and rounded or flattened. (At one time in the
-      Wabash Valley, Persimmon trees nearly 3 feet in diameter were
-      known.)
-
-Bark: Dark gray to black, broken at maturity into squarish blocks.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with lenticels; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-elliptic, with 1 bundle trace.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, dark reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, pointed at the tip,
-      tapering or rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long and about
-      half as broad, smooth along the edges, dark green, smooth, and
-      shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or sparsely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate trees,
-      appearing after the leaves are half grown, the staminate in
-      clusters of 2-3, tubular, up to ½ inch long, the pistillate
-      solitary, ½ to ¾ inch long. Sometimes flowers with both stamens
-      and pistils can be found.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, but with the greenish calyx persistent at one
-      end, yellow-orange to orange (rarely blue), up to 2 inches in
-      diameter, sweet when ripe, few-seeded.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, the heartwood nearly black.
-
-Uses: Golf club heads, billiard cues.
-
-Habitat: Dry woods, rich bottomland woods, edge of fields, fence rows.
-
-Range: Connecticut across to southern Iowa and eastern Kansas, south to
-      eastern Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Persimmon are most often
-      confused with those of the Sour Gum, but usually the tip is not as
-      abruptly pointed in the Persimmon. The pith of the Persimmon also
-      lacks the distinct partitions found in the Sour Gum.
-
-    [Illustration: PERSIMMON]
-
-
-                                 BEECH
-                       _Fagus grandifolia_ Ehrh.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown widely spreading, usually rounded.
-
-Bark: Smooth, gray, thin, often marred by human carving.
-
-Twigs: Gray or yellowish, slender, smooth, more or less zigzag; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, narrow, long-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, up to ¾ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 4 inches long and 2½ inches
-      broad, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the
-      somewhat asymmetrical base, coarsely toothed along the edges,
-      blue-green to yellow-green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface,
-      smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk very
-      short, sometimes hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree,
-      appearing after the leaves have unfolded, the staminate numerous
-      in small spherical heads, the pistillate in groups of 2.
-
-Fruit: Spiny burs up to ¾ inch long, prickly, reddish-brown, containing
-      1-3 triangular nuts.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, close-grained, deep reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, chairs, tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The stately Beech is recognized by its smooth
-      gray bark and its long, pointed winter buds.
-
-    [Illustration: BEECH]
-
-
-                              SWAMP PRIVET
-                 _Forestiera acuminata_ (Michx.) Poir.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches;
-      crown spreading, irregular.
-
-Bark: Brown, shallowly furrowed or nearly smooth.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, warty or smooth; leaf scars opposite,
-      shield-shaped, with 1 bundle trace.
-
-Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering
-      to the base, up to 4 inches long, up to 1½ inches broad, finely
-      toothed along part of the edges, yellow-green and nearly smooth on
-      the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks slender, usually smooth, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different trees,
-      appearing before the leaves begin to unfold; staminate many in
-      rounded clusters, yellow, without petals; pistillate several in
-      branched clusters, yellowish, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Slender, oblong, slightly curved, dark purple, about 1 inch long,
-      up to ¼ inch wide, fleshy but dry, containing 1 seed.
-
-Use: Occasionally planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Swamps, along rivers.
-
-Range: South Carolina across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Swamp Privet is distinguished by its opposite,
-      pointed leaves which are finely toothed along the edges.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP PRIVET]
-
-
-                               WHITE ASH
-                        _Fraxinus americana_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown pyramidal or ovoid, with slender branches; trunk
-      straight, columnar.
-
-Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-      flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, sometimes with a few hairs; leaf scars
-      opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces forming a
-      half-moon.
-
-Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped to lance-ovate, often curved, pointed at the tip,
-      rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and about
-      half as broad, shallowly toothed along the edges, green and smooth
-      on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower
-      surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees before the
-      leaves begin to expand, minute, without petals, purplish, in
-      crowded clusters, soon becoming elongated and less crowded.
-
-Fruit: Paddle-shaped, winged, up to 2½ inches long and ¼ inch wide,
-      several in a cluster, 1-seeded at the base.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, coarse-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, baseball bats, tool handles, interior finishing.
-
-Habitat: Bottomlands and wooded slopes.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: White Ash differs from Green Ash in having
-      distinctly paler lower leaf surfaces. Plants with hairy leaves
-      resemble Red Ash, but the fruits do not have the wing extending
-      down beyond the seed in the White Ash.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE ASH]
-
-
-                               BLACK ASH
-                        _Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with many stout, straight branches.
-
-Bark: Light gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.
-
-Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars elliptic or oval, with
-      several bundle traces arranged in a half moon.
-
-Buds: Conical, blue-black, finely hairy, about one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets
-      without stalks, lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, tapering or
-      rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long,
-      less than one-half as wide, toothed along the edges, dark green
-      and smooth on the upper surface, paler and with rusty hairs along
-      the veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn reddish-brown in
-      the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Small, in elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves begin
-      to unfold, purplish, without any petals, some with both stamens
-      and pistils, others only with stamens, others only with pistils.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, barely notched at the tip, up to 1½ inches
-      long, up to one-half inch broad, with a single seed at the base.
-
-Wood: Soft, heavy, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Cabinets, baskets, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Swampy woods.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, central Illinois,
-      West Virginia, and Delaware.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This is the only ash in Illinois where none of
-      the leaflets has stalks.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK ASH]
-
-
-                                RED ASH
-                    _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown usually pyramidal; trunk straight, rather stout,
-      sometimes slightly buttressed at base.
-
-Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-      flat-topped, sometimes scaly ridges.
-
-Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, covered by velvety hairs,
-      leaf scars opposite, half-round and straight across the top, with
-      several bundle traces forming a half-moon.
-
-Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, about ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets
-      elliptic to elliptic-ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-      base, up to 6 inches long, about ⅓ as wide, sparsely toothed along
-      the edges, hairy on both surfaces.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on separate trees, appearing after the
-      leaves have begun to open, minute, crowded in purplish or greenish
-      dense clusters.
-
-Fruit: A cluster of paddle-shaped fruits, each fruit up to 2½ inches
-      long and less than ½ inch broad, with a single seed at one end.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Tool handles, interior finishing, furniture.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland forests.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to North Dakota, south to Kansas, east to
-      Louisiana and northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Red Ash is characterized by its hairy leaf
-      stalks and its narrow wings along the stalks between the leaflets.
-
-    [Illustration: RED ASH]
-
-
-                               GREEN ASH
-   _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh var. _subintegerrima_ (Vahl) Fern.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with slender, spreading branches.
-
-Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-      flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.
-
-Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars
-      half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces
-      forming a half-moon.
-
-Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped to elliptic, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-      base, up to 6 inches long and one-and-one-half inches wide,
-      toothed along the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces. The
-      leaflets turn reddish-brown or yellowish in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-      branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, small,
-      purplish, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Lance-shaped or reversely lance-shaped, winged fruits, usually
-      rounded at the tip, up to 2½ inches long and less than one-third
-      inch broad, with a single seed at the base.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, light brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, tool handles, baseball bats; sometimes grown
-      as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland forests.
-
-Range: Maine across to Saskatchewan and Minnesota, south to Texas, east
-      to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Green Ash has leaflets which are green on
-      both surfaces.
-
-    [Illustration: GREEN ASH]
-
-
-                                BLUE ASH
-                    _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Square-stemmed Ash.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree to seventy feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown irregular, with many short, sturdy branches.
-
-Bark: Gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.
-
-Twigs: Stout, square, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round and
-      concave across the top, with several bundle traces forming a
-      half-moon.
-
-Buds: Rounded, gray, finely hairy, up to one-half inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-11 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip tapering to the sometimes
-      asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide,
-      coarsely toothed along the edges, yellowish-green and smooth on
-      the upper surface, paler and usually with tufts of hairs along the
-      veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn yellow in the
-      autumn.
-
-Flowers: Small, in branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to
-      unfold, purplish, without any petals.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, notched at the tip, up to 2 inches long
-      and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, yellow-brown.
-
-Uses: Flooring; the inner bark produces a blue dye when placed in water.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes, limestone cliffs.
-
-Range: Western Pennsylvania across Wisconsin to Iowa, south to Oklahoma,
-      Arkansas, and Alabama; southern Ontario.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The square stems immediately distinguish this
-      tree from any other ash in Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: BLUE ASH]
-
-
-                              PUMPKIN ASH
-                     _Fraxinus tomentosa_ Michx. f.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree sometimes nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter
-      up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stout spreading
-      branches.
-
-Bark: Gray, becoming scaly.
-
-Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, usually velvety; leaf scars opposite,
-      horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces arranged in a
-      half-moon.
-
-Buds: More or less conical, brown, hairy, about one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped to
-      elliptic, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the slightly
-      asymmetrical base, up to 10 inches long and about half as wide,
-      smooth or finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green and smooth
-      on the upper surface, paler and velvety-hairy on the lower
-      surface. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-      elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves, small,
-      greenish-purple, without any petals.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, usually rounded at the tip, up to 3 inches
-      long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: Boxes, paper pulp, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Floodplains, swamps.
-
-Range: New York across Ohio to southern Illinois and southern Missouri,
-      south to Louisiana, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Pumpkin Ash is the only ash in Illinois
-      with velvety-hairy twigs and usually toothless leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: PUMPKIN ASH]
-
-
-                              WATER LOCUST
-                      _Gleditsia aquatica_ Marsh.
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      2 feet; crown widely but irregularly spreading; trunk short and
-      stout.
-
-Bark: Dark gray or dark brown, shallowly furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth, usually with unbranched thorns;
-      leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth,
-      up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, both singly and doubly pinnately compound on the same
-      tree, with many leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate, rounded
-      or slightly pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly
-      asymmetrical base, toothless or minutely toothed along the edges,
-      smooth except for some hairs along the veins, up to 1 inch long,
-      about half as wide.
-
-Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with only
-      one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 4 inches long,
-      greenish, small, appearing in May and June.
-
-Fruit: Short, pointed legumes up to 2 inches long and 1 inch broad,
-      borne several in a drooping cluster, chestnut-brown, smooth, with
-      1 or 2 seeds and no pulp.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction.
-
-Habitat: Swampy woods.
-
-Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east
-      to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The short, 1- or 2-seeded legume without pulp
-      differentiates this locust from the Honey Locust.
-
-    [Illustration: WATER LOCUST]
-
-
-                              HONEY LOCUST
-                       _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet;
-      crown broadly rounded, often with dropping outer branches; trunk
-      straight, rather stout, usually with large, purple-brown, 3-parted
-      thorns.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, angular, reddish-brown, smooth, zigzag, with 3-parted or
-      unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth,
-      up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, often doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets;
-      leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly pointed
-      at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, minutely
-      toothed along the edges, smooth except for some hairs along the
-      veins, up to 1½ inches long, less than half as wide.
-
-Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with only
-      one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 3 inches long,
-      yellowish, small, appearing in May and June.
-
-Fruit: Elongated legumes up to 1½ feet long and up to 2 inches wide,
-      flat, often twisted or curved, purple-brown, containing several
-      seeds embedded in a thick pulp.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction; a spineless form sometimes
-      cultivated.
-
-Habitat: Moist, wooded ravines, thickets, along roads.
-
-Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Honey Locust has more leaflets than any other
-      kind of tree in Illinois. The large 3-parted spines and the long
-      fruits are also distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: HONEY LOCUST]
-
-
-                          KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE
-                   _Gymnocladus dioicus_ (L.) K. Koch
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      2½ feet; crown with a narrow, rounded top; trunk stout, usually
-      branching a few feet above the ground.
-
-Bark: Dark gray, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Stout, dark brown with orange lenticels, slightly hairy; leaf
-      scars alternate, heart-shaped, with 3 or 5 bundle traces; pith
-      chocolate-colored.
-
-Buds: Tiny, sunken in hairy cavities immediately above each leaf scar.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets;
-      leaflets ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 2
-      inches long and about half as broad, without teeth along the edge,
-      dark green and smooth on the upper surface, yellow-green and
-      smooth or hairy on the veins on the lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on separate trees, in
-      more or less elongated, greenish clusters, appearing after the
-      leaves have unfolded, each flower with 5 oblong, hairy petals.
-
-Fruit: Short, thick legumes up to 10 inches long and up to 2 inches
-      wide, dark brown, leathery, smooth, containing several large seeds
-      embedded in a thick, sweet pulp.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel, rough construction. The seeds can be used as a
-      substitute for coffee.
-
-Habitat: Rich, often bottomland, woods.
-
-Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Oklahoma, east to
-      Tennessee.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The doubly compound leaves with large leaflets,
-      the short, thick legumes, and the thick twigs with sunken buds
-      readily distinguish this tree. It is one of the last trees to put
-      forth its leaves in the spring.
-
-    [Illustration: KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE]
-
-
-                              SILVER BELL
-                         _Halesia carolina_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, with whitish stripes, somewhat scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-round, with a cluster of bundle scars.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-      tapering to rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, about half
-      as broad, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and usually
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or slightly hairy on
-      the lower surface; leafstalks slender, smooth or finely hairy, up
-      to ½ inch long.
-
-Flowers: Few in hanging clusters, showy, white, each bell-shaped and up
-      to one inch long, appearing in April.
-
-Fruit: 4-winged, dry, brown, up to 2 inches long, containing 1 seed.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: Occasionally grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to Oklahoma, south to Texas,
-      east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The bell-shaped white flowers and the 4-winged
-      fruits readily distinguish this handsome tree.
-
-    [Illustration: SILVER BELL]
-
-
-                              WITCH HAZEL
-                       _Hamamelis virginiana_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches;
-      crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Light brown, eventually broken into small scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, flexible, brown, hairy at first but becoming smooth;
-      leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Narrow, pointed, finely hairy, orange-brown, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, rounded or short-pointed at
-      the tip, rounded or sometimes tapering to the base, up to 6 inches
-      long, sometimes nearly half as broad, usually with several low,
-      rounded teeth, dark green and usually somewhat hairy on the upper
-      surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to ¾
-      inch long, slightly hairy.
-
-Flowers: Blooming from September to November, several in a cluster, each
-      with 4 bright yellow, strap-shaped petals up to ⅔ inch long.
-
-Fruit: Capsules up to ½ long, brown, hairy, splitting open during the
-      following autumn to liberate several small, shiny seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.
-
-Uses: Planted as an ornamental. The astringent witch hazel is derived
-      from this plant.
-
-Habitat: Woodlands.
-
-Range: Southern Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Missouri,
-      Tennessee, and Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The late-flowering period and the obovate
-      leaves with shallow, rounded teeth characterize the Witch Hazel.
-
-    [Illustration: WITCH HAZEL]
-
-
-                              SWAMP HOLLY
-                          _Ilex decidua_ Walt.
-
-Other Name: Possum Haw; Deciduous Holly.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      inches; crown spreading.
-
-Bark: Light brown, more or less warty.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray, smooth or slightly hairy, often with short spurs;
-      leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 1
-      bundle trace.
-
-Buds: Rounded, gray, up to ⅛ inch in diameter.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple, sometimes clustered at the tips of the short
-      spur-like twigs; blades narrowly oblong to elliptic, short-pointed
-      or rounded at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long,
-      less than ½ as broad, sparsely and finely toothed along the edges,
-      green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and slightly hairy on
-      the lower surface; leafstalks slender, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different trees,
-      appearing in April and May; both types of flowers in few-flowered
-      clusters, greenish or whitish, with usually 4 small petals.
-
-Fruit: Red or rarely orange berries, spherical, up to ¼ inch in
-      diameter, remaining on the tree during the winter.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, whitish.
-
-Use: The handsome berries make this species an attractive ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods.
-
-Range: Maryland across to eastern Kansas, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Swamp Holly is distinguished by its alternate,
-      remotely toothed leaves clustered at the ends of spur-like shoots,
-      and by its red berries.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP HOLLY]
-
-
-                               BUTTERNUT
-                          _Juglans cinerea_ L.
-
-Other Name: White Walnut.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown flat to broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not
-      buttressed.
-
-Bark: Light gray, divided by deep furrows into broad scaly ridges.
-
-Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown to gray, smooth or hairy, usually
-      shiny, with white lenticels; pith chocolate-colored, divided by
-      partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Blunt at the tip, whitish, hairy, soft, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 17 leaflets; leaflets
-      up to 3 inches long and 2 inches wide, broadly lance-shaped,
-      pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, finely
-      toothed along the edges, yellow-green on the upper surface, paler
-      on the lower surface, softly hairy and sometimes sticky.
-
-Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when the
-      leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick,
-      yellow-green catkins, the pistillate much fewer in spikes, neither
-      of them with petals.
-
-Fruit: In groups of 2-5, ovoid-oblong, up to 2½ inches long,
-      sticky-hairy, the husk thick, the nut pointed at one end and with
-      well-developed wings, pale brown, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Furniture, interior finishing; the nut is sought after as a
-      delicacy.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods.
-
-Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota, south to Arkansas, east to
-      Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Butternut is distinguished by its bark
-      pattern, its chocolate-colored, partitioned pith, and its
-      distinctive fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: BUTTERNUT]
-
-
-                              BLACK WALNUT
-                           _Juglans nigra_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-      feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not
-      buttressed at the base.
-
-Bark: Black, thick, deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown, hairy, smooth and gray; pith
-      brown, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped,
-      elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded at the tip, pale brown, soft, hairy, up to ½
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 15-23 leaflets; leaflets up
-      to 3½ inches long and 1½ inches wide, broadly lance-shaped,
-      pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, toothed
-      along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface,
-      paler and hairy on the lower surface, turning yellow in the
-      autumn.
-
-Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when the
-      leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick,
-      yellow-green, hairy catkins, the pistillate much fewer in small
-      spikes, neither of them with petals.
-
-Fruit: In groups of 1 or 2, spherical, up to 2 inches in diameter, green
-      or yellow-green, slightly roughened, the husk thick, the nut very
-      hard, oval, dark brown, deeply ridged, the seed sweet.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark brown.
-
-Uses: The wood is used for furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; the
-      nuts are edible.
-
-Habitat: Rich woodlands.
-
-Range: Massachusetts across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Black Walnut is recognized by its
-      characteristic buds, its chambered pith, and its fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK WALNUT]
-
-
-                               RED CEDAR
-                       _Juniperus virginiana_ L.
-
-Other Names: Juniper; Eastern Red Cedar.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 90 feet tall, usually much smaller; trunk
-      diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly pyramidal or broad and
-      rounded.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, splitting into long shreds.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown.
-
-Leaves: Of 2 types, either flat, triangular, opposite, and up to ¹/₁₆
-      inch long, or short and needle-like, up to ¾ inch long, blue-green
-      to green to yellow-green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on different trees, the staminate in
-      small, narrow yellowish spikes, the pistillate in small, ovoid,
-      purplish clusters.
-
-Fruit: Berry-like, spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark blue with a
-      whitish covering, with sweet flesh and 1-2 seeds.
-
-Wood: Durable, light in weight, close-grained, red, fragrant.
-
-Uses: Clothing chests, pencils, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Fields, dry woods, cliffs.
-
-Range: New Brunswick across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The 2 kinds of leaves readily distinguish this
-      species.
-
-    [Illustration: RED CEDAR]
-
-
-                             EUROPEAN LARCH
-                         _Larix decidua_ Mill.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15
-      inches; crown straight and more or less columnar.
-
-Bark: Light brown, scaly.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, yellowish, with numerous conspicuous leaf scars
-      or, when older, with short lateral spurs.
-
-Leaves: Needles borne many in clusters from short spurs, or borne singly
-      on new branchlets, soft, yellow-green, up to about one inch long,
-      somewhat triangular, falling from the tree in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing as the new leaves begin to appear, the staminate
-      in nearly round, yellow heads, the pistillate in oblong, bright
-      red “cones.”
-
-Fruit: Cones oblong, upright, up to 1¼ inches long, containing numerous
-      small, winged seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, orange-brown.
-
-Use: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Around homes where it has persisted from cultivation.
-
-Range: Native of Europe; infrequently escaped from cultivation in
-      northeastern North America.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The European Larch differs from the American
-      Larch by its slightly longer cones, its yellow-green needles, and
-      its yellower twigs.
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN LARCH]
-
-
-                             AMERICAN LARCH
-                     _Larix laricina_ (DuRoi) Koch
-
-Other Name: Tamarack.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      1½ feet; crown narrowly pyramidal.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, light brown or orange, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      elevated, borne on spurs, with 1 bundle trace.
-
-Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter.
-
-Leaves: Needles numerous in clusters, soft, up to about 1 inch long,
-      light green, falling away during the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate spherical, yellow, usually not subtended by leaves;
-      pistillate oblong, rose-colored, usually subtended by leaves.
-
-Fruit: Cones oblong, up to ½ inch long, chestnut-brown.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, orange-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, interior finishing; sometimes grown as
-      an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Bogs and swamps.
-
-Range: Labrador to Alaska, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois, and
-      West Virginia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: American Larch is distinguished by its short,
-      pale green needles borne many in a cluster or singly on long
-      shoots.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN LARCH]
-
-
-                               SWEET GUM
-                      _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L.
-
-Other Name: Red Gum.
-
-Growth Form: Up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter sometimes more than 3
-      feet; crown usually pyramidal.
-
-Bark: Usually dark gray and broken into scaly ridges.
-
-Twigs: Stout, often bordered by corky wings; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-elliptical, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Large, shiny, pointed, sometimes sticky to the touch.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades shaped like 5- to 7-pointed stars,
-      each point toothed along the edge, as much as six inches long and
-      nearly as broad. In the autumn, the leaves turn a variety of
-      colors, from red to yellow to purple.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree crowded together in
-      rounded clusters, opening at about the same time as the leaves
-      unfold.
-
-Fruit: Dry “ball” about one inch in diameter, covered by numerous short,
-      often sharp projections, with many seeds, most of which are
-      incapable of germinating.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, durable.
-
-Uses: Lumber, furniture, flooring. The attractive leaves make this tree
-      a handsome ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods.
-
-Range: Southwestern Connecticut across southern Illinois to eastern
-      Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The star-shaped leaves readily distinguish this
-      tree.
-
-    [Illustration: SWEET GUM]
-
-
-                               TULIP TREE
-                      _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L.
-
-Other Names: Yellow Poplar; Tulip Poplar.
-
-Growth Form: Stately tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown oblong or pyramidal from a long, columnar trunk.
-
-Bark: Grayish, becoming deeply furrowed at maturity; furrows often
-      whitish within.
-
-Twigs: Smooth, reddish-brown; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical,
-      with several bundle traces, with stipule scars encircling the
-      twig.
-
-Buds: Flattened, up to 1 inch long, resembling duckbills.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into four broad lobes, the
-      upper two lobes usually with a conspicuous notch between them,
-      bright green, averaging 4 to 6 inches long and broad.
-
-Flowers: About two inches long, cup-shaped, with six yellow-green petals
-      with an orange base surrounding a cone-shaped cluster of pistils;
-      opening in May.
-
-Fruit: Dry “cones” about 2½ inches long, composed of several winged
-      seeds.
-
-Wood: Soft, durable.
-
-Uses: Lumber, veneer cores to which other wood can be glued, canoes,
-      frames.
-
-Habitat: Rich soil.
-
-Range: Connecticut and Vermont across to southern Michigan,
-      southwestward across Illinois to Louisiana, east to Central
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is unlike that of any
-      other tree in Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: TULIP TREE]
-
-
-                              OSAGE ORANGE
-                      _Maclura pomifera_ Schneid.
-
-Other Names: Hedge Apple; Bow Wood.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown rounded or dome-shaped, with several rather stout, spreading
-      branches.
-
-Bark: Light gray-brown tinged with orange, separating into shaggy
-      strips.
-
-Twigs: Dull orange-brown, smooth, zigzag, with short, sharp, axillary
-      spines; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with usually 3
-      groups of bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Round, reddish-brown, smooth, very tiny.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate,
-      long-pointed at the tip, narrowed or a little bit heart-shaped at
-      the base, up to 5 inches long and 3½ inches broad, smooth along
-      the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces; leafstalks smooth,
-      up to 2 inches long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, yellow-green,
-      very tiny, the staminate crowded in short clusters on stalks up to
-      4 inches long, the pistillate crowded into spherical heads on
-      short, stout stalks.
-
-Fruit: Large, spherical, greenish-yellow compound fruit up to 6 inches
-      in diameter, containing many seeds, succulent flesh, and milky
-      sap.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, flexible, durable, coarse-grained, orange when first
-      cut, becoming brown.
-
-Uses: Bows, fence posts, railroad ties, tool handles; often planted as a
-      windbreak.
-
-Habitat: Hedge-rows, woods.
-
-Range: Native only in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; commonly planted
-      elsewhere and often escaped from cultivation.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Osage Orange is distinguished by its spiny
-      branches, its long-pointed, toothless leaves, its milky sap, and
-      its large, spherical, yellow-green fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: OSAGE ORANGE]
-
-
-                           CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA
-                        _Magnolia acuminata_ L.
-
-Other Name: Cucumber Tree.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown broadly rounded or pyramidal.
-
-Bark: Gray or brown, with shallow furrows when older.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      U-shaped, with several scattered bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Silvery-white, hairy, up to nearly 1 inch long, with a single bud
-      scale.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually elliptic, short-pointed at the
-      apex, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and
-      more than half as broad, entire along the edges, yellow-green and
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes hairy on the
-      lower surface.
-
-Flowers: Greenish-yellow, up to 3 inches long, with usually 6 elongated,
-      pointed petals, appearing in April.
-
-Fruit: Oblong fruits up to 3 inches long, deep red, with several seeds.
-      Young fruits look like small cucumbers, thus accounting for the
-      common name. The fruits ripen from late August to October.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Cabinets, flooring.
-
-Habitat: Rich woodlands.
-
-Range: New York to southern Illinois and Oklahoma, south to Louisiana
-      and Georgia, also southern Ontario.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The large toothless leaves are distinctive from
-      leaves of all other Illinois trees except the Tupelo Gum, a tree
-      of swamps which usually had 1-3 coarse teeth along the edges of
-      each leaf. The silvery buds are also distinctive, as are the
-      flowers and fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA]
-
-
-                        NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE
-                   _Malus angustifolia_ (Ait.) Michx.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 9 inches;
-      crown spreading.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or pale brown, smooth, sometimes
-      spur-like; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, brown, up to ¹/₁₆ inch in diameter, finely hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong, rounded or pointed
-      at the tip, narrowed to the base, to 2 inches long, less than half
-      as broad, toothed along the edges, seldom shallowly lobed, green
-      and smooth on the upper surface, a little paler and smooth or
-      sparsely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1
-      inch long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, up to 1 inch across, on long stalks, usually 3 or more
-      in a cluster, with 5 narrow, rose petals, appearing during May and
-      June.
-
-Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.
-
-Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.
-
-Habitat: Rather moist woods.
-
-Range: Maryland across to southern Missouri, south to Louisiana, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This crab apple is distinguished by its narrow
-      leaves which are usually unlobed.
-
-    [Illustration: NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE]
-
-
-                           PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE
-                      _Malus coronaria_ (L.) Mill.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Gray-brown to red-brown, with rather deep furrows between the
-      scales.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, often spurlike, sometimes spiny,
-      usually smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, reddish, about ¼ inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval, rounded to short-pointed at the
-      tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long, about
-      half as broad, toothed along the edges and sometimes slightly
-      lobed, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler on the
-      lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 2 inches long, smooth or
-      hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, up to 1½ inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or
-      more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or pinkish petals,
-      appearing during May and June.
-
-Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.
-
-Wood: Heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Wood is used for tool handles; crab apples used in making jelly.
-
-Habitat: Woods; edge of fields; edge of prairies.
-
-Range: New York and southern Ontario across to Wisconsin, south to
-      Kansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Prairie Crab Apple differs from the
-      Narrow-leaved Crab Apple by its broader leaves and from the Iowa
-      Crab Apple by its usually less-lobed leaves and smooth flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE]
-
-
-                            IOWA CRAB APPLE
-                     _Malus ioensis_ (Wood) Britt.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown spreading.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, sometimes spiny, usually
-      somewhat hairy at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, less than ⅛ inch in diameter, finely
-      hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, rounded or pointed
-      at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4½ inches long
-      and less than half as broad, toothed along the edges and often
-      shallowly lobed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface,
-      yellow-green and usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, up to 2 inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or more
-      in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or rose petals, appearing
-      during May and June.
-
-Fruit: Apples up to 1¾ inches across, yellow-green, edible.
-
-Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.
-
-Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.
-
-Habitat: Edges of prairies and fields.
-
-Range: Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Nebraska, Texas, and Louisiana.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Iowa Crab Apple is distinguished from the
-      other crab apples in the state by the greater frequency of lobed
-      leaves and by its hairy flowers.
-
-    [Illustration: IOWA CRAB APPLE]
-
-
-                             WHITE MULBERRY
-                            _Morus alba_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.
-
-Bark: Light brown, sometimes tinted with orange, divided into long,
-      scaly plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, yellowish, smooth or sometimes hairy, more or less
-      zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, about ⅙ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip,
-      rounded or cut straight across at the base, up to 5 inches long
-      and nearly as broad, coarsely round-toothed, sometimes 2-lobed,
-      sometimes 3-lobed, sometimes deeply several-lobed, sometimes
-      unlobed, green and smooth to the touch on the upper surface, paler
-      and smooth on the lower surface, except for a few hairs sometimes
-      on the veins; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either on
-      the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves
-      unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow green clusters up to 2
-      inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to
-      1 inch long.
-
-Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1¼ inches long, white or pinkish,
-      more rarely red or purple, sweet, juicy.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts; the fruit is edible.
-
-Habitat: Woods, along roads, in disturbed areas.
-
-Range: Native of Asia; naturalized from Maine to Minnesota, south to
-      Texas, east to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The White Mulberry lacks hairs on the lower
-      surface of the leaves (except sometimes along the veins), thus
-      differing from the Red Mulberry.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE MULBERRY]
-
-
-                              RED MULBERRY
-                            _Morus rubra_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, divided into long, scaly plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth or sometimes hairy, reddish-brown to dark brown,
-      more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated,
-      with numerous bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, abruptly pointed at the
-      apex, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 6 inches long
-      and sometimes nearly as broad, coarsely toothed, sometimes
-      2-lobed, sometimes 3-lobed, often unlobed, green and usually rough
-      to the touch on the upper surface, paler and with short white
-      hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long,
-      smooth at maturity. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either on
-      the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves
-      unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow, green clusters up to 2
-      inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to
-      1 inch long.
-
-Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1½ inches long, at first red,
-      becoming purple or nearly black, rarely remaining pale, sweet,
-      juicy.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, durable, coarse-grained, orange-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts and barrels; the fruit is edible.
-
-Habitat: Woods, particularly along streams.
-
-Range: Vermont across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Texas,
-      east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Red Mulberry differs from White Mulberry in the
-      presence of some hairs on the lower surface of the leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: RED MULBERRY]
-
-
-                               TUPELO GUM
-                          _Nyssa aquatica_ L.
-
-Other Names: Swamp Tupelo; Water Tupelo; Cotton Gum.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet,
-      often swollen at the base; crown spreading, with numerous
-      branchlets.
-
-Bark: Light gray to dark gray to brown, broken into thin scales.
-
-Twigs: Stout, more or less angular, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars
-      alternate, broadly U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to somewhat ovate, pointed at
-      the tip, tapering to rounded to even heart-shaped at the base, up
-      to 8 inches long and about half as broad, the edges smooth or with
-      a few coarse teeth, dark green, shiny, smooth or somewhat hairy on
-      the upper surface, paler and soft-hairy on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks stout, up to 3 inches long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing as
-      the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, small, the staminate several
-      in spherical clusters, the pistillate solitary on long stalks
-      arising from the leaf axils.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, dark purple with pale speckles, up to 1 inch
-      long, bitter, 1-seeded, ripening in September.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Paper pulp, broom handles, floors.
-
-Habitat: Swamps and low woods.
-
-Range: Virginia to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Tupelo Gum is characterized by its large,
-      irregularly toothed leaves and its oblong, purple fruits.
-
-    [Illustration: TUPELO GUM]
-
-
-                                SOUR GUM
-                        _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh.
-
-Other Name: Black Gum.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      3 feet; crown rounded, often with many small, drooping branchlets.
-
-Bark: Brown to black, often broken up into squarish blocks.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf scars
-      alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. The pith is
-      continuous but marked with distinct partitions.
-
-Buds: Short-pointed, yellowish or reddish, smooth, about ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades abruptly pointed at the tip, tapering
-      or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long and usually about half
-      as wide, smooth or with a few coarse teeth along the edges, dark
-      green, shiny, and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and
-      usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½
-      inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy. The leaves turn scarlet in
-      the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing
-      after the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, very small, the
-      staminate several in spherical clusters, the pistillate 2-several
-      on long stalks arising from the leaf axils.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, oval, dark blue, up to ⅔ inch long, bitter, 1-seeded,
-      ripening in October.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, soft, not durable, pale yellow.
-
-Uses: Pulpwood, gun-stocks, flooring; sometimes used as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Dry wooded slopes, low woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to Missouri and
-      Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Sour Gum is easily confused with Persimmon, but
-      differs by its leaves which are abruptly short-pointed at the tip,
-      and by its twigs which have continuous pith marked by distinct
-      partitions.
-
-    [Illustration: SOUR GUM]
-
-
-                              HOP HORNBEAM
-                  _Ostrya virginiana_ (Mill.) K. Koch
-
-Other Name: Ironwood.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown usually rounded.
-
-Bark: Brown and scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, tough to break; leaf
-      scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Small, pointed at the tip.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely
-      doubly toothed, green and usually smooth on the upper surface,
-      paler and usually slightly hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      up to ¼ inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately but on the same tree.
-      The staminate catkins are on the tree through the winter before
-      opening in late April or May.
-
-Fruit: Nutlets enclosed by an inflated bladder, crowded together in a
-      cluster resembling hops.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, durable.
-
-Use: Tool handles.
-
-Habitat: Upland woods; rocky slopes; along streams.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and northeastern Wyoming, south to
-      eastern Texas and northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Blue Beech, with similar leaves, differs by
-      its scaly bark. Elms, which also have somewhat similar leaves,
-      usually have their leaves asymmetrical at the base.
-
-    [Illustration: HOP HORNBEAM]
-
-
-                             PRINCESS TREE
-                 _Paulownia tomentosa_ (Thunb.) Steud.
-
-Other Name: Paulownia.
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      1½ feet; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray, more or less smooth.
-
-Twigs: Stout, grayish, finely hairy; leaf scars opposite, nearly
-      spherical but with a notch at the top, with many bundle traces in
-      a ring.
-
-Buds: Half-round, minutely hairy.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades mostly heart-shaped, tapering to a
-      short point at the tip, up to about 10 inches long and nearly as
-      broad, smooth along the edges, minutely hairy on both surfaces.
-
-Flowers: Large, showy, fragrant, several in a large cluster, appearing
-      in late April or early May, the clusters sometimes a foot long,
-      each flower up to 2 inches long, the petals violet with yellow
-      stripes.
-
-Fruit: Ovoid capsules up to 1½ inches long, pointed at the tip, brown,
-      containing numerous winged seeds.
-
-Use: Popular as an ornamental because of its handsome flowers.
-
-Habitat: Along roads, around home sites.
-
-Range: Native of Asia; occasionally escaped in the eastern United
-      States.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Princess Tree resemble those
-      of the Catalpa, but they are always opposite and never in whorls.
-      The violet flowers and the short, ovid capsules further
-      distinguish the Princess Tree.
-
-    [Illustration: PRINCESS TREE]
-
-
-                               JACK PINE
-                        _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb.
-
-Other Names: Gray Pine; Scrub Pine.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall in some parts of the United
-      States; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown open but often
-      irregular.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, rough and scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, dark brown, becoming roughened.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, curved, up to 1½ inches long,
-      dark green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long;
-      pistillate crowded into few to several purple clusters.
-
-Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, upright, up to 2 inches long, each scale
-      comprising the cone bearing a small curved prickle; seeds
-      triangular, up to ¹/₁₂ inch long, with a wing up to ⅓ inch long.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, fuel, pulpwood.
-
-Habitat: Rocky woods.
-
-Range: Quebec across to Yukon, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois,
-      and New York, Nova Scotia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Jack Pine is distinguished by its short,
-      stiff, curved needles in clusters of 2 and by its short, curved
-      cones.
-
-    [Illustration: JACK PINE]
-
-
-                             SHORTLEAF PINE
-                         _Pinus echinata_ Mill.
-
-Other Name: Yellow Pine.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet;
-      crown pyramidal or rounded.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into large plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, becoming shreddy.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of both 2 and 3 on the same tree, flexible,
-      up to 5 inches long, dark green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several pale purple spikes up to ¾ inch
-      long; pistillate in groups of 1-3, rose-colored.
-
-Fruit: Cones 1-3 in a group, ovoid, up to 2½ inches long, each scale
-      comprising the cone often bearing a small sharp prickle on the
-      back; seeds triangular; less than ¼ inch long, with an
-      asymmetrical curved wing up to ½ inch long.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, paper pulp, construction.
-
-Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes; widely planted in a variety of sites.
-
-Range: Southern New York across Pennsylvania and southern Illinois to
-      Oklahoma, south to Texas, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Shortleaf Pine is distinguished by its needles
-      which may be in clusters of 2 and 3 on the same tree.
-
-    [Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE]
-
-
-                                RED PINE
-                         _Pinus resinosa_ Ait.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      3 feet; crown pyramidal.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, divided irregularly into plates.
-
-Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown, becoming roughened.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, flexible, up to 6 inches long, dark
-      green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several purple spikes up to ½ inch long;
-      pistillate crowded into fewer scarlet clusters.
-
-Fruit: Cones ovoid, mostly straight, up to 2 inches long, each scale
-      comprising the cone without any prickles; seeds triangular, up to
-      ⅛ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long.
-
-Wood: Rather hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Ships, bridges, general construction.
-
-Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Minnesota, Michigan,
-      Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; also north-central Illinois and West
-      Virginia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Red Pine is distinguished by its dark green
-      needles usually clustered near the tips of the twigs.
-
-    [Illustration: RED PINE]
-
-
-                               WHITE PINE
-                           _Pinus strobus_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Tall tree well over 100 feet tall in some regions of the
-      United States; trunk diameter sometimes in excess of 3 feet; crown
-      pyramidal.
-
-Bark: Brown, divided into broad ridges by shallow fissures.
-
-Twigs: Slender, orange-brown, smooth or slightly hairy.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of 5, very flexible, up to 5 inches long,
-      blue-green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ⅓ inch long;
-      pistillate crowded into fewer groups, pink to purple.
-
-Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, drooping, up to 8 inches long, each scale
-      comprising the cone lacking any prickles; seeds narrowly oblong,
-      up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, light brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, construction.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods, wooded slopes.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern
-      Illinois, and in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The soft, blue-green needles in clusters of 5
-      readily distinguish the White Pine.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE PINE]
-
-
-                              SCOTCH PINE
-                         _Pinus sylvestris_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet;
-      crown irregular.
-
-Bark: Large branches reddish-brown, broken into plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, roughened.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, to 3 inches long, gray-green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long;
-      pistillate crowded into 1 to several clusters.
-
-Fruit: Cones narrowly ovoid, to 2½ inches long, each scale comprising
-      the cone without any prickles.
-
-Uses: Often planted as an ornamental, Christmas trees.
-
-Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.
-
-Range: Native of Europe; widely planted in the eastern United States.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The rather short, stiff, gray-green needles in
-      clusters of 2 distinguish this pine.
-
-    [Illustration: SCOTCH PINE]
-
-
-                             LOBLOLLY PINE
-                            _Pinus taeda_ L.
-
-Other Name: Old-field Pine.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree sometimes over 125 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 2 feet; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, divided into irregular plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, becoming roughened.
-
-Leaves: Needles in clusters of 3 or occasionally 2, stiff, up to 9
-      inches long, light green.
-
-Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long;
-      pistillate crowded into 1 to several yellow clusters.
-
-Fruit: Cones ovoid to oblong, mostly straight, up to 6 inches long, each
-      scale comprising the cone with a short, sharp prickle; seeds
-      rounded, up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to 1 inch long.
-
-Wood: Weak, brittle, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.
-
-Uses: Pulpwood, construction.
-
-Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.
-
-Range: New Jersey to Tennessee, south across Arkansas to eastern Texas,
-      east to central Florida; not native in Illinois.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Loblolly Pine is distinguished by its
-      stiff, long needles usually in clusters of 3 and by its long
-      cones. It is similar to Shortleaf Pine but has longer needles and
-      cones.
-
-    [Illustration: LOBLOLLY PINE]
-
-
-                               WATER ELM
-                        _Planera aquatica_ Gmel.
-
-Other Name: Planer-tree.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches;
-      crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.
-
-Bark: Gray or pale brown, smooth at first but later splitting into large
-      scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown to gray, usually smooth; leaf scars
-      alternate, nearly circular, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Slender, pointed, brownish, smooth or somewhat hairy, up to ¼ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lance-ovate, rounded or somewhat
-      pointed at the tip, tapering to the usually asymmetrical base, up
-      to 3 inches long, less than half as broad, regularly coarsely
-      toothed, smooth or a little roughened on the upper surface at
-      maturity, smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to ½
-      inch long, finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Of three kinds, all on the same tree, appearing after the
-      leaves have begun to expand, greenish-yellow, without petals, the
-      staminate in several small clusters, the pistillate and perfect in
-      drooping clusters of 1-3 flowers.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, fleshy, up to ½ inch long, with warts irregularly
-      scattered over the surface, pale brown.
-
-Wood: Soft, light in weight, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Swampy areas.
-
-Range: North Carolina across southern Illinois to southeastern Missouri,
-      south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Water Elm resembles other native elms in
-      Illinois, but has only single-toothed leaves. The warty fruits are
-      also distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: WATER ELM]
-
-
-                                SYCAMORE
-                       _Platanus occidentalis_ L.
-
-Other Names: Buttonwood; Plane-tree.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree sometimes more than 100 feet tall; trunk
-      diameter up to 8 feet; crown broad, often irregular.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown when young, quickly breaking into thin, flat scales,
-      falling away in sections to expose large patches of whitish or
-      greenish inner bark.
-
-Twigs: Smooth, light brown, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate,
-      encircling the buds, somewhat elevated, with 5-7 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Light brown, pointed, about one-fourth inch long, entirely covered
-      by the base of the leafstalk. When the leaves fall off, exposing
-      the buds, they leave a scar which surrounds the base of each bud.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades circular in outline but divided into 3
-      or 5 shallow, sharp-pointed lobes, heart-shaped or cut straight
-      across at the base, up to 7 inches long (longer on vigorous
-      shoots) and often as broad, bright green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the
-      sparsely hairy veins; leafstalks to 5 inches long, slightly hairy;
-      stipules, resembling the leaves but only about an inch long, often
-      persist near the base of the leafstalks.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the
-      same tree, minute, crowded together in dense, round heads.
-
-Fruit: Round light brown heads, about one inch in diameter, on long
-      drooping stalks, containing many small seeds surrounded by hairs.
-
-Wood: Hard and strong.
-
-Uses: Furniture, interior finishing. Sometimes planted as an ornamental
-      because of its rapid growth and unusual bark.
-
-Habitat: Bottomlands, along streams, around lakes and ponds.
-
-Range: Maine across southern Wisconsin to eastern Nebraska, south to
-      eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The large palmately lobed leaves and the brown
-      and gray mottled bark readily distinguish this tree.
-
-    [Illustration: SYCAMORE]
-
-
-                              WHITE POPLAR
-                           _Populus alba_ L.
-
-Other Names: Silver-leaved Poplar; Abele.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet;
-      crown broadly rounded but often irregular.
-
-Bark: Grayish to whitish, at first smooth, later becoming deeply
-      fissured and very dark gray to nearly black.
-
-Twigs: Greenish-gray, white-hairy at least when young; leaf scars
-      alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, hairy, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually ovate, with a few broad teeth
-      along the edges, bluntly pointed at the tip, cut straight across
-      or a little heart-shaped at the base, up to 4 inches long, dark
-      green on the upper surface, silvery-hairy or white-wooly on the
-      lower surface; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, densely hairy, not
-      flat.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded
-      together in catkins, appearing when the leaves unfold.
-
-Fruit: Often curved, flask-shaped capsules, greenish, hairy, up to ¼
-      inch long, containing many seeds with cottony hairs attached.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft.
-
-Use: Grown as an ornamental because of its silvery leaves.
-
-Habitat: Along roads, around old homesteads.
-
-Range: Native of Europe and Asia; frequently planted and escaped from
-      cultivation in the United States.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves, with their silvery or white-wooly
-      under-surface and their few broad teeth, provided the best means
-      of identifying this tree.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE POPLAR]
-
-
-                               COTTONWOOD
-                       _Populus deltoides_ Marsh.
-
-Growth Form: Large rapidly growing tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk
-      diameter up to eight feet; crown spreading or broadly rounded,
-      with some drooping branches. The largest tree in Illinois, in
-      Grundy County, is a Cottonwood measuring twenty-eight feet six
-      inches in circumference.
-
-Bark: Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Yellow-green, gray, or tan, smooth, moderately stout, with
-      numerous pale “dots”; leaf scars alternate, triangular, with 3
-      large bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Lance-shaped, long-pointed, up to ½ inch long, sticky,
-      chestnut-colored.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades to 5 inches long and often nearly as
-      broad, triangular, abruptly pointed at the tip, cut straight
-      across or even slightly heart-shaped at the base, with coarse
-      rounded teeth along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on the
-      upper surface, paler on the lower surface; leafstalks to 4 inches
-      long, smooth, often yellow, flat.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate
-      crowded in rather thick, reddish catkins, the pistillate crowded
-      in narrower, greenish-yellow catkins, both sexes appearing before
-      the leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Elliptic, greenish-brown capsules up to ¼ inch long, grouped in
-      elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony hairs
-      attached.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, readily warping.
-
-Uses: Pulpwood, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.
-
-Range: New Hampshire across to southeastern North Dakota, south central
-      Texas, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Cottonwood is easily recognized by its
-      triangular leaves with flattened leafstalks. The cottony seeds,
-      when the fruits are mature, are also distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: COTTONWOOD]
-
-
-                            BIG-TOOTH ASPEN
-                     _Populus grandidentata_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Large-tooth Aspen.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet;
-      crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Grayish-green, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured and
-      broken up into thin scales.
-
-Twigs: Grayish-green, with numerous orange “dots,” hairy when young but
-      becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, raised, 3-lobed, each with
-      3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, somewhat hairy, up to one-eighth
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly circular in outline,
-      short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 5 inches
-      long, nearly as broad, with several rather coarse teeth along the
-      edges, green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface,
-      smooth when mature; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, flat, enabling
-      the leaf to rustle even in gentle breezes.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded
-      together in catkins up to 5 inches long, appearing as the leaves
-      unfold.
-
-Fruit: Long, narrow, flask-shaped, green, slightly hairy capsules,
-      grouped in elongated clusters, containing many seeds with cottony
-      hairs attached.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.
-
-Use: Pulpwood.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes, edges of woods.
-
-Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to central Illinois, east to
-      Maryland; Kentucky and north-central Tennessee east to western
-      North Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The coarsely toothed, tremoring leaves and the
-      grayish-green trunks combine to make this a tree easy to
-      recognize.
-
-    [Illustration: BIG-TOOTH ASPEN]
-
-
-                            SWAMP COTTONWOOD
-                       _Populus heterophylla_ L.
-
-Other Name: Swamp Poplar.
-
-Growth Form: Up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown very
-      irregular, with a few, large, upright branches.
-
-Bark: Gray or brown, smooth when young, becoming scaly ridged at
-      maturity.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, smooth or hairy, reddish; leaf scars alternate,
-      3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces; pith 5-angled.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, dark brown, sticky, up to one-half inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, rounded or bluntly pointed at
-      the tip, heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, up to 6
-      inches broad, with rounded teeth along the edges, green on the
-      upper surface, paler on the lower surface, densely white-woolly
-      when young, becoming essentially smooth at maturity; leafstalks to
-      4 inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy, not flattened.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate
-      crowded in thick catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate in
-      slender catkins up to 6 inches long, both appearing before the
-      leaves begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Ovoid, reddish-brown capsules up to ½ inch long, grouped in
-      elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony hairs
-      attached.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Pulpwood, fuel, interior finishing.
-
-Habitat: Swamps, low woods.
-
-Range: Connecticut to southern Michigan, southwestward across southern
-      Illinois to central Louisiana, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The broad, heart-shaped, toothed leaves readily
-      distinguish the Swamp Cottonwood from other trees in Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP COTTONWOOD]
-
-
-                             QUAKING ASPEN
-                      _Populus tremuloides_ Michx.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown rounded or occasionally spreading.
-
-Bark: Pale yellow-green or white, becoming grayish and divided into dark
-      scaly ridges at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Pale yellow-green or white, slender, smooth; leaf scars
-      alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Lance-shaped, short-pointed, smooth, sticky, up to ⅓ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate to nearly round, short-pointed
-      at the apex, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, nearly as
-      broad, with many small round teeth along the edges, green, smooth,
-      and shiny on the upper surface, not shiny on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks to 3 inches long, smooth, flat. The flat leafstalks
-      allow for the leaves to tremor at the slightest wind.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate
-      crowded in catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate crowded in
-      catkins up to 6 inches long.
-
-Fruit: Narrow, flask-shaped, green capsules up to ¼ inch long, grouped
-      in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony
-      hairs attached.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.
-
-Use: Pulpwood.
-
-Habitat: Edge of woods, thickets.
-
-Range: Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California and New Mexico and
-      Texas, east across Missouri and Tennessee to New Jersey.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The whitish trunk and the ovate, trembling
-      leaves serve to distinguish this species.
-
-    [Illustration: QUAKING ASPEN]
-
-
-                               WILD PLUM
-                       _Prunus americana_ Marsh.
-
-Other Name: American Plum.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown broad, often irregular.
-
-Bark: Dark gray to brown, rough and scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, speckled with many dots, smooth or hairy; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth or hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and less than
-      half as broad, finely toothed along the edges, the teeth not
-      glandular, green and smooth or hairy on the upper surface, paler
-      and smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up
-      to 1 inch long, sometimes with 1 or 2 glands near the upper end,
-      smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 white
-      or pinkish petals, appearing before or as the leaves begin to
-      unfold.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or covered
-      with a whitish wax, juicy, sweet, 1-seeded.
-
-Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: The fruits are used in making jelly and preserves.
-
-Habitat: Woods, thickets.
-
-Range: Southern Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Mexico, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Wild Plum differs from other plums in
-      Illinois by the absence of glands on the teeth of the leaves. The
-      Wild Plum may have either smooth or hairy leaves and twigs.
-
-    [Illustration: WILD PLUM]
-
-
-                            WILD GOOSE PLUM
-                       _Prunus hortulana_ Bailey
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown broad and rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray or brown, becoming scaly at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round,
-      elevated, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, rounded at the tip, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to oval, pointed at the tip,
-      rounded or tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓
-      as broad, finely toothed along the edge, the teeth gland-tipped,
-      green and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes
-      hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long,
-      with 1-several glands, smooth or sparsely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 white
-      petals, appearing after the leaves are partly grown.
-
-Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or rarely
-      yellowish, fleshy but hard, bitter, 1-seeded.
-
-Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.
-
-Habitat: Edges of woods, thickets.
-
-Range: Indiana to Iowa, south to Oklahoma, east to Alabama.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Wild Goose Plum flowers when its leaves are
-      partly grown, thereby distinguishing it from the Wild Plum which
-      blooms before or as the leaves begin to unfold.
-
-    [Illustration: WILD GOOSE PLUM]
-
-
-                            OTHER WILD PLUMS
-
-Two other wild plums are occasionally encountered in Illinois.
-
-Munson’s Wild Plum (_Prunus munsoniana_ Wight & Hedrick). Munson’s Wild
-Plum is a small tree rarely more than 15 feet tall and often forming
-thickets. It has gray or brown scaly bark, smooth brownish twigs, and
-small, ovoid buds. The leaves are oval and up to 6 inches long and up to
-2 inches wide. The edges of the leaves are finely toothed, with each
-tooth gland-tipped. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth, while the
-lower surface usually has some hairs. The showy white flowers appear
-while the leaves are developing. The fruits are spherical or slightly
-oblong red plums with sweet, juicy flesh. Munson’s Wild Plum is found
-only in the midwestern states.
-
-Narrow-leaved Plum (_Prunus angustifolia_ Marsh.). Also known as
-Chickasaw Plum, this is a small tree up to about 15 feet tall, usually
-forming thickets. The smooth, brownish twigs usually have several sharp
-spines. Most of the leaves are lance-shaped and up to 2 inches long, and
-conspicuously folded lengthwise. The flowers begin to bloom just as the
-leaves start to unfold. The red, nearly spherical plum has tart, juicy
-flesh. The Narrow-leaved Plum is found mostly in the southeastern United
-States.
-
-    [Illustration: ANOTHER WILD PLUM]
-
-
-                           WILD BLACK CHERRY
-                        _Prunus serotina_ Ehrh.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown rounded, with rigid branches.
-
-Bark: Thin, smooth, reddish-brown at first, becoming deeply furrowed and
-      black.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, dark brown; leaf scars half-round, each with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark brown, smooth, up to one-fourth inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the
-      tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ as
-      broad, finely toothed along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on
-      the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except
-      for rusty hairs along the veins; leafstalks slender, slightly less
-      than 1 inch long, smooth, with 1 or more reddish glands near the
-      tip.
-
-Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 inches
-      long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each flower
-      about ¼ inch across, with 5 white petals.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, dark purple, up to ½ inch in diameter.
-
-Wood: Light weight, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Cabinets, interior finishing.
-
-Habitat: Roadsides, fencerows, edge of woods.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Wild Black Cherry is similar to the Choke
-      Cherry but usually is a larger tree with thicker leaves and with
-      the teeth tending to curve inward.
-
-    [Illustration: WILD BLACK CHERRY]
-
-
-                              CHOKE CHERRY
-                         _Prunus virginiana_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall, often only a shrub; trunk
-      diameter up to 5 inches; crown irregular.
-
-Bark: Thin, smooth and reddish-brown at first, becoming furrowed and
-      darkened.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown with pale lenticels; leaf scars
-      alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, more or less smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the
-      tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and about half as
-      broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, green, smooth
-      and shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with a few
-      hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long,
-      smooth, with 2 glands near the tip.
-
-Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 inches
-      long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each flower up
-      to ½ inch across, with 5 white petals.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red at first,
-      becoming deep purple at maturity.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale-brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, some interior finishing.
-
-Habitat: Woods, along streams.
-
-Range: Newfoundland across to Saskatchewan, south to Kansas, east to
-      North Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Choke Cherry resembles Wild Black Cherry,
-      differing by its more pointed teeth along the edges of the leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: CHOKE CHERRY]
-
-
-                               WAFER ASH
-                         _Ptelea trifoliata_ L.
-
-Other Name: Hop-tree.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree or shrub up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 5 inches; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Brown, somewhat roughened.
-
-Twigs: Slender, dark brown, often with small “warts”; leaf scars
-      alternate, large, horseshoe-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3
-      bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Spherical, pale brown, hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets mostly ovate,
-      long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5
-      inches long, up to half as wide, smooth or with fine teeth along
-      the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and
-      smooth on the lower surface; leaflets without individual stalks.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but usually
-      in the same cluster, appearing in late May and June, with 3-5
-      obscure, greenish-white petals.
-
-Fruit: Thin, flat, nearly spherical winged seed up to 1 inch across.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, yellow-brown.
-
-Use: The fruit at one time was used as a substitute for hops in brewing.
-
-Habitat: Rocky, wooded slopes.
-
-Range: Quebec across Michigan to Iowa, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Wafer Ash is distinguished by its 3-parted
-      alternate leaves and its flat, spherical, winged seeds.
-
-    [Illustration: WAFER ASH]
-
-
-                               WHITE OAK
-                           _Quercus alba_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown very broad, with stiff, horizontal branches; trunk
-      relatively short and rather thick.
-
-Bark: Gray or whitish with gray patches, shallowly furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, somewhat shiny, gray, whitish, or even purplish;
-      pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but
-      crowded near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated,
-      with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Nearly round, reddish-brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually with 7 or 9 lobes, the lobes
-      rounded and not bristle-tipped, the sinuses varying from shallow
-      to deep, the upper surface green and smooth, the lower surface
-      paler and smooth, up to 10 inches long, up to half as wide,
-      turning red in the autumn; leafstalks up to 1 inch long, rather
-      stout, smooth. Leaves on the same tree may vary considerably.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate many in drooping, yellow catkins, the
-      pistillate few in a group, red.
-
-Fruit: Acorns borne 1 or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-      oblong, up to ¾ inch long, green to greenish-brown, shiny, the cup
-      covering up to ¼ of the nut, yellow-brown, often minutely hairy.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, durable, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, general construction, fence posts,
-      fuel, tight cooperage.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods; wooded slopes; dry woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to
-      northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: White Oak is recognized by its grayish bark and
-      its 5-7 round-lobed, smooth leaves which are usually whitish on
-      the lower surface. Its oblong, greenish-brown, shiny acorns are
-      also distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE OAK]
-
-
-                            SWAMP WHITE OAK
-                        _Quercus bicolor_ Willd.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet;
-      crown rounded and broad.
-
-Bark: Grayish-brown, deeply furrowed, becoming flaky.
-
-Twigs: Stout, grayish-brown to yellowish-brown; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; pith
-      star-shaped in cross-section.
-
-Buds: Clustered at the tips of the twigs, ellipsoid to spherical, up to
-      ⅛ inch long, yellow-brown, smooth or with a few hairs at the tip.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually broadest above the middle, up
-      to 6 inches long and 4 inches broad, coarsely round-toothed or
-      sometimes with a few shallow lobes, smooth or somewhat hairy on
-      the upper surface, white and softly hairy on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks nearly an inch long, smooth or slightly hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      in groups of 2-4.
-
-Fruit: Acorns in pairs, on stalks 1 inch long or longer, the nut ovoid,
-      pale brown, 1-1½ inches long, enclosed about ⅓ its length by the
-      cup, the cup thick, light brown, hairy, roughened.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods.
-
-Range: Maine and southern Quebec across to southern Minnesota, south to
-      Oklahoma, east to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Swamp White Oak is distinguished by its
-      leaves which are coarsely round-toothed and softly white hairy on
-      the lower surface of the leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP WHITE OAK]
-
-
-                              SCARLET OAK
-                       _Quercus coccinea_ Muench.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet;
-      crown narrow but open.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, shallowly fissured when mature.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, but crowded near
-      the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.
-
-Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, hairy at the tip, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the
-      middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, bright green, shiny and
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs along
-      the veins on the lower surface, up to 6½ inches long and 4 inches
-      broad; leafstalks up to 2½ inches long, slender, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      in groups of 1 or 2.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without stalks, the nut oval
-      or hemispherical, up to ¾ inch across, reddish-brown with
-      occasional darker rings around it, enclosed up to ½ its length by
-      the cup, the cup thin, top-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Fuel, fence posts, coarse construction.
-
-Habitat: Dry woods.
-
-Range: Maine to southern Ontario, south to Oklahoma, east to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Scarlet Oak looks very much like Pin Oak, but
-      differs in habitat and structure of the acorn cup. It sometimes
-      resembles Black Oak but has shorter, less hairy buds and acorns
-      without loosely arranged scales on the cup.
-
-    [Illustration: SCARLET OAK]
-
-
-                               HILL’S OAK
-                   _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ E. J. Hill
-
-Other Name: Northern Pin Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree to about 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-      feet; crown rounded, with the drooping lowermost branches often
-      reaching nearly to the ground.
-
-Bark: Gray-black, rather smooth to shallowly fissured.
-
-Twigs: Rather slender, smooth at maturity, grayish-brown to
-      reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars
-      alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round,
-      slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Nearly smooth, one-fourth inch long, ovoid, reddish-brown.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades 3-9 inches long, slightly tapering or
-      usually cut nearly straight across at the base, with 2-4 pairs of
-      bristle-tipped lobes usually cut over half-way to the mid-vein,
-      deep green and shiny on the upper surface at maturity; leafstalks
-      smooth, up to 3 inches long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, appearing as the leaves
-      unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, the
-      pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.
-
-Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks;
-      acorns longer than broad, short-pointed at the base, about ½ inch
-      across, the cup bowl-shaped covering ⅓ to ½ of the acorn.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Shingles and interior finishings.
-
-Habitat: Dry upland woods, often where Black Oak occurs.
-
-Range: Northwestern Ohio and central Michigan to southeastern Minnesota,
-      south to eastern Iowa and north-central Illinois.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The elongated acorn of the Hill’s Oak
-      distinguishes it from pin oak, which it closely resembles.
-
-    [Illustration: HILL’S OAK]
-
-
-                              SPANISH OAK
-                        _Quercus falcata_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Southern Red Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet;
-      crown broadly rounded, with stiff, stout, spreading branchlets;
-      trunk straight, rather stout.
-
-Bark: Dark brown to nearly black, shallowly furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so at maturity; pith
-      star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered
-      near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly rounded at the base, 3- to
-      5-lobed, the terminal lobe usually long, narrow, and strongly
-      curved, all lobes bristle-tipped, up to 8 inches long, up to 6
-      inches wide, green on the upper surface, pale and densely
-      soft-hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk up to 2½ inches long,
-      slender, usually hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping, densely hairy catkins,
-      the pistillate few in a rusty-hairy cluster, with dark red
-      stigmas.
-
-Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a short stalk, the nut
-      spherical or ellipsoid, up to ½ inch long, orange-brown, the cup
-      covering only up to ⅓ of the nut, with hairy, reddish-brown
-      scales.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.
-
-Habitat: Dry and usually poor upland soil; occasionally in bottomlands.
-
-Range: Central New Jersey south to central Florida, across to eastern
-      Texas, up the Mississippi Basin to central Missouri, south-central
-      Illinois, southeastern Indiana, western Kentucky, and western
-      Tennessee.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Spanish Oak is the only bristle-tipped oak
-      in Illinois in which the lower leaf surface is covered with a mat
-      of fine hairs.
-
-    [Illustration: SPANISH OAK]
-
-
-                              SHINGLE OAK
-                      _Quercus imbricaria_ Michx.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown rounded or oblong, with many branches; trunk straight,
-      columnar.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed between flat, tight plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-sections; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of
-      the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, lanceolate to
-      oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the base, up to 6 inches
-      long, up to 2 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the
-      upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up
-      to ½ inch long, stout, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate few in a cluster.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, stalked, the nut nearly spherical,
-      dark brown, less than half enclosed by the cup, the cup
-      reddish-brown and slightly hairy.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Shingles, general construction.
-
-Habitat: Moist soil along streams or in woods; occasionally on dry,
-      exposed sandstone cliffs.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska, south to
-      Kansas, east to Arkansas and South Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Only the Shingle Oak and the Willow Oak, among
-      all the oaks, have leaves without any teeth or lobes. The Shingle
-      Oak generally has broader leaves than does the Willow Oak. The
-      Shingle Oak can be told from Magnolias by its star-shaped pith and
-      the formation of acorns.
-
-    [Illustration: SHINGLE OAK]
-
-
-                              OVERCUP OAK
-                         _Quercus lyrata_ Walt.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 3 feet; crown rounded to oblong, with several branches, the
-      lowermost often drooping; trunk straight, columnar.
-
-Bark: Gray or grayish-brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish,
-      plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, buff-colored; pith star-shaped in cross-section;
-      leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig,
-      half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Nearly round, smooth, pale brown, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-7 rounded lobes, the
-      sinuses shallow to deep, up to 10 inches long, up to 4½ inches
-      broad, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, pale and softly
-      hairy to nearly smooth on the lower surface; leafstalk up to 1
-      inch long, smooth or hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate few in a group.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-      nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, pale brown, often
-      nearly entirely enclosed by the cup, the cup finely hairy, with
-      some of the scales forming a ragged rim near the base.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods; swamps.
-
-Range: Southern Virginia across to eastern Texas, north up the
-      Mississippi Valley to southern Missouri, southern Illinois, and
-      southern Indiana; also in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey;
-      southward to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The best identifying characteristic of this
-      plant is the acorn in which the nut often is nearly enclosed by
-      the cup.
-
-    [Illustration: OVERCUP OAK]
-
-
-                                BUR OAK
-                      _Quercus macrocarpa_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Mossy-cup Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 120 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-      feet; crown rounded, with stout branches; trunk straight, stout,
-      sometimes slightly buttressed at the base.
-
-Bark: Dark brown or yellow-brown, rather deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Stout, dark brown, often with corky ridges; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip,
-      half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, yellowish-brown to
-      reddish-brown, finely hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broader at the upper end, coarsely
-      round-toothed, usually with a pair of deep sinuses just below the
-      middle, often with as many as 5-7 lobes, the lobes not
-      bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or slightly hairy on the
-      upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower surface, up to
-      14 inches long and 7 inches wide; leaf stalks up to 1 inch long,
-      stout, smooth or finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      few in a group, with red stigmas.
-
-Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a stalk, the nut ovoid to
-      ellipsoid, dark brown, up to 1¾ inches long, the cup covering half
-      to nearly all the nut, hairy, the lowermost scales long-fringed.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: Cabinets, ship-building, fenceposts, fuel, tight cooperage.
-
-Habitat: Dry ridges to bottomland woods.
-
-Range: Vermont across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to Arkansas,
-      Tennessee, and Maryland.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Bur Oak are distinctive
-      because they are very broad in the upper half with a pair of deep
-      sinuses a little below the middle. The large, fringed cups are
-      also distinctive.
-
-    [Illustration: BUR OAK]
-
-
-                             BLACKJACK OAK
-                     _Quercus marilandica_ Muench.
-
-Other Name: Scrub Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Relatively small tree, at most attaining a height of 50
-      feet, usually much shorter and often very gnarled; trunk diameter
-      up to 1½ feet; crown exceedingly round-topped, with numerous lower
-      branches hanging downward.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, shallowly ridged.
-
-Twigs: Moderately stout, brown, more or less hairy; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the top,
-      half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Angular, from ¼-½ inch long, somewhat hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades about 4-8 inches long, leathery, very
-      much broader near the apex than the base, mostly rounded or even
-      somewhat heart shaped at the base, more or less 3-lobed and
-      bristle-tipped nearer the apex, the upper surface hairy at first,
-      becoming shiny dark green at maturity, the lower surface
-      permanently hairy; leafstalks less than 1 inch long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the
-      leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin,
-      the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.
-
-Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks, or
-      the stalks sometimes lacking; acorns nearly round, usually at most
-      only ½ inch in diameter, the cup enclosing ½ the acorn, with
-      rather loosely arranged scales.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Excellent as a source of charcoal and fuel.
-
-Habitat: Poor soil, particularly on dry, exposed rocky cliffs.
-
-Range: New York across to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and
-      southern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska, south into eastern Kansas,
-      eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, then east to northern
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The 3-lobed leaf, much broader at the apex, is
-      the most distinctive characteristic of this oak.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACKJACK OAK]
-
-
-                           SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK
-                       _Quercus michauxii_ Nutt.
-
-Other Names: Basket Oak; Cow Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk
-      diameter up to 6 feet; crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray or silvery-white, scaly.
-
-Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars
-      alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated,
-      with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.
-
-Buds: Pointed, finely hairy, reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded
-      or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and 6 inches broad,
-      coarsely scalloped along the edges, thick, green and sparsely
-      hairy on the upper surface, whitish and densely hairy on the lower
-      surface; leafstalk up to 1½ inches long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, minute, without petals,
-      the staminate crowded into long, slender catkins, the pistillate
-      few in a cluster.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without short stalks, the nut
-      ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, up to 1½ inches long, enclosed about ⅓
-      its length by the cup, the cup thick, cup-shaped, hairy,
-      short-fringed along the rim.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Low woods.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Chestnut Oak is distinguished from
-      other coarsely toothed oaks by the densely hairy, whitish lower
-      leaf surfaces and its short-stalked acorns.
-
-    [Illustration: SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK]
-
-
-                          YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK
-                     _Quercus muhlenbergii_ Engelm.
-
-Other Names: Chinquapin; Chinquapin Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown oblong or rounded, with many branches; trunk straight,
-      columnar, buttressed at the base.
-
-Bark: Pale gray, with scaly ridges.
-
-Twigs: Slender, yellow-brown or reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip,
-      half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section.
-
-Buds: Pointed, smooth, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate,
-      pointed at the tip, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely
-      toothed along the edges, smooth and yellow-green on the upper
-      surface, paler and usually finely hairy on the lower surface, up
-      to 8 inches long and 5 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1½ inches
-      long, slender, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long,
-      slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group, with red stigmas.
-
-Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the
-      nut ovoid, chestnut-colored, up to ¾ inch long, the cup covering
-      about ½ the nut, the scales of the cup hairy and usually with a
-      short fringe.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, close-grained.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel, railroad ties.
-
-Habitat: Low rich slopes; wooded hillsides; dry cliffs.
-
-Range: Vermont across to southern Minnesota, south to eastern Nebraska
-      and eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Chestnut Oak is distinguished from
-      the other coarsely toothed oaks by its usually sharper pointed
-      teeth and by the size and shape of its acorns.
-
-    [Illustration: YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK]
-
-
-                             CHERRYBARK OAK
-                      _Quercus pagodaefolia_ Ell.
-
-Other Name: Swamp Spanish Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar.
-
-Bark: Dark gray, broken by narrow ridges into small scales.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown or gray, usually hairy when young,
-      becoming smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars
-      alternate but clustered near tip of the twigs, half-round,
-      slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, angular, hairy, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-11 pointed lobes, the
-      sinuses cut about half-way to the midvein, up to 10 inches long,
-      up to 7 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the upper
-      surface, pale and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2
-      inches long, stout, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      few together.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-      ellipsoid, about ½ inch long, brown, enclosed for less than ⅓ its
-      length by the cup, the cup finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Strong, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, cabinets.
-
-Habitat: Bottomlands and river banks.
-
-Range: Southeastern Virginia to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas,
-      east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is distinctive for this
-      oak.
-
-    [Illustration: CHERRYBARK OAK]
-
-
-                                PIN OAK
-                      _Quercus palustris_ Muench.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter usually less
-      than 3 feet; crown narrowly rounded or oblong, but with the lower
-      branches drooping; trunk straight, with pin-like stubs developing
-      rather low on the trunk.
-
-Bark: Light brown or dark brown, scarcely furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to dark gray; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip,
-      half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown or dark gray, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the
-      middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, dark green, shiny and more
-      or less smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs
-      along the veins on the lower surface, up to 7 inches long and 4
-      inches broad; leafstalk up to 2 inches long, slender, usually
-      smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      in groups of 1-3.
-
-Fruit: Acorns 1-4 together, with or without stalks, the nut
-      hemispherical, up to ½ inch across, pale brown, frequently with
-      darker lines, enclosed less than ¼ by the cup, the cup thin,
-      saucer-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts, ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Moist soil; in floodplain woods; along streams; edges of swamps
-      and ponds.
-
-Range: Massachusetts across to southeastern Iowa, south to northeastern
-      Oklahoma, east to northern Virginia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Pin Oak is recognized by its drooping lower
-      branches and its small acorns.
-
-    [Illustration: PIN OAK]
-
-
-                               WILLOW OAK
-                          _Quercus phellos_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet;
-      crown narrowly round-topped.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, smooth at first, becoming irregularly and shallowly
-      furrowed with age.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of
-      the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, narrowly
-      lanceolate to narrowly oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the
-      base, up to 5 inches long, up to 1 inch broad, light green and
-      smooth on the upper surface, usually smooth and paler on the lower
-      surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or slightly hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      few in a cluster.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the
-      nut more or less spherical, pale yellow-brown, enclosed less than
-      ¼ its length by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Heavy, rather soft, strong, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown.
-
-Use: General construction.
-
-Habitat: Swampy woods.
-
-Range: New York across to southern Illinois and eastern Oklahoma, south
-      to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This and the Shingle Oak are the only oaks in
-      Illinois with unlobed, untoothed leaves. The leaves of the Willow
-      Oak are usually much narrower than those of the Shingle Oak.
-
-    [Illustration: WILLOW OAK]
-
-
-                           ROCK CHESTNUT OAK
-                          _Quercus prinus_ L.
-
-Other Name: Chestnut Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown broad but irregular.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, with conspicuous furrows between the rounded ridges.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars
-      alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round,
-      with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.
-
-Buds: Pointed, brown, somewhat hairy, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate to broadly lanceolate, pointed
-      at the tip, narrowed to the base, thick and leathery, coarsely
-      round-toothed along the edges, smooth, shiny, and yellow-green on
-      the upper surface, finely hairy over all the lower surface, up to
-      9 inches long and up to 4 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1 inch
-      long, smooth or slightly hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long,
-      slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group.
-
-Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the
-      nut ovoid to ellipsoid, chestnut-colored, up to 1½ inches long,
-      the cup covering about ½ the nut or less, the scales of the cup
-      reddish-brown and warty.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Dry, rocky, wooded slopes.
-
-Range: Maine across to southern Illinois, south to Mississippi and
-      Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The acorns of the Rock Chestnut Oak are about
-      twice the size as those of the Yellow Chestnut Oak. The teeth of
-      the leaves of the Rock Chestnut Oak tend to be more rounded than
-      the pointed teeth of the Yellow Chestnut Oak.
-
-    [Illustration: ROCK CHESTNUT OAK]
-
-
-                            NORTHERN RED OAK
-                           _Quercus rubra_ L.
-
-Other Name: Red Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to tall tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-      feet; crown broadly rounded, with large spreading branches; trunk
-      straight, columnar, often buttressed at the base.
-
-Bark: Grayish-brown, reddish-brown, blackish, or gray, with dark
-      stripes.
-
-Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in
-      cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of
-      the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, shiny, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rather shallowly 7- to 11-lobed, the
-      lobes bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or somewhat hairy on
-      the upper surface, paler and smooth or often with hairs along the
-      veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long, up to 6 inches
-      broad; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, stout, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-      in groups of 1-3.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without stalks, the nut
-      ovoid, up to 1½ inches long, pale brown, covered less than ¼ by
-      the cup, the cup reddish-brown, with tight scales.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Rich, upland woods; along river banks; on well-drained slopes.
-
-Range: New Brunswick, across southern Quebec and Ontario, to
-      northcentral Minnesota, south to eastern Kansas, east across
-      Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and in the mountains of eastern
-      Tennessee and northeastern Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The acorn with its very shallow, saucer-shaped
-      cap is the best identifying characteristic for the Red Oak. The
-      leaves are generally more shallowly lobed than those of the Black
-      Oak, Southern Red Oak, and Scarlet Oak.
-
-    [Illustration: NORTHERN RED OAK]
-
-
-                             SHUMARD’S OAK
-                       _Quercus shumardii_ Buckl.
-
-Other Names: Southern Red Oak; Schneck’s Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Up to 120 feet tall; trunk up to 5 feet in diameter; crown
-      broad and open, with wide-spreading branches.
-
-Bark: Firmly ridged and dark brownish-black.
-
-Twigs: Generally stouter than those of the Red Oak, smooth; pith
-      star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered
-      near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with
-      several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Smooth, red-brown, about one-third inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, straight across
-      or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, with 2-4 pairs of lobes
-      divided over ⅔’s the way to the mid-nerve, each lobe toothed and
-      bristle-pointed at the tips, the sinuses broadly rounded, dark
-      green and shiny above, with white tufts of hair in the vein axils
-      beneath; leafstalks slender, smooth, up to 2½ inches long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the
-      leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin,
-      the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.
-
-Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on stalks less than ¼
-      inch long, usually produced singly; acorns broadly egg-shaped,
-      short-pointed at the base and flat at the top, up to 1¼ inches
-      long and about ¾ as broad, light brown; cup shallow, about ¼-⅓
-      covering the acorn, with closely appressed, densely short-woolly
-      scales.
-
-Wood: Light, strong, durable; not distinguished commercially from Red
-      Oak.
-
-Uses: Interior finishing and furniture.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods and stream banks.
-
-Range: Most abundant in the Mississippi basin, but known from Florida
-      and Texas, north to Maryland, Pennsylvania, eastcentral Kentucky,
-      Indiana, central Illinois, the eastern half of Iowa, and
-      southeastern Kansas. The largest known Shumard’s Oak in the
-      country occurs at Beall Woods in Wabash County, Illinois.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Deeply lobed, shiny leaves with broadly rounded
-      sinuses.
-
-    [Illustration: SHUMARD’S OAK]
-
-
-                                POST OAK
-                        _Quercus stellata_ Wang.
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 3 feet; crown rounded or obovoid, with rather stout branches;
-      trunk gnarled or straight, usually not buttressed.
-
-Bark: Gray or light brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish,
-      plates.
-
-Twigs: Stout, brownish, covered when young by a tawny-colored fuzziness;
-      pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but
-      densely clustered toward the tip, half-round, usually slightly
-      elevated, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Spherical but often short-pointed, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch
-      long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thick, 5-lobed, the upper three lobes
-      squarish, separated from the lowest pair of lobes by a deep sinus,
-      up to 6 inches long, up to 4½ inches wide, dark green and hairy on
-      the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface;
-      leafstalks up to 1 inch long, stout, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-      pistillate few in a cluster.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the
-      nut oval to oblong, up to 1 inch long, pale brown, less than half
-      enclosed by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, hairy.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.
-
-Habitat: Dry woods; dry bluffs.
-
-Range: Massachusetts across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The 3 squarish lobes at the upper end of the
-      thick leaves distinguish the Post Oak.
-
-    [Illustration: POST OAK]
-
-
-                               BLACK OAK
-                        _Quercus velutina_ Lam.
-
-Other Name: Yellow-bark Oak.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3½
-      feet; crown broadly rounded or oblong, with spreading branches;
-      trunk straight, columnar, scarcely buttressed at the base.
-
-Bark: Black, with a yellow or orange inner bark, deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender or rather stout, reddish-brown to dark brown; pith
-      star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered
-      near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Pointed, angular, gray or reddish-brown, hairy, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades deeply to shallowly 7- to 9-lobed, the
-      lobes bristle-tipped, dark green, shiny and usually smooth on the
-      upper surface, smooth, finely hairy, or hairy only along the veins
-      on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long and 8 inches wide; leaf
-      stalk up to 5 inches long, stout, smooth or finely hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-      tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-      petals, the staminate in slender, drooping clusters, the
-      pistillate in groups of 1-4.
-
-Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the
-      nut ovoid or ellipsoid, up to ¾ inch long, reddish-brown, not more
-      than ½ enclosed by the cup, the cup with scales not appressed at
-      the tip, thus appearing ragged.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Mostly upland woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to south-central Minnesota, south to eastern Texas,
-      east to northern Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Black Oak is easily distinguished by its large,
-      angular, gray-hairy buds and its acorns with their ragged-edged
-      cup.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK OAK]
-
-
-                           CAROLINA BUCKTHORN
-                      _Rhamnus caroliniana_ Walt.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches;
-      crown spreading.
-
-Bark: Gray, somewhat roughened.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or pale brown, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf scars
-      alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, up to ¼ inch long, very hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic, short-pointed at the tip,
-      tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, up
-      to 2 inches broad, finely toothed or toothless along the edges,
-      dark green, smooth, and glossy on the upper surface, paler and
-      smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks finely
-      hairy, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Flowers: Few in umbrella-like clusters, inconspicuous, appearing when
-      the leaves are nearly grown, each flower with 5 small petals.
-
-Fruit: Spherical berries, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red and shiny,
-      containing 2-4 seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, light in weight, close-grained, light brown.
-
-Use: Fuel.
-
-Habitat: Rocky woods and along streams.
-
-Range: Virginia across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Carolina Buckthorn is distinguished by its
-      shiny, elliptical leaves, its red berries, and its small stature.
-
-    [Illustration: CAROLINA BUCKTHORN]
-
-
-                            COMMON BUCKTHORN
-                        _Rhamnus cathartica_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall, often branching from near the
-      base; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown spreading and
-      irregular.
-
-Bark: Gray to brown, roughened when mature.
-
-Twigs: Gray to brown, usually smooth, some of them usually ending in a
-      spine; leaf scars opposite to nearly so, narrow, with 3 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Lanceolate, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Broadly elliptic to ovate to nearly orbicular, rounded to
-      pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 2½ inches
-      long and up to 1½ inches wide, finely toothed along the edges,
-      smooth on both surfaces, the veins prominent; leafstalks slender,
-      smooth, up to 1 inch long.
-
-Flowers: Borne in clusters from the axils of the leaves, during May and
-      June, some of them either only staminate or only pistillate, some
-      of them with both stamens and pistils, each flower with 4 small
-      petals.
-
-Fruit: Nearly round, fleshy, black, up to ¼ inch in diameter, bitter,
-      containing 3 or 4 seeds.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, yellowish, fine-grained.
-
-Uses: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental hedge. The wood is
-      used in making such things as tool handles. The fruits serve as a
-      powerful purging agent.
-
-Habitat: Thickets.
-
-Range: Native of Europe and Asia; naturalized throughout much of
-      northeastern North America.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The spine-tipped twigs, nearly opposite leaves,
-      and small black fruits readily distinguish this species.
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON BUCKTHORN]
-
-
-                             SHINING SUMAC
-                          _Rhus copallina_ L.
-
-Other Names: Dwarf Sumac; Winged Sumac.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches;
-      crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, roughened.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, gray-brown to reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, with
-      conspicuous red lenticels; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-      elevated with 6-9 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded, rusty-hairy, about ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with as many as 21 leaflets;
-      leaflets oblong to elliptic, up to 3 inches long and 1 inch broad,
-      sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the sometimes
-      asymmetrical base, smooth or with low teeth along the edges, dark
-      green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface, paler and hairy on
-      the lower surface, all leaflets attached to a winged stalk. The
-      leaves turn a deep red or wine color in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants,
-      sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower,
-      numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late May to
-      mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.
-
-Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, finely hairy, up to ⅛
-      inch in diameter, containing a single orange seed.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Dry hills, fields.
-
-Range: Maine across southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to
-      Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Shining Sumac is readily distinguished by
-      the winged stalk to which the leaflets are attached.
-
-    [Illustration: SHINING SUMAC]
-
-
-                              SMOOTH SUMAC
-                            _Rhus glabra_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-      inches; crown widely spreading.
-
-Bark: Light brown, smooth on young plants, becoming somewhat rough at
-      maturity.
-
-Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, reddish-brown or greenish-brown and
-      covered by a whitish coat which can be wiped off, leaf scars
-      alternate, nearly encircling the bud, elevated, with 6-9 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, up to 4 inches long, less than 2 inches broad, sharp
-      pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the often asymmetrical
-      base, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, nearly white and smooth on the lower surface. The leaves
-      turn red in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants,
-      sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower,
-      numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late May to
-      mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.
-
-Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, smooth, up to ⅛ inch in
-      diameter, containing a single brown seed.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, pale.
-
-Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Woods, fields, disturbed areas.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Texas,
-      east to Florida; also in Mexico.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This species lacks the winged leaf stalks of
-      the Shining Sumac and lacks the velvety twigs of the Staghorn
-      Sumac.
-
-    [Illustration: SMOOTH SUMAC]
-
-
-                             STAGHORN SUMAC
-                           _Rhus typhina_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, smooth at first, becoming scaly in age.
-
-Twigs: Stout, dark brown, covered by velvety hairs; leaf scars nearly
-      encircling the twigs, with 6-9 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: More or less rounded, hairy, about ⅛ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; leaflets
-      lance-shaped, up to 5 inches long, less than 2 inches broad,
-      pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the usually
-      asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth
-      on the upper surface, paler and smooth except for the hairy veins
-      on the lower surface. The leaves turn purple to red to orange in
-      the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants,
-      sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower,
-      numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from June to August,
-      each flower greenish, greenish-yellow, or reddish.
-
-Fruit: Dense cluster of red berries, each berry round, conspicuously
-      hairy, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing a single brown seed.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange.
-
-Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Woods and thickets.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Iowa and Kentucky, east
-      to North Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The densely velvety twigs are distinctive for
-      this species.
-
-    [Illustration: STAGHORN SUMAC]
-
-
-                              POISON SUMAC
-                            _Rhus vernix_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree or shrub to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-      inches; crown narrowly rounded.
-
-Bark: Gray, smooth.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, smooth, orange-brown to gray; leaf scars alternate,
-      rounded except for where the bud is, with several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rounded or somewhat pointed, about ¼ inch in diameter, except for
-      the larger, terminal one, hairy, often purplish.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-13 leaflets; leaflets
-      elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to
-      the base, up to 4 inches long, up to half as wide, dark green and
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually smooth on the lower
-      surface, the edges without teeth. The leaves turn a brilliant
-      scarlet in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants,
-      sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower,
-      numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from May to July,
-      each flower greenish-yellow, small.
-
-Fruit: Cluster of white or creamy berries, each berry round, smooth,
-      shiny, up to ½ inch in diameter, containing a single yellow seed.
-
-Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.
-
-Use: Little used because of the extremely poisonous nature of most parts
-      of the plant to the touch.
-
-Habitat: Bogs and swampy woods.
-
-Range: Maine across southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Texas, east
-      to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This species differs from other sumacs with
-      numerous leaflets by the absence of teeth along the edges of the
-      leaves and by the absence of a winged stalk between the leaflets.
-
-    [Illustration: POISON SUMAC]
-
-
-                              BLACK LOCUST
-                       _Robinia pseudoacacia_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½
-      feet; crown narrowly oblong, with irregularly ascending or
-      spreading branches.
-
-Bark: Gray or black, deeply furrowed, with numerous, elevated, scaly
-      ridges.
-
-Twigs: Slender but strong, angular, often zigzag, reddish-brown, with a
-      pair of short, sharp thorns where each leaf is attached; leaf
-      scars alternate, three-lobed, with 3 bundle traces per lobe.
-
-Buds: Sunken in the twigs, dark brown, without bud scales, up to
-      one-eighth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-21 leaflets; leaflets
-      oval, rounded at both ends but usually with a short point at the
-      tip, without teeth, blue-green and smooth on the upper surface,
-      paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the veins, up to
-      two inches long and nearly half as wide. The leaflets turn yellow
-      in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: In long, drooping clusters, white with a yellow spot, very
-      fragrant, up to 1 inch long, appearing in May and June.
-
-Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, smooth,
-      reddish-brown, with 4-8 seeds.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts, tool handles; often planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Woodlands, thickets, roadsides.
-
-Range: Pennsylvania across to Oklahoma, east to Georgia; often planted
-      in other regions of the eastern United States.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to 21
-      oval, smooth-edged leaflets, together with the pairs of spines,
-      serve to distinguish this species.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK LOCUST]
-
-
-                          PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW
-                      _Salix amygdaloides_ Anders.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½
-      feet; crown narrowly rounded.
-
-Bark: Grayish-brown, shallowly furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly.
-
-Twigs: Slender, pale brown to grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Small, oblong, brown, up to one-sixth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed at
-      the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long,
-      finely toothed along the edges, dark green and shiny on the upper
-      surface, pale on the lower surface; leaf stalks up to ½ inch long.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-      minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves
-      begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Several rather broad, flask-shaped, brown capsules up to
-      one-sixth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.
-
-Use: Fuel.
-
-Habitat: Along streams, around lakes and ponds.
-
-Range: Vermont across southern Ontario to British Columbia, south to New
-      Mexico, east across southern Illinois to central New York.
-
-Distinguishing Features: This willow has broader leaves than almost any
-      other willow in Illinois. The pale lower surface of the leaves
-      also distinguishes it from the Black Willow.
-
-    [Illustration: PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW]
-
-
-                            CAROLINA WILLOW
-                       _Salix caroliniana_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Ward’s Willow.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown widely spreading, often irregular.
-
-Bark: Dark brown to gray to black, scaly and ridged.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, usually finely hairy; leaf scars alternate,
-      U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, smooth, up to one-eighth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate, long-pointed at the tip,
-      tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and up to 1 inch broad,
-      finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper
-      surface, whitish and smooth on the lower surface; stipules
-      conspicuous; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-      appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, crowded in elongated,
-      yellowish, hairy catkins.
-
-Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, brownish capsules up to ¼ inch
-      long, crowded in elongated clusters.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.
-
-Use: Fuel.
-
-Habitat: Moist woods, along streams.
-
-Range: Maryland across southern Illinois to Kansas, south to Texas and
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Carolina Willow are shaped
-      similarly to those of the Black Willow, but differ by being
-      whitened on the lower surface.
-
-    [Illustration: CAROLINA WILLOW]
-
-
-                             SANDBAR WILLOW
-                        _Salix interior_ Rowlee
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter less than 1
-      foot; crown irregular.
-
-Bark: Gray, furrowed, broken into rough scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, grayish-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Small, oblong, pale brown, up to one-sixth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades very narrow, pointed at the tip,
-      tapering to the base, to 4 inches long, less than one-half inch
-      broad, with widely spaced teeth along the edges, green and usually
-      smooth on both surfaces when mature; leafstalks nearly absent.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-      minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing when the leaves
-      are partly grown.
-
-Fruit: Several flask-shaped, brownish, smooth or silky capsules up to
-      one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, weak.
-
-Use: Fuel.
-
-Habitat: Along streams, often forming thickets.
-
-Range: Quebec across to Alaska, south to Oklahoma and Arkansas, east to
-      Maryland.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The best characteristics to identify this small
-      tree are the narrow leaves with the teeth relatively far apart.
-
-    [Illustration: SANDBAR WILLOW]
-
-
-                              BLACK WILLOW
-                          _Salix nigra_ Marsh.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to three feet; crown usually round-topped, but sometimes
-      irregular.
-
-Bark: Rough, furrowed, forming elongated, vertical, rather tight scales.
-
-Twigs: Slender, olive-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-      with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, up to one-eighth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly lance-shaped, usually curved,
-      long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the base, up to 6
-      inches long, finely toothed along the edges, green and shiny on
-      the upper surface, smooth or hairy on the veins of the lower
-      surface; leafstalks short, often surrounded at the base by a pair
-      of green leaf-like stipules.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-      minute, crowded in elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves
-      begin to unfold.
-
-Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, reddish-brown capsules up to
-      one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.
-
-Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.
-
-Uses: Flooring, boxes, crates, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Wet ground, frequently along rivers and streams.
-
-Range: New Brunswick across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The narrow lance-shaped leaves which are green
-      on the lower surface and which have many fine teeth along the
-      edges distinguish this willow from other willows in Illinois.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK WILLOW]
-
-
-                               SASSAFRAS
-                    _Sassafras albidum_ (Nutt.) Nees
-
-Other Names: White Sassafras; Red Sassafras.
-
-Growth Form: Usually small to moderate tree up to 40 feet tall, but
-      rarely as much as 80 feet tall; trunk diameter usually up to 2
-      feet, rarely as much as six feet; crown flat-topped, irregular,
-      oblong.
-
-Bark: Greenish-gray when young, becoming deeply furrowed and dark
-      reddish-brown when older.
-
-Twigs: Slender, green, smooth, aromatic; leaf scars alternate, small,
-      half-round, usually with three bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, scarcely pointed at the tip, greenish, up to one-fourth
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades of three different shapes, some
-      3-lobed, some 2-lobed, some unlobed, tapering to the base, up to 6
-      inches long, without teeth along the edges, green and smooth on
-      the upper surface, paler and either smooth or hairy on the lower
-      surface. The leaves turn brilliant shades of orange, red, and
-      yellow in the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-      few-flowered clusters as the leaves begin to unfold, each flower
-      about ⅓ inch long, greenish-yellow.
-
-Fruit: Dark blue berries about one-third inch long in deep red cups and
-      on stalks up to 2 inches long.
-
-Wood: Soft, brittle, orange-brown.
-
-Uses: Fence posts; the roots are strongly aromatic and are dug, dried,
-      and used in the making of sassafras tea.
-
-Habitat: Roadsides, old fields, woods.
-
-Range: Maine across to Michigan and (formerly) Wisconsin, south to
-      Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Sassafras is distinguished by its
-      distinctively shaped, aromatic leaves and its green twigs.
-
-    [Illustration: SASSAFRAS]
-
-
-                              BALD CYPRESS
-                    _Taxodium distichum_ (L.) Rich.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree to over 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-      feet; crown open and spreading to pyramidal; base of trunk often
-      swollen; “knees” usually produced if tree is growing in water.
-
-Bark: Pale reddish-brown, broken into numerous thin scales, becoming
-      fibrous.
-
-Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; leaf scars absent.
-
-Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, pale brown.
-
-Leaves: Needles borne singly, pointed at the tip, up to ¾ inch long,
-      yellow-green, falling away during the autumn.
-
-Flowers: Staminate borne in branched clusters up to 5 inches long,
-      purplish; pistillate few to several near the ends of the twigs,
-      spherical.
-
-Fruit: Cones nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, green to brown,
-      wrinkled in appearance.
-
-Wood: Soft, durable, light in weight, brown.
-
-Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, barrels, bridges; often planted as an
-      ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Swamps and low, wet woods.
-
-Range: New Jersey across to southern Illinois and southern Missouri to
-      eastern Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Bald Cypress is distinguished by the feathery
-      appearance of its leaves and by its spherical, wrinkled cones.
-
-    [Illustration: BALD CYPRESS]
-
-
-                                BASSWOOD
-                          _Tilia americana_ L.
-
-Other Name: Linden.
-
-Growth Form: Medium or large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-      2 feet; crown broadly rounded.
-
-Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, red, smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      heart-shaped at the very asymmetrical base, up to 8 inches long,
-      up to ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and
-      smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with tufts of
-      hair on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.
-
-Flowers: Few in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped
-      structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, with 5 petals,
-      appearing in June and July.
-
-Fruit: Hard, spherical but often with a short point at the tip, up to ⅓
-      inch in diameter, light brown, finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.
-
-Uses: Coarse construction, furniture, paper pulp, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Rich woods.
-
-Range: New Brunswick across to Manitoba, south to Texas, east to North
-      Carolina.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The large, heart-shaped leaves sometimes
-      resemble the leaves of the Red Mulberry, but the leafstalks of the
-      Basswood do not have milky sap in them. The Basswood differs from
-      the White Basswood by the virtual absence of hairs on the lower
-      surface of the leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: BASSWOOD]
-
-
-                             WHITE BASSWOOD
-                       _Tilia heterophylla_ Vent.
-
-Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 2 feet; crown broadly spreading.
-
-Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.
-
-Twigs: Slender, pale red-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Ovoid, red, usually smooth, up to ¼ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip,
-      heart-shaped at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, about
-      half as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and more or
-      less smooth on the upper surface, densely covered with white hairs
-      on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, more or less
-      smooth.
-
-Flowers: Several in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped
-      structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, hairy, with 5
-      petals, appearing in June and July.
-
-Fruit: Hard, more or less spherical, somewhat pointed at the tip, up to
-      ⅓ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, finely hairy.
-
-Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.
-
-Uses: Paper pulp, fuel.
-
-Habitat: Low, moist woods.
-
-Range: New York across to Missouri, south to Mississippi and Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The dense coat of white hairs on the lower
-      surface of the leaves distinguishes the White Basswood from the
-      Basswood.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE BASSWOOD]
-
-
-                               WINGED ELM
-                          _Ulmus alata_ Michx.
-
-Other Name: Wahoo Elm.
-
-Growth Form: Small or moderate tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-      to 2 feet, but usually much smaller; crown oblong and relatively
-      narrow.
-
-Bark: Dark gray, with shallow furrows.
-
-Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, more or less zigzag, smooth, often with
-      corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle
-      traces.
-
-Buds: Narrow, pointed, brown, smooth or slightly hairy, up to one-fourth
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, pointed
-      at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to three
-      inches long, doubly toothed along the edges, green and smooth or
-      slightly roughened on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the
-      lower surface; leafstalks short, stout, hairy.
-
-Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-7, appearing before the leaves
-      unfold, greenish, hairy, small.
-
-Fruit: Oblong, winged, up to one-third inch long, hairy along the edges,
-      each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single central
-      seed.
-
-Wood: Heavy, hard, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles.
-
-Habitat: Dry cliffs, wooded slopes, rarely low woods.
-
-Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The corky wings identify the Winged Elm from
-      all other Illinois elms except the Rock Elm. It differs from the
-      Rock Elm by its shorter, hairy leaf stalks and its usually smaller
-      leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: WINGED ELM]
-
-
-                              AMERICAN ELM
-                          _Ulmus americana_ L.
-
-Other Name: White Elm.
-
-Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet;
-      crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat-topped, usually with
-      drooping branchlets.
-
-Bark: Light or dark gray, furrowed, at maturity breaking into thin
-      plates.
-
-Twigs: Brown, slender, smooth or sparsely hairy, often zigzag; leaf
-      scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, smooth or sparsely hairy, up to
-      one-fourth inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-      strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 6 inches long and about
-      half as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper
-      surface dark green and smooth, the lower surface pale and either
-      softly hairy or smooth; leafstalks very short, usually yellow.
-
-Flowers: In drooping clusters of 3-4, appearing before the leaves
-      unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.
-
-Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy along the
-      edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single
-      central seed.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Flooring, farm implements, shipbuilding; frequently planted as an
-      ornamental and as a shade tree, but greatly diminished in number
-      by the Dutch Elm disease and phloem necrosis.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.
-
-Range: Nova Scotia across to southern Manitoba, south to central Texas,
-      east to south-central Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: American Elm may be distinguished from the
-      Winged Elm and the Rock Elm by its lack of corky wings on the
-      branchlets. It differs from the Slippery Elm by its relatively
-      smooth leaves and the lack of rusty-colored hairs on its buds. The
-      Siberian Elm, which is also similar, does not have distinctly
-      asymmetrical leaves. Hackberry leaves, which are also somewhat
-      similar in appearance, have three main veins originating at the
-      base of each leaf blade.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN ELM]
-
-
-                              SIBERIAN ELM
-                           _Ulmus pumila_ L.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-      crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.
-
-Bark: Gray or brown, shallowly furrowed at maturity.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-      half-round, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, somewhat
-      hairy.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades short-pointed at the tip, tapering or
-      rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 7 cm long, up to half as
-      broad, mostly singly toothed along the edges, smooth on both
-      surfaces; leafstalks very short, usually smooth.
-
-Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-5, appearing before the leaves begin
-      to unfold, greenish, small, without petals.
-
-Fruit: Nearly round, winged fruits, up to ½ inch in diameter, not
-      notched, smooth, 1-seeded.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, pale brown.
-
-Use: Grown chiefly as an ornamental and frequently reproducing around
-      old buildings.
-
-Habitat: Along roads, around buildings.
-
-Range: Native of Asia; widely planted in the United States and
-      naturalized from Minnesota to Kansas and eastward.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Siberian Elm is distinguished by its small,
-      smooth, singly-toothed leaves.
-
-    [Illustration: SIBERIAN ELM]
-
-
-                              SLIPPERY ELM
-                          _Ulmus rubra_ Muhl.
-
-Other Name: Red Elm.
-
-Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-      feet; crown broadly rounded or occasionally flat-topped.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown to gray, with shallow furrows; the inner bark
-      becomes slippery when chewed.
-
-Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, with short, gray hairs; leaf scars
-      alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Nearly round, up to one-fourth inch in diameter, with
-      rusty-colored hairs.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-      strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 7 inches long, about half
-      as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper
-      surface green and very rough to the touch, the lower surface
-      smooth or hairy; leafstalks stout, hairy, up to one-half inch
-      long.
-
-Flowers: In drooping clusters, appearing before the leaves unfold,
-      greenish, hairy, small.
-
-Fruit: Circular, winged fruits up to three-fourths inch in diameter, not
-      hairy except over the seed, each wing surrounding a single seed.
-
-Wood: Heavy, strong, dark brown.
-
-Uses: Shipbuilding, farm implements, fence posts.
-
-Habitat: Bottomland woods; along streams; rocky, upland woods.
-
-Range: Quebec across Ontario to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to
-      Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The rough, sandpapery texture of the
-      asymmetrical leaves distinguishes this elm from all others in the
-      state.
-
-    [Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM]
-
-
-                                ROCK ELM
-                         _Ulmus thomasii_ Sarg.
-
-Other Name: Cork Elm.
-
-Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to three
-      feet; crown narrow, oblong, with drooping branches.
-
-Bark: Grayish-brown, with shallow furrows.
-
-Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or finely hairy, usually with corky wings;
-      leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, brown, more or less hairy, up to one-fourth
-      inch long.
-
-Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to oblong, pointed at the tip,
-      rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to 4 inches long,
-      doubly toothed, green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface,
-      paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to one-half
-      inch long, smooth.
-
-Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-4, appearing before the leaves begin
-      to unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.
-
-Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy, each wing
-      with a shallow notch at the top and surrounding a single seed.
-
-Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, pale brown.
-
-Uses: Railroad ties, farm implements, hockey sticks.
-
-Habitat: Wooded slopes, rock ledges.
-
-Range: Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, southwestward to Kansas, east to
-      Tennessee.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Rock Elm differs from other elms in Illinois by
-      its corky-winged twigs and its smooth leafstalks.
-
-    [Illustration: ROCK ELM]
-
-
-                             SWEET VIBURNUM
-                         _Viburnum lentago_ L.
-
-Other Names: Nannyberry; Wild Raisin; Sheepberry.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches;
-      crown rounded.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars
-      opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Red, nearly smooth, long-pointed, up to ¾ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or
-      rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide,
-      sharply and finely toothed along the edges, green and slightly
-      hairy on the upper surface, yellow-green and minutely black-dotted
-      on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, sometimes
-      rusty-hairy, winged.
-
-Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, slightly fragrant,
-      appearing during April and May, each flower small and
-      creamy-white.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ½ inch long, sweet,
-      containing a single stone.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark orange-brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Rocky woods; woods along streams.
-
-Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to Colorado, east across
-      northern Illinois to Georgia.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The Sweet Viburnum, like other viburnums, has
-      opposite, simple leaves which are finely and sharply toothed. It
-      differs from other viburnums in Illinois by its long-pointed
-      leaves and its winged leaf stalks.
-
-    [Illustration: SWEET VIBURNUM]
-
-
-                               BLACK HAW
-                       _Viburnum prunifolium_ L.
-
-Other Name: Nannyberry.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches;
-      crown irregular.
-
-Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars
-      opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Brown, nearly smooth, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades oval to ovate, short-pointed at the
-      tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long and 2
-      inches broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, dark
-      green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the
-      lower surface; leafstalks up to ⅔ inch long, smooth, scarcely or
-      not at all winged.
-
-Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during April
-      and May, each flower small and white.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long, sweet,
-      containing a single stone.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Rocky woods.
-
-Range: Connecticut across to Michigan, southwest to Kansas, south to
-      Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: Black Haw differs from the Sweet Viburnum by
-      the absence of wings along the leafstalks. It differs from the
-      Rusty Nannyberry by the absence of rusty hairs on the buds and
-      leafstalks.
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK HAW]
-
-
-                            RUSTY NANNYBERRY
-                       _Viburnum rufidulum_ Raf.
-
-Other Name: Southern Black Haw.
-
-Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches;
-      crown irregular.
-
-Bark: Dark brown, broken into square plates.
-
-Twigs: Slender, somewhat rusty-hairy; leaf scars opposite,
-      crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.
-
-Buds: Rusty-hairy, up to ½ inch long.
-
-Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to obovate, short-pointed or
-      rounded at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3
-      inches long, about half as wide, sharply and finely toothed along
-      the edges, dark green and usually smooth on the upper surface,
-      paler and with some rusty hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks
-      up to ¾ inch long, rusty-hairy.
-
-Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during April
-      and May, each flower small and creamy-white.
-
-Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, to obovoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long. sweet,
-      containing a single stone.
-
-Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, close-grained, dark orange-brown.
-
-Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.
-
-Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.
-
-Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.
-
-Distinguishing Features: The most distinguishing characteristics of the
-      Rusty Nannyberry are the rusty-hairy buds and leaf stalks.
-
-    [Illustration: RUSTY NANNYBERRY]
-
-
-
-
-                     Special Places to Study Trees
-
-
-A number of places in the state of Illinois provide opportunities to
-study and to observe woody plants. Some of the major ones are briefly
-described below.
-
-
-                          The Morton Arboretum
-
-A good place to learn the trees of Illinois firsthand is the Morton
-Arboretum at Lisle, some twenty-five miles west of Chicago. This
-privately endowed educational and scientific institution is devoted to
-growing all kinds of woody plants that will survive in northern
-Illinois. On the Arboretum’s 1500 acres one can find large collections
-of oaks, maples, elms, ashes, lindens, junipers, pines, firs, spruces,
-and numerous other groupings of woody plants from places throughout the
-temperate world.
-
-Certain collections in the Arboretum are along designated trails and are
-especially useful in learning to identify trees. Perhaps the most
-popular is the Illinois Trees Trail, where native trees are identified
-by plaques that show common and scientific names and give other
-interesting information about the trees. Another is the Evergreen Trail,
-which features conifers.
-
-Some trails emphasize ecology or other aspects of biology but also
-feature trees. One of these is the Thornhill Trail, a general nature
-trail on which trees are prominent. Another trail links nearby nature
-study areas, including a mini-prairie, a wild flower garden, a northern
-coniferous forest, and a pond-marsh. A short garden trail, the Viburnum
-Walk, is unusual in that it utilizes a grouping of Viburnums and their
-relatives to illustrate some of the principles of plant classification.
-
-Landscape plantings are another important feature in the Arboretum, and
-the extensive forested areas provide a dramatic backdrop for cultivated
-plantings that have been blended skillfully into the natural landscape.
-These are especially spectacular in spring when flowering trees are in
-bloom and in fall when the foliage is in color.
-
-At the Morton Arboretum there is a continuous effort to learn more about
-the adaptability of trees and shrubs to the special growing conditions
-of northern Illinois, especially the soils and climate. The natural
-forests are being used as an outdoor laboratory for ecological studies,
-and certain cultivated collections are experimental. The Street Tree
-Collection, for example, is a large experimental assemblage of various
-trees thought to be suitable for street and shade purposes. The Heath
-(Ericaceous) Collection is valuable in determining the cultural
-requirements for growing certain azaleas and rhododendrons in northern
-Illinois.
-
-The Morton Arboretum has been designed for learning through outdoor
-experiences. The grounds are open every day of the year, and visitors
-are always welcome. A modest admission fee is charged for each car
-entering. In the Visitor Center, an overall orientation is offered
-through exhibits and audio-visual presentations explaining the purposes
-and functions of the Arboretum. Groups planning to visit should request
-advance information about seasonal features, current hours, special
-programs, and eating facilities. The varied opportunities and abundant
-facilities at the Morton Arboretum make visits both pleasant and
-memorable.
-
-
-                    Illinois Natural History Survey
-
-The Illinois Natural History Survey is a research organization devoted
-to the scientific study of the living natural resources of Illinois. It
-is one of the Divisions of the Department of Registration and Education
-and is administered by a Board of Natural Resources and Conservation,
-consisting of the Director of the Department, the President of the
-University of Illinois, or his representative, the President of Southern
-Illinois University, or his representative, members and experts in the
-fields of geology, biology, chemistry, forestry, and engineering.
-
-The Survey is organized into sections, five of which are engaged in
-scientific pursuits. These are aquatic biology, botany and plant
-pathology, economic entomology, faunistic survey, and wildlife. These
-sections pursue basic and scientific research in systematics, ecology,
-environmental quality, and control of plant diseases and insect pests.
-The zoological collections of the Survey, numbering about 8,800,000
-specimens, rank among the largest and most valuable in the world. The
-botanical collections are smaller in size. The vascular plant
-collections number over 145,000 specimens that are most representative
-for studies of distribution in Illinois. The mycological collections,
-with more than 35,000 specimens, include numerous types that are basic
-to scientific research.
-
-The Survey is housed in the Natural Resources Building and the Natural
-Resources Studies Annex on the campus of the University of Illinois,
-Urbana. In addition, the Survey maintains special research facilities at
-Fox Ridge State Park, Stephen A. Forbes State Park, Havana, Sullivan,
-and elsewhere for studies of pond management, prairie chickens,
-pheasants, waterfowl, fish, and wildlife.
-
-
-                Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
-
-Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, has both a Department of
-Botany and a Department of Forestry where students may select courses
-from a broad curriculum to study various aspects of plant life. Many
-forest-oriented courses are available, and most of them include actual
-work in the field. The University has an arboretum on campus where
-ornamental species are emphasized. Guided tours of these arboreta, as
-well as of the display greenhouse, can be arranged by contacting the
-Chairman of the Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University,
-Carbondale, Illinois 62901.
-
-
-                         DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
-               University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
-
-The department has programs in instruction, research and public service.
-The instructional program offers professional undergraduate training in
-forest science and wood science and these are accredited by the Society
-of American Foresters. Graduate training is provided only at the
-Master’s level within the department. Doctoral work can be pursued
-through interdisciplinary programs in genetics, ecology, and plant
-physiology under the general direction of forestry staff who are members
-of these respective faculties.
-
-Research is conducted at the main campus, the Dixon Springs Agricultural
-Center in southern Illinois (Pope County), Sinnissippi Forest in
-northern Illinois (Ogle County), and at other smaller outlying areas.
-Support is provided by the Agricultural Experiment Station and grants
-from industry and governmental agencies. Projects cover a wide range of
-subjects related to the production and utilization of wood as well as
-the use of forests for non-timber values. The latter includes recreation
-and watershed management, with special emphasis on the role of forests
-and forestry in water quality.
-
-At Dixon Springs the emphasis has been on the ecology and management of
-pine plantations. These plantings represent plant communities that have
-been interjected by man into the natural succession of abandoned
-agricultural land to forest. Factors affecting the growth of pine, and
-the effects of pine on soil conditions, stand composition, and the
-regeneration of native hardwood species are being investigated.
-Watershed management studies are also concentrated at Dixon Springs.
-
-The 2,500-acre Sinnissippi Forest, a private estate provides the
-department with research opportunities. A nature tail is maintained as
-an outdoor laboratory that is widely used by both adult and youth
-groups. Sinnissippi Forest emphasizes the fact that a managed forest can
-be aesthetically pleasing.
-
-Public service activities are carried on through the Cooperative
-Extension Service and provide advice and information to landowners,
-youth groups, and other citizens of the State. This is accomplished
-largely through group meetings and demonstrations and direct replies to
-individual requests for information. Major emphasis has been on
-establishment of windbreaks on farms in the prairie region; promotion of
-sound management practices for farm woodlands; and the care of trees in
-plantations and on farmsteads. Extension education emphasizes the
-development of an appreciation by Illinois youth for conservation of the
-forest resource; the promotion among adults of sound management of rural
-and urban woodlands; and program for primary and secondary industries
-that concerns the conversion of wood into useful products.
-
-
-                        Shawnee National Forest
-
-Much of the forested land in the southern tip of Illinois is in the
-Shawnee National Forest. The 257,000 acres of rolling topography in the
-forest contain 208 different kinds of native, woody plants. Some of the
-areas which have a high concentration of unusual plant life have been
-designated Botanical Areas by the United States Forest Service. At these
-areas, such as Little Grand Canyon, Jackson Hollow, Stone Face, and six
-others, plant life is protected. These are excellent places to observe
-many of the woody plants of the State.
-
-At other areas in the Shawnee National Forest, various forest management
-practices, such as selective timber-cutting, erosion control, and
-watershed protection, can be observed.
-
-Numerous recreation facilities are dotted throughout the Shawnee. At
-many of these, nature trails have been developed which bring the hiker
-closer to nature. Descriptive brochures are available for most of the
-recreation areas. They may be obtained by visiting the district ranger
-offices at Vienna, Elizabethtown, Jonesboro, or Murphysboro, or by
-writing to the Forest Supervisor, Shawnee National Forest, Harrisburg,
-Illinois.
-
-
-                 White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois
-
-In 1972, the school children of Illinois selected the white oak,
-(_Quercus alba_ L.), as the state tree. It is truly representative for
-it can be found throughout the state on a variety of sites. It grows to
-its largest size on upland, cool, well-drained coves, slopes, and
-terraces where it often reaches 100 feet of height and 3 feet of
-diameter.
-
-White oak is one of Illinois’ most valuable trees. It makes an excellent
-shade tree of majestic beauty with a broad round head and wide spreading
-branches. Commercially it is an extremely valuable species used for
-lumber, veneer, barrels, furniture, flooring, and construction.
-
-This species is also a part of our national heritage. In the war of
-1812, sailors reported that during battle, cannon balls bounced off the
-hull of the U.S.S. Constitution. White oak helped make her “Old
-Ironsides” and a part of our history.
-
-
-                       DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
-                          DIVISION OF FORESTRY
-
-The Legislature has given this Division the responsibility for all
-activities concerning the forest and tree resource of Illinois. The
-Division strives to fulfill its responsibilities by:
-
-—protecting the resource against all detrimental factors such as fire,
-      insects and diseases, improper harvesting, etc.
-
-—making the public aware of the importance of this resource to the
-      state’s health and economy.
-
-—motivating and providing technical guidance to forest and tree owners
-      for proper management.
-
-—practicing and demonstrating proper forest management principles on
-      Department lands.
-
-The main objectives of this Division are to promote and achieve on
-suitable public and private lands the establishment, protection,
-management, use, and perpetuation of our tree resource for all of the
-benefits which may be derived from them.
-
-The Division cooperates with and makes full use of federal, state, and
-private agency programs, efforts and monies to achieve Division
-objectives and benefit forestry in Illinois. Formal cooperative
-agreements exist with the United States Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Soil
-Conservation Service, Extension Service and other groups, associations
-and clubs active in forestry and its related fields.
-
-The efforts of the Division are channeled through five disciplines: fire
-control, forest management, reforestation, marketing and utilization,
-and urban and community forestry. Each of these sections has technical
-leadership at state level plus resource specialists for field
-accomplishments. These five efforts intertwine very strongly at field
-level where all personnel carry out certain parts of these programs in
-designated geographic areas.
-
-
-                      ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS
-
-The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the American Forestry
-Association in an attempt to find the biggest trees of each kind in the
-United States and/or in Illinois. If you know of a tree that you think
-might qualify, send the following information to the State Forester’s
-office in Springfield: species, trunk circumference in inches (measured
-4½ feet above the ground); total tree height in feet; and, average width
-of crown in feet. If your candidate appears to be a winner, a state
-forester will be sent to determine the exact measurements. If it is a
-winner your name, the kind of tree and its dimension will be placed on
-our list. You will receive a certificate stating that you have found a
-“Big Tree Champion.”
-
-
-
-
-                  Index to Common and Scientific Names
-
-
-                                   A
-  Acer
-      barbatum                                                        38
-      negundo                                                         40
-      nigrum                                                          42
-      rubrum                                                       44-46
-      saccharinum                                                     48
-      saccharum                                                       50
-  Aesculus
-      discolor                                                        52
-      glabra                                                          54
-  Ailanthus
-      altissima                                                       56
-  Alder
-      Black                                                           58
-  Alnus
-      glutinosa                                                       58
-  Amelanchier
-      arborea                                                         60
-      laevis                                                          62
-  Apple
-      Iowa Crab                                                      182
-      Narrow-leaved Crab                                             178
-      Prairie Crab                                                   180
-  Aralia
-      spinosa                                                         64
-  Ash
-      Black                                                          138
-      Blue                                                           144
-      Green                                                          142
-      Pumpkin                                                        146
-      Red                                                            140
-      Wafer                                                          232
-      White                                                          136
-  Asimina
-      triloba                                                         66
-  Aspen
-      Large-toothed                                                  216
-      Quaking                                                        220
-
-
-                                   B
-  Basswood                                                           298
-      White                                                          300
-  Beech
-      Blue                                                            76
-  Betula
-      lutea                                                           68
-      nigra                                                           70
-      papyrifera                                                      72
-  Birch
-      Paper                                                           72
-      River                                                           70
-      Yellow                                                          68
-  Box Elder                                                           40
-  Broussonetia
-      papyrifera                                                      74
-  Buckeye
-      Ohio                                                            54
-      Red                                                             52
-  Buckthorn                                                          274
-      Carolina                                                       272
-  Butternut                                                          160
-
-
-                                   C
-  Carpinus
-      caroliniana                                                     76
-  Carya
-      aquatica                                                        78
-      cordiformis                                                     80
-      glabra                                                          82
-      illinoensis                                                     84
-      laciniosa                                                       86
-      ovalis                                                          88
-      ovata                                                           90
-      texana                                                          92
-      tomentosa                                                       94
-  Castanea
-      dentata                                                         96
-  Catalpa                                                            100
-      bignonioides                                                    98
-      Common                                                          98
-      speciosa                                                       100
-  Cedar
-      Red                                                            164
-  Celtis
-      laevigata                                                      102
-      occidentalis                                                   104
-      tenuifolia                                                     106
-  Cercis
-      canadensis                                                     108
-  Cherry
-      Wild Black                                                     228
-      Choke                                                          230
-  Chestnut                                                            96
-  Cladrastis
-      lutea                                                          110
-  Cock-spur Thorn                                                    120
-  Coffee Tree
-      Kentucky                                                       152
-  Cornus
-      amomum                                                         118
-      alternifolia                                                   112
-      drummondii                                                     114
-      florida                                                        116
-      foemina                                                        118
-      obliqua                                                        118
-      racemosa                                                       118
-      rugosa                                                         118
-      stolonifera                                                    118
-  Cottonwood                                                         214
-      Swamp                                                          218
-  Crab Apple
-      Iowa                                                           182
-      Narrow-leaved                                                  178
-      Prairie                                                        180
-  Crataegus
-      calpodendron                                                   126
-      coccinioides                                                   126
-      crus-galli                                                     120
-      mollis                                                         122
-      pruinosa                                                       124
-      puntata                                                        128
-      viridis                                                        128
-  Cypress
-      Bald                                                           296
-
-
-                                   D
-  Diospyros
-      virginiana                                                     130
-  Dogwood
-      Alternate-leaved                                               112
-      Flowering                                                      116
-      Gray                                                           118
-      Rough-leaved                                                   114
-
-
-                                   E
-  Elder
-      Box                                                             40
-  Elm
-      American                                                       304
-      Rock                                                           310
-      Siberian                                                       306
-      Slippery                                                       308
-      Water                                                          208
-      Winged                                                         302
-
-
-                                   F
-  Fagus
-      grandifolia                                                    132
-  Forestiera
-      acuminata                                                      134
-  Fraxinus
-      americana                                                      136
-      nigra                                                          138
-      pennsylvanica                                              140-142
-      quadrangulata                                                  144
-      tomentosa                                                      146
-
-
-                                   G
-  Gleditsia
-      aquatica                                                       148
-      triacanthos                                                    150
-  Gum
-      Sour                                                           190
-      Sweet                                                          170
-      Tupelo                                                         188
-  Gymnocladus
-      dioicus                                                        152
-
-
-                                   H
-  Hackberry                                                          104
-      Dwarf                                                          106
-  Halesia
-      carolina                                                       154
-  Hamamelis
-      virginiana                                                     156
-  Haw
-      Black                                                          314
-      Dotted                                                         128
-      Green                                                          128
-      Pruinose                                                       124
-      Red                                                            122
-      Scarlet                                                        126
-      Urn-shaped                                                     126
-  Hawthorn                                                       120-128
-  Hercules’ Club                                                      64
-  Hickory
-      Bitternut                                                       80
-      Black                                                           92
-      False Shagbark                                                  87
-      Kingnut                                                         86
-      Mockernut                                                       94
-      Pignut                                                          82
-      Shagbark                                                        90
-      Sweet Pignut                                                    88
-      Water                                                           78
-  Holly
-      Swamp                                                          158
-  Hop-tree                                                           232
-  Hornbeam
-      American                                                        76
-      Hop                                                            192
-
-
-                                   I
-  Ilex
-      decidua                                                        158
-
-
-                                   J
-  Juglans
-      cinerea                                                        160
-      nigra                                                          162
-  Juniperus
-      virginiana                                                     164
-
-
-                                   K
-  Kentucky Coffee Tree                                               152
-
-
-                                   L
-  Larch
-      American                                                       168
-      European                                                       166
-  Larix
-      decidua                                                        166
-      laricina                                                       168
-  Liquidambar
-      styraciflua                                                    170
-  Liriodendron
-      tulipifera                                                     172
-  Locust
-      Black                                                          284
-      Honey                                                          150
-      Water                                                          148
-
-
-                                   M
-  Maclura
-      pomifera                                                       174
-  Magnolia
-      acuminata                                                      176
-      Cucumber                                                       176
-  Malus
-      angustifolia                                                   178
-      coronaria                                                      180
-      ioensis                                                        182
-  Maple
-      Black                                                           42
-      Red                                                             44
-      Silver                                                          48
-      Southern Sugar                                                  38
-      Sugar                                                           50
-      Swamp Red                                                       46
-  Morus
-      alba                                                           184
-      rubra                                                          186
-  Mulberry
-      Paper                                                           74
-      Red                                                            186
-      White                                                          184
-
-
-                                   N
-  Nannyberry                                                         312
-      Rusty                                                          316
-  Nyssa
-      aquatica                                                       188
-      sylvatica                                                      190
-
-
-                                   O
-  Oak
-      Basket                                                         252
-      Black                                                          270
-      Blackjack                                                      250
-      Bur                                                            248
-      Cherrybark                                                     256
-      Hill’s                                                         240
-      Overcup                                                        246
-      Pin                                                            258
-      Post                                                           268
-      Red                                                            264
-      Rock Chestnut                                                  262
-      Scarlet                                                        238
-      Shingle                                                        244
-      Shumard                                                        266
-      Spanish                                                        242
-      Swamp White                                                    236
-      White                                                          234
-      Willow                                                         260
-      Yellow Chestnut                                                254
-  Orange
-      Osage                                                          174
-  Ostrya
-      virginiana                                                     192
-
-
-                                   P
-  Paulownia
-      tomentosa                                                      194
-  Pawpaw                                                              66
-  Pecan                                                               84
-  Persimmon                                                          130
-  Pine
-      Jack                                                           196
-      Loblolly                                                       206
-      Red                                                            200
-      Scotch                                                         204
-      Shortleaf                                                      198
-      White                                                          202
-      Yellow                                                         198
-  Pinus
-      banksiana                                                      196
-      echinata                                                       198
-      resinosa                                                       200
-      strobus                                                        202
-      sylvestris                                                     204
-      taeda                                                          206
-  Planera
-      aquatica                                                       208
-  Platanus
-      occidentalis                                                   210
-  Plum
-      American                                                       222
-      Munson’s                                                       226
-      Narrow-leaved                                                  226
-      Wild Goose                                                     224
-  Poplar
-      White                                                          212
-  Populus
-      alba                                                           212
-      deltoides                                                      214
-      grandidentata                                                  216
-      heterophylla                                                   218
-      tremuloides                                                    220
-  Princess Tree                                                      194
-  Privet
-      Swamp                                                          134
-  Prunus
-      americana                                                      222
-      angustifolia                                                   226
-      hortulana                                                      224
-      munsoniana                                                     226
-      serotina                                                       228
-      virginiana                                                     230
-  Ptelea
-      trifoliata                                                     232
-
-
-                                   Q
-  Quercus
-      alba                                                           234
-      bicolor                                                        236
-      coccinea                                                       238
-      ellipsoidalis                                                  240
-      falcata                                                        242
-      imbricaria                                                     244
-      lyrata                                                         246
-      macrocarpa                                                     248
-      marilandica                                                    250
-      michauxii                                                      252
-      muhlenbergii                                                   254
-      pagodaefolia                                                   256
-      palustris                                                      258
-      phellos                                                        260
-      prinus                                                         262
-      rubra                                                          264
-      shumardii                                                      266
-      stellata                                                       268
-      velutina                                                       270
-
-
-                                   R
-  Red Bud                                                            108
-  Rhamnus
-      caroliniana                                                    272
-      cathartica                                                     274
-  Rhus
-      copallina                                                      276
-      glabra                                                         278
-      typhina                                                        280
-      vernix                                                         282
-  Robinia
-      pseudoacacia                                                   284
-
-
-                                   S
-  Salix
-      amygdaloides                                                   286
-      caroliniana                                                    288
-      interior                                                       290
-      nigra                                                          292
-  Sassafras
-      albidum                                                        294
-  Shadbush                                                            60
-      Smooth                                                          62
-  Silver Bell                                                        154
-  Sugarberry                                                         102
-  Sumac
-      Poison                                                         282
-      Shinning                                                       276
-      Smooth                                                         278
-      Staghorn                                                       280
-  Sycamore                                                           210
-
-
-                                   T
-  Taxodium
-      distichum                                                      296
-  Tilia
-      americana                                                      298
-      heterophylla                                                   300
-  Tree-of-Heaven                                                      56
-  Tulip Tree                                                         172
-
-
-                                   U
-  Ulmus
-      alata                                                          302
-      americana                                                      304
-      pumila                                                         306
-      rubra                                                          308
-      thomasii                                                       310
-
-
-                                   V
-  Viburnum
-      lentago                                                        312
-      prunifolium                                                    314
-      rufidulum                                                      316
-
-
-                                   W
-  Walnut, Black                                                      162
-  Willow
-      Black                                                          292
-      Carolina                                                       288
-      Peach-leaved                                                   286
-      Sand-bar                                                       290
-  Witch Hazel                                                        156
-
-
-                                   Y
-  Yellowwood                                                         110
-
-
-
-
-                                 NOTES
-
-
-
-
-                           DISTRICT FORESTERS
-
-
-  1. MT. CARROLL (815-244-3655)
-      Junction Rts. 78 & 88
-      P.O. Box 105 61053
-
-  2. OREGON (815-732-6184)
-      Ogle County Farm Bureau
-      P.O. Box 223 61061
-
-  3. LISLE (312-964-8081)
-      Morton Arboretum
-      P.O Box 472 60532
-
-  4. CAMBRIDGE (309-937-2122)
-      301 East North Street
-      P.O. Box 126 61238
-
-  5. PRINCETON (815-875-3125)
-      222 South Main
-      P.O. Box 236 61356
-
-  6. MACOMB (309-837-1124)
-      W. Jackson Rd. (Hwy. #136)
-      P.O. Box 335 61455
-
-  7. PEKIN (309-347-5119)
-      133 Parkway Dr.
-      P.O. Box 795 61554
-
-  8. HAVANA (309-543-3401)
-      720 S. 10th Street
-      P.O. Box 401 62644
-
-  9. SHELBYVILLE (217-644-2411)
-      Hidden Springs State Forest
-      P.O. Box 148 62565
-
-  10. CHARLESTON (217-345-2420)
-      Rt. 16 & Harrison St. Rd.
-      P.O. Box 129 61920
-
-  11. HILLSBORO (217-532-3562)
-      925 S. Main Street
-      P.O. Box 603 62049
-
-  12. CARROLLTON (217-942-3816)
-      202 N. 5th Street
-      P.O. Box 170 62016
-
-  13. PITTSFIELD (217-285-2221)
-      211 South Madison
-      P.O. Box 244 62363
-
-  14. SPARTA (618-443-2925)
-      1 Mile E. on Rt. 154
-      P.O. Box 21 62286
-
-  15. CARLYLE (618-594-4475)
-      Eldon Hazlet State Park
-      P.O. Box 149 62231
-
-  16. KINMUNDY (618-547-3477)
-      Stephen A. Forbes State Park
-      Rural Route 1 62854
-
-  17. OLNEY (618-393-6732)
-      200½ North Walnut
-      P.O. Box 313 62450
-
-  18. FAIRFIELD (618-847-3781)
-      1404 West Main
-      P.O. Box 206 62837
-
-  19. MURPHYSBORO (618-687-2622)
-      1010 N. 14th Avenue
-      P.O. Box 188 62966
-
-  20. HARRISBURG (618-253-7966)
-      200 S. Granger St.
-      P.O. Box F 62946
-
-  21. GOREVILLE (618-995-2568)
-      Ferne Clyffe State Park
-      P.O. Box 67 62939
-
-  ▲ MASON NURSERY
-      R.R. 1, Box 71
-      Topeka, 61867
-      (309-535-2185)
-
-  ⍟ UNION NURSERY
-      R.R. 1, Box 182
-      Jonesboro 62952
-      (618-833-6125)
-
-  ● MAIN OFFICE
-      DIVISION OF FORESTRY
-      North West Plaza
-      600 N. Grand West
-      Springfield, IL 62706
-
-    [Illustration: Illinois Map]
-
-  DISTRICT 1
-    JO DAVIESS
-    STEPHENSON
-    CARROLL
-    WHITESIDE
-  DISTRICT 2
-    WINNEBAGO
-    BOONE
-    OGLE
-    DE KALB
-    LEE
-  DISTRICT 3
-    McHENRY
-    LAKE
-    KANE
-    COOK
-    DU PAGE
-    KENDALL
-    WILL
-    GRUNDY
-    KANKAKEE
-  DISTRICT 4
-    ROCK ISLAND
-    HENRY
-    MERCER
-    KNOX
-  DISTRICT 5
-    BUREAU
-    LA SALLE
-    STARK
-    PUTNAM
-    MARSHALL
-  DISTRICT 6
-    HENDERSON
-    WARREN
-    McDONOUGH
-    FULTON
-  DISTRICT 7
-    PEORIA
-    WOODFORD
-    TAZEWELL
-  DISTRICT 8
-    SCHUYLER
-    CASS
-    MASON ▲
-    MENARD
-    LOGAN
-  DISTRICT 9
-    LIVINGSTON
-    McLEAN
-    FORD
-    DE WITT
-    MACON
-    PIATT
-    MOULTRIE
-    SHELBY
-  DISTRICT 10
-    IROQUOIS
-    CHAMPAIGN
-    VERMILION
-    DOUGLAS
-    EDGAR
-    COLES
-    CUMBERLAND
-    CLARK
-  DISTRICT 11
-    SANGAMON ●
-    MACOUPIN
-    MONTGOMERY
-    CHRISTIAN
-  DISTRICT 12
-    MORGAN
-    SCOTT
-    CALHOUN
-    GREENE
-    JERSEY
-  DISTRICT 13
-    HANCOCK
-    ADAMS
-    BROWN
-    PIKE
-  DISTRICT 14
-    ST CLAIR
-    MONROE
-    RANDOLPH
-  DISTRICT 15
-    MADISON
-    BOND
-    CLINTON
-    WASHINGTON
-  DISTRICT 16
-    FAYETTE
-    EFFINGHAM
-    MARION
-    CLAY
-  DISTRICT 17
-    JASPER
-    CRAWFORD
-    RICHLAND
-    LAWRENCE
-    EDWARDS
-    WABASH
-  DISTRICT 18
-    JEFFERSON
-    WAYNE
-    HAMILTON
-    WHITE
-  DISTRICT 19
-    PERRY
-    JACKSON
-    FRANKLIN
-    WILLIAMSON
-  DISTRICT 20
-    SALINE
-    GALLATIN
-    POPE
-    HARDIN
-    MASSAC
-  DISTRICT 21
-    UNION ⍟
-    JOHNSON
-    ALEXANDER
-    PULASKI
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-—Material interjected into the eBook is enclosed in {braces}.
-
-
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-
-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition), by Robert H.  Mohlenbrock</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition)</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Robert H.  Mohlenbrock</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65705]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD EDITION) ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Forest Trees of Illinois" width="501" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1>Forest Trees
-<br />of Illinois</h1>
-<p class="center">THIRD EDITION</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">By Robert H. Mohlenbrock
-<br />Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University</p>
-<p class="center">Photography by John A. Richardson and Robert H. Mohlenbrock
-<br />Illustrations by Miriam Wysong Meyer and Fredda J. Burton
-<br />Southern Illinois University</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<p class="center">Printed by authority of the State of Illinois
-<br />Issued by
-<br />DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
-<br />Division of Forestry</p>
-<p class="center">14
-<br />(17943&mdash;10M&mdash;4-80)</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<h2 id="toc" class="center">TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt><a href="#c1">Acknowledgments</a> 4</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">Introduction</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3">Illustrated Glossary</a> 6</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall</a> 9</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Winter</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6">Trees of Illinois</a> 38</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7">Special Places to Study Trees</a> 318</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8">White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois</a> 322</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c9">Illinois Big Tree Champions</a> 323</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c10">Index to Common and Scientific Names</a> 324</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c11">District Foresters</a> 330</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">Acknowledgments</span></h2>
-<p>I am grateful to the late Mr. Fred Siemert, State Forester of the
-Illinois Division of Forestry, for suggesting the need for a new
-&ldquo;Forest Trees of Illinois.&rdquo; The first and second editions of this work
-have been immensely popular, and the need for a third edition is
-gratifying.</p>
-<p>This third edition is only slightly modified from the second. A few
-illustrations and bark photographs have been substituted, and the
-key has been improved in places. New material has been added to
-the description of the water hickory.</p>
-<p>I wish to give thanks to Mr. Al Mickelson of the Illinois Division
-of Forestry for encouraging this third edition, and to his assistants,
-Mr. John Sester and Mr. Ernest Kunze, for editing it for
-publication. Mark Mohlenbrock has redrawn the leaves and fruit
-illustrated on pages <a href="#Page_101">101</a> and <a href="#Page_169">169</a>.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small">Introduction</span></h2>
-<p>The initial edition of Forest Trees of Illinois was written in 1927
-by W. R. Mattoon and R. B. Miller, two prominent foresters in the
-state at that time. This was revised in 1955 by Dr. George Damon
-Fuller, then of the Illinois State Museum, and E. E. Nuuttila, State
-Forester of Illinois.</p>
-<p>In 1973, I prepared the first edition of the new Forest Trees of
-Illinois with new text, keys, photographs, and illustrations. An
-updated second edition was published in 1978. Because of the
-heavy demand for this work, this third edition has been prepared.</p>
-<p>Woody plants are usually divided into trees and shrubs, but the
-difference between these growth forms is not always distinct. In this
-work, we consider a plant to be of tree stature if it has a single erect
-trunk which branches above the ground to form a crown. It must
-have a diameter of at least 3 inches 4&frac12; feet above the ground and an
-overall height of 12 feet. Some of the plants included in this work
-are borderline between trees and shrubs. The height of a plant may
-be influenced by its geography. Thus, the Gray Dogwood (<i>Cornus
-racemosa</i>) in extreme southern Illinois may reach the dimensions of
-a small tree, but this same species in northern Illinois is also of a
-shrubby stature.</p>
-<p>Almost every kind of plant in the world is known by a Common
-Name and a Latin Name. The Common Name is the one used
-locally by residents of the area. It is of limited value because people
-in different areas sometimes have different names for the same
-plant. For example, one of the trees in Illinois is known by some as
-the Ironwood, by others as the Blue Beech, by others as the
-American Hornbeam, and by still others as the Musclewood Tree.
-Then again, the name Ironwood applies to at least two different
-kinds of trees in Illinois. The Latin Name for each kind of tree is
-known the World over by the same name. Actually, the Latin Name
-is composed of two words, the genus name, which is always
-capitalized, and the specific epithet, which is not capitalized.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<p>Of all the kinds of plants in the World, none is so well-loved, so
-stately and majestic, as a forest tree. More and more people each
-year are vacationing and seeking outdoor recreation. Many of them
-&ldquo;take to the woods&rdquo; for their leisure, because the forests of our state
-hold an unending fascination to many who enter them.</p>
-<p>Moreover, trees provide us with building material for our homes,
-shade for our lawns and parks, and hundreds of other products used
-in our everyday living.</p>
-<p>To know the trees we encounter is to enhance our appreciation
-for them. The purpose of FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS is to
-bring to Illinoisans a means of identifying the trees that grow in this
-state.</p>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small">Illustrated Glossary</span></h2>
-<p>In order to distinguish one kind of tree from another, it is
-necessary to learn the major characteristics which the forest trees of
-Illinois may possess. Illustrated below are several of the most
-commonly encountered characteristics of leaves and twigs. A thorough
-understanding of these structures will insure a quicker and
-more accurate identification.</p>
-<p>On the pages following the illustrated glossary are keys to the
-trees of Illinois. A key is a botanical device which enables the user,
-through proper selection of a series of choices, to identify a specimen
-at hand. Separate keys are provided for trees during the
-spring, summer, and autumn seasons and during the winter season.
-Begin at the first pair of number 1&rsquo;s, choose the statement that best
-fits the unknown specimen, and then go to the next pair of statements
-beneath. Continue this same procedure until the name of the
-plant is reached.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p001.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="LEAF FORMS, ARRANGEMENT, SHAPES" width="600" height="776" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>LEAF FORMS AND ARRANGEMENT</dt>
-<dd>SIMPLE</dd>
-<dd>PINNATELY COMPOUND</dd>
-<dd>PALMATELY COMPOUND</dd>
-<dd>DOUBLY PINNATELY COMPOUND</dd>
-<dd>OPPOSITE</dd>
-<dd>ALTERNATE</dd>
-<dd>WHORLED</dd>
-<dt>LEAF SHAPES</dt>
-<dd>LANCEOLATE</dd>
-<dd>OBLANCEOLATE</dd>
-<dd>OBLONG</dd>
-<dd>ELLIPTICAL</dd>
-<dd>OVATE</dd>
-<dd>OBOVATE</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p001a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="728" />
-<p class="pcap">WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS</p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS</dt>
-<dd>BUD SCALE</dd>
-<dd>TERMINAL BUD</dd>
-<dd>LATERAL BUD</dd>
-<dd>LEAF SCAR</dd>
-<dd>LENTICELS</dd>
-<dd>BUNDLE TRACES</dd>
-<dt>{LEAF LAYERS}</dt>
-<dd>UPPER EPIDERMIS</dd>
-<dd>PALISADE LAYER</dd>
-<dd>RIBS AND VEINS</dd>
-<dd>SPONGY LAYER</dd>
-<dd>STOMA</dd>
-<dd>LOWER EPIDERMIS</dd>
-<dt>LEAF TIPS</dt>
-<dd>ACUTE</dd>
-<dd>OBTUSE</dd>
-<dd>LONG-TAPERING</dd>
-<dt>LEAF EDGES</dt>
-<dd>PINNATELY LOBED</dd>
-<dd>WAVY</dd>
-<dd>TOOTHED</dd>
-<dd>DOUBLY TOOTHED</dd>
-<dd>SMOOTH</dd>
-<dt>LEAF BASES</dt>
-<dd>HEART-SHAPED</dd>
-<dd>TRUNCATE</dd>
-<dd>ASYMMETRICAL</dd>
-<dd>ROUNDED</dd>
-<dd>TAPERING</dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h2 id="c4"><span class="small">Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall</span></h2>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupA">Group A</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves compound (divided into 3 or more leaflets)</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupB">Group B</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves simple.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves opposite or whorled</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupC">Group C</a></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves alternate.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves neither toothed nor lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupD">Group D</a></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves toothed or lobed or both.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves toothed but not lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupE">Group E</a></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves lobed</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupF">Group F</a></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupA">GROUP A</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves needle-like or scale-like, often evergreen.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 10 or more, falling off during autumn.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves blue-green; cone-scales smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves bright green; cone-scales hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, evergreen.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves in clusters of 5</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leaves in clusters of 2.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually twisted.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves up to 1&frac12; inches long; sheath at base of leaves not longer than &#8539; inch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least &#8531; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a small spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leaves in clusters of 3.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves solitary.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">10. Leaves evergreen, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about &#8539; inch long, some of them needle-like and up to &#8531; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">10. Leaves falling off in autumn, all needle-like, usually at least &frac12; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Leaves 3-angled.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Leaves blue-green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Leaves bright green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Leaves flat</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupB">GROUP B</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, compound.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves alternate.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaflets 3</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaflets 5 or more.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Main stalk between leaflets winged on either side</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Main stalk between leaflets not winged.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves with an even number of leaflets, often doubly compound.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaflets not more than &frac12; inch wide.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pods usually 12 inches long or longer, with 6 or more seeds</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaTriacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pods 1-2 inches long, with 1-3 seeds</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaAquatica">Gleditsia aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Some or all the leaflets at least one inch broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves doubly compound; leaflets smooth along the edges; leaves without a foul odor when crushed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves once compound; leaflets usually with a few coarse teeth along the edges; leaves with a foul odor when crushed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leaves with an odd number of leaflets, once compound (twice compound in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i>, which has prickly leafstalks).</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaflets without teeth along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaflets less than 1 inch broad and 2 inches long; twigs with short spines at base of leaf stalks</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaflets up to 4 inches long and up to 2 inches broad; twigs without spines.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Some or all the leaflets alternate; base of leafstalk conspicuously swollen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. All the leaflets opposite; base of leafstalk not swollen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusVernix">Rhus vernix</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaflets toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves doubly compound, often with small prickles on the leafstalks and on some of the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_12">12</dt>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves once compound, without prickles.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">12. All leaves with 11 or more leaflets.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves completely smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves (at least on the veins) hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">14. Pith of twigs chambered when cut lengthwise.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">15. Pith pale brown; bark dark brown, with roughened ridges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">15. Pith dark brown; bark gray, with smooth ridges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">14. Pith of twigs solid.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">16. Leaves strongly aromatic when crushed; twigs not covered with velvety hairs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">17. Bud scales with yellow hairs; nut 1&frac12; to 2 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">17. Bud scales without yellow hairs; nut about as broad as long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">16. Leaves not aromatic when crushed; twigs covered with velvety hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">12. Some or all leaves with less than 11 leaflets.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">18. Buds with 4-6 scales arranged in pairs; most of the leaves with at least 9 leaflets.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">19. Terminal leaflet without a stalk or with a very short stalk; buds mustard-yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">19. Terminal leaflet with a well-developed stalk; bud reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="lj">18. Buds with 6 or more overlapping scales; most of the leaves with fewer than 9 leaflets (except sometimes in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i> and <i><a class="inl" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i>), never with 11 leaflets.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Teeth along the leaf margin with small tufts of hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Teeth along the leaf margin without small tufts of hairs.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_13">13</dt>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Lower surface of leaflets densely and uniformly hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached densely hairy; bark tight, not shaggy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached smooth or sparsely hairy; bark shaggy at maturity</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Lower leaf surface smooth, or with tufts of hairs in the vein axils, or sometimes sparsely hairy along the veins.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">23. Scales of buds, stalk of leaves, and young twigs rusty-hairy or -scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">23. Rusty hairs and scales not present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">24. Leaflets mostly 5; bud scales without hairs at the tip; bark tight, not peeling</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">24. Leaflets mostly 7; bud scales with hairs at the tip; bark peeling at maturity</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves opposite.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">25. Leaves palmately compound.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">26. Leaflets mostly 7; buds very sticky</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusHippocastanum">Aesculus hippocastanum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">26. Leaflets mostly 5; buds not sticky.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">27. Fruit prickly; flowers yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">27. Fruit smooth; flowers red</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">25. Leaves pinnately compound, or sometimes with only 3 leaflets.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">28. Leaflets usually 3, or sometimes 5; twigs green or glaucous</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">28. Leaflets usually 7 or more, sometimes 5; twigs not green.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Some or all of the twigs square</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Stems not square.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Leaflets without stalks</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Leaflets stalked.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Stalks of the leaflets winged.</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>subintegerrima</i></a></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Twigs and leafstalks smooth</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Leaflets whitened on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Leaflets green or yellow-brown on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</a></i></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupC">GROUP C</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, opposite or whorled.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves (or some of them) in whorls of 3.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with a bad odor when crushed; flowers with conspicuous purple spots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaBignonioides">Catalpa bignonioides</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves without a bad odor when crushed; flowers merely lined with purple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaSpeciosa">Catalpa speciosa</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves opposite.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">3. Leaves at least 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, heart-shaped at the base, never palmately lobed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">3. Leaves usually less than 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, not heart-shaped at the base or, if slightly heart-shaped, then also palmately lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves palmately lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leafstalk with milky sap when broken</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerPlatanoides">Acer platanoides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">5. Leafstalk without milky sap.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly V-shaped; leaves usually silvery or white on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves deeply divided, the areas between the lobes extending more than half-way to the midvein</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves shallowly divided, the areas between the lobes extending less than half-way to the midvein.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves completely covered with a white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii">Acer rubrum var. drummondii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower leaf surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_15">15</dt>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly U-shaped; leaves green or paler on the lower surface, not white or silvery.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves with the edges drooping.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves green on the lower surface; small leafy outgrowths sometimes present at the base of the leafstalk</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves grayish on the lower surface; small leafy outgrowths at the base of the leafstalk absent</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves flat, the edges not drooping</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</a></i></dd></dl>
-<dl class="key"><dd class="t"><span class="jl">4. Leaves not lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">11. Leaves toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">12. Edges of leaves regularly toothed from tip of leaf to base; leaves usually short-pointed or rounded at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the leaf covered with rusty hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the leaf without rusty hairs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Leaf stalks wavy along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Leaf stalks not wavy along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">15. Branches spine-tipped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">15. Branches not spine-tipped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">12. Edges of leaves toothed only above the middle of the leaf; leaves tapering to a long point</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">11. Leaves not toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">16. Upper surface of leaves rough to the touch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">16. Upper surface of leaves smooth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface; lower surface of leaves gray or whitish.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves often nearly as broad as long; flowers surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries red; twigs green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves longer than broad; flowers not surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries white; twigs gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_16">16</dt>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves without deeply impressed veins; leaves often paler on the lower surface, but not gray or whitish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd></dl>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupD">GROUP D</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, alternate, neither toothed nor lobed.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Most or all of the leaves more than six inches long.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves long-tapering to the base; winter buds elongated, about &#8539; inch long, covered with reddish-brown hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves rounded or only short-tapering to the base; winter buds either &frac12; inch long and white-hairy, or rounded and yellow.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leafstalks usually more than 1&frac12; inches long, hairy; buds nearly round, yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leafstalks usually less than 1&frac12; inches long, smooth; buds elongated, white-hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Most or all of the leaves less than six inches long.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks with milky sap; twigs usually bearing small spines near the point of the leaf attachment</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks without milky sap; twigs not spiny.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, twigs green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves not spicy-aromatic when crushed; twigs usually not green.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves distinctly asymmetrical at base, usually obviously 3-nerved from the base.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">7. Leaves usually at least twice longer than broad, rounded at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">7. Leaves usually less than twice longer than broad, more or less heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves symmetrical at the base, with a single main vein.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, about as broad as long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, longer than broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Many of the leaves clustered near the tips of the twigs.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_17">17</dt>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">10. Leaves tapering to the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">11. Veins of leaf deeply impressed, strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit a berry</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">11. Veins of leaf not deeply impressed nor strongly arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit an acorn.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">12. Lower surface of leaves hairy; leafstalk usually hairy; leaves usually one inch wide or wider</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">12. Lower surface of leaves smooth except for the veins; leafstalk usually smooth; leaves usually less than one inch wide</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Leaves not clustered near the tips of the twigs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">13. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leafstalks often 1&frac12; inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">13. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leafstalks rarely as long as 1&frac12; inches.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">14. Leaves abruptly contracted to a short point at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">15. Leaves usually about twice as long as broad; fruit an orange berry about 1 inch in diameter</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">15. Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; fruit a blue berry up to &frac12; inch in diameter</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">14. Leaves gradually tapering to the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd></dl>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupE">GROUP E</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, alternate, toothed but not lobed.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves asymmetrical at the base.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_18">18</dt>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Edge of leaf with low, rounded teeth or merely wavy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Edge of leaf sharply or finely toothed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most of all the leafstalks less than one inch long; trunk usually warty.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Upper surface of leaf very rough to the touch; leaves thick and leathery.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Leaves tapering to a long point at the tip; most or all of the blades 3 inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Leaves tapering to a short point at the tip; most or all of the blades less than 3 inches long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Upper surface of leaf smooth or only slightly rough to the touch; leaves thin and membranaceous.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves at least three times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">7. Leaves less than three times longer than broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Some or all the leaves 3 inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">8. Leaves less than 3 inches long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Leafstalks more than 1 inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves smooth on the lower surface except for small tufts of hairs where the veins meet</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">9. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">10. Lower surface of leaves white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">10. Lower surface of leaves green</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd></dl>
-<dl class="key"><dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves with one main vein arising from the base of the blade.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. Some or all the leaves four inches long or longer; leaf-stalks more than &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">12. None of the leaves four inches long; leafstalks up to &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">11. Twigs without corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">13. Leaves very rough-hairy to the touch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">13. Leaves smooth or soft to the touch.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">14. Edge of leaf doubly toothed (each tooth divided into a second small tooth).</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">15. Leaves distinctly one-sided at the base; leafstalks often smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_19">19</dt>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">15. Leaves only slightly one-sided at the base; leafstalks hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">16. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">16. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit surrounded by inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">14. Edge of leaf singly toothed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Leaves hairy on the lower surface, at least where the veins meet; leafstalks usually hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves symmetrical at the base.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">18. Leaves with 2-4 irregular teeth along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">19. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leaf stalks often 1&frac12; inches long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">19. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leaf stalks rarely as long as 1&frac12; inches</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">18. Leaves more regularly toothed with more than 4 teeth along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">20. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">22. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">22. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">20. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">23. Leaves at least 4 times as long as broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks less than &#8539; inch long; leaves irregularly toothed along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixInterior">Salix interior</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks more than &#8539; inch long; leaves regularly toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">25. Leaves green on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixNigra">Salix nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">25. Leaves whitish on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">26. Each leaf with a pair of leaf-like stipules at the base of the leafstalk</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixCaroliniana">Salix caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_20">20</dt>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">26. Each leaf without a pair of leaf-like stipules</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixAmygdaloides">Salix amygdaloides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">23. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">27. Leaves as broad as long or broader.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">28. Leaf stalks not flattened.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves strongly whitened on the lower surface, not heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves not strongly whitened on the lower leaf surface, heart-shaped at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">28. Leaf stalks flattened.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">30. Leaves basically triangular in shape, coarsely toothed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">30. Leaves basically ovate or spherical, coarsely or finely toothed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">31. Leaves with 20 or more fine teeth along the edges</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">31. Leaves with up to 15 coarse teeth along the edges.</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">27. Leaves longer than broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">32. Twigs usually with sharp spines.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">33. Leaves broadest below the middle; fruit a small apple.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">34. Many of the leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">34. Most of the leaves ovate to oval to broadly lance-shaped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">35. Twigs and young leaves densely hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">35. Twigs and young leaves smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">33. Leaves broadest at or above the middle; fruit a hawthorn.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">36. Leaves broadest at the middle; leafstalks one inch long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">36. Leaves broadest above the middle; leafstalks up to &frac34; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">37. Leaves leathery, smooth on both surfaces</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusCrusGalli">Crataegus crus-galli</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">37. Leaves not leathery, usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_21">21</dt>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">32. Twigs not spiny.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">38. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">39. Some or all the leaves 4 inches long or longer; leafstalks more than &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">39. None of the leaves 4 inches long; leafstalks up to &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">38. None of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">40. Individual teeth along edge of the leaf at least &frac14; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">41. Most of the veins not reaching to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf usually silvery-white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">41. Most of the veins projecting to the tip of each leaf; lower surface of leaf green or pale, but usually not silvery-white.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">42. Leaves usually with sharp-pointed teeth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">43. Fruit an acorn; lower leaf surface usually covered with very short hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">43. Fruit enclosed in a prickly bur; lower leaf surface smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">42. Leaves usually with somewhat rounded teeth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">44. Cup of acorn at least 1 inch across; trunk whitish to gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">44. Cup of acorn less than 1 inch across; trunk brown to black</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">40. Individual teeth along edge of leaf up to &#8539; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">45. Some of the leaves produced from short, stubby shoots along the main twigs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">45. Twigs without short, stubby side shoots.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">46. Leafstalks with 1 or more small glands (&ldquo;bumps&rdquo;), usually near the point of attachment to the blade.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">47. Each tooth along the edge of the leaf bearing a small, reddish-brown gland.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_22">22</dt>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">48. Some or all leaves one inch broad or broader.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">49. Leaves flat</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusHortulana">Prunus hortulana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">49. Leaves more or less folded down the middle</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusMunsoniana">Prunus munsoniana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">48. None of the leaves as much as one inch broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusAngustifolia">Prunus angustifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">47. Teeth along the edge of the leaf not bearing a gland.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">50. Leaves usually with a dull, wrinkled surface; fruit a plum</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusAmericana">Prunus americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">50. Leaves usually appearing smooth and rather shiny; fruit an elongated cluster of small cherries.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">51. Teeth along edge of leaf curving inward, usually rather blunt</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">51. Teeth along edge of leaf pointing outward, usually sharp-pointed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">46. Leafstalks not bearing glands.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">52. Leaves doubly toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">53. Bark peeling off into papery strips or layers; leaves usually about two-thirds as broad as long or broader.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">54. Bark yellowish, silvery-gray, or creamy-white.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">55. Bark yellowish or silvery-gray; leaves with 8 or more pairs of veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">55. Bark creamy-white; leaves with no more than 7 pairs of veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">54. Bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">53. Bark broken into small plates, or smooth and sinewy, not peeling off into papery strips or layers.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">56. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf unbranched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_23">23</dt>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">56. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit enclosed in inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">52. Leaves singly toothed along the edges.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">57. Leaves heart-shaped at the base.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaves up to six inches long and nearly as broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaves not more than four inches long and about half as broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Leaves bronze as they unfold; leafstalk smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Leaves densely white-hairy as they unfold; leafstalk somewhat hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">57. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, not heart-shaped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">60. Teeth along edge of leaf widely spaced, at least &frac14; inch apart</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">60. Teeth along edge of leaf closely and regularly spaced.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Leafstalk hairy; fruit fleshy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">62. Leaves shiny on the upper surface; leafstalks &frac12; inch long or longer</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">62. Leaves dull on the upper surface; leafstalks up to &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Leafstalk smooth at maturity; fruit dry and variously winged.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">63. Some of the leaves three inches long or longer; fruit 4-winged or a woody &ldquo;cone.&rdquo;</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_24">24</dt>
-<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">64. Leaves pointed at the tip; fruit 4-winged</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">64. Leaves rounded at the tip; fruit a woody &ldquo;cone&rdquo;</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">63. Leaves less than 3 inches long; fruit surrounded by a flat wing</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd></dl>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupF">GROUP F</b></h3>
-<p>Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple,
-alternate, lobed.</p>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">4. Twigs usually with sharp spines.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves broadest at the middle or above the middle.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves broadest at the middle; lower surface of leaf smooth except for a few tufts of hairs near the veins</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">6. Leaves broadest above the middle; lower surface of leaf hairy throughout</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">5. Leaves broadest below the middle.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves mostly tapering to the base; fruit a crab apple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">8. Leaves rounded at the base; fruit a hawthorn.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Fruit with pitted seeds; flowers appearing in late May and June</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusCalpodendron">Crataegus calpodendron</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">9. Fruit without pitted seeds; flowers appearing in April or early May</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusMollis">Crataegus mollis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only on the veins.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_25">25</dt>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">10. Leaves tapering to the base.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves oval to ovate to broadly lance-shaped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">11. Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">10. Leaves rounded at the base.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">12. Leaves blue-green; fruit spherical or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusPruinosa">Crataegus pruinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">12. Leaves green; fruit shaped like a little apple</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">4. Twigs without spines.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">13. Leaves star-shaped</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">13. Leaves not star-shaped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">14. Leaves 4-lobed, smooth on both surfaces</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">14. Leaves more than 4-lobed, hairy on one or both surfaces.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">15. Leaves palmately lobed and veined.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">16. Leaves densely coated with white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">16. Leaves without a coat of white felt on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">15. Leaves pinnately lobed and veined.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Lobes of leaf with bristle-tips.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves broadest above the middle</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">18. Leaves broadest at or below the middle.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">19. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Lower surface of leaves with gray hairs; base of leaf blade usually broadly rounded.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Leaves with 5-11 more or less equal lobes, the uppermost lobe not strongly curved</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">21. Leaves with 3-5 more or less unequal lobes, the uppermost lobes often strongly curved</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">20. Lower surface of leaves with rusty hairs; base of leaf blade not broadly rounded</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">19. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only next to the veins.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_26">26</dt>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">22. Leaves divided less than halfway to the middle.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">23. Leafstalks hairy; buds hairy, gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8">23. Leafstalks smooth; buds smooth, reddish-brown <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">22. Leaves divided more than halfway to the middle.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks hairy; cup of acorn fringed around the edge</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Leafstalks smooth; cup of acorn not fringed around the edge.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Lower surface of leaves with large tufts of hairs in the vein axils.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">26. Cup of acorn saucer-shaped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">27. Cup of acorn up to &frac12; inch broad.</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">27. Cup of acorn more than &frac12; inch broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">26. Cup of acorn top-shaped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">28. Cup of acorn enclosing about &#8531; the nut at most</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">28. Cup of acorn enclosing more than one-third of the nut</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Lower surface of leaves smooth or with small tufts in hairs in the vein axils</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">17. Lobes of leaf with round tips, not bristle-tipped.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves smooth on the lower surface</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">29. Leaves hairy on the lower surface.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">30. Upper three lobes of leaf squarish, forming a cross; twigs hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">30. Leaves without three squarish lobes at the upper end; twigs smooth or nearly so.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">31. Edge of acorn cup with a fringe</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">31. Edge of acorn cup not fringed</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></i></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h2 id="c5"><span class="small">Key to Illinois Trees in Winter</span></h2>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Green leaves present during winter, needle-like or scale-like</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupG">Group G</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Green leaves absent during winter</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_GroupH">Group H</a></dt></dl>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupG">GROUP G</b></h3>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 5</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaves in clusters of 2-3.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves in clusters of 2.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually twisted.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves up to 1&frac12; inches long; sheath at base of leaves not longer than &#8539; inch</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least &#8531; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a small spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">6. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaves in clusters of 3.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">7. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base of leaves about 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaves solitary, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about &#8539; inch long, some of them needle-like and up to &#8531; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</a></i></dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h3><b id="g_GroupH">GROUP H</b></h3>
-<dl class="key"><dt><span class="jl">1. Leaf scars absent (scars which resemble leaf scars present but lacking bundle scars)</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</a></i></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">1. Leaf scars present.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaf scars in whorls of 3</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CatalpaSpp">Catalpa spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">2. Leaf scars opposite or alternate.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaf scars opposite.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Bundle scar 1</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">4. Bundle scars 3 or more.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Bundle scars usually 9 or more.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pith hollow or sometimes chambered</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">6. Pith solid, not chambered.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">7. Twigs 4-sided</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">7. Twigs not 4-sided.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">8. Twigs hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">9. Leaf scars notched at top.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">10. Twigs with conspicuous large lenticels; trunks swollen at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">10. Twigs with inconspicuous lenticels; trunks not swollen at the base</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">9. Leaf scars more or less straight across at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">8. Twigs smooth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">11. Leaf scars oval; buds brownish-black to black</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">11. Leaf scars half-round; buds brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">12. Leaf scars notched at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">12. Leaf scars more or less straight across the top</span> <a class="gloss" href="#g_FraxinusPennsylvanica"><i>Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> var. <i>subintegerrima</i></a></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">5. Bundle scars usually 3-7 (sometimes 9 in <i><a class="inl" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i>).</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Leaf scars very broad, usually at least &#8531; inch across.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Bark smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">14. Bark becoming furrowed and scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">13. Leaf scars narrow, less than &#8531; inch across.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_29">29</dt>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">15. Buds with 2 exposed outer scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">16. Twigs gray or gray-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">17. Buds long and narrow, at least 5 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">17. Buds shorter, at most 3 times longer than broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">18. Buds reddish-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">19. Buds smooth or scurfy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">19. Buds hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">18. Buds light brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">20. Buds hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">20. Buds smooth or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">16. Twigs purple or orange-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">21. Twigs purplish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">21. Twigs orange-brown, at least usually not purplish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">15. Buds with more than 2 exposed scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">22. Twigs green or glaucous</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">22. Twigs brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">23. Buds rounded, several in a cluster; twigs red or orange.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Twigs hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii">Acer rubrum var. drummondii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">24. Twigs smooth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Twigs with an unpleasant odor; bark scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">25. Twigs without an unpleasant odor; bark not scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">23. Buds elongated; twigs brown or gray.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">26. Ends of some twigs tapering to a spine</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">26. Ends of twigs not spiny.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">27. Twigs (at least by the time they are 2 years old) pale gray-brown, dull</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">27. Twigs pale reddish-brown, shiny.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">28. Buds pointed at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">28. Buds more or less rounded at the tip</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">3. Leaf scars alternate.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Thorns or spines present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Spines in pairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">30. Spines solitary, although sometimes branched.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Spines scattered all along the twigs and branches</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">31. Spines not scattered all along the twigs and branches.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Thorns branched</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaSpp">Gleditsia spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">32. Thorns unbranched.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_30">30</dt>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">33. Buds pointed at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">34. Twigs usually hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">34. Twigs usually smooth.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">35. Buds with reddish scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">35. Buds with chestnut-brown scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">33. Buds more or less rounded at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">36. Terminal bud absent</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">36. Terminal bud present</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusSpp">Crataegus spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">29. Thorns or spines absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">37. Pith chambered, at least at the nodes.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">38. Leaf scars 3-lobed and usually with 3 groups of bundle scars.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">39. Pith pale brown; leaf scars without velvety hairs at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">39. Pith chocolate-brown; leaf scars with velvety hairs at the top</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">38. Leaf scars half-round, not 3-lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">40. Pith chambered only at the nodes; stipular scars present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">41. Buds about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">41. Buds about &#8539; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">42. Twigs usually smooth; trees</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">42. Twigs usually hairy; shrubs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">40. Pith chambered between the nodes as well as at most of the nodes; stipular scars absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">43. Exposed bud scales 2</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">43. Exposed bud scales 4</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">37. Pith solid, although sometimes with diaphragms.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">44. Pith with diaphragms.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">45. Buds without bud scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">45. Buds with 1 or more scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">46. Bud scales 1-2; bundle scars 7 or more; stipular scars present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">47. Bud scale 1, hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">47. Bud scales 2, smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">46. Bud scales 3-several; bundle scars 3; stipular scars absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">48. Buds about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">48. Buds up to 1 inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">44. Pith without diaphragms.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">49. Bundle scar 1.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">49. Bundle scars 2 or more.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_31">31</dt>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">51. Stipular scars forming a ring around the twig</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">51. Stipular scars not forming a ring around the twig, or absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">52. Twigs aromatic when cut.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">53. Twigs green; buds generally smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">53. Twigs orange-brown; buds generally hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">52. Twigs not aromatic when cut.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">54. Buds without scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">55. Terminal buds larger than the rest of the buds.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">56. Buds rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">57. Buds rusty-hairy, 2-3 times longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">57. Buds gray-woolly, not much longer than broad</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">56. Buds smooth or, if hairy, not conspicuously rusty-hairy or gray-woolly.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaf scars lobed; twigs without stipular scars.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Buds bright yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">59. Buds brown or reddish-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">60. Terminal bud up to &frac12; inch long; twigs with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">60. Terminal bud up to &frac14; inch long; twigs with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">58. Leaf scars unlobed; twigs with stipular scars.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Buds pale brown; twigs often zig-zag</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">61. Buds light brown; twigs mostly straight</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">55. Terminal buds smaller than other buds, or absent.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_32">32</dt>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">62. Pith reddish-brown; leaf scars often &frac12; inch across</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">62. Pith not reddish-brown; leaf scars less than &frac12; inch across.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">63. Milky sap present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">64. Twigs hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">65. Twigs velvety; pith yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">65. Twigs not velvety; pith whitish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">64. Twigs smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">63. Milky sap absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">66. Leaf scars completely encircling the bud</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">66. Leaf scars only partly encircling the bud</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">54. Buds with 1 or more scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">67. Buds with 1 scale</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_SalixSpp">Salix spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">67. Buds with 2 or more scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">68. Bundle scar 1.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">69. Twigs with short spur-like shoots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">69. Twigs without short spur-like shoots</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">68. Bundle scars 2 or more.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t11"><span class="jl">70. Buds at least 4 times longer than broad.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">71. Stipular scars encircling the twig, or nearly so</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t12"><span class="jl">71. Stipular scars not encircling the twigs, or absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">72. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t13"><span class="jl">72. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">73. Twigs reddish-brown, with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_33">33</dt>
-<dd class="t14"><span class="jl">73. Twigs gray-brown, with dark lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t15"><span class="jl">70. Buds less than 4 times longer than broad. (Go to 74)</span></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">74. Pith star-shaped, or triangular, or variously lobed in cross-section.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">75. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">76. Twigs densely hairy; bark white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">76. Twigs smooth or sparsely hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">77. Visible bud scales more than 4.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">78. Buds smooth, shiny, brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">78. Buds hairy, dull, gray</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">77. Visible bud scales 3-4.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">79. Buds at least &frac12; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">79. Buds less than &frac12; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">75. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">80. Buds clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales in 5 rows.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">81. Buds at least &frac14; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">82. Buds angular.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">83. Buds smooth</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">83. Buds hairy, at least at tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">84. Buds hairy all over.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">85. Buds with rusty or brown hairs.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">86. Buds with rusty hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">86. Buds with brown hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">85. Buds with gray hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">84. Buds hairy only at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">87. Buds light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">87. Buds dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">82. Buds not angular.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">88. Buds and twigs orange-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">88. Buds and twigs red, red-brown, dark brown, or gray-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">89. Buds red or red-brown.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_34">34</dt>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">90. Buds light red to light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">90. Buds dark red to dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">89. Buds dark brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">81. Buds less than &frac14; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">91. Buds pointed at the tip.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">92. Buds and twigs brown to orange-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">92. Buds and twigs red to red-brown to gray-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">93. Scales of buds hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">94. Twigs dark red-brown to gray; buds red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">94. Twigs light or dark brown; buds gray-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">93. Scales of buds smooth or nearly so.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">95. Buds dark red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">95. Buds light red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">91. Buds more or less rounded.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">96. Twigs red-brown, shiny.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">97. Buds not angular</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">97. Buds angular</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">96. Twigs gray to yellow-brown to purplish, dull.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">98. Twigs and buds smooth or nearly so.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">99. Twigs purplish, with a whitish coating</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">99. Twigs gray to yellow-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">98. Twigs and buds hairy.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">100. Buds red-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">100. Buds gray to gray-brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">80. Buds not clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales not in 5 rows.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">101. Bundle scars in more than 3 groups; leaf scars lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">102. Visible bud scales 2.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">103. Buds bright yellow</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">103. Bud scales brown or reddish-brown.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">104. Terminal bud up to &frac12; inch long; twigs with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</a></i></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_35">35</dt>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">104. Terminal bud up to &frac14; inch long; twigs with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">102. Visible bud scales more than 2.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">105. Some or all the terminal buds &frac12; inch long or longer.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">106. Outermost bud scales falling away early, revealing pale inner scales; bark not peeling</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">106. Outermost bud scales persistent; bark peeling.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">107. Twigs orange-brown, with orange lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">107. Twigs dark brown or red-brown, with pale lenticels</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">105. Terminal buds usually less than &frac12; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">108. Buds rusty-hairy, with silvery or yellow scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">108. Buds smooth or only slightly hairy, without scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">109. Bark smooth or furrowed, not scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">109. Bark becoming scaly</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">101. Bundle scars in 3 groups; leaf scars not lobed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">110. Buds up to &#8537; inch long; twigs bitter to the taste.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">111. Pith triangular in cross-section</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">111. Pith not triangular in cross section.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">112. Buds very shiny</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">112. Buds dull</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">110. Buds longer than &#8537; inch; twigs not bitter to the taste.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">113. Twigs sometimes with corky wings; buds with 4 or more exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">113. Twigs without corky wings; buds with 2-3 exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</a></i></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">74. Pith round or nearly so in cross-section.</span></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">114. Terminal bud present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">115. Buds with 2-3 exposed scales</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">115. Buds with 4 or more exposed scales.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">116. Bud scales fleshy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CrataegusSpp">Crataegus spp.</a></i>.</dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_36">36</dt>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">116. Bud scales not fleshy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_PrunusSpp">Prunus spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">114. Terminal bud absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">117. Leaf scars at least &frac12; inch across; bundle scars 9</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t"><span class="jl">117. Leaf scars smaller; bundle scars not 9.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">118. Stipular scars absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">119. Leaf scars bordered by hairs</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">119. Leaf scars not hairy</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_GleditsiaSpp">Gleditsia spp.</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t2"><span class="jl">118. Stipular scars present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">120. Exposed bud scales 2.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">121. Milky sap present</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">121. Milky sap absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">122. Twigs gray or brown</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">122. Twigs light red</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t3"><span class="jl">120. Exposed bud scales 3 or more.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">123. Exposed bud scales 3-4; lenticels horizontal.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">124. Twigs with taste of wintergreen</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">124. Twigs without taste of wintergreen.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">125. Twigs and buds smooth; bark white</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">125. Twigs and buds somewhat hairy; bark reddish</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t4"><span class="jl">123. Exposed bud scales more than 4; lenticels more or less circular.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">126. Bundle scars not in groups of 3; milky sap present.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">127. Buds about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">127. Buds about &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t5"><span class="jl">126. Bundle scars in groups of 3; milky sap absent.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">128. Exposed bud scales usually about 12</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t6"><span class="jl">128. Exposed bud scales usually about 6.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">129. Leaf scars and bundle scars slightly elevated</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t7"><span class="jl">129. Leaf scars and bundle scars depressed.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">130. Buds less than &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t8"><span class="jl">130. Buds at least &#8539; inch long.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">131. Some of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_37">37</dt>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">132. Buds about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">132. Buds about &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t9"><span class="jl">131. None of the twigs with corky wings.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">133. Buds rusty-hairy, about &frac14; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</a></i></dd>
-<dd class="t10"><span class="jl">133. Buds light brown, smooth, about &#8539; inch long</span> <i><a class="gloss" href="#g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</a></i></dd></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small">Trees of Illinois</span></h2>
-<h3>SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerBarbatum">Acer barbatum</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and pale brown at first, becoming darker and furrowed
-when old.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with pale lenticels;
-leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, hairy, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 4 inches long, nearly as
-broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges
-sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth or a little hairy
-on the upper surface, paler and much hairier on the lower
-surface; leaf-stalks up to 3 inches long, very hairy. The leaves
-turn yellow or orange in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish-green, appearing as
-the leaves unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-greenish, up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to southeastern Oklahoma,
-south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Southern Sugar Maple resembles the
-Black Maple because of its drooping leaves, but differs by its
-smaller, thicker leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p002.jpg" id="ncfig2" alt="SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE" width="490" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<h3>BOX ELDER
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerNegundo">Acer negundo</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Ash-leaved Maple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-4 feet; crown wide-spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, ridged when young, becoming deeply furrowed
-with age.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, green, glaucous, or rarely purplish, shiny, usually
-with white lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 5-9
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, white-hairy, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets
-elliptic to ovate, up to 4 inches long, about half as broad, pointed
-at the tip, tapering or rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical
-base, smooth or usually coarsely toothed along the edges or even
-shallowly lobed, light green and smooth on the upper surface,
-paler and smooth or hairy on the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, several in
-a cluster, greenish-yellow, appearing as the leaves begin to
-unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, in drooping clusters, composed of a curved
-wing with a seed at the base, greenish-yellow, up to 2 inches
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, close-grained, white.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, interior finishing, furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Box Elder most nearly resembles
-ashes, but differs by its green or glaucous twigs and its paired
-fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p003.jpg" id="ncfig3" alt="BOX ELDER" width="485" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<h3>BLACK MAPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerNigrum">Acer nigrum</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2&frac12; feet; crown broad, with several upright branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to black, smooth when young, soon becoming
-furrowed and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars
-opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long and nearly as
-broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges
-of the leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth on
-the upper surface, yellow-green and smooth or hairy on the veins
-on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 5 inches long, smooth or
-hairy. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish, appearing as the
-leaves unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-reddish-brown to greenish, up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, cabinets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to Minnesota and South Dakota,
-south to Louisiana, east to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Maple is distinguished from the
-Sugar Maple by its drooping leaves. It differs from the Southern
-Sugar Maple, which also has drooping leaves, by its larger,
-thinner leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p004.jpg" id="ncfig4" alt="BLACK MAPLE" width="477" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h3>RED MAPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerRubrum">Acer rubrum</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown oval or rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, mostly smooth, more or less reddish, usually with
-pale lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, usually hairy, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as
-broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply
-toothed to nearly toothless, pale green and smooth on the upper
-surface, white or gray and either smooth or hairy on the lower
-surface; leafstalks smooth or finely hairy, up to 4 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense clusters, bright red or yellow, opening
-in February and March before the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the
-base, red or yellow, up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, gun-stocks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, low woods, upland slopes, bluff tops.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas,
-east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Maple is characterized by its
-white lower leaf surfaces and its shallowly lobed leaves. The
-similar Silver Maple has very deeply lobed leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p005.jpg" id="ncfig5" alt="RED MAPLE" width="487" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<h3>SWAMP RED MAPLE
-<br /><i id="g_AcerRubrumVarDrummondii"> rubrum</i> L. var. <i>drummondii</i> (H. &amp; A.) Sarg.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-1 foot; crown narrow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, white-hairy when young, usually becoming smooth
-or nearly so, reddish; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, hairy, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as
-broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves toothed,
-green and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, densely white-hairy
-on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, densely hairy, up to 4
-inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense red clusters, opening before the leaves
-begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the
-base, bright red, over 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, coarse-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded swamps.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Red Maple is distinguished
-from the Red Maple by the dense coat of white hairs on the
-undersurface of the leaves and by the longer fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p006.jpg" id="ncfig6" alt="SWAMP RED MAPLE" width="503" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<h3>SILVER MAPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerSaccharinum">Acer saccharinum</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Soft Maple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or silvery, smooth at first, becoming loose and scaly or
-even somewhat shaggy when old.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, often curving upward; leaf
-scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, reddish-brown, smooth to finely hairy,
-up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, nearly as
-broad, deeply palmately 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply
-toothed, pale green and smooth on the upper surface, silvery-white
-and usually smooth on the lower surface, except in the leaf
-axils; leafstalks smooth, up to 5 inches long, often reddish.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, opening in
-February and March before the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a curved wing with a seed at the
-base, green or yellow, up to 3 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture; sometimes grown as an ornamental, but the
-branchlets are brittle.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wet soil.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota and South Dakota,
-south to Oklahoma, Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The deeply lobed leaves which are silvery-white
-on the flower surface best distinguish this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p007.jpg" id="ncfig7" alt="SILVER MAPLE" width="464" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h3>SUGAR MAPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AcerSaccharum">Acer saccharum</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Hard Maple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many
-branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to dark brown to black, becoming furrowed and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, brown, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars
-opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, dark brown, smooth or a little hairy, shiny, up to &frac14;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 5 inches long, nearly as
-broad or a little broader, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the
-leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on
-the upper surface, green or paler on the lower surface and usually
-smooth, or sometimes hairy on the veins; leafstalks up to 3 inches
-long, smooth and sometimes hairy. The leaves turn brilliant
-shades of yellow and orange in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes
-on the same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing as
-the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base,
-greenish-yellow to brownish, up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; maple sugar is derived
-from the sap; frequently grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to eastern Texas,
-east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint"><i id="g_AcerPlatanoides">Distinguishing</i> Features: Leaves of the Sugar Maple differ from
-those of the Black Maple and the Southern Sugar Maple by being
-flat, rather than drooping along the edges. {Sap differs from the
-Norway Maple, <i>Acer platanoides</i>, by being clear rather than milky.}</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p008.jpg" id="ncfig8" alt="SUGAR MAPLE" width="465" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h3>RED BUCKEYE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AesculusDiscolor">Aesculus discolor</b></i> Pursh</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10
-inches; crown rounded and spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to tan, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, gray to tan, smooth; leaf scars opposite,
-triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, up to &frac12; inch long, not hairy,
-not sticky.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 leaflets; leaflets
-elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6
-inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the edges, green
-and smooth on the upper surface, paler and finely hairy on the
-lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, red, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1 foot
-long, appearing in April.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches across,
-light brown, not prickly, containing 1 or 2 light reddish-brown
-seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental because of its showy
-flowers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The smooth fruits and the beautiful red
-flowers distinguish this species from other members of the genus
-in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p009.jpg" id="ncfig9" alt="RED BUCKEYE" width="472" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<h3>OHIO BUCKEYE
-<br /><i><b id="g_AesculusGlabra">Aesculus glabra</b></i> Willd.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15
-inches; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to pale gray, deeply furrowed and roughened when
-mature.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, pale brown, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular,
-with 3 groups of bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown to yellowish, up to &#8532; inch
-long, not hairy, not sticky.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets
-obovate to oblanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the
-edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, green or much
-whitened on the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, yellow-green, in large clusters sometimes
-nearly 1 foot long, appearing in April and May, the petals of each
-flower of different lengths.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Prickly, spherical or nearly so, up to 1&frac12; inch in diameter,
-pale brown, containing 1 large, smooth and shiny seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown to nearly
-white.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp. The tree is also sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Usually rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Pennsylvania across to Nebraska, south to Oklahoma, east to
-Alabama.</p>
-<p class="revint"><i id="g_AesculusHippocastanum">Distinguishing</i> Features: The Ohio Buckeye differs from the
-Horse Chestnut {<i>Aesculus hippocastanum</i>} by its non-sticky buds. It differs from the Red Buckeye
-by the greenish-yellow flowers and prickly fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p010.jpg" id="ncfig10" alt="OHIO BUCKEYE" width="497" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<h3>TREE-OF-HEAVEN
-<br /><i><b id="g_AilanthusAltissima">Ailanthus altissima</b></i> (Mill.) Swingle</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2 feet; crown spreading and irregular. The tree readily
-spreads by underground root-suckers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth or slightly roughened, light brown to dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, gray to light brown, with lenticels;
-leaf scars alternate, large, broadly heart-shaped, slightly elevated,
-with usually 9 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, smooth or a little hairy,
-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 41 leaflets;
-leaflets lanceolate, tapering to a long point at the tip, rounded at
-the base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, smooth or
-somewhat hairy on both surfaces, often with some teeth along the
-edges. The leaves have an unpleasant odor when crushed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with
-one or the other, in large green or yellow clusters, each flower
-small, with 5 petals. The staminate flowers produce a very
-unpleasant odor. The flowers appear in June and July.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Large clusters of winged seeds, yellow or orange, each fruit
-up to 2 inches long with one seed about in the middle.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Tree-of-Heaven is grown as an ornamental, principally in
-urban areas where it is able to withstand considerable smoke and
-smog.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Disturbed woods; readily adapts to urban conditions.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; frequently planted in the United States and
-readily spreading from cultivation.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to
-41 leaflets, unpleasantly scented when crushed, make this a
-readily recognizable species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p011.jpg" id="ncfig11" alt="TREE-OF-HEAVEN" width="478" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<h3>BLACK ALDER
-<br /><i><b id="g_AlnusGlutinosa">Alnus glutinosa</b></i> (L.) Gaertn.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small or medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 12 inches; crown broadly rounded when mature.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or gray-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly round or obovate, rounded
-at the tip, rounded or somewhat tapering to the base, up to five
-inches long, often nearly as broad, irregularly and rather coarsely
-toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper
-surface, green and smooth beneath, or sometimes hairy on the
-veins; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on
-the same tree, appearing before the leaves unfold, the staminate
-in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the pistillate in
-erect, oblong &ldquo;cones&rdquo; less than 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cone-shaped, up to &frac34; inch long, composed of several
-nut-like seeds, each subtended by a woody segment of the
-&ldquo;cone.&rdquo;</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, straight-grained.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is easily carved and used in the making of small
-wooden objects. It is also used for charcoal and fuel. The bark has
-reputed medicinal properties.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist, disturbed areas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe, Asia, and Africa; naturalized throughout
-much of northeastern North America.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The small, woody &ldquo;cones&rdquo; and the often
-orbicular, irregularly toothed leaves are the distinguishing marks
-of this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p012.jpg" id="ncfig12" alt="BLACK ALDER" width="457" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<h3>SHADBUSH
-<br /><i><b id="g_AmelanchierArborea">Amelanchier arborea</b></i> (Michx. f.) Fern.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Shadblow; Serviceberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown rounded and spreading with many slender
-branchlets; trunk straight, slender, often divided into several
-trunks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and silvery at first, later becoming darker and divided
-into loose scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, with a few hairs when very young; leaf scars
-alternate, 2-ranked, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, slender, brown, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to broadly lanceolate,
-pointed at the tip, rounded or sometimes a little heart-shaped at
-the base, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth or
-nearly so on the upper surface, paler and often hairy on the lower
-surface, up to 4 inches long and about half as broad; leafstalks up
-to 2 inches long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Several produced in drooping clusters before the leaves
-appear, each showy with 5 white, oblong petals, with much of the
-flower hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Mostly spherical, up to &frac14; inch in diameter, reddish-purple,
-capped by the persistent calyx, dry, 1- to 2-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Rather heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruit is edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes; edge of cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska, east to
-Louisiana and Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shadbush is recognized by its alternate,
-simple leaves which are usually heart-shaped at the base,
-and by its distinctive white flowers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p013.jpg" id="ncfig13" alt="SHADBUSH" width="493" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<h3>SMOOTH SHADBUSH
-<br /><i><b id="g_AmelanchierLaevis">Amelanchier laevis</b></i> Wieg.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Smooth Serviceberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-inches; crown narrowly round-topped, with many slender
-branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and gray at first, becoming darker and scaly at
-maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, up to &frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the
-tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about &frac12; as
-broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the
-upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks
-slender, up to 1 inch long, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Up to 6 in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves are
-half grown, each showy with 5 white, narrow petals, with most of
-the flower smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Usually spherical, up to &frac14; inch in diameter, dark purple,
-sweet, fleshy, 1- to 2-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruits are edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods and slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to Iowa, Illinois, and
-Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Smooth Shadbush differs from the
-Shadbush by its smooth leafstalks and juicy, edible, dark purple
-fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p014.jpg" id="ncfig14" alt="SMOOTH SHADBUSH" width="476" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_64">64</div>
-<h3>HERCULES&rsquo; CLUB
-<br /><i><b id="g_AraliaSpinosa">Aralia spinosa</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Devil&rsquo;s Walking-stick.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, roughened, shallowly furrowed, with short, hard
-prickles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, pale brown or gray, smooth except for many short,
-hard prickles; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with about
-15 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Cone-shaped, brown, smooth, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, doubly or triply pinnately compound, with very
-numerous leaflets; leaflets ovate to lance-ovate, pointed at the tip,
-tapering to rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as
-wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the
-upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface, except
-usually for a few prickles along the veins.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Numerous, in many umbrella-shaped clusters, appearing
-during late June and July, each with 5 small white petals and
-purple stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Black, spherical berries up to &#8539; inch in diameter, containing
-2-5 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, brittle, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Hercules&rsquo; Club is sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Iowa, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The clusters of flowers and the leaves each
-may be as much as 4 feet long. The short, sharp prickles of the
-twigs are distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p015.jpg" id="ncfig15" alt="HERCULES&rsquo; CLUB" width="476" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div>
-<h3>PAWPAW
-<br /><i><b id="g_AsiminaTriloba">Asimina triloba</b></i> Dunal.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree rarely up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 10 inches; crown broad and spreading; trunk straight, slender;
-thickets develop by means of root suckers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, thin, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured
-with age.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, gray; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, more
-or less horseshoe-shaped, usually with 5 or less commonly 7
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Very narrow, dark rusty-brown, covered with golden hairs,
-up to &#8532; inch long, without bud scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped to elliptic,
-short-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, without teeth
-along the edges, smooth on both surfaces, paler on the lower
-surface, up to 1 foot long and 6 inches broad; leafstalks short,
-slender, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne singly when the leaves begin to unfold, up to 2
-inches across, green at first, becoming deep maroon, composed of
-three wrinkled, leathery sepals and six similar petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, thick, up to 6 inches long, greenish-yellow, with
-yellow edible flesh and several dark brown seeds, ripening in
-September.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, coarse-grained, light in weight, greenish-yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used as a source of food; the wood has few uses.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets, often many growing together in a
-colony.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Michigan and Iowa, south to Texas, east
-to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pawpaw is distinguished by its large,
-toothless, alternate leaves, its slender buds without bud scales,
-and its thick, fleshy fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_67">67</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p016.jpg" id="ncfig16" alt="PAWPAW" width="451" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_68">68</div>
-<h3>YELLOW BIRCH
-<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaLutea">Betula lutea</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Gray Birch.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 1&frac12; feet; crown broadly rounded, with small branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and silvery or grayish, curling into strips, very rough
-when old.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown, smooth, with numerous lenticels;
-leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, usually somewhat hairy, up to &#8537; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or
-less rounded at the somewhat asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches
-long, and nearly half as wide, double-toothed, dark green and
-nearly smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually somewhat
-hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, hairy, up to one inch
-long. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on
-the same tree, the staminate crowded in elongated clusters, the
-pistillate crowded in shorter, thicker clusters, appearing after the
-leaves have begun to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Several winged nuts, crowded together in erect &ldquo;cones&rdquo; up
-to 1&frac12; inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, flooring, boxes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern
-Illinois, northern Indiana, Ohio, and Delaware; also in the Appalachian
-Mountains to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Birch differs from all other
-birches in Illinois by its silvery or grayish bark and its ovate
-leaves. The bark has the faint fragrance of wintergreen.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_69">69</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p017.jpg" id="ncfig17" alt="YELLOW BIRCH" width="514" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_70">70</div>
-<h3>RIVER BIRCH
-<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaNigra">Betula nigra</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Birch.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown
-irregularly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Curling, shredding, brownish-pink to reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with several short hairs; leaf scars
-alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Up to one-fourth inch long, pointed, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rhombic to ovate, coarsely doubly
-toothed, paler and densely hairy on the lower surface, up to 3
-inches long, acute at the tip, truncate or tapering to the base, the
-leafstalks woolly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, inconspicuous,
-opening in late April and May, the staminate in slender drooping
-clusters, the pistillate in short, conelike, woolly clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Tiny, hairy nuts, each with a 3-lobed wing, crowded together
-in a cylindrical cone up to 1&frac12; inches long and &frac12; inch
-thick.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Strong but light, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for furniture; sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along rivers and streams; bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts and New Hampshire across to southern
-Minnesota and eastern Kansas, south to eastern Texas and
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shaggy, peeling reddish-brown bark
-readily distinguishes this tree from any other in Illinois, as does
-its rhombic, doubly toothed leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_71">71</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p018.jpg" id="ncfig18" alt="RIVER BIRCH" width="433" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_72">72</div>
-<h3>PAPER BIRCH
-<br /><i><b id="g_BetulaPapyrifera">Betula papyrifera</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Canoe Birch.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown broadly rounded, irregular, with many slender
-branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Thin and white or creamy, splitting at maturity into papery
-layers, becoming very dark and furrowed near the base of the
-trunk at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to blackish, more or less
-hairy; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, dark brown, smooth or nearly so, up to
-one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or
-less rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, over half as wide,
-coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface,
-yellow-green and smooth or somewhat hairy on the lower surface
-and with black dots on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow,
-smooth or finely hairy, up to 1 inch long. The leaves turn yellow
-in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree,
-developing in the autumn and present on the tree during the
-winter, the staminate crowded into slender spikes up to 4 inches
-long, the pistillate crowded into thicker spikes up to 1&frac14; inches
-long, the flowers minute, without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cone-like, cylindrical, drooping, composed of many minute
-seeds attached to 3-lobed wings.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, light
-reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Bark used to cover canoes; wood used for pulp, fuel, toothpicks,
-and spools; sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes and stream banks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Labrador across to Alaska, south to Montana, Colorado,
-northern Illinois, and West Virginia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Paper Birch is readily distinguished
-by its white bark which peels off into thin, papery layers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_73">73</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p019.jpg" id="ncfig19" alt="PAPER BIRCH" width="484" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_74">74</div>
-<h3>PAPER MULBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_BroussonetiaPapyrifera">Broussonetia papyrifera</b></i> (L.) Vent.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or light brown, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, greenish-gray, smooth or finely hairy,
-zigzag; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, elevated, with 5
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Cone-shaped, more or less smooth, up to 3 mm long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, tapering to a point at the
-tip, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long,
-sometimes nearly as broad, toothed, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed,
-usually rough-hairy on both surfaces; leafstalks up to 2 inches
-long, smooth or finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, on separate
-trees, appearing as the leaves unfold, the staminate in
-pendulous catkins, the pistillate in dense, hairy, spherical heads.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical, semi-fleshy, orange, up to 1 inch in diameter,
-with red fruits projecting.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Often planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around old homes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; occasionally found along roads and in fencerows
-in the eastern United States.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves, some of which are 2- or
-3-lobed, are very reminiscent of mulberry leaves. Mulberry
-leaves, however, are not densely rough-hairy.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_75">75</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p020.jpg" id="ncfig20" alt="PAPER MULBERRY" width="464" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_76">76</div>
-<h3>BLUE BEECH
-<br /><i><b id="g_CarpinusCaroliniana">Carpinus caroliniana</b></i> Walt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Ironwood; American Hornbeam; Musclewood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1&frac12; feet;
-crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth, blue-gray, ridged, appearing &ldquo;muscular.&rdquo;</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, difficult to break, reddish-brown, smooth or finely
-hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, angular, tapering to a short point.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thin, pointed at the tip, usually
-rounded at the base, 2-4 inches long and about half as wide, finely
-doubly toothed, the upper surface smooth, the lower surface
-either smooth or hairy; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree but in different
-catkins, opening during May.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Nutlets borne at the base of a three-lobed green &ldquo;leaf,&rdquo;
-crowded together into a fruiting cluster.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Strong and hard, hence the name Ironwood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to central Minnesota, south to eastern
-Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Several other trees may be confused with
-the Blue Beech. Beech, which has smooth gray bark, has leaves
-with fewer teeth and twigs with pointed buds. Hop Hornbeam,
-with very similar leaves, has a flaky bark. The elms, which also
-have somewhat similar leaves, usually have the leaves asymmetrical
-at the base.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p021.jpg" id="ncfig21" alt="BLUE BEECH" width="428" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div>
-<h3>WATER HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaAquatica">Carya aquatica</b></i> (Michx. f.) Nutt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-feet; crown narrow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or gray, smooth or occasionally
-slightly hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated,
-with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown with yellow scales, usually hairy, up
-to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped, curved, pointed at the tip, tapering to the asymmetrical
-base, up to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches wide, finely
-toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or nearly so on
-the upper surface, brownish and smooth or somewhat hairy on
-the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate
-several in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the
-pistillate fewer, in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Short-ellipsoid, usually tapering to either end, flattened, up
-to 1&frac12; inches long and two-thirds as broad, the husk 4-winged,
-dark brown but with yellow scales, thin, splitting only about
-halfway to the base, the nut flattened, 4-angled, reddish-brown,
-the shell thin, the seed bitter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods and drained floodplains.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas, east
-to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Water Hickory is similar to Pecan and
-Bitternut Hickory in having 7 or more leaflets per leaf. However,
-it lacks the yellow buds of the Bitternut Hickory and the slender,
-edible nut of the Pecan. The leaves are generally hairier than
-those of the Pecan.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_79">79</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p022.jpg" id="ncfig22" alt="WATER HICKORY" width="457" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_80">80</div>
-<h3>BITTERNUT HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaCordiformis">Carya cordiformis</b></i> (Wang.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow-bud Hickory.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2&frac12; feet; crown broadly rounded and often irregular; trunk
-straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, thin, separating into small, platy scales or shallow
-ridges and fissures.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish or orange-brown, smooth, usually with
-lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, scarcely elevated,
-with usually several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, slender, pointed, covered by a dense, bright yellow
-coat of glandular dots and small hairs, up to &frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7-9 leaflets;
-leaflets lance-shaped, usually curved, long-pointed at the tip,
-tapering or rounded at the base, toothed along the edges, yellow-green
-and smooth on the upper surface, somewhat lighter
-and usually hairy on the lower surface, up to 6 inches long and
-usually less than half as wide.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate in groups of 1 or 2.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: More or less spherical, up to 1&frac14; inches in diameter, the
-husk thin, yellowish, with 4 distinct ridges extending about
-halfway down, the nut somewhat flattened, the seed very bitter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; dry hills; along roads.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to central Minnesota, south to
-eastern Texas, east to north-central Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Bitternut Hickory is easily recognized by
-its slender, mustard-yellow buds. It differs further from the
-Water Hickory by its rounded fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_81">81</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p023.jpg" id="ncfig23" alt="BITTERNUT HICKORY" width="464" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div>
-<h3>PIGNUT HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaGlabra">Carya glabra</b></i> (Mill.) Sweet</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown oblong or obovoid, with many small, spreading
-branchlets; trunk straight, columnar, sometimes branching fairly
-low to the ground.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, at
-maturity furrowed and ridged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, shiny, smooth, tough, usually with
-lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, scarcely
-elevated, usually with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip,
-tan or grayish, the outermost scales tipped with a few small hairs,
-never with small yellow dots, the inner scales hairy all along the
-edges, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 5, sometimes
-7 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering at the
-bottom, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper
-surface, green and smooth or sometimes hairy on the veins on the
-lower surface, up to 5 inches long and up to 2 inches broad, the
-upper three leaflets larger than the lower two.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to expand, minute,
-without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate in groups of 1-3.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical to pear-shaped, up to 1 inch long, not quite as
-broad, the husks thin, greenish, usually not splitting all the way
-to the base, the nut somewhat compressed and with a very hard
-shell, the seed sweet. Occasional trees have fruits up to 2 inches
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts, tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes and ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to southern Michigan and northern Illinois,
-south across Missouri to eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pignut Hickory is best recognized by its
-rather small leaflets which usually are five in number, the tight
-bark, and the characteristic pear-shaped fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p024.jpg" id="ncfig24" alt="PIGNUT HICKORY" width="452" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_84">84</div>
-<h3>PECAN
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaIllinoensis">Carya illinoensis</b></i> (Wang.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown widely spreading and rounded; trunk rather short,
-stout, straight.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, becoming roughened into platy scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, brown, hairy when young, but becoming
-smooth; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with 3-18
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Long-pointed, covered with yellow glandular dots and fine
-hairs, up to one-half inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 9-19 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped, curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering
-to the asymmetrical base, finely doubly-toothed, yellow-green
-and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and either
-smooth or hairy on the lower surface, up to 8 inches long and 3
-inches broad.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate
-many in slender, drooping, yellow-green catkins, the pistillate
-fewer in shorter spikes, neither type with petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid, pointed at the tip, up to 2 inches long and 1 inch
-broad, the husk narrowly 4-winged, dark brown but with yellow
-scales, thin, usually splitting nearly to the base, the nut pointed at
-the tip, reddish-brown with black markings, the shell thin, the
-seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: The nuts are prized for their tastiness; the wood is used for
-interior finishing, furniture, fuel, and tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, particularly along rivers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Indiana to Iowa, south through southeastern Kansas to
-eastern Texas, east to Alabama; Mexico.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pecan differs from all other hickories
-by its greater number of leaflets. The Black Walnut and Butternut,
-which may have as many leaflets, have a partitioned pith. In
-every case, the fruit of the Pecan is distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_85">85</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p025.jpg" id="ncfig25" alt="PECAN" width="449" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div>
-<h3>KINGNUT HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaLaciniosa">Carya laciniosa</b></i> (Michx. f.) Loud.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Big Shellbark Hickory; Riverbank Hickory.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown oblong to ovoid, with drooping lower branches; trunk
-straight, columnar, stout.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, soon separating into long, thick, vertical plates
-which curve away from the trunk.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, conspicuously dotted with orange
-lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, not elevated,
-usually with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Elongated, dark brown, hairy, up to &frac34; inch long, the outer
-scales with a long, stiff point.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at
-the base, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and mostly
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower
-surface, up to 10 inches long and up to half as wide.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate in clusters of 2-5.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical, often depressed at the top, up to 2&frac14; inches
-across, the husk divided all the way to the base into four sections,
-minutely orange-speckled and sometimes hairy, the nut with
-conspicuous ridges, the seed very sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for tool handles and fuel; nuts are sold commercially
-because of their edible qualities.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich bottomlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michigan across to
-central Illinois and southern Iowa, south to northeastern Oklahoma,
-Arkansas, and eastern Tennessee; also in scattered areas of
-New York, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and
-Mississippi.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shaggy bark and large leaflets resemble
-those of the Shagbark Hickory, but the Kingnut Hickory has
-orange-dotted twigs and usually seven leaflets which lack minute
-tufts of hairs at the tip of each tooth.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p026.jpg" id="ncfig26" alt="KINGNUT HICKORY" width="466" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_88">88</div>
-<h3>SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaOvalis">Carya ovalis</b></i> (Wang.) Sarg.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: False Shagbark Hickory; Small-fruited Hickory.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk up to 2
-feet in diameter; crown oblong or broadly rounded, with upright,
-spreading upper branches and drooping lower branches; trunk
-straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, tight and rather smooth when young, usually peeling
-off into narrow plates at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, tough, smooth, usually with lenticels;
-leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with
-several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip,
-tan or grayish, usually minutely yellow-dotted, the scales hairy all
-along the edges up to &#8532; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7, sometimes
-5, leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped sometimes curved, pointed at the
-tip, tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, finely toothed
-along the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, minutely
-dotted and sometimes with some hairs on the lower
-surface, up to 6 inches long, up to 2 inches broad.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate in groups of 1-2.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid, rarely spherical, up to 1&frac14; inch long, the husk
-green and minutely warty, thin, splitting all the way to the base,
-the nut somewhat 4-angled, the seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to Wisconsin, south to Arkansas, east
-to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This Hickory cannot always be reliably
-distinguished from the Pignut Hickory. However, it usually has a
-somewhat scaly bark, seven leaflets, minutely yellow-dotted
-buds, and fruits which split all the way to the base.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_89">89</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p027.jpg" id="ncfig27" alt="SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY" width="504" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div>
-<h3>SHAGBARK HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaOvata">Carya ovata</b></i> (Mill.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 3&frac12; feet; crown rounded, with some of the
-branches often hanging.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, separating into long, shreddy scales giving the trunk a
-shaggy appearance.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or somewhat hairy;
-leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, up to 1 inch long,
-hairy, the scales conspicuously yellow-green or reddish as they
-unfold in the spring.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets
-ovate, obovate, or less commonly lance-shaped, usually short-pointed
-at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long, up
-to 5 inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, with the tip of
-each tooth with a minute tuft of hairs, green or yellow-green and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or somewhat
-hairy on the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins,
-the pistillate in groups of 2-5.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or occasionally punching-bag shaped, up to 2
-inches across, the husk yellow-green to reddish-brown, up to &frac12;
-inch thick, splitting all the way to the base, the nut 4-angled,
-nearly white, the seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, light brown, close-grained.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel; the nuts are tasty.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low, shaded woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shagbark Hickory is distinguished by
-its shaggy bark, its usually 5 large leaflets, and its large winter
-buds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p028.jpg" id="ncfig28" alt="SHAGBARK HICKORY" width="446" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div>
-<h3>BLACK HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaTexana">Carya texana</b></i> Buckl.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Red Hickory; Texas Hickory; Buckley&rsquo;s Hickory.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-foot; crown oblong to rounded, with numerous, small branchlets;
-trunk straight or somewhat crooked, slender but sturdy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, becoming
-somewhat furrowed and ridged at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray, tough, almost always smooth; leaf scars
-alternate, three-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, short-pointed, up to &frac12; inch long, covered by shiny
-silvery-golden scales and tipped with a small tuft of hairs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, finely
-toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or sometimes
-hairy on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the
-lower surface, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, the
-stalks covered with reddish and yellowish scales and hairs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins,
-the pistillate in groups of 1-2.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical to ellipsoid, up to 1&frac12; inches across, the husk
-yellow-green, thin, minutely hairy or scaly, splitting nearly to the
-base, the nut 4-angled, the seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry ridges and cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Indiana across to Kansas, south to Texas and
-Louisiana.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Hickory differs from the somewhat
-similar Pignut and Sweet Pignut Hickories by the yellow
-scales along the leafstalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_93">93</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p029.jpg" id="ncfig29" alt="BLACK HICKORY" width="447" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_94">94</div>
-<h3>MOCKERNUT HICKORY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CaryaTomentosa">Carya tomentosa</b></i> (Poir.) Nutt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: White Hickory.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or tall tree to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 3 feet; crown rounded, the branchlets either erect or hanging.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, shallowly furrowed, not scaly, often with a diamond-shaped
-pattern.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender or relatively stout, usually hairy, gray; leaf scars
-alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded or pointed at the tip, up to nearly 1 inch
-long, reddish-brown, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, pointed at the tip, rounded or
-tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long, about half as wide,
-finely toothed along the edge, yellow-green and hairy on the
-upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute,
-without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins,
-the pistillate in groups of 2-5.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ellipsoid or obovoid or spherical, up to 2 inches across, the
-husk reddish-brown, up to &frac14; inch thick, smooth or slightly hairy,
-the nut sometimes 4-angled, reddish-brown, the seed sweet but
-small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry wooded slopes; shaded woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to southern Ontario, south to eastern
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Mockernut Hickory is distinguished from
-all other Illinois hickories by its usually 7 or 9 hairy leaflets with
-hairy leafstalks and hairy twigs. The large fruits with the small
-seeds within, which may account for the common name, are also
-distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_95">95</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p030.jpg" id="ncfig30" alt="MOCKERNUT HICKORY" width="495" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div>
-<h3>CHESTNUT
-<br /><i><b id="g_CastaneaDentata">Castanea dentata</b></i> (Marsh.) Borkh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree, formerly attaining a height of 100 feet;
-trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, shallowly furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, angular, glabrous or nearly so; leaf
-scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, up to &#8531; inch long, dark brown, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long and
-less than half as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, yellow-green
-and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the
-lower surface; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, usually finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing in June after the leaves are fully grown, without
-petals, greenish or yellowish, the staminate many in elongated
-catkins up to 8 inches long, the pistillate 1-3 together.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spiny bur up to 2 inches in diameter, brown, splitting open
-to reveal 3 flattened nutlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, fuel. The nuts are edible delicacies.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Formerly in rocky woods, once occupying several acres
-near Olmstead in Pulaski County. Now virtually extinct, except
-for a few sprouts, due to a disease of the bark. A tree about 40
-feet tall still exists near Little Grassy Lake in Williamson County.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine to southern Ontario and southern Minnesota, south
-to Delaware, Kentucky, and southern Illinois, and in the mountains
-to central Alabama.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: In addition to its large, spiny fruits, the
-Chestnut can be distinguished by its sharply toothed leaves.
-Yellow Chestnut Oak may sometimes have similar leaves, but the
-pith of the oak is star-shaped.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p031.jpg" id="ncfig31" alt="CHESTNUT" width="486" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div>
-<h3>COMMON CATALPA
-<br /><i><b id="g_CatalpaBignonioides">Catalpa bignonioides</b></i> Walt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Short to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, with thin, platy scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, smooth or slightly hairy, orange-brown to grayish,
-with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, round-elliptic,
-elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Round, reddish-brown, slightly hairy, very small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip,
-heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long and about as broad,
-smooth along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper
-surface, paler and finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-stout, smooth, up to 6 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, several in a large cluster, appearing in May
-and June, the clusters usually more than 6 inches long, each
-flower up to 2 inches long, the petals white and spotted with
-purple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1&frac12; feet long and &frac12; inch thick,
-brown, splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds
-about 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties; ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along railroads, streams, in fields; planted elsewhere.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native from Texas to Georgia and Florida; widely planted
-elsewhere.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of this species, when crushed,
-give off a very unpleasant aroma.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_99">99</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p032.jpg" id="ncfig32" alt="COMMON CATALPA" width="451" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_100">100</div>
-<h3>CATALPA
-<br /><i id="g_CatalpaSpp"><b id="g_CatalpaSpeciosa">Catalpa speciosa</b></i> Engelm.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Western Catalpa; Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown broad, widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, dark brown, or black, usually with rather deep
-furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, smooth, brown, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars
-in whorls of 3, with one of the 3 scars smaller than the other 2,
-round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Round, brown to black, smooth, very small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, long-pointed at the tip,
-heart-shaped at the base, up to 1 foot long and about &#8532; as broad,
-smooth along the edges, dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy
-on the upper surface, soft hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-stout, up to 6 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, several in an elongated cluster, appearing
-in May and June, the clusters up to six inches long, each flower
-up to 2&frac12; inches long, the petals white and lined with purple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1&frac12; feet long and &frac34; inch thick,
-brown, splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds
-about 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, interior finishing, railroad ties.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woods; often planted in a variety of habitats.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southern Missouri,
-south to Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee; commonly planted
-elsewhere.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The two Catalpas in Illinois are hard to tell
-apart. This one usually has deeply furrowed bark, shorter clusters
-of flowers, petals merely lined with purple rather than spotted,
-and leaves which are not unpleasantly scented when crushed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p033.jpg" id="ncfig33" alt="CATALPA" width="450" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_102">102</div>
-<h3>SUGARBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisLaevigata">Celtis laevigata</b></i> Willd.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Southern Hackberry; Mississippi Hackberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2&frac12; feet; crown open and broad, with drooping branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, with many conspicuous warts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag;
-leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, slightly elevated,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, smooth, brown or gray, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually lance-shaped, long-pointed
-at the tip, tapering or rounded at the asymmetrical base,
-up to 6 inches long, less than half as broad, with few or no teeth
-along the edges, usually smooth or barely roughened on one or
-both surfaces; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: One to several in drooping clusters, appearing after the
-leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, ellipsoid to nearly round, reddish-orange to yellowish,
-about &frac14; inch in diameter, with 1 seed, ripening in
-September or October, borne on slender, drooping stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Lowland woods to dry hilltops.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sugarberry differs generally from
-other hackberries by its narrower, mostly toothless leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p034.jpg" id="ncfig34" alt="SUGARBERRY" width="513" height="798" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_104">104</div>
-<h3>HACKBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisOccidentalis">Celtis occidentalis</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Sugarberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 5 feet; crown usually oblong, with many small
-branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing &ldquo;warts,&rdquo;
-becoming rough and scaly on old trees.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray to reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag;
-leaf scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, brown or gray, finely hairy, about &frac14;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or broadly lance-shaped,
-long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the asymmetrical
-base, up to 6 inches long and up to half as broad, usually coarsely
-toothed along the edges except sometimes near the base, smooth
-or more often rough-hairy on one or both surfaces; leafstalks up to
-1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Arranged in drooping clusters, or sometimes solitary,
-appearing after the leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow,
-without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, nearly round, dark purple, about &#8531; inch in diameter,
-with 1 seed, ripening in September and October, borne on
-slender, drooping stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Manitoba and South Dakota,
-southern Oklahoma, Alabama, and Virginia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Hackberry leaves resemble those of some
-elms, but have 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade.
-This Hackberry differs from other hackberries in Illinois by its
-larger, usually coarsely toothed leaves and its larger, dark purple
-fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_105">105</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p035.jpg" id="ncfig35" alt="HACKBERRY" width="503" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_106">106</div>
-<h3>DWARF HACKBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_CeltisTenuifolia">Celtis tenuifolia</b></i> Nutt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10
-inches; crown irregular, with numerous slender branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing &ldquo;warts,&rdquo;
-becoming rough and scaly on old trees.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, green to reddish-brown, smooth at maturity; leaf
-scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, grayish-brown, finely hairy, up to &#8539;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded
-or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, up to 3 inches long, often
-at least half as broad, with a few coarse teeth along the edges, or
-sometimes lacking teeth, often leathery, smooth or hairy on one
-or both surfaces; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: One or a few in drooping clusters, appearing after the
-leaves are partly grown, finely hairy, greenish-yellow, without
-petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, reddish-purple, up to &frac12; inch in diameter,
-1-seeded, ripening September and October.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, yellowish.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Edge of bluffs, woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Illinois and Kansas, south to Oklahoma,
-Louisiana, and northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This small tree is extremely variable in
-that its leaves may or may not have teeth, they may or may not be
-hairy, and they may or may not be leathery. It differs from the
-Sugarberry primarily by its broader leaves and from the Common
-Hackberry by its smaller fruits and usually less-toothed leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p036.jpg" id="ncfig36" alt="DWARF HACKBERRY" width="481" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_108">108</div>
-<h3>REDBUD
-<br /><i><b id="g_CercisCanadensis">Cercis canadensis</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-crown usually broad and flattened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, separating into long plates and thin scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, zigzag, smooth, angular, brown; leaf scars alternate,
-somewhat elevated, triangular, hairy across the top, with 3
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, rounded, chestnut-brown, smooth or nearly so.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades heart-shaped, contracted to a
-short point at the tip, up to 6 inches long and nearly as broad,
-smooth on the upper surface, smooth or with some hairs on the
-lower surface, without teeth along the edges; leafstalks slender,
-up to 5 inches long, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In small clusters on last year&rsquo;s branches or on the trunks,
-rose-purple, each pea-shaped, about &frac12; inch long, appearing
-when the leaves are first beginning to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and &frac12; inch broad, flat, smooth,
-brown at maturity, with several seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The major importance of this small tree lies in its value as an
-ornamental, because of its spectacular appearance when in
-flower.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to southern Wisconsin, south to Texas,
-east to northern Florida; also Mexico.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The heart-shaped, toothless leaves easily
-identify this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_109">109</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p037.jpg" id="ncfig37" alt="REDBUD" width="490" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div>
-<h3>YELLOWWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_CladrastisLutea">Cladrastis lutea</b></i> (Michx. f.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 14 inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with some lenticels, somewhat
-zigzag; leaf scars alternate, narrow and completely encircling the
-bud, with 3-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Three or four crowded together, resembling at first a single
-bud, hairy, without scales, covered at first by the hollow base of
-the leafstalk.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets
-oval, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long
-and up to half as wide, smooth on both surfaces, toothless along
-the edges. The leaflets turn yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In long, drooping clusters up to 1 foot long, white, slightly
-fragrant, appearing during June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about &frac12; inch wide, flat,
-smooth, pale brown, with 4-6 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, yellow to light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel. In olden days, a yellow dye was extracted from this
-tree.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri and Arkansas,
-south to northern Alabama and northern Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large, pinnately compound leaflets
-and the smooth, gray trunk distinguish this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_111">111</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p038.jpg" id="ncfig38" alt="YELLOWWOOD" width="511" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div>
-<h3>ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_CornusAlternifolia">Cornus alternifolia</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-inches; crown flattened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, slightly roughened, with shallow furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or greenish, smooth; leaf scars
-alternate, crescent-shaped, somewhat elevated, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Narrowly ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, although often clustered toward the tip of the
-twig, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or
-rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long, about half as broad, the
-edges smooth or finely round-toothed, green and mostly smooth
-on the upper surface, paler and frequently hairy on the lower
-surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, usually finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in crowded round-topped clusters, appearing in
-May and June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Blue, spherical berries up to &#8531; inch in diameter, borne on a
-red stalk.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to southern Ontario and Minnesota,
-south to Missouri, Alabama, and Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only American dogwood with
-the leaves arranged in an alternate manner.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_113">113</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p039.jpg" id="ncfig39" alt="ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD" width="513" height="780" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div>
-<h3>ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_CornusDrummondii">Cornus drummondii</b></i> Meyer</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-inches; crown open and irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly, shallowly furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale brown, purplish, or gray, smooth or slightly
-hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with
-3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, flattened, pointed, finely hairy, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, pointed
-at the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, up
-to half as wide, smooth along the edges, green and with short
-hairs on the upper surface, paler and hairy on lower surface;
-leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in round-topped clusters, appearing in May and
-June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: White, spherical berries up to &frac14; inch in diameter, borne on
-red stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods; edges of prairies.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only dogwood in Illinois that is
-rough-hairy on the upper surface of the leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_115">115</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p040.jpg" id="ncfig40" alt="ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD" width="488" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div>
-<h3>FLOWERING DOGWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_CornusFlorida">Cornus florida</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter
-rarely more than 2 feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, divided into squarish plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, greenish to light brown, smooth, often curving
-upward at the tip; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, elevated,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Of two kinds, the leaf buds slender, pointed, the flower buds
-flat and biscuit-shaped.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the
-tip, tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, less than
-half as broad, the veins deeply impressed, the edges without
-teeth, green and smooth or sparsely hairy on the upper surface,
-pale and finely hairy or sometimes smooth on the lower surface;
-leafstalks up to &frac34; inch long, smooth or finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Several crowded together in a yellow-green cluster, each
-cluster subtended by 4 large white petal-like bracts, appearing in
-late April and May.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Red, ovoid berries up to &frac12; inch long, shiny, with mealy
-flesh and 1 or 2 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is used in the making of tool handles, although the
-real value of the Flowering Dogwood is its ornamental potential.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida; also
-in Mexico.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The opposite, toothless leaves with deeply
-impressed veins distinguish this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_117">117</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p041.jpg" id="ncfig41" alt="FLOWERING DOGWOOD" width="495" height="792" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_118">118</div>
-<h3>OTHER DOGWOODS</h3>
-<p>Several other dogwoods, most of them rarely if ever attaining the
-stature of small trees, occur in Illinois.</p>
-<p>Gray Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusRacemosa">Cornus racemosa</b></i> Lam.). This plant rarely exceeds
-a height of 10 feet. It is distinguished by its slender gray
-twigs, its small white flowers borne in clusters about as broad as
-high, and its white berries about &frac14; inch in diameter. The Racemose
-Dogwood occurs in a variety of habitats, including prairies and
-woods.</p>
-<p>Stiff Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusFoemina">Cornus foemina</b></i> Mill.). This small dogwood has
-brownish twigs with white pith and bluish fruits. Its leaves usually
-are smooth on both surfaces. It occurs in low, wet woods.</p>
-<p>Round-leaved Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusRugosa">Cornus rugosa</b></i> Lam.). As the name
-implies, this shrubby dogwood has roundish leaves which are woolly
-on the lower surface. The greenish twigs have white pith. The
-berries are pale blue. The Round-leaved Dogwood grows in dry,
-rocky woods.</p>
-<p>Red Osier (<i><b id="g_CornusStolonifera">Cornus stolonifera</b></i> Michx.). Red Osier has dark red
-twigs with white pith. The leaves are pale and somewhat hairy on
-the lower surface. The berries are white or grayish. Red Osier
-usually grows along shores, often forming thickets.</p>
-<p>Silky Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusObliqua">Cornus obliqua</b></i> Raf.). This plant is usually a
-shrub, but may get as much as 15 feet tall. It has twigs with pale
-brown pith. The leaves are pale on the lower surface, and usually
-have white, appressed hairs. The berries are blue. Silky Dogwood
-grows in low ground.</p>
-<p>Willow Dogwood (<i><b id="g_CornusAmomum">Cornus amomum</b></i> Mill.). The Willow Dogwood
-rarely exceeds a height of 10 feet. Like the Silky Dogwood, it has
-twigs with pale brown pith. The leaves usually have reddish-colored
-hairs on the lower surface. The berries are pale blue. Willow
-Dogwood grows in low ground.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_119">119</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p042.jpg" alt="" width="496" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap">Gray Dogwood</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div>
-<h3>COCK-SPUR THORN
-<br /><i id="g_CrataegusSpp"><b id="g_CrataegusCrusGalli">Crataegus crus-galli</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, light brown, smooth, usually with sharp
-spines up to 4 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped,
-slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to &frac14; inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually
-smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadest above the middle,
-rounded or short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4
-inches long, up to 1&frac12; inches broad, leathery, toothed along the
-edges, at least in the upper half of the leaf, dark green, smooth,
-shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower
-surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and June,
-each up to &frac34; inch across, with 5 white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to &frac12; inch in diameter, red, fleshy
-but dry, with 1-2 nutlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east
-to South Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Cock-spur Thorn differs from most other
-hawthorns in Illinois by its leathery, shiny leaves which are
-broadest above the middle.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p043.jpg" id="ncfig42" alt="COCK-SPUR THORN" width="505" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_122">122</div>
-<h3>RED HAW
-<br /><i><b id="g_CrataegusMollis">Crataegus mollis</b></i> (Torr. &amp; Gray) Scheele</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14
-inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, gray or brown, smooth or slightly hairy,
-rarely with spines; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly
-elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to &frac14; inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, broadest near the base,
-short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long
-and nearly as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, occasionally
-with shallow lobes, yellow-green and hairy on the upper
-surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, up
-to 1 inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in April and May,
-each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red, fleshy
-but dry, with 4-5 nutlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Oklahoma,
-east to Alabama.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Haw is distinguished by its
-densely hairy, ovate leaves which are often shallowly lobed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_123">123</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p044.jpg" id="ncfig43" alt="RED HAW" width="482" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div>
-<h3>PRUINOSE HAW
-<br /><i><b id="g_CrataegusPruinosa">Crataegus pruinosa</b></i> (Wendl.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown broad and irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, scaly, furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, with spines up to 2 inches
-long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with
-3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth
-or nearly so.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, broadest below the
-middle, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 3 inches
-long and about &#8532; as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges and
-frequently shallowly lobed, bluish-green and smooth on the
-upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks
-stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or somewhat hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and early
-June, each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to &frac34; inch in diameter, dark red to
-purple, fleshy but dry, with 5 nutlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland to southern Ontario, south to Arkansas, east
-to North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pruinose Haw is distinguished by its
-bluish-green leaves which are widest just below the middle.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_125">125</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p045.jpg" id="ncfig44" alt="PRUINOSE HAW" width="494" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_126">126</div>
-<h3>OTHER HAWTHORNS</h3>
-<p>Many other hawthorns occur in Illinois. Several of them have
-been found only a very few times. Most of them are difficult to
-distinguish unless leaves, flowers, and fruits are available. A few of
-the hawthorns which are likely to be encountered are described on
-this and the following page.</p>
-<p>Scarlet Hawthorn (<i><b id="g_CrataegusCoccinioides">Crataegus coccinioides</b></i> Ashe). This hawthorn
-grows to a height of 15 feet and has very scaly brown bark. The
-slender gray twigs have many stout, sharp spines up to 2 inches
-long. The ovate leaves are coarsely toothed and usually shallowly
-lobed. There are some hairs on both surfaces of the leaves. The
-spherical fruits, when mature, are deep red speckled with several
-pale dots. There are usually 5 nutlets inside each fruit. The Scarlet
-Hawthorn is found primarily on rocky hills.</p>
-<p>Urn-shaped Hawthorn (<i><b id="g_CrataegusCalpodendron">Crataegus calpodendron</b></i> (Ehrh.) Medic.)
-The Urn-shaped Hawthorn is named for the shape of its fruit, which
-is usually about &frac12; inch long, red, with sweet flesh and 2-3 nutlets
-inside. This small tree only grows to a height of about 15 feet. The
-leaves are usually ovate and are coarsely toothed and often shallowly
-lobed. They have a greenish-yellow color and are hairy, at least on
-the underneath surface. This hawthorn frequently grows along
-rocky streams.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p046.jpg" alt="" width="461" height="752" />
-<p class="pcap">Urn-Shaped Hawthorn</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div>
-<p>Green Haw (<i><b id="g_CrataegusViridis">Crataegus viridis</b></i> L.). The Green Haw is primarily a
-tree of low, wet woods, where it grows to a height of nearly 30 feet
-and has a gray, scaly bark. The rather variable leaves range from
-elliptic to elliptic-ovate and toothed to occasionally shallowly lobed.
-The leaves are thin and smooth on both surfaces, except for some
-tufts of hair along the axils of the veins on the lower surface. The
-orange-red fruits are spherical and about &#8531; inch in diameter. There
-are 5 nutlets embedded in the rather sweet flesh.</p>
-<p>Dotted Haw (<i><b id="g_CrataegusPunctata">Crataegus punctata</b></i> Jacq.). This hawthorn grows to
-a height of about 20 feet and has many stout thorns on its twigs. The
-leaves generally are broadest above the middle and are obovate.
-The edges of the leaves are usually toothed from the middle to the
-tip. Sometimes lobes are formed. The leaves have a relatively thick
-texture and are hairy on the veins of the under surface of the leaves.
-The usually spherical fruit is about &frac34; inch in diameter and contains
-3 or 5 nutlets. The Dotted Thorn often forms thickets along the
-edges of woods or in rocky fields.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_129">129</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p047.jpg" alt="" width="426" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap">Green Hawthorn<br />Dotted Hawthorn</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_130">130</div>
-<h3>PERSIMMON
-<br /><i><b id="g_DiospyrosVirginiana">Diospyros virginiana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-1 foot; crown broad and rounded or flattened. (At one time in the
-Wabash Valley, Persimmon trees nearly 3 feet in diameter were
-known.)</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray to black, broken at maturity into squarish blocks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with lenticels; leaf
-scars alternate, half-elliptic, with 1 bundle trace.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, dark reddish-brown, up to &#8539;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, pointed at the tip,
-tapering or rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long and about
-half as broad, smooth along the edges, dark green, smooth, and
-shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower
-surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or sparsely
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate trees,
-appearing after the leaves are half grown, the staminate in
-clusters of 2-3, tubular, up to &frac12; inch long, the pistillate solitary,
-&frac12; to &frac34; inch long. Sometimes flowers with both stamens and
-pistils can be found.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, but with the greenish calyx persistent at
-one end, yellow-orange to orange (rarely blue), up to 2 inches in
-diameter, sweet when ripe, few-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, the heartwood nearly black.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Golf club heads, billiard cues.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods, rich bottomland woods, edge of fields, fence
-rows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to southern Iowa and eastern Kansas,
-south to eastern Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Persimmon are most
-often confused with those of the Sour Gum, but usually the tip is
-not as abruptly pointed in the Persimmon. The pith of the
-Persimmon also lacks the distinct partitions found in the Sour
-Gum.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_131">131</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p048.jpg" id="ncfig45" alt="PERSIMMON" width="449" height="798" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div>
-<h3>BEECH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FagusGrandifolia">Fagus grandifolia</b></i> Ehrh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 4 feet; crown widely spreading, usually rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth, gray, thin, often marred by human carving.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Gray or yellowish, slender, smooth, more or less zigzag; leaf
-scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, narrow, long-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, up to
-&frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 4 inches long and 2&frac12; inches
-broad, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the
-somewhat asymmetrical base, coarsely toothed along the edges,
-blue-green to yellow-green, smooth and shiny on the upper
-surface, smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk
-very short, sometimes hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree,
-appearing after the leaves have unfolded, the staminate numerous
-in small spherical heads, the pistillate in groups of 2.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spiny burs up to &frac34; inch long, prickly, reddish-brown,
-containing 1-3 triangular nuts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, close-grained, deep reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, chairs, tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to
-northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The stately Beech is recognized by its
-smooth gray bark and its long, pointed winter buds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p049.jpg" id="ncfig46" alt="BEECH" width="511" height="796" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_134">134</div>
-<h3>SWAMP PRIVET
-<br /><i><b id="g_ForestieraAcuminata">Forestiera acuminata</b></i> (Michx.) Poir.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-inches; crown spreading, irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, shallowly furrowed or nearly smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, warty or smooth; leaf scars opposite,
-shield-shaped, with 1 bundle trace.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering
-to the base, up to 4 inches long, up to 1&frac12; inches broad, finely
-toothed along part of the edges, yellow-green and nearly smooth
-on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface;
-leafstalks slender, usually smooth, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different
-trees, appearing before the leaves begin to unfold; staminate
-many in rounded clusters, yellow, without petals; pistillate several
-in branched clusters, yellowish, without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Slender, oblong, slightly curved, dark purple, about 1 inch
-long, up to &frac14; inch wide, fleshy but dry, containing 1 seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Occasionally planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, along rivers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: South Carolina across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Swamp Privet is distinguished by its opposite,
-pointed leaves which are finely toothed along the edges.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p050.jpg" id="ncfig47" alt="SWAMP PRIVET" width="428" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_136">136</div>
-<h3>WHITE ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusAmericana">Fraxinus americana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet; crown pyramidal or ovoid, with slender branches; trunk
-straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, sometimes with a few hairs; leaf
-scars opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces
-forming a half-moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped to lance-ovate, often curved, pointed at the tip,
-rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and about
-half as broad, shallowly toothed along the edges, green and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the
-lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees before the
-leaves begin to expand, minute, without petals, purplish, in
-crowded clusters, soon becoming elongated and less crowded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Paddle-shaped, winged, up to 2&frac12; inches long and &frac14; inch
-wide, several in a cluster, 1-seeded at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, coarse-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, baseball bats, tool handles, interior finishing.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands and wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: White Ash differs from Green Ash in
-having distinctly paler lower leaf surfaces. Plants with hairy
-leaves resemble Red Ash, but the fruits do not have the wing
-extending down beyond the seed in the White Ash.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_137">137</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p051.jpg" id="ncfig48" alt="WHITE ASH" width="470" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_138">138</div>
-<h3>BLACK ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusNigra">Fraxinus nigra</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many stout, straight
-branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars elliptic or oval, with
-several bundle traces arranged in a half moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Conical, blue-black, finely hairy, about one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets
-without stalks, lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, tapering or
-rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long,
-less than one-half as wide, toothed along the edges, dark green
-and smooth on the upper surface, paler and with rusty hairs along
-the veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn reddish-brown in
-the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Small, in elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves
-begin to unfold, purplish, without any petals, some with both
-stamens and pistils, others only with stamens, others only with
-pistils.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, barely notched at the tip, up to 1&frac12;
-inches long, up to one-half inch broad, with a single seed at the
-base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, heavy, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, baskets, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, central
-Illinois, West Virginia, and Delaware.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This is the only ash in Illinois where none
-of the leaflets has stalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_139">139</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p052.jpg" id="ncfig49" alt="BLACK ASH" width="486" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_140">140</div>
-<h3>RED ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusPennsylvanica">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown usually pyramidal; trunk straight, rather stout,
-sometimes slightly buttressed at base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-flat-topped, sometimes scaly ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, covered by velvety
-hairs, leaf scars opposite, half-round and straight across the top,
-with several bundle traces forming a half-moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, about &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets
-elliptic to elliptic-ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base,
-up to 6 inches long, about &#8531; as wide, sparsely toothed along the
-edges, hairy on both surfaces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on separate trees, appearing after
-the leaves have begun to open, minute, crowded in purplish or
-greenish dense clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of paddle-shaped fruits, each fruit up to 2&frac12; inches
-long and less than &frac12; inch broad, with a single seed at one end.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, interior finishing, furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland forests.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to North Dakota, south to Kansas, east to
-Louisiana and northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Red Ash is characterized by its hairy leaf
-stalks and its narrow wings along the stalks between the leaflets.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_141">141</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p053.jpg" id="ncfig50" alt="RED ASH" width="437" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_142">142</div>
-<h3>GREEN ASH
-<br /><i id="g_FraxinusPennsylvanicaVarSubintegerrima">Fraxinus pennsylvanica</i> Marsh var. <i>subintegerrima</i> (Vahl) Fern.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2&frac12; feet; crown broadly rounded, with slender, spreading
-branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between
-flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars
-half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces
-forming a half-moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped to elliptic, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the
-base, up to 6 inches long and one-and-one-half inches wide,
-toothed along the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces. The
-leaflets turn reddish-brown or yellowish in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, small,
-purplish, without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Lance-shaped or reversely lance-shaped, winged fruits,
-usually rounded at the tip, up to 2&frac12; inches long and less than
-one-third inch broad, with a single seed at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, tool handles, baseball bats; sometimes
-grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland forests.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Saskatchewan and Minnesota, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Green Ash has leaflets which are
-green on both surfaces.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p054.jpg" id="ncfig51" alt="GREEN ASH" width="473" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_144">144</div>
-<h3>BLUE ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusQuadrangulata">Fraxinus quadrangulata</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Square-stemmed Ash.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to seventy feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 3 feet; crown irregular, with many short, sturdy branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, square, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round
-and concave across the top, with several bundle traces forming a
-half-moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, gray, finely hairy, up to one-half inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-11 leaflets; leaflets
-lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip tapering to the sometimes
-asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide,
-coarsely toothed along the edges, yellowish-green and smooth on
-the upper surface, paler and usually with tufts of hairs along the
-veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn yellow in the
-autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Small, in branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin
-to unfold, purplish, without any petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, notched at the tip, up to 2 inches
-long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, yellow-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring; the inner bark produces a blue dye when placed in
-water.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, limestone cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Western Pennsylvania across Wisconsin to Iowa, south to
-Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Alabama; southern Ontario.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The square stems immediately distinguish
-this tree from any other ash in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p055.jpg" id="ncfig52" alt="BLUE ASH" width="457" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div>
-<h3>PUMPKIN ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_FraxinusTomentosa">Fraxinus tomentosa</b></i> Michx. f.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes nearly 100 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stout
-spreading branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, becoming scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, usually velvety; leaf scars opposite,
-horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces arranged in a half-moon.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less conical, brown, hairy, about one-fourth inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped
-to elliptic, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the
-slightly asymmetrical base, up to 10 inches long and about half as
-wide, smooth or finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and velvety-hairy on the
-lower surface. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves, small, greenish-purple,
-without any petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, usually rounded at the tip, up to 3
-inches long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the
-bottom.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Boxes, paper pulp, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Floodplains, swamps.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across Ohio to southern Illinois and southern
-Missouri, south to Louisiana, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Pumpkin Ash is the only ash in Illinois
-with velvety-hairy twigs and usually toothless leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_147">147</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p056.jpg" id="ncfig53" alt="PUMPKIN ASH" width="456" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_148">148</div>
-<h3>WATER LOCUST
-<br /><i id="g_GleditsiaSpp"><b id="g_GleditsiaAquatica">Gleditsia aquatica</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2 feet; crown widely but irregularly spreading; trunk short
-and stout.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray or dark brown, shallowly furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth, usually with unbranched
-thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown,
-smooth, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, both singly and doubly pinnately compound on
-the same tree, with many leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate,
-rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly
-asymmetrical base, toothless or minutely toothed along the
-edges, smooth except for some hairs along the veins, up to 1 inch
-long, about half as wide.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with
-only one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 4 inches long,
-greenish, small, appearing in May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Short, pointed legumes up to 2 inches long and 1 inch broad,
-borne several in a drooping cluster, chestnut-brown, smooth,
-with 1 or 2 seeds and no pulp.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri, south to Texas,
-east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The short, 1- or 2-seeded legume without
-pulp differentiates this locust from the Honey Locust.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_149">149</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p057.jpg" id="ncfig54" alt="WATER LOCUST" width="465" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_150">150</div>
-<h3>HONEY LOCUST
-<br /><i><b id="g_GleditsiaTriacanthos">Gleditsia triacanthos</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown broadly rounded, often with dropping outer
-branches; trunk straight, rather stout, usually with large, purple-brown,
-3-parted thorns.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, angular, reddish-brown, smooth, zigzag, with 3-parted
-or unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less
-3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown,
-smooth, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, often doubly pinnately compound, with many
-leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly
-pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base,
-minutely toothed along the edges, smooth except for some hairs
-along the veins, up to 1&frac12; inches long, less than half as wide.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with
-only one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 3 inches long,
-yellowish, small, appearing in May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Elongated legumes up to 1&frac12; feet long and up to 2 inches
-wide, flat, often twisted or curved, purple-brown, containing
-several seeds embedded in a thick pulp.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction; a spineless form sometimes
-cultivated.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist, wooded ravines, thickets, along roads.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Honey Locust has more leaflets than any
-other kind of tree in Illinois. The large 3-parted spines and the
-long fruits are also distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_151">151</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p058.jpg" id="ncfig55" alt="HONEY LOCUST" width="454" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_152">152</div>
-<h3>KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE
-<br /><i><b id="g_GymnocladusDioicus">Gymnocladus dioicus</b></i> (L.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2&frac12; feet; crown with a narrow, rounded top; trunk stout,
-usually branching a few feet above the ground.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown with orange lenticels, slightly hairy; leaf
-scars alternate, heart-shaped, with 3 or 5 bundle traces; pith
-chocolate-colored.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Tiny, sunken in hairy cavities immediately above each leaf
-scar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets;
-leaflets ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 2
-inches long and about half as broad, without teeth along the edge,
-dark green and smooth on the upper surface, yellow-green and
-smooth or hairy on the veins on the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on separate
-trees, in more or less elongated, greenish clusters, appearing
-after the leaves have unfolded, each flower with 5 oblong, hairy
-petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Short, thick legumes up to 10 inches long and up to 2 inches
-wide, dark brown, leathery, smooth, containing several large
-seeds embedded in a thick, sweet pulp.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, rough construction. The seeds can be used
-as a substitute for coffee.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, often bottomland, woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Oklahoma, east
-to Tennessee.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The doubly compound leaves with large
-leaflets, the short, thick legumes, and the thick twigs with sunken
-buds readily distinguish this tree. It is one of the last trees to put
-forth its leaves in the spring.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p059.jpg" id="ncfig56" alt="KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE" width="462" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_154">154</div>
-<h3>SILVER BELL
-<br /><i><b id="g_HalesiaCarolina">Halesia carolina</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, with whitish stripes, somewhat scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-half-round, with a cluster of bundle scars.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, up to &#8539;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-tapering to rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, about half as
-broad, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and usually
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or slightly hairy
-on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, smooth or finely hairy, up
-to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in hanging clusters, showy, white, each bell-shaped
-and up to one inch long, appearing in April.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: 4-winged, dry, brown, up to 2 inches long, containing 1
-seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Occasionally grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to Oklahoma, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The bell-shaped white flowers and the
-4-winged fruits readily distinguish this handsome tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_155">155</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p060.jpg" id="ncfig57" alt="SILVER BELL" width="494" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div>
-<h3>WITCH HAZEL
-<br /><i><b id="g_HamamelisVirginiana">Hamamelis virginiana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10
-inches; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, eventually broken into small scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, flexible, brown, hairy at first but becoming smooth;
-leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, pointed, finely hairy, orange-brown, up to &frac12; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, rounded or short-pointed
-at the tip, rounded or sometimes tapering to the base, up
-to 6 inches long, sometimes nearly half as broad, usually with
-several low, rounded teeth, dark green and usually somewhat
-hairy on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface;
-leafstalks up to &frac34; inch long, slightly hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Blooming from September to November, several in a
-cluster, each with 4 bright yellow, strap-shaped petals up to &#8532;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Capsules up to &frac12; long, brown, hairy, splitting open
-during the following autumn to liberate several small, shiny
-seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Planted as an ornamental. The astringent witch hazel is
-derived from this plant.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Missouri,
-Tennessee, and Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The late-flowering period and the obovate
-leaves with shallow, rounded teeth characterize the Witch Hazel.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_157">157</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p061.jpg" id="ncfig58" alt="WITCH HAZEL" width="515" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_158">158</div>
-<h3>SWAMP HOLLY
-<br /><i><b id="g_IlexDecidua">Ilex decidua</b></i> Walt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Possum Haw; Deciduous Holly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-inches; crown spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, more or less warty.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray, smooth or slightly hairy, often with short
-spurs; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated,
-with 1 bundle trace.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, gray, up to &#8539; inch in diameter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple, sometimes clustered at the tips of the
-short spur-like twigs; blades narrowly oblong to elliptic, short-pointed
-or rounded at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 3 inches
-long, less than &frac12; as broad, sparsely and finely toothed along the
-edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and slightly
-hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, hairy, up to &frac14; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different
-trees, appearing in April and May; both types of flowers in
-few-flowered clusters, greenish or whitish, with usually 4 small
-petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Red or rarely orange berries, spherical, up to &frac14; inch in
-diameter, remaining on the tree during the winter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, whitish.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The handsome berries make this species an attractive ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across to eastern Kansas, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Swamp Holly is distinguished by its alternate,
-remotely toothed leaves clustered at the ends of spur-like
-shoots, and by its red berries.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_159">159</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p062.jpg" id="ncfig59" alt="SWAMP HOLLY" width="426" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_160">160</div>
-<h3>BUTTERNUT
-<br /><i><b id="g_JuglansCinerea">Juglans cinerea</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: White Walnut.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown flat to broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar,
-not buttressed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray, divided by deep furrows into broad scaly ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown to gray, smooth or hairy,
-usually shiny, with white lenticels; pith chocolate-colored, divided
-by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Blunt at the tip, whitish, hairy, soft, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 17 leaflets;
-leaflets up to 3 inches long and 2 inches wide, broadly lance-shaped,
-pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base,
-finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green on the upper surface,
-paler on the lower surface, softly hairy and sometimes
-sticky.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when
-the leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick,
-yellow-green catkins, the pistillate much fewer in spikes, neither
-of them with petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: In groups of 2-5, ovoid-oblong, up to 2&frac12; inches long,
-sticky-hairy, the husk thick, the nut pointed at one end and with
-well-developed wings, pale brown, the seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing; the nut is sought after as a
-delicacy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota, south to Arkansas, east
-to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Butternut is distinguished by its bark
-pattern, its chocolate-colored, partitioned pith, and its distinctive
-fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_161">161</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p063.jpg" id="ncfig60" alt="BUTTERNUT" width="455" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_162">162</div>
-<h3>BLACK WALNUT
-<br /><i><b id="g_JuglansNigra">Juglans nigra</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not buttressed
-at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Black, thick, deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown, hairy, smooth and gray;
-pith brown, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped,
-elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded at the tip, pale brown, soft, hairy, up to
-&frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 15-23 leaflets; leaflets
-up to 3&frac12; inches long and 1&frac12; inches wide, broadly lance-shaped,
-pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, toothed
-along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface,
-paler and hairy on the lower surface, turning yellow in the
-autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when
-the leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick,
-yellow-green, hairy catkins, the pistillate much fewer in small
-spikes, neither of them with petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: In groups of 1 or 2, spherical, up to 2 inches in diameter,
-green or yellow-green, slightly roughened, the husk thick, the
-nut very hard, oval, dark brown, deeply ridged, the seed sweet.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: The wood is used for furniture, interior finishing, cabinets;
-the nuts are edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Black Walnut is recognized by its
-characteristic buds, its chambered pith, and its fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_163">163</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p064.jpg" id="ncfig61" alt="BLACK WALNUT" width="439" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_164">164</div>
-<h3>RED CEDAR
-<br /><i><b id="g_JuniperusVirginiana">Juniperus virginiana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Juniper; Eastern Red Cedar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 90 feet tall, usually much smaller;
-trunk diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly pyramidal or broad
-and rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, splitting into long shreds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Of 2 types, either flat, triangular, opposite, and up to &sup1;/&#8321;&#8326;
-inch long, or short and needle-like, up to &frac34; inch long, blue-green
-to green to yellow-green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on different trees, the staminate in
-small, narrow yellowish spikes, the pistillate in small, ovoid,
-purplish clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Berry-like, spherical, up to &frac14; inch in diameter, dark blue
-with a whitish covering, with sweet flesh and 1-2 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Durable, light in weight, close-grained, red, fragrant.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Clothing chests, pencils, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Fields, dry woods, cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east
-to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 2 kinds of leaves readily distinguish
-this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_165">165</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p065.jpg" id="ncfig62" alt="RED CEDAR" width="485" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_166">166</div>
-<h3>EUROPEAN LARCH
-<br /><i><b id="g_LarixDecidua">Larix decidua</b></i> Mill.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15
-inches; crown straight and more or less columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, yellowish, with numerous conspicuous
-leaf scars or, when older, with short lateral spurs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles borne many in clusters from short spurs, or borne
-singly on new branchlets, soft, yellow-green, up to about one
-inch long, somewhat triangular, falling from the tree in the
-autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing as the new leaves begin to appear, the staminate
-in nearly round, yellow heads, the pistillate in oblong, bright red
-&ldquo;cones.&rdquo;</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, upright, up to 1&frac14; inches long, containing
-numerous small, winged seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Around homes where it has persisted from cultivation.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe; infrequently escaped from cultivation in
-northeastern North America.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The European Larch differs from the
-American Larch by its slightly longer cones, its yellow-green
-needles, and its yellower twigs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_167">167</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p066.jpg" id="ncfig63" alt="EUROPEAN LARCH" width="428" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_168">168</div>
-<h3>AMERICAN LARCH
-<br /><i><b id="g_LarixLaricina">Larix laricina</b></i> (DuRoi) Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Tamarack.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 1&frac12; feet; crown narrowly pyramidal.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, light brown or orange, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-elevated, borne on spurs, with 1 bundle trace.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to &#8539; inch in diameter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles numerous in clusters, soft, up to about 1 inch long,
-light green, falling away during the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate spherical, yellow, usually not subtended by
-leaves; pistillate oblong, rose-colored, usually subtended by
-leaves.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, up to &frac12; inch long, chestnut-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, interior finishing; sometimes grown
-as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bogs and swamps.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Labrador to Alaska, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois,
-and West Virginia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: American Larch is distinguished by its
-short, pale green needles borne many in a cluster or singly on
-long shoots.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_169">169</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p067.jpg" id="ncfig64" alt="AMERICAN LARCH" width="453" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_170">170</div>
-<h3>SWEET GUM
-<br /><i><b id="g_LiquidambarStyraciflua">Liquidambar styraciflua</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Gum.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter sometimes more
-than 3 feet; crown usually pyramidal.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Usually dark gray and broken into scaly ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, often bordered by corky wings; leaf scars alternate,
-half-elliptical, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Large, shiny, pointed, sometimes sticky to the touch.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades shaped like 5- to 7-pointed stars,
-each point toothed along the edge, as much as six inches long and
-nearly as broad. In the autumn, the leaves turn a variety of colors,
-from red to yellow to purple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree crowded together in
-rounded clusters, opening at about the same time as the leaves
-unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Dry &ldquo;ball&rdquo; about one inch in diameter, covered by numerous
-short, often sharp projections, with many seeds, most of which
-are incapable of germinating.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, durable.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Lumber, furniture, flooring. The attractive leaves make this
-tree a handsome ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southwestern Connecticut across southern Illinois to eastern
-Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The star-shaped leaves readily distinguish
-this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_171">171</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p068.jpg" id="ncfig65" alt="SWEET GUM" width="483" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_172">172</div>
-<h3>TULIP TREE
-<br /><i><b id="g_LiriodendronTulipifera">Liriodendron tulipifera</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Yellow Poplar; Tulip Poplar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Stately tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-4 feet; crown oblong or pyramidal from a long, columnar trunk.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish, becoming deeply furrowed at maturity; furrows
-often whitish within.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, reddish-brown; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical,
-with several bundle traces, with stipule scars encircling the
-twig.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Flattened, up to 1 inch long, resembling duckbills.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into four broad lobes, the
-upper two lobes usually with a conspicuous notch between them,
-bright green, averaging 4 to 6 inches long and broad.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: About two inches long, cup-shaped, with six yellow-green
-petals with an orange base surrounding a cone-shaped cluster of
-pistils; opening in May.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Dry &ldquo;cones&rdquo; about 2&frac12; inches long, composed of several
-winged seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, durable.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Lumber, veneer cores to which other wood can be glued,
-canoes, frames.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich soil.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut and Vermont across to southern Michigan,
-southwestward across Illinois to Louisiana, east to Central
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is unlike that of any
-other tree in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_173">173</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p069.jpg" id="ncfig66" alt="TULIP TREE" width="458" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_174">174</div>
-<h3>OSAGE ORANGE
-<br /><i><b id="g_MacluraPomifera">Maclura pomifera</b></i> Schneid.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Hedge Apple; Bow Wood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-foot; crown rounded or dome-shaped, with several rather stout,
-spreading branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray-brown tinged with orange, separating into shaggy
-strips.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Dull orange-brown, smooth, zigzag, with short, sharp, axillary
-spines; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with
-usually 3 groups of bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Round, reddish-brown, smooth, very tiny.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-pointed
-at the tip, narrowed or a little bit heart-shaped at the
-base, up to 5 inches long and 3&frac12; inches broad, smooth along the
-edges, green and smooth on both surfaces; leafstalks smooth, up
-to 2 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, yellow-green,
-very tiny, the staminate crowded in short clusters on stalks
-up to 4 inches long, the pistillate crowded into spherical heads on
-short, stout stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Large, spherical, greenish-yellow compound fruit up to 6
-inches in diameter, containing many seeds, succulent flesh, and
-milky sap.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, flexible, durable, coarse-grained, orange when
-first cut, becoming brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Bows, fence posts, railroad ties, tool handles; often planted as
-a windbreak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Hedge-rows, woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native only in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; commonly
-planted elsewhere and often escaped from cultivation.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Osage Orange is distinguished by its
-spiny branches, its long-pointed, toothless leaves, its milky sap,
-and its large, spherical, yellow-green fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_175">175</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p070.jpg" id="ncfig67" alt="OSAGE ORANGE" width="474" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_176">176</div>
-<h3>CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA
-<br /><i><b id="g_MagnoliaAcuminata">Magnolia acuminata</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Cucumber Tree.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown broadly rounded or pyramidal.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, with shallow furrows when older.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-U-shaped, with several scattered bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Silvery-white, hairy, up to nearly 1 inch long, with a single
-bud scale.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually elliptic, short-pointed at
-the apex, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long
-and more than half as broad, entire along the edges, yellow-green
-and smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes hairy on
-the lower surface.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Greenish-yellow, up to 3 inches long, with usually 6
-elongated, pointed petals, appearing in April.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong fruits up to 3 inches long, deep red, with several
-seeds. Young fruits look like small cucumbers, thus accounting
-for the common name. The fruits ripen from late August to
-October.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, flooring.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woodlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York to southern Illinois and Oklahoma, south to
-Louisiana and Georgia, also southern Ontario.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large toothless leaves are distinctive
-from leaves of all other Illinois trees except the Tupelo Gum, a
-tree of swamps which usually had 1-3 coarse teeth along the edges
-of each leaf. The silvery buds are also distinctive, as are the
-flowers and fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_177">177</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p071.jpg" id="ncfig68" alt="CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA" width="436" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_178">178</div>
-<h3>NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_MalusAngustifolia">Malus angustifolia</b></i> (Ait.) Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 9
-inches; crown spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or pale brown, smooth, sometimes
-spur-like; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, brown, up to &sup1;/&#8321;&#8326; inch in diameter, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong, rounded or
-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, to 2 inches long, less
-than half as broad, toothed along the edges, seldom shallowly
-lobed, green and smooth on the upper surface, a little paler and
-smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender,
-up to 1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 1 inch across, on long stalks, usually 3 or
-more in a cluster, with 5 narrow, rose petals, appearing during
-May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rather moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across to southern Missouri, south to Louisiana,
-east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This crab apple is distinguished by its
-narrow leaves which are usually unlobed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_179">179</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p072.jpg" id="ncfig69" alt="NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE" width="474" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_180">180</div>
-<h3>PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_MalusCoronaria">Malus coronaria</b></i> (L.) Mill.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-brown to red-brown, with rather deep furrows between
-the scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, often spurlike, sometimes
-spiny, usually smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow,
-curved, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish, about &frac14; inch in diameter, smooth or
-nearly so.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval, rounded to short-pointed at
-the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long,
-about half as broad, toothed along the edges and sometimes
-slightly lobed, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface,
-paler on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 2 inches long,
-smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 1&frac12; inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or
-more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or pinkish petals,
-appearing during May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Wood is used for tool handles; crab apples used in making
-jelly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods; edge of fields; edge of prairies.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York and southern Ontario across to Wisconsin, south
-to Kansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Prairie Crab Apple differs from the
-Narrow-leaved Crab Apple by its broader leaves and from the
-Iowa Crab Apple by its usually less-lobed leaves and smooth
-flowers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_181">181</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p073.jpg" id="ncfig70" alt="PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE" width="509" height="790" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_182">182</div>
-<h3>IOWA CRAB APPLE
-<br /><i><b id="g_MalusIoensis">Malus ioensis</b></i> (Wood) Britt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-crown spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, sometimes spiny, usually
-somewhat hairy at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, less than &#8539; inch in diameter,
-finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, rounded or
-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4&frac12;
-inches long and less than half as broad, toothed along the edges
-and often shallowly lobed, dark green and smooth on the upper
-surface, yellow-green and usually somewhat hairy on the lower
-surface; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, up to 2 inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or
-more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or rose petals, appearing
-during May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Apples up to 1&frac34; inches across, yellow-green, edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The fruit is used in making jelly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Edges of prairies and fields.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Nebraska, Texas, and
-Louisiana.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Iowa Crab Apple is distinguished
-from the other crab apples in the state by the greater frequency
-of lobed leaves and by its hairy flowers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_183">183</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p074.jpg" id="ncfig71" alt="IOWA CRAB APPLE" width="435" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_184">184</div>
-<h3>WHITE MULBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_MorusAlba">Morus alba</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, sometimes tinted with orange, divided into
-long, scaly plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, yellowish, smooth or sometimes hairy, more or less
-zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, about &#8537; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip,
-rounded or cut straight across at the base, up to 5 inches long and
-nearly as broad, coarsely round-toothed, sometimes 2-lobed,
-sometimes 3-lobed, sometimes deeply several-lobed, sometimes
-unlobed, green and smooth to the touch on the upper surface,
-paler and smooth on the lower surface, except for a few hairs
-sometimes on the veins; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either
-on the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves
-unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow green clusters up to 2
-inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to 1
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1&frac14; inches long, white or
-pinkish, more rarely red or purple, sweet, juicy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts; the fruit is edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, along roads, in disturbed areas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; naturalized from Maine to Minnesota, south
-to Texas, east to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The White Mulberry lacks hairs on the
-lower surface of the leaves (except sometimes along the veins),
-thus differing from the Red Mulberry.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_185">185</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p075.jpg" id="ncfig72" alt="WHITE MULBERRY" width="450" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_186">186</div>
-<h3>RED MULBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_MorusRubra">Morus rubra</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, divided into long, scaly plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth or sometimes hairy, reddish-brown to dark
-brown, more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round,
-elevated, with numerous bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, smooth, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, abruptly pointed at
-the apex, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 6 inches
-long and sometimes nearly as broad, coarsely toothed, sometimes
-2-lobed, sometimes 3-lobed, often unlobed, green and usually
-rough to the touch on the upper surface, paler and with short
-white hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1&frac12; inches long,
-smooth at maturity. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either
-on the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves
-unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow, green clusters up to 2
-inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to 1
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1&frac12; inches long, at first red,
-becoming purple or nearly black, rarely remaining pale, sweet,
-juicy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, durable, coarse-grained, orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts and barrels; the fruit is edible.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, particularly along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Red Mulberry differs from White Mulberry
-in the presence of some hairs on the lower surface of the
-leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_187">187</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p076.jpg" id="ncfig73" alt="RED MULBERRY" width="425" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_188">188</div>
-<h3>TUPELO GUM
-<br /><i><b id="g_NyssaAquatica">Nyssa aquatica</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Swamp Tupelo; Water Tupelo; Cotton Gum.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet, often swollen at the base; crown spreading, with numerous
-branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light gray to dark gray to brown, broken into thin scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, more or less angular, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars
-alternate, broadly U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded, smooth, about &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to somewhat ovate,
-pointed at the tip, tapering to rounded to even heart-shaped at
-the base, up to 8 inches long and about half as broad, the edges
-smooth or with a few coarse teeth, dark green, shiny, smooth or
-somewhat hairy on the upper surface, paler and soft-hairy on the
-lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 3 inches long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing
-as the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, small, the staminate
-several in spherical clusters, the pistillate solitary on long stalks
-arising from the leaf axils.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, dark purple with pale speckles, up to 1 inch
-long, bitter, 1-seeded, ripening in September.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, broom handles, floors.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps and low woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Tupelo Gum is characterized by its
-large, irregularly toothed leaves and its oblong, purple fruits.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_189">189</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p077.jpg" id="ncfig74" alt="TUPELO GUM" width="491" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_190">190</div>
-<h3>SOUR GUM
-<br /><i><b id="g_NyssaSylvatica">Nyssa sylvatica</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Black Gum.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 3 feet; crown rounded, often with many small, drooping
-branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown to black, often broken up into squarish blocks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf
-scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. The pith is
-continuous but marked with distinct partitions.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Short-pointed, yellowish or reddish, smooth, about &#8539; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades abruptly pointed at the tip,
-tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long and usually
-about half as wide, smooth or with a few coarse teeth along the
-edges, dark green, shiny, and usually smooth on the upper
-surface, paler and usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface;
-leafstalks up to 1&frac12; inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy. The
-leaves turn scarlet in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing
-after the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, very small, the staminate
-several in spherical clusters, the pistillate 2-several on long
-stalks arising from the leaf axils.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval, dark blue, up to &#8532; inch long, bitter, 1-seeded,
-ripening in October.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, soft, not durable, pale yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, gun-stocks, flooring; sometimes used as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry wooded slopes, low woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to Missouri
-and Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Sour Gum is easily confused with Persimmon,
-but differs by its leaves which are abruptly short-pointed
-at the tip, and by its twigs which have continuous pith
-marked by distinct partitions.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_191">191</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p078.jpg" id="ncfig75" alt="SOUR GUM" width="456" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_192">192</div>
-<h3>HOP HORNBEAM
-<br /><i><b id="g_OstryaVirginiana">Ostrya virginiana</b></i> (Mill.) K. Koch</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Ironwood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-foot; crown usually rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown and scaly at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, tough to break;
-leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, pointed at the tip.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the
-tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely
-doubly toothed, green and usually smooth on the upper surface,
-paler and usually slightly hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up
-to &frac14; inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately but on the same
-tree. The staminate catkins are on the tree through the winter
-before opening in late April or May.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Nutlets enclosed by an inflated bladder, crowded together in
-a cluster resembling hops.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, durable.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Tool handles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Upland woods; rocky slopes; along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and northeastern Wyoming,
-south to eastern Texas and northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Blue Beech, with similar leaves,
-differs by its scaly bark. Elms, which also have somewhat similar
-leaves, usually have their leaves asymmetrical at the base.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_193">193</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p079.jpg" id="ncfig76" alt="HOP HORNBEAM" width="463" height="789" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_194">194</div>
-<h3>PRINCESS TREE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PaulowniaTomentosa">Paulownia tomentosa</b></i> (Thunb.) Steud.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Paulownia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 1&frac12; feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, more or less smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, grayish, finely hairy; leaf scars opposite, nearly
-spherical but with a notch at the top, with many bundle traces in a
-ring.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Half-round, minutely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades mostly heart-shaped, tapering to a
-short point at the tip, up to about 10 inches long and nearly as
-broad, smooth along the edges, minutely hairy on both surfaces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Large, showy, fragrant, several in a large cluster, appearing
-in late April or early May, the clusters sometimes a foot long,
-each flower up to 2 inches long, the petals violet with yellow
-stripes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ovoid capsules up to 1&frac12; inches long, pointed at the tip,
-brown, containing numerous winged seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Popular as an ornamental because of its handsome flowers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around home sites.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; occasionally escaped in the eastern United
-States.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Princess Tree resemble
-those of the Catalpa, but they are always opposite and never in
-whorls. The violet flowers and the short, ovid capsules further
-distinguish the Princess Tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_195">195</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p080.jpg" id="ncfig77" alt="PRINCESS TREE" width="440" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_196">196</div>
-<h3>JACK PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusBanksiana">Pinus banksiana</b></i> Lamb.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Gray Pine; Scrub Pine.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall in some parts of the
-United States; trunk diameter up to 2&frac12; feet; crown open but
-often irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, rough and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, dark brown, becoming roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, curved, up to 1&frac12; inches long,
-dark green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to &frac12; inch
-long; pistillate crowded into few to several purple clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, upright, up to 2 inches long, each
-scale comprising the cone bearing a small curved prickle; seeds
-triangular, up to &sup1;/&#8321;&#8322; inch long, with a wing up to &#8531; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, fuel, pulpwood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Yukon, south to Minnesota, northern
-Illinois, and New York, Nova Scotia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Jack Pine is distinguished by its short,
-stiff, curved needles in clusters of 2 and by its short, curved
-cones.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_197">197</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p081.jpg" id="ncfig78" alt="JACK PINE" width="450" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_198">198</div>
-<h3>SHORTLEAF PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusEchinata">Pinus echinata</b></i> Mill.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow Pine.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet;
-crown pyramidal or rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into large plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, becoming shreddy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of both 2 and 3 on the same tree,
-flexible, up to 5 inches long, dark green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several pale purple spikes up to &frac34;
-inch long; pistillate in groups of 1-3, rose-colored.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones 1-3 in a group, ovoid, up to 2&frac12; inches long, each scale
-comprising the cone often bearing a small sharp prickle on the
-back; seeds triangular; less than &frac14; inch long, with an asymmetrical
-curved wing up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, paper pulp, construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes; widely planted in a variety of sites.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern New York across Pennsylvania and southern Illinois
-to Oklahoma, south to Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Shortleaf Pine is distinguished by its
-needles which may be in clusters of 2 and 3 on the same tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_199">199</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p082.jpg" id="ncfig79" alt="SHORTLEAF PINE" width="504" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_200">200</div>
-<h3>RED PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusResinosa">Pinus resinosa</b></i> Ait.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 3 feet; crown pyramidal.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, divided irregularly into plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown, becoming roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, flexible, up to 6 inches long, dark
-green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several purple spikes up to &frac12; inch
-long; pistillate crowded into fewer scarlet clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones ovoid, mostly straight, up to 2 inches long, each scale
-comprising the cone without any prickles; seeds triangular, up to
-&#8539; inch long, with a wing up to &frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Rather hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Ships, bridges, general construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Minnesota,
-Michigan, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; also north-central Illinois
-and West Virginia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Red Pine is distinguished by its dark
-green needles usually clustered near the tips of the twigs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_201">201</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p083.jpg" id="ncfig80" alt="RED PINE" width="458" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_202">202</div>
-<h3>WHITE PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusStrobus">Pinus strobus</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Tall tree well over 100 feet tall in some regions of the
-United States; trunk diameter sometimes in excess of 3 feet;
-crown pyramidal.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, divided into broad ridges by shallow fissures.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, orange-brown, smooth or slightly hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 5, very flexible, up to 5 inches long,
-blue-green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to &#8531; inch
-long; pistillate crowded into fewer groups, pink to purple.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, drooping, up to 8 inches long, each
-scale comprising the cone lacking any prickles; seeds narrowly
-oblong, up to &frac14; inch long, with a wing up to &frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern
-Illinois, and in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The soft, blue-green needles in clusters of
-5 readily distinguish the White Pine.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_203">203</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p084.jpg" id="ncfig81" alt="WHITE PINE" width="444" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_204">204</div>
-<h3>SCOTCH PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusSylvestris">Pinus sylvestris</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-feet; crown irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Large branches reddish-brown, broken into plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, to 3 inches long, gray-green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to &frac12; inch
-long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones narrowly ovoid, to 2&frac12; inches long, each scale comprising
-the cone without any prickles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Often planted as an ornamental, Christmas trees.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe; widely planted in the eastern United
-States.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The rather short, stiff, gray-green needles
-in clusters of 2 distinguish this pine.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_205">205</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p085.jpg" id="ncfig82" alt="SCOTCH PINE" width="455" height="764" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_206">206</div>
-<h3>LOBLOLLY PINE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PinusTaeda">Pinus taeda</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Old-field Pine.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes over 125 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 2 feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, divided into irregular plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, becoming roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles in clusters of 3 or occasionally 2, stiff, up to 9
-inches long, light green.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to &frac12; inch
-long; pistillate crowded into 1 to several yellow clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones ovoid to oblong, mostly straight, up to 6 inches long,
-each scale comprising the cone with a short, sharp prickle; seeds
-rounded, up to &frac14; inch long, with a wing up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Weak, brittle, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey to Tennessee, south across Arkansas to eastern
-Texas, east to central Florida; not native in Illinois.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Loblolly Pine is distinguished by its
-stiff, long needles usually in clusters of 3 and by its long cones. It
-is similar to Shortleaf Pine but has longer needles and cones.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_207">207</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p086.jpg" id="ncfig83" alt="LOBLOLLY PINE" width="480" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_208">208</div>
-<h3>WATER ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_PlaneraAquatica">Planera aquatica</b></i> Gmel.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Planer-tree.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10
-inches; crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or pale brown, smooth at first but later splitting into
-large scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown to gray, usually smooth; leaf scars
-alternate, nearly circular, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Slender, pointed, brownish, smooth or somewhat hairy, up to
-&frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lance-ovate, rounded or somewhat
-pointed at the tip, tapering to the usually asymmetrical
-base, up to 3 inches long, less than half as broad, regularly
-coarsely toothed, smooth or a little roughened on the upper
-surface at maturity, smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks
-up to &frac12; inch long, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Of three kinds, all on the same tree, appearing after the
-leaves have begun to expand, greenish-yellow, without petals,
-the staminate in several small clusters, the pistillate and perfect
-in drooping clusters of 1-3 flowers.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, fleshy, up to &frac12; inch long, with warts irregularly
-scattered over the surface, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy areas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: North Carolina across southern Illinois to southeastern
-Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Water Elm resembles other native
-elms in Illinois, but has only single-toothed leaves. The warty
-fruits are also distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_209">209</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p087.jpg" id="ncfig84" alt="WATER ELM" width="508" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_210">210</div>
-<h3>SYCAMORE
-<br /><i><b id="g_PlatanusOccidentalis">Platanus occidentalis</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Buttonwood; Plane-tree.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree sometimes more than 100 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 8 feet; crown broad, often irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown when young, quickly breaking into thin, flat
-scales, falling away in sections to expose large patches of whitish
-or greenish inner bark.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Smooth, light brown, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate,
-encircling the buds, somewhat elevated, with 5-7 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Light brown, pointed, about one-fourth inch long, entirely
-covered by the base of the leafstalk. When the leaves fall off,
-exposing the buds, they leave a scar which surrounds the base of
-each bud.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades circular in outline but divided
-into 3 or 5 shallow, sharp-pointed lobes, heart-shaped or cut
-straight across at the base, up to 7 inches long (longer on vigorous
-shoots) and often as broad, bright green and smooth on the upper
-surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the
-sparsely hairy veins; leafstalks to 5 inches long, slightly hairy;
-stipules, resembling the leaves but only about an inch long, often
-persist near the base of the leafstalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on
-the same tree, minute, crowded together in dense, round heads.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Round light brown heads, about one inch in diameter, on
-long drooping stalks, containing many small seeds surrounded by
-hairs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard and strong.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Furniture, interior finishing. Sometimes planted as an ornamental
-because of its rapid growth and unusual bark.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands, along streams, around lakes and ponds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Wisconsin to eastern Nebraska, south
-to eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large palmately lobed leaves and the
-brown and gray mottled bark readily distinguish this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_211">211</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p088.jpg" id="ncfig85" alt="SYCAMORE" width="474" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_212">212</div>
-<h3>WHITE POPLAR
-<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusAlba">Populus alba</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Silver-leaved Poplar; Abele.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2
-feet; crown broadly rounded but often irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish to whitish, at first smooth, later becoming deeply
-fissured and very dark gray to nearly black.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Greenish-gray, white-hairy at least when young; leaf scars
-alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, hairy, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually ovate, with a few broad
-teeth along the edges, bluntly pointed at the tip, cut straight
-across or a little heart-shaped at the base, up to 4 inches long,
-dark green on the upper surface, silvery-hairy or white-wooly on
-the lower surface; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, densely hairy,
-not flat.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded
-together in catkins, appearing when the leaves unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Often curved, flask-shaped capsules, greenish, hairy, up to
-&frac14; inch long, containing many seeds with cottony hairs attached.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Grown as an ornamental because of its silvery leaves.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around old homesteads.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe and Asia; frequently planted and escaped
-from cultivation in the United States.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves, with their silvery or white-wooly
-under-surface and their few broad teeth, provided the best
-means of identifying this tree.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_213">213</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p089.jpg" id="ncfig86" alt="WHITE POPLAR" width="474" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_214">214</div>
-<h3>COTTONWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusDeltoides">Populus deltoides</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large rapidly growing tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to eight feet; crown spreading or broadly rounded,
-with some drooping branches. The largest tree in Illinois, in
-Grundy County, is a Cottonwood measuring twenty-eight feet six
-inches in circumference.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Yellow-green, gray, or tan, smooth, moderately stout, with
-numerous pale &ldquo;dots&rdquo;; leaf scars alternate, triangular, with 3 large
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, long-pointed, up to &frac12; inch long, sticky,
-chestnut-colored.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades to 5 inches long and often nearly
-as broad, triangular, abruptly pointed at the tip, cut straight
-across or even slightly heart-shaped at the base, with coarse
-rounded teeth along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on the
-upper surface, paler on the lower surface; leafstalks to 4 inches
-long, smooth, often yellow, flat.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the
-staminate crowded in rather thick, reddish catkins, the pistillate
-crowded in narrower, greenish-yellow catkins, both sexes appearing
-before the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Elliptic, greenish-brown capsules up to &frac14; inch long,
-grouped in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with
-cottony hairs attached.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, readily warping.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Hampshire across to southeastern North Dakota, south
-central Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Cottonwood is easily recognized by its
-triangular leaves with flattened leafstalks. The cottony seeds,
-when the fruits are mature, are also distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_215">215</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p090.jpg" id="ncfig87" alt="COTTONWOOD" width="472" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_216">216</div>
-<h3>BIG-TOOTH ASPEN
-<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusGrandidentata">Populus grandidentata</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Large-tooth Aspen.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1&frac12;
-feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-green, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured
-and broken up into thin scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Grayish-green, with numerous orange &ldquo;dots,&rdquo; hairy when
-young but becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, raised, 3-lobed,
-each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, somewhat hairy, up to
-one-eighth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly circular in outline, short-pointed
-at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long,
-nearly as broad, with several rather coarse teeth along the edges,
-green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, smooth
-when mature; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, flat, enabling the leaf
-to rustle even in gentle breezes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded
-together in catkins up to 5 inches long, appearing as the leaves
-unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Long, narrow, flask-shaped, green, slightly hairy capsules,
-grouped in elongated clusters, containing many seeds with cottony
-hairs attached.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Pulpwood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, edges of woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to central Illinois, east to
-Maryland; Kentucky and north-central Tennessee east to western
-North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The coarsely toothed, tremoring leaves
-and the grayish-green trunks combine to make this a tree easy to
-recognize.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_217">217</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p091.jpg" id="ncfig88" alt="BIG-TOOTH ASPEN" width="422" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_218">218</div>
-<h3>SWAMP COTTONWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusHeterophylla">Populus heterophylla</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Swamp Poplar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown
-very irregular, with a few, large, upright branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, smooth when young, becoming scaly ridged at
-maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, smooth or hairy, reddish; leaf scars alternate,
-3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces; pith 5-angled.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, dark brown, sticky, up to one-half inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, rounded or bluntly pointed
-at the tip, heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, up to 6
-inches broad, with rounded teeth along the edges, green on the
-upper surface, paler on the lower surface, densely white-woolly
-when young, becoming essentially smooth at maturity; leafstalks
-to 4 inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy, not flattened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the
-staminate crowded in thick catkins up to 4 inches long, the
-pistillate in slender catkins up to 6 inches long, both appearing
-before the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ovoid, reddish-brown capsules up to &frac12; inch long, grouped
-in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony
-hairs attached.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Pulpwood, fuel, interior finishing.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps, low woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut to southern Michigan, southwestward across
-southern Illinois to central Louisiana, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The broad, heart-shaped, toothed leaves
-readily distinguish the Swamp Cottonwood from other trees in
-Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_219">219</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p092.jpg" id="ncfig89" alt="SWAMP COTTONWOOD" width="440" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_220">220</div>
-<h3>QUAKING ASPEN
-<br /><i><b id="g_PopulusTremuloides">Populus tremuloides</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2 feet; crown rounded or occasionally spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Pale yellow-green or white, becoming grayish and divided
-into dark scaly ridges at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Pale yellow-green or white, slender, smooth; leaf scars
-alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, short-pointed, smooth, sticky, up to &#8531; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate to nearly round, short-pointed
-at the apex, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long,
-nearly as broad, with many small round teeth along the edges,
-green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface, not shiny on the
-lower surface; leafstalks to 3 inches long, smooth, flat. The flat
-leafstalks allow for the leaves to tremor at the slightest wind.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the
-staminate crowded in catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate
-crowded in catkins up to 6 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Narrow, flask-shaped, green capsules up to &frac14; inch long,
-grouped in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with
-cottony hairs attached.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Pulpwood.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Edge of woods, thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California and New
-Mexico and Texas, east across Missouri and Tennessee to New
-Jersey.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The whitish trunk and the ovate, trembling
-leaves serve to distinguish this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_221">221</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p093.jpg" id="ncfig90" alt="QUAKING ASPEN" width="449" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_222">222</div>
-<h3>WILD PLUM
-<br /><i id="g_PrunusSpp"><b id="g_PrunusAmericana">Prunus americana</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: American Plum.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown broad, often irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray to brown, rough and scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, speckled with many dots, smooth or hairy;
-leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth or hairy, up to &frac14;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip,
-rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and less than
-half as broad, finely toothed along the edges, the teeth not
-glandular, green and smooth or hairy on the upper surface, paler
-and smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to
-1 inch long, sometimes with 1 or 2 glands near the upper end,
-smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5
-white or pinkish petals, appearing before or as the leaves begin to
-unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or
-covered with a whitish wax, juicy, sweet, 1-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: The fruits are used in making jelly and preserves.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Mexico, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wild Plum differs from other plums
-in Illinois by the absence of glands on the teeth of the leaves. The
-Wild Plum may have either smooth or hairy leaves and twigs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_223">223</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p094.jpg" id="ncfig91" alt="WILD PLUM" width="463" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_224">224</div>
-<h3>WILD GOOSE PLUM
-<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusHortulana">Prunus hortulana</b></i> Bailey</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown broad and rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, becoming scaly at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round,
-elevated, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, rounded at the tip, reddish-brown, smooth, up to &frac14;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to oval, pointed at the tip,
-rounded or tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about &#8531;
-as broad, finely toothed along the edge, the teeth gland-tipped,
-green and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes
-hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch
-long, with 1-several glands, smooth or sparsely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5
-white petals, appearing after the leaves are partly grown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or rarely
-yellowish, fleshy but hard, bitter, 1-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Edges of woods, thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Indiana to Iowa, south to Oklahoma, east to Alabama.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Wild Goose Plum flowers when its leaves
-are partly grown, thereby distinguishing it from the Wild Plum
-which blooms before or as the leaves begin to unfold.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_225">225</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p095.jpg" id="ncfig92" alt="WILD GOOSE PLUM" width="442" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_226">226</div>
-<h3>OTHER WILD PLUMS</h3>
-<p>Two other wild plums are occasionally encountered in Illinois.</p>
-<p>Munson&rsquo;s Wild Plum (<i><b id="g_PrunusMunsoniana">Prunus munsoniana</b></i> Wight &amp; Hedrick).
-Munson&rsquo;s Wild Plum is a small tree rarely more than 15 feet tall and
-often forming thickets. It has gray or brown scaly bark, smooth
-brownish twigs, and small, ovoid buds. The leaves are oval and up
-to 6 inches long and up to 2 inches wide. The edges of the leaves are
-finely toothed, with each tooth gland-tipped. The upper surface of
-the leaf is smooth, while the lower surface usually has some hairs.
-The showy white flowers appear while the leaves are developing.
-The fruits are spherical or slightly oblong red plums with sweet,
-juicy flesh. Munson&rsquo;s Wild Plum is found only in the midwestern
-states.</p>
-<p>Narrow-leaved Plum (<i><b id="g_PrunusAngustifolia">Prunus angustifolia</b></i> Marsh.). Also known
-as Chickasaw Plum, this is a small tree up to about 15 feet tall,
-usually forming thickets. The smooth, brownish twigs usually have
-several sharp spines. Most of the leaves are lance-shaped and up to
-2 inches long, and conspicuously folded lengthwise. The flowers
-begin to bloom just as the leaves start to unfold. The red, nearly
-spherical plum has tart, juicy flesh. The Narrow-leaved Plum is
-found mostly in the southeastern United States.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_227">227</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p096.jpg" id="ncfig93" alt="ANOTHER WILD PLUM" width="494" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_228">228</div>
-<h3>WILD BLACK CHERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusSerotina">Prunus serotina</b></i> Ehrh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown rounded, with rigid branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Thin, smooth, reddish-brown at first, becoming deeply furrowed
-and black.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, dark brown; leaf scars half-round, each
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark brown, smooth, up to one-fourth
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at
-the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about &#8531; as
-broad, finely toothed along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny
-on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface
-except for rusty hairs along the veins; leafstalks slender, slightly
-less than 1 inch long, smooth, with 1 or more reddish glands near
-the tip.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6
-inches long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each
-flower about &frac14; inch across, with 5 white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, dark purple, up to &frac12; inch in
-diameter.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, interior finishing.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Roadsides, fencerows, edge of woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wild Black Cherry is similar to the
-Choke Cherry but usually is a larger tree with thicker leaves and
-with the teeth tending to curve inward.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_229">229</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p097.jpg" id="ncfig94" alt="WILD BLACK CHERRY" width="441" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_230">230</div>
-<h3>CHOKE CHERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_PrunusVirginiana">Prunus virginiana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall, often only a shrub; trunk
-diameter up to 5 inches; crown irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Thin, smooth and reddish-brown at first, becoming furrowed
-and darkened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown with pale lenticels; leaf
-scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, more or less smooth, up to &frac14; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at
-the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and about half as
-broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, green, smooth
-and shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with a few
-hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long,
-smooth, with 2 glands near the tip.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6
-inches long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each
-flower up to &frac12; inch across, with 5 white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, up to &#8531; inch in diameter, red at
-first, becoming deep purple at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, some interior finishing.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Newfoundland across to Saskatchewan, south to Kansas, east
-to North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Choke Cherry resembles Wild Black
-Cherry, differing by its more pointed teeth along the edges of the
-leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_231">231</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p098.jpg" id="ncfig95" alt="CHOKE CHERRY" width="448" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_232">232</div>
-<h3>WAFER ASH
-<br /><i><b id="g_PteleaTrifoliata">Ptelea trifoliata</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Hop-tree.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree or shrub up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 5 inches; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, somewhat roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, dark brown, often with small &ldquo;warts&rdquo;; leaf scars
-alternate, large, horseshoe-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, pale brown, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets mostly ovate,
-long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5
-inches long, up to half as wide, smooth or with fine teeth along
-the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and
-smooth on the lower surface; leaflets without individual stalks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but
-usually in the same cluster, appearing in late May and June, with
-3-5 obscure, greenish-white petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Thin, flat, nearly spherical winged seed up to 1 inch across.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, yellow-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: The fruit at one time was used as a substitute for hops in
-brewing.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky, wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across Michigan to Iowa, south to eastern Texas,
-east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Wafer Ash is distinguished by its
-3-parted alternate leaves and its flat, spherical, winged seeds.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_233">233</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p099.jpg" id="ncfig96" alt="WAFER ASH" width="540" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_234">234</div>
-<h3>WHITE OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown very broad, with stiff, horizontal branches; trunk
-relatively short and rather thick.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or whitish with gray patches, shallowly furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, somewhat shiny, gray, whitish, or even
-purplish; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but
-crowded near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated,
-with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, reddish-brown or gray, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually with 7 or 9 lobes, the
-lobes rounded and not bristle-tipped, the sinuses varying from
-shallow to deep, the upper surface green and smooth, the lower
-surface paler and smooth, up to 10 inches long, up to half as wide,
-turning red in the autumn; leafstalks up to 1 inch long, rather
-stout, smooth. Leaves on the same tree may vary considerably.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate many in drooping, yellow catkins, the
-pistillate few in a group, red.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne 1 or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-oblong, up to &frac34; inch long, green to greenish-brown, shiny, the
-cup covering up to &frac14; of the nut, yellow-brown, often minutely
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, durable, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, general construction, fence posts,
-fuel, tight cooperage.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods; wooded slopes; dry woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to
-northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: White Oak is recognized by its grayish
-bark and its 5-7 round-lobed, smooth leaves which are usually
-whitish on the lower surface. Its oblong, greenish-brown, shiny
-acorns are also distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_235">235</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p100.jpg" id="ncfig97" alt="WHITE OAK" width="492" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_236">236</div>
-<h3>SWAMP WHITE OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusBicolor">Quercus bicolor</b></i> Willd.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown rounded and broad.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, deeply furrowed, becoming flaky.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, grayish-brown to yellowish-brown; leaf scars alternate,
-half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces;
-pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Clustered at the tips of the twigs, ellipsoid to spherical, up to
-&#8539; inch long, yellow-brown, smooth or with a few hairs at the tip.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually broadest above the middle,
-up to 6 inches long and 4 inches broad, coarsely round-toothed
-or sometimes with a few shallow lobes, smooth or
-somewhat hairy on the upper surface, white and softly hairy on
-the lower surface; leafstalks nearly an inch long, smooth or
-slightly hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in
-groups of 2-4.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns in pairs, on stalks 1 inch long or longer, the nut
-ovoid, pale brown, 1-1&frac12; inches long, enclosed about &#8531; its length
-by the cup, the cup thick, light brown, hairy, roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine and southern Quebec across to southern Minnesota,
-south to Oklahoma, east to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp White Oak is distinguished by
-its leaves which are coarsely round-toothed and softly white hairy
-on the lower surface of the leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_237">237</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p101.jpg" id="ncfig98" alt="SWAMP WHITE OAK" width="436" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_238">238</div>
-<h3>SCARLET OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusCoccinea">Quercus coccinea</b></i> Muench.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2&frac12;
-feet; crown narrow but open.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, shallowly fissured when mature.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, but crowded
-near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, hairy at the tip, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the
-middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, bright green, shiny and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs along
-the veins on the lower surface, up to 6&frac12; inches long and 4 inches
-broad; leafstalks up to 2&frac12; inches long, slender, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in
-groups of 1 or 2.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without stalks, the nut oval
-or hemispherical, up to &frac34; inch across, reddish-brown with occasional
-darker rings around it, enclosed up to &frac12; its length by the
-cup, the cup thin, top-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fuel, fence posts, coarse construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine to southern Ontario, south to Oklahoma, east to
-Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Scarlet Oak looks very much like Pin Oak,
-but differs in habitat and structure of the acorn cup. It sometimes
-resembles Black Oak but has shorter, less hairy buds and acorns
-without loosely arranged scales on the cup.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_239">239</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p102.jpg" id="ncfig99" alt="SCARLET OAK" width="496" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_240">240</div>
-<h3>HILL&rsquo;S OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusEllipsoidalis">Quercus ellipsoidalis</b></i> E. J. Hill</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Northern Pin Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree to about 75 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2 feet; crown rounded, with the drooping lowermost
-branches often reaching nearly to the ground.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray-black, rather smooth to shallowly fissured.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather slender, smooth at maturity, grayish-brown to reddish-brown;
-pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate,
-but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated,
-with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly smooth, one-fourth inch long, ovoid, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades 3-9 inches long, slightly tapering
-or usually cut nearly straight across at the base, with 2-4 pairs of
-bristle-tipped lobes usually cut over half-way to the mid-vein,
-deep green and shiny on the upper surface at maturity; leafstalks
-smooth, up to 3 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, appearing as the
-leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin,
-the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks;
-acorns longer than broad, short-pointed at the base, about &frac12; inch
-across, the cup bowl-shaped covering &#8531; to &frac12; of the acorn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Shingles and interior finishings.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry upland woods, often where Black Oak occurs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Northwestern Ohio and central Michigan to southeastern
-Minnesota, south to eastern Iowa and north-central Illinois.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The elongated acorn of the Hill&rsquo;s Oak
-distinguishes it from pin oak, which it closely resembles.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_241">241</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p103.jpg" id="ncfig100" alt="HILL&rsquo;S OAK" width="485" height="790" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_242">242</div>
-<h3>SPANISH OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusFalcata">Quercus falcata</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Southern Red Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet; crown broadly rounded, with stiff, stout, spreading branchlets;
-trunk straight, rather stout.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to nearly black, shallowly furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so at maturity; pith
-star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered
-near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, hairy, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly rounded at the base, 3- to
-5-lobed, the terminal lobe usually long, narrow, and strongly
-curved, all lobes bristle-tipped, up to 8 inches long, up to 6
-inches wide, green on the upper surface, pale and densely
-soft-hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk up to 2&frac12; inches long,
-slender, usually hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping, densely hairy catkins,
-the pistillate few in a rusty-hairy cluster, with dark red stigmas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a short stalk, the nut
-spherical or ellipsoid, up to &frac12; inch long, orange-brown, the cup
-covering only up to &#8531; of the nut, with hairy, reddish-brown
-scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry and usually poor upland soil; occasionally in bottomlands.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Central New Jersey south to central Florida, across to
-eastern Texas, up the Mississippi Basin to central Missouri,
-south-central Illinois, southeastern Indiana, western Kentucky,
-and western Tennessee.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Spanish Oak is the only bristle-tipped
-oak in Illinois in which the lower leaf surface is covered with a
-mat of fine hairs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_243">243</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p104.jpg" id="ncfig101" alt="SPANISH OAK" width="460" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_244">244</div>
-<h3>SHINGLE OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusImbricaria">Quercus imbricaria</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-3 feet; crown rounded or oblong, with many branches; trunk
-straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed between flat, tight plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-sections;
-leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the
-twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, smooth, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, lanceolate
-to oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the base, up to 6 inches
-long, up to 2 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the
-upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up
-to &frac12; inch long, stout, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate few in a cluster.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, stalked, the nut nearly spherical,
-dark brown, less than half enclosed by the cup, the cup
-reddish-brown and slightly hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Shingles, general construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist soil along streams or in woods; occasionally on dry,
-exposed sandstone cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska, south
-to Kansas, east to Arkansas and South Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Only the Shingle Oak and the Willow
-Oak, among all the oaks, have leaves without any teeth or lobes.
-The Shingle Oak generally has broader leaves than does the
-Willow Oak. The Shingle Oak can be told from Magnolias by its
-star-shaped pith and the formation of acorns.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_245">245</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p105.jpg" id="ncfig102" alt="SHINGLE OAK" width="469" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_246">246</div>
-<h3>OVERCUP OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusLyrata">Quercus lyrata</b></i> Walt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded to oblong, with several
-branches, the lowermost often drooping; trunk straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or grayish-brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish,
-plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, buff-colored; pith star-shaped in cross-section;
-leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig,
-half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, smooth, pale brown, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-7 rounded lobes,
-the sinuses shallow to deep, up to 10 inches long, up to 4&frac12; inches
-broad, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, pale and
-softly hairy to nearly smooth on the lower surface; leafstalk up to
-1 inch long, smooth or hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate few in a group.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, pale brown, often
-nearly entirely enclosed by the cup, the cup finely hairy, with
-some of the scales forming a ragged rim near the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; swamps.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southern Virginia across to eastern Texas, north up the
-Mississippi Valley to southern Missouri, southern Illinois, and
-southern Indiana; also in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey;
-southward to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The best identifying characteristic of this
-plant is the acorn in which the nut often is nearly enclosed by the
-cup.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_247">247</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p106.jpg" id="ncfig103" alt="OVERCUP OAK" width="500" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_248">248</div>
-<h3>BUR OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMacrocarpa">Quercus macrocarpa</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Mossy-cup Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 120 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-feet; crown rounded, with stout branches; trunk straight, stout,
-sometimes slightly buttressed at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown or yellow-brown, rather deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown, often with corky ridges; pith star-shaped
-in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip,
-half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, yellowish-brown to
-reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broader at the upper end,
-coarsely round-toothed, usually with a pair of deep sinuses just
-below the middle, often with as many as 5-7 lobes, the lobes not
-bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or slightly hairy on the
-upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower surface, up to
-14 inches long and 7 inches wide; leaf stalks up to 1 inch long,
-stout, smooth or finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-few in a group, with red stigmas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a stalk, the nut ovoid
-to ellipsoid, dark brown, up to 1&frac34; inches long, the cup covering
-half to nearly all the nut, hairy, the lowermost scales long-fringed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Cabinets, ship-building, fenceposts, fuel, tight cooperage.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry ridges to bottomland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to
-Arkansas, Tennessee, and Maryland.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Bur Oak are distinctive
-because they are very broad in the upper half with a pair of deep
-sinuses a little below the middle. The large, fringed cups are also
-distinctive.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_249">249</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p107.jpg" id="ncfig104" alt="BUR OAK" width="457" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_250">250</div>
-<h3>BLACKJACK OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMarilandica">Quercus marilandica</b></i> Muench.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Scrub Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Relatively small tree, at most attaining a height of 50
-feet, usually much shorter and often very gnarled; trunk diameter
-up to 1&frac12; feet; crown exceedingly round-topped, with numerous
-lower branches hanging downward.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, shallowly ridged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Moderately stout, brown, more or less hairy; pith star-shaped
-in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the
-top, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Angular, from &frac14;-&frac12; inch long, somewhat hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades about 4-8 inches long, leathery,
-very much broader near the apex than the base, mostly rounded
-or even somewhat heart shaped at the base, more or less 3-lobed
-and bristle-tipped nearer the apex, the upper surface hairy at
-first, becoming shiny dark green at maturity, the lower surface
-permanently hairy; leafstalks less than 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the
-leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin,
-the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks,
-or the stalks sometimes lacking; acorns nearly round, usually at
-most only &frac12; inch in diameter, the cup enclosing &frac12; the acorn,
-with rather loosely arranged scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Excellent as a source of charcoal and fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Poor soil, particularly on dry, exposed rocky cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois,
-and southern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska, south into eastern
-Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, then east to
-northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 3-lobed leaf, much broader at the
-apex, is the most distinctive characteristic of this oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_251">251</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p108.jpg" id="ncfig105" alt="BLACKJACK OAK" width="481" height="794" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_252">252</div>
-<h3>SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMichauxii">Quercus michauxii</b></i> Nutt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Basket Oak; Cow Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 6 feet; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or silvery-white, scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars
-alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated,
-with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, finely hairy, reddish-brown, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, pointed at the tip,
-rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and 6 inches
-broad, coarsely scalloped along the edges, thick, green and
-sparsely hairy on the upper surface, whitish and densely hairy on
-the lower surface; leafstalk up to 1&frac12; inches long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, minute, without
-petals, the staminate crowded into long, slender catkins, the
-pistillate few in a cluster.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without short stalks, the
-nut ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, up to 1&frac12; inches long, enclosed
-about &#8531; its length by the cup, the cup thick, cup-shaped, hairy,
-short-fringed along the rim.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east
-to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Chestnut Oak is distinguished
-from other coarsely toothed oaks by the densely hairy, whitish
-lower leaf surfaces and its short-stalked acorns.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_253">253</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p109.jpg" id="ncfig106" alt="SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK" width="430" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_254">254</div>
-<h3>YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusMuhlenbergii">Quercus muhlenbergii</b></i> Engelm.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Chinquapin; Chinquapin Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet; crown oblong or rounded, with many branches; trunk
-straight, columnar, buttressed at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Pale gray, with scaly ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, yellow-brown or reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in
-cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip,
-half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, smooth, chestnut-brown, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate,
-pointed at the tip, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely
-toothed along the edges, smooth and yellow-green on the upper
-surface, paler and usually finely hairy on the lower surface, up to
-8 inches long and 5 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1&frac12; inches long,
-slender, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long,
-slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group, with red stigmas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the
-nut ovoid, chestnut-colored, up to &frac34; inch long, the cup covering
-about &frac12; the nut, the scales of the cup hairy and usually with a
-short fringe.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, close-grained.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, railroad ties.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low rich slopes; wooded hillsides; dry cliffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across to southern Minnesota, south to eastern
-Nebraska and eastern Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Chestnut Oak is distinguished
-from the other coarsely toothed oaks by its usually sharper
-pointed teeth and by the size and shape of its acorns.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_255">255</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p110.jpg" id="ncfig107" alt="YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK" width="447" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_256">256</div>
-<h3>CHERRYBARK OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPagodaefolia">Quercus pagodaefolia</b></i> Ell.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Swamp Spanish Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, broken by narrow ridges into small scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown or gray, usually hairy when
-young, becoming smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf
-scars alternate but clustered near tip of the twigs, half-round,
-slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, angular, hairy, chestnut-brown, up to &frac14; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-11 pointed lobes,
-the sinuses cut about half-way to the midvein, up to 10 inches
-long, up to 7 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the
-upper surface, pale and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up
-to 2 inches long, stout, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-few together.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut
-ellipsoid, about &frac12; inch long, brown, enclosed for less than &#8531; its
-length by the cup, the cup finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Strong, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, cabinets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomlands and river banks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Southeastern Virginia to southeastern Missouri, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is distinctive for this
-oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_257">257</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p111.jpg" id="ncfig108" alt="CHERRYBARK OAK" width="471" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_258">258</div>
-<h3>PIN OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPalustris">Quercus palustris</b></i> Muench.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter
-usually less than 3 feet; crown narrowly rounded or oblong, but
-with the lower branches drooping; trunk straight, with pin-like
-stubs developing rather low on the trunk.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown or dark brown, scarcely furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to dark gray; pith star-shaped
-in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the
-tip, half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown or dark gray, smooth, up to &#8539; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the
-middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, dark green, shiny and more
-or less smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs
-along the veins on the lower surface, up to 7 inches long and 4
-inches broad; leafstalk up to 2 inches long, slender, usually
-smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in
-groups of 1-3.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns 1-4 together, with or without stalks, the nut hemispherical,
-up to &frac12; inch across, pale brown, frequently with darker
-lines, enclosed less than &frac14; by the cup, the cup thin, saucer-shaped,
-reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts, ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist soil; in floodplain woods; along streams; edges of
-swamps and ponds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to southeastern Iowa, south to northeastern
-Oklahoma, east to northern Virginia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Pin Oak is recognized by its drooping
-lower branches and its small acorns.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_259">259</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p112.jpg" id="ncfig109" alt="PIN OAK" width="472" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_260">260</div>
-<h3>WILLOW OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPhellos">Quercus phellos</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3
-feet; crown narrowly round-topped.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, smooth at first, becoming irregularly and
-shallowly furrowed with age.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section;
-leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of the twigs,
-half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, narrowly
-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the
-base, up to 5 inches long, up to 1 inch broad, light green and
-smooth on the upper surface, usually smooth and paler on the
-lower surface; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, smooth or slightly
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate
-few in a cluster.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk,
-the nut more or less spherical, pale yellow-brown, enclosed less
-than &frac14; its length by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, finely
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, rather soft, strong, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: General construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swampy woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to southern Illinois and eastern Oklahoma,
-south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This and the Shingle Oak are the only oaks
-in Illinois with unlobed, untoothed leaves. The leaves of the
-Willow Oak are usually much narrower than those of the Shingle
-Oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_261">261</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p113.jpg" id="ncfig110" alt="WILLOW OAK" width="482" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_262">262</div>
-<h3>ROCK CHESTNUT OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusPrinus">Quercus prinus</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Chestnut Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-2&frac12; feet; crown broad but irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, with conspicuous furrows between the rounded
-ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars
-alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, with
-several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, brown, somewhat hairy, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate to broadly lanceolate,
-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, thick and leathery,
-coarsely round-toothed along the edges, smooth, shiny, and
-yellow-green on the upper surface, finely hairy over all the lower
-surface, up to 9 inches long and up to 4 inches broad; leafstalk up
-to 1 inch long, smooth or slightly hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long,
-slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the
-nut ovoid to ellipsoid, chestnut-colored, up to 1&frac12; inches long,
-the cup covering about &frac12; the nut or less, the scales of the cup
-reddish-brown and warty.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky, wooded slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to southern Illinois, south to Mississippi and
-Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The acorns of the Rock Chestnut Oak are
-about twice the size as those of the Yellow Chestnut Oak. The
-teeth of the leaves of the Rock Chestnut Oak tend to be more
-rounded than the pointed teeth of the Yellow Chestnut Oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_263">263</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p114.jpg" id="ncfig111" alt="ROCK CHESTNUT OAK" width="465" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_264">264</div>
-<h3>NORTHERN RED OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusRubra">Quercus rubra</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to tall tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with large spreading branches;
-trunk straight, columnar, often buttressed at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, reddish-brown, blackish, or gray, with dark
-stripes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section;
-leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig,
-half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, shiny, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rather shallowly 7- to 11-lobed,
-the lobes bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or somewhat
-hairy on the upper surface, paler and smooth or often with hairs
-along the veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long, up to 6
-inches broad; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, stout, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate in
-groups of 1-3.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without stalks, the nut
-ovoid, up to 1&frac12; inches long, pale brown, covered less than &frac14; by
-the cup, the cup reddish-brown, with tight scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich, upland woods; along river banks; on well-drained
-slopes.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick, across southern Quebec and Ontario, to
-northcentral Minnesota, south to eastern Kansas, east across
-Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and in the mountains of eastern
-Tennessee and northeastern Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The acorn with its very shallow, saucer-shaped
-cap is the best identifying characteristic for the Red Oak.
-The leaves are generally more shallowly lobed than those of the
-Black Oak, Southern Red Oak, and Scarlet Oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_265">265</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p115.jpg" id="ncfig112" alt="NORTHERN RED OAK" width="485" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_266">266</div>
-<h3>SHUMARD&rsquo;S OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusShumardii">Quercus shumardii</b></i> Buckl.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Southern Red Oak; Schneck&rsquo;s Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Up to 120 feet tall; trunk up to 5 feet in diameter;
-crown broad and open, with wide-spreading branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Firmly ridged and dark brownish-black.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Generally stouter than those of the Red Oak, smooth; pith
-star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered
-near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with
-several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Smooth, red-brown, about one-third inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, straight across
-or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, with 2-4 pairs of lobes
-divided over &#8532;&rsquo;s the way to the mid-nerve, each lobe toothed and
-bristle-pointed at the tips, the sinuses broadly rounded, dark
-green and shiny above, with white tufts of hair in the vein axils
-beneath; leafstalks slender, smooth, up to 2&frac12; inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the
-leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin,
-the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on stalks less than &frac14;
-inch long, usually produced singly; acorns broadly egg-shaped,
-short-pointed at the base and flat at the top, up to 1&frac14; inches long
-and about &frac34; as broad, light brown; cup shallow, about &frac14;-&#8531;
-covering the acorn, with closely appressed, densely short-woolly
-scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light, strong, durable; not distinguished commercially from
-Red Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Interior finishing and furniture.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods and stream banks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Most abundant in the Mississippi basin, but known from
-Florida and Texas, north to Maryland, Pennsylvania, eastcentral
-Kentucky, Indiana, central Illinois, the eastern half of Iowa, and
-southeastern Kansas. The largest known Shumard&rsquo;s Oak in the
-country occurs at Beall Woods in Wabash County, Illinois.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Deeply lobed, shiny leaves with broadly
-rounded sinuses.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_267">267</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p116.jpg" id="ncfig113" alt="SHUMARD&rsquo;S OAK" width="467" height="796" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_268">268</div>
-<h3>POST OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusStellata">Quercus stellata</b></i> Wang.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 3 feet; crown rounded or obovoid, with rather
-stout branches; trunk gnarled or straight, usually not buttressed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or light brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish,
-plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, brownish, covered when young by a tawny-colored
-fuzziness; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate
-but densely clustered toward the tip, half-round, usually slightly
-elevated, with several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical but often short-pointed, reddish-brown, up to &#8539;
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thick, 5-lobed, the upper three
-lobes squarish, separated from the lowest pair of lobes by a deep
-sinus, up to 6 inches long, up to 4&frac12; inches wide, dark green and
-hairy on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface;
-leafstalks up to 1 inch long, stout, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the
-pistillate few in a cluster.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk,
-the nut oval to oblong, up to 1 inch long, pale brown, less than
-half enclosed by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry woods; dry bluffs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Massachusetts across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The 3 squarish lobes at the upper end of
-the thick leaves distinguish the Post Oak.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_269">269</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p117.jpg" id="ncfig114" alt="POST OAK" width="496" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_270">270</div>
-<h3>BLACK OAK
-<br /><i><b id="g_QuercusVelutina">Quercus velutina</b></i> Lam.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Yellow-bark Oak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3&frac12;
-feet; crown broadly rounded or oblong, with spreading branches;
-trunk straight, columnar, scarcely buttressed at the base.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Black, with a yellow or orange inner bark, deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender or rather stout, reddish-brown to dark brown; pith
-star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered
-near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Pointed, angular, gray or reddish-brown, hairy, up to &frac12; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades deeply to shallowly 7- to 9-lobed,
-the lobes bristle-tipped, dark green, shiny and usually smooth on
-the upper surface, smooth, finely hairy, or hairy only along the
-veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long and 8 inches
-wide; leaf stalk up to 5 inches long, stout, smooth or finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same
-tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without
-petals, the staminate in slender, drooping clusters, the pistillate
-in groups of 1-4.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk,
-the nut ovoid or ellipsoid, up to &frac34; inch long, reddish-brown, not
-more than &frac12; enclosed by the cup, the cup with scales not
-appressed at the tip, thus appearing ragged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Mostly upland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to south-central Minnesota, south to eastern
-Texas, east to northern Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Black Oak is easily distinguished by its
-large, angular, gray-hairy buds and its acorns with their ragged-edged
-cup.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_271">271</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p118.jpg" id="ncfig115" alt="BLACK OAK" width="454" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_272">272</div>
-<h3>CAROLINA BUCKTHORN
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhamnusCaroliniana">Rhamnus caroliniana</b></i> Walt.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-inches; crown spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, somewhat roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or pale brown, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf
-scars alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, up to &frac14; inch long, very hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic, short-pointed at the tip,
-tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long,
-up to 2 inches broad, finely toothed or toothless along the edges,
-dark green, smooth, and glossy on the upper surface, paler and
-smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks finely hairy,
-up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in umbrella-like clusters, inconspicuous, appearing
-when the leaves are nearly grown, each flower with 5 small
-petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Spherical berries, up to &#8531; inch in diameter, red and shiny,
-containing 2-4 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, light in weight, close-grained, light brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods and along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Carolina Buckthorn is distinguished
-by its shiny, elliptical leaves, its red berries, and its small stature.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_273">273</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p119.jpg" id="ncfig116" alt="CAROLINA BUCKTHORN" width="466" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_274">274</div>
-<h3>COMMON BUCKTHORN
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhamnusCathartica">Rhamnus cathartica</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall, often branching from near
-the base; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown spreading and
-irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray to brown, roughened when mature.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Gray to brown, usually smooth, some of them usually ending
-in a spine; leaf scars opposite to nearly so, narrow, with 3 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Lanceolate, brown, smooth, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Broadly elliptic to ovate to nearly orbicular, rounded to
-pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 2&frac12; inches
-long and up to 1&frac12; inches wide, finely toothed along the edges,
-smooth on both surfaces, the veins prominent; leafstalks slender,
-smooth, up to 1 inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Borne in clusters from the axils of the leaves, during May
-and June, some of them either only staminate or only pistillate,
-some of them with both stamens and pistils, each flower with 4
-small petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Nearly round, fleshy, black, up to &frac14; inch in diameter,
-bitter, containing 3 or 4 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, yellowish, fine-grained.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental hedge. The
-wood is used in making such things as tool handles. The fruits
-serve as a powerful purging agent.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Europe and Asia; naturalized throughout much of
-northeastern North America.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The spine-tipped twigs, nearly opposite
-leaves, and small black fruits readily distinguish this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_275">275</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p120.jpg" id="ncfig117" alt="COMMON BUCKTHORN" width="476" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_276">276</div>
-<h3>SHINING SUMAC
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhusCopallina">Rhus copallina</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Dwarf Sumac; Winged Sumac.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, roughened.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, gray-brown to reddish-brown, sometimes
-hairy, with conspicuous red lenticels; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-elevated with 6-9 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, rusty-hairy, about &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with as many as 21 leaflets;
-leaflets oblong to elliptic, up to 3 inches long and 1 inch broad,
-sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the sometimes
-asymmetrical base, smooth or with low teeth along the edges,
-dark green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface, paler and
-hairy on the lower surface, all leaflets attached to a winged stalk.
-The leaves turn a deep red or wine color in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate
-plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same
-flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late
-May to mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, finely hairy, up to
-&#8539; inch in diameter, containing a single orange seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry hills, fields.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south
-to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Shining Sumac is readily distinguished
-by the winged stalk to which the leaflets are attached.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_277">277</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p121.jpg" id="ncfig118" alt="SHINING SUMAC" width="436" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_278">278</div>
-<h3>SMOOTH SUMAC
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhusGlabra">Rhus glabra</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown widely spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light brown, smooth on young plants, becoming somewhat
-rough at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, reddish-brown or greenish-brown
-and covered by a whitish coat which can be wiped off, leaf scars
-alternate, nearly encircling the bud, elevated, with 6-9 bundle
-traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, about &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets;
-leaflets lance-shaped, up to 4 inches long, less than 2 inches
-broad, sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the often
-asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on
-the upper surface, nearly white and smooth on the lower surface.
-The leaves turn red in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate
-plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same
-flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late
-May to mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, smooth, up to &#8539;
-inch in diameter, containing a single brown seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, pale.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods, fields, disturbed areas.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to
-Texas, east to Florida; also in Mexico.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This species lacks the winged leaf stalks of
-the Shining Sumac and lacks the velvety twigs of the Staghorn
-Sumac.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_279">279</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p122.jpg" id="ncfig119" alt="SMOOTH SUMAC" width="438" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_280">280</div>
-<h3>STAGHORN SUMAC
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhusTyphina">Rhus typhina</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded or sometimes
-flat.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, smooth at first, becoming scaly in age.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Stout, dark brown, covered by velvety hairs; leaf scars nearly
-encircling the twigs, with 6-9 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: More or less rounded, hairy, about &#8539; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets;
-leaflets lance-shaped, up to 5 inches long, less than 2 inches
-broad, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the usually
-asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, dark green and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth except for the
-hairy veins on the lower surface. The leaves turn purple to red to
-orange in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate
-plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same
-flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from
-June to August, each flower greenish, greenish-yellow, or reddish.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Dense cluster of red berries, each berry round, conspicuously
-hairy, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, containing a single brown
-seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woods and thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Iowa and Kentucky,
-east to North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The densely velvety twigs are distinctive
-for this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_281">281</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p123.jpg" id="ncfig120" alt="STAGHORN SUMAC" width="450" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_282">282</div>
-<h3>POISON SUMAC
-<br /><i><b id="g_RhusVernix">Rhus vernix</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree or shrub to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 5 inches; crown narrowly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, smooth, orange-brown to gray; leaf scars
-alternate, rounded except for where the bud is, with several
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rounded or somewhat pointed, about &frac14; inch in diameter,
-except for the larger, terminal one, hairy, often purplish.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-13 leaflets; leaflets
-elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the
-base, up to 4 inches long, up to half as wide, dark green and
-smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually smooth on the
-lower surface, the edges without teeth. The leaves turn a brilliant
-scarlet in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate
-plants, sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same
-flower, numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from
-May to July, each flower greenish-yellow, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cluster of white or creamy berries, each berry round,
-smooth, shiny, up to &frac12; inch in diameter, containing a single
-yellow seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, yellow-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Little used because of the extremely poisonous nature of most
-parts of the plant to the touch.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bogs and swampy woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This species differs from other sumacs
-with numerous leaflets by the absence of teeth along the edges of
-the leaves and by the absence of a winged stalk between the
-leaflets.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_283">283</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p124.jpg" id="ncfig121" alt="POISON SUMAC" width="390" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_284">284</div>
-<h3>BLACK LOCUST
-<br /><i><b id="g_RobiniaPseudoacacia">Robinia pseudoacacia</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 2&frac12; feet; crown narrowly oblong, with irregularly ascending or
-spreading branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or black, deeply furrowed, with numerous, elevated,
-scaly ridges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender but strong, angular, often zigzag, reddish-brown,
-with a pair of short, sharp thorns where each leaf is attached; leaf
-scars alternate, three-lobed, with 3 bundle traces per lobe.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Sunken in the twigs, dark brown, without bud scales, up to
-one-eighth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-21 leaflets; leaflets
-oval, rounded at both ends but usually with a short point at the
-tip, without teeth, blue-green and smooth on the upper surface,
-paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the veins, up to
-two inches long and nearly half as wide. The leaflets turn yellow
-in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In long, drooping clusters, white with a yellow spot, very
-fragrant, up to 1 inch long, appearing in May and June.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about &frac12; inch wide, flat,
-smooth, reddish-brown, with 4-8 seeds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts, tool handles; often planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Woodlands, thickets, roadsides.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Pennsylvania across to Oklahoma, east to Georgia; often
-planted in other regions of the eastern United States.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to
-21 oval, smooth-edged leaflets, together with the pairs of spines,
-serve to distinguish this species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_285">285</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p125.jpg" id="ncfig122" alt="BLACK LOCUST" width="490" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_286">286</div>
-<h3>PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW
-<br /><i id="g_SalixSpp"><b id="g_SalixAmygdaloides">Salix amygdaloides</b></i> Anders.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 1&frac12; feet; crown narrowly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, shallowly furrowed, becoming somewhat
-scaly.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale brown to grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, brown, up to one-sixth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed
-at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches
-long, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and shiny on the
-upper surface, pale on the lower surface; leaf stalks up to &frac12; inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves
-begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Several rather broad, flask-shaped, brown capsules up to
-one-sixth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along streams, around lakes and ponds.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Vermont across southern Ontario to British Columbia, south
-to New Mexico, east across southern Illinois to central New York.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: This willow has broader leaves than almost
-any other willow in Illinois. The pale lower surface of the leaves
-also distinguishes it from the Black Willow.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_287">287</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p126.jpg" id="ncfig123" alt="PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW" width="446" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_288">288</div>
-<h3>CAROLINA WILLOW
-<br /><i><b id="g_SalixCaroliniana">Salix caroliniana</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Ward&rsquo;s Willow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1
-foot; crown widely spreading, often irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown to gray to black, scaly and ridged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, usually finely hairy; leaf scars alternate,
-U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, smooth, up to one-eighth inch
-long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate, long-pointed at the
-tip, tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and up to 1 inch
-broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the
-upper surface, whitish and smooth on the lower surface; stipules
-conspicuous; leafstalks up to &frac12; inch long, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, crowded in elongated,
-yellowish, hairy catkins.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, brownish capsules up to &frac14;
-inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Moist woods, along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maryland across southern Illinois to Kansas, south to Texas
-and Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Carolina Willow are
-shaped similarly to those of the Black Willow, but differ by being
-whitened on the lower surface.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_289">289</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p127.jpg" id="ncfig124" alt="CAROLINA WILLOW" width="442" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_290">290</div>
-<h3>SANDBAR WILLOW
-<br /><i><b id="g_SalixInterior">Salix interior</b></i> Rowlee</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter less than 1
-foot; crown irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray, furrowed, broken into rough scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, pale brown, up to one-sixth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades very narrow, pointed at the tip,
-tapering to the base, to 4 inches long, less than one-half inch
-broad, with widely spaced teeth along the edges, green and
-usually smooth on both surfaces when mature; leafstalks nearly
-absent.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing when the
-leaves are partly grown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Several flask-shaped, brownish, smooth or silky capsules up
-to one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, weak.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along streams, often forming thickets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Alaska, south to Oklahoma and Arkansas,
-east to Maryland.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The best characteristics to identify this
-small tree are the narrow leaves with the teeth relatively far
-apart.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_291">291</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p128.jpg" id="ncfig125" alt="SANDBAR WILLOW" width="437" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_292">292</div>
-<h3>BLACK WILLOW
-<br /><i><b id="g_SalixNigra">Salix nigra</b></i> Marsh.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to three feet; crown usually round-topped, but
-sometimes irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Rough, furrowed, forming elongated, vertical, rather tight
-scales.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, olive-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, up to one-eighth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly lance-shaped, usually
-curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the base,
-up to 6 inches long, finely toothed along the edges, green and
-shiny on the upper surface, smooth or hairy on the veins of the
-lower surface; leafstalks short, often surrounded at the base by a
-pair of green leaf-like stipules.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees,
-minute, crowded in elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves
-begin to unfold.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, reddish-brown capsules up to
-one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring, boxes, crates, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wet ground, frequently along rivers and streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to
-Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The narrow lance-shaped leaves which are
-green on the lower surface and which have many fine teeth along
-the edges distinguish this willow from other willows in Illinois.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_293">293</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p129.jpg" id="ncfig126" alt="BLACK WILLOW" width="460" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_294">294</div>
-<h3>SASSAFRAS
-<br /><i><b id="g_SassafrasAlbidum">Sassafras albidum</b></i> (Nutt.) Nees</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: White Sassafras; Red Sassafras.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Usually small to moderate tree up to 40 feet tall, but
-rarely as much as 80 feet tall; trunk diameter usually up to 2 feet,
-rarely as much as six feet; crown flat-topped, irregular, oblong.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Greenish-gray when young, becoming deeply furrowed and
-dark reddish-brown when older.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, green, smooth, aromatic; leaf scars alternate, small,
-half-round, usually with three bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, scarcely pointed at the tip, greenish, up to one-fourth
-inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades of three different shapes, some
-3-lobed, some 2-lobed, some unlobed, tapering to the base, up to
-6 inches long, without teeth along the edges, green and smooth
-on the upper surface, paler and either smooth or hairy on the
-lower surface. The leaves turn brilliant shades of orange, red, and
-yellow in the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in
-few-flowered clusters as the leaves begin to unfold, each flower
-about &#8531; inch long, greenish-yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Dark blue berries about one-third inch long in deep red cups
-and on stalks up to 2 inches long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, brittle, orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Fence posts; the roots are strongly aromatic and are dug,
-dried, and used in the making of sassafras tea.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Roadsides, old fields, woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Maine across to Michigan and (formerly) Wisconsin, south to
-Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sassafras is distinguished by its distinctively
-shaped, aromatic leaves and its green twigs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_295">295</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p130.jpg" id="ncfig127" alt="SASSAFRAS" width="461" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_296">296</div>
-<h3>BALD CYPRESS
-<br /><i><b id="g_TaxodiumDistichum">Taxodium distichum</b></i> (L.) Rich.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree to over 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-8 feet; crown open and spreading to pyramidal; base of trunk
-often swollen; &ldquo;knees&rdquo; usually produced if tree is growing in
-water.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Pale reddish-brown, broken into numerous thin scales, becoming
-fibrous.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; leaf scars absent.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Needles borne singly, pointed at the tip, up to &frac34; inch long,
-yellow-green, falling away during the autumn.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Staminate borne in branched clusters up to 5 inches long,
-purplish; pistillate few to several near the ends of the twigs,
-spherical.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Cones nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, green to
-brown, wrinkled in appearance.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Soft, durable, light in weight, brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, barrels, bridges; often planted as an
-ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Swamps and low, wet woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Jersey across to southern Illinois and southern Missouri
-to eastern Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Bald Cypress is distinguished by the
-feathery appearance of its leaves and by its spherical, wrinkled
-cones.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_297">297</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p131.jpg" id="ncfig128" alt="BALD CYPRESS" width="466" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_298">298</div>
-<h3>BASSWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_TiliaAmericana">Tilia americana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Linden.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium or large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2 feet; crown broadly rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical,
-with 3 to several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, red, smooth, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped
-at the very asymmetrical base, up to 8 inches long, up to
-&#8532; as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth
-on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with tufts of hair on the
-lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Few in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped
-structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, with 5 petals,
-appearing in June and July.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Hard, spherical but often with a short point at the tip, up to
-&#8531; inch in diameter, light brown, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Coarse construction, furniture, paper pulp, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rich woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New Brunswick across to Manitoba, south to Texas, east to
-North Carolina.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The large, heart-shaped leaves sometimes
-resemble the leaves of the Red Mulberry, but the leafstalks of the
-Basswood do not have milky sap in them. The Basswood differs
-from the White Basswood by the virtual absence of hairs on the
-lower surface of the leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_299">299</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p132.jpg" id="ncfig129" alt="BASSWOOD" width="445" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_300">300</div>
-<h3>WHITE BASSWOOD
-<br /><i><b id="g_TiliaHeterophylla">Tilia heterophylla</b></i> Vent.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk
-diameter up to 2 feet; crown broadly spreading.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, pale red-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical,
-with 3 to several bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Ovoid, red, usually smooth, up to &frac14; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, heart-shaped
-at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, about half
-as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and more or less
-smooth on the upper surface, densely covered with white hairs on
-the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, more or less
-smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Several in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped
-structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, hairy,
-with 5 petals, appearing in June and July.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Hard, more or less spherical, somewhat pointed at the tip,
-up to &#8531; inch in diameter, reddish-brown, finely hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Paper pulp, fuel.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Low, moist woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: New York across to Missouri, south to Mississippi and
-Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The dense coat of white hairs on the lower
-surface of the leaves distinguishes the White Basswood from the
-Basswood.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_301">301</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p133.jpg" id="ncfig130" alt="WHITE BASSWOOD" width="491" height="801" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_302">302</div>
-<h3>WINGED ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusAlata">Ulmus alata</b></i> Michx.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Wahoo Elm.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small or moderate tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter
-up to 2 feet, but usually much smaller; crown oblong and
-relatively narrow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark gray, with shallow furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, more or less zigzag, smooth, often
-with corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3
-bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Narrow, pointed, brown, smooth or slightly hairy, up to
-one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
-pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up
-to three inches long, doubly toothed along the edges, green and
-smooth or slightly roughened on the upper surface, paler and
-hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks short, stout, hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-7, appearing before the leaves
-unfold, greenish, hairy, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oblong, winged, up to one-third inch long, hairy along the
-edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single
-central seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, hard, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry cliffs, wooded slopes, rarely low woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The corky wings identify the Winged Elm
-from all other Illinois elms except the Rock Elm. It differs from
-the Rock Elm by its shorter, hairy leaf stalks and its usually
-smaller leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_303">303</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p134.jpg" id="ncfig131" alt="WINGED ELM" width="457" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_304">304</div>
-<h3>AMERICAN ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusAmericana">Ulmus americana</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: White Elm.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4
-feet; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat-topped, usually
-with drooping branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Light or dark gray, furrowed, at maturity breaking into thin
-plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Brown, slender, smooth or sparsely hairy, often zigzag; leaf
-scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, smooth or sparsely hairy, up
-to one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 6 inches long and about
-half as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper
-surface dark green and smooth, the lower surface pale and either
-softly hairy or smooth; leafstalks very short, usually yellow.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 3-4, appearing before the leaves
-unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy along the
-edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single
-central seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Flooring, farm implements, shipbuilding; frequently planted
-as an ornamental and as a shade tree, but greatly diminished in
-number by the Dutch Elm disease and phloem necrosis.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Nova Scotia across to southern Manitoba, south to central
-Texas, east to south-central Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: American Elm may be distinguished from
-the Winged Elm and the Rock Elm by its lack of corky wings on
-the branchlets. It differs from the Slippery Elm by its relatively
-smooth leaves and the lack of rusty-colored hairs on its buds. The
-Siberian Elm, which is also similar, does not have distinctly
-asymmetrical leaves. Hackberry leaves, which are also somewhat
-similar in appearance, have three main veins originating at the
-base of each leaf blade.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_305">305</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p135.jpg" id="ncfig132" alt="AMERICAN ELM" width="443" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_306">306</div>
-<h3>SIBERIAN ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusPumila">Ulmus pumila</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot;
-crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Gray or brown, shallowly furrowed at maturity.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate,
-half-round, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to &#8539; inch in diameter, somewhat
-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades short-pointed at the tip, tapering
-or rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 7 cm long, up to half
-as broad, mostly singly toothed along the edges, smooth on both
-surfaces; leafstalks very short, usually smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-5, appearing before the leaves
-begin to unfold, greenish, small, without petals.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Nearly round, winged fruits, up to &frac12; inch in diameter, not
-notched, smooth, 1-seeded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Grown chiefly as an ornamental and frequently reproducing
-around old buildings.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Along roads, around buildings.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Native of Asia; widely planted in the United States and
-naturalized from Minnesota to Kansas and eastward.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Siberian Elm is distinguished by its
-small, smooth, singly-toothed leaves.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_307">307</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p136.jpg" id="ncfig133" alt="SIBERIAN ELM" width="442" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_308">308</div>
-<h3>SLIPPERY ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusRubra">Ulmus rubra</b></i> Muhl.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Red Elm.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up
-to 4 feet; crown broadly rounded or occasionally flat-topped.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown to gray, with shallow furrows; the inner bark
-becomes slippery when chewed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, with short, gray hairs; leaf
-scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Nearly round, up to one-fourth inch in diameter, with
-rusty-colored hairs.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip,
-strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 7 inches long, about half
-as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper
-surface green and very rough to the touch, the lower surface
-smooth or hairy; leafstalks stout, hairy, up to one-half inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters, appearing before the leaves unfold,
-greenish, hairy, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Circular, winged fruits up to three-fourths inch in diameter,
-not hairy except over the seed, each wing surrounding a single
-seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Heavy, strong, dark brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Shipbuilding, farm implements, fence posts.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Bottomland woods; along streams; rocky, upland woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across Ontario to North Dakota, south to Texas, east
-to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The rough, sandpapery texture of the
-asymmetrical leaves distinguishes this elm from all others in the
-state.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_309">309</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p137.jpg" id="ncfig134" alt="SLIPPERY ELM" width="437" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_310">310</div>
-<h3>ROCK ELM
-<br /><i><b id="g_UlmusThomasii">Ulmus thomasii</b></i> Sarg.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Cork Elm.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to
-three feet; crown narrow, oblong, with drooping branches.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Grayish-brown, with shallow furrows.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or finely hairy, usually with corky
-wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, brown, more or less hairy, up to
-one-fourth inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to oblong, pointed at the tip,
-rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to 4 inches long,
-doubly toothed, green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface,
-paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to one-half inch
-long, smooth.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-4, appearing before the leaves
-begin to unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy, each
-wing with a shallow notch at the top and surrounding a single
-seed.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, pale brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Uses: Railroad ties, farm implements, hockey sticks.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Wooded slopes, rock ledges.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, southwestward to
-Kansas, east to Tennessee.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Rock Elm differs from other elms in
-Illinois by its corky-winged twigs and its smooth leafstalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_311">311</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p138.jpg" id="ncfig135" alt="ROCK ELM" width="436" height="799" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_312">312</div>
-<h3>SWEET VIBURNUM
-<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumLentago">Viburnum lentago</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Names: Nannyberry; Wild Raisin; Sheepberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5
-inches; crown rounded.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf
-scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Red, nearly smooth, long-pointed, up to &frac34; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering
-or rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide,
-sharply and finely toothed along the edges, green and slightly
-hairy on the upper surface, yellow-green and minutely black-dotted
-on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1&frac12; inches long,
-sometimes rusty-hairy, winged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, slightly fragrant,
-appearing during April and May, each flower small and creamy-white.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to &frac12; inch long,
-sweet, containing a single stone.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods; woods along streams.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to Colorado, east across
-northern Illinois to Georgia.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The Sweet Viburnum, like other viburnums,
-has opposite, simple leaves which are finely and sharply
-toothed. It differs from other viburnums in Illinois by its long-pointed
-leaves and its winged leaf stalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_313">313</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p139.jpg" id="ncfig136" alt="SWEET VIBURNUM" width="447" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_314">314</div>
-<h3>BLACK HAW
-<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumPrunifolium">Viburnum prunifolium</b></i> L.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Nannyberry.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6
-inches; crown irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf
-scars opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Brown, nearly smooth, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades oval to ovate, short-pointed at the
-tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long and 2
-inches broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, dark
-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the
-lower surface; leafstalks up to &#8532; inch long, smooth, scarcely or
-not at all winged.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during
-April and May, each flower small and white.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to &#8532; inch long,
-sweet, containing a single stone.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, coarse-grained, reddish-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Rocky woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Connecticut across to Michigan, southwest to Kansas, south
-to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: Black Haw differs from the Sweet Viburnum
-by the absence of wings along the leafstalks. It differs from
-the Rusty Nannyberry by the absence of rusty hairs on the buds
-and leafstalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_315">315</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p140.jpg" id="ncfig137" alt="BLACK HAW" width="474" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_316">316</div>
-<h3>RUSTY NANNYBERRY
-<br /><i><b id="g_ViburnumRufidulum">Viburnum rufidulum</b></i> Raf.</h3>
-<p class="revint">Other Name: Southern Black Haw.</p>
-<p class="revint">Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8
-inches; crown irregular.</p>
-<p class="revint">Bark: Dark brown, broken into square plates.</p>
-<p class="revint">Twigs: Slender, somewhat rusty-hairy; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped,
-with 3 bundle traces.</p>
-<p class="revint">Buds: Rusty-hairy, up to &frac12; inch long.</p>
-<p class="revint">Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to obovate, short-pointed
-or rounded at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3
-inches long, about half as wide, sharply and finely toothed along
-the edges, dark green and usually smooth on the upper surface,
-paler and with some rusty hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up
-to &frac34; inch long, rusty-hairy.</p>
-<p class="revint">Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during
-April and May, each flower small and creamy-white.</p>
-<p class="revint">Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, to obovoid, blue-black, up to &#8532; inch long.
-sweet, containing a single stone.</p>
-<p class="revint">Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, close-grained, dark orange-brown.</p>
-<p class="revint">Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental.</p>
-<p class="revint">Habitat: Dry, rocky woods.</p>
-<p class="revint">Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida.</p>
-<p class="revint">Distinguishing Features: The most distinguishing characteristics of
-the Rusty Nannyberry are the rusty-hairy buds and leaf stalks.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_317">317</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p141.jpg" id="ncfig138" alt="RUSTY NANNYBERRY" width="505" height="800" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_318">318</div>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="small">Special Places to Study Trees</span></h2>
-<p>A number of places in the state of Illinois provide opportunities to
-study and to observe woody plants. Some of the major ones are
-briefly described below.</p>
-<h3>The Morton Arboretum</h3>
-<p>A good place to learn the trees of Illinois firsthand is the Morton
-Arboretum at Lisle, some twenty-five miles west of Chicago. This
-privately endowed educational and scientific institution is devoted
-to growing all kinds of woody plants that will survive in northern
-Illinois. On the Arboretum&rsquo;s 1500 acres one can find large collections
-of oaks, maples, elms, ashes, lindens, junipers, pines, firs,
-spruces, and numerous other groupings of woody plants from places
-throughout the temperate world.</p>
-<p>Certain collections in the Arboretum are along designated trails
-and are especially useful in learning to identify trees. Perhaps the
-most popular is the Illinois Trees Trail, where native trees are
-identified by plaques that show common and scientific names and
-give other interesting information about the trees. Another is the
-Evergreen Trail, which features conifers.</p>
-<p>Some trails emphasize ecology or other aspects of biology but also
-feature trees. One of these is the Thornhill Trail, a general nature
-trail on which trees are prominent. Another trail links nearby nature
-study areas, including a mini-prairie, a wild flower garden, a
-northern coniferous forest, and a pond-marsh. A short garden trail,
-the Viburnum Walk, is unusual in that it utilizes a grouping of
-Viburnums and their relatives to illustrate some of the principles of
-plant classification.</p>
-<p>Landscape plantings are another important feature in the Arboretum,
-and the extensive forested areas provide a dramatic
-backdrop for cultivated plantings that have been blended skillfully
-into the natural landscape. These are especially spectacular in
-spring when flowering trees are in bloom and in fall when the
-foliage is in color.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_319">319</div>
-<p>At the Morton Arboretum there is a continuous effort to learn
-more about the adaptability of trees and shrubs to the special
-growing conditions of northern Illinois, especially the soils and
-climate. The natural forests are being used as an outdoor laboratory
-for ecological studies, and certain cultivated collections are experimental.
-The Street Tree Collection, for example, is a large experimental
-assemblage of various trees thought to be suitable for street
-and shade purposes. The Heath (Ericaceous) Collection is valuable
-in determining the cultural requirements for growing certain azaleas
-and rhododendrons in northern Illinois.</p>
-<p>The Morton Arboretum has been designed for learning through
-outdoor experiences. The grounds are open every day of the year,
-and visitors are always welcome. A modest admission fee is charged
-for each car entering. In the Visitor Center, an overall orientation is
-offered through exhibits and audio-visual presentations explaining
-the purposes and functions of the Arboretum. Groups planning to
-visit should request advance information about seasonal features,
-current hours, special programs, and eating facilities. The varied
-opportunities and abundant facilities at the Morton Arboretum
-make visits both pleasant and memorable.</p>
-<h3>Illinois Natural History Survey</h3>
-<p>The Illinois Natural History Survey is a research organization
-devoted to the scientific study of the living natural resources of
-Illinois. It is one of the Divisions of the Department of Registration
-and Education and is administered by a Board of Natural Resources
-and Conservation, consisting of the Director of the Department,
-the President of the University of Illinois, or his representative, the
-President of Southern Illinois University, or his representative,
-members and experts in the fields of geology, biology, chemistry,
-forestry, and engineering.</p>
-<p>The Survey is organized into sections, five of which are engaged
-in scientific pursuits. These are aquatic biology, botany and plant
-pathology, economic entomology, faunistic survey, and wildlife.
-These sections pursue basic and scientific research in systematics,
-ecology, environmental quality, and control of plant diseases and
-insect pests. The zoological collections of the Survey, numbering
-about 8,800,000 specimens, rank among the largest and most valuable
-<span class="pb" id="Page_320">320</span>
-in the world. The botanical collections are smaller in size. The
-vascular plant collections number over 145,000 specimens that are
-most representative for studies of distribution in Illinois. The
-mycological collections, with more than 35,000 specimens, include
-numerous types that are basic to scientific research.</p>
-<p>The Survey is housed in the Natural Resources Building and the
-Natural Resources Studies Annex on the campus of the University
-of Illinois, Urbana. In addition, the Survey maintains special research
-facilities at Fox Ridge State Park, Stephen A. Forbes State
-Park, Havana, Sullivan, and elsewhere for studies of pond management,
-prairie chickens, pheasants, waterfowl, fish, and wildlife.</p>
-<h3>Southern Illinois University, Carbondale</h3>
-<p>Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, has both a Department
-of Botany and a Department of Forestry where students may select
-courses from a broad curriculum to study various aspects of plant
-life. Many forest-oriented courses are available, and most of them
-include actual work in the field. The University has an arboretum on
-campus where ornamental species are emphasized. Guided tours of
-these arboreta, as well as of the display greenhouse, can be arranged
-by contacting the Chairman of the Department of Botany,
-Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901.</p>
-<h3>DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY
-<br />University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign</h3>
-<p>The department has programs in instruction, research and public
-service. The instructional program offers professional undergraduate
-training in forest science and wood science and these are
-accredited by the Society of American Foresters. Graduate training
-is provided only at the Master&rsquo;s level within the department.
-Doctoral work can be pursued through interdisciplinary programs
-in genetics, ecology, and plant physiology under the general direction
-of forestry staff who are members of these respective faculties.</p>
-<p>Research is conducted at the main campus, the Dixon Springs
-Agricultural Center in southern Illinois (Pope County), Sinnissippi
-Forest in northern Illinois (Ogle County), and at other smaller
-outlying areas. Support is provided by the Agricultural Experiment
-Station and grants from industry and governmental agencies. Projects
-<span class="pb" id="Page_321">321</span>
-cover a wide range of subjects related to the production and
-utilization of wood as well as the use of forests for non-timber
-values. The latter includes recreation and watershed management,
-with special emphasis on the role of forests and forestry in water
-quality.</p>
-<p>At Dixon Springs the emphasis has been on the ecology and
-management of pine plantations. These plantings represent plant
-communities that have been interjected by man into the natural
-succession of abandoned agricultural land to forest. Factors affecting
-the growth of pine, and the effects of pine on soil conditions,
-stand composition, and the regeneration of native hardwood species
-are being investigated. Watershed management studies are also
-concentrated at Dixon Springs.</p>
-<p>The 2,500-acre Sinnissippi Forest, a private estate provides the
-department with research opportunities. A nature tail is maintained
-as an outdoor laboratory that is widely used by both adult and youth
-groups. Sinnissippi Forest emphasizes the fact that a managed
-forest can be aesthetically pleasing.</p>
-<p>Public service activities are carried on through the Cooperative
-Extension Service and provide advice and information to landowners,
-youth groups, and other citizens of the State. This is accomplished
-largely through group meetings and demonstrations and
-direct replies to individual requests for information. Major emphasis
-has been on establishment of windbreaks on farms in the prairie
-region; promotion of sound management practices for farm woodlands;
-and the care of trees in plantations and on farmsteads.
-Extension education emphasizes the development of an appreciation
-by Illinois youth for conservation of the forest resource; the
-promotion among adults of sound management of rural and urban
-woodlands; and program for primary and secondary industries that
-concerns the conversion of wood into useful products.</p>
-<h3>Shawnee National Forest</h3>
-<p>Much of the forested land in the southern tip of Illinois is in the
-Shawnee National Forest. The 257,000 acres of rolling topography
-in the forest contain 208 different kinds of native, woody plants.
-Some of the areas which have a high concentration of unusual plant
-life have been designated Botanical Areas by the United States
-Forest Service. At these areas, such as Little Grand Canyon,
-Jackson Hollow, Stone Face, and six others, plant life is protected.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_322">322</span>
-These are excellent places to observe many of the woody plants of
-the State.</p>
-<p>At other areas in the Shawnee National Forest, various forest
-management practices, such as selective timber-cutting, erosion
-control, and watershed protection, can be observed.</p>
-<p>Numerous recreation facilities are dotted throughout the Shawnee.
-At many of these, nature trails have been developed which
-bring the hiker closer to nature. Descriptive brochures are available
-for most of the recreation areas. They may be obtained by visiting
-the district ranger offices at Vienna, Elizabethtown, Jonesboro, or
-Murphysboro, or by writing to the Forest Supervisor, Shawnee
-National Forest, Harrisburg, Illinois.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c8">White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois</h3>
-<p>In 1972, the school children of Illinois selected the white oak,
-(<i><a class="gloss" href="#g_QuercusAlba">Quercus alba</a></i> L.), as the state tree. It is truly representative for it
-can be found throughout the state on a variety of sites. It grows to
-its largest size on upland, cool, well-drained coves, slopes, and
-terraces where it often reaches 100 feet of height and 3 feet of
-diameter.</p>
-<p>White oak is one of Illinois&rsquo; most valuable trees. It makes an
-excellent shade tree of majestic beauty with a broad round head and
-wide spreading branches. Commercially it is an extremely valuable
-species used for lumber, veneer, barrels, furniture, flooring, and
-construction.</p>
-<p>This species is also a part of our national heritage. In the war of
-1812, sailors reported that during battle, cannon balls bounced off
-the hull of the U.S.S. Constitution. White oak helped make her
-&ldquo;Old Ironsides&rdquo; and a part of our history.</p>
-<h3 class="inline">DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
-<br />DIVISION OF FORESTRY</h3>
-<p>The Legislature has given this Division the responsibility for all
-activities concerning the forest and tree resource of Illinois. The
-Division strives to fulfill its responsibilities by:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_323">323</div>
-<p class="revint">&mdash;protecting the resource against all detrimental factors such as
-fire, insects and diseases, improper harvesting, etc.</p>
-<p class="revint">&mdash;making the public aware of the importance of this resource
-to the state&rsquo;s health and economy.</p>
-<p class="revint">&mdash;motivating and providing technical guidance to forest and
-tree owners for proper management.</p>
-<p class="revint">&mdash;practicing and demonstrating proper forest management
-principles on Department lands.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>The main objectives of this Division are to promote and achieve
-on suitable public and private lands the establishment, protection,
-management, use, and perpetuation of our tree resource for all of
-the benefits which may be derived from them.</p>
-<p>The Division cooperates with and makes full use of federal, state,
-and private agency programs, efforts and monies to achieve Division
-objectives and benefit forestry in Illinois. Formal cooperative
-agreements exist with the United States Forest Service, U.S.D.A.
-Soil Conservation Service, Extension Service and other groups,
-associations and clubs active in forestry and its related fields.</p>
-<p>The efforts of the Division are channeled through five disciplines:
-fire control, forest management, reforestation, marketing and utilization,
-and urban and community forestry. Each of these sections
-has technical leadership at state level plus resource specialists for
-field accomplishments. These five efforts intertwine very strongly at
-field level where all personnel carry out certain parts of these
-programs in designated geographic areas.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c9">ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS</h3>
-<p>The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the American Forestry
-Association in an attempt to find the biggest trees of each kind
-in the United States and/or in Illinois. If you know of a tree that you
-think might qualify, send the following information to the State
-Forester&rsquo;s office in Springfield: species, trunk circumference in
-inches (measured 4&frac12; feet above the ground); total tree height in
-feet; and, average width of crown in feet. If your candidate appears
-to be a winner, a state forester will be sent to determine the exact
-measurements. If it is a winner your name, the kind of tree and its
-dimension will be placed on our list. You will receive a certificate
-stating that you have found a &ldquo;Big Tree Champion.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_324">324</div>
-<h2 id="c10"><span class="small">Index to Common and Scientific Names</span></h2>
-<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_K">K</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <span class="ab">X</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <span class="ab">Z</span></p>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt>
-<dt>Acer</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">barbatum</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">negundo</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">nigrum</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rubrum</span> <a href="#Page_44">44-46</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">saccharinum</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">saccharum</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd>
-<dt>Aesculus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">discolor</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd>
-<dt>Ailanthus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">altissima</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd>
-<dt>Alder</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd>
-<dt>Alnus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">glutinosa</span> <a href="#Page_58">58</a></dd>
-<dt>Amelanchier</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">arborea</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">laevis</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd>
-<dt>Apple</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Iowa Crab</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved Crab</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Prairie Crab</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dt>Aralia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">spinosa</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd>
-<dt>Ash</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Blue</span> <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Green</span> <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Pumpkin</span> <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Wafer</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dd>
-<dt>Asimina</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">triloba</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd>
-<dt>Aspen</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Large-toothed</span> <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Quaking</span> <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Basswood</span> <a href="#Page_298">298</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a></dd>
-<dt>Beech</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Blue</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd>
-<dt>Betula</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">lutea</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">papyrifera</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd>
-<dt>Birch</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Paper</span> <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">River</span> <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Yellow</span> <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Box Elder</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Broussonetia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">papyrifera</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd>
-<dt>Buckeye</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Ohio</span> <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_52">52</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Buckthorn</span> <a href="#Page_274">274</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_272">272</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Butternut</span> <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_325">325</div>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt>
-<dt>Carpinus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd>
-<dt>Carya</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">cordiformis</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">illinoensis</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">laciniosa</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">ovalis</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">ovata</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">texana</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd>
-<dt>Castanea</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">dentata</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Catalpa</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">bignonioides</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Common</span> <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">speciosa</span> <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dd>
-<dt>Cedar</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd>
-<dt>Celtis</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">laevigata</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">tenuifolia</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dt>Cercis</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">canadensis</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dt>Cherry</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Wild Black</span> <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Choke</span> <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dt>
-<dt>Cladrastis</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">lutea</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Cock-spur Thorn</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dt>
-<dt>Coffee Tree</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Kentucky</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dd>
-<dt>Cornus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">amomum</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">alternifolia</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">drummondii</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">florida</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">foemina</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">obliqua</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">racemosa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rugosa</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">stolonifera</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Cottonwood</span> <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dd>
-<dt>Crab Apple</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Iowa</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Prairie</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dt>Crataegus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">calpodendron</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">coccinioides</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">crus-galli</span> <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">mollis</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">pruinosa</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">puntata</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">viridis</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd>
-<dt>Cypress</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Bald</span> <a href="#Page_296">296</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_D">D</dt>
-<dt>Diospyros</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dd>
-<dt>Dogwood</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Alternate-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Flowering</span> <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Gray</span> <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Rough-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt>
-<dt>Elder</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Box</span> <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dt>Elm</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_304">304</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Rock</span> <a href="#Page_310">310</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Siberian</span> <a href="#Page_306">306</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Slippery</span> <a href="#Page_308">308</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Winged</span> <a href="#Page_302">302</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt>
-<dt>Fagus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">grandifolia</span> <a href="#Page_132">132</a></dd>
-<dt>Forestiera</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">acuminata</span> <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dt>Fraxinus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">pennsylvanica</span> <a href="#Page_140">140-142</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">quadrangulata</span> <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt>
-<dt>Gleditsia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">triacanthos</span> <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd>
-<dt>Gum</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Sour</span> <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Sweet</span> <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Tupelo</span> <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dd>
-<dt>Gymnocladus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">dioicus</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_326">326</div>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Hackberry</span> <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Dwarf</span> <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dt>Halesia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">carolina</span> <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd>
-<dt>Hamamelis</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dd>
-<dt>Haw</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_314">314</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Dotted</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Green</span> <a href="#Page_128">128</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Pruinose</span> <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Scarlet</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Urn-shaped</span> <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Hawthorn</span> <a href="#Page_120">120-128</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Hercules&rsquo; Club</span> <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dt>
-<dt>Hickory</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Bitternut</span> <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">False Shagbark</span> <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Kingnut</span> <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Mockernut</span> <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Pignut</span> <a href="#Page_82">82</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Shagbark</span> <a href="#Page_90">90</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Sweet Pignut</span> <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd>
-<dt>Holly</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Hop-tree</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dt>
-<dt>Hornbeam</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Hop</span> <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_I">I</dt>
-<dt>Ilex</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">decidua</span> <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_J">J</dt>
-<dt>Juglans</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">cinerea</span> <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd>
-<dt>Juniperus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_K">K</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Kentucky Coffee Tree</span> <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt>
-<dt>Larch</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">European</span> <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dd>
-<dt>Larix</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">decidua</span> <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">laricina</span> <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd>
-<dt>Liquidambar</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">styraciflua</span> <a href="#Page_170">170</a></dd>
-<dt>Liriodendron</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">tulipifera</span> <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dd>
-<dt>Locust</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_284">284</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Honey</span> <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Water</span> <a href="#Page_148">148</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt>
-<dt>Maclura</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">pomifera</span> <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dt>Magnolia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">acuminata</span> <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Cucumber</span> <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dt>Malus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">angustifolia</span> <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">coronaria</span> <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">ioensis</span> <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dd>
-<dt>Maple</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Silver</span> <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Southern Sugar</span> <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Sugar</span> <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Swamp Red</span> <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dd>
-<dt>Morus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dd>
-<dt>Mulberry</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Paper</span> <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_186">186</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Nannyberry</span> <a href="#Page_312">312</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Rusty</span> <a href="#Page_316">316</a></dd>
-<dt>Nyssa</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_188">188</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">sylvatica</span> <a href="#Page_190">190</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt>
-<dt>Oak</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Basket</span> <a href="#Page_252">252</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_270">270</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Blackjack</span> <a href="#Page_250">250</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Bur</span> <a href="#Page_248">248</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Cherrybark</span> <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Hill&rsquo;s</span> <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Overcup</span> <a href="#Page_246">246</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Pin</span> <a href="#Page_258">258</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Post</span> <a href="#Page_268">268</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_264">264</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Rock Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_262">262</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Scarlet</span> <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Shingle</span> <a href="#Page_244">244</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Shumard</span> <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Spanish</span> <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Swamp White</span> <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Willow</span> <a href="#Page_260">260</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Yellow Chestnut</span> <a href="#Page_254">254</a></dd>
-<dt>Orange</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Osage</span> <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dt>Ostrya</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_192">192</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_327">327</div>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt>
-<dt>Paulownia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">tomentosa</span> <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Pawpaw</span> <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Pecan</span> <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Persimmon</span> <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
-<dt>Pine</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Jack</span> <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Loblolly</span> <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Red</span> <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Scotch</span> <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Shortleaf</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Yellow</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd>
-<dt>Pinus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">banksiana</span> <a href="#Page_196">196</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">echinata</span> <a href="#Page_198">198</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">resinosa</span> <a href="#Page_200">200</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">strobus</span> <a href="#Page_202">202</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">sylvestris</span> <a href="#Page_204">204</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">taeda</span> <a href="#Page_206">206</a></dd>
-<dt>Planera</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">aquatica</span> <a href="#Page_208">208</a></dd>
-<dt>Platanus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">occidentalis</span> <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dd>
-<dt>Plum</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">American</span> <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Munson&rsquo;s</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Narrow-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Wild Goose</span> <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dd>
-<dt>Poplar</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">White</span> <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dd>
-<dt>Populus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_212">212</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">deltoides</span> <a href="#Page_214">214</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">grandidentata</span> <a href="#Page_216">216</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">heterophylla</span> <a href="#Page_218">218</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">tremuloides</span> <a href="#Page_220">220</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Princess Tree</span> <a href="#Page_194">194</a></dt>
-<dt>Privet</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Swamp</span> <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dt>Prunus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_222">222</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">angustifolia</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">hortulana</span> <a href="#Page_224">224</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">munsoniana</span> <a href="#Page_226">226</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">serotina</span> <a href="#Page_228">228</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">virginiana</span> <a href="#Page_230">230</a></dd>
-<dt>Ptelea</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">trifoliata</span> <a href="#Page_232">232</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt>
-<dt>Quercus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">alba</span> <a href="#Page_234">234</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">bicolor</span> <a href="#Page_236">236</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">coccinea</span> <a href="#Page_238">238</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">ellipsoidalis</span> <a href="#Page_240">240</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">falcata</span> <a href="#Page_242">242</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">imbricaria</span> <a href="#Page_244">244</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">lyrata</span> <a href="#Page_246">246</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">macrocarpa</span> <a href="#Page_248">248</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">marilandica</span> <a href="#Page_250">250</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">michauxii</span> <a href="#Page_252">252</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">muhlenbergii</span> <a href="#Page_254">254</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">pagodaefolia</span> <a href="#Page_256">256</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">palustris</span> <a href="#Page_258">258</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">phellos</span> <a href="#Page_260">260</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">prinus</span> <a href="#Page_262">262</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_264">264</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">shumardii</span> <a href="#Page_266">266</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">stellata</span> <a href="#Page_268">268</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">velutina</span> <a href="#Page_270">270</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Red Bud</span> <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt>Rhamnus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_272">272</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">cathartica</span> <a href="#Page_274">274</a></dd>
-<dt>Rhus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">copallina</span> <a href="#Page_276">276</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">glabra</span> <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">typhina</span> <a href="#Page_280">280</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">vernix</span> <a href="#Page_282">282</a></dd>
-<dt>Robinia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">pseudoacacia</span> <a href="#Page_284">284</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt>
-<dt>Salix</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">amygdaloides</span> <a href="#Page_286">286</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">caroliniana</span> <a href="#Page_288">288</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">interior</span> <a href="#Page_290">290</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">nigra</span> <a href="#Page_292">292</a></dd>
-<dt>Sassafras</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">albidum</span> <a href="#Page_294">294</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Shadbush</span> <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Smooth</span> <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Silver Bell</span> <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Sugarberry</span> <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt>Sumac</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Poison</span> <a href="#Page_282">282</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Shinning</span> <a href="#Page_276">276</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Smooth</span> <a href="#Page_278">278</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Staghorn</span> <a href="#Page_280">280</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Sycamore</span> <a href="#Page_210">210</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_328">328</div>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt>
-<dt>Taxodium</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">distichum</span> <a href="#Page_296">296</a></dd>
-<dt>Tilia</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_298">298</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">heterophylla</span> <a href="#Page_300">300</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Tree-of-Heaven</span> <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Tulip Tree</span> <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_U">U</dt>
-<dt>Ulmus</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">alata</span> <a href="#Page_302">302</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">americana</span> <a href="#Page_304">304</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">pumila</span> <a href="#Page_306">306</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rubra</span> <a href="#Page_308">308</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">thomasii</span> <a href="#Page_310">310</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_V">V</dt>
-<dt>Viburnum</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">lentago</span> <a href="#Page_312">312</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">prunifolium</span> <a href="#Page_314">314</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">rufidulum</span> <a href="#Page_316">316</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Walnut, Black</span> <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dt>
-<dt>Willow</dt>
-<dd><span class="jl">Black</span> <a href="#Page_292">292</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Carolina</span> <a href="#Page_288">288</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Peach-leaved</span> <a href="#Page_286">286</a></dd>
-<dd><span class="jl">Sand-bar</span> <a href="#Page_290">290</a></dd>
-<dt><span class="jl">Witch Hazel</span> <a href="#Page_156">156</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="indexlr">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt>
-<dt><span class="jl">Yellowwood</span> <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_329">329</div>
-<h2><span class="small">NOTES</span></h2>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_330">330</div>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="small">DISTRICT FORESTERS</span></h2>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">1. MT. CARROLL (815-244-3655)</p>
-<p class="t2">Junction Rts. 78 &amp; 88</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 105 61053</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">2. OREGON (815-732-6184)</p>
-<p class="t2">Ogle County Farm Bureau</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 223 61061</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">3. LISLE (312-964-8081)</p>
-<p class="t2">Morton Arboretum</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O Box 472 60532</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">4. CAMBRIDGE (309-937-2122)</p>
-<p class="t2">301 East North Street</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 126 61238</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">5. PRINCETON (815-875-3125)</p>
-<p class="t2">222 South Main</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 236 61356</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">6. MACOMB (309-837-1124)</p>
-<p class="t2">W. Jackson Rd. (Hwy. #136)</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 335 61455</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">7. PEKIN (309-347-5119)</p>
-<p class="t2">133 Parkway Dr.</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 795 61554</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">8. HAVANA (309-543-3401)</p>
-<p class="t2">720 S. 10th Street</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 401 62644</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">9. SHELBYVILLE (217-644-2411)</p>
-<p class="t2">Hidden Springs State Forest</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 148 62565</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">10. CHARLESTON (217-345-2420)</p>
-<p class="t2">Rt. 16 &amp; Harrison St. Rd.</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 129 61920</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">11. HILLSBORO (217-532-3562)</p>
-<p class="t2">925 S. Main Street</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 603 62049</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">12. CARROLLTON (217-942-3816)</p>
-<p class="t2">202 N. 5th Street</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 170 62016</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">13. PITTSFIELD (217-285-2221)</p>
-<p class="t2">211 South Madison</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 244 62363</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">14. SPARTA (618-443-2925)</p>
-<p class="t2">1 Mile E. on Rt. 154</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 21 62286</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">15. CARLYLE (618-594-4475)</p>
-<p class="t2">Eldon Hazlet State Park</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 149 62231</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">16. KINMUNDY (618-547-3477)</p>
-<p class="t2">Stephen A. Forbes State Park</p>
-<p class="t2">Rural Route 1 62854</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">17. OLNEY (618-393-6732)</p>
-<p class="t2">200&frac12; North Walnut</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 313 62450</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">18. FAIRFIELD (618-847-3781)</p>
-<p class="t2">1404 West Main</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 206 62837</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">19. MURPHYSBORO (618-687-2622)</p>
-<p class="t2">1010 N. 14th Avenue</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 188 62966</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">20. HARRISBURG (618-253-7966)</p>
-<p class="t2">200 S. Granger St.</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box F 62946</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">21. GOREVILLE (618-995-2568)</p>
-<p class="t2">Ferne Clyffe State Park</p>
-<p class="t2">P.O. Box 67 62939</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">&#9650; MASON NURSERY</p>
-<p class="t2">R.R. 1, Box 71</p>
-<p class="t2">Topeka, 61867</p>
-<p class="t2">(309-535-2185)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">&#9055; UNION NURSERY</p>
-<p class="t2">R.R. 1, Box 182</p>
-<p class="t2">Jonesboro 62952</p>
-<p class="t2">(618-833-6125)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">&#9679; MAIN OFFICE</p>
-<p class="t2">DIVISION OF FORESTRY</p>
-<p class="t2">North West Plaza</p>
-<p class="t2">600 N. Grand West</p>
-<p class="t2">Springfield, IL 62706</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_331">331</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p142.jpg" id="ncfig139" alt="Illinois Map" width="452" height="800" />
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>DISTRICT 1</dt>
-<dd>JO DAVIESS</dd>
-<dd>STEPHENSON</dd>
-<dd>CARROLL</dd>
-<dd>WHITESIDE</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 2</dt>
-<dd>WINNEBAGO</dd>
-<dd>BOONE</dd>
-<dd>OGLE</dd>
-<dd>DE KALB</dd>
-<dd>LEE</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 3</dt>
-<dd>McHENRY</dd>
-<dd>LAKE</dd>
-<dd>KANE</dd>
-<dd>COOK</dd>
-<dd>DU PAGE</dd>
-<dd>KENDALL</dd>
-<dd>WILL</dd>
-<dd>GRUNDY</dd>
-<dd>KANKAKEE</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 4</dt>
-<dd>ROCK ISLAND</dd>
-<dd>HENRY</dd>
-<dd>MERCER</dd>
-<dd>KNOX</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 5</dt>
-<dd>BUREAU</dd>
-<dd>LA SALLE</dd>
-<dd>STARK</dd>
-<dd>PUTNAM</dd>
-<dd>MARSHALL</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 6</dt>
-<dd>HENDERSON</dd>
-<dd>WARREN</dd>
-<dd>McDONOUGH</dd>
-<dd>FULTON</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 7</dt>
-<dd>PEORIA</dd>
-<dd>WOODFORD</dd>
-<dd>TAZEWELL</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 8</dt>
-<dd>SCHUYLER</dd>
-<dd>CASS</dd>
-<dd>MASON &#9650;</dd>
-<dd>MENARD</dd>
-<dd>LOGAN</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 9</dt>
-<dd>LIVINGSTON</dd>
-<dd>McLEAN</dd>
-<dd>FORD</dd>
-<dd>DE WITT</dd>
-<dd>MACON</dd>
-<dd>PIATT</dd>
-<dd>MOULTRIE</dd>
-<dd>SHELBY</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 10</dt>
-<dd>IROQUOIS</dd>
-<dd>CHAMPAIGN</dd>
-<dd>VERMILION</dd>
-<dd>DOUGLAS</dd>
-<dd>EDGAR</dd>
-<dd>COLES</dd>
-<dd>CUMBERLAND</dd>
-<dd>CLARK</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 11</dt>
-<dd>SANGAMON &#9679;</dd>
-<dd>MACOUPIN</dd>
-<dd>MONTGOMERY</dd>
-<dd>CHRISTIAN</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 12</dt>
-<dd>MORGAN</dd>
-<dd>SCOTT</dd>
-<dd>CALHOUN</dd>
-<dd>GREENE</dd>
-<dd>JERSEY</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 13</dt>
-<dd>HANCOCK</dd>
-<dd>ADAMS</dd>
-<dd>BROWN</dd>
-<dd>PIKE</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 14</dt>
-<dd>ST CLAIR</dd>
-<dd>MONROE</dd>
-<dd>RANDOLPH</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 15</dt>
-<dd>MADISON</dd>
-<dd>BOND</dd>
-<dd>CLINTON</dd>
-<dd>WASHINGTON</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 16</dt>
-<dd>FAYETTE</dd>
-<dd>EFFINGHAM</dd>
-<dd>MARION</dd>
-<dd>CLAY</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 17</dt>
-<dd>JASPER</dd>
-<dd>CRAWFORD</dd>
-<dd>RICHLAND</dd>
-<dd>LAWRENCE</dd>
-<dd>EDWARDS</dd>
-<dd>WABASH</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 18</dt>
-<dd>JEFFERSON</dd>
-<dd>WAYNE</dd>
-<dd>HAMILTON</dd>
-<dd>WHITE</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 19</dt>
-<dd>PERRY</dd>
-<dd>JACKSON</dd>
-<dd>FRANKLIN</dd>
-<dd>WILLIAMSON</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 20</dt>
-<dd>SALINE</dd>
-<dd>GALLATIN</dd>
-<dd>POPE</dd>
-<dd>HARDIN</dd>
-<dd>MASSAC</dd>
-<dt>DISTRICT 21</dt>
-<dd>UNION &#9055;</dd>
-<dd>JOHNSON</dd>
-<dd>ALEXANDER</dd>
-<dd>PULASKI</dd></dl>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
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