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diff --git a/old/65705-0.txt b/old/65705-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 69fa5cd..0000000 --- a/old/65705-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,8900 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition), by -Robert H. Mohlenbrock - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Forest Trees of Illinois (Third Edition) - -Author: Robert H. Mohlenbrock - -Release Date: June 26, 2021 [eBook #65705] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD -EDITION) *** - - - - - Forest Trees - of Illinois - - - THIRD EDITION - - - By Robert H. Mohlenbrock - Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University - - Photography by John A. Richardson and Robert H. Mohlenbrock - Illustrations by Miriam Wysong Meyer and Fredda J. Burton - Southern Illinois University - - Printed by authority of the State of Illinois - Issued by - DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION - Division of Forestry - - 14 - (17943—10M—4-80) - - - - - TABLE OF CONTENTS - - - Acknowledgments 4 - Introduction 5 - Illustrated Glossary 6 - Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall 9 - Key to the Trees of Illinois in Winter 27 - Trees of Illinois 38 - Special Places to Study Trees 318 - White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois 322 - Illinois Big Tree Champions 323 - Index to Common and Scientific Names 324 - District Foresters 330 - - - - - Acknowledgments - - -I am grateful to the late Mr. Fred Siemert, State Forester of the -Illinois Division of Forestry, for suggesting the need for a new “Forest -Trees of Illinois.” The first and second editions of this work have been -immensely popular, and the need for a third edition is gratifying. - -This third edition is only slightly modified from the second. A few -illustrations and bark photographs have been substituted, and the key -has been improved in places. New material has been added to the -description of the water hickory. - -I wish to give thanks to Mr. Al Mickelson of the Illinois Division of -Forestry for encouraging this third edition, and to his assistants, Mr. -John Sester and Mr. Ernest Kunze, for editing it for publication. Mark -Mohlenbrock has redrawn the leaves and fruit illustrated on pages 101 -and 169. - - - - - Introduction - - -The initial edition of Forest Trees of Illinois was written in 1927 by -W. R. Mattoon and R. B. Miller, two prominent foresters in the state at -that time. This was revised in 1955 by Dr. George Damon Fuller, then of -the Illinois State Museum, and E. E. Nuuttila, State Forester of -Illinois. - -In 1973, I prepared the first edition of the new Forest Trees of -Illinois with new text, keys, photographs, and illustrations. An updated -second edition was published in 1978. Because of the heavy demand for -this work, this third edition has been prepared. - -Woody plants are usually divided into trees and shrubs, but the -difference between these growth forms is not always distinct. In this -work, we consider a plant to be of tree stature if it has a single erect -trunk which branches above the ground to form a crown. It must have a -diameter of at least 3 inches 4½ feet above the ground and an overall -height of 12 feet. Some of the plants included in this work are -borderline between trees and shrubs. The height of a plant may be -influenced by its geography. Thus, the Gray Dogwood (_Cornus racemosa_) -in extreme southern Illinois may reach the dimensions of a small tree, -but this same species in northern Illinois is also of a shrubby stature. - -Almost every kind of plant in the world is known by a Common Name and a -Latin Name. The Common Name is the one used locally by residents of the -area. It is of limited value because people in different areas sometimes -have different names for the same plant. For example, one of the trees -in Illinois is known by some as the Ironwood, by others as the Blue -Beech, by others as the American Hornbeam, and by still others as the -Musclewood Tree. Then again, the name Ironwood applies to at least two -different kinds of trees in Illinois. The Latin Name for each kind of -tree is known the World over by the same name. Actually, the Latin Name -is composed of two words, the genus name, which is always capitalized, -and the specific epithet, which is not capitalized. - -Of all the kinds of plants in the World, none is so well-loved, so -stately and majestic, as a forest tree. More and more people each year -are vacationing and seeking outdoor recreation. Many of them “take to -the woods” for their leisure, because the forests of our state hold an -unending fascination to many who enter them. - -Moreover, trees provide us with building material for our homes, shade -for our lawns and parks, and hundreds of other products used in our -everyday living. - -To know the trees we encounter is to enhance our appreciation for them. -The purpose of FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS is to bring to Illinoisans a -means of identifying the trees that grow in this state. - - - - - Illustrated Glossary - - -In order to distinguish one kind of tree from another, it is necessary -to learn the major characteristics which the forest trees of Illinois -may possess. Illustrated below are several of the most commonly -encountered characteristics of leaves and twigs. A thorough -understanding of these structures will insure a quicker and more -accurate identification. - -On the pages following the illustrated glossary are keys to the trees of -Illinois. A key is a botanical device which enables the user, through -proper selection of a series of choices, to identify a specimen at hand. -Separate keys are provided for trees during the spring, summer, and -autumn seasons and during the winter season. Begin at the first pair of -number 1’s, choose the statement that best fits the unknown specimen, -and then go to the next pair of statements beneath. Continue this same -procedure until the name of the plant is reached. - - [Illustration: LEAF FORMS, ARRANGEMENT, SHAPES] - - LEAF FORMS AND ARRANGEMENT - SIMPLE - PINNATELY COMPOUND - PALMATELY COMPOUND - DOUBLY PINNATELY COMPOUND - OPPOSITE - ALTERNATE - WHORLED - LEAF SHAPES - LANCEOLATE - OBLANCEOLATE - OBLONG - ELLIPTICAL - OVATE - OBOVATE - - [Illustration: WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS] - - WINTER TWIG CHARACTERS - BUD SCALE - TERMINAL BUD - LATERAL BUD - LEAF SCAR - LENTICELS - BUNDLE TRACES - {LEAF LAYERS} - UPPER EPIDERMIS - PALISADE LAYER - RIBS AND VEINS - SPONGY LAYER - STOMA - LOWER EPIDERMIS - LEAF TIPS - ACUTE - OBTUSE - LONG-TAPERING - LEAF EDGES - PINNATELY LOBED - WAVY - TOOTHED - DOUBLY TOOTHED - SMOOTH - LEAF BASES - HEART-SHAPED - TRUNCATE - ASYMMETRICAL - ROUNDED - TAPERING - - - - - Key to the Trees of Illinois in Spring, Summer, and Fall - - - 1. Leaves needle-like or scale-like Group A - 1. Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like. - 2. Leaves compound (divided into 3 or more leaflets) Group B - 2. Leaves simple. - 3. Leaves opposite or whorled Group C - 3. Leaves alternate. - 4. Leaves neither toothed nor lobed Group D - 4. Leaves toothed or lobed or both. - 5. Leaves toothed but not lobed Group E - 5. Leaves lobed Group F - - - GROUP A - -Leaves needle-like or scale-like, often evergreen. - - 1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more. - 2. Leaves in clusters of 10 or more, falling off during autumn. - 3. Leaves blue-green; cone-scales smooth _Larix laricina_ - 3. Leaves bright green; cone-scales hairy _Larix decidua_ - 2. Leaves in clusters of 2-5, evergreen. - 4. Leaves in clusters of 5 _Pinus strobus_ - 4. Leaves in clusters of 2-3. - 5. Leaves in clusters of 2. - 6. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually - twisted. - 7. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not - longer than ⅛ inch _Pinus banksiana_ - 7. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least - ⅓ inch long _Pinus sylvestris_ - 6. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely - twisted. - 8. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a - small spine _Pinus echinata_ - 8. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without - a spine _Pinus resinosa_ - 5. Leaves in clusters of 3. - 9. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at - base of leaves about ¼ inch long _Pinus echinata_ - 9. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at - base of leaves about 1 inch long _Pinus taeda_ - 1. Leaves solitary. - 10. Leaves evergreen, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about - ⅛ inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long - _Juniperus virginiana_ - 10. Leaves falling off in autumn, all needle-like, usually at least - ½ inch long. - 11. Leaves 3-angled. - 12. Leaves blue-green _Larix laricina_ - 12. Leaves bright green _Larix decidua_ - 11. Leaves flat _Taxodium distichum_ - - - GROUP B - -Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, compound. - - 1. Leaves alternate. - 2. Leaflets 3 _Ptelea trifoliata_ - 2. Leaflets 5 or more. - 3. Main stalk between leaflets winged on either side - _Rhus copallina_ - 3. Main stalk between leaflets not winged. - 4. Leaves with an even number of leaflets, often doubly - compound. - 5. Leaflets not more than ½ inch wide. - 6. Pods usually 12 inches long or longer, with 6 or more - seeds _Gleditsia triacanthos_ - 6. Pods 1-2 inches long, with 1-3 seeds _Gleditsia aquatica_ - 5. Some or all the leaflets at least one inch broad. - 7. Leaves doubly compound; leaflets smooth along the edges; - leaves without a foul odor when crushed - _Gymnocladus dioicus_ - 7. Leaves once compound; leaflets usually with a few coarse - teeth along the edges; leaves with a foul odor when - crushed _Ailanthus altissima_ - 4. Leaves with an odd number of leaflets, once compound (twice - compound in _Aralia spinosa_, which has prickly leafstalks). - 8. Leaflets without teeth along the edges. - 9. Leaflets less than 1 inch broad and 2 inches long; twigs - with short spines at base of leaf stalks - _Robinia pseudoacacia_ - 9. Leaflets up to 4 inches long and up to 2 inches broad; - twigs without spines. - 10. Some or all the leaflets alternate; base of leafstalk - conspicuously swollen _Cladrastis lutea_ - 10. All the leaflets opposite; base of leafstalk not - swollen _Rhus vernix_ - 8. Leaflets toothed along the edges. - 11. Leaves doubly compound, often with small prickles on the - leafstalks and on some of the veins _Aralia spinosa_ - 11. Leaves once compound, without prickles. - 12. All leaves with 11 or more leaflets. - 13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves completely - smooth _Rhus glabra_ - 13. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaves (at least on - the veins) hairy. - 14. Pith of twigs chambered when cut lengthwise. - 15. Pith pale brown; bark dark brown, with roughened - ridges _Juglans nigra_ - 15. Pith dark brown; bark gray, with smooth ridges - _Juglans cinerea_ - 14. Pith of twigs solid. - 16. Leaves strongly aromatic when crushed; twigs not - covered with velvety hairs. - 17. Bud scales with yellow hairs; nut 1½ to 2 - times longer than broad _Carya illinoensis_ - 17. Bud scales without yellow hairs; nut about as - broad as long _Carya aquatica_ - 16. Leaves not aromatic when crushed; twigs covered - with velvety hairs _Rhus typhina_ - 12. Some or all leaves with less than 11 leaflets. - 18. Buds with 4-6 scales arranged in pairs; most of the - leaves with at least 9 leaflets. - 19. Terminal leaflet without a stalk or with a very - short stalk; buds mustard-yellow - _Carya cordiformis_ - 19. Terminal leaflet with a well-developed stalk; bud - reddish-brown _Carya aquatica_ - 18. Buds with 6 or more overlapping scales; most of the - leaves with fewer than 9 leaflets (except sometimes - in _Carya tomentosa_ and _Carya laciniosa_), never - with 11 leaflets. - 20. Teeth along the leaf margin with small tufts of - hairs _Carya ovata_ - 20. Teeth along the leaf margin without small tufts of - hairs. - 21. Lower surface of leaflets densely and uniformly - hairy. - 22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached densely - hairy; bark tight, not shaggy - _Carya tomentosa_ - 22. Stalk to which leaflets are attached smooth or - sparsely hairy; bark shaggy at maturity - _Carya laciniosa_ - 21. Lower leaf surface smooth, or with tufts of - hairs in the vein axils, or sometimes sparsely - hairy along the veins. - 23. Scales of buds, stalk of leaves, and young - twigs rusty-hairy or -scaly _Carya texana_ - 23. Rusty hairs and scales not present. - 24. Leaflets mostly 5; bud scales without hairs - at the tip; bark tight, not peeling - _Carya glabra_ - 24. Leaflets mostly 7; bud scales with hairs at - the tip; bark peeling at maturity - _Carya ovalis_ - 1. Leaves opposite. - 25. Leaves palmately compound. - 26. Leaflets mostly 7; buds very sticky _Aesculus hippocastanum_ - 26. Leaflets mostly 5; buds not sticky. - 27. Fruit prickly; flowers yellow _Aesculus glabra_ - 27. Fruit smooth; flowers red _Aesculus discolor_ - 25. Leaves pinnately compound, or sometimes with only 3 leaflets. - 28. Leaflets usually 3, or sometimes 5; twigs green or glaucous - _Acer negundo_ - 28. Leaflets usually 7 or more, sometimes 5; twigs not green. - 29. Some or all of the twigs square _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ - 29. Stems not square. - 30. Leaflets without stalks _Fraxinus nigra_ - 30. Leaflets stalked. - 31. Stalks of the leaflets winged. - _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ var. _subintegerrima_ - 31. Twigs and leafstalks smooth - 32. Leaflets whitened on the lower surface - _Fraxinus americana_ - 32. Leaflets green or yellow-brown on the lower surface - _Fraxinus tomentosa_ - - - GROUP C - -Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, opposite -or whorled. - - 1. Leaves (or some of them) in whorls of 3. - 2. Leaves with a bad odor when crushed; flowers with conspicuous - purple spots _Catalpa bignonioides_ - 2. Leaves without a bad odor when crushed; flowers merely lined with - purple _Catalpa speciosa_ - 1. Leaves opposite. - 3. Leaves at least 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, heart-shaped at - the base, never palmately lobed _Paulownia tomentosa_ - 3. Leaves usually less than 6 inches long and 6 inches broad, not - heart-shaped at the base or, if slightly heart-shaped, then also - palmately lobed. - 4. Leaves palmately lobed. - 5. Leafstalk with milky sap when broken _Acer platanoides_ - 5. Leafstalk without milky sap. - 6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly V-shaped; leaves usually - silvery or white on the lower surface. - 7. Leaves deeply divided, the areas between the lobes - extending more than half-way to the midvein - _Acer saccharinum_ - 7. Leaves shallowly divided, the areas between the lobes - extending less than half-way to the midvein. - 8. Leaves completely covered with a white felt on the - lower surface _Acer rubrum var. drummondii_ - 8. Leaves smooth or sparsely hairy on the lower leaf - surface _Acer rubrum_ - 6. Areas between leaf lobes mostly U-shaped; leaves green or - paler on the lower surface, not white or silvery. - 9. Leaves with the edges drooping. - 10. Leaves green on the lower surface; small leafy - outgrowths sometimes present at the base of the - leafstalk _Acer nigrum_ - 10. Leaves grayish on the lower surface; small leafy - outgrowths at the base of the leafstalk absent - _Acer barbatum_ - 9. Leaves flat, the edges not drooping _Acer saccharum_ - - 4. Leaves not lobed. - 11. Leaves toothed along the edges. - 12. Edges of leaves regularly toothed from tip of leaf to - base; leaves usually short-pointed or rounded at the tip. - 13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the - leaf covered with rusty hairs _Viburnum rufidulum_ - 13. Buds, leafstalks, and veins on the lower surface of the - leaf without rusty hairs. - 14. Leaf stalks wavy along the edges _Viburnum lentago_ - 14. Leaf stalks not wavy along the edges. - 15. Branches spine-tipped _Rhamnus cathartica_ - 15. Branches not spine-tipped _Viburnum prunifolium_ - 12. Edges of leaves toothed only above the middle of the leaf; - leaves tapering to a long point _Forestiera acuminata_ - 11. Leaves not toothed along the edges. - 16. Upper surface of leaves rough to the touch - _Cornus drummondii_ - 16. Upper surface of leaves smooth. - 17. Leaves with deeply impressed veins on the upper surface; - lower surface of leaves gray or whitish. - 18. Leaves often nearly as broad as long; flowers - surrounded by 4 large, white bracts; berries red; - twigs green _Cornus florida_ - 18. Leaves longer than broad; flowers not surrounded by 4 - large, white bracts; berries white; twigs gray - _Cornus racemosa_ - 17. Leaves without deeply impressed veins; leaves often - paler on the lower surface, but not gray or whitish - _Forestiera acuminata_ - - - GROUP D - -Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like, simple, -alternate, neither toothed nor lobed. - - 1. Most or all of the leaves more than six inches long. - 2. Leaves long-tapering to the base; winter buds elongated, about ⅛ - inch long, covered with reddish-brown hairs _Asimina triloba_ - 2. Leaves rounded or only short-tapering to the base; winter buds - either ½ inch long and white-hairy, or rounded and yellow. - 3. Leafstalks usually more than 1½ inches long, hairy; buds nearly - round, yellow _Nyssa aquatica_ - 3. Leafstalks usually less than 1½ inches long, smooth; buds - elongated, white-hairy _Magnolia acuminata_ - 1. Most or all of the leaves less than six inches long. - 4. Leafstalks with milky sap; twigs usually bearing small spines - near the point of the leaf attachment _Maclura pomifera_ - 4. Leafstalks without milky sap; twigs not spiny. - 5. Leaves spicy-aromatic when crushed, twigs green - _Sassafras albidum_ - 5. Leaves not spicy-aromatic when crushed; twigs usually not - green. - 6. Leaves distinctly asymmetrical at base, usually obviously - 3-nerved from the base. - 7. Leaves usually at least twice longer than broad, rounded at - the base _Celtis laevigata_ - 7. Leaves usually less than twice longer than broad, more or - less heart-shaped at the base _Celtis tenuifolia_ - 6. Leaves symmetrical at the base, with a single main vein. - 8. Leaves heart-shaped at the base, about as broad as long - _Cercis canadensis_ - 8. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, longer than broad. - 9. Many of the leaves clustered near the tips of the twigs. - 10. Leaves abruptly short-pointed at the tip - _Nyssa sylvatica_ - 10. Leaves tapering to the tip. - 11. Veins of leaf deeply impressed, strongly arching - toward the tip of the leaf; fruit a berry - _Cornus alternifolia_ - 11. Veins of leaf not deeply impressed nor strongly - arching toward the tip of the leaf; fruit an acorn. - 12. Lower surface of leaves hairy; leafstalk usually - hairy; leaves usually one inch wide or wider - _Quercus imbricaria_ - 12. Lower surface of leaves smooth except for the - veins; leafstalk usually smooth; leaves usually - less than one inch wide _Quercus phellos_ - 9. Leaves not clustered near the tips of the twigs. - 13. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; - leafstalks often 1½ inches long or longer - _Nyssa aquatica_ - 13. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leafstalks - rarely as long as 1½ inches. - 14. Leaves abruptly contracted to a short point at the - tip. - 15. Leaves usually about twice as long as broad; fruit - an orange berry about 1 inch in diameter - _Diospyros virginiana_ - 15. Leaves usually less than twice as long as broad; - fruit a blue berry up to ½ inch in diameter - _Nyssa sylvatica_ - 14. Leaves gradually tapering to the tip - _Rhamnus caroliniana_ - - - GROUP E - -Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, -alternate, toothed but not lobed. - - 1. Leaves asymmetrical at the base. - 2. Leaves with 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade. - 3. Edge of leaf with low, rounded teeth or merely wavy - _Hamamelis virginiana_ - 3. Edge of leaf sharply or finely toothed. - 4. Most of all the leafstalks less than one inch long; trunk - usually warty. - 5. Upper surface of leaf very rough to the touch; leaves thick - and leathery. - 6. Leaves tapering to a long point at the tip; most or all - of the blades 3 inches long or longer - _Celtis occidentalis_ - 6. Leaves tapering to a short point at the tip; most or all - of the blades less than 3 inches long - _Celtis tenuifolia_ - 5. Upper surface of leaf smooth or only slightly rough to the - touch; leaves thin and membranaceous. - 7. Leaves at least three times longer than broad - _Celtis laevigata_ - 7. Leaves less than three times longer than broad. - 8. Some or all the leaves 3 inches long or longer - _Celtis occidentalis_ - 8. Leaves less than 3 inches long _Celtis tenuifolia_ - 4. Leafstalks more than 1 inch long. - 9. Leaves smooth on the lower surface except for small tufts - of hairs where the veins meet _Tilia americana_ - 9. Leaves hairy on the lower surface. - 10. Lower surface of leaves white _Tilia heterophylla_ - 10. Lower surface of leaves green _Tilia americana_ - - 2. Leaves with one main vein arising from the base of the blade. - 11. Some of the twigs with corky wings. - 12. Some or all the leaves four inches long or longer; - leaf-stalks more than ⅛ inch long _Ulmus thomasii_ - 12. None of the leaves four inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ inch - long _Ulmus alata_ - 11. Twigs without corky wings. - 13. Leaves very rough-hairy to the touch _Ulmus rubra_ - 13. Leaves smooth or soft to the touch. - 14. Edge of leaf doubly toothed (each tooth divided into a - second small tooth). - 15. Leaves distinctly one-sided at the base; leafstalks - often smooth _Ulmus americana_ - 15. Leaves only slightly one-sided at the base; leafstalks - hairy. - 16. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit enclosed in - flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf - unbranched _Carpinus caroliniana_ - 16. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit surrounded by - inflated, bladdery bracts; lower lateral veins of leaf - branched _Ostrya virginiana_ - 14. Edge of leaf singly toothed. - 17. Leaves smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks smooth - _Ulmus pumila_ - 17. Leaves hairy on the lower surface, at least where the - veins meet; leafstalks usually hairy _Planera aquatica_ - 1. Leaves symmetrical at the base. - 18. Leaves with 2-4 irregular teeth along the edges. - 19. Leaves usually with 10 or more pairs of veins; leaf stalks - often 1½ inches long or longer _Nyssa aquatica_ - 19. Leaves usually with 6-8 pairs of veins; leaf stalks rarely as - long as 1½ inches _Nyssa sylvatica_ - 18. Leaves more regularly toothed with more than 4 teeth along the - edges. - 20. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken. - 21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs - _Broussonetia papyrifera_ - 21. Leaf stalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short - hairs. - 22. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins _Morus rubra_ - 22. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins - _Morus alba_ - 20. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken. - 23. Leaves at least 4 times as long as broad. - 24. Leafstalks less than ⅛ inch long; leaves irregularly - toothed along the edges _Salix interior_ - 24. Leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long; leaves regularly toothed - along the edges. - 25. Leaves green on the lower surface _Salix nigra_ - 25. Leaves whitish on the lower surface. - 26. Each leaf with a pair of leaf-like stipules at the - base of the leafstalk _Salix caroliniana_ - 26. Each leaf without a pair of leaf-like stipules - _Salix amygdaloides_ - 23. Leaves less than 4 times as long as broad. - 27. Leaves as broad as long or broader. - 28. Leaf stalks not flattened. - 29. Leaves strongly whitened on the lower surface, not - heart-shaped at the base _Populus alba_ - 29. Leaves not strongly whitened on the lower leaf - surface, heart-shaped at the base - _Populus heterophylla_ - 28. Leaf stalks flattened. - 30. Leaves basically triangular in shape, coarsely toothed - _Populus deltoides_ - 30. Leaves basically ovate or spherical, coarsely or - finely toothed. - 31. Leaves with 20 or more fine teeth along the edges - _Populus tremuloides_ - 31. Leaves with up to 15 coarse teeth along the edges. - _Populus grandidentata_ - 27. Leaves longer than broad. - 32. Twigs usually with sharp spines. - 33. Leaves broadest below the middle; fruit a small apple. - 34. Many of the leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly - elliptic _Malus angustifolia_ - 34. Most of the leaves ovate to oval to broadly - lance-shaped. - 35. Twigs and young leaves densely hairy - _Malus ioensis_ - 35. Twigs and young leaves smooth or nearly so - _Malus coronaria_ - 33. Leaves broadest at or above the middle; fruit a - hawthorn. - 36. Leaves broadest at the middle; leafstalks one inch - long or longer _Crataegus viridis_ - 36. Leaves broadest above the middle; leafstalks up to ¾ - inch long. - 37. Leaves leathery, smooth on both surfaces - _Crataegus crus-galli_ - 37. Leaves not leathery, usually somewhat hairy on the - lower surface _Crataegus punctata_ - 32. Twigs not spiny. - 38. Some of the twigs with corky wings. - 39. Some or all the leaves 4 inches long or longer; - leafstalks more than ⅛ inch long _Ulmus thomasii_ - 39. None of the leaves 4 inches long; leafstalks up to ⅛ - inch long _Ulmus alata_ - 38. None of the twigs with corky wings. - 40. Individual teeth along edge of the leaf at least ¼ - inch long. - 41. Most of the veins not reaching to the tip of each - leaf; lower surface of leaf usually silvery-white - _Quercus bicolor_ - 41. Most of the veins projecting to the tip of each - leaf; lower surface of leaf green or pale, but - usually not silvery-white. - 42. Leaves usually with sharp-pointed teeth. - 43. Fruit an acorn; lower leaf surface usually - covered with very short hairs - _Quercus muhlenbergii_ - 43. Fruit enclosed in a prickly bur; lower leaf - surface smooth or nearly so _Castanea dentata_ - 42. Leaves usually with somewhat rounded teeth. - 44. Cup of acorn at least 1 inch across; trunk - whitish to gray _Quercus michauxii_ - 44. Cup of acorn less than 1 inch across; trunk - brown to black _Quercus prinus_ - 40. Individual teeth along edge of leaf up to ⅛ inch - long. - 45. Some of the leaves produced from short, stubby - shoots along the main twigs _Ilex decidua_ - 45. Twigs without short, stubby side shoots. - 46. Leafstalks with 1 or more small glands - (“bumps”), usually near the point of attachment - to the blade. - 47. Each tooth along the edge of the leaf bearing - a small, reddish-brown gland. - 48. Some or all leaves one inch broad or - broader. - 49. Leaves flat _Prunus hortulana_ - 49. Leaves more or less folded down the middle - _Prunus munsoniana_ - 48. None of the leaves as much as one inch broad - _Prunus angustifolia_ - 47. Teeth along the edge of the leaf not bearing a - gland. - 50. Leaves usually with a dull, wrinkled - surface; fruit a plum _Prunus americana_ - 50. Leaves usually appearing smooth and rather - shiny; fruit an elongated cluster of small - cherries. - 51. Teeth along edge of leaf curving inward, - usually rather blunt _Prunus serotina_ - 51. Teeth along edge of leaf pointing outward, - usually sharp-pointed _Prunus virginiana_ - 46. Leafstalks not bearing glands. - 52. Leaves doubly toothed along the edges. - 53. Bark peeling off into papery strips or - layers; leaves usually about two-thirds as - broad as long or broader. - 54. Bark yellowish, silvery-gray, or - creamy-white. - 55. Bark yellowish or silvery-gray; leaves - with 8 or more pairs of veins - _Betula lutea_ - 55. Bark creamy-white; leaves with no more - than 7 pairs of veins - _Betula papyrifera_ - 54. Bark reddish-brown _Betula nigra_ - 53. Bark broken into small plates, or smooth and - sinewy, not peeling off into papery strips - or layers. - 56. Bark of trunk with sinewy ridges; fruit - enclosed in flat, 3-lobed bracts; lower - lateral veins of leaf unbranched - _Carpinus caroliniana_ - 56. Bark of trunk broken into scales; fruit - enclosed in inflated, bladdery bracts; - lower lateral veins of leaf branched - _Ostrya virginiana_ - 52. Leaves singly toothed along the edges. - 57. Leaves heart-shaped at the base. - 58. Leaves up to six inches long and nearly as - broad _Populus heterophylla_ - 58. Leaves not more than four inches long and - about half as broad. - 59. Leaves bronze as they unfold; leafstalk - smooth _Amelanchier laevis_ - 59. Leaves densely white-hairy as they - unfold; leafstalk somewhat hairy - _Amelanchier arborea_ - 57. Leaves rounded or tapering to the base, not - heart-shaped. - 60. Teeth along edge of leaf widely spaced, at - least ¼ inch apart _Fagus grandifolia_ - 60. Teeth along edge of leaf closely and - regularly spaced. - 61. Leafstalk hairy; fruit fleshy. - 62. Leaves shiny on the upper surface; - leafstalks ½ inch long or longer - _Rhamnus caroliniana_ - 62. Leaves dull on the upper surface; - leafstalks up to ¼ inch long - _Planera aquatica_ - 61. Leafstalk smooth at maturity; fruit dry - and variously winged. - 63. Some of the leaves three inches long - or longer; fruit 4-winged or a woody - “cone.” - 64. Leaves pointed at the tip; fruit - 4-winged _Halesia carolina_ - 64. Leaves rounded at the tip; fruit a - woody “cone” _Alnus glutinosa_ - 63. Leaves less than 3 inches long; fruit - surrounded by a flat wing - _Ulmus pumila_ - - - GROUP F - -Leaves broad and flat, never needle-like or scale-like; leaves simple, -alternate, lobed. - - 1. Leafstalks with milky sap when broken. - 2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf with long hairs - _Broussonetia papyrifera_ - 2. Leafstalks and lower surface of leaf smooth or with short hairs. - 3. Lower leaf surface hairy between the veins _Morus rubra_ - 3. Lower leaf surface smooth or hairy only on the veins - _Morus alba_ - 1. Leafstalks without milky sap when broken. - 4. Twigs usually with sharp spines. - 5. Leaves broadest at the middle or above the middle. - 6. Leaves broadest at the middle; lower surface of leaf smooth - except for a few tufts of hairs near the veins - _Crataegus viridis_ - 6. Leaves broadest above the middle; lower surface of leaf hairy - throughout _Crataegus punctata_ - 5. Leaves broadest below the middle. - 7. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface. - 8. Leaves mostly tapering to the base; fruit a crab apple - _Malus ioensis_ - 8. Leaves rounded at the base; fruit a hawthorn. - 9. Fruit with pitted seeds; flowers appearing in late May - and June _Crataegus calpodendron_ - 9. Fruit without pitted seeds; flowers appearing in April or - early May _Crataegus mollis_ - 7. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only on the - veins. - 10. Leaves tapering to the base. - 11. Leaves oval to ovate to broadly lance-shaped - _Malus coronaria_ - 11. Leaves narrowly oblong to narrowly elliptic - _Malus angustifolia_ - 10. Leaves rounded at the base. - 12. Leaves blue-green; fruit spherical or nearly so - _Crataegus pruinosa_ - 12. Leaves green; fruit shaped like a little apple - _Malus coronaria_ - 4. Twigs without spines. - 13. Leaves star-shaped _Liquidambar styraciflua_ - 13. Leaves not star-shaped. - 14. Leaves 4-lobed, smooth on both surfaces - _Liriodendron tulipifera_ - 14. Leaves more than 4-lobed, hairy on one or both surfaces. - 15. Leaves palmately lobed and veined. - 16. Leaves densely coated with white felt on the lower - surface _Populus alba_ - 16. Leaves without a coat of white felt on the lower surface - _Platanus occidentalis_ - 15. Leaves pinnately lobed and veined. - 17. Lobes of leaf with bristle-tips. - 18. Leaves broadest above the middle _Quercus marilandica_ - 18. Leaves broadest at or below the middle. - 19. Leaves hairy throughout on the lower surface. - 20. Lower surface of leaves with gray hairs; base of - leaf blade usually broadly rounded. - 21. Leaves with 5-11 more or less equal lobes, the - uppermost lobe not strongly curved - _Quercus pagodaefolia_ - 21. Leaves with 3-5 more or less unequal lobes, the - uppermost lobes often strongly curved - _Quercus falcata_ - 20. Lower surface of leaves with rusty hairs; base of - leaf blade not broadly rounded _Quercus velutina_ - 19. Leaves smooth on the lower surface or hairy only - next to the veins. - 22. Leaves divided less than halfway to the middle. - 23. Leafstalks hairy; buds hairy, gray - _Quercus velutina_ - 23. Leafstalks smooth; buds smooth, reddish-brown - _Quercus rubra_ - 22. Leaves divided more than halfway to the middle. - 24. Leafstalks hairy; cup of acorn fringed around - the edge _Quercus velutina_ - 24. Leafstalks smooth; cup of acorn not fringed - around the edge. - 25. Lower surface of leaves with large tufts of - hairs in the vein axils. - 26. Cup of acorn saucer-shaped. - 27. Cup of acorn up to ½ inch broad. - _Quercus palustris_ - 27. Cup of acorn more than ½ inch broad - _Quercus shumardii_ - 26. Cup of acorn top-shaped. - 28. Cup of acorn enclosing about ⅓ the nut at - most _Quercus shumardii_ - 28. Cup of acorn enclosing more than one-third - of the nut _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ - 25. Lower surface of leaves smooth or with small - tufts in hairs in the vein axils - _Quercus coccinea_ - 17. Lobes of leaf with round tips, not bristle-tipped. - 29. Leaves smooth on the lower surface _Quercus alba_ - 29. Leaves hairy on the lower surface. - 30. Upper three lobes of leaf squarish, forming a cross; - twigs hairy _Quercus stellata_ - 30. Leaves without three squarish lobes at the upper - end; twigs smooth or nearly so. - 31. Edge of acorn cup with a fringe - _Quercus macrocarpa_ - 31. Edge of acorn cup not fringed _Quercus lyrata_ - - - - - Key to Illinois Trees in Winter - - - 1. Green leaves present during winter, needle-like or scale-like - Group G - 1. Green leaves absent during winter Group H - - - GROUP G - - 1. Leaves in clusters of 2 or more. - 2. Leaves in clusters of 5 _Pinus strobus_ - 2. Leaves in clusters of 2-3. - 3. Leaves in clusters of 2. - 4. Most or all the leaves less than 3 inches long, usually - twisted. - 5. Leaves up to 1½ inches long; sheath at base of leaves not - longer than ⅛ inch _Pinus banksiana_ - 5. Leaves 2-3 inches long; sheath at base of leaves at least ⅓ - inch long _Pinus sylvestris_ - 4. Most or all the leaves longer than 3 inches, rarely twisted. - 6. Leaves mostly less than 5 inches long; cone-scale with a - small spine _Pinus echinata_ - 6. Leaves mostly more than 5 inches long; cone-scale without a - spine _Pinus resinosa_ - 3. Leaves in clusters of 3. - 7. Leaves flexible, mostly less than 5 inches long; sheath at - base of leaves about ¼ inch long _Pinus echinata_ - 7. Leaves stiff, mostly more than 5 inches long; sheath at base - of leaves about 1 inch long _Pinus taeda_ - 1. Leaves solitary, of 2 types, some of them scale-like and about ⅛ - inch long, some of them needle-like and up to ⅓ inch long - _Juniperus virginiana_ - - - GROUP H - - 1. Leaf scars absent (scars which resemble leaf scars present but - lacking bundle scars) _Taxodium distichum_ - 1. Leaf scars present. - 2. Leaf scars in whorls of 3 _Catalpa spp._ - 2. Leaf scars opposite or alternate. - 3. Leaf scars opposite. - 4. Bundle scar 1 _Forestiera acuminata_ - 4. Bundle scars 3 or more. - 5. Bundle scars usually 9 or more. - 6. Pith hollow or sometimes chambered _Paulownia tomentosa_ - 6. Pith solid, not chambered. - 7. Twigs 4-sided _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ - 7. Twigs not 4-sided. - 8. Twigs hairy. - 9. Leaf scars notched at top. - 10. Twigs with conspicuous large lenticels; trunks - swollen at the base _Fraxinus tomentosa_ - 10. Twigs with inconspicuous lenticels; trunks not - swollen at the base _Fraxinus americana_ - 9. Leaf scars more or less straight across at the top - _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ - 8. Twigs smooth. - 11. Leaf scars oval; buds brownish-black to black - _Fraxinus nigra_ - 11. Leaf scars half-round; buds brown. - 12. Leaf scars notched at the top - _Fraxinus americana_ - 12. Leaf scars more or less straight across the top - _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ var. _subintegerrima_ - 5. Bundle scars usually 3-7 (sometimes 9 in _Acer negundo_). - 13. Leaf scars very broad, usually at least ⅓ inch across. - 14. Bark smooth _Aesculus discolor_ - 14. Bark becoming furrowed and scaly _Aesculus glabra_ - 13. Leaf scars narrow, less than ⅓ inch across. - 15. Buds with 2 exposed outer scales. - 16. Twigs gray or gray-brown. - 17. Buds long and narrow, at least 5 times longer than - broad _Viburnum lentago_ - 17. Buds shorter, at most 3 times longer than broad. - 18. Buds reddish-brown. - 19. Buds smooth or scurfy _Viburnum prunifolium_ - 19. Buds hairy _Viburnum rufidulum_ - 18. Buds light brown. - 20. Buds hairy _Cornus drummondii_ - 20. Buds smooth or nearly so _Cornus racemosa_ - 16. Twigs purple or orange-brown. - 21. Twigs purplish _Cornus florida_ - 21. Twigs orange-brown, at least usually not purplish - _Cornus racemosa_ - 15. Buds with more than 2 exposed scales. - 22. Twigs green or glaucous _Acer negundo_ - 22. Twigs brown. - 23. Buds rounded, several in a cluster; twigs red or - orange. - 24. Twigs hairy _Acer rubrum var. drummondii_ - 24. Twigs smooth. - 25. Twigs with an unpleasant odor; bark scaly - _Acer saccharinum_ - 25. Twigs without an unpleasant odor; bark not - scaly _Acer rubrum_ - 23. Buds elongated; twigs brown or gray. - 26. Ends of some twigs tapering to a spine - _Rhamnus cathartica_ - 26. Ends of twigs not spiny. - 27. Twigs (at least by the time they are 2 years - old) pale gray-brown, dull _Acer nigrum_ - 27. Twigs pale reddish-brown, shiny. - 28. Buds pointed at the tip _Acer saccharum_ - 28. Buds more or less rounded at the tip - _Acer barbatum_ - 3. Leaf scars alternate. - 29. Thorns or spines present. - 30. Spines in pairs _Robinia pseudoacacia_ - 30. Spines solitary, although sometimes branched. - 31. Spines scattered all along the twigs and branches - _Aralia spinosa_ - 31. Spines not scattered all along the twigs and branches. - 32. Thorns branched _Gleditsia spp._ - 32. Thorns unbranched. - 33. Buds pointed at the tip. - 34. Twigs usually hairy _Malus ioensis_ - 34. Twigs usually smooth. - 35. Buds with reddish scales _Malus coronaria_ - 35. Buds with chestnut-brown scales - _Malus angustifolia_ - 33. Buds more or less rounded at the tip. - 36. Terminal bud absent _Maclura pomifera_ - 36. Terminal bud present _Crataegus spp._ - 29. Thorns or spines absent. - 37. Pith chambered, at least at the nodes. - 38. Leaf scars 3-lobed and usually with 3 groups of bundle - scars. - 39. Pith pale brown; leaf scars without velvety hairs at - the top _Juglans nigra_ - 39. Pith chocolate-brown; leaf scars with velvety hairs at - the top _Juglans cinerea_ - 38. Leaf scars half-round, not 3-lobed. - 40. Pith chambered only at the nodes; stipular scars - present. - 41. Buds about ¼ inch long _Celtis occidentalis_ - 41. Buds about ⅛ inch long. - 42. Twigs usually smooth; trees _Celtis laevigata_ - 42. Twigs usually hairy; shrubs _Celtis tenuifolia_ - 40. Pith chambered between the nodes as well as at most of - the nodes; stipular scars absent. - 43. Exposed bud scales 2 _Diospyros virginiana_ - 43. Exposed bud scales 4 _Halesia carolina_ - 37. Pith solid, although sometimes with diaphragms. - 44. Pith with diaphragms. - 45. Buds without bud scales _Asimina triloba_ - 45. Buds with 1 or more scales. - 46. Bud scales 1-2; bundle scars 7 or more; stipular - scars present. - 47. Bud scale 1, hairy _Magnolia acuminata_ - 47. Bud scales 2, smooth _Liriodendron tulipifera_ - 46. Bud scales 3-several; bundle scars 3; stipular scars - absent. - 48. Buds about ¼ inch long _Nyssa sylvatica_ - 48. Buds up to 1 inch long _Nyssa aquatica_ - 44. Pith without diaphragms. - 49. Bundle scar 1. - 50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown _Larix decidua_ - 50. Twigs orange; bark reddish-brown _Larix laricina_ - 49. Bundle scars 2 or more. - 51. Stipular scars forming a ring around the twig - _Platanus occidentalis_ - 51. Stipular scars not forming a ring around the twig, - or absent. - 52. Twigs aromatic when cut. - 53. Twigs green; buds generally smooth - _Sassafras albidum_ - 53. Twigs orange-brown; buds generally hairy - _Betula lutea_ - 52. Twigs not aromatic when cut. - 54. Buds without scales. - 55. Terminal buds larger than the rest of the - buds. - 56. Buds rusty-hairy or gray-woolly. - 57. Buds rusty-hairy, 2-3 times longer than - broad _Asimina triloba_ - 57. Buds gray-woolly, not much longer than - broad _Malus ioensis_ - 56. Buds smooth or, if hairy, not conspicuously - rusty-hairy or gray-woolly. - 58. Leaf scars lobed; twigs without stipular - scars. - 59. Buds bright yellow _Carya cordiformis_ - 59. Buds brown or reddish-brown. - 60. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs - with orange lenticels - _Carya illinoensis_ - 60. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs - with pale lenticels _Carya aquatica_ - 58. Leaf scars unlobed; twigs with stipular - scars. - 61. Buds pale brown; twigs often zig-zag - _Hamamelis virginiana_ - 61. Buds light brown; twigs mostly straight - _Rhamnus caroliniana_ - 55. Terminal buds smaller than other buds, or - absent. - 62. Pith reddish-brown; leaf scars often ½ inch - across _Gymnocladus dioicus_ - 62. Pith not reddish-brown; leaf scars less than - ½ inch across. - 63. Milky sap present. - 64. Twigs hairy. - 65. Twigs velvety; pith yellow - _Rhus typhina_ - 65. Twigs not velvety; pith whitish - _Rhus copallina_ - 64. Twigs smooth _Rhus glabra_ - 63. Milky sap absent. - 66. Leaf scars completely encircling the bud - _Cladrastis lutea_ - 66. Leaf scars only partly encircling the - bud _Ptelea trifoliata_ - 54. Buds with 1 or more scales. - 67. Buds with 1 scale _Salix spp._ - 67. Buds with 2 or more scales. - 68. Bundle scar 1. - 69. Twigs with short spur-like shoots - _Ilex decidua_ - 69. Twigs without short spur-like shoots - _Diospyros virginiana_ - 68. Bundle scars 2 or more. - 70. Buds at least 4 times longer than broad. - 71. Stipular scars encircling the twig, or - nearly so _Fagus grandifolia_ - 71. Stipular scars not encircling the twigs, - or absent. - 72. Lowermost bud scale directly above the - leaf scar _Populus deltoides_ - 72. Lowermost bud scale to one side of - leaf scar. - 73. Twigs reddish-brown, with pale - lenticels _Amelanchier arborea_ - 73. Twigs gray-brown, with dark - lenticels _Amelanchier laevis_ - 70. Buds less than 4 times longer than - broad. (Go to 74) - 74. Pith star-shaped, or triangular, or variously lobed in - cross-section. - 75. Lowermost bud scale directly above the leaf scar. - 76. Twigs densely hairy; bark white _Populus alba_ - 76. Twigs smooth or sparsely hairy. - 77. Visible bud scales more than 4. - 78. Buds smooth, shiny, brown _Populus tremuloides_ - 78. Buds hairy, dull, gray _Populus grandidentata_ - 77. Visible bud scales 3-4. - 79. Buds at least ½ inch long _Populus deltoides_ - 79. Buds less than ½ inch long _Populus heterophylla_ - 75. Lowermost bud scale to one side of leaf scar. - 80. Buds clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales in 5 rows. - 81. Buds at least ¼ inch long. - 82. Buds angular. - 83. Buds smooth _Quercus shumardii_ - 83. Buds hairy, at least at tip. - 84. Buds hairy all over. - 85. Buds with rusty or brown hairs. - 86. Buds with rusty hairs _Quercus marilandica_ - 86. Buds with brown hairs _Quercus michauxii_ - 85. Buds with gray hairs _Quercus velutina_ - 84. Buds hairy only at the tip. - 87. Buds light red-brown _Quercus pagodaefolia_ - 87. Buds dark red-brown _Quercus coccinea_ - 82. Buds not angular. - 88. Buds and twigs orange-brown _Quercus prinus_ - 88. Buds and twigs red, red-brown, dark brown, or - gray-brown. - 89. Buds red or red-brown. - 90. Buds light red to light red-brown _Quercus rubra_ - 90. Buds dark red to dark red-brown _Quercus falcata_ - 89. Buds dark brown _Quercus coccinea_ - 81. Buds less than ¼ inch long. - 91. Buds pointed at the tip. - 92. Buds and twigs brown to orange-brown - _Quercus muhlenbergii_ - 92. Buds and twigs red to red-brown to gray-brown. - 93. Scales of buds hairy. - 94. Twigs dark red-brown to gray; buds red-brown - _Quercus falcata_ - 94. Twigs light or dark brown; buds gray-brown - _Quercus imbricaria_ - 93. Scales of buds smooth or nearly so. - 95. Buds dark red-brown _Quercus phellos_ - 95. Buds light red-brown _Quercus palustris_ - 91. Buds more or less rounded. - 96. Twigs red-brown, shiny. - 97. Buds not angular _Quercus alba_ - 97. Buds angular _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ - 96. Twigs gray to yellow-brown to purplish, dull. - 98. Twigs and buds smooth or nearly so. - 99. Twigs purplish, with a whitish coating - _Quercus bicolor_ - 99. Twigs gray to yellow-brown _Quercus lyrata_ - 98. Twigs and buds hairy. - 100. Buds red-brown _Quercus stellata_ - 100. Buds gray to gray-brown _Quercus macrocarpa_ - 80. Buds not clustered near the tip of the twig; bud scales not in - 5 rows. - 101. Bundle scars in more than 3 groups; leaf scars lobed. - 102. Visible bud scales 2. - 103. Buds bright yellow _Carya cordiformis_ - 103. Bud scales brown or reddish-brown. - 104. Terminal bud up to ½ inch long; twigs with orange - lenticels _Carya illinoensis_ - 104. Terminal bud up to ¼ inch long; twigs with pale - lenticels _Carya aquatica_ - 102. Visible bud scales more than 2. - 105. Some or all the terminal buds ½ inch long or longer. - 106. Outermost bud scales falling away early, revealing - pale inner scales; bark not peeling _Carya tomentosa_ - 106. Outermost bud scales persistent; bark peeling. - 107. Twigs orange-brown, with orange lenticels - _Carya laciniosa_ - 107. Twigs dark brown or red-brown, with pale lenticels - _Carya ovata_ - 105. Terminal buds usually less than ½ inch long. - 108. Buds rusty-hairy, with silvery or yellow scales - _Carya texana_ - 108. Buds smooth or only slightly hairy, without scales. - 109. Bark smooth or furrowed, not scaly _Carya glabra_ - 109. Bark becoming scaly _Carya ovalis_ - 101. Bundle scars in 3 groups; leaf scars not lobed. - 110. Buds up to ⅙ inch long; twigs bitter to the taste. - 111. Pith triangular in cross-section _Alnus glutinosa_ - 111. Pith not triangular in cross section. - 112. Buds very shiny _Prunus serotina_ - 112. Buds dull _Prunus virginiana_ - 110. Buds longer than ⅙ inch; twigs not bitter to the taste. - 113. Twigs sometimes with corky wings; buds with 4 or more - exposed scales _Liquidambar styraciflua_ - 113. Twigs without corky wings; buds with 2-3 exposed scales - _Castanea dentata_ - 74. Pith round or nearly so in cross-section. - 114. Terminal bud present. - 115. Buds with 2-3 exposed scales _Cornus alternifolia_ - 115. Buds with 4 or more exposed scales. - 116. Bud scales fleshy _Crataegus spp._. - 116. Bud scales not fleshy _Prunus spp._ - 114. Terminal bud absent. - 117. Leaf scars at least ½ inch across; bundle scars 9 - _Ailanthus altissima_ - 117. Leaf scars smaller; bundle scars not 9. - 118. Stipular scars absent. - 119. Leaf scars bordered by hairs _Cercis canadensis_ - 119. Leaf scars not hairy _Gleditsia spp._ - 118. Stipular scars present. - 120. Exposed bud scales 2. - 121. Milky sap present _Broussonetia papyrifera_ - 121. Milky sap absent. - 122. Twigs gray or brown _Tilia americana_ - 122. Twigs light red _Tilia heterophylla_ - 120. Exposed bud scales 3 or more. - 123. Exposed bud scales 3-4; lenticels horizontal. - 124. Twigs with taste of wintergreen _Betula lutea_ - 124. Twigs without taste of wintergreen. - 125. Twigs and buds smooth; bark white - _Betula papyrifera_ - 125. Twigs and buds somewhat hairy; bark reddish - _Betula nigra_ - 123. Exposed bud scales more than 4; lenticels more or less - circular. - 126. Bundle scars not in groups of 3; milky sap present. - 127. Buds about ¼ inch long _Morus rubra_ - 127. Buds about ⅛ inch long _Morus alba_ - 126. Bundle scars in groups of 3; milky sap absent. - 128. Exposed bud scales usually about 12 - _Carpinus caroliniana_ - 128. Exposed bud scales usually about 6. - 129. Leaf scars and bundle scars slightly elevated - _Ostrya virginiana_ - 129. Leaf scars and bundle scars depressed. - 130. Buds less than ⅛ inch long _Ulmus pumila_ - 130. Buds at least ⅛ inch long. - 131. Some of the twigs with corky wings. - 132. Buds about ¼ inch long _Ulmus thomasii_ - 132. Buds about ⅛ inch long _Ulmus alata_ - 131. None of the twigs with corky wings. - 133. Buds rusty-hairy, about ¼ inch long - _Ulmus rubra_ - 133. Buds light brown, smooth, about ⅛ inch long - _Ulmus americana_ - - - - - Trees of Illinois - - - SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE - _Acer barbatum_ Michx. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown rounded. - -Bark: Smooth and pale brown at first, becoming darker and furrowed when - old. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with pale lenticels; - leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 4 inches long, nearly as broad, - palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges sparsely - and coarsely toothed, green and smooth or a little hairy on the - upper surface, paler and much hairier on the lower surface; - leaf-stalks up to 3 inches long, very hairy. The leaves turn - yellow or orange in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish-green, appearing as the - leaves unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, - greenish, up to 1 inch long. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, light brown. - -Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets. - -Habitat: Woodlands. - -Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to southeastern Oklahoma, south - to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Southern Sugar Maple resembles the Black - Maple because of its drooping leaves, but differs by its smaller, - thicker leaves. - - [Illustration: SOUTHERN SUGAR MAPLE] - - - BOX ELDER - _Acer negundo_ L. - -Other Name: Ash-leaved Maple. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown wide-spreading. - -Bark: Light brown, ridged when young, becoming deeply furrowed with age. - -Twigs: Smooth, green, glaucous, or rarely purplish, shiny, usually with - white lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 5-9 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Rounded, white-hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 3-7 leaflets; leaflets - elliptic to ovate, up to 4 inches long, about half as broad, - pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the sometimes - asymmetrical base, smooth or usually coarsely toothed along the - edges or even shallowly lobed, light green and smooth on the upper - surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, several in a - cluster, greenish-yellow, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, in drooping clusters, composed of a curved wing - with a seed at the base, greenish-yellow, up to 2 inches long. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, close-grained, white. - -Uses: Paper pulp, interior finishing, furniture. - -Habitat: Moist woods. - -Range: Vermont across to Saskatchewan, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Box Elder most nearly resembles ashes, but - differs by its green or glaucous twigs and its paired fruits. - - [Illustration: BOX ELDER] - - - BLACK MAPLE - _Acer nigrum_ Michx. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown broad, with several upright branches. - -Bark: Dark brown to black, smooth when young, soon becoming furrowed and - scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars - opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long and nearly as - broad, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, drooping on the sides, the edges - of the leaves sparsely and coarsely toothed, green and smooth on - the upper surface, yellow-green and smooth or hairy on the veins - on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 5 inches long, smooth or - hairy. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense clusters, yellowish, appearing as the leaves - unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, - reddish-brown to greenish, up to 1 inch long. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, coarse-grained, brown. - -Uses: Furniture, cabinets. - -Habitat: Rich woodlands. - -Range: New Hampshire across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to - Louisiana, east to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Black Maple is distinguished from the Sugar - Maple by its drooping leaves. It differs from the Southern Sugar - Maple, which also has drooping leaves, by its larger, thinner - leaves. - - [Illustration: BLACK MAPLE] - - - RED MAPLE - _Acer rubrum_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown oval or rounded. - -Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, mostly smooth, more or less reddish, usually with pale - lenticels; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, reddish, usually hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad, - palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply toothed - to nearly toothless, pale green and smooth on the upper surface, - white or gray and either smooth or hairy on the lower surface; - leafstalks smooth or finely hairy, up to 4 inches long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense clusters, bright red or yellow, opening in - February and March before the leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the - base, red or yellow, up to 1 inch long. - -Wood: Heavy, close-grained, light brown. - -Uses: Furniture, gun-stocks. - -Habitat: Swamps, low woods, upland slopes, bluff tops. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Red Maple is characterized by its white - lower leaf surfaces and its shallowly lobed leaves. The similar - Silver Maple has very deeply lobed leaves. - - [Illustration: RED MAPLE] - - - SWAMP RED MAPLE - _ rubrum_ L. var. _drummondii_ (H. & A.) Sarg. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 - foot; crown narrow. - -Bark: Gray and smooth when young, becoming darker and scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, white-hairy when young, usually becoming smooth or - nearly so, reddish; leaf scars opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Rounded, reddish, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 6 inches long, nearly as broad, - palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves toothed, green - and somewhat hairy on the upper surface, densely white-hairy on - the lower surface; leafstalks stout, densely hairy, up to 4 inches - long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense red clusters, opening before the leaves begin - to unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of an erect wing with a seed at the - base, bright red, over 1 inch long. - -Wood: Heavy, coarse-grained, light brown. - -Use: Furniture. - -Habitat: Wooded swamps. - -Range: New Jersey across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Red Maple is distinguished from the - Red Maple by the dense coat of white hairs on the undersurface of - the leaves and by the longer fruits. - - [Illustration: SWAMP RED MAPLE] - - - SILVER MAPLE - _Acer saccharinum_ L. - -Other Name: Soft Maple. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 5 feet; crown usually broadly rounded. - -Bark: Gray or silvery, smooth at first, becoming loose and scaly or even - somewhat shaggy when old. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, often curving upward; leaf scars - opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded, reddish-brown, smooth to finely hairy, up to - ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, nearly as broad, - deeply palmately 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves sharply toothed, - pale green and smooth on the upper surface, silvery-white and - usually smooth on the lower surface, except in the leaf axils; - leafstalks smooth, up to 5 inches long, often reddish. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, opening in February - and March before the leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a curved wing with a seed at the - base, green or yellow, up to 3 inches long. - -Wood: Hard, close-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Furniture; sometimes grown as an ornamental, but the branchlets - are brittle. - -Habitat: Wet soil. - -Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to - Oklahoma, Texas, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The deeply lobed leaves which are silvery-white - on the flower surface best distinguish this tree. - - [Illustration: SILVER MAPLE] - - - SUGAR MAPLE - _Acer saccharum_ Marsh. - -Other Name: Hard Maple. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with many branches. - -Bark: Gray to dark brown to black, becoming furrowed and scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, brown, often with pale lenticels; leaf scars - opposite, U-shaped, with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, dark brown, smooth or a little hairy, shiny, up to ¼ inch - long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades up to 5 inches long, nearly as broad or - a little broader, palmately 3- to 5-lobed, the edges of the leaves - sparsely and coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper - surface, green or paler on the lower surface and usually smooth, - or sometimes hairy on the veins; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, - smooth and sometimes hairy. The leaves turn brilliant shades of - yellow and orange in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but sometimes on the - same tree, in dense clusters, greenish-yellow, appearing as the - leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Borne in pairs, composed of a wing with a seed at the base, - greenish-yellow to brownish, up to 1 inch long. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown. - -Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; maple sugar is derived - from the sap; frequently grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Moist woods. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to eastern Texas, east to - northern Florida. - -_Distinguishing_ Features: Leaves of the Sugar Maple differ from those - of the Black Maple and the Southern Sugar Maple by being flat, - rather than drooping along the edges. {Sap differs from the Norway - Maple, _Acer platanoides_, by being clear rather than milky.} - - [Illustration: SUGAR MAPLE] - - - RED BUCKEYE - _Aesculus discolor_ Pursh - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; - crown rounded and spreading. - -Bark: Gray to tan, smooth. - -Twigs: Rather stout, gray to tan, smooth; leaf scars opposite, - triangular, with 3 groups of bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, up to ½ inch long, not hairy, not - sticky. - -Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 leaflets; leaflets elliptic - to obovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 - inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along the edges, - green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and finely hairy on - the lower surface. - -Flowers: Numerous, red, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1 foot long, - appearing in April. - -Fruit: Spherical or punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches across, light - brown, not prickly, containing 1 or 2 light reddish-brown seeds. - -Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown. - -Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental because of its showy flowers. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: North Carolina across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to - Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The smooth fruits and the beautiful red flowers - distinguish this species from other members of the genus in - Illinois. - - [Illustration: RED BUCKEYE] - - - OHIO BUCKEYE - _Aesculus glabra_ Willd. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 - inches; crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Gray to pale gray, deeply furrowed and roughened when mature. - -Twigs: Stout, pale brown, smooth; leaf scars opposite, triangular, with - 3 groups of bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown to yellowish, up to ⅔ inch long, not - hairy, not sticky. - -Leaves: Opposite, palmately compound, with 5 or 7 leaflets; leaflets - obovate to oblanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the - base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, toothed along - the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, green or much - whitened on the lower surface. - -Flowers: Numerous, yellow-green, in large clusters sometimes nearly 1 - foot long, appearing in April and May, the petals of each flower - of different lengths. - -Fruit: Prickly, spherical or nearly so, up to 1½ inch in diameter, pale - brown, containing 1 large, smooth and shiny seed. - -Wood: Soft, close-grained, light in weight, pale brown to nearly white. - -Uses: Paper pulp. The tree is also sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Usually rich woods. - -Range: Pennsylvania across to Nebraska, south to Oklahoma, east to - Alabama. - -_Distinguishing_ Features: The Ohio Buckeye differs from the Horse - Chestnut {_Aesculus hippocastanum_} by its non-sticky buds. It - differs from the Red Buckeye by the greenish-yellow flowers and - prickly fruits. - - [Illustration: OHIO BUCKEYE] - - - TREE-OF-HEAVEN - _Ailanthus altissima_ (Mill.) Swingle - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 2 feet; crown spreading and irregular. The tree readily spreads by - underground root-suckers. - -Bark: Smooth or slightly roughened, light brown to dark brown. - -Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, gray to light brown, with lenticels; leaf - scars alternate, large, broadly heart-shaped, slightly elevated, - with usually 9 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth or a little hairy, - brown. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 41 leaflets; leaflets - lanceolate, tapering to a long point at the tip, rounded at the - base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, smooth or - somewhat hairy on both surfaces, often with some teeth along the - edges. The leaves have an unpleasant odor when crushed. - -Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with one or - the other, in large green or yellow clusters, each flower small, - with 5 petals. The staminate flowers produce a very unpleasant - odor. The flowers appear in June and July. - -Fruit: Large clusters of winged seeds, yellow or orange, each fruit up - to 2 inches long with one seed about in the middle. - -Use: Tree-of-Heaven is grown as an ornamental, principally in urban - areas where it is able to withstand considerable smoke and smog. - -Habitat: Disturbed woods; readily adapts to urban conditions. - -Range: Native of Asia; frequently planted in the United States and - readily spreading from cultivation. - -Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to 41 - leaflets, unpleasantly scented when crushed, make this a readily - recognizable species. - - [Illustration: TREE-OF-HEAVEN] - - - BLACK ALDER - _Alnus glutinosa_ (L.) Gaertn. - -Growth Form: Small or medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 12 inches; crown broadly rounded when mature. - -Bark: Smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured with age. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or gray-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly round or obovate, rounded at - the tip, rounded or somewhat tapering to the base, up to five - inches long, often nearly as broad, irregularly and rather - coarsely toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth on the - upper surface, green and smooth beneath, or sometimes hairy on the - veins; leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, usually smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the - same tree, appearing before the leaves unfold, the staminate in - slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the pistillate in - erect, oblong “cones” less than 1 inch long. - -Fruit: Cone-shaped, up to ¾ inch long, composed of several nut-like - seeds, each subtended by a woody segment of the “cone.” - -Wood: Soft, straight-grained. - -Uses: The wood is easily carved and used in the making of small wooden - objects. It is also used for charcoal and fuel. The bark has - reputed medicinal properties. - -Habitat: Moist, disturbed areas. - -Range: Native of Europe, Asia, and Africa; naturalized throughout much - of northeastern North America. - -Distinguishing Features: The small, woody “cones” and the often - orbicular, irregularly toothed leaves are the distinguishing marks - of this species. - - [Illustration: BLACK ALDER] - - - SHADBUSH - _Amelanchier arborea_ (Michx. f.) Fern. - -Other Names: Shadblow; Serviceberry. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 - inches; crown rounded and spreading with many slender branchlets; - trunk straight, slender, often divided into several trunks. - -Bark: Smooth and silvery at first, later becoming darker and divided - into loose scales. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, with a few hairs when very young; leaf scars - alternate, 2-ranked, slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, slender, brown, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to broadly lanceolate, pointed at - the tip, rounded or sometimes a little heart-shaped at the base, - finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth or nearly so on - the upper surface, paler and often hairy on the lower surface, up - to 4 inches long and about half as broad; leafstalks up to 2 - inches long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: Several produced in drooping clusters before the leaves appear, - each showy with 5 white, oblong petals, with much of the flower - hairy. - -Fruit: Mostly spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-purple, - capped by the persistent calyx, dry, 1- to 2-seeded. - -Wood: Rather heavy, hard, close-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruit is edible. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes; edge of cliffs. - -Range: Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska, east to Louisiana - and Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Shadbush is recognized by its alternate, - simple leaves which are usually heart-shaped at the base, and by - its distinctive white flowers. - - [Illustration: SHADBUSH] - - - SMOOTH SHADBUSH - _Amelanchier laevis_ Wieg. - -Other Name: Smooth Serviceberry. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 - inches; crown narrowly round-topped, with many slender branchlets. - -Bark: Smooth and gray at first, becoming darker and scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - slightly elevated, narrowly crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¾ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip, - usually rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about ½ as - broad, finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the - upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks - slender, up to 1 inch long, smooth. - -Flowers: Up to 6 in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves are - half grown, each showy with 5 white, narrow petals, with most of - the flower smooth. - -Fruit: Usually spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark purple, sweet, - fleshy, 1- to 2-seeded. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown. - -Uses: Fuel, tool handles; the fruits are edible. - -Habitat: Moist woods and slopes. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Ontario, south to Iowa, Illinois, and - Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Smooth Shadbush differs from the Shadbush - by its smooth leafstalks and juicy, edible, dark purple fruits. - - [Illustration: SMOOTH SHADBUSH] - - - HERCULES’ CLUB - _Aralia spinosa_ L. - -Other Name: Devil’s Walking-stick. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; - crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Dark brown, roughened, shallowly furrowed, with short, hard - prickles. - -Twigs: Stout, pale brown or gray, smooth except for many short, hard - prickles; leaf scars alternate, broadly U-shaped, with about 15 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Cone-shaped, brown, smooth, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, doubly or triply pinnately compound, with very - numerous leaflets; leaflets ovate to lance-ovate, pointed at the - tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about - half as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and smooth - on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface, - except usually for a few prickles along the veins. - -Flowers: Numerous, in many umbrella-shaped clusters, appearing during - late June and July, each with 5 small white petals and purple - stalks. - -Fruit: Black, spherical berries up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing 2-5 - seeds. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, brittle, close-grained, pale brown. - -Use: Hercules’ Club is sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: New Jersey across to Iowa, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The clusters of flowers and the leaves each may - be as much as 4 feet long. The short, sharp prickles of the twigs - are distinctive. - - [Illustration: HERCULES’ CLUB] - - - PAWPAW - _Asimina triloba_ Dunal. - -Growth Form: Small tree rarely up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 10 inches; crown broad and spreading; trunk straight, slender; - thickets develop by means of root suckers. - -Bark: Dark brown, thin, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured - with age. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, gray; leaf scars alternate, 2-ranked, more or - less horseshoe-shaped, usually with 5 or less commonly 7 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Very narrow, dark rusty-brown, covered with golden hairs, up to ⅔ - inch long, without bud scales. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped to elliptic, - short-pointed at the tip, narrowed to the base, without teeth - along the edges, smooth on both surfaces, paler on the lower - surface, up to 1 foot long and 6 inches broad; leafstalks short, - slender, smooth. - -Flowers: Borne singly when the leaves begin to unfold, up to 2 inches - across, green at first, becoming deep maroon, composed of three - wrinkled, leathery sepals and six similar petals. - -Fruit: Oblong, thick, up to 6 inches long, greenish-yellow, with yellow - edible flesh and several dark brown seeds, ripening in September. - -Wood: Soft, coarse-grained, light in weight, greenish-yellow. - -Use: The fruit is used as a source of food; the wood has few uses. - -Habitat: Woods and thickets, often many growing together in a colony. - -Range: New York across to Michigan and Iowa, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Pawpaw is distinguished by its large, - toothless, alternate leaves, its slender buds without bud scales, - and its thick, fleshy fruits. - - [Illustration: PAWPAW] - - - YELLOW BIRCH - _Betula lutea_ Michx. - -Other Name: Gray Birch. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ - feet; crown broadly rounded, with small branches. - -Bark: Smooth and silvery or grayish, curling into strips, very rough - when old. - -Twigs: Slender, greenish-brown, smooth, with numerous lenticels; leaf - scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, brown, usually somewhat hairy, up to ⅙ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or - less rounded at the somewhat asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches - long, and nearly half as wide, double-toothed, dark green and - nearly smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually somewhat - hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, hairy, up to one - inch long. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the - same tree, the staminate crowded in elongated clusters, the - pistillate crowded in shorter, thicker clusters, appearing after - the leaves have begun to unfold. - -Fruit: Several winged nuts, crowded together in erect “cones” up to 1½ - inches long. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown. - -Uses: Furniture, flooring, boxes. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern - Illinois, northern Indiana, Ohio, and Delaware; also in the - Appalachian Mountains to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Birch differs from all other birches - in Illinois by its silvery or grayish bark and its ovate leaves. - The bark has the faint fragrance of wintergreen. - - [Illustration: YELLOW BIRCH] - - - RIVER BIRCH - _Betula nigra_ L. - -Other Name: Red Birch. - -Growth Form: Up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown - irregularly rounded. - -Bark: Curling, shredding, brownish-pink to reddish-brown. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with several short hairs; leaf scars - alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Up to one-fourth inch long, pointed, hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rhombic to ovate, coarsely doubly - toothed, paler and densely hairy on the lower surface, up to 3 - inches long, acute at the tip, truncate or tapering to the base, - the leafstalks woolly. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, inconspicuous, opening - in late April and May, the staminate in slender drooping clusters, - the pistillate in short, conelike, woolly clusters. - -Fruit: Tiny, hairy nuts, each with a 3-lobed wing, crowded together in a - cylindrical cone up to 1½ inches long and ½ inch thick. - -Wood: Strong but light, pale brown. - -Uses: Wood is used for furniture; sometimes planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Along rivers and streams; bottomland woods. - -Range: Massachusetts and New Hampshire across to southern Minnesota and - eastern Kansas, south to eastern Texas and Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The shaggy, peeling reddish-brown bark readily - distinguishes this tree from any other in Illinois, as does its - rhombic, doubly toothed leaves. - - [Illustration: RIVER BIRCH] - - - PAPER BIRCH - _Betula papyrifera_ Marsh. - -Other Name: Canoe Birch. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown broadly rounded, irregular, with many slender - branches. - -Bark: Thin and white or creamy, splitting at maturity into papery - layers, becoming very dark and furrowed near the base of the trunk - at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, zigzag, reddish-brown to blackish, more or less hairy; - leaf scars alternate, half-elliptical, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, pointed, dark brown, smooth or nearly so, up to - one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, more or - less rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, over half as wide, - coarsely toothed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, - yellow-green and smooth or somewhat hairy on the lower surface and - with black dots on the lower surface; leafstalks yellow, smooth or - finely hairy, up to 1 inch long. The leaves turn yellow in the - autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree, - developing in the autumn and present on the tree during the - winter, the staminate crowded into slender spikes up to 4 inches - long, the pistillate crowded into thicker spikes up to 1¼ inches - long, the flowers minute, without petals. - -Fruit: Cone-like, cylindrical, drooping, composed of many minute seeds - attached to 3-lobed wings. - -Wood: Light in weight, hard, strong, durable, close-grained, light - reddish-brown. - -Uses: Bark used to cover canoes; wood used for pulp, fuel, toothpicks, - and spools; sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes and stream banks. - -Range: Labrador across to Alaska, south to Montana, Colorado, northern - Illinois, and West Virginia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Paper Birch is readily distinguished by its - white bark which peels off into thin, papery layers. - - [Illustration: PAPER BIRCH] - - - PAPER MULBERRY - _Broussonetia papyrifera_ (L.) Vent. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown rounded. - -Bark: Gray or light brown, smooth. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, greenish-gray, smooth or finely hairy, zigzag; - leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, elevated, with 5 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Cone-shaped, more or less smooth, up to 3 mm long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, tapering to a point at the tip, - more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, - sometimes nearly as broad, toothed, sometimes 2- or 3-lobed, - usually rough-hairy on both surfaces; leafstalks up to 2 inches - long, smooth or finely hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, on separate - trees, appearing as the leaves unfold, the staminate in pendulous - catkins, the pistillate in dense, hairy, spherical heads. - -Fruit: Spherical, semi-fleshy, orange, up to 1 inch in diameter, with - red fruits projecting. - -Use: Often planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Along roads, around old homes. - -Range: Native of Asia; occasionally found along roads and in fencerows - in the eastern United States. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves, some of which are 2- or 3-lobed, - are very reminiscent of mulberry leaves. Mulberry leaves, however, - are not densely rough-hairy. - - [Illustration: PAPER MULBERRY] - - - BLUE BEECH - _Carpinus caroliniana_ Walt. - -Other Names: Ironwood; American Hornbeam; Musclewood. - -Growth Form: Up to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; crown - rounded. - -Bark: Smooth, blue-gray, ridged, appearing “muscular.” - -Twigs: Slender, difficult to break, reddish-brown, smooth or finely - hairy; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Small, angular, tapering to a short point. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thin, pointed at the tip, usually - rounded at the base, 2-4 inches long and about half as wide, - finely doubly toothed, the upper surface smooth, the lower surface - either smooth or hairy; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree but in different catkins, - opening during May. - -Fruit: Nutlets borne at the base of a three-lobed green “leaf,” crowded - together into a fruiting cluster. - -Wood: Strong and hard, hence the name Ironwood. - -Use: Tool handles. - -Habitat: Moist woods. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to central Minnesota, south to eastern - Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Several other trees may be confused with the - Blue Beech. Beech, which has smooth gray bark, has leaves with - fewer teeth and twigs with pointed buds. Hop Hornbeam, with very - similar leaves, has a flaky bark. The elms, which also have - somewhat similar leaves, usually have the leaves asymmetrical at - the base. - - [Illustration: BLUE BEECH] - - - WATER HICKORY - _Carya aquatica_ (Michx. f.) Nutt. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; - crown narrow. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or gray, smooth or occasionally slightly - hairy; leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with - several bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown with yellow scales, usually hairy, up to ¼ - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-17 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, curved, pointed at the tip, tapering to the - asymmetrical base, up to 5 inches long, up to 2 inches wide, - finely toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or nearly so - on the upper surface, brownish and smooth or somewhat hairy on the - lower surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate - several in slender, drooping catkins up to 3 inches long, the - pistillate fewer, in shorter spikes, neither type with petals. - -Fruit: Short-ellipsoid, usually tapering to either end, flattened, up to - 1½ inches long and two-thirds as broad, the husk 4-winged, dark - brown but with yellow scales, thin, splitting only about halfway - to the base, the nut flattened, 4-angled, reddish-brown, the shell - thin, the seed bitter. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel. - -Habitat: Swampy woods and drained floodplains. - -Range: Virginia across to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Water Hickory is similar to Pecan and Bitternut - Hickory in having 7 or more leaflets per leaf. However, it lacks - the yellow buds of the Bitternut Hickory and the slender, edible - nut of the Pecan. The leaves are generally hairier than those of - the Pecan. - - [Illustration: WATER HICKORY] - - - BITTERNUT HICKORY - _Carya cordiformis_ (Wang.) K. Koch - -Other Name: Yellow-bud Hickory. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown broadly rounded and often irregular; trunk straight, - columnar. - -Bark: Brown, thin, separating into small, platy scales or shallow ridges - and fissures. - -Twigs: Slender, grayish or orange-brown, smooth, usually with lenticels; - leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, scarcely elevated, with - usually several bundle traces. - -Buds: Narrow, slender, pointed, covered by a dense, bright yellow coat - of glandular dots and small hairs, up to ¾ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7-9 leaflets; - leaflets lance-shaped, usually curved, long-pointed at the tip, - tapering or rounded at the base, toothed along the edges, - yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, somewhat lighter and - usually hairy on the lower surface, up to 6 inches long and - usually less than half as wide. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, - without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the - pistillate in groups of 1 or 2. - -Fruit: More or less spherical, up to 1¼ inches in diameter, the husk - thin, yellowish, with 4 distinct ridges extending about halfway - down, the nut somewhat flattened, the seed very bitter. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, dark brown. - -Uses: Fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods; dry hills; along roads. - -Range: Southern Ontario across to central Minnesota, south to eastern - Texas, east to north-central Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Bitternut Hickory is easily recognized by its - slender, mustard-yellow buds. It differs further from the Water - Hickory by its rounded fruits. - - [Illustration: BITTERNUT HICKORY] - - - PIGNUT HICKORY - _Carya glabra_ (Mill.) Sweet - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown oblong or obovoid, with many small, spreading - branchlets; trunk straight, columnar, sometimes branching fairly - low to the ground. - -Bark: Light gray to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, at - maturity furrowed and ridged. - -Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, shiny, smooth, tough, usually with - lenticels; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, - scarcely elevated, usually with several bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, tan - or grayish, the outermost scales tipped with a few small hairs, - never with small yellow dots, the inner scales hairy all along the - edges, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 5, sometimes 7 - leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering at - the bottom, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper - surface, green and smooth or sometimes hairy on the veins on the - lower surface, up to 5 inches long and up to 2 inches broad, the - upper three leaflets larger than the lower two. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to expand, minute, - without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the - pistillate in groups of 1-3. - -Fruit: Spherical to pear-shaped, up to 1 inch long, not quite as broad, - the husks thin, greenish, usually not splitting all the way to the - base, the nut somewhat compressed and with a very hard shell, the - seed sweet. Occasional trees have fruits up to 2 inches long. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, brown. - -Uses: Fuel, fence posts, tool handles. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes and ridges. - -Range: Vermont across to southern Michigan and northern Illinois, south - across Missouri to eastern Texas, east to central Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Pignut Hickory is best recognized by its rather - small leaflets which usually are five in number, the tight bark, - and the characteristic pear-shaped fruits. - - [Illustration: PIGNUT HICKORY] - - - PECAN - _Carya illinoensis_ (Wang.) K. Koch - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown widely spreading and rounded; trunk rather short, - stout, straight. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, becoming roughened into platy scales. - -Twigs: Rather stout, brown, hairy when young, but becoming smooth; leaf - scars alternate, 3-lobed, scarcely elevated, with 3-18 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Long-pointed, covered with yellow glandular dots and fine hairs, - up to one-half inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 9-19 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, curved, long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering - to the asymmetrical base, finely doubly-toothed, yellow-green and - usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and either smooth or - hairy on the lower surface, up to 8 inches long and 3 inches - broad. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, the staminate - many in slender, drooping, yellow-green catkins, the pistillate - fewer in shorter spikes, neither type with petals. - -Fruit: Ellipsoid, pointed at the tip, up to 2 inches long and 1 inch - broad, the husk narrowly 4-winged, dark brown but with yellow - scales, thin, usually splitting nearly to the base, the nut - pointed at the tip, reddish-brown with black markings, the shell - thin, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown. - -Uses: The nuts are prized for their tastiness; the wood is used for - interior finishing, furniture, fuel, and tool handles. - -Habitat: Moist woods, particularly along rivers. - -Range: Indiana to Iowa, south through southeastern Kansas to eastern - Texas, east to Alabama; Mexico. - -Distinguishing Features: The Pecan differs from all other hickories by - its greater number of leaflets. The Black Walnut and Butternut, - which may have as many leaflets, have a partitioned pith. In every - case, the fruit of the Pecan is distinctive. - - [Illustration: PECAN] - - - KINGNUT HICKORY - _Carya laciniosa_ (Michx. f.) Loud. - -Other Names: Big Shellbark Hickory; Riverbank Hickory. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown oblong to ovoid, with drooping lower branches; trunk - straight, columnar, stout. - -Bark: Light gray, soon separating into long, thick, vertical plates - which curve away from the trunk. - -Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, conspicuously dotted with orange lenticels; - leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped or 3-lobed, not elevated, - usually with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Elongated, dark brown, hairy, up to ¾ inch long, the outer scales - with a long, stiff point. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at - the base, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and mostly - smooth on the upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower - surface, up to 10 inches long and up to half as wide. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, - without petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the - pistillate in clusters of 2-5. - -Fruit: Spherical, often depressed at the top, up to 2¼ inches across, - the husk divided all the way to the base into four sections, - minutely orange-speckled and sometimes hairy, the nut with - conspicuous ridges, the seed very sweet. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown. - -Uses: Wood is used for tool handles and fuel; nuts are sold commercially - because of their edible qualities. - -Habitat: Rich bottomlands. - -Range: Southwestern Pennsylvania and southern Michigan across to central - Illinois and southern Iowa, south to northeastern Oklahoma, - Arkansas, and eastern Tennessee; also in scattered areas of New - York, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi. - -Distinguishing Features: The shaggy bark and large leaflets resemble - those of the Shagbark Hickory, but the Kingnut Hickory has - orange-dotted twigs and usually seven leaflets which lack minute - tufts of hairs at the tip of each tooth. - - [Illustration: KINGNUT HICKORY] - - - SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY - _Carya ovalis_ (Wang.) Sarg. - -Other Names: False Shagbark Hickory; Small-fruited Hickory. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk up to 2 feet - in diameter; crown oblong or broadly rounded, with upright, - spreading upper branches and drooping lower branches; trunk - straight, columnar. - -Bark: Gray, tight and rather smooth when young, usually peeling off into - narrow plates at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, brown or gray, tough, smooth, usually with lenticels; - leaf scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, usually with several - bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded but coming to a short point at the tip, tan - or grayish, usually minutely yellow-dotted, the scales hairy all - along the edges up to ⅔ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with usually 7, sometimes 5, - leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped sometimes curved, pointed at the - tip, tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, finely toothed - along the edges, green and smooth on the upper surface, minutely - dotted and sometimes with some hairs on the lower surface, up to 6 - inches long, up to 2 inches broad. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping catkins, the - pistillate in groups of 1-2. - -Fruit: Ellipsoid, rarely spherical, up to 1¼ inch long, the husk green - and minutely warty, thin, splitting all the way to the base, the - nut somewhat 4-angled, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, brown. - -Uses: Tool handles, fuel. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes. - -Range: New Hampshire across to Wisconsin, south to Arkansas, east to - Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: This Hickory cannot always be reliably - distinguished from the Pignut Hickory. However, it usually has a - somewhat scaly bark, seven leaflets, minutely yellow-dotted buds, - and fruits which split all the way to the base. - - [Illustration: SWEET PIGNUT HICKORY] - - - SHAGBARK HICKORY - _Carya ovata_ (Mill.) K. Koch - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 3½ feet; crown rounded, with some of the branches often - hanging. - -Bark: Gray, separating into long, shreddy scales giving the trunk a - shaggy appearance. - -Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf - scars alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, rounded or short-pointed at the tip, up to 1 inch long, - hairy, the scales conspicuously yellow-green or reddish as they - unfold in the spring. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets - ovate, obovate, or less commonly lance-shaped, usually - short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 10 inches - long, up to 5 inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, with - the tip of each tooth with a minute tuft of hairs, green or - yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or - somewhat hairy on the lower surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, - without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping - catkins, the pistillate in groups of 2-5. - -Fruit: Spherical or occasionally punching-bag shaped, up to 2 inches - across, the husk yellow-green to reddish-brown, up to ½ inch - thick, splitting all the way to the base, the nut 4-angled, nearly - white, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, light brown, close-grained. - -Uses: Tool handles, fuel; the nuts are tasty. - -Habitat: Low, shaded woods. - -Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Shagbark Hickory is distinguished by its - shaggy bark, its usually 5 large leaflets, and its large winter - buds. - - [Illustration: SHAGBARK HICKORY] - - - BLACK HICKORY - _Carya texana_ Buckl. - -Other Names: Red Hickory; Texas Hickory; Buckley’s Hickory. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown oblong to rounded, with numerous, small branchlets; trunk - straight or somewhat crooked, slender but sturdy. - -Bark: Brown to black, not scaly or peeling off into shreds, becoming - somewhat furrowed and ridged at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, gray, tough, almost always smooth; leaf scars alternate, - three-lobed, not elevated, usually with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, short-pointed, up to ½ inch long, covered by shiny - silvery-golden scales and tipped with a small tuft of hairs. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-7 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, finely - toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth or sometimes hairy - on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower - surface, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, the stalks - covered with reddish and yellowish scales and hairs. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, - without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping - catkins, the pistillate in groups of 1-2. - -Fruit: Spherical to ellipsoid, up to 1½ inches across, the husk - yellow-green, thin, minutely hairy or scaly, splitting nearly to - the base, the nut 4-angled, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, brown. - -Uses: Fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Dry ridges and cliffs. - -Range: Southern Indiana across to Kansas, south to Texas and Louisiana. - -Distinguishing Features: The Black Hickory differs from the somewhat - similar Pignut and Sweet Pignut Hickories by the yellow scales - along the leafstalks. - - [Illustration: BLACK HICKORY] - - - MOCKERNUT HICKORY - _Carya tomentosa_ (Poir.) Nutt. - -Other Name: White Hickory. - -Growth Form: Medium or tall tree to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown rounded, the branchlets either erect or hanging. - -Bark: Dark gray, shallowly furrowed, not scaly, often with a - diamond-shaped pattern. - -Twigs: Slender or relatively stout, usually hairy, gray; leaf scars - alternate, 3-lobed, not elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, rounded or pointed at the tip, up to nearly 1 inch long, - reddish-brown, hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets - broadly lanceolate to oblanceolate, pointed at the tip, rounded or - tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long, about half as wide, - finely toothed along the edge, yellow-green and hairy on the upper - surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing after the leaves have begun to unfold, minute, - without petals, the staminate crowded in slender, drooping - catkins, the pistillate in groups of 2-5. - -Fruit: Ellipsoid or obovoid or spherical, up to 2 inches across, the - husk reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch thick, smooth or slightly hairy, - the nut sometimes 4-angled, reddish-brown, the seed sweet but - small. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brown. - -Uses: Tool handles, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Dry wooded slopes; shaded woods. - -Range: Massachusetts across to southern Ontario, south to eastern Texas, - east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Mockernut Hickory is distinguished from all - other Illinois hickories by its usually 7 or 9 hairy leaflets with - hairy leafstalks and hairy twigs. The large fruits with the small - seeds within, which may account for the common name, are also - distinctive. - - [Illustration: MOCKERNUT HICKORY] - - - CHESTNUT - _Castanea dentata_ (Marsh.) Borkh. - -Growth Form: Large tree, formerly attaining a height of 100 feet; trunk - diameter up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Dark brown, shallowly furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, angular, glabrous or nearly so; leaf - scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, up to ⅓ inch long, dark brown, smooth. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, - pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 8 inches long and - less than half as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, - yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on - the lower surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, usually finely - hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing in June after the leaves are fully grown, without - petals, greenish or yellowish, the staminate many in elongated - catkins up to 8 inches long, the pistillate 1-3 together. - -Fruit: Spiny bur up to 2 inches in diameter, brown, splitting open to - reveal 3 flattened nutlets. - -Wood: Soft, light in weight, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Furniture, interior finishing, fuel. The nuts are edible - delicacies. - -Habitat: Formerly in rocky woods, once occupying several acres near - Olmstead in Pulaski County. Now virtually extinct, except for a - few sprouts, due to a disease of the bark. A tree about 40 feet - tall still exists near Little Grassy Lake in Williamson County. - -Range: Maine to southern Ontario and southern Minnesota, south to - Delaware, Kentucky, and southern Illinois, and in the mountains to - central Alabama. - -Distinguishing Features: In addition to its large, spiny fruits, the - Chestnut can be distinguished by its sharply toothed leaves. - Yellow Chestnut Oak may sometimes have similar leaves, but the - pith of the oak is star-shaped. - - [Illustration: CHESTNUT] - - - COMMON CATALPA - _Catalpa bignonioides_ Walt. - -Other Names: Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean. - -Growth Form: Short to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 1 foot; crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Light brown, with thin, platy scales. - -Twigs: Stout, smooth or slightly hairy, orange-brown to grayish, with - conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in whorls of 3, round-elliptic, - elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces. - -Buds: Round, reddish-brown, slightly hairy, very small. - -Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, - heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long and about as broad, - smooth along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper - surface, paler and finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks - stout, smooth, up to 6 inches long. - -Flowers: Large, showy, several in a large cluster, appearing in May and - June, the clusters usually more than 6 inches long, each flower up - to 2 inches long, the petals white and spotted with purple. - -Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ½ inch thick, brown, - splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds about - 1 inch long. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties; ornamental. - -Habitat: Along railroads, streams, in fields; planted elsewhere. - -Range: Native from Texas to Georgia and Florida; widely planted - elsewhere. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves of this species, when crushed, give - off a very unpleasant aroma. - - [Illustration: COMMON CATALPA] - - - CATALPA - _Catalpa speciosa_ Engelm. - -Other Names: Western Catalpa; Lady Cigar Tree; Indian Bean. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown broad, widely spreading. - -Bark: Light brown, dark brown, or black, usually with rather deep - furrows. - -Twigs: Stout, smooth, brown, with conspicuous lenticels; leaf scars in - whorls of 3, with one of the 3 scars smaller than the other 2, - round-elliptic, elevated, with 12 or more bundle traces. - -Buds: Round, brown to black, smooth, very small. - -Leaves: Whorled, simple; blades ovate, long-pointed at the tip, - heart-shaped at the base, up to 1 foot long and about ⅔ as broad, - smooth along the edges, dark green and smooth or sparsely hairy on - the upper surface, soft hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks - stout, up to 6 inches long. - -Flowers: Large, showy, several in an elongated cluster, appearing in May - and June, the clusters up to six inches long, each flower up to 2½ - inches long, the petals white and lined with purple. - -Fruit: Elongated capsules up to 1½ feet long and ¾ inch thick, brown, - splitting into 2 parts to reveal several winged, hairy seeds about - 1 inch long. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, interior finishing, railroad ties. - -Habitat: Low woods; often planted in a variety of habitats. - -Range: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and southern Missouri, south - to Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee; commonly planted elsewhere. - -Distinguishing Features: The two Catalpas in Illinois are hard to tell - apart. This one usually has deeply furrowed bark, shorter clusters - of flowers, petals merely lined with purple rather than spotted, - and leaves which are not unpleasantly scented when crushed. - - [Illustration: CATALPA] - - - SUGARBERRY - _Celtis laevigata_ Willd. - -Other Names: Southern Hackberry; Mississippi Hackberry. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown open and broad, with drooping branches. - -Bark: Gray, with many conspicuous warts. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf - scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with - 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, pointed, smooth, brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually lance-shaped, long-pointed at - the tip, tapering or rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 - inches long, less than half as broad, with few or no teeth along - the edges, usually smooth or barely roughened on one or both - surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: One to several in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves - are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without petals. - -Fruit: Fleshy, ellipsoid to nearly round, reddish-orange to yellowish, - about ¼ inch in diameter, with 1 seed, ripening in September or - October, borne on slender, drooping stalks. - -Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow. - -Uses: Fence posts, furniture. - -Habitat: Lowland woods to dry hilltops. - -Range: Virginia across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Sugarberry differs generally from other - hackberries by its narrower, mostly toothless leaves. - - [Illustration: SUGARBERRY] - - - HACKBERRY - _Celtis occidentalis_ L. - -Other Name: Sugarberry. - -Growth Form: Medium or large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 5 feet; crown usually oblong, with many small branchlets. - -Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming - rough and scaly on old trees. - -Twigs: Slender, gray to reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf - scars alternate, usually crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, brown or gray, finely hairy, about ¼ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or broadly lance-shaped, - long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the asymmetrical - base, up to 6 inches long and up to half as broad, usually - coarsely toothed along the edges except sometimes near the base, - smooth or more often rough-hairy on one or both surfaces; - leafstalks up to 1 inch long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: Arranged in drooping clusters, or sometimes solitary, appearing - after the leaves are partly grown, greenish-yellow, without - petals. - -Fruit: Fleshy, nearly round, dark purple, about ⅓ inch in diameter, with - 1 seed, ripening in September and October, borne on slender, - drooping stalks. - -Wood: Heavy, soft, close-grained, pale yellow. - -Uses: Fence posts, furniture. - -Habitat: Low woodlands. - -Range: Massachusetts across to Manitoba and South Dakota, southern - Oklahoma, Alabama, and Virginia. - -Distinguishing Features: Hackberry leaves resemble those of some elms, - but have 3 main veins arising from the base of the blade. This - Hackberry differs from other hackberries in Illinois by its - larger, usually coarsely toothed leaves and its larger, dark - purple fruits. - - [Illustration: HACKBERRY] - - - DWARF HACKBERRY - _Celtis tenuifolia_ Nutt. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; - crown irregular, with numerous slender branchlets. - -Bark: Gray, smooth on young trees and soon bearing “warts,” becoming - rough and scaly on old trees. - -Twigs: Slender, green to reddish-brown, smooth at maturity; leaf scars - alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, oval, pointed, grayish-brown, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or - somewhat heart-shaped at the base, up to 3 inches long, often at - least half as broad, with a few coarse teeth along the edges, or - sometimes lacking teeth, often leathery, smooth or hairy on one or - both surfaces; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: One or a few in drooping clusters, appearing after the leaves - are partly grown, finely hairy, greenish-yellow, without petals. - -Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, reddish-purple, up to ½ inch in diameter, - 1-seeded, ripening September and October. - -Wood: Heavy, close-grained, yellowish. - -Use: Fence posts. - -Habitat: Edge of bluffs, woods. - -Range: New Jersey across to Illinois and Kansas, south to Oklahoma, - Louisiana, and northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: This small tree is extremely variable in that - its leaves may or may not have teeth, they may or may not be - hairy, and they may or may not be leathery. It differs from the - Sugarberry primarily by its broader leaves and from the Common - Hackberry by its smaller fruits and usually less-toothed leaves. - - [Illustration: DWARF HACKBERRY] - - - REDBUD - _Cercis canadensis_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown usually broad and flattened. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, separating into long plates and thin scales. - -Twigs: Slender, zigzag, smooth, angular, brown; leaf scars alternate, - somewhat elevated, triangular, hairy across the top, with 3 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Small, rounded, chestnut-brown, smooth or nearly so. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades heart-shaped, contracted to a short - point at the tip, up to 6 inches long and nearly as broad, smooth - on the upper surface, smooth or with some hairs on the lower - surface, without teeth along the edges; leafstalks slender, up to - 5 inches long, usually smooth. - -Flowers: In small clusters on last year’s branches or on the trunks, - rose-purple, each pea-shaped, about ½ inch long, appearing when - the leaves are first beginning to unfold. - -Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and ½ inch broad, flat, smooth, brown - at maturity, with several seeds. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark reddish-brown. - -Use: The major importance of this small tree lies in its value as an - ornamental, because of its spectacular appearance when in flower. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: Connecticut across to southern Wisconsin, south to Texas, east to - northern Florida; also Mexico. - -Distinguishing Features: The heart-shaped, toothless leaves easily - identify this tree. - - [Illustration: REDBUD] - - - YELLOWWOOD - _Cladrastis lutea_ (Michx. f.) K. Koch - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 14 inches; crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Gray, smooth. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, with some lenticels, somewhat zigzag; - leaf scars alternate, narrow and completely encircling the bud, - with 3-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Three or four crowded together, resembling at first a single bud, - hairy, without scales, covered at first by the hollow base of the - leafstalk. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets - oval, pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches - long and up to half as wide, smooth on both surfaces, toothless - along the edges. The leaflets turn yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: In long, drooping clusters up to 1 foot long, white, slightly - fragrant, appearing during June. - -Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, smooth, - pale brown, with 4-6 seeds. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, yellow to light brown. - -Uses: Fuel. In olden days, a yellow dye was extracted from this tree. - -Habitat: Rich, wooded slopes. - -Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri and Arkansas, south to - northern Alabama and northern Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The large, pinnately compound leaflets and the - smooth, gray trunk distinguish this tree. - - [Illustration: YELLOWWOOD] - - - ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD - _Cornus alternifolia_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches; - crown flattened. - -Bark: Brown, slightly roughened, with shallow furrows. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or greenish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - crescent-shaped, somewhat elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Narrowly ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, although often clustered toward the tip of the twig, - simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or - rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long, about half as broad, the - edges smooth or finely round-toothed, green and mostly smooth on - the upper surface, paler and frequently hairy on the lower - surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, usually finely hairy. - -Flowers: Several in crowded round-topped clusters, appearing in May and - June, each flower white, with 4 narrow petals. - -Fruit: Blue, spherical berries up to ⅓ inch in diameter, borne on a red - stalk. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown. - -Use: Tool handles. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: Newfoundland across to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to - Missouri, Alabama, and Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: This is the only American dogwood with the - leaves arranged in an alternate manner. - - [Illustration: ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD] - - - ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD - _Cornus drummondii_ Meyer - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 inches; - crown open and irregular. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly, shallowly furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, pale brown, purplish, or gray, smooth or slightly hairy; - leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, flattened, pointed, finely hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to narrowly ovate, pointed at - the tip, tapering to rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, up - to half as wide, smooth along the edges, green and with short - hairs on the upper surface, paler and hairy on lower surface; - leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Several in round-topped clusters, appearing in May and June, - each flower white, with 4 narrow petals. - -Fruit: White, spherical berries up to ¼ inch in diameter, borne on red - stalks. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown. - -Use: Tool handles. - -Habitat: Woods; edges of prairies. - -Range: New York across to Minnesota, south to Nebraska and Texas, east - to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: This is the only dogwood in Illinois that is - rough-hairy on the upper surface of the leaves. - - [Illustration: ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD] - - - FLOWERING DOGWOOD - _Cornus florida_ L. - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter rarely - more than 2 feet; crown rounded. - -Bark: Brown, divided into squarish plates. - -Twigs: Slender, greenish to light brown, smooth, often curving upward at - the tip; leaf scars opposite, crescent-shaped, elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Of two kinds, the leaf buds slender, pointed, the flower buds flat - and biscuit-shaped. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip, - tapering or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, less than - half as broad, the veins deeply impressed, the edges without - teeth, green and smooth or sparsely hairy on the upper surface, - pale and finely hairy or sometimes smooth on the lower surface; - leafstalks up to ¾ inch long, smooth or finely hairy. - -Flowers: Several crowded together in a yellow-green cluster, each - cluster subtended by 4 large white petal-like bracts, appearing in - late April and May. - -Fruit: Red, ovoid berries up to ½ inch long, shiny, with mealy flesh and - 1 or 2 seeds. - -Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, brown. - -Uses: The wood is used in the making of tool handles, although the real - value of the Flowering Dogwood is its ornamental potential. - -Habitat: Woods. - -Range: Maine across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida; also in - Mexico. - -Distinguishing Features: The opposite, toothless leaves with deeply - impressed veins distinguish this species. - - [Illustration: FLOWERING DOGWOOD] - - - OTHER DOGWOODS - -Several other dogwoods, most of them rarely if ever attaining the -stature of small trees, occur in Illinois. - -Gray Dogwood (_Cornus racemosa_ Lam.). This plant rarely exceeds a -height of 10 feet. It is distinguished by its slender gray twigs, its -small white flowers borne in clusters about as broad as high, and its -white berries about ¼ inch in diameter. The Racemose Dogwood occurs in a -variety of habitats, including prairies and woods. - -Stiff Dogwood (_Cornus foemina_ Mill.). This small dogwood has brownish -twigs with white pith and bluish fruits. Its leaves usually are smooth -on both surfaces. It occurs in low, wet woods. - -Round-leaved Dogwood (_Cornus rugosa_ Lam.). As the name implies, this -shrubby dogwood has roundish leaves which are woolly on the lower -surface. The greenish twigs have white pith. The berries are pale blue. -The Round-leaved Dogwood grows in dry, rocky woods. - -Red Osier (_Cornus stolonifera_ Michx.). Red Osier has dark red twigs -with white pith. The leaves are pale and somewhat hairy on the lower -surface. The berries are white or grayish. Red Osier usually grows along -shores, often forming thickets. - -Silky Dogwood (_Cornus obliqua_ Raf.). This plant is usually a shrub, -but may get as much as 15 feet tall. It has twigs with pale brown pith. -The leaves are pale on the lower surface, and usually have white, -appressed hairs. The berries are blue. Silky Dogwood grows in low -ground. - -Willow Dogwood (_Cornus amomum_ Mill.). The Willow Dogwood rarely -exceeds a height of 10 feet. Like the Silky Dogwood, it has twigs with -pale brown pith. The leaves usually have reddish-colored hairs on the -lower surface. The berries are pale blue. Willow Dogwood grows in low -ground. - - [Illustration: Gray Dogwood] - - - COCK-SPUR THORN - _Crataegus crus-galli_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Dark brown, scaly. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, light brown, smooth, usually with sharp spines - up to 4 inches long; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, - slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually smooth. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadest above the middle, rounded or - short-pointed at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches - long, up to 1½ inches broad, leathery, toothed along the edges, at - least in the upper half of the leaf, dark green, smooth, shiny on - the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; - leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth. - -Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and June, each up - to ¾ inch across, with 5 white petals. - -Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ½ inch in diameter, red, fleshy but - dry, with 1-2 nutlets. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown. - -Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes, thickets. - -Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to - South Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: Cock-spur Thorn differs from most other - hawthorns in Illinois by its leathery, shiny leaves which are - broadest above the middle. - - [Illustration: COCK-SPUR THORN] - - - RED HAW - _Crataegus mollis_ (Torr. & Gray) Scheele - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 14 inches; - crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Gray-brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, gray or brown, smooth or slightly hairy, rarely - with spines; leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly - elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, up to ¼ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, usually hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, broadest near the base, - short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long - and nearly as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, - occasionally with shallow lobes, yellow-green and hairy on the - upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks - stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in April and May, each - up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals. - -Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red, fleshy but - dry, with 4-5 nutlets. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown. - -Habitat: Moist woods. - -Range: Southern Ontario across to Minnesota, south to Oklahoma, east to - Alabama. - -Distinguishing Features: The Red Haw is distinguished by its densely - hairy, ovate leaves which are often shallowly lobed. - - [Illustration: RED HAW] - - - PRUINOSE HAW - _Crataegus pruinosa_ (Wendl.) K. Koch - -Growth Form: Small tree to 15 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown broad and irregular. - -Bark: Dark gray, scaly, furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth, with spines up to 2 inches long; - leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly - so. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, broadest below the - middle, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 3 inches - long and about ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges and - frequently shallowly lobed, bluish-green and smooth on the upper - surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; leafstalks stout, - up to 1 inch long, smooth or somewhat hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, appearing in May and early June, - each up to 1 inch across, with 5 white petals. - -Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to ¾ inch in diameter, dark red to - purple, fleshy but dry, with 5 nutlets. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, close-grained, brown. - -Habitat: Woods and thickets. - -Range: Newfoundland to southern Ontario, south to Arkansas, east to - North Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: The Pruinose Haw is distinguished by its - bluish-green leaves which are widest just below the middle. - - [Illustration: PRUINOSE HAW] - - - OTHER HAWTHORNS - -Many other hawthorns occur in Illinois. Several of them have been found -only a very few times. Most of them are difficult to distinguish unless -leaves, flowers, and fruits are available. A few of the hawthorns which -are likely to be encountered are described on this and the following -page. - -Scarlet Hawthorn (_Crataegus coccinioides_ Ashe). This hawthorn grows to -a height of 15 feet and has very scaly brown bark. The slender gray -twigs have many stout, sharp spines up to 2 inches long. The ovate -leaves are coarsely toothed and usually shallowly lobed. There are some -hairs on both surfaces of the leaves. The spherical fruits, when mature, -are deep red speckled with several pale dots. There are usually 5 -nutlets inside each fruit. The Scarlet Hawthorn is found primarily on -rocky hills. - -Urn-shaped Hawthorn (_Crataegus calpodendron_ (Ehrh.) Medic.) The -Urn-shaped Hawthorn is named for the shape of its fruit, which is -usually about ½ inch long, red, with sweet flesh and 2-3 nutlets inside. -This small tree only grows to a height of about 15 feet. The leaves are -usually ovate and are coarsely toothed and often shallowly lobed. They -have a greenish-yellow color and are hairy, at least on the underneath -surface. This hawthorn frequently grows along rocky streams. - - [Illustration: Urn-Shaped Hawthorn] - -Green Haw (_Crataegus viridis_ L.). The Green Haw is primarily a tree of -low, wet woods, where it grows to a height of nearly 30 feet and has a -gray, scaly bark. The rather variable leaves range from elliptic to -elliptic-ovate and toothed to occasionally shallowly lobed. The leaves -are thin and smooth on both surfaces, except for some tufts of hair -along the axils of the veins on the lower surface. The orange-red fruits -are spherical and about ⅓ inch in diameter. There are 5 nutlets embedded -in the rather sweet flesh. - -Dotted Haw (_Crataegus punctata_ Jacq.). This hawthorn grows to a height -of about 20 feet and has many stout thorns on its twigs. The leaves -generally are broadest above the middle and are obovate. The edges of -the leaves are usually toothed from the middle to the tip. Sometimes -lobes are formed. The leaves have a relatively thick texture and are -hairy on the veins of the under surface of the leaves. The usually -spherical fruit is about ¾ inch in diameter and contains 3 or 5 nutlets. -The Dotted Thorn often forms thickets along the edges of woods or in -rocky fields. - - [Illustration: Green Hawthorn - Dotted Hawthorn] - - - PERSIMMON - _Diospyros virginiana_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 - foot; crown broad and rounded or flattened. (At one time in the - Wabash Valley, Persimmon trees nearly 3 feet in diameter were - known.) - -Bark: Dark gray to black, broken at maturity into squarish blocks. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or hairy, usually with lenticels; leaf - scars alternate, half-elliptic, with 1 bundle trace. - -Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, dark reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, pointed at the tip, - tapering or rounded at the base, up to 5 inches long and about - half as broad, smooth along the edges, dark green, smooth, and - shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; - leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, smooth or sparsely hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate usually borne on separate trees, - appearing after the leaves are half grown, the staminate in - clusters of 2-3, tubular, up to ½ inch long, the pistillate - solitary, ½ to ¾ inch long. Sometimes flowers with both stamens - and pistils can be found. - -Fruit: Fleshy, spherical, but with the greenish calyx persistent at one - end, yellow-orange to orange (rarely blue), up to 2 inches in - diameter, sweet when ripe, few-seeded. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, the heartwood nearly black. - -Uses: Golf club heads, billiard cues. - -Habitat: Dry woods, rich bottomland woods, edge of fields, fence rows. - -Range: Connecticut across to southern Iowa and eastern Kansas, south to - eastern Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Persimmon are most often - confused with those of the Sour Gum, but usually the tip is not as - abruptly pointed in the Persimmon. The pith of the Persimmon also - lacks the distinct partitions found in the Sour Gum. - - [Illustration: PERSIMMON] - - - BEECH - _Fagus grandifolia_ Ehrh. - -Growth Form: Large tree to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown widely spreading, usually rounded. - -Bark: Smooth, gray, thin, often marred by human carving. - -Twigs: Gray or yellowish, slender, smooth, more or less zigzag; leaf - scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, narrow, long-pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, up to ¾ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 4 inches long and 2½ inches - broad, oblong, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the - somewhat asymmetrical base, coarsely toothed along the edges, - blue-green to yellow-green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface, - smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk very - short, sometimes hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on the same tree, - appearing after the leaves have unfolded, the staminate numerous - in small spherical heads, the pistillate in groups of 2. - -Fruit: Spiny burs up to ¾ inch long, prickly, reddish-brown, containing - 1-3 triangular nuts. - -Wood: Hard, strong, close-grained, deep reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fuel, chairs, tool handles. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to eastern Texas, east to - northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The stately Beech is recognized by its smooth - gray bark and its long, pointed winter buds. - - [Illustration: BEECH] - - - SWAMP PRIVET - _Forestiera acuminata_ (Michx.) Poir. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; - crown spreading, irregular. - -Bark: Brown, shallowly furrowed or nearly smooth. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, warty or smooth; leaf scars opposite, - shield-shaped, with 1 bundle trace. - -Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, smooth. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic, pointed at the tip, tapering - to the base, up to 4 inches long, up to 1½ inches broad, finely - toothed along part of the edges, yellow-green and nearly smooth on - the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface; - leafstalks slender, usually smooth, up to ½ inch long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different trees, - appearing before the leaves begin to unfold; staminate many in - rounded clusters, yellow, without petals; pistillate several in - branched clusters, yellowish, without petals. - -Fruit: Slender, oblong, slightly curved, dark purple, about 1 inch long, - up to ¼ inch wide, fleshy but dry, containing 1 seed. - -Use: Occasionally planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Swamps, along rivers. - -Range: South Carolina across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Swamp Privet is distinguished by its opposite, - pointed leaves which are finely toothed along the edges. - - [Illustration: SWAMP PRIVET] - - - WHITE ASH - _Fraxinus americana_ L. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown pyramidal or ovoid, with slender branches; trunk - straight, columnar. - -Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between - flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, sometimes with a few hairs; leaf scars - opposite, horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces forming a - half-moon. - -Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-9 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped to lance-ovate, often curved, pointed at the tip, - rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and about - half as broad, shallowly toothed along the edges, green and smooth - on the upper surface, paler and smooth or hairy on the lower - surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees before the - leaves begin to expand, minute, without petals, purplish, in - crowded clusters, soon becoming elongated and less crowded. - -Fruit: Paddle-shaped, winged, up to 2½ inches long and ¼ inch wide, - several in a cluster, 1-seeded at the base. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, coarse-grained, brown. - -Uses: Furniture, baseball bats, tool handles, interior finishing. - -Habitat: Bottomlands and wooded slopes. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Texas and Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: White Ash differs from Green Ash in having - distinctly paler lower leaf surfaces. Plants with hairy leaves - resemble Red Ash, but the fruits do not have the wing extending - down beyond the seed in the White Ash. - - [Illustration: WHITE ASH] - - - BLACK ASH - _Fraxinus nigra_ Marsh. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown broadly rounded, with many stout, straight branches. - -Bark: Light gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows. - -Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars elliptic or oval, with - several bundle traces arranged in a half moon. - -Buds: Conical, blue-black, finely hairy, about one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-11 leaflets; leaflets - without stalks, lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip, tapering or - rounded at the sometimes asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, - less than one-half as wide, toothed along the edges, dark green - and smooth on the upper surface, paler and with rusty hairs along - the veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn reddish-brown in - the autumn. - -Flowers: Small, in elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves begin - to unfold, purplish, without any petals, some with both stamens - and pistils, others only with stamens, others only with pistils. - -Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, barely notched at the tip, up to 1½ inches - long, up to one-half inch broad, with a single seed at the base. - -Wood: Soft, heavy, dark brown. - -Uses: Cabinets, baskets, fence posts. - -Habitat: Swampy woods. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, central Illinois, - West Virginia, and Delaware. - -Distinguishing Features: This is the only ash in Illinois where none of - the leaflets has stalks. - - [Illustration: BLACK ASH] - - - RED ASH - _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown usually pyramidal; trunk straight, rather stout, - sometimes slightly buttressed at base. - -Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between - flat-topped, sometimes scaly ridges. - -Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, covered by velvety hairs, - leaf scars opposite, half-round and straight across the top, with - several bundle traces forming a half-moon. - -Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, about ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets - elliptic to elliptic-ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering to the - base, up to 6 inches long, about ⅓ as wide, sparsely toothed along - the edges, hairy on both surfaces. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on separate trees, appearing after the - leaves have begun to open, minute, crowded in purplish or greenish - dense clusters. - -Fruit: A cluster of paddle-shaped fruits, each fruit up to 2½ inches - long and less than ½ inch broad, with a single seed at one end. - -Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Tool handles, interior finishing, furniture. - -Habitat: Bottomland forests. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to North Dakota, south to Kansas, east to - Louisiana and northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Red Ash is characterized by its hairy leaf - stalks and its narrow wings along the stalks between the leaflets. - - [Illustration: RED ASH] - - - GREEN ASH - _Fraxinus pennsylvanica_ Marsh var. _subintegerrima_ (Vahl) Fern. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown broadly rounded, with slender, spreading branches. - -Bark: Light or dark gray, with diamond-shaped furrows between - flat-topped, sometimes scaly, ridges. - -Twigs: Slender to rather stout, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars - half-round and straight across the top, with several bundle traces - forming a half-moon. - -Buds: Rounded, dark brown, finely hairy, up to one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped to elliptic, long-pointed at the tip, tapering to the - base, up to 6 inches long and one-and-one-half inches wide, - toothed along the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces. The - leaflets turn reddish-brown or yellowish in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in - branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, small, - purplish, without petals. - -Fruit: Lance-shaped or reversely lance-shaped, winged fruits, usually - rounded at the tip, up to 2½ inches long and less than one-third - inch broad, with a single seed at the base. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, light brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, tool handles, baseball bats; sometimes grown - as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Bottomland forests. - -Range: Maine across to Saskatchewan and Minnesota, south to Texas, east - to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Green Ash has leaflets which are green on - both surfaces. - - [Illustration: GREEN ASH] - - - BLUE ASH - _Fraxinus quadrangulata_ Michx. - -Other Name: Square-stemmed Ash. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree to seventy feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown irregular, with many short, sturdy branches. - -Bark: Gray, scaly, without diamond-shaped furrows. - -Twigs: Stout, square, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars half-round and - concave across the top, with several bundle traces forming a - half-moon. - -Buds: Rounded, gray, finely hairy, up to one-half inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, pinnately compound, with 5-11 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, long-pointed at the tip tapering to the sometimes - asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, less than half as wide, - coarsely toothed along the edges, yellowish-green and smooth on - the upper surface, paler and usually with tufts of hairs along the - veins on the lower surface. The leaflets turn yellow in the - autumn. - -Flowers: Small, in branched clusters, appearing as the leaves begin to - unfold, purplish, without any petals. - -Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, notched at the tip, up to 2 inches long - and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, yellow-brown. - -Uses: Flooring; the inner bark produces a blue dye when placed in water. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes, limestone cliffs. - -Range: Western Pennsylvania across Wisconsin to Iowa, south to Oklahoma, - Arkansas, and Alabama; southern Ontario. - -Distinguishing Features: The square stems immediately distinguish this - tree from any other ash in Illinois. - - [Illustration: BLUE ASH] - - - PUMPKIN ASH - _Fraxinus tomentosa_ Michx. f. - -Growth Form: Large tree sometimes nearly 100 feet tall; trunk diameter - up to 3 feet; crown broadly rounded, with stout spreading - branches. - -Bark: Gray, becoming scaly. - -Twigs: Stout, gray or brown, usually velvety; leaf scars opposite, - horseshoe-shaped, with several bundle traces arranged in a - half-moon. - -Buds: More or less conical, brown, hairy, about one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, compound, with 7-9 leaflets; leaflets lance-shaped to - elliptic, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the slightly - asymmetrical base, up to 10 inches long and about half as wide, - smooth or finely toothed along the edges, yellow-green and smooth - on the upper surface, paler and velvety-hairy on the lower - surface. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in - elongated clusters, appearing before the leaves, small, - greenish-purple, without any petals. - -Fruit: Oblong, winged fruits, usually rounded at the tip, up to 3 inches - long and one-half inch broad, with a single seed near the bottom. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, hard, close-grained, brown. - -Uses: Boxes, paper pulp, fuel. - -Habitat: Floodplains, swamps. - -Range: New York across Ohio to southern Illinois and southern Missouri, - south to Louisiana, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Pumpkin Ash is the only ash in Illinois - with velvety-hairy twigs and usually toothless leaves. - - [Illustration: PUMPKIN ASH] - - - WATER LOCUST - _Gleditsia aquatica_ Marsh. - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 2 feet; crown widely but irregularly spreading; trunk short and - stout. - -Bark: Dark gray or dark brown, shallowly furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth, usually with unbranched thorns; - leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth, - up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, both singly and doubly pinnately compound on the same - tree, with many leaflets; leaflets oblong to oblong-ovate, rounded - or slightly pointed at the tip, rounded at the slightly - asymmetrical base, toothless or minutely toothed along the edges, - smooth except for some hairs along the veins, up to 1 inch long, - about half as wide. - -Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with only - one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 4 inches long, - greenish, small, appearing in May and June. - -Fruit: Short, pointed legumes up to 2 inches long and 1 inch broad, - borne several in a drooping cluster, chestnut-brown, smooth, with - 1 or 2 seeds and no pulp. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction. - -Habitat: Swampy woods. - -Range: North Carolina across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east - to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The short, 1- or 2-seeded legume without pulp - differentiates this locust from the Honey Locust. - - [Illustration: WATER LOCUST] - - - HONEY LOCUST - _Gleditsia triacanthos_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; - crown broadly rounded, often with dropping outer branches; trunk - straight, rather stout, usually with large, purple-brown, 3-parted - thorns. - -Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, angular, reddish-brown, smooth, zigzag, with 3-parted or - unbranched thorns; leaf scars alternate, more or less 3-lobed, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, nearly hidden beneath the leaf scars, dark brown, smooth, - up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, often doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets; - leaflets oblong to oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly pointed - at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, minutely - toothed along the edges, smooth except for some hairs along the - veins, up to 1½ inches long, less than half as wide. - -Flowers: Some flowers with both stamens and pistils, others with only - one or the other, in elongated clusters up to 3 inches long, - yellowish, small, appearing in May and June. - -Fruit: Elongated legumes up to 1½ feet long and up to 2 inches wide, - flat, often twisted or curved, purple-brown, containing several - seeds embedded in a thick pulp. - -Wood: Hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, coarse construction; a spineless form sometimes - cultivated. - -Habitat: Moist, wooded ravines, thickets, along roads. - -Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Honey Locust has more leaflets than any other - kind of tree in Illinois. The large 3-parted spines and the long - fruits are also distinctive. - - [Illustration: HONEY LOCUST] - - - KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE - _Gymnocladus dioicus_ (L.) K. Koch - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 2½ feet; crown with a narrow, rounded top; trunk stout, usually - branching a few feet above the ground. - -Bark: Dark gray, deeply furrowed and scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Stout, dark brown with orange lenticels, slightly hairy; leaf - scars alternate, heart-shaped, with 3 or 5 bundle traces; pith - chocolate-colored. - -Buds: Tiny, sunken in hairy cavities immediately above each leaf scar. - -Leaves: Alternate, doubly pinnately compound, with many leaflets; - leaflets ovate, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 2 - inches long and about half as broad, without teeth along the edge, - dark green and smooth on the upper surface, yellow-green and - smooth or hairy on the veins on the lower surface. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on separate trees, in - more or less elongated, greenish clusters, appearing after the - leaves have unfolded, each flower with 5 oblong, hairy petals. - -Fruit: Short, thick legumes up to 10 inches long and up to 2 inches - wide, dark brown, leathery, smooth, containing several large seeds - embedded in a thick, sweet pulp. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel, rough construction. The seeds can be used as a - substitute for coffee. - -Habitat: Rich, often bottomland, woods. - -Range: New York across to South Dakota, south to Oklahoma, east to - Tennessee. - -Distinguishing Features: The doubly compound leaves with large leaflets, - the short, thick legumes, and the thick twigs with sunken buds - readily distinguish this tree. It is one of the last trees to put - forth its leaves in the spring. - - [Illustration: KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE] - - - SILVER BELL - _Halesia carolina_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, with whitish stripes, somewhat scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, usually smooth; leaf scars alternate, - half-round, with a cluster of bundle scars. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, somewhat hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, - tapering to rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, about half - as broad, finely toothed along the edges, dark green and usually - smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or slightly hairy on - the lower surface; leafstalks slender, smooth or finely hairy, up - to ½ inch long. - -Flowers: Few in hanging clusters, showy, white, each bell-shaped and up - to one inch long, appearing in April. - -Fruit: 4-winged, dry, brown, up to 2 inches long, containing 1 seed. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, brown. - -Use: Occasionally grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: Virginia across southern Illinois to Oklahoma, south to Texas, - east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The bell-shaped white flowers and the 4-winged - fruits readily distinguish this handsome tree. - - [Illustration: SILVER BELL] - - - WITCH HAZEL - _Hamamelis virginiana_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; - crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Light brown, eventually broken into small scales. - -Twigs: Slender, flexible, brown, hairy at first but becoming smooth; - leaf scars alternate, half-round, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Narrow, pointed, finely hairy, orange-brown, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, rounded or short-pointed at - the tip, rounded or sometimes tapering to the base, up to 6 inches - long, sometimes nearly half as broad, usually with several low, - rounded teeth, dark green and usually somewhat hairy on the upper - surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to ¾ - inch long, slightly hairy. - -Flowers: Blooming from September to November, several in a cluster, each - with 4 bright yellow, strap-shaped petals up to ⅔ inch long. - -Fruit: Capsules up to ½ long, brown, hairy, splitting open during the - following autumn to liberate several small, shiny seeds. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown. - -Uses: Planted as an ornamental. The astringent witch hazel is derived - from this plant. - -Habitat: Woodlands. - -Range: Southern Quebec across to Minnesota, south to Missouri, - Tennessee, and Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The late-flowering period and the obovate - leaves with shallow, rounded teeth characterize the Witch Hazel. - - [Illustration: WITCH HAZEL] - - - SWAMP HOLLY - _Ilex decidua_ Walt. - -Other Name: Possum Haw; Deciduous Holly. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - inches; crown spreading. - -Bark: Light brown, more or less warty. - -Twigs: Slender, gray, smooth or slightly hairy, often with short spurs; - leaf scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 1 - bundle trace. - -Buds: Rounded, gray, up to ⅛ inch in diameter. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple, sometimes clustered at the tips of the short - spur-like twigs; blades narrowly oblong to elliptic, short-pointed - or rounded at the tip, tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long, - less than ½ as broad, sparsely and finely toothed along the edges, - green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and slightly hairy on - the lower surface; leafstalks slender, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately on different trees, - appearing in April and May; both types of flowers in few-flowered - clusters, greenish or whitish, with usually 4 small petals. - -Fruit: Red or rarely orange berries, spherical, up to ¼ inch in - diameter, remaining on the tree during the winter. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, whitish. - -Use: The handsome berries make this species an attractive ornamental. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods. - -Range: Maryland across to eastern Kansas, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Swamp Holly is distinguished by its alternate, - remotely toothed leaves clustered at the ends of spur-like shoots, - and by its red berries. - - [Illustration: SWAMP HOLLY] - - - BUTTERNUT - _Juglans cinerea_ L. - -Other Name: White Walnut. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown flat to broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not - buttressed. - -Bark: Light gray, divided by deep furrows into broad scaly ridges. - -Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown to gray, smooth or hairy, usually - shiny, with white lenticels; pith chocolate-colored, divided by - partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Blunt at the tip, whitish, hairy, soft, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 17 leaflets; leaflets - up to 3 inches long and 2 inches wide, broadly lance-shaped, - pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, finely - toothed along the edges, yellow-green on the upper surface, paler - on the lower surface, softly hairy and sometimes sticky. - -Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when the - leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick, - yellow-green catkins, the pistillate much fewer in spikes, neither - of them with petals. - -Fruit: In groups of 2-5, ovoid-oblong, up to 2½ inches long, - sticky-hairy, the husk thick, the nut pointed at one end and with - well-developed wings, pale brown, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Furniture, interior finishing; the nut is sought after as a - delicacy. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods. - -Range: New Brunswick across to Minnesota, south to Arkansas, east to - Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Butternut is distinguished by its bark - pattern, its chocolate-colored, partitioned pith, and its - distinctive fruits. - - [Illustration: BUTTERNUT] - - - BLACK WALNUT - _Juglans nigra_ L. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 - feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar, not - buttressed at the base. - -Bark: Black, thick, deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Stout, greenish or orange-brown, hairy, smooth and gray; pith - brown, divided by partitions; leaf scars alternate, shield-shaped, - elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded at the tip, pale brown, soft, hairy, up to ½ - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 15-23 leaflets; leaflets up - to 3½ inches long and 1½ inches wide, broadly lance-shaped, - pointed at the tip, rounded at the asymmetrical base, toothed - along the edges, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, - paler and hairy on the lower surface, turning yellow in the - autumn. - -Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, appearing when the - leaves are partly grown, the staminate several in thick, - yellow-green, hairy catkins, the pistillate much fewer in small - spikes, neither of them with petals. - -Fruit: In groups of 1 or 2, spherical, up to 2 inches in diameter, green - or yellow-green, slightly roughened, the husk thick, the nut very - hard, oval, dark brown, deeply ridged, the seed sweet. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, dark brown. - -Uses: The wood is used for furniture, interior finishing, cabinets; the - nuts are edible. - -Habitat: Rich woodlands. - -Range: Massachusetts across to Minnesota, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Black Walnut is recognized by its - characteristic buds, its chambered pith, and its fruits. - - [Illustration: BLACK WALNUT] - - - RED CEDAR - _Juniperus virginiana_ L. - -Other Names: Juniper; Eastern Red Cedar. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 90 feet tall, usually much smaller; trunk - diameter up to 3 feet; crown narrowly pyramidal or broad and - rounded. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, splitting into long shreds. - -Twigs: Slender, brown. - -Leaves: Of 2 types, either flat, triangular, opposite, and up to ¹/₁₆ - inch long, or short and needle-like, up to ¾ inch long, blue-green - to green to yellow-green. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on different trees, the staminate in - small, narrow yellowish spikes, the pistillate in small, ovoid, - purplish clusters. - -Fruit: Berry-like, spherical, up to ¼ inch in diameter, dark blue with a - whitish covering, with sweet flesh and 1-2 seeds. - -Wood: Durable, light in weight, close-grained, red, fragrant. - -Uses: Clothing chests, pencils, fence posts. - -Habitat: Fields, dry woods, cliffs. - -Range: New Brunswick across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The 2 kinds of leaves readily distinguish this - species. - - [Illustration: RED CEDAR] - - - EUROPEAN LARCH - _Larix decidua_ Mill. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 15 - inches; crown straight and more or less columnar. - -Bark: Light brown, scaly. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, yellowish, with numerous conspicuous leaf scars - or, when older, with short lateral spurs. - -Leaves: Needles borne many in clusters from short spurs, or borne singly - on new branchlets, soft, yellow-green, up to about one inch long, - somewhat triangular, falling from the tree in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing as the new leaves begin to appear, the staminate - in nearly round, yellow heads, the pistillate in oblong, bright - red “cones.” - -Fruit: Cones oblong, upright, up to 1¼ inches long, containing numerous - small, winged seeds. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, orange-brown. - -Use: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Around homes where it has persisted from cultivation. - -Range: Native of Europe; infrequently escaped from cultivation in - northeastern North America. - -Distinguishing Features: The European Larch differs from the American - Larch by its slightly longer cones, its yellow-green needles, and - its yellower twigs. - - [Illustration: EUROPEAN LARCH] - - - AMERICAN LARCH - _Larix laricina_ (DuRoi) Koch - -Other Name: Tamarack. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 1½ feet; crown narrowly pyramidal. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into scales. - -Twigs: Slender, light brown or orange, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - elevated, borne on spurs, with 1 bundle trace. - -Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter. - -Leaves: Needles numerous in clusters, soft, up to about 1 inch long, - light green, falling away during the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate spherical, yellow, usually not subtended by leaves; - pistillate oblong, rose-colored, usually subtended by leaves. - -Fruit: Cones oblong, up to ½ inch long, chestnut-brown. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, orange-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, interior finishing; sometimes grown as - an ornamental. - -Habitat: Bogs and swamps. - -Range: Labrador to Alaska, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois, and - West Virginia. - -Distinguishing Features: American Larch is distinguished by its short, - pale green needles borne many in a cluster or singly on long - shoots. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN LARCH] - - - SWEET GUM - _Liquidambar styraciflua_ L. - -Other Name: Red Gum. - -Growth Form: Up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter sometimes more than 3 - feet; crown usually pyramidal. - -Bark: Usually dark gray and broken into scaly ridges. - -Twigs: Stout, often bordered by corky wings; leaf scars alternate, - half-elliptical, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Large, shiny, pointed, sometimes sticky to the touch. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades shaped like 5- to 7-pointed stars, - each point toothed along the edge, as much as six inches long and - nearly as broad. In the autumn, the leaves turn a variety of - colors, from red to yellow to purple. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree crowded together in - rounded clusters, opening at about the same time as the leaves - unfold. - -Fruit: Dry “ball” about one inch in diameter, covered by numerous short, - often sharp projections, with many seeds, most of which are - incapable of germinating. - -Wood: Hard, strong, durable. - -Uses: Lumber, furniture, flooring. The attractive leaves make this tree - a handsome ornamental. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods. - -Range: Southwestern Connecticut across southern Illinois to eastern - Oklahoma and eastern Texas, east to central Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The star-shaped leaves readily distinguish this - tree. - - [Illustration: SWEET GUM] - - - TULIP TREE - _Liriodendron tulipifera_ L. - -Other Names: Yellow Poplar; Tulip Poplar. - -Growth Form: Stately tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown oblong or pyramidal from a long, columnar trunk. - -Bark: Grayish, becoming deeply furrowed at maturity; furrows often - whitish within. - -Twigs: Smooth, reddish-brown; leaf scars alternate, nearly spherical, - with several bundle traces, with stipule scars encircling the - twig. - -Buds: Flattened, up to 1 inch long, resembling duckbills. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into four broad lobes, the - upper two lobes usually with a conspicuous notch between them, - bright green, averaging 4 to 6 inches long and broad. - -Flowers: About two inches long, cup-shaped, with six yellow-green petals - with an orange base surrounding a cone-shaped cluster of pistils; - opening in May. - -Fruit: Dry “cones” about 2½ inches long, composed of several winged - seeds. - -Wood: Soft, durable. - -Uses: Lumber, veneer cores to which other wood can be glued, canoes, - frames. - -Habitat: Rich soil. - -Range: Connecticut and Vermont across to southern Michigan, - southwestward across Illinois to Louisiana, east to Central - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is unlike that of any - other tree in Illinois. - - [Illustration: TULIP TREE] - - - OSAGE ORANGE - _Maclura pomifera_ Schneid. - -Other Names: Hedge Apple; Bow Wood. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown rounded or dome-shaped, with several rather stout, spreading - branches. - -Bark: Light gray-brown tinged with orange, separating into shaggy - strips. - -Twigs: Dull orange-brown, smooth, zigzag, with short, sharp, axillary - spines; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with usually 3 - groups of bundle traces. - -Buds: Round, reddish-brown, smooth, very tiny. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate or ovate-lanceolate, - long-pointed at the tip, narrowed or a little bit heart-shaped at - the base, up to 5 inches long and 3½ inches broad, smooth along - the edges, green and smooth on both surfaces; leafstalks smooth, - up to 2 inches long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, yellow-green, - very tiny, the staminate crowded in short clusters on stalks up to - 4 inches long, the pistillate crowded into spherical heads on - short, stout stalks. - -Fruit: Large, spherical, greenish-yellow compound fruit up to 6 inches - in diameter, containing many seeds, succulent flesh, and milky - sap. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, flexible, durable, coarse-grained, orange when first - cut, becoming brown. - -Uses: Bows, fence posts, railroad ties, tool handles; often planted as a - windbreak. - -Habitat: Hedge-rows, woods. - -Range: Native only in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas; commonly planted - elsewhere and often escaped from cultivation. - -Distinguishing Features: The Osage Orange is distinguished by its spiny - branches, its long-pointed, toothless leaves, its milky sap, and - its large, spherical, yellow-green fruits. - - [Illustration: OSAGE ORANGE] - - - CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA - _Magnolia acuminata_ L. - -Other Name: Cucumber Tree. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown broadly rounded or pyramidal. - -Bark: Gray or brown, with shallow furrows when older. - -Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - U-shaped, with several scattered bundle traces. - -Buds: Silvery-white, hairy, up to nearly 1 inch long, with a single bud - scale. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually elliptic, short-pointed at the - apex, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and - more than half as broad, entire along the edges, yellow-green and - smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes hairy on the - lower surface. - -Flowers: Greenish-yellow, up to 3 inches long, with usually 6 elongated, - pointed petals, appearing in April. - -Fruit: Oblong fruits up to 3 inches long, deep red, with several seeds. - Young fruits look like small cucumbers, thus accounting for the - common name. The fruits ripen from late August to October. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown. - -Uses: Cabinets, flooring. - -Habitat: Rich woodlands. - -Range: New York to southern Illinois and Oklahoma, south to Louisiana - and Georgia, also southern Ontario. - -Distinguishing Features: The large toothless leaves are distinctive from - leaves of all other Illinois trees except the Tupelo Gum, a tree - of swamps which usually had 1-3 coarse teeth along the edges of - each leaf. The silvery buds are also distinctive, as are the - flowers and fruits. - - [Illustration: CUCUMBER MAGNOLIA] - - - NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE - _Malus angustifolia_ (Ait.) Michx. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 9 inches; - crown spreading. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed, scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown or pale brown, smooth, sometimes - spur-like; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, with 3 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Rounded, brown, up to ¹/₁₆ inch in diameter, finely hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong, rounded or pointed - at the tip, narrowed to the base, to 2 inches long, less than half - as broad, toothed along the edges, seldom shallowly lobed, green - and smooth on the upper surface, a little paler and smooth or - sparsely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 - inch long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, up to 1 inch across, on long stalks, usually 3 or more - in a cluster, with 5 narrow, rose petals, appearing during May and - June. - -Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible. - -Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown. - -Use: The fruit is used in making jelly. - -Habitat: Rather moist woods. - -Range: Maryland across to southern Missouri, south to Louisiana, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: This crab apple is distinguished by its narrow - leaves which are usually unlobed. - - [Illustration: NARROW-LEAVED CRAB APPLE] - - - PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE - _Malus coronaria_ (L.) Mill. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Gray-brown to red-brown, with rather deep furrows between the - scales. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, often spurlike, sometimes spiny, - usually smooth at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, reddish, about ¼ inch in diameter, smooth or nearly so. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval, rounded to short-pointed at the - tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long, about - half as broad, toothed along the edges and sometimes slightly - lobed, yellow-green and smooth on the upper surface, paler on the - lower surface; leafstalks stout, up to 2 inches long, smooth or - hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, up to 1½ inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or - more in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or pinkish petals, - appearing during May and June. - -Fruit: Apples up to 1 inch across, yellow-green, edible. - -Wood: Heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Wood is used for tool handles; crab apples used in making jelly. - -Habitat: Woods; edge of fields; edge of prairies. - -Range: New York and southern Ontario across to Wisconsin, south to - Kansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: The Prairie Crab Apple differs from the - Narrow-leaved Crab Apple by its broader leaves and from the Iowa - Crab Apple by its usually less-lobed leaves and smooth flowers. - - [Illustration: PRAIRIE CRAB APPLE] - - - IOWA CRAB APPLE - _Malus ioensis_ (Wood) Britt. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown spreading. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, scaly. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, reddish-brown, sometimes spiny, usually - somewhat hairy at maturity; leaf scars alternate, narrow, curved, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, reddish-brown, less than ⅛ inch in diameter, finely - hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oval, rounded or pointed - at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4½ inches long - and less than half as broad, toothed along the edges and often - shallowly lobed, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, - yellow-green and usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface; - leafstalks stout, up to 1 inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, up to 2 inches across, on long stalks, usually 3 or more - in a cluster, with 5 rounded, white or rose petals, appearing - during May and June. - -Fruit: Apples up to 1¾ inches across, yellow-green, edible. - -Wood: Heavy, close-grained, brown. - -Use: The fruit is used in making jelly. - -Habitat: Edges of prairies and fields. - -Range: Wisconsin and Minnesota, south to Nebraska, Texas, and Louisiana. - -Distinguishing Features: The Iowa Crab Apple is distinguished from the - other crab apples in the state by the greater frequency of lobed - leaves and by its hairy flowers. - - [Illustration: IOWA CRAB APPLE] - - - WHITE MULBERRY - _Morus alba_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets. - -Bark: Light brown, sometimes tinted with orange, divided into long, - scaly plates. - -Twigs: Slender, yellowish, smooth or sometimes hairy, more or less - zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with numerous - bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, smooth, about ⅙ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, short-pointed at the tip, - rounded or cut straight across at the base, up to 5 inches long - and nearly as broad, coarsely round-toothed, sometimes 2-lobed, - sometimes 3-lobed, sometimes deeply several-lobed, sometimes - unlobed, green and smooth to the touch on the upper surface, paler - and smooth on the lower surface, except for a few hairs sometimes - on the veins; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either on - the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves - unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow green clusters up to 2 - inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to - 1 inch long. - -Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1¼ inches long, white or pinkish, - more rarely red or purple, sweet, juicy. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts; the fruit is edible. - -Habitat: Woods, along roads, in disturbed areas. - -Range: Native of Asia; naturalized from Maine to Minnesota, south to - Texas, east to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The White Mulberry lacks hairs on the lower - surface of the leaves (except sometimes along the veins), thus - differing from the Red Mulberry. - - [Illustration: WHITE MULBERRY] - - - RED MULBERRY - _Morus rubra_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown broadly rounded, with many short branchlets. - -Bark: Dark brown, divided into long, scaly plates. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth or sometimes hairy, reddish-brown to dark brown, - more or less zigzag; leaf scars alternate, half-round, elevated, - with numerous bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades mostly ovate, abruptly pointed at the - apex, more or less heart-shaped at the base, up to 6 inches long - and sometimes nearly as broad, coarsely toothed, sometimes - 2-lobed, sometimes 3-lobed, often unlobed, green and usually rough - to the touch on the upper surface, paler and with short white - hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, - smooth at maturity. The leaves turn yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately, either on - the same tree or on different trees, appearing as the leaves - unfold, the staminate crowded into narrow, green clusters up to 2 - inches long, the pistillate crowded into short, thick spikes up to - 1 inch long. - -Fruit: A cluster of tiny drupes up to 1½ inches long, at first red, - becoming purple or nearly black, rarely remaining pale, sweet, - juicy. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, durable, coarse-grained, orange-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts and barrels; the fruit is edible. - -Habitat: Woods, particularly along streams. - -Range: Vermont across to Minnesota and South Dakota, south to Texas, - east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Red Mulberry differs from White Mulberry in the - presence of some hairs on the lower surface of the leaves. - - [Illustration: RED MULBERRY] - - - TUPELO GUM - _Nyssa aquatica_ L. - -Other Names: Swamp Tupelo; Water Tupelo; Cotton Gum. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 85 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet, - often swollen at the base; crown spreading, with numerous - branchlets. - -Bark: Light gray to dark gray to brown, broken into thin scales. - -Twigs: Stout, more or less angular, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars - alternate, broadly U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to somewhat ovate, pointed at - the tip, tapering to rounded to even heart-shaped at the base, up - to 8 inches long and about half as broad, the edges smooth or with - a few coarse teeth, dark green, shiny, smooth or somewhat hairy on - the upper surface, paler and soft-hairy on the lower surface; - leafstalks stout, up to 3 inches long, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing as - the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, small, the staminate several - in spherical clusters, the pistillate solitary on long stalks - arising from the leaf axils. - -Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, dark purple with pale speckles, up to 1 inch - long, bitter, 1-seeded, ripening in September. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, close-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Paper pulp, broom handles, floors. - -Habitat: Swamps and low woods. - -Range: Virginia to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Tupelo Gum is characterized by its large, - irregularly toothed leaves and its oblong, purple fruits. - - [Illustration: TUPELO GUM] - - - SOUR GUM - _Nyssa sylvatica_ Marsh. - -Other Name: Black Gum. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 3 feet; crown rounded, often with many small, drooping branchlets. - -Bark: Brown to black, often broken up into squarish blocks. - -Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth, sometimes zigzag; leaf scars - alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. The pith is - continuous but marked with distinct partitions. - -Buds: Short-pointed, yellowish or reddish, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades abruptly pointed at the tip, tapering - or rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long and usually about half - as wide, smooth or with a few coarse teeth along the edges, dark - green, shiny, and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and - usually somewhat hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ - inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy. The leaves turn scarlet in - the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, appearing - after the leaves begin to unfold, greenish, very small, the - staminate several in spherical clusters, the pistillate 2-several - on long stalks arising from the leaf axils. - -Fruit: Fleshy, oval, dark blue, up to ⅔ inch long, bitter, 1-seeded, - ripening in October. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, soft, not durable, pale yellow. - -Uses: Pulpwood, gun-stocks, flooring; sometimes used as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Dry wooded slopes, low woods. - -Range: Maine across to Michigan and Wisconsin, south to Missouri and - Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Sour Gum is easily confused with Persimmon, but - differs by its leaves which are abruptly short-pointed at the tip, - and by its twigs which have continuous pith marked by distinct - partitions. - - [Illustration: SOUR GUM] - - - HOP HORNBEAM - _Ostrya virginiana_ (Mill.) K. Koch - -Other Name: Ironwood. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown usually rounded. - -Bark: Brown and scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, tough to break; leaf - scars alternate, crescent-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Small, pointed at the tip. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to ovate, pointed at the tip, - rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, finely - doubly toothed, green and usually smooth on the upper surface, - paler and usually slightly hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks - up to ¼ inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately but on the same tree. - The staminate catkins are on the tree through the winter before - opening in late April or May. - -Fruit: Nutlets enclosed by an inflated bladder, crowded together in a - cluster resembling hops. - -Wood: Hard, strong, durable. - -Use: Tool handles. - -Habitat: Upland woods; rocky slopes; along streams. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and northeastern Wyoming, south to - eastern Texas and northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Blue Beech, with similar leaves, differs by - its scaly bark. Elms, which also have somewhat similar leaves, - usually have their leaves asymmetrical at the base. - - [Illustration: HOP HORNBEAM] - - - PRINCESS TREE - _Paulownia tomentosa_ (Thunb.) Steud. - -Other Name: Paulownia. - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree to 45 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 1½ feet; crown rounded. - -Bark: Gray, more or less smooth. - -Twigs: Stout, grayish, finely hairy; leaf scars opposite, nearly - spherical but with a notch at the top, with many bundle traces in - a ring. - -Buds: Half-round, minutely hairy. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades mostly heart-shaped, tapering to a - short point at the tip, up to about 10 inches long and nearly as - broad, smooth along the edges, minutely hairy on both surfaces. - -Flowers: Large, showy, fragrant, several in a large cluster, appearing - in late April or early May, the clusters sometimes a foot long, - each flower up to 2 inches long, the petals violet with yellow - stripes. - -Fruit: Ovoid capsules up to 1½ inches long, pointed at the tip, brown, - containing numerous winged seeds. - -Use: Popular as an ornamental because of its handsome flowers. - -Habitat: Along roads, around home sites. - -Range: Native of Asia; occasionally escaped in the eastern United - States. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Princess Tree resemble those - of the Catalpa, but they are always opposite and never in whorls. - The violet flowers and the short, ovid capsules further - distinguish the Princess Tree. - - [Illustration: PRINCESS TREE] - - - JACK PINE - _Pinus banksiana_ Lamb. - -Other Names: Gray Pine; Scrub Pine. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall in some parts of the United - States; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; crown open but often - irregular. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, rough and scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, dark brown, becoming roughened. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, curved, up to 1½ inches long, - dark green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; - pistillate crowded into few to several purple clusters. - -Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, upright, up to 2 inches long, each scale - comprising the cone bearing a small curved prickle; seeds - triangular, up to ¹/₁₂ inch long, with a wing up to ⅓ inch long. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, fuel, pulpwood. - -Habitat: Rocky woods. - -Range: Quebec across to Yukon, south to Minnesota, northern Illinois, - and New York, Nova Scotia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Jack Pine is distinguished by its short, - stiff, curved needles in clusters of 2 and by its short, curved - cones. - - [Illustration: JACK PINE] - - - SHORTLEAF PINE - _Pinus echinata_ Mill. - -Other Name: Yellow Pine. - -Growth Form: Large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; - crown pyramidal or rounded. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into large plates. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, becoming shreddy. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of both 2 and 3 on the same tree, flexible, - up to 5 inches long, dark green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several pale purple spikes up to ¾ inch - long; pistillate in groups of 1-3, rose-colored. - -Fruit: Cones 1-3 in a group, ovoid, up to 2½ inches long, each scale - comprising the cone often bearing a small sharp prickle on the - back; seeds triangular; less than ¼ inch long, with an - asymmetrical curved wing up to ½ inch long. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, paper pulp, construction. - -Habitat: Dry, rocky slopes; widely planted in a variety of sites. - -Range: Southern New York across Pennsylvania and southern Illinois to - Oklahoma, south to Texas, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Shortleaf Pine is distinguished by its needles - which may be in clusters of 2 and 3 on the same tree. - - [Illustration: SHORTLEAF PINE] - - - RED PINE - _Pinus resinosa_ Ait. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree to 150 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 3 feet; crown pyramidal. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, divided irregularly into plates. - -Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown, becoming roughened. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, flexible, up to 6 inches long, dark - green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several purple spikes up to ½ inch long; - pistillate crowded into fewer scarlet clusters. - -Fruit: Cones ovoid, mostly straight, up to 2 inches long, each scale - comprising the cone without any prickles; seeds triangular, up to - ⅛ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long. - -Wood: Rather hard, heavy, close-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Ships, bridges, general construction. - -Habitat: Dry, rocky woods. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Minnesota, Michigan, - Pennsylvania, and New Jersey; also north-central Illinois and West - Virginia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Red Pine is distinguished by its dark green - needles usually clustered near the tips of the twigs. - - [Illustration: RED PINE] - - - WHITE PINE - _Pinus strobus_ L. - -Growth Form: Tall tree well over 100 feet tall in some regions of the - United States; trunk diameter sometimes in excess of 3 feet; crown - pyramidal. - -Bark: Brown, divided into broad ridges by shallow fissures. - -Twigs: Slender, orange-brown, smooth or slightly hairy. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of 5, very flexible, up to 5 inches long, - blue-green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ⅓ inch long; - pistillate crowded into fewer groups, pink to purple. - -Fruit: Cones oblong, curved, drooping, up to 8 inches long, each scale - comprising the cone lacking any prickles; seeds narrowly oblong, - up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to ¾ inch long. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, light brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, construction. - -Habitat: Moist woods, wooded slopes. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Manitoba, south to Iowa, northern - Illinois, and in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The soft, blue-green needles in clusters of 5 - readily distinguish the White Pine. - - [Illustration: WHITE PINE] - - - SCOTCH PINE - _Pinus sylvestris_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 65 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; - crown irregular. - -Bark: Large branches reddish-brown, broken into plates. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, roughened. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of 2, stiff, to 3 inches long, gray-green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; - pistillate crowded into 1 to several clusters. - -Fruit: Cones narrowly ovoid, to 2½ inches long, each scale comprising - the cone without any prickles. - -Uses: Often planted as an ornamental, Christmas trees. - -Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped. - -Range: Native of Europe; widely planted in the eastern United States. - -Distinguishing Features: The rather short, stiff, gray-green needles in - clusters of 2 distinguish this pine. - - [Illustration: SCOTCH PINE] - - - LOBLOLLY PINE - _Pinus taeda_ L. - -Other Name: Old-field Pine. - -Growth Form: Large tree sometimes over 125 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 2 feet; crown rounded. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, divided into irregular plates. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, becoming roughened. - -Leaves: Needles in clusters of 3 or occasionally 2, stiff, up to 9 - inches long, light green. - -Flowers: Staminate crowded into several yellow spikes up to ½ inch long; - pistillate crowded into 1 to several yellow clusters. - -Fruit: Cones ovoid to oblong, mostly straight, up to 6 inches long, each - scale comprising the cone with a short, sharp prickle; seeds - rounded, up to ¼ inch long, with a wing up to 1 inch long. - -Wood: Weak, brittle, coarse-grained, yellow-brown. - -Uses: Pulpwood, construction. - -Habitat: Planted in plantations in Illinois, rarely escaped. - -Range: New Jersey to Tennessee, south across Arkansas to eastern Texas, - east to central Florida; not native in Illinois. - -Distinguishing Features: The Loblolly Pine is distinguished by its - stiff, long needles usually in clusters of 3 and by its long - cones. It is similar to Shortleaf Pine but has longer needles and - cones. - - [Illustration: LOBLOLLY PINE] - - - WATER ELM - _Planera aquatica_ Gmel. - -Other Name: Planer-tree. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; - crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets. - -Bark: Gray or pale brown, smooth at first but later splitting into large - scales. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown to gray, usually smooth; leaf scars - alternate, nearly circular, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Slender, pointed, brownish, smooth or somewhat hairy, up to ¼ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lance-ovate, rounded or somewhat - pointed at the tip, tapering to the usually asymmetrical base, up - to 3 inches long, less than half as broad, regularly coarsely - toothed, smooth or a little roughened on the upper surface at - maturity, smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to ½ - inch long, finely hairy. - -Flowers: Of three kinds, all on the same tree, appearing after the - leaves have begun to expand, greenish-yellow, without petals, the - staminate in several small clusters, the pistillate and perfect in - drooping clusters of 1-3 flowers. - -Fruit: Oblong, fleshy, up to ½ inch long, with warts irregularly - scattered over the surface, pale brown. - -Wood: Soft, light in weight, close-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel. - -Habitat: Swampy areas. - -Range: North Carolina across southern Illinois to southeastern Missouri, - south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Water Elm resembles other native elms in - Illinois, but has only single-toothed leaves. The warty fruits are - also distinctive. - - [Illustration: WATER ELM] - - - SYCAMORE - _Platanus occidentalis_ L. - -Other Names: Buttonwood; Plane-tree. - -Growth Form: Large tree sometimes more than 100 feet tall; trunk - diameter up to 8 feet; crown broad, often irregular. - -Bark: Reddish-brown when young, quickly breaking into thin, flat scales, - falling away in sections to expose large patches of whitish or - greenish inner bark. - -Twigs: Smooth, light brown, somewhat zigzag; leaf scars alternate, - encircling the buds, somewhat elevated, with 5-7 bundle traces. - -Buds: Light brown, pointed, about one-fourth inch long, entirely covered - by the base of the leafstalk. When the leaves fall off, exposing - the buds, they leave a scar which surrounds the base of each bud. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades circular in outline but divided into 3 - or 5 shallow, sharp-pointed lobes, heart-shaped or cut straight - across at the base, up to 7 inches long (longer on vigorous - shoots) and often as broad, bright green and smooth on the upper - surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the - sparsely hairy veins; leafstalks to 5 inches long, slightly hairy; - stipules, resembling the leaves but only about an inch long, often - persist near the base of the leafstalks. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but on the - same tree, minute, crowded together in dense, round heads. - -Fruit: Round light brown heads, about one inch in diameter, on long - drooping stalks, containing many small seeds surrounded by hairs. - -Wood: Hard and strong. - -Uses: Furniture, interior finishing. Sometimes planted as an ornamental - because of its rapid growth and unusual bark. - -Habitat: Bottomlands, along streams, around lakes and ponds. - -Range: Maine across southern Wisconsin to eastern Nebraska, south to - eastern Texas, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The large palmately lobed leaves and the brown - and gray mottled bark readily distinguish this tree. - - [Illustration: SYCAMORE] - - - WHITE POPLAR - _Populus alba_ L. - -Other Names: Silver-leaved Poplar; Abele. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; - crown broadly rounded but often irregular. - -Bark: Grayish to whitish, at first smooth, later becoming deeply - fissured and very dark gray to nearly black. - -Twigs: Greenish-gray, white-hairy at least when young; leaf scars - alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, hairy, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually ovate, with a few broad teeth - along the edges, bluntly pointed at the tip, cut straight across - or a little heart-shaped at the base, up to 4 inches long, dark - green on the upper surface, silvery-hairy or white-wooly on the - lower surface; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, densely hairy, not - flat. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded - together in catkins, appearing when the leaves unfold. - -Fruit: Often curved, flask-shaped capsules, greenish, hairy, up to ¼ - inch long, containing many seeds with cottony hairs attached. - -Wood: Light weight, soft. - -Use: Grown as an ornamental because of its silvery leaves. - -Habitat: Along roads, around old homesteads. - -Range: Native of Europe and Asia; frequently planted and escaped from - cultivation in the United States. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves, with their silvery or white-wooly - under-surface and their few broad teeth, provided the best means - of identifying this tree. - - [Illustration: WHITE POPLAR] - - - COTTONWOOD - _Populus deltoides_ Marsh. - -Growth Form: Large rapidly growing tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk - diameter up to eight feet; crown spreading or broadly rounded, - with some drooping branches. The largest tree in Illinois, in - Grundy County, is a Cottonwood measuring twenty-eight feet six - inches in circumference. - -Bark: Smooth and gray when young, becoming furrowed at maturity. - -Twigs: Yellow-green, gray, or tan, smooth, moderately stout, with - numerous pale “dots”; leaf scars alternate, triangular, with 3 - large bundle traces. - -Buds: Lance-shaped, long-pointed, up to ½ inch long, sticky, - chestnut-colored. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades to 5 inches long and often nearly as - broad, triangular, abruptly pointed at the tip, cut straight - across or even slightly heart-shaped at the base, with coarse - rounded teeth along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on the - upper surface, paler on the lower surface; leafstalks to 4 inches - long, smooth, often yellow, flat. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate - crowded in rather thick, reddish catkins, the pistillate crowded - in narrower, greenish-yellow catkins, both sexes appearing before - the leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Elliptic, greenish-brown capsules up to ¼ inch long, grouped in - elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony hairs - attached. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, readily warping. - -Uses: Pulpwood, fuel. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams. - -Range: New Hampshire across to southeastern North Dakota, south central - Texas, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Cottonwood is easily recognized by its - triangular leaves with flattened leafstalks. The cottony seeds, - when the fruits are mature, are also distinctive. - - [Illustration: COTTONWOOD] - - - BIG-TOOTH ASPEN - _Populus grandidentata_ Michx. - -Other Name: Large-tooth Aspen. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ feet; - crown rounded. - -Bark: Grayish-green, smooth at first, becoming shallowly fissured and - broken up into thin scales. - -Twigs: Grayish-green, with numerous orange “dots,” hairy when young but - becoming smooth; leaf scars alternate, raised, 3-lobed, each with - 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, somewhat hairy, up to one-eighth - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades nearly circular in outline, - short-pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, up to 5 inches - long, nearly as broad, with several rather coarse teeth along the - edges, green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, - smooth when mature; leafstalks up to 3 inches long, flat, enabling - the leaf to rustle even in gentle breezes. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, crowded - together in catkins up to 5 inches long, appearing as the leaves - unfold. - -Fruit: Long, narrow, flask-shaped, green, slightly hairy capsules, - grouped in elongated clusters, containing many seeds with cottony - hairs attached. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown. - -Use: Pulpwood. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes, edges of woods. - -Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to central Illinois, east to - Maryland; Kentucky and north-central Tennessee east to western - North Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: The coarsely toothed, tremoring leaves and the - grayish-green trunks combine to make this a tree easy to - recognize. - - [Illustration: BIG-TOOTH ASPEN] - - - SWAMP COTTONWOOD - _Populus heterophylla_ L. - -Other Name: Swamp Poplar. - -Growth Form: Up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 feet; crown very - irregular, with a few, large, upright branches. - -Bark: Gray or brown, smooth when young, becoming scaly ridged at - maturity. - -Twigs: Rather stout, smooth or hairy, reddish; leaf scars alternate, - 3-lobed, each with 3 bundle traces; pith 5-angled. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, dark brown, sticky, up to one-half inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, rounded or bluntly pointed at - the tip, heart-shaped at the base, up to 8 inches long, up to 6 - inches broad, with rounded teeth along the edges, green on the - upper surface, paler on the lower surface, densely white-woolly - when young, becoming essentially smooth at maturity; leafstalks to - 4 inches long, smooth or sparsely hairy, not flattened. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate - crowded in thick catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate in - slender catkins up to 6 inches long, both appearing before the - leaves begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Ovoid, reddish-brown capsules up to ½ inch long, grouped in - elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony hairs - attached. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown. - -Uses: Pulpwood, fuel, interior finishing. - -Habitat: Swamps, low woods. - -Range: Connecticut to southern Michigan, southwestward across southern - Illinois to central Louisiana, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The broad, heart-shaped, toothed leaves readily - distinguish the Swamp Cottonwood from other trees in Illinois. - - [Illustration: SWAMP COTTONWOOD] - - - QUAKING ASPEN - _Populus tremuloides_ Michx. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 50 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown rounded or occasionally spreading. - -Bark: Pale yellow-green or white, becoming grayish and divided into dark - scaly ridges at maturity. - -Twigs: Pale yellow-green or white, slender, smooth; leaf scars - alternate, crescent-shaped, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Lance-shaped, short-pointed, smooth, sticky, up to ⅓ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate to nearly round, short-pointed - at the apex, rounded at the base, up to 4 inches long, nearly as - broad, with many small round teeth along the edges, green, smooth, - and shiny on the upper surface, not shiny on the lower surface; - leafstalks to 3 inches long, smooth, flat. The flat leafstalks - allow for the leaves to tremor at the slightest wind. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne on separate trees, the staminate - crowded in catkins up to 4 inches long, the pistillate crowded in - catkins up to 6 inches long. - -Fruit: Narrow, flask-shaped, green capsules up to ¼ inch long, grouped - in elongated clusters, containing numerous seeds with cottony - hairs attached. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown. - -Use: Pulpwood. - -Habitat: Edge of woods, thickets. - -Range: Newfoundland to Alaska, south to California and New Mexico and - Texas, east across Missouri and Tennessee to New Jersey. - -Distinguishing Features: The whitish trunk and the ovate, trembling - leaves serve to distinguish this species. - - [Illustration: QUAKING ASPEN] - - - WILD PLUM - _Prunus americana_ Marsh. - -Other Name: American Plum. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown broad, often irregular. - -Bark: Dark gray to brown, rough and scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, speckled with many dots, smooth or hairy; leaf - scars alternate, half-round, elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, reddish-brown, smooth or hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to ovate, pointed at the tip, - rounded or tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and less than - half as broad, finely toothed along the edges, the teeth not - glandular, green and smooth or hairy on the upper surface, paler - and smooth or hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up - to 1 inch long, sometimes with 1 or 2 glands near the upper end, - smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 white - or pinkish petals, appearing before or as the leaves begin to - unfold. - -Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or covered - with a whitish wax, juicy, sweet, 1-seeded. - -Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown. - -Uses: The fruits are used in making jelly and preserves. - -Habitat: Woods, thickets. - -Range: Southern Ontario to Manitoba, south to New Mexico, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Wild Plum differs from other plums in - Illinois by the absence of glands on the teeth of the leaves. The - Wild Plum may have either smooth or hairy leaves and twigs. - - [Illustration: WILD PLUM] - - - WILD GOOSE PLUM - _Prunus hortulana_ Bailey - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown broad and rounded. - -Bark: Gray or brown, becoming scaly at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, half-round, - elevated, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, rounded at the tip, reddish-brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong to oval, pointed at the tip, - rounded or tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ - as broad, finely toothed along the edge, the teeth gland-tipped, - green and usually smooth on the upper surface, paler and sometimes - hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long, - with 1-several glands, smooth or sparsely hairy. - -Flowers: Showy, several in a cluster, up to 1 inch across, with 5 white - petals, appearing after the leaves are partly grown. - -Fruit: Spherical or nearly so, up to 1 inch in diameter, red or rarely - yellowish, fleshy but hard, bitter, 1-seeded. - -Wood: Hard, close-grained, brown. - -Habitat: Edges of woods, thickets. - -Range: Indiana to Iowa, south to Oklahoma, east to Alabama. - -Distinguishing Features: Wild Goose Plum flowers when its leaves are - partly grown, thereby distinguishing it from the Wild Plum which - blooms before or as the leaves begin to unfold. - - [Illustration: WILD GOOSE PLUM] - - - OTHER WILD PLUMS - -Two other wild plums are occasionally encountered in Illinois. - -Munson’s Wild Plum (_Prunus munsoniana_ Wight & Hedrick). Munson’s Wild -Plum is a small tree rarely more than 15 feet tall and often forming -thickets. It has gray or brown scaly bark, smooth brownish twigs, and -small, ovoid buds. The leaves are oval and up to 6 inches long and up to -2 inches wide. The edges of the leaves are finely toothed, with each -tooth gland-tipped. The upper surface of the leaf is smooth, while the -lower surface usually has some hairs. The showy white flowers appear -while the leaves are developing. The fruits are spherical or slightly -oblong red plums with sweet, juicy flesh. Munson’s Wild Plum is found -only in the midwestern states. - -Narrow-leaved Plum (_Prunus angustifolia_ Marsh.). Also known as -Chickasaw Plum, this is a small tree up to about 15 feet tall, usually -forming thickets. The smooth, brownish twigs usually have several sharp -spines. Most of the leaves are lance-shaped and up to 2 inches long, and -conspicuously folded lengthwise. The flowers begin to bloom just as the -leaves start to unfold. The red, nearly spherical plum has tart, juicy -flesh. The Narrow-leaved Plum is found mostly in the southeastern United -States. - - [Illustration: ANOTHER WILD PLUM] - - - WILD BLACK CHERRY - _Prunus serotina_ Ehrh. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown rounded, with rigid branches. - -Bark: Thin, smooth, reddish-brown at first, becoming deeply furrowed and - black. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, dark brown; leaf scars half-round, each with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, sharp-pointed, dark brown, smooth, up to one-fourth inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the - tip, tapering to the base, up to 6 inches long and about ⅓ as - broad, finely toothed along the edges, green, smooth, and shiny on - the upper surface, paler and smooth on the lower surface except - for rusty hairs along the veins; leafstalks slender, slightly less - than 1 inch long, smooth, with 1 or more reddish glands near the - tip. - -Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 inches - long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each flower - about ¼ inch across, with 5 white petals. - -Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, dark purple, up to ½ inch in diameter. - -Wood: Light weight, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish-brown. - -Uses: Cabinets, interior finishing. - -Habitat: Roadsides, fencerows, edge of woods. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Wild Black Cherry is similar to the Choke - Cherry but usually is a larger tree with thicker leaves and with - the teeth tending to curve inward. - - [Illustration: WILD BLACK CHERRY] - - - CHOKE CHERRY - _Prunus virginiana_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 20 feet tall, often only a shrub; trunk - diameter up to 5 inches; crown irregular. - -Bark: Thin, smooth and reddish-brown at first, becoming furrowed and - darkened. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown with pale lenticels; leaf scars - alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, more or less smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oblong or oval, short-pointed at the - tip, tapering to the base, up to 4 inches long and about half as - broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, green, smooth - and shiny on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with a few - hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks slender, up to 1 inch long, - smooth, with 2 glands near the tip. - -Flowers: Crowded in showy, drooping, elongated clusters up to 6 inches - long, appearing when the leaves are partly grown, each flower up - to ½ inch across, with 5 white petals. - -Fruit: Fleshy, juicy, spherical, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red at first, - becoming deep purple at maturity. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale-brown. - -Uses: Fuel, some interior finishing. - -Habitat: Woods, along streams. - -Range: Newfoundland across to Saskatchewan, south to Kansas, east to - North Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: Choke Cherry resembles Wild Black Cherry, - differing by its more pointed teeth along the edges of the leaves. - - [Illustration: CHOKE CHERRY] - - - WAFER ASH - _Ptelea trifoliata_ L. - -Other Name: Hop-tree. - -Growth Form: Small tree or shrub up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 5 inches; crown rounded. - -Bark: Brown, somewhat roughened. - -Twigs: Slender, dark brown, often with small “warts”; leaf scars - alternate, large, horseshoe-shaped, slightly elevated, with 3 - bundle traces. - -Buds: Spherical, pale brown, hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, divided into 3 leaflets; leaflets mostly ovate, - long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 - inches long, up to half as wide, smooth or with fine teeth along - the edges, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and - smooth on the lower surface; leaflets without individual stalks. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne separately but usually - in the same cluster, appearing in late May and June, with 3-5 - obscure, greenish-white petals. - -Fruit: Thin, flat, nearly spherical winged seed up to 1 inch across. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, yellow-brown. - -Use: The fruit at one time was used as a substitute for hops in brewing. - -Habitat: Rocky, wooded slopes. - -Range: Quebec across Michigan to Iowa, south to eastern Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Wafer Ash is distinguished by its 3-parted - alternate leaves and its flat, spherical, winged seeds. - - [Illustration: WAFER ASH] - - - WHITE OAK - _Quercus alba_ L. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown very broad, with stiff, horizontal branches; trunk - relatively short and rather thick. - -Bark: Gray or whitish with gray patches, shallowly furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, somewhat shiny, gray, whitish, or even purplish; - pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but - crowded near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, - with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Nearly round, reddish-brown or gray, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually with 7 or 9 lobes, the lobes - rounded and not bristle-tipped, the sinuses varying from shallow - to deep, the upper surface green and smooth, the lower surface - paler and smooth, up to 10 inches long, up to half as wide, - turning red in the autumn; leafstalks up to 1 inch long, rather - stout, smooth. Leaves on the same tree may vary considerably. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate many in drooping, yellow catkins, the - pistillate few in a group, red. - -Fruit: Acorns borne 1 or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut - oblong, up to ¾ inch long, green to greenish-brown, shiny, the cup - covering up to ¼ of the nut, yellow-brown, often minutely hairy. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, durable, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, general construction, fence posts, - fuel, tight cooperage. - -Habitat: Moist woods; wooded slopes; dry woods. - -Range: Maine across to Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, east to - northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: White Oak is recognized by its grayish bark and - its 5-7 round-lobed, smooth leaves which are usually whitish on - the lower surface. Its oblong, greenish-brown, shiny acorns are - also distinctive. - - [Illustration: WHITE OAK] - - - SWAMP WHITE OAK - _Quercus bicolor_ Willd. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; - crown rounded and broad. - -Bark: Grayish-brown, deeply furrowed, becoming flaky. - -Twigs: Stout, grayish-brown to yellowish-brown; leaf scars alternate, - half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces; pith - star-shaped in cross-section. - -Buds: Clustered at the tips of the twigs, ellipsoid to spherical, up to - ⅛ inch long, yellow-brown, smooth or with a few hairs at the tip. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades usually broadest above the middle, up - to 6 inches long and 4 inches broad, coarsely round-toothed or - sometimes with a few shallow lobes, smooth or somewhat hairy on - the upper surface, white and softly hairy on the lower surface; - leafstalks nearly an inch long, smooth or slightly hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - in groups of 2-4. - -Fruit: Acorns in pairs, on stalks 1 inch long or longer, the nut ovoid, - pale brown, 1-1½ inches long, enclosed about ⅓ its length by the - cup, the cup thick, light brown, hairy, roughened. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, pale brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods. - -Range: Maine and southern Quebec across to southern Minnesota, south to - Oklahoma, east to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Swamp White Oak is distinguished by its - leaves which are coarsely round-toothed and softly white hairy on - the lower surface of the leaves. - - [Illustration: SWAMP WHITE OAK] - - - SCARLET OAK - _Quercus coccinea_ Muench. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ feet; - crown narrow but open. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, shallowly fissured when mature. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, but crowded near - the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. - -Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown, hairy at the tip, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the - middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, bright green, shiny and - smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs along - the veins on the lower surface, up to 6½ inches long and 4 inches - broad; leafstalks up to 2½ inches long, slender, usually smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - in groups of 1 or 2. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without stalks, the nut oval - or hemispherical, up to ¾ inch across, reddish-brown with - occasional darker rings around it, enclosed up to ½ its length by - the cup, the cup thin, top-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Fuel, fence posts, coarse construction. - -Habitat: Dry woods. - -Range: Maine to southern Ontario, south to Oklahoma, east to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: Scarlet Oak looks very much like Pin Oak, but - differs in habitat and structure of the acorn cup. It sometimes - resembles Black Oak but has shorter, less hairy buds and acorns - without loosely arranged scales on the cup. - - [Illustration: SCARLET OAK] - - - HILL’S OAK - _Quercus ellipsoidalis_ E. J. Hill - -Other Name: Northern Pin Oak. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree to about 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2 - feet; crown rounded, with the drooping lowermost branches often - reaching nearly to the ground. - -Bark: Gray-black, rather smooth to shallowly fissured. - -Twigs: Rather slender, smooth at maturity, grayish-brown to - reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars - alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, - slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Nearly smooth, one-fourth inch long, ovoid, reddish-brown. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades 3-9 inches long, slightly tapering or - usually cut nearly straight across at the base, with 2-4 pairs of - bristle-tipped lobes usually cut over half-way to the mid-vein, - deep green and shiny on the upper surface at maturity; leafstalks - smooth, up to 3 inches long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on same tree, appearing as the leaves - unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, the - pistillate solitary or 2-3 together. - -Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks; - acorns longer than broad, short-pointed at the base, about ½ inch - across, the cup bowl-shaped covering ⅓ to ½ of the acorn. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, pale brown. - -Uses: Shingles and interior finishings. - -Habitat: Dry upland woods, often where Black Oak occurs. - -Range: Northwestern Ohio and central Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, - south to eastern Iowa and north-central Illinois. - -Distinguishing Features: The elongated acorn of the Hill’s Oak - distinguishes it from pin oak, which it closely resembles. - - [Illustration: HILL’S OAK] - - - SPANISH OAK - _Quercus falcata_ Michx. - -Other Name: Southern Red Oak. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; - crown broadly rounded, with stiff, stout, spreading branchlets; - trunk straight, rather stout. - -Bark: Dark brown to nearly black, shallowly furrowed. - -Twigs: Reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so at maturity; pith - star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered - near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, chestnut-brown, hairy, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly rounded at the base, 3- to - 5-lobed, the terminal lobe usually long, narrow, and strongly - curved, all lobes bristle-tipped, up to 8 inches long, up to 6 - inches wide, green on the upper surface, pale and densely - soft-hairy on the lower surface; leaf stalk up to 2½ inches long, - slender, usually hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping, densely hairy catkins, - the pistillate few in a rusty-hairy cluster, with dark red - stigmas. - -Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a short stalk, the nut - spherical or ellipsoid, up to ½ inch long, orange-brown, the cup - covering only up to ⅓ of the nut, with hairy, reddish-brown - scales. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction. - -Habitat: Dry and usually poor upland soil; occasionally in bottomlands. - -Range: Central New Jersey south to central Florida, across to eastern - Texas, up the Mississippi Basin to central Missouri, south-central - Illinois, southeastern Indiana, western Kentucky, and western - Tennessee. - -Distinguishing Features: The Spanish Oak is the only bristle-tipped oak - in Illinois in which the lower leaf surface is covered with a mat - of fine hairs. - - [Illustration: SPANISH OAK] - - - SHINGLE OAK - _Quercus imbricaria_ Michx. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown rounded or oblong, with many branches; trunk straight, - columnar. - -Bark: Dark brown, deeply furrowed between flat, tight plates. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in - cross-sections; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of - the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, brown, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, lanceolate to - oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the base, up to 6 inches - long, up to 2 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the - upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up - to ½ inch long, stout, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the - pistillate few in a cluster. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, stalked, the nut nearly spherical, - dark brown, less than half enclosed by the cup, the cup - reddish-brown and slightly hairy. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown. - -Uses: Shingles, general construction. - -Habitat: Moist soil along streams or in woods; occasionally on dry, - exposed sandstone cliffs. - -Range: New Jersey across to Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska, south to - Kansas, east to Arkansas and South Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: Only the Shingle Oak and the Willow Oak, among - all the oaks, have leaves without any teeth or lobes. The Shingle - Oak generally has broader leaves than does the Willow Oak. The - Shingle Oak can be told from Magnolias by its star-shaped pith and - the formation of acorns. - - [Illustration: SHINGLE OAK] - - - OVERCUP OAK - _Quercus lyrata_ Walt. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 3 feet; crown rounded to oblong, with several branches, the - lowermost often drooping; trunk straight, columnar. - -Bark: Gray or grayish-brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, - plates. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, buff-colored; pith star-shaped in cross-section; - leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, - half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Nearly round, smooth, pale brown, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-7 rounded lobes, the - sinuses shallow to deep, up to 10 inches long, up to 4½ inches - broad, dark green and smooth on the upper surface, pale and softly - hairy to nearly smooth on the lower surface; leafstalk up to 1 - inch long, smooth or hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the - pistillate few in a group. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut - nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, pale brown, often - nearly entirely enclosed by the cup, the cup finely hairy, with - some of the scales forming a ragged rim near the base. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, dark brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, cabinets, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods; swamps. - -Range: Southern Virginia across to eastern Texas, north up the - Mississippi Valley to southern Missouri, southern Illinois, and - southern Indiana; also in Delaware, Maryland, and New Jersey; - southward to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The best identifying characteristic of this - plant is the acorn in which the nut often is nearly enclosed by - the cup. - - [Illustration: OVERCUP OAK] - - - BUR OAK - _Quercus macrocarpa_ Michx. - -Other Name: Mossy-cup Oak. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 120 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 - feet; crown rounded, with stout branches; trunk straight, stout, - sometimes slightly buttressed at the base. - -Bark: Dark brown or yellow-brown, rather deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Stout, dark brown, often with corky ridges; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, - half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded or slightly pointed at the tip, yellowish-brown to - reddish-brown, finely hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broader at the upper end, coarsely - round-toothed, usually with a pair of deep sinuses just below the - middle, often with as many as 5-7 lobes, the lobes not - bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or slightly hairy on the - upper surface, paler and softly hairy on the lower surface, up to - 14 inches long and 7 inches wide; leaf stalks up to 1 inch long, - stout, smooth or finely hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - few in a group, with red stigmas. - -Fruit: Acorn usually solitary, with or without a stalk, the nut ovoid to - ellipsoid, dark brown, up to 1¾ inches long, the cup covering half - to nearly all the nut, hairy, the lowermost scales long-fringed. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, close-grained, brown. - -Uses: Cabinets, ship-building, fenceposts, fuel, tight cooperage. - -Habitat: Dry ridges to bottomland woods. - -Range: Vermont across to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to Arkansas, - Tennessee, and Maryland. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Bur Oak are distinctive - because they are very broad in the upper half with a pair of deep - sinuses a little below the middle. The large, fringed cups are - also distinctive. - - [Illustration: BUR OAK] - - - BLACKJACK OAK - _Quercus marilandica_ Muench. - -Other Name: Scrub Oak. - -Growth Form: Relatively small tree, at most attaining a height of 50 - feet, usually much shorter and often very gnarled; trunk diameter - up to 1½ feet; crown exceedingly round-topped, with numerous lower - branches hanging downward. - -Bark: Dark brown, shallowly ridged. - -Twigs: Moderately stout, brown, more or less hairy; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the top, - half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Angular, from ¼-½ inch long, somewhat hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades about 4-8 inches long, leathery, very - much broader near the apex than the base, mostly rounded or even - somewhat heart shaped at the base, more or less 3-lobed and - bristle-tipped nearer the apex, the upper surface hairy at first, - becoming shiny dark green at maturity, the lower surface - permanently hairy; leafstalks less than 1 inch long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the - leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, - the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together. - -Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on very short stalks, or - the stalks sometimes lacking; acorns nearly round, usually at most - only ½ inch in diameter, the cup enclosing ½ the acorn, with - rather loosely arranged scales. - -Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, dark brown. - -Uses: Excellent as a source of charcoal and fuel. - -Habitat: Poor soil, particularly on dry, exposed rocky cliffs. - -Range: New York across to Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and - southern Iowa to southeastern Nebraska, south into eastern Kansas, - eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas, then east to northern - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The 3-lobed leaf, much broader at the apex, is - the most distinctive characteristic of this oak. - - [Illustration: BLACKJACK OAK] - - - SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK - _Quercus michauxii_ Nutt. - -Other Names: Basket Oak; Cow Oak. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to nearly 100 feet tall; trunk - diameter up to 6 feet; crown rounded. - -Bark: Gray or silvery-white, scaly. - -Twigs: Stout, reddish-brown to gray, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars - alternate but crowded near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, - with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. - -Buds: Pointed, finely hairy, reddish-brown, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded - or tapering to the base, up to 10 inches long and 6 inches broad, - coarsely scalloped along the edges, thick, green and sparsely - hairy on the upper surface, whitish and densely hairy on the lower - surface; leafstalk up to 1½ inches long, hairy. - -Flowers: Borne separately but on the same tree, minute, without petals, - the staminate crowded into long, slender catkins, the pistillate - few in a cluster. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or paired, with or without short stalks, the nut - ovoid to ellipsoid, brown, up to 1½ inches long, enclosed about ⅓ - its length by the cup, the cup thick, cup-shaped, hairy, - short-fringed along the rim. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Low woods. - -Range: New Jersey across to southern Missouri, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Swamp Chestnut Oak is distinguished from - other coarsely toothed oaks by the densely hairy, whitish lower - leaf surfaces and its short-stalked acorns. - - [Illustration: SWAMP CHESTNUT OAK] - - - YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK - _Quercus muhlenbergii_ Engelm. - -Other Names: Chinquapin; Chinquapin Oak. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown oblong or rounded, with many branches; trunk straight, - columnar, buttressed at the base. - -Bark: Pale gray, with scaly ridges. - -Twigs: Slender, yellow-brown or reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered near the tip, - half-round, with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in - cross-section. - -Buds: Pointed, smooth, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly to broadly lanceolate, - pointed at the tip, narrowed or rounded at the base, coarsely - toothed along the edges, smooth and yellow-green on the upper - surface, paler and usually finely hairy on the lower surface, up - to 8 inches long and 5 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1½ inches - long, slender, usually smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long, - slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group, with red stigmas. - -Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the - nut ovoid, chestnut-colored, up to ¾ inch long, the cup covering - about ½ the nut, the scales of the cup hairy and usually with a - short fringe. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, durable, close-grained. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel, railroad ties. - -Habitat: Low rich slopes; wooded hillsides; dry cliffs. - -Range: Vermont across to southern Minnesota, south to eastern Nebraska - and eastern Texas, east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Yellow Chestnut Oak is distinguished from - the other coarsely toothed oaks by its usually sharper pointed - teeth and by the size and shape of its acorns. - - [Illustration: YELLOW CHESTNUT OAK] - - - CHERRYBARK OAK - _Quercus pagodaefolia_ Ell. - -Other Name: Swamp Spanish Oak. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown broadly rounded; trunk straight, columnar. - -Bark: Dark gray, broken by narrow ridges into small scales. - -Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown or gray, usually hairy when young, - becoming smooth; pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars - alternate but clustered near tip of the twigs, half-round, - slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, angular, hairy, chestnut-brown, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided into 5-11 pointed lobes, the - sinuses cut about half-way to the midvein, up to 10 inches long, - up to 7 inches wide, dark green, smooth and shiny on the upper - surface, pale and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 - inches long, stout, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - plant, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - few together. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a stalk, the nut - ellipsoid, about ½ inch long, brown, enclosed for less than ⅓ its - length by the cup, the cup finely hairy. - -Wood: Strong, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish-brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, cabinets. - -Habitat: Bottomlands and river banks. - -Range: Southeastern Virginia to southeastern Missouri, south to Texas, - east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The shape of the leaf is distinctive for this - oak. - - [Illustration: CHERRYBARK OAK] - - - PIN OAK - _Quercus palustris_ Muench. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter usually less - than 3 feet; crown narrowly rounded or oblong, but with the lower - branches drooping; trunk straight, with pin-like stubs developing - rather low on the trunk. - -Bark: Light brown or dark brown, scarcely furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown to dark gray; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip, - half-round, usually slightly elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Pointed, reddish-brown or dark gray, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades divided more than half-way to the - middle into 5-7 bristle-tipped lobes, dark green, shiny and more - or less smooth on the upper surface, paler and with tufts of hairs - along the veins on the lower surface, up to 7 inches long and 4 - inches broad; leafstalk up to 2 inches long, slender, usually - smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - in groups of 1-3. - -Fruit: Acorns 1-4 together, with or without stalks, the nut - hemispherical, up to ½ inch across, pale brown, frequently with - darker lines, enclosed less than ¼ by the cup, the cup thin, - saucer-shaped, reddish-brown, finely hairy. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts, ornamental. - -Habitat: Moist soil; in floodplain woods; along streams; edges of swamps - and ponds. - -Range: Massachusetts across to southeastern Iowa, south to northeastern - Oklahoma, east to northern Virginia. - -Distinguishing Features: Pin Oak is recognized by its drooping lower - branches and its small acorns. - - [Illustration: PIN OAK] - - - WILLOW OAK - _Quercus phellos_ L. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 feet; - crown narrowly round-topped. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, smooth at first, becoming irregularly and shallowly - furrowed with age. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate but crowded near the tip of - the twigs, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, pointed, smooth, up to ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades without lobes or teeth, narrowly - lanceolate to narrowly oblong, with a bristle tip, narrowed to the - base, up to 5 inches long, up to 1 inch broad, light green and - smooth on the upper surface, usually smooth and paler on the lower - surface; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, smooth or slightly hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - few in a cluster. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the - nut more or less spherical, pale yellow-brown, enclosed less than - ¼ its length by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, finely hairy. - -Wood: Heavy, rather soft, strong, coarse-grained, pale reddish-brown. - -Use: General construction. - -Habitat: Swampy woods. - -Range: New York across to southern Illinois and eastern Oklahoma, south - to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: This and the Shingle Oak are the only oaks in - Illinois with unlobed, untoothed leaves. The leaves of the Willow - Oak are usually much narrower than those of the Shingle Oak. - - [Illustration: WILLOW OAK] - - - ROCK CHESTNUT OAK - _Quercus prinus_ L. - -Other Name: Chestnut Oak. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 55 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown broad but irregular. - -Bark: Dark brown, with conspicuous furrows between the rounded ridges. - -Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, smooth or nearly so; leaf scars - alternate, but clustered near the tip of the twig, half-round, - with several bundle traces; pith star-shaped in cross-section. - -Buds: Pointed, brown, somewhat hairy, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades obovate to broadly lanceolate, pointed - at the tip, narrowed to the base, thick and leathery, coarsely - round-toothed along the edges, smooth, shiny, and yellow-green on - the upper surface, finely hairy over all the lower surface, up to - 9 inches long and up to 4 inches broad; leafstalk up to 1 inch - long, smooth or slightly hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, minute, without petals, the staminate crowded into long, - slender catkins, the pistillate few in a group. - -Fruit: Acorns borne in groups of 1 or 2, usually on a short stalk, the - nut ovoid to ellipsoid, chestnut-colored, up to 1½ inches long, - the cup covering about ½ the nut or less, the scales of the cup - reddish-brown and warty. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained. - -Uses: Fence posts, railroad ties, fuel. - -Habitat: Dry, rocky, wooded slopes. - -Range: Maine across to southern Illinois, south to Mississippi and - Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The acorns of the Rock Chestnut Oak are about - twice the size as those of the Yellow Chestnut Oak. The teeth of - the leaves of the Rock Chestnut Oak tend to be more rounded than - the pointed teeth of the Yellow Chestnut Oak. - - [Illustration: ROCK CHESTNUT OAK] - - - NORTHERN RED OAK - _Quercus rubra_ L. - -Other Name: Red Oak. - -Growth Form: Medium to tall tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3 - feet; crown broadly rounded, with large spreading branches; trunk - straight, columnar, often buttressed at the base. - -Bark: Grayish-brown, reddish-brown, blackish, or gray, with dark - stripes. - -Twigs: Slender, smooth, reddish-brown; pith star-shaped in - cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered near the tip of - the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Pointed, smooth, reddish-brown, shiny, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades rather shallowly 7- to 11-lobed, the - lobes bristle-tipped, dark green and smooth or somewhat hairy on - the upper surface, paler and smooth or often with hairs along the - veins on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long, up to 6 inches - broad; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, stout, usually smooth. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping catkins, the pistillate - in groups of 1-3. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without stalks, the nut - ovoid, up to 1½ inches long, pale brown, covered less than ¼ by - the cup, the cup reddish-brown, with tight scales. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, light brown. - -Uses: Interior finishing, furniture, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Rich, upland woods; along river banks; on well-drained slopes. - -Range: New Brunswick, across southern Quebec and Ontario, to - northcentral Minnesota, south to eastern Kansas, east across - Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, and in the mountains of eastern - Tennessee and northeastern Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The acorn with its very shallow, saucer-shaped - cap is the best identifying characteristic for the Red Oak. The - leaves are generally more shallowly lobed than those of the Black - Oak, Southern Red Oak, and Scarlet Oak. - - [Illustration: NORTHERN RED OAK] - - - SHUMARD’S OAK - _Quercus shumardii_ Buckl. - -Other Names: Southern Red Oak; Schneck’s Oak. - -Growth Form: Up to 120 feet tall; trunk up to 5 feet in diameter; crown - broad and open, with wide-spreading branches. - -Bark: Firmly ridged and dark brownish-black. - -Twigs: Generally stouter than those of the Red Oak, smooth; pith - star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate, but clustered - near the tip of the twig, half-round, slightly elevated, with - several bundle traces. - -Buds: Smooth, red-brown, about one-third inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades up to 8 inches long, straight across - or somewhat wedge-shaped at the base, with 2-4 pairs of lobes - divided over ⅔’s the way to the mid-nerve, each lobe toothed and - bristle-pointed at the tips, the sinuses broadly rounded, dark - green and shiny above, with white tufts of hair in the vein axils - beneath; leafstalks slender, smooth, up to 2½ inches long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate on the same tree, appearing as the - leaves unfold, inconspicuous, the staminate crowded in a catkin, - the pistillate solitary or 2-3 together. - -Fruit: Ripening in October of the second year, on stalks less than ¼ - inch long, usually produced singly; acorns broadly egg-shaped, - short-pointed at the base and flat at the top, up to 1¼ inches - long and about ¾ as broad, light brown; cup shallow, about ¼-⅓ - covering the acorn, with closely appressed, densely short-woolly - scales. - -Wood: Light, strong, durable; not distinguished commercially from Red - Oak. - -Uses: Interior finishing and furniture. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods and stream banks. - -Range: Most abundant in the Mississippi basin, but known from Florida - and Texas, north to Maryland, Pennsylvania, eastcentral Kentucky, - Indiana, central Illinois, the eastern half of Iowa, and - southeastern Kansas. The largest known Shumard’s Oak in the - country occurs at Beall Woods in Wabash County, Illinois. - -Distinguishing Features: Deeply lobed, shiny leaves with broadly rounded - sinuses. - - [Illustration: SHUMARD’S OAK] - - - POST OAK - _Quercus stellata_ Wang. - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 3 feet; crown rounded or obovoid, with rather stout branches; - trunk gnarled or straight, usually not buttressed. - -Bark: Gray or light brown, divided into flat, sometimes squarish, - plates. - -Twigs: Stout, brownish, covered when young by a tawny-colored fuzziness; - pith star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but - densely clustered toward the tip, half-round, usually slightly - elevated, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Spherical but often short-pointed, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch - long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades thick, 5-lobed, the upper three lobes - squarish, separated from the lowest pair of lobes by a deep sinus, - up to 6 inches long, up to 4½ inches wide, dark green and hairy on - the upper surface, paler and hairy on the lower surface; - leafstalks up to 1 inch long, stout, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, yellow, drooping catkins, the - pistillate few in a cluster. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the - nut oval to oblong, up to 1 inch long, pale brown, less than half - enclosed by the cup, the cup reddish-brown, hairy. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, fuel, general construction. - -Habitat: Dry woods; dry bluffs. - -Range: Massachusetts across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The 3 squarish lobes at the upper end of the - thick leaves distinguish the Post Oak. - - [Illustration: POST OAK] - - - BLACK OAK - _Quercus velutina_ Lam. - -Other Name: Yellow-bark Oak. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 3½ - feet; crown broadly rounded or oblong, with spreading branches; - trunk straight, columnar, scarcely buttressed at the base. - -Bark: Black, with a yellow or orange inner bark, deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender or rather stout, reddish-brown to dark brown; pith - star-shaped in cross-section; leaf scars alternate but clustered - near the tip, half-round, slightly elevated, with several bundle - traces. - -Buds: Pointed, angular, gray or reddish-brown, hairy, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades deeply to shallowly 7- to 9-lobed, the - lobes bristle-tipped, dark green, shiny and usually smooth on the - upper surface, smooth, finely hairy, or hairy only along the veins - on the lower surface, up to 10 inches long and 8 inches wide; leaf - stalk up to 5 inches long, stout, smooth or finely hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate borne separately, but on the same - tree, appearing when the leaves begin to unfold, minute, without - petals, the staminate in slender, drooping clusters, the - pistillate in groups of 1-4. - -Fruit: Acorns solitary or 2 together, with or without a short stalk, the - nut ovoid or ellipsoid, up to ¾ inch long, reddish-brown, not more - than ½ enclosed by the cup, the cup with scales not appressed at - the tip, thus appearing ragged. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Uses: General construction, fuel, fence posts. - -Habitat: Mostly upland woods. - -Range: Maine across to south-central Minnesota, south to eastern Texas, - east to northern Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Black Oak is easily distinguished by its large, - angular, gray-hairy buds and its acorns with their ragged-edged - cup. - - [Illustration: BLACK OAK] - - - CAROLINA BUCKTHORN - _Rhamnus caroliniana_ Walt. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; - crown spreading. - -Bark: Gray, somewhat roughened. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or pale brown, smooth or somewhat hairy; leaf scars - alternate, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, up to ¼ inch long, very hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic, short-pointed at the tip, - tapering or somewhat rounded at the base, up to 6 inches long, up - to 2 inches broad, finely toothed or toothless along the edges, - dark green, smooth, and glossy on the upper surface, paler and - smooth or finely hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks finely - hairy, up to 1 inch long. - -Flowers: Few in umbrella-like clusters, inconspicuous, appearing when - the leaves are nearly grown, each flower with 5 small petals. - -Fruit: Spherical berries, up to ⅓ inch in diameter, red and shiny, - containing 2-4 seeds. - -Wood: Hard, light in weight, close-grained, light brown. - -Use: Fuel. - -Habitat: Rocky woods and along streams. - -Range: Virginia across to Kansas, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Carolina Buckthorn is distinguished by its - shiny, elliptical leaves, its red berries, and its small stature. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA BUCKTHORN] - - - COMMON BUCKTHORN - _Rhamnus cathartica_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall, often branching from near the - base; trunk diameter up to 10 inches; crown spreading and - irregular. - -Bark: Gray to brown, roughened when mature. - -Twigs: Gray to brown, usually smooth, some of them usually ending in a - spine; leaf scars opposite to nearly so, narrow, with 3 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Lanceolate, brown, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Broadly elliptic to ovate to nearly orbicular, rounded to - pointed at the tip, usually rounded at the base, up to 2½ inches - long and up to 1½ inches wide, finely toothed along the edges, - smooth on both surfaces, the veins prominent; leafstalks slender, - smooth, up to 1 inch long. - -Flowers: Borne in clusters from the axils of the leaves, during May and - June, some of them either only staminate or only pistillate, some - of them with both stamens and pistils, each flower with 4 small - petals. - -Fruit: Nearly round, fleshy, black, up to ¼ inch in diameter, bitter, - containing 3 or 4 seeds. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, durable, yellowish, fine-grained. - -Uses: This tree is sometimes planted as an ornamental hedge. The wood is - used in making such things as tool handles. The fruits serve as a - powerful purging agent. - -Habitat: Thickets. - -Range: Native of Europe and Asia; naturalized throughout much of - northeastern North America. - -Distinguishing Features: The spine-tipped twigs, nearly opposite leaves, - and small black fruits readily distinguish this species. - - [Illustration: COMMON BUCKTHORN] - - - SHINING SUMAC - _Rhus copallina_ L. - -Other Names: Dwarf Sumac; Winged Sumac. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; - crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Dark brown, roughened. - -Twigs: Rather stout, gray-brown to reddish-brown, sometimes hairy, with - conspicuous red lenticels; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, - elevated with 6-9 bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded, rusty-hairy, about ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with as many as 21 leaflets; - leaflets oblong to elliptic, up to 3 inches long and 1 inch broad, - sharp pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the sometimes - asymmetrical base, smooth or with low teeth along the edges, dark - green, smooth and shiny on the upper surface, paler and hairy on - the lower surface, all leaflets attached to a winged stalk. The - leaves turn a deep red or wine color in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants, - sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower, - numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late May to - mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small. - -Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, finely hairy, up to ⅛ - inch in diameter, containing a single orange seed. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, pale brown. - -Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Dry hills, fields. - -Range: Maine across southern Michigan to eastern Nebraska, south to - Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Shining Sumac is readily distinguished by - the winged stalk to which the leaflets are attached. - - [Illustration: SHINING SUMAC] - - - SMOOTH SUMAC - _Rhus glabra_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree up to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 - inches; crown widely spreading. - -Bark: Light brown, smooth on young plants, becoming somewhat rough at - maturity. - -Twigs: Stout, angular, smooth, reddish-brown or greenish-brown and - covered by a whitish coat which can be wiped off, leaf scars - alternate, nearly encircling the bud, elevated, with 6-9 bundle - traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded, smooth, about ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, up to 4 inches long, less than 2 inches broad, sharp - pointed at the apex, tapering or rounded at the often asymmetrical - base, toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper - surface, nearly white and smooth on the lower surface. The leaves - turn red in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants, - sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower, - numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from late May to - mid-August, each flower greenish-yellow, small. - -Fruit: Cluster of red berries, each berry round, smooth, up to ⅛ inch in - diameter, containing a single brown seed. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, pale. - -Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Woods, fields, disturbed areas. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Manitoba and North Dakota, south to Texas, - east to Florida; also in Mexico. - -Distinguishing Features: This species lacks the winged leaf stalks of - the Shining Sumac and lacks the velvety twigs of the Staghorn - Sumac. - - [Illustration: SMOOTH SUMAC] - - - STAGHORN SUMAC - _Rhus typhina_ L. - -Growth Form: Small to medium tree up to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 15 inches; crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat. - -Bark: Dark brown, smooth at first, becoming scaly in age. - -Twigs: Stout, dark brown, covered by velvety hairs; leaf scars nearly - encircling the twigs, with 6-9 bundle traces. - -Buds: More or less rounded, hairy, about ⅛ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with up to 31 leaflets; leaflets - lance-shaped, up to 5 inches long, less than 2 inches broad, - pointed at the tip, tapering or rounded at the usually - asymmetrical base, toothed along the edges, dark green and smooth - on the upper surface, paler and smooth except for the hairy veins - on the lower surface. The leaves turn purple to red to orange in - the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants, - sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower, - numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from June to August, - each flower greenish, greenish-yellow, or reddish. - -Fruit: Dense cluster of red berries, each berry round, conspicuously - hairy, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, containing a single brown seed. - -Wood: Light in weight, soft, coarse-grained, orange. - -Use: Sometimes grown as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Woods and thickets. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to Minnesota, south to Iowa and Kentucky, east - to North Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: The densely velvety twigs are distinctive for - this species. - - [Illustration: STAGHORN SUMAC] - - - POISON SUMAC - _Rhus vernix_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree or shrub to 20 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 - inches; crown narrowly rounded. - -Bark: Gray, smooth. - -Twigs: Rather stout, smooth, orange-brown to gray; leaf scars alternate, - rounded except for where the bud is, with several bundle traces. - -Buds: Rounded or somewhat pointed, about ¼ inch in diameter, except for - the larger, terminal one, hairy, often purplish. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-13 leaflets; leaflets - elliptic to obovate, pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering to - the base, up to 4 inches long, up to half as wide, dark green and - smooth on the upper surface, paler and usually smooth on the lower - surface, the edges without teeth. The leaves turn a brilliant - scarlet in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate sometimes borne on separate plants, - sometimes on the same plant, sometimes in the same flower, - numerous in much branched clusters, appearing from May to July, - each flower greenish-yellow, small. - -Fruit: Cluster of white or creamy berries, each berry round, smooth, - shiny, up to ½ inch in diameter, containing a single yellow seed. - -Wood: Soft, light in weight, coarse-grained, yellow-brown. - -Use: Little used because of the extremely poisonous nature of most parts - of the plant to the touch. - -Habitat: Bogs and swampy woods. - -Range: Maine across southern Ontario to Minnesota, south to Texas, east - to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: This species differs from other sumacs with - numerous leaflets by the absence of teeth along the edges of the - leaves and by the absence of a winged stalk between the leaflets. - - [Illustration: POISON SUMAC] - - - BLACK LOCUST - _Robinia pseudoacacia_ L. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 2½ - feet; crown narrowly oblong, with irregularly ascending or - spreading branches. - -Bark: Gray or black, deeply furrowed, with numerous, elevated, scaly - ridges. - -Twigs: Slender but strong, angular, often zigzag, reddish-brown, with a - pair of short, sharp thorns where each leaf is attached; leaf - scars alternate, three-lobed, with 3 bundle traces per lobe. - -Buds: Sunken in the twigs, dark brown, without bud scales, up to - one-eighth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, pinnately compound, with 7-21 leaflets; leaflets - oval, rounded at both ends but usually with a short point at the - tip, without teeth, blue-green and smooth on the upper surface, - paler and smooth on the lower surface except for the veins, up to - two inches long and nearly half as wide. The leaflets turn yellow - in the autumn. - -Flowers: In long, drooping clusters, white with a yellow spot, very - fragrant, up to 1 inch long, appearing in May and June. - -Fruit: Legumes up to 4 inches long and about ½ inch wide, flat, smooth, - reddish-brown, with 4-8 seeds. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong, brown. - -Uses: Fence posts, tool handles; often planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Woodlands, thickets, roadsides. - -Range: Pennsylvania across to Oklahoma, east to Georgia; often planted - in other regions of the eastern United States. - -Distinguishing Features: The pinnately compound leaves with up to 21 - oval, smooth-edged leaflets, together with the pairs of spines, - serve to distinguish this species. - - [Illustration: BLACK LOCUST] - - - PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW - _Salix amygdaloides_ Anders. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1½ - feet; crown narrowly rounded. - -Bark: Grayish-brown, shallowly furrowed, becoming somewhat scaly. - -Twigs: Slender, pale brown to grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Small, oblong, brown, up to one-sixth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades broadly lance-shaped, long-pointed at - the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long, - finely toothed along the edges, dark green and shiny on the upper - surface, pale on the lower surface; leaf stalks up to ½ inch long. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, - minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves - begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Several rather broad, flask-shaped, brown capsules up to - one-sixth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, pale brown. - -Use: Fuel. - -Habitat: Along streams, around lakes and ponds. - -Range: Vermont across southern Ontario to British Columbia, south to New - Mexico, east across southern Illinois to central New York. - -Distinguishing Features: This willow has broader leaves than almost any - other willow in Illinois. The pale lower surface of the leaves - also distinguishes it from the Black Willow. - - [Illustration: PEACH-LEAVED WILLOW] - - - CAROLINA WILLOW - _Salix caroliniana_ Michx. - -Other Name: Ward’s Willow. - -Growth Form: Medium tree to 40 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown widely spreading, often irregular. - -Bark: Dark brown to gray to black, scaly and ridged. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, usually finely hairy; leaf scars alternate, - U-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, smooth, up to one-eighth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades lanceolate, long-pointed at the tip, - tapering to the base, up to 5 inches long and up to 1 inch broad, - finely toothed along the edges, green and smooth on the upper - surface, whitish and smooth on the lower surface; stipules - conspicuous; leafstalks up to ½ inch long, hairy. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, - appearing as the leaves begin to unfold, crowded in elongated, - yellowish, hairy catkins. - -Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, brownish capsules up to ¼ inch - long, crowded in elongated clusters. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong. - -Use: Fuel. - -Habitat: Moist woods, along streams. - -Range: Maryland across southern Illinois to Kansas, south to Texas and - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The leaves of the Carolina Willow are shaped - similarly to those of the Black Willow, but differ by being - whitened on the lower surface. - - [Illustration: CAROLINA WILLOW] - - - SANDBAR WILLOW - _Salix interior_ Rowlee - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter less than 1 - foot; crown irregular. - -Bark: Gray, furrowed, broken into rough scales. - -Twigs: Slender, grayish-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Small, oblong, pale brown, up to one-sixth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades very narrow, pointed at the tip, - tapering to the base, to 4 inches long, less than one-half inch - broad, with widely spaced teeth along the edges, green and usually - smooth on both surfaces when mature; leafstalks nearly absent. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, - minute, crowded into elongated catkins, appearing when the leaves - are partly grown. - -Fruit: Several flask-shaped, brownish, smooth or silky capsules up to - one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, weak. - -Use: Fuel. - -Habitat: Along streams, often forming thickets. - -Range: Quebec across to Alaska, south to Oklahoma and Arkansas, east to - Maryland. - -Distinguishing Features: The best characteristics to identify this small - tree are the narrow leaves with the teeth relatively far apart. - - [Illustration: SANDBAR WILLOW] - - - BLACK WILLOW - _Salix nigra_ Marsh. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 90 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to three feet; crown usually round-topped, but sometimes - irregular. - -Bark: Rough, furrowed, forming elongated, vertical, rather tight scales. - -Twigs: Slender, olive-green, smooth; leaf scars alternate, U-shaped, - with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Small, oblong, reddish-brown, up to one-eighth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades narrowly lance-shaped, usually curved, - long-pointed at the tip, rounded or tapering at the base, up to 6 - inches long, finely toothed along the edges, green and shiny on - the upper surface, smooth or hairy on the veins of the lower - surface; leafstalks short, often surrounded at the base by a pair - of green leaf-like stipules. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, - minute, crowded in elongated catkins, appearing as the leaves - begin to unfold. - -Fruit: Several narrow, flask-shaped, reddish-brown capsules up to - one-eighth inch long, crowded in elongated clusters. - -Wood: Light weight, soft, not strong. - -Uses: Flooring, boxes, crates, fuel. - -Habitat: Wet ground, frequently along rivers and streams. - -Range: New Brunswick across to Ontario, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The narrow lance-shaped leaves which are green - on the lower surface and which have many fine teeth along the - edges distinguish this willow from other willows in Illinois. - - [Illustration: BLACK WILLOW] - - - SASSAFRAS - _Sassafras albidum_ (Nutt.) Nees - -Other Names: White Sassafras; Red Sassafras. - -Growth Form: Usually small to moderate tree up to 40 feet tall, but - rarely as much as 80 feet tall; trunk diameter usually up to 2 - feet, rarely as much as six feet; crown flat-topped, irregular, - oblong. - -Bark: Greenish-gray when young, becoming deeply furrowed and dark - reddish-brown when older. - -Twigs: Slender, green, smooth, aromatic; leaf scars alternate, small, - half-round, usually with three bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, scarcely pointed at the tip, greenish, up to one-fourth - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades of three different shapes, some - 3-lobed, some 2-lobed, some unlobed, tapering to the base, up to 6 - inches long, without teeth along the edges, green and smooth on - the upper surface, paler and either smooth or hairy on the lower - surface. The leaves turn brilliant shades of orange, red, and - yellow in the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate and pistillate flowers borne on separate trees, in - few-flowered clusters as the leaves begin to unfold, each flower - about ⅓ inch long, greenish-yellow. - -Fruit: Dark blue berries about one-third inch long in deep red cups and - on stalks up to 2 inches long. - -Wood: Soft, brittle, orange-brown. - -Uses: Fence posts; the roots are strongly aromatic and are dug, dried, - and used in the making of sassafras tea. - -Habitat: Roadsides, old fields, woods. - -Range: Maine across to Michigan and (formerly) Wisconsin, south to - Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The Sassafras is distinguished by its - distinctively shaped, aromatic leaves and its green twigs. - - [Illustration: SASSAFRAS] - - - BALD CYPRESS - _Taxodium distichum_ (L.) Rich. - -Growth Form: Large tree to over 100 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 - feet; crown open and spreading to pyramidal; base of trunk often - swollen; “knees” usually produced if tree is growing in water. - -Bark: Pale reddish-brown, broken into numerous thin scales, becoming - fibrous. - -Twigs: Slender, reddish-brown; leaf scars absent. - -Buds: Spherical, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, pale brown. - -Leaves: Needles borne singly, pointed at the tip, up to ¾ inch long, - yellow-green, falling away during the autumn. - -Flowers: Staminate borne in branched clusters up to 5 inches long, - purplish; pistillate few to several near the ends of the twigs, - spherical. - -Fruit: Cones nearly spherical, up to 1 inch in diameter, green to brown, - wrinkled in appearance. - -Wood: Soft, durable, light in weight, brown. - -Uses: Railroad ties, fence posts, barrels, bridges; often planted as an - ornamental. - -Habitat: Swamps and low, wet woods. - -Range: New Jersey across to southern Illinois and southern Missouri to - eastern Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Bald Cypress is distinguished by the feathery - appearance of its leaves and by its spherical, wrinkled cones. - - [Illustration: BALD CYPRESS] - - - BASSWOOD - _Tilia americana_ L. - -Other Name: Linden. - -Growth Form: Medium or large tree to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to - 2 feet; crown broadly rounded. - -Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, red, smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, - heart-shaped at the very asymmetrical base, up to 8 inches long, - up to ⅔ as broad, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and - smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth or with tufts of - hair on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, smooth. - -Flowers: Few in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped - structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, with 5 petals, - appearing in June and July. - -Fruit: Hard, spherical but often with a short point at the tip, up to ⅓ - inch in diameter, light brown, finely hairy. - -Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable. - -Uses: Coarse construction, furniture, paper pulp, fuel. - -Habitat: Rich woods. - -Range: New Brunswick across to Manitoba, south to Texas, east to North - Carolina. - -Distinguishing Features: The large, heart-shaped leaves sometimes - resemble the leaves of the Red Mulberry, but the leafstalks of the - Basswood do not have milky sap in them. The Basswood differs from - the White Basswood by the virtual absence of hairs on the lower - surface of the leaves. - - [Illustration: BASSWOOD] - - - WHITE BASSWOOD - _Tilia heterophylla_ Vent. - -Growth Form: Medium to large tree up to 70 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 2 feet; crown broadly spreading. - -Bark: Brown, scaly, deeply furrowed. - -Twigs: Slender, pale red-brown, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - half-elliptical, with 3 to several bundle traces. - -Buds: Ovoid, red, usually smooth, up to ¼ inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, - heart-shaped at the asymmetrical base, up to 6 inches long, about - half as wide, coarsely toothed along the edges, green and more or - less smooth on the upper surface, densely covered with white hairs - on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 2 inches long, more or less - smooth. - -Flowers: Several in clusters on a long stalk attached to a paddle-shaped - structure, each flower fragrant, greenish-yellow, hairy, with 5 - petals, appearing in June and July. - -Fruit: Hard, more or less spherical, somewhat pointed at the tip, up to - ⅓ inch in diameter, reddish-brown, finely hairy. - -Wood: Light in weight, close-grained, strong, not durable. - -Uses: Paper pulp, fuel. - -Habitat: Low, moist woods. - -Range: New York across to Missouri, south to Mississippi and Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The dense coat of white hairs on the lower - surface of the leaves distinguishes the White Basswood from the - Basswood. - - [Illustration: WHITE BASSWOOD] - - - WINGED ELM - _Ulmus alata_ Michx. - -Other Name: Wahoo Elm. - -Growth Form: Small or moderate tree to 60 feet tall; trunk diameter up - to 2 feet, but usually much smaller; crown oblong and relatively - narrow. - -Bark: Dark gray, with shallow furrows. - -Twigs: Slender, gray or brown, more or less zigzag, smooth, often with - corky wings; leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle - traces. - -Buds: Narrow, pointed, brown, smooth or slightly hairy, up to one-fourth - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, pointed - at the tip, rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to three - inches long, doubly toothed along the edges, green and smooth or - slightly roughened on the upper surface, paler and hairy on the - lower surface; leafstalks short, stout, hairy. - -Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-7, appearing before the leaves - unfold, greenish, hairy, small. - -Fruit: Oblong, winged, up to one-third inch long, hairy along the edges, - each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single central - seed. - -Wood: Heavy, hard, pale brown. - -Uses: Tool handles, small wooden articles. - -Habitat: Dry cliffs, wooded slopes, rarely low woods. - -Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The corky wings identify the Winged Elm from - all other Illinois elms except the Rock Elm. It differs from the - Rock Elm by its shorter, hairy leaf stalks and its usually smaller - leaves. - - [Illustration: WINGED ELM] - - - AMERICAN ELM - _Ulmus americana_ L. - -Other Name: White Elm. - -Growth Form: Large tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 feet; - crown broadly rounded or sometimes flat-topped, usually with - drooping branchlets. - -Bark: Light or dark gray, furrowed, at maturity breaking into thin - plates. - -Twigs: Brown, slender, smooth or sparsely hairy, often zigzag; leaf - scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Broadly ovoid, reddish-brown, smooth or sparsely hairy, up to - one-fourth inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, - strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 6 inches long and about - half as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper - surface dark green and smooth, the lower surface pale and either - softly hairy or smooth; leafstalks very short, usually yellow. - -Flowers: In drooping clusters of 3-4, appearing before the leaves - unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small. - -Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy along the - edges, each wing notched at the top and surrounding a single - central seed. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, pale brown. - -Uses: Flooring, farm implements, shipbuilding; frequently planted as an - ornamental and as a shade tree, but greatly diminished in number - by the Dutch Elm disease and phloem necrosis. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods, along streams. - -Range: Nova Scotia across to southern Manitoba, south to central Texas, - east to south-central Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: American Elm may be distinguished from the - Winged Elm and the Rock Elm by its lack of corky wings on the - branchlets. It differs from the Slippery Elm by its relatively - smooth leaves and the lack of rusty-colored hairs on its buds. The - Siberian Elm, which is also similar, does not have distinctly - asymmetrical leaves. Hackberry leaves, which are also somewhat - similar in appearance, have three main veins originating at the - base of each leaf blade. - - [Illustration: AMERICAN ELM] - - - SIBERIAN ELM - _Ulmus pumila_ L. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 35 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 1 foot; - crown broadly rounded, with slender branchlets. - -Bark: Gray or brown, shallowly furrowed at maturity. - -Twigs: Slender, brown or grayish, smooth; leaf scars alternate, - half-round, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Spherical, reddish-brown, up to ⅛ inch in diameter, somewhat - hairy. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades short-pointed at the tip, tapering or - rounded at the asymmetrical base, up to 7 cm long, up to half as - broad, mostly singly toothed along the edges, smooth on both - surfaces; leafstalks very short, usually smooth. - -Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-5, appearing before the leaves begin - to unfold, greenish, small, without petals. - -Fruit: Nearly round, winged fruits, up to ½ inch in diameter, not - notched, smooth, 1-seeded. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, pale brown. - -Use: Grown chiefly as an ornamental and frequently reproducing around - old buildings. - -Habitat: Along roads, around buildings. - -Range: Native of Asia; widely planted in the United States and - naturalized from Minnesota to Kansas and eastward. - -Distinguishing Features: The Siberian Elm is distinguished by its small, - smooth, singly-toothed leaves. - - [Illustration: SIBERIAN ELM] - - - SLIPPERY ELM - _Ulmus rubra_ Muhl. - -Other Name: Red Elm. - -Growth Form: Moderate tree up to 80 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 4 - feet; crown broadly rounded or occasionally flat-topped. - -Bark: Reddish-brown to gray, with shallow furrows; the inner bark - becomes slippery when chewed. - -Twigs: Rather stout, reddish-brown, with short, gray hairs; leaf scars - alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Nearly round, up to one-fourth inch in diameter, with - rusty-colored hairs. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to elliptic, pointed at the tip, - strongly asymmetrical at the base, up to 7 inches long, about half - as wide, coarsely doubly toothed along the edges, the upper - surface green and very rough to the touch, the lower surface - smooth or hairy; leafstalks stout, hairy, up to one-half inch - long. - -Flowers: In drooping clusters, appearing before the leaves unfold, - greenish, hairy, small. - -Fruit: Circular, winged fruits up to three-fourths inch in diameter, not - hairy except over the seed, each wing surrounding a single seed. - -Wood: Heavy, strong, dark brown. - -Uses: Shipbuilding, farm implements, fence posts. - -Habitat: Bottomland woods; along streams; rocky, upland woods. - -Range: Quebec across Ontario to North Dakota, south to Texas, east to - Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The rough, sandpapery texture of the - asymmetrical leaves distinguishes this elm from all others in the - state. - - [Illustration: SLIPPERY ELM] - - - ROCK ELM - _Ulmus thomasii_ Sarg. - -Other Name: Cork Elm. - -Growth Form: Medium tree up to 75 feet tall; trunk diameter up to three - feet; crown narrow, oblong, with drooping branches. - -Bark: Grayish-brown, with shallow furrows. - -Twigs: Slender, brown, smooth or finely hairy, usually with corky wings; - leaf scars alternate, half-round, each with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Lance-shaped, pointed, brown, more or less hairy, up to one-fourth - inch long. - -Leaves: Alternate, simple; blades oval to oblong, pointed at the tip, - rounded at the slightly asymmetrical base, up to 4 inches long, - doubly toothed, green, smooth, and shiny on the upper surface, - paler and hairy on the lower surface; leafstalks up to one-half - inch long, smooth. - -Flowers: In drooping clusters of 2-4, appearing before the leaves begin - to unfold, greenish-red, hairy, small. - -Fruit: Oval, winged fruits up to one-half inch long, hairy, each wing - with a shallow notch at the top and surrounding a single seed. - -Wood: Hard, strong, heavy, close-grained, pale brown. - -Uses: Railroad ties, farm implements, hockey sticks. - -Habitat: Wooded slopes, rock ledges. - -Range: Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, southwestward to Kansas, east to - Tennessee. - -Distinguishing Features: Rock Elm differs from other elms in Illinois by - its corky-winged twigs and its smooth leafstalks. - - [Illustration: ROCK ELM] - - - SWEET VIBURNUM - _Viburnum lentago_ L. - -Other Names: Nannyberry; Wild Raisin; Sheepberry. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 5 inches; - crown rounded. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates. - -Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars - opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Red, nearly smooth, long-pointed, up to ¾ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades ovate, pointed at the tip, tapering or - rounded at the base, up to 3 inches long, about half as wide, - sharply and finely toothed along the edges, green and slightly - hairy on the upper surface, yellow-green and minutely black-dotted - on the lower surface; leafstalks up to 1½ inches long, sometimes - rusty-hairy, winged. - -Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, slightly fragrant, - appearing during April and May, each flower small and - creamy-white. - -Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ½ inch long, sweet, - containing a single stone. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, close-grained, dark orange-brown. - -Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Rocky woods; woods along streams. - -Range: Quebec across to Manitoba, south to Colorado, east across - northern Illinois to Georgia. - -Distinguishing Features: The Sweet Viburnum, like other viburnums, has - opposite, simple leaves which are finely and sharply toothed. It - differs from other viburnums in Illinois by its long-pointed - leaves and its winged leaf stalks. - - [Illustration: SWEET VIBURNUM] - - - BLACK HAW - _Viburnum prunifolium_ L. - -Other Name: Nannyberry. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 25 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 6 inches; - crown irregular. - -Bark: Reddish-brown, broken into irregular plates. - -Twigs: Slender, grayish, sometimes with orange dots, smooth; leaf scars - opposite, crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Brown, nearly smooth, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades oval to ovate, short-pointed at the - tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 inches long and 2 - inches broad, finely and sharply toothed along the edges, dark - green and smooth on the upper surface, paler and smooth on the - lower surface; leafstalks up to ⅔ inch long, smooth, scarcely or - not at all winged. - -Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during April - and May, each flower small and white. - -Fruit: Fleshy, oval to ellipsoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long, sweet, - containing a single stone. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, coarse-grained, reddish-brown. - -Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Rocky woods. - -Range: Connecticut across to Michigan, southwest to Kansas, south to - Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: Black Haw differs from the Sweet Viburnum by - the absence of wings along the leafstalks. It differs from the - Rusty Nannyberry by the absence of rusty hairs on the buds and - leafstalks. - - [Illustration: BLACK HAW] - - - RUSTY NANNYBERRY - _Viburnum rufidulum_ Raf. - -Other Name: Southern Black Haw. - -Growth Form: Small tree to 30 feet tall; trunk diameter up to 8 inches; - crown irregular. - -Bark: Dark brown, broken into square plates. - -Twigs: Slender, somewhat rusty-hairy; leaf scars opposite, - crescent-shaped, with 3 bundle traces. - -Buds: Rusty-hairy, up to ½ inch long. - -Leaves: Opposite, simple; blades elliptic to obovate, short-pointed or - rounded at the tip, rounded or tapering to the base, up to 3 - inches long, about half as wide, sharply and finely toothed along - the edges, dark green and usually smooth on the upper surface, - paler and with some rusty hairs on the lower surface; leafstalks - up to ¾ inch long, rusty-hairy. - -Flowers: Many in broad, round-topped clusters, appearing during April - and May, each flower small and creamy-white. - -Fruit: Fleshy, oblong, to obovoid, blue-black, up to ⅔ inch long. sweet, - containing a single stone. - -Wood: Hard, heavy, strong but brittle, close-grained, dark orange-brown. - -Use: Sometimes planted as an ornamental. - -Habitat: Dry, rocky woods. - -Range: Virginia across to Missouri, south to Texas, east to Florida. - -Distinguishing Features: The most distinguishing characteristics of the - Rusty Nannyberry are the rusty-hairy buds and leaf stalks. - - [Illustration: RUSTY NANNYBERRY] - - - - - Special Places to Study Trees - - -A number of places in the state of Illinois provide opportunities to -study and to observe woody plants. Some of the major ones are briefly -described below. - - - The Morton Arboretum - -A good place to learn the trees of Illinois firsthand is the Morton -Arboretum at Lisle, some twenty-five miles west of Chicago. This -privately endowed educational and scientific institution is devoted to -growing all kinds of woody plants that will survive in northern -Illinois. On the Arboretum’s 1500 acres one can find large collections -of oaks, maples, elms, ashes, lindens, junipers, pines, firs, spruces, -and numerous other groupings of woody plants from places throughout the -temperate world. - -Certain collections in the Arboretum are along designated trails and are -especially useful in learning to identify trees. Perhaps the most -popular is the Illinois Trees Trail, where native trees are identified -by plaques that show common and scientific names and give other -interesting information about the trees. Another is the Evergreen Trail, -which features conifers. - -Some trails emphasize ecology or other aspects of biology but also -feature trees. One of these is the Thornhill Trail, a general nature -trail on which trees are prominent. Another trail links nearby nature -study areas, including a mini-prairie, a wild flower garden, a northern -coniferous forest, and a pond-marsh. A short garden trail, the Viburnum -Walk, is unusual in that it utilizes a grouping of Viburnums and their -relatives to illustrate some of the principles of plant classification. - -Landscape plantings are another important feature in the Arboretum, and -the extensive forested areas provide a dramatic backdrop for cultivated -plantings that have been blended skillfully into the natural landscape. -These are especially spectacular in spring when flowering trees are in -bloom and in fall when the foliage is in color. - -At the Morton Arboretum there is a continuous effort to learn more about -the adaptability of trees and shrubs to the special growing conditions -of northern Illinois, especially the soils and climate. The natural -forests are being used as an outdoor laboratory for ecological studies, -and certain cultivated collections are experimental. The Street Tree -Collection, for example, is a large experimental assemblage of various -trees thought to be suitable for street and shade purposes. The Heath -(Ericaceous) Collection is valuable in determining the cultural -requirements for growing certain azaleas and rhododendrons in northern -Illinois. - -The Morton Arboretum has been designed for learning through outdoor -experiences. The grounds are open every day of the year, and visitors -are always welcome. A modest admission fee is charged for each car -entering. In the Visitor Center, an overall orientation is offered -through exhibits and audio-visual presentations explaining the purposes -and functions of the Arboretum. Groups planning to visit should request -advance information about seasonal features, current hours, special -programs, and eating facilities. The varied opportunities and abundant -facilities at the Morton Arboretum make visits both pleasant and -memorable. - - - Illinois Natural History Survey - -The Illinois Natural History Survey is a research organization devoted -to the scientific study of the living natural resources of Illinois. It -is one of the Divisions of the Department of Registration and Education -and is administered by a Board of Natural Resources and Conservation, -consisting of the Director of the Department, the President of the -University of Illinois, or his representative, the President of Southern -Illinois University, or his representative, members and experts in the -fields of geology, biology, chemistry, forestry, and engineering. - -The Survey is organized into sections, five of which are engaged in -scientific pursuits. These are aquatic biology, botany and plant -pathology, economic entomology, faunistic survey, and wildlife. These -sections pursue basic and scientific research in systematics, ecology, -environmental quality, and control of plant diseases and insect pests. -The zoological collections of the Survey, numbering about 8,800,000 -specimens, rank among the largest and most valuable in the world. The -botanical collections are smaller in size. The vascular plant -collections number over 145,000 specimens that are most representative -for studies of distribution in Illinois. The mycological collections, -with more than 35,000 specimens, include numerous types that are basic -to scientific research. - -The Survey is housed in the Natural Resources Building and the Natural -Resources Studies Annex on the campus of the University of Illinois, -Urbana. In addition, the Survey maintains special research facilities at -Fox Ridge State Park, Stephen A. Forbes State Park, Havana, Sullivan, -and elsewhere for studies of pond management, prairie chickens, -pheasants, waterfowl, fish, and wildlife. - - - Southern Illinois University, Carbondale - -Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, has both a Department of -Botany and a Department of Forestry where students may select courses -from a broad curriculum to study various aspects of plant life. Many -forest-oriented courses are available, and most of them include actual -work in the field. The University has an arboretum on campus where -ornamental species are emphasized. Guided tours of these arboreta, as -well as of the display greenhouse, can be arranged by contacting the -Chairman of the Department of Botany, Southern Illinois University, -Carbondale, Illinois 62901. - - - DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY - University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign - -The department has programs in instruction, research and public service. -The instructional program offers professional undergraduate training in -forest science and wood science and these are accredited by the Society -of American Foresters. Graduate training is provided only at the -Master’s level within the department. Doctoral work can be pursued -through interdisciplinary programs in genetics, ecology, and plant -physiology under the general direction of forestry staff who are members -of these respective faculties. - -Research is conducted at the main campus, the Dixon Springs Agricultural -Center in southern Illinois (Pope County), Sinnissippi Forest in -northern Illinois (Ogle County), and at other smaller outlying areas. -Support is provided by the Agricultural Experiment Station and grants -from industry and governmental agencies. Projects cover a wide range of -subjects related to the production and utilization of wood as well as -the use of forests for non-timber values. The latter includes recreation -and watershed management, with special emphasis on the role of forests -and forestry in water quality. - -At Dixon Springs the emphasis has been on the ecology and management of -pine plantations. These plantings represent plant communities that have -been interjected by man into the natural succession of abandoned -agricultural land to forest. Factors affecting the growth of pine, and -the effects of pine on soil conditions, stand composition, and the -regeneration of native hardwood species are being investigated. -Watershed management studies are also concentrated at Dixon Springs. - -The 2,500-acre Sinnissippi Forest, a private estate provides the -department with research opportunities. A nature tail is maintained as -an outdoor laboratory that is widely used by both adult and youth -groups. Sinnissippi Forest emphasizes the fact that a managed forest can -be aesthetically pleasing. - -Public service activities are carried on through the Cooperative -Extension Service and provide advice and information to landowners, -youth groups, and other citizens of the State. This is accomplished -largely through group meetings and demonstrations and direct replies to -individual requests for information. Major emphasis has been on -establishment of windbreaks on farms in the prairie region; promotion of -sound management practices for farm woodlands; and the care of trees in -plantations and on farmsteads. Extension education emphasizes the -development of an appreciation by Illinois youth for conservation of the -forest resource; the promotion among adults of sound management of rural -and urban woodlands; and program for primary and secondary industries -that concerns the conversion of wood into useful products. - - - Shawnee National Forest - -Much of the forested land in the southern tip of Illinois is in the -Shawnee National Forest. The 257,000 acres of rolling topography in the -forest contain 208 different kinds of native, woody plants. Some of the -areas which have a high concentration of unusual plant life have been -designated Botanical Areas by the United States Forest Service. At these -areas, such as Little Grand Canyon, Jackson Hollow, Stone Face, and six -others, plant life is protected. These are excellent places to observe -many of the woody plants of the State. - -At other areas in the Shawnee National Forest, various forest management -practices, such as selective timber-cutting, erosion control, and -watershed protection, can be observed. - -Numerous recreation facilities are dotted throughout the Shawnee. At -many of these, nature trails have been developed which bring the hiker -closer to nature. Descriptive brochures are available for most of the -recreation areas. They may be obtained by visiting the district ranger -offices at Vienna, Elizabethtown, Jonesboro, or Murphysboro, or by -writing to the Forest Supervisor, Shawnee National Forest, Harrisburg, -Illinois. - - - White Oak, the State Tree of Illinois - -In 1972, the school children of Illinois selected the white oak, -(_Quercus alba_ L.), as the state tree. It is truly representative for -it can be found throughout the state on a variety of sites. It grows to -its largest size on upland, cool, well-drained coves, slopes, and -terraces where it often reaches 100 feet of height and 3 feet of -diameter. - -White oak is one of Illinois’ most valuable trees. It makes an excellent -shade tree of majestic beauty with a broad round head and wide spreading -branches. Commercially it is an extremely valuable species used for -lumber, veneer, barrels, furniture, flooring, and construction. - -This species is also a part of our national heritage. In the war of -1812, sailors reported that during battle, cannon balls bounced off the -hull of the U.S.S. Constitution. White oak helped make her “Old -Ironsides” and a part of our history. - - - DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION - DIVISION OF FORESTRY - -The Legislature has given this Division the responsibility for all -activities concerning the forest and tree resource of Illinois. The -Division strives to fulfill its responsibilities by: - -—protecting the resource against all detrimental factors such as fire, - insects and diseases, improper harvesting, etc. - -—making the public aware of the importance of this resource to the - state’s health and economy. - -—motivating and providing technical guidance to forest and tree owners - for proper management. - -—practicing and demonstrating proper forest management principles on - Department lands. - -The main objectives of this Division are to promote and achieve on -suitable public and private lands the establishment, protection, -management, use, and perpetuation of our tree resource for all of the -benefits which may be derived from them. - -The Division cooperates with and makes full use of federal, state, and -private agency programs, efforts and monies to achieve Division -objectives and benefit forestry in Illinois. Formal cooperative -agreements exist with the United States Forest Service, U.S.D.A. Soil -Conservation Service, Extension Service and other groups, associations -and clubs active in forestry and its related fields. - -The efforts of the Division are channeled through five disciplines: fire -control, forest management, reforestation, marketing and utilization, -and urban and community forestry. Each of these sections has technical -leadership at state level plus resource specialists for field -accomplishments. These five efforts intertwine very strongly at field -level where all personnel carry out certain parts of these programs in -designated geographic areas. - - - ILLINOIS BIG TREE CHAMPIONS - -The Division of Forestry is cooperating with the American Forestry -Association in an attempt to find the biggest trees of each kind in the -United States and/or in Illinois. If you know of a tree that you think -might qualify, send the following information to the State Forester’s -office in Springfield: species, trunk circumference in inches (measured -4½ feet above the ground); total tree height in feet; and, average width -of crown in feet. If your candidate appears to be a winner, a state -forester will be sent to determine the exact measurements. If it is a -winner your name, the kind of tree and its dimension will be placed on -our list. You will receive a certificate stating that you have found a -“Big Tree Champion.” - - - - - Index to Common and Scientific Names - - - A - Acer - barbatum 38 - negundo 40 - nigrum 42 - rubrum 44-46 - saccharinum 48 - saccharum 50 - Aesculus - discolor 52 - glabra 54 - Ailanthus - altissima 56 - Alder - Black 58 - Alnus - glutinosa 58 - Amelanchier - arborea 60 - laevis 62 - Apple - Iowa Crab 182 - Narrow-leaved Crab 178 - Prairie Crab 180 - Aralia - spinosa 64 - Ash - Black 138 - Blue 144 - Green 142 - Pumpkin 146 - Red 140 - Wafer 232 - White 136 - Asimina - triloba 66 - Aspen - Large-toothed 216 - Quaking 220 - - - B - Basswood 298 - White 300 - Beech - Blue 76 - Betula - lutea 68 - nigra 70 - papyrifera 72 - Birch - Paper 72 - River 70 - Yellow 68 - Box Elder 40 - Broussonetia - papyrifera 74 - Buckeye - Ohio 54 - Red 52 - Buckthorn 274 - Carolina 272 - Butternut 160 - - - C - Carpinus - caroliniana 76 - Carya - aquatica 78 - cordiformis 80 - glabra 82 - illinoensis 84 - laciniosa 86 - ovalis 88 - ovata 90 - texana 92 - tomentosa 94 - Castanea - dentata 96 - Catalpa 100 - bignonioides 98 - Common 98 - speciosa 100 - Cedar - Red 164 - Celtis - laevigata 102 - occidentalis 104 - tenuifolia 106 - Cercis - canadensis 108 - Cherry - Wild Black 228 - Choke 230 - Chestnut 96 - Cladrastis - lutea 110 - Cock-spur Thorn 120 - Coffee Tree - Kentucky 152 - Cornus - amomum 118 - alternifolia 112 - drummondii 114 - florida 116 - foemina 118 - obliqua 118 - racemosa 118 - rugosa 118 - stolonifera 118 - Cottonwood 214 - Swamp 218 - Crab Apple - Iowa 182 - Narrow-leaved 178 - Prairie 180 - Crataegus - calpodendron 126 - coccinioides 126 - crus-galli 120 - mollis 122 - pruinosa 124 - puntata 128 - viridis 128 - Cypress - Bald 296 - - - D - Diospyros - virginiana 130 - Dogwood - Alternate-leaved 112 - Flowering 116 - Gray 118 - Rough-leaved 114 - - - E - Elder - Box 40 - Elm - American 304 - Rock 310 - Siberian 306 - Slippery 308 - Water 208 - Winged 302 - - - F - Fagus - grandifolia 132 - Forestiera - acuminata 134 - Fraxinus - americana 136 - nigra 138 - pennsylvanica 140-142 - quadrangulata 144 - tomentosa 146 - - - G - Gleditsia - aquatica 148 - triacanthos 150 - Gum - Sour 190 - Sweet 170 - Tupelo 188 - Gymnocladus - dioicus 152 - - - H - Hackberry 104 - Dwarf 106 - Halesia - carolina 154 - Hamamelis - virginiana 156 - Haw - Black 314 - Dotted 128 - Green 128 - Pruinose 124 - Red 122 - Scarlet 126 - Urn-shaped 126 - Hawthorn 120-128 - Hercules’ Club 64 - Hickory - Bitternut 80 - Black 92 - False Shagbark 87 - Kingnut 86 - Mockernut 94 - Pignut 82 - Shagbark 90 - Sweet Pignut 88 - Water 78 - Holly - Swamp 158 - Hop-tree 232 - Hornbeam - American 76 - Hop 192 - - - I - Ilex - decidua 158 - - - J - Juglans - cinerea 160 - nigra 162 - Juniperus - virginiana 164 - - - K - Kentucky Coffee Tree 152 - - - L - Larch - American 168 - European 166 - Larix - decidua 166 - laricina 168 - Liquidambar - styraciflua 170 - Liriodendron - tulipifera 172 - Locust - Black 284 - Honey 150 - Water 148 - - - M - Maclura - pomifera 174 - Magnolia - acuminata 176 - Cucumber 176 - Malus - angustifolia 178 - coronaria 180 - ioensis 182 - Maple - Black 42 - Red 44 - Silver 48 - Southern Sugar 38 - Sugar 50 - Swamp Red 46 - Morus - alba 184 - rubra 186 - Mulberry - Paper 74 - Red 186 - White 184 - - - N - Nannyberry 312 - Rusty 316 - Nyssa - aquatica 188 - sylvatica 190 - - - O - Oak - Basket 252 - Black 270 - Blackjack 250 - Bur 248 - Cherrybark 256 - Hill’s 240 - Overcup 246 - Pin 258 - Post 268 - Red 264 - Rock Chestnut 262 - Scarlet 238 - Shingle 244 - Shumard 266 - Spanish 242 - Swamp White 236 - White 234 - Willow 260 - Yellow Chestnut 254 - Orange - Osage 174 - Ostrya - virginiana 192 - - - P - Paulownia - tomentosa 194 - Pawpaw 66 - Pecan 84 - Persimmon 130 - Pine - Jack 196 - Loblolly 206 - Red 200 - Scotch 204 - Shortleaf 198 - White 202 - Yellow 198 - Pinus - banksiana 196 - echinata 198 - resinosa 200 - strobus 202 - sylvestris 204 - taeda 206 - Planera - aquatica 208 - Platanus - occidentalis 210 - Plum - American 222 - Munson’s 226 - Narrow-leaved 226 - Wild Goose 224 - Poplar - White 212 - Populus - alba 212 - deltoides 214 - grandidentata 216 - heterophylla 218 - tremuloides 220 - Princess Tree 194 - Privet - Swamp 134 - Prunus - americana 222 - angustifolia 226 - hortulana 224 - munsoniana 226 - serotina 228 - virginiana 230 - Ptelea - trifoliata 232 - - - Q - Quercus - alba 234 - bicolor 236 - coccinea 238 - ellipsoidalis 240 - falcata 242 - imbricaria 244 - lyrata 246 - macrocarpa 248 - marilandica 250 - michauxii 252 - muhlenbergii 254 - pagodaefolia 256 - palustris 258 - phellos 260 - prinus 262 - rubra 264 - shumardii 266 - stellata 268 - velutina 270 - - - R - Red Bud 108 - Rhamnus - caroliniana 272 - cathartica 274 - Rhus - copallina 276 - glabra 278 - typhina 280 - vernix 282 - Robinia - pseudoacacia 284 - - - S - Salix - amygdaloides 286 - caroliniana 288 - interior 290 - nigra 292 - Sassafras - albidum 294 - Shadbush 60 - Smooth 62 - Silver Bell 154 - Sugarberry 102 - Sumac - Poison 282 - Shinning 276 - Smooth 278 - Staghorn 280 - Sycamore 210 - - - T - Taxodium - distichum 296 - Tilia - americana 298 - heterophylla 300 - Tree-of-Heaven 56 - Tulip Tree 172 - - - U - Ulmus - alata 302 - americana 304 - pumila 306 - rubra 308 - thomasii 310 - - - V - Viburnum - lentago 312 - prunifolium 314 - rufidulum 316 - - - W - Walnut, Black 162 - Willow - Black 292 - Carolina 288 - Peach-leaved 286 - Sand-bar 290 - Witch Hazel 156 - - - Y - Yellowwood 110 - - - - - NOTES - - - - - DISTRICT FORESTERS - - - 1. MT. CARROLL (815-244-3655) - Junction Rts. 78 & 88 - P.O. Box 105 61053 - - 2. OREGON (815-732-6184) - Ogle County Farm Bureau - P.O. Box 223 61061 - - 3. LISLE (312-964-8081) - Morton Arboretum - P.O Box 472 60532 - - 4. CAMBRIDGE (309-937-2122) - 301 East North Street - P.O. Box 126 61238 - - 5. PRINCETON (815-875-3125) - 222 South Main - P.O. Box 236 61356 - - 6. MACOMB (309-837-1124) - W. Jackson Rd. (Hwy. #136) - P.O. Box 335 61455 - - 7. PEKIN (309-347-5119) - 133 Parkway Dr. - P.O. Box 795 61554 - - 8. HAVANA (309-543-3401) - 720 S. 10th Street - P.O. Box 401 62644 - - 9. SHELBYVILLE (217-644-2411) - Hidden Springs State Forest - P.O. Box 148 62565 - - 10. CHARLESTON (217-345-2420) - Rt. 16 & Harrison St. Rd. - P.O. Box 129 61920 - - 11. HILLSBORO (217-532-3562) - 925 S. Main Street - P.O. Box 603 62049 - - 12. CARROLLTON (217-942-3816) - 202 N. 5th Street - P.O. Box 170 62016 - - 13. PITTSFIELD (217-285-2221) - 211 South Madison - P.O. Box 244 62363 - - 14. SPARTA (618-443-2925) - 1 Mile E. on Rt. 154 - P.O. Box 21 62286 - - 15. CARLYLE (618-594-4475) - Eldon Hazlet State Park - P.O. Box 149 62231 - - 16. KINMUNDY (618-547-3477) - Stephen A. Forbes State Park - Rural Route 1 62854 - - 17. OLNEY (618-393-6732) - 200½ North Walnut - P.O. Box 313 62450 - - 18. FAIRFIELD (618-847-3781) - 1404 West Main - P.O. Box 206 62837 - - 19. MURPHYSBORO (618-687-2622) - 1010 N. 14th Avenue - P.O. Box 188 62966 - - 20. HARRISBURG (618-253-7966) - 200 S. Granger St. - P.O. Box F 62946 - - 21. GOREVILLE (618-995-2568) - Ferne Clyffe State Park - P.O. Box 67 62939 - - ▲ MASON NURSERY - R.R. 1, Box 71 - Topeka, 61867 - (309-535-2185) - - ⍟ UNION NURSERY - R.R. 1, Box 182 - Jonesboro 62952 - (618-833-6125) - - ● MAIN OFFICE - DIVISION OF FORESTRY - North West Plaza - 600 N. Grand West - Springfield, IL 62706 - - [Illustration: Illinois Map] - - DISTRICT 1 - JO DAVIESS - STEPHENSON - CARROLL - WHITESIDE - DISTRICT 2 - WINNEBAGO - BOONE - OGLE - DE KALB - LEE - DISTRICT 3 - McHENRY - LAKE - KANE - COOK - DU PAGE - KENDALL - WILL - GRUNDY - KANKAKEE - DISTRICT 4 - ROCK ISLAND - HENRY - MERCER - KNOX - DISTRICT 5 - BUREAU - LA SALLE - STARK - PUTNAM - MARSHALL - DISTRICT 6 - HENDERSON - WARREN - McDONOUGH - FULTON - DISTRICT 7 - PEORIA - WOODFORD - TAZEWELL - DISTRICT 8 - SCHUYLER - CASS - MASON ▲ - MENARD - LOGAN - DISTRICT 9 - LIVINGSTON - McLEAN - FORD - DE WITT - MACON - PIATT - MOULTRIE - SHELBY - DISTRICT 10 - IROQUOIS - CHAMPAIGN - VERMILION - DOUGLAS - EDGAR - COLES - CUMBERLAND - CLARK - DISTRICT 11 - SANGAMON ● - MACOUPIN - MONTGOMERY - CHRISTIAN - DISTRICT 12 - MORGAN - SCOTT - CALHOUN - GREENE - JERSEY - DISTRICT 13 - HANCOCK - ADAMS - BROWN - PIKE - DISTRICT 14 - ST CLAIR - MONROE - RANDOLPH - DISTRICT 15 - MADISON - BOND - CLINTON - WASHINGTON - DISTRICT 16 - FAYETTE - EFFINGHAM - MARION - CLAY - DISTRICT 17 - JASPER - CRAWFORD - RICHLAND - LAWRENCE - EDWARDS - WABASH - DISTRICT 18 - JEFFERSON - WAYNE - HAMILTON - WHITE - DISTRICT 19 - PERRY - JACKSON - FRANKLIN - WILLIAMSON - DISTRICT 20 - SALINE - GALLATIN - POPE - HARDIN - MASSAC - DISTRICT 21 - UNION ⍟ - JOHNSON - ALEXANDER - PULASKI - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - -—Material interjected into the eBook is enclosed in {braces}. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FOREST TREES OF ILLINOIS (THIRD -EDITION) *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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