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diff --git a/old/65847-0.txt b/old/65847-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f8de11f --- /dev/null +++ b/old/65847-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,8777 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Woodcut Initials, by Oscar +Jennings + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Early Woodcut Initials + Containing over Thirteen Hundred Reproductions of Ornamental + Letters of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries + +Author: Oscar Jennings + +Release Date: July 15, 2021 [eBook #65847] + +Language: English + +Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed + Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was + produced from images generously made available by The + Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries) + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS *** + + + + Transcriber’s Notes + + Text elements printed in italics have been transcribed _between + underscores_, small capitals have been changed to ALL CAPITALS. + + More Transcriber’s Notes may be found at the end of this text. + + + + +EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS + + + + + EARLY + WOODCUT INITIALS + + CONTAINING OVER THIRTEEN + HUNDRED REPRODUCTIONS OF + ORNAMENTAL LETTERS OF THE + FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH + CENTURIES, SELECTED AND + ANNOTATED BY + OSCAR JENNINGS, M.D. + + MEMBER OF THE + BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY + + [Illustration] + + METHUEN AND CO. + 36 ESSEX STREET + LONDON + + + _First published in 1908_ + + + + + I DEDICATE THESE PAGES TO + MY WIFE + AS A SLIGHT RECOGNITION OF + HER CONSTANT PATIENCE + AND DEVOTION + + + + +PREFACE + + +From the number of works that have been published within the last few +decades on early printing and the decoration of early books, it is +evident that an increasing interest is taken in these subjects, not +only by those whose studies have specially fitted them to appreciate +such researches, but also by the general educated public. + +There is, however, one variety of engraving that has hitherto attracted +but little attention, and the importance of which, both from artistic +and documentary points of view, is still unrecognised, and it may even +be said unsuspected by the great majority of students. Whilst every +engraving that may technically be termed a cut or an illustration +is catalogued and recorded in the different monographs on special +printers, those which take the form of initial letters, often of equal, +if not superior merit, are represented much more sparsely, and as +having a secondary importance only. + +In a monograph on fifteenth-century printing in a certain German town, +for instance, the writer, a professional bibliographer, gives about +ten or twelve initial letters, whereas the extent of the material upon +which he might have drawn may be judged from the fact that a more +recent authority, in his history of one printer only of this town, has +been able to reproduce more than fifty specimens, many of which are +quite equal in interest to illustrations proper, some of them having +been recently pointed out by a London expert as constituting the chief +attraction of a volume[1] with both initials and illustrations which +came under his hammer. + + [1] The initials in the _Leben der Heiligen Drei Könige_ of + Knoblochtzer. + +The above lines, written ten years ago, when I first began to collect +material for this volume, are perhaps no longer as true absolutely +as when first penned. Besides the works of Butsch, Reiber, and Heitz +which were already in existence, Ongania’s book on Venice bibliography +contains a great many initials; Heitz has devoted a volume to those of +Holbein and other artists of the school of Basle, and others to certain +initials of Strasburg and Hagenau; and Redgrave, Haebler, Claudin, +Schorbach, Spirgatis, and Kristeller give a certain prominence to +initials in their respective monographs. + +I still think, however, that a special work on the subject is needed +to do justice to the richness of artistic material available in this +special matter. + +The woodcuts in early books are often merely illustrative, that is to +say explanatory of the text, and were not designed as ornaments; but +the initials were intended to be decorative, and one can see in them a +real artistic effort and sentiment. + +Quaritch, indeed, has recently called attention to this fact, of the +superiority in some early books of the initials over the woodcuts, and +it is beginning to be recognised also by several great booksellers, +whose catalogues contain increasing numbers of reproductions of +ornamental letters in preference to other specimens of early engraving. + +Unfortunately, circumstances have prevented my completing my first +programme, and what I offer here can only be considered as a general +introduction to the subject. But such as they are, these fragmentary +notes will not, I hope, be found entirely devoid of interest. + +In conclusion, I have to express my thanks to Mr. A. W. Pollard, the +amiable and indefatigable secretary of the Bibliographical Society, for +help in seeing this volume through the press, and for many valuable +suggestions and criticisms. + + OSCAR JENNINGS. + + + + +CONTENTS + + + PAGE + + PREFACE, vii + + INTRODUCTION, 1 + + CHAP. + + I. BLOCK-BOOKS: THE INVENTION OF PRINTING: THE PSALTER OF + MAYENCE, 6 + + II. AUGSBURG, 14 + + III. ULM AND NUREMBERG, 22 + + IV. BASLE AND ZURICH, 29 + + V. LÜBECK AND BAMBERG, 39 + + VI. STRASBURG AND REUTLINGEN, 43 + + VII. COLOGNE AND GENEVA, 51 + + VIII. VENICE, 55 + + IX. OTHER ITALIAN TOWNS, 64 + + X. LYONS, 73 + + XI. PARIS, 82 + + XII. FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOWNS, 90 + + XIII. SPANISH TOWNS, 96 + + XIV. EARLY DUTCH INITIALS, 101 + + XV. LATER GERMAN INITIALS: HAGENAU, MAGDEBURG, METZ, OPPENHEIM, + INGOLDSTADT, ETC. ETC., 103 + + XVI. ENGLISH INITIALS, 108a + + REPRODUCTIONS OF INITIALS, 111 + + INDEX, 281 + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +The ornamentation of books dates probably from the time of their +invention, that is to say, it goes back to a very remote antiquity. +From Greece, where the book-trade was flourishing at an early period, +it passed into Italy, extending thence to the provinces of the Empire, +to Gaul and Spain, where book-lovers became more and more numerous, +and as civilisation became more refined, increasingly particular about +bindings and ornamentation. + +The verse of Tibullus, + + ‘Indicet ut nomen littera picta tuum,’ + +shows the extent of the embellishments to which bibliophiles had then +become accustomed, requiring the titles of their favourite authors to +be engrossed in coloured or illuminated letters.[2] + + [2] Numerous passages might be quoted from Latin writers to show how + great an interest they took in books, and how valuable rare, and what + might be called original, editions had even then become. It would + seem, too, that they even knew the pleasures of book-hunting, for + Aulus Gellius relates how, having a few hours to spare after landing + at Brindisi, he spent his time looking through the contents of an + old book-stall, and was lucky enough to discover a very old work on + occult science. + +Besides the title, the headings of chapters and the initial letters +were also distinguished in the same way from the rest of the work, +a custom which passed from the Roman copyists to those of the Lower +Empire, and in course of time became generally adopted in the +preparation of manuscripts. But this was not all. It is now recognised +that book illustration was known to the Romans, and that the +miniatures of the mediæval manuscripts only followed the fashion of the +rich and sumptuous volumes transcribed by the copyists of Athens and +Rome. The fourth-century Virgil, for instance, one of the treasures of +the Vatican, which has been so well described by M. Pierre de Nolhac, +is an example of this, containing as it does a large number of figures. +Like all manuscripts of the time, it was written exclusively in +majuscules, very similar to those used in Roman inscriptions.[3] + + [3] Pliny speaks of a marvellous, almost divine, invention by which + pictures were added to the book of _Imagines_ of Varro--no doubt + printed by stamping. + +The taste for luxury spreading from the third century, Byzantium became +the centre of the most extravagant and costly elegance in all its +manifestations, and books of that origin have come down to us written +on purple parchment in letters of gold. It was not until several +centuries later that a reaction took place, when Leo the Isaurian, in +741, considering such refinement as sinful, put an end to it by burning +the public library, together with its staff of _bibliothecarii_ and +copyists, the survivors finding a refuge for their art in the western +cloisters and monasteries. + +The intelligent protection and encouragement and hospitality afforded +to men of letters by Charlemagne was a great contrast to the bigotry +of Leo the Byzantine. Interesting himself warmly in all questions +relating to instruction, he took a special interest in the copying +and transcription of manuscripts, inviting to his kingdom the Irish +and Anglo-Saxon monks, who from the sixth century had made a special +study of calligraphy, and were celebrated all over Europe for their +miniatures and historiation. + +In consequence of the patronage of Charlemagne and of Charles the +Bald, son of Louis the Débonnaire, artists of all nationalities, but +more particularly Germans and Italians, who had come from Oriental +schools, received a warm welcome. At first in the sixth century the +initial letter was of the same size as the others, only distinguished +by the difference of colour, being in minium or cinnabar. A hundred +years later, under the Byzantine influence, the letter grows larger, +until it occupies the whole page, at the same time being painted with +the most vivid colours according to the fancy and caprice of the +artist. Little by little the Byzantine style first introduced became +modified, and assumed by degrees a national character. The decoration +of the initials took the form of interlaced chequer-work or of +historiated arabesques, resembling the mosaics of enamelled specimens +of Gallo-Frank jewellery. + +Then come figures of animals, in which the imagination of the artist +runs riot, as in the alphabet of which Montfaucon has given a specimen +in his _Origins of the French Monarchy_. + +To quote the opinion of a contemporary writer, there was nothing +under heaven or earth that had not served as a model for designers of +ornamental letters. + +Towards the fourteenth century this exuberance of decoration quiets +down. Fancy is by no means excluded, but it becomes more regulated and +more sure, to the advantage of art itself, which speaks through the +skill of the painters, whose names, however, with but few exceptions, +unfortunately remain unknown to us. + +Paris was renowned at an early period for the excellence of its +manuscripts, and the talents of its copyists and illuminators. Richard +de Bury, Bishop of Durham and Chancellor of England, speaks in his +_Philobiblion_ of the five libraries he had seen in that town, and the +magnificent books that he had been able to buy. + +In England, illumination had flourished from before the twelfth to the +fourteenth century, but by the middle of the fifteenth art was dead, +and when handsome miniatures or other decorations were required for +books, it was to French artists that it was necessary to apply. + +In Italy, the influence, as regards book ornamentation, of French art +may be judged from the passage of Dante, who, speaking to a miniaturist +of his profession, is obliged to use a periphrase to design it: + + ‘. . . di quell’ arte + Ch’ alluminare è chiamata in Parisi.’ + +The dawn of printing was at hand. Manuscripts, whether handsomely +embellished or copied simply without ornament, were expensive luxuries +which only the rich could purchase. With the revival of learning, for +students in general, for the poorer classes, for school children, cheap +books costing as little as possible, but serving the same end as the +manuscript, were necessary, and the xylograph came at its hour.[4] + + [4] It should be mentioned that block-books are now considered by + some authorities to have come later than the invention of printing + with movable type, _i.e._ about 1460. + +From the earliest times copyists had used stamps[5] and copper +stencillings in order to apply initials that recurred frequently, a +practice which contains in it the first germ of printing. Playing-cards +were printed by the same process and afterwards illuminated. + + [5] Passavant. + +Picture-books came next, with text and illustrations cut on the same +block, the leaves being printed on one side only, and afterwards gummed +back to back. + +Such was the book known as the _Biblia Pauperum_, ‘Figurae typicae +veteris atque antitypicae novi testamenti,’ a short pictorial history +in forty leaves of the Old and New Testament. Another of these +block-books is devoted to the history of St. John the Evangelist and +his apocalyptic dreams, of which there are six different editions, +with texts in Flemish, Saxon, and German. The _Ars Moriendi_, or +temptations of the dying, with terrifying pictures, shows a moribund +man assailed by devils,[6] but, as in all similar productions, the +terrible is relieved by a touch of the grotesque. The _Speculum humanae +salvationis_ is remarkable for being printed partly from blocks +and partly with movable characters. This shows the transition from +xylography to printing proper. The printer of this work, in order to +economise the composition of twenty-seven leaves, used the blocks he +possessed, and printed them together with twenty-seven others composed +with movable type. The example is not unique. + + [6] See, under ‘PARIS,’ the representation of one of these + death-scenes in an initial of Chevallon’s. + +A last variety of xylographic impressions is known under the generic +name of ‘Donatus.’ This is a little primer of Latin grammar first +compiled by the grammarian Aelius Donatus, by whose name it was +afterwards known. + +We have mentioned the xylographic publications, because in a certain +number of them ornamental initials are to be met with. These, as +would naturally be supposed, are of the same style as those found +in manuscripts of the same period. It may be observed here, that +whilst books of price were embellished with expensive work, the less +valuable manuscripts were left either without initials at all, or with +ornamental letters of a few stereotyped patterns, that experience had +shown to be most harmonious to the written text. Of these patterns +the most popular is the Maiblümchen, or lily of the valley design, +constantly seen in manuscript books, and adopted by many of the early +printers. This design will be seen in many of the first initials of the +Augsburg printers, and especially of Rihel of Basle. + +Historiated initials are less frequent in the block-books, the only +one we have found being the S of an _Ars Memorandi_, of which a +reproduction is given. + +We have noted briefly the successive changes in the manuscript book, +the different phases of its evolution towards its final formula and +expression as an impression from movable type. + +This brings us to the invention of printing, but it must be noted +that printing, which revolutionised in so many ways the world, did +not immediately put an end to the professions of the rubricator and +illuminator. Some printed works of the end of the fifteenth and the +beginning of the sixteenth centuries are embellished with miniatures of +the very highest merit and illuminated letters of the greatest beauty. + + + + +CHAPTER I + +BLOCK-BOOKS: THE INVENTION OF PRINTING: THE PSALTER OF MAYENCE + + +Printing, with the discovery or invention of which the name of +Gutenberg is intimately associated, goes back to the year 1454, or, if +we accept the recent discovery of an almanac which can only refer to +1448, some six years earlier. + +This is not the place to relate its general history, which is to be +found in all the special works on the question. We shall set down here +only the facts which concern our subject more particularly, and show +the evolution of ornamental letters in books of the first period after +the discovery of the new art. + +It is known that Gutenberg, after the expensive experiments that had +crippled his resources, had borrowed money from his fellow-citizen +Fust, for the purpose of developing his new discovery. + +His methods were, however, incomplete, and, according to one of many +conjectures, it was not until two or three years later that Peter +Scheffer, presumably a workman in Gutenberg’s office, perfected it +by the invention of punches and matrices, so discovering a means of +founding the type for which he devised a more suitable alloy instead of +engraving each letter. This brought Scheffer into favour with Fust, who +gave him his daughter in marriage. A quarrel with the original inventor +ensued, and Gutenberg, nearly ruined, was forced to retire, leaving +the two others in possession of the field. + +The object of the first printers was no doubt to imitate the manuscript +book as closely as possible. Gutenberg in his Bible had only attempted +to copy the letterpress proper. The two partners gave in 1457 as +their diploma piece an edition of the Psalter with two hundred and +eighty-eight capitals in two colours, besides the great initial B, the +whole forming a perfect imitation by the press of a highly decorated +manuscript. + +At the present time an expert could see at a glance that this book is +printed, instead of being written. But in 1457, and until the invention +of printing had become generally known, no one could have guessed that +it was anything but what it appeared, a beautifully finished manuscript. + +Of the letters, which are mostly in red and blue, the handsomest is +the initial B at the beginning of the first psalm, which is surrounded +by arabesques, continued along the margin. Besides these ornaments, +figures of a dog and bird are stencilled, as it were, in white on the +red ground of the letter. + +Writers are by no means agreed as to the way in which these initials +were executed, but until recently the explanation most generally +accepted was that of _emboîtement_, each part of the letter being inked +separately and afterwards joined. According to Mr. Gordon Duff, it is +impossible to determine exactly how they were produced, but in one +edition, that of 1515, the exterior ornament has been printed, while +the letter itself and the interior ornament have not. This shows that +the letter and ornament were not on one block, and that the exterior +and interior ornaments were on different blocks. Mr. Blades thought +that the design was not printed but impressed in blank, and afterwards +filled in with colour by the illuminator. The last opinion, that of Mr. +Weale, is that the letters were not set up and printed with the rest +of the book, but subsequently to the typography, not by a pull of the +press but by a blow of the mallet on the superimposed block. + +It is not, perhaps, without interest to note that the white ornaments +which have been already mentioned are reproduced on one of the initials +of the Bamberg missal. Whether or not this lends additional likelihood +to the Bamberg printer having been a workman of Gutenberg, the reader +must judge for himself. + +We have said that the object of the first printers was to produce an +imitation manuscript. It has even been suggested that Scheffer tried to +palm off some of the copies of the Bible as, and at the price of, the +manuscripts. + +Gabriel Naudé, in his addition to the history of King Louis XI., is +responsible for this accusation, which has been reproduced without +investigation by several historians. The passage is too long to quote +here, but he states positively that Scheffer sold the first copies +_pour manuscrites_ at seventy-five _écus_ a copy, selling others +afterwards at from twenty to thirty. Those who had paid the higher +price brought an action against him for _survente_, and he had to fly +from Paris to Mayence, where not being in safety he took refuge at +Strasburg, living for a time with Messire Philippe de Commines. + +The story is charmingly circumstantial but hardly convincing. At any +rate, it is certain that no sharp practice could have been attempted +after 1457, as the colophon of the Psalter states the volume ‘Venustate +capitalium decoratus rubricationibusque sufficienter distinctus +adinventione artificiosa imprimendi et characterizandi; absque calami +ulla exaratione sic effigiatus.’ + +It has also been said that Scheffer was not the first to use the +Psalter initials, which formed part of the stock which Gutenberg was +compelled to relinquish in payment of the money he had borrowed of Fust. + +Fischer at the beginning of the last century published the description +of a Donatus of 1451 with some of these initials, of which he gave a +facsimile, and which he attributes to Gutenberg, but this book is no +longer to be found, and it is supposed that he was the victim of a +hoax.[7] The only copy now known with these initials has come down to +us in the shape of a fragment which is preserved in the Bibliothèque +Nationale. The catalogue gives the date as 1468, but Hessels and many +other good judges place it at 1456. It is printed in the type of the +forty-two line Bible, with thirty-five lines to the page. In the +colophon Scheffer makes use of the expression ‘_cum suis capitalibus_,’ +which Hessels translates ‘with his capital letters,’ a rendering, says +Mr. Gordon Duff, which is surely impossible. + + [7] According to M. de Laborde, ‘Bodman archiviste de Mayence, + tourmenté par Oberlin, Fischer et tous les bibliographes du temps + pour leur trouver quelques nouveaux renseignements sur Gutenberg, + n’imagina rien de mieux que d’en fabriquer.’ Fischer in his _Essai + sur les monuments Typographiques de Jean Gutenberg_ declares that he + found two leaves of a Donatus, which was printed by Gutenberg with + the same initials as were afterwards used by Scheffer. These leaves + were in the cover of an account-book dated 1451, which was discovered + in the Archives of Mayence by Bodman. These leaves have since + disappeared. + +Two other questions remain to be considered: Why Scheffer should have +used the initials frequently until 1462, and then (with the exception +of successive editions of the Psalter) have given up their use +entirely? Who was their author? + +For the first there was a combination of several reasons. The +opposition of the Formschneiders may have had something to do with it. +On the other hand, Scheffer may have got tired of always using the +same initials which had been cut for him by an exceptionally clever +engraver, of whom he had afterwards lost sight. In the third place, the +sack of Mayence in 1462, which led to the dispersion of his workmen, +may have been partly the reason, but that he did not lose his material +is proved by the initials appearing in the antiquarian reprints of the +Psalter. + +In our opinion the second reason is most probable, and it is supported +by the testimony of Papillon as to the identity of the artist, which +seems to have escaped recent bibliographers. + +According to Heineken, a certain Meydenbach is mentioned in Sebastian +Münster’s _Cosmographia_, and also by an anonymous author in +_Serarius_, as being one of Gutenberg’s assistants. Heineken on these +grounds considers that he accompanied Gutenberg from Strasburg to +Mayence, also that he was probably an engraver or illuminator, and Von +Murr thinks he was the artist who engraved the large initials. + +Fischer is convinced that they were engraved by Gutenberg himself, ‘a +person experienced in such work, as we are taught by his residence in +Strasburg,’ which Jackson declares teaches no such thing. + +Papillon’s history is too long to be related here _verbatim_, but +in substance it is as follows: A German who was making the _tour +de France_ applied to him for work. He stated that his name was +Cocksperger, and that he was descended from Peter Cocksperger who had +engraved the initials of the Psalter of Mayence. Papillon only saw +him three times in 1737, when he showed him some of his work, which, +although somewhat coarse, was well cut, of a pretty taste, and not +common. His ancestors had lived in Mayence, Cologne, and Nuremberg. +One of them, Peter, had worked with Fust and Scheffer at their first +impressions, and it was a tradition in the family that he was a scribe +and miniaturist, and also engraved neatly on wood. He had been engaged +by Scheffer, who lodged him in his house, to design and engrave on wood +large initials embellished with ornaments like those he was in the +habit of drawing and painting. Also that one of his brothers, Jacques, +together with a friend named Thomas Forkanach who also engraved on +wood, had helped him to engrave the initials for Scheffer’s Psalter. +He showed Papillon a book of ‘figures of the mass,’ a xylographic +tract printed _au frotton_. Not being able to get acceptable work, +he left Paris. ‘This man,’ says Papillon, was ‘_franc et de très bon +caractère_,’ he had means to live quietly at home, had not _l’envie de +voyager_ made him leave Germany.[8] + + [8] Papillon, _Histoire de la gravure sur bois_. + +We have not seen any references to Cocksperger in modern works, but +Dibdin in one of his books quotes Papillon’s account of him. It would +be curious to know whether there was really a family of this name in +Mayence at the date Papillon gives, and whether there is any trace +there of such a tradition. + +Besides the initials used in the different editions of the Psalter, +and in some other publications such as the _Rationale Durandi_, which +has the same subscription as the Psalter, but with the date changed to +1459, Scheffer had a splendid bichrome T for the _Canon of the Mass_, +considered by many as quite equal to the B of the Psalter. + +Later in the century polychrome initials, as these letters in two +colours are somewhat incorrectly termed, are said to have been used in +early Dutch impressions. Humphreys in his _History of Printing_ gives +the reproduction of a Q in two colours from the _Dyalogus Creaturarum_, +printed at Gouda in 1480 by Gerard Leeu, which he supposes to be +printed, and which he considers, as we think erroneously, to be quite +equal to Scheffer’s B. + +Initials printed in one colour are not uncommon. They are to be found, +for instance, in the _Etymologicum Magnum_ of Callierges, and sometimes +in missals, such as the Missale Olumucense of Bamberg and the Rouen +Missal, ‘ad usum insignis ecclesie Atrebatensis.’ + +It has been said that the Psalter letters ceased to be used in 1462. +Whatever may have been the reason for this, and it is possible after +all that it was simply from motives of economy, Scheffer’s example, +as regards the suppression of ornament, was followed by the other +printers, and with the exception of Pfister, whose impressions from +movable characters have every appearance of xylographic productions, +for some years no books were issued with typographical embellishments. + +It is probable that, for the two years during which he flourished, +Pfister’s illustrated publications were tolerated because they were +generally supposed to be block-books, and that he was compelled to +stop operations by the Guilds, as soon as they found out that he was +in reality one of the hated printers. For it was not only as craftsmen +that the Formschneiders were hostile to the members of the new trade. +The engravers had become the printers of the xylographic books, then a +new and profitable industry, and they were afraid of the sale of their +own productions being interfered with by the illustrated works of the +type-printers. + +From the point of view of ornamental initials there is little to say +about the xylographic impressions. + +Before the invention of printing, the copies of block-books were +obtained, as has been already mentioned, by what is known as the +_frotton_ process, the paper being placed over the engraved block and +rubbed with a special pad. The ink in the originals is of a brownish +yellow. After the invention of the press, certain popular treatises +continued to be struck off from xylographic cuts, but by impression, +like ordinary books. One of these, the _Mirabilia Romae_, a guide-book +to Rome at the end of the fifteenth century, has a large historiated S +at the beginning. It is remarkable from the fact that the letterpress, +of which a specimen is given with the initial, is not cut in imitation +of type, but, as can be seen in our reproduction, of ordinary +hand-writing. + +Another specimen of this kind of printing is the P, which we reproduce +with a border, from a Donatus, the first and eighth leaves of which +were preserved for centuries in an old binding. + +This Donatus, of which the only leaves remaining belong to the Leipsic +Museum, was printed by Dinckmut. There is another xylographic fragment +with a colophon bearing the same name in the Bodleian Library. The +initial itself represents a schoolmaster surrounded by his pupils, a +subject frequently met with as a frontispiece to books of this class, +and it is prolonged into a border which frames the page. + +When the initial of a Donatus does not represent a pedagogue and his +class, the subject is often the Virgin and Holy Family. J. Rosenthal +has an extremely valuable edition with the Virgin, the Child, and St. +Catherine. Amongst our specimens of Cologne is a Donatus without name +of printer or date, but no doubt printed by Quentell towards 1500, in +which, besides the Virgin and Child, there are grotesque profiles in +the two left corners which look as if copied from the same source as +one of the Bämler initials, and the initial with grotesques in the Bâle +Psalters.[9] + + [9] The Donatus, always being in demand, was generally one of the + first books printed at a new press. It was the first work issued by + Pannartz and Sweynheim when they started at Subiaco. + +During the remainder of the fifteenth century there was very little in +the way of initial ornamentation in books published at Mayence, where +Scheffer, who was always the chief printer, seems to have exhausted his +possibilities in this direction with his first experiment. + +There is, however, a fine large historiated D in a German translation +of Æsop--_Das Buch und Leben des Fabeldichters Æsop_--without printer’s +name or date, but attributed to Scheffer, towards 1480. This initial +has already been reproduced in Muther’s _Bücher-Illustration_, and +more recently in a bibliography of incunabula and books printed before +1501, by Ludwig Rosenthal. The only other interesting ornamental letter +we are acquainted with of Mayence origin before 1500 is the G at the +commencement of Erhardt Reuwich’s _Breidenbach_. + +During the first two decades of the sixteenth century there is the same +dearth of anything like ornament in Mayence books, but towards 1520 +John, the grandson of the first Peter Scheffer, has several alphabets, +one of very large letters with arabesques of flowers, foliage, and +birds, used first in his Livy of 1518, published under the patronage +of Brandeburg, Archbishop of Magdeburg and Mayence. There is also a +smaller one with the most varied subjects, besides a few letters with +children on a black ground, and one or two linear initials also with +children, copied from Venetian models. + + + + +CHAPTER II + +AUGSBURG + + +From what has been already said, it seems evident that the aim of the +first printers was to produce by the new art as perfect as possible an +imitation of the manuscript. + +Scheffer printed books with ornamental letters in the manuscript style. +The other printers left them to be added by hand, which produced the +same effect. It was not until the beginning of the seventies that the +printed book assumed its definite form, and that it was recognised that +new methods and new processes were necessary. The printed book was +henceforth to be a printed book, and not an imitation manuscript. It +was no longer to pass, for accessory embellishment, through a number of +successive hands, but to be finished at a single impression. + +It would not be exact to say that it was Günther Zainer who +relinquished the fiction of a printed manuscript, and who recognised +that, in virtue of the economic principle of which the press itself is +a manifestation, text and ornamental embellishments should be produced +as simply as possible. + +The alteration was brought about by the Augsburg printers generally, +rather than by any one in particular, and was a matter of evolution +rather than of sudden change. + +It was hindered, too, to a great extent by the opposition of the Guild +of Engravers, who saw in the innovation a menace to their privileges, +and who brought an action against Zainer and Schussler in 1471 to +prevent them using wood-engraving in their books, and even opposed +their admission as burgesses. It was only at the intervention of +Melchior Stanheim, Abbot of St. Ulrich, that the matter was arranged, +on the understanding that they should insert in their books neither +woodcut pictures nor letters, a prohibition that was only withdrawn +after a new arrangement which bound the printers to employ only +recognised members of the Formschneider Guild. + +As an example of the jealousy with which these privileges of +corporations were maintained, it may be mentioned that Albert Dürer was +compelled to pay four florins to the Society of Painters of Venice for +working at his profession during his stay in that city. + +Günther Zainer’s first woodcut initials, if they can be called +‘woodcuts,’ are merely outline letters without any kind of ornament. +They were intended simply as a guide to the rubricator. + +In the next stage we have a framed initial with an ornamental +groundwork, but the composition is less effective in black and white +than when the letter itself is picked out in red. A good example of +this is in the alphabet of the Zainer German Bible, afterwards used in +the _Summa Confessorum_ of J. Friburgensis. In these initials, what +a contemporary authority on lettering calls a ‘friskiness’ of the +design leads to a difficulty of distinguishing between the ornamental +prolongation of the different parts of the letter, and the very similar +decorative groundwork,--so much so, that even the rubricator was +sometimes mistaken, the colour being left unapplied where needed, and +_vice versâ_. + +Finally we come to initials, of which the specimens that have come +down to us are coloured as often as not. These are more effective when +not so treated, and were probably intended to be left as printed. The +reader can judge from the specimens reproduced. + +Butsch (_Bücher-Ornamentik_) mentions the _Gulden Bibel_ of +Rampigollis, the _Belial_ of 1472, and the _Glossae_ of Salemo, as the +earliest works of G. Zainer with woodcut initials. The _Belial_, he +says, has a large ornamental initial of arabesque design. + +Our first selections are from the _Summa Confessorum_; the large P is +from the _Margarita Davitica_ of 1475. + +The new plan was soon adopted by the other Augsburg printers, and +spread thence to other towns and countries. + +As far as Augsburg is concerned, it should be noted that the same +letters were often used by different printers, and they are therefore +as much illustrative of the town and period, as of any one particular +press. Ludwig Hohenwang, for instance, uses the same initials in his +_Gulden Bibel_ of 1477, as does J. Pflantzmann in his _Glossa_ of +Salemo of the same year. The two specimens given of these printers +might have been taken from either volume. + +Our other examples are taken from works published by Sorg, Keller, +Bämler, and Schönsperger. + +The Bämler selection is exceedingly curious as presenting probably +the first example, if our date is correct, of what was afterwards so +common--the grotesque profile. + +Unfortunately we are unable to give their exact origin, as they form +part of a collection of initials, cut from early books, but if the +attribution ‘Bämler, 1475,’ is correct, they are of the same date as +the Rihel Bible of 1475, in which there are two initials with profiles, +but neither of them grotesque.[10] + + [10] There are two pictorial letters in the fifth German Bible (see + the reproductions of both at pp. 118, 119), in which the border is + formed partly of a grotesque profile. + +The five specimens given are selected from the thirteen letters +comprised in the collection, and need no description. The others +consist of a D, which is in reality the same as our C but reversed; +a G, two L’s, an R, a T, and a V. One of the L’s has a sun with +full face, and the T, besides being of an unusual pattern, has also +a grotesque profile. Unfortunately it has been daubed over by a +rubricator too badly for reproduction. The S with the two human figures +occurs several times in Rihel’s Latin Bible, and was given by us in +a former essay[11] as a specimen of Basle woodcuts. We now class it +provisionally with Augsburg. + + [11] ‘On Some Old Initial Letters.’ _The Library_, January 1901. + +Of Sorg, our earliest specimens are of the pure Maiblümchen pattern, +the S without any trace of historiation being from a copy of St. +Ambrosius on St. Luke of 1476. Other letters of this type are to be +found in his _Breidenbach_ and other works, but later on they become +almost identical with those of Keller. Compare the A and the H from the +_Valerius Maximus_ of Sorg of 1480, with the E and V from the Keller +edition of Aristotle’s _Opera Nonnulla_ of 1479. The S with a grotesque +profile at each end and the letters G I A dates from 1480, and is the +first initial we have met with in which the fool, so popular in the +imagery of the period, here complete with cap, ass’s ears, bells and +cockscomb, is represented. + +Schönsperger’s initials, of which four reproductions are given, are a +little later, 1489. + +We come now to pictorial initials, and in this respect the printers of +Augsburg had been anticipated by those of Ulm and Nuremberg. + +It was in 1473 that the fourth German Bible was published at Nuremberg. +It was probably the success of this edition that induced Günther Zainer +to bring out the magnificent folio classed as fifth, which may truly, +from its size and solidity, be considered as a typographical monument. + +Zainer’s first edition (the fifth German Bible) was undated, but was +published either in 1474 or 1475. It succeeded so well that another +edition, this time dated and in two volumes, was published in 1477, +with small ornamental initials at the beginnings of the chapters, as +well as the large pictorial letters previously used at the commencement +of each book. + +The difference between the Augsburg and Nuremberg initials can be +seen in our reproductions, the former being taller and surrounded +with accessory ornaments. In the Nuremberg Bible, Corinthians 1 and +2, Ephesians, Philippians, Thessalonians 1 and 2, Timothy 1 and 2, +Titus and Philemon, all have the same initial. Hebrews has no initial +at all, nor has Galatians. In the Augsburg edition the letters are +all different; Galatians has its initial, and Hebrews begins with a +pictorial Z. + +In Sorg’s Bible of 1477, the only large historiated letter is the B at +the beginning of the dedicatory epistle, with bishop and cardinal in +a cell which, as can be seen in the corresponding Nuremberg initial, +looks like a third-class railway compartment. There is a smaller D, not +worth reproducing. The different books of the Bible are mostly preceded +by small engravings. + +But Sorg’s best historiated initials, in fact the only ones with which +we are acquainted (for the B in his Bible is a copy of Zainer’s), are +to be found in a work by Henricus Suso, ‘dictus Amandus,’ published +in 1482: _Das Buch das heisset Der Seusse_, a translation of his +_Horologium aeternae Sapientiae_. + +This book contains a number of engravings on Biblical subjects, which +are most often painted over beyond the possibility of reproduction. +Such is the case with the copies both in the British Museum and in the +Paris National Library. + +Besides these illustrations there are three large pictorial initials, +C, R, and S, of which the C alone occurs twice, representing, the C an +angel appearing to a woman, the R a saint with a crozier, and the S an +eagle, the background being filled up with Maiblümchen. + +Towards the end of the century Ratdolt, who had returned from Venice, +was the chief printer at Augsburg. + +Amongst his other productions, Ratdolt printed a number of liturgical +works, the most beautiful that we have seen being the folio Breviary of +1493. The type is admirable, and those pages which begin with the large +letters, such as the C with the Pope, or the H (All Saints), printed as +they are with the brilliant black ink of the period, are particularly +effective. The B at the beginning of the Psalter is used again in the +smaller Psalter of 1499, as are several of the smaller initials. The +_pars aestivalis_ begins with the U. The C with St. Urban is at the +commencement of the section _De Sanctis_. + +Two of the smaller initials occur in the larger Psalter, which are not +in the smaller one. A D representing a kind of Indian with a club and +feathers is the fool referred to in the opening words of the Psalm +_Dixit insipiens_. Another D has Jesus kneeling to His father (_Dixit +Deus Domino meo_). On the other hand, the crucifixion initials of the +Psalter of 1499 are not in this edition. + +The Psalter of 1499, _Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari familiariter +impresso--Lateinisch Psalter mit dem teutschen nutzlichen dabey +gedruckt_, has not the imposing appearance of the earlier folio volume, +but like all Ratdolt’s work is well printed. This would appear to have +been taken as a model for Psalters in the Vulgate. There are several +editions of different towns with the text framed, as it were, by a +translation in the vernacular in smaller type. The Psalter of Furter +has the same disposition, the initial letters, although different +in treatment, corresponding almost exactly with those of Ratdolt’s +Psalter. Knoblouch has a similar Psalter, but with non-historiated +initials. In the Metz Psalter of Hochffeder, otherwise on the same +plan, the only initial is on the title-page. + +In the Missal of Frisingen of 1492 there are no historiated letters, +and the ornamental initials in the Venetian style are unfortunately +most outrageously coloured in the only copy we have seen. Amongst +other letters there is in it an extremely curiously designed S which +is difficult to describe, but which we would recommend to students +of lettering. In the D, which is in the shape of a Gothic German +Q reversed, and the P, there is a branch-work pattern starting +tangentially from a central circle and ending in trifoliated ornaments +altogether graceful and harmonious. Ratdolt’s mark is on the last page, +and above it: + + ‘Erhardi Ratdolt felicia conspice signa, + Testata artificem qua valet ipse manum.’ + +Ratdolt continued to print liturgical works for some part of the +sixteenth century, but the only other volume of the kind that we +have had at our disposal is the _Pars Aestivalis_ of the _Breviarium +Constantiense_. Ratdolt, Aug Vindel, 1516. In this book there are four +pages with borders, one of which is reproduced, and on the opposite +sides are full-page engravings. There are eight initials, which we +reproduce, and which are also, we believe, to be found in his Ratisbon +Breviary. + +Hitherto, with the exception of the last-mentioned work, we have +had to do with what may be called the first style of engraving, in +which designs and pictures drawn by the artist were executed by the +wood-cutter in linear reproduction only. + +With Albert Dürer, however, came a new epoch, and it became the +custom for artists not only to design but also to engrave their own +work. This practice, which was commenced by Dürer, who served a long +apprenticeship to the celebrated Wohlgemuth, was continued by most of +his pupils, and new technical methods were naturally the consequence. +Henceforth the more liberal use of shading, and the invention of +cross-hatching, enabled effects to be produced which had been before +impossible. + +The results may be seen to this day in the magnificent engravings by +the great artists of the beginning of the sixteenth century, which, +notwithstanding the difficulties under which they laboured, have never +been excelled.[12] Their productions, even when it comes to initials, +are real compositions with a personal character. + + [12] At this time the wood employed for engraving was pear, and + the surface of the block was parallel to the fibre. This made + cross-hatching most difficult of execution, and in consequence of the + extreme care and attention necessary, it is said that the work took + eight or nine times as long as at present. It is only since the days + of Bewick that boxwood has been used, and the blocks cut with the + fibre of the wood perpendicular to the surface. + +To mention those only who designed initial letters, and of whose works +we shall give specimens, there were Albert Dürer, Hans Burgkmair, +Hans Holbein, Hans Schauffelein, Anton von Worms, Lucas Cranach, Hans +Baldung Grün. + +We have here to speak of the initials generally attributed to Hans +Burgkmair, but which, according to Dr. H. Röttinger, ought to be +assigned to Hans Weiditz, one of his pupils. + +These initials are to be met with for the most part in the publications +of Heinrich Steyner in 1531 and the following ten or eleven years, +and come mostly from German translations of classical authors. The +influence of Albert Dürer, of whom Burgkmair was himself the pupil, is +clearly seen. Different treatises and different editions of Cicero +were published in 1531, 1535, 1540; of Herodianus in 1531; Justinus, +1531; Boccaccio, 1532; Cassiodorus, 1533; Plutarch, 1534; Petrarch, +1542, in all of which we meet with specimens of these letters. + +The Z with a fox trying to get at the poultry in the market-woman’s +basket is from the German _Cicero_. The C (bagpiper) and the N +(caricature with big head and small legs) and the P with a peacock are +from the _Magni Aurelii Cassiodori variarum libri xii_. The E with the +monk and nun, and the C and H in a different style, are from the German +_Petrarch_. The other initials are from one or other of the volumes +mentioned. + + + + +CHAPTER III + +ULM AND NUREMBERG + + +Most writers on early bibliography, amongst others Bodemann and Muther, +who both give reproductions of the initial border at the beginning of +the Latin Boccaccio, quote J. Zainer as the first printer in Ulm to +use woodcut initials. The date of the Boccaccio is 1473. In addition +to the initial border it contains a complete alphabet,[13] of which we +give several specimens. From a decorative point of view this alphabet +is not very remarkable, the letters being of small size, but the book +is interesting on account of the very large historiated initial at the +beginning, which is prolonged along the side and upper margins into a +floro-foliated border in imitation of the more elaborate decoration +of the old manuscripts. The subject represents that very unfortunate +incident in the history of the first woman which was the cause of all +the subsequent unhappiness of mankind. Eve, who is the heroine of the +first chapter of this book on celebrated women, is represented in the +act of receiving the apple from the arch deceiver, who is ensconced in +the branches of the fatal tree with his tail twisted into the letter S. +Above, in the branches of the tree, are small personages emblematic of +the seven deadly sins. In a German edition of the same book of the same +year, the initial becomes a D, and contains the arms of the noble to +whom the work is dedicated, with winged angels at the corners, being +prolonged into borders along the two adjacent margins. In these two +instances the initial letter forms part of the general composition. + + [13] Copied from a manuscript of the fifteenth century, the + ‘Evangeliare of St. Udalrich.’ + +In another style of border the initial is merely placed in +juxtaposition, and the same design is thus able to serve for any book +with any letter. + +There is a remarkably vigorous folio-floral border with the head and +shoulders of a fool with his cap, bells, and other insignia, at the +angle of the two margins in the _Liber Biblie Moralis_, 1474. The same +composition is used in the _Alvarus Pelagius_ the year before.[14] + + [14] In church architecture, and in early book ornamentation, which + reflects so well the ideas and customs of the time, the fool did + not make his appearance before the middle of the fifteenth century. + Wright, in his _History of Caricature_, mentions as early instances + some sculptures of this date in churches of Cornwall, and it was + about the same time that this personage is first seen in manuscript + decoration. + + The idea, however, was much older, springing from that taste for + the grotesque which characterised the Middle Ages, and the relics + of which are seen in so many artistic remains of the period. From + the tenth century and even earlier, companies of fools existed in + all large towns, and on certain occasions Mother Folly and the Lord + of Misrule reigned supreme. The cult of the ass, whose ears were to + become later part of the fool’s insignia, was another outcome of this + love of the burlesque. + + In printed books, the first engraving we are acquainted with of a + fool is in the border to the _Liber Biblie Moralis_ of 1475. In + initial letters, as far as we have been able to ascertain, this + subject was not used before 1480, when it is to be found in specimens + both of Augsburg and of Strasburg. A remarkable portrait of a fool + is contained in an O in Schott’s _Plenarium_, printed, as is stated + in the colophon, at ‘Strospurg,’ in 1481. Knoblochtzer’s large S, + for the _Dyalogus Solomonis et Marcolfi_, gives a fool with another + personage at full length, and at last the typical fool, with a + marotte and all other accoutrements, is met with in initials of + different Psalters, being well seen in that of Fürter of Basle. + + Henceforth, with a face characterised by leering cunning, the type + is to remain unchanged, and Brandt, Erasmus, and Holbein only add to + its popularity, without modifying the general conception. There is a + little pictorial initial by Quentell, in which the usual expression + is replaced by one of extreme _finesse_, but coarser cunning is + the rule, and it is under this aspect that the fool is depicted by + Holbein in the R of the alphabet of Death. + +In the _Quadragesimale_ of Gritsch there is a similar border, but the +fool is replaced by a personage with a doctor’s bonnet. The letters +accompanying these borders belong to the alphabet, of which we give +several reproductions, and which is the most frequently used in J. +Zainer’s works.[15] + + [15] Reiber in his _Art pour Tous_ gives a similar alphabet of the + Augsburg Zainer, which, he says, is copied from a manuscript of the + tenth century. + +Another great work from the Ulm press is the _Cosmographia_ of Ptolemy, +printed by Leonard Holl, in which there is an alphabet of initials not +unlike those of Schönsperger already given. Those of L. Holl ought to +have been preferred as illustrations, inasmuch as they are earlier than +the others, 1482, but they are almost invariably painted and unfit +for zincotype reproduction. The chief interest, moreover, in the book +is in its two large historiated initials on the first two pages, the +first showing the printer offering his book to the Pope, the second +representing probably Ptolemy himself. + +Our last specimen of J. Zainer’s engraving is the F which begins the +dedicatory epistle of the Latin Bible of 1480, and which is a curious +example of the peregrinations of woodcuts through different workshops, +and of the incongruous uses to which they were put. + +In the Ulm Bible the letter is much fresher and the border-line very +little broken, but our reproduction is from an impression made when it +was much the worse for wear, and had passed into the hands of Hupfuff +of Strasburg. It has been used by him without any kind of _apropos_, +not as an initial but as a frontispiece to a tract published in 1507 +with the following title: _Canon Sacratissime Misse una cū; Expositione +ejusdem ubi in primis praemittitur pulchra contemplatio ante missam +habenda de Cristi pulchritudine_.[16] + + [16] On the title-page of a little pamphlet entitled ‘Deploration sur + le Trepas de tres noble Princesse Madame Magdalain de France Royne + Descoce,’ of which only one copy is known, the frontispiece is a B + showing the Queen holding up a dagger, and with the motto ‘Memento + mori.’ + +Every student of bibliography has met with instances of the use of +illustrations having no reference to the text, simply to fill up +a space and because nothing more suitable was at hand. Cuts, for +instance, from Brandt’s illustrations to Grüninger’s Virgil are to be +found in some volumes of Geyler’s Sermons. The same indifference to +the reader’s opinion was often displayed in connection with ornamental +letters. When the letter is simply ornamental it does not much matter: +a C turned over becomes a D, and _vice versâ_. An M at a pinch serves +reversed as a W, an N on its side does for a Z. But when, as is +sometimes the case, the letter taken liberties with is pictorial or +historiated, the resulting effect is far from artistic. + +Here there is, of course, no absolute incompatibility between text +and illustration, which was probably considered a very satisfactory +makeshift for the cut which often adorns the recto or verso of +contemporary title-pages, representing the author presenting his book +to a patron. + +In 1496 J. Reger published books with initials, of which we have +selected the M, the C, and the S. They come from the _Obsidionis +Rhodie Urbis descriptio_ of Caoursin, a work very much sought after on +account of its full-page woodcuts, some of which represent incidents +in the siege, others the entertainment of an ambassador by the Grand +Master. The M and the C are the only letters with animated subjects; +the others, R, H, N, and G are simply foliated, and the proofs are too +inferior for reproduction. + +The same printer has another book of the same date about Rhodes, the +_Stabilimenta Rhodiorum militum_, with three interesting initials, an +F, a boy with a dog, an O, a naked winged babe, and an X, a bird with +foliage. + + +_Nuremberg._--If Zainer at Augsburg was the first to introduce woodcut +letters printed in black ink, the practice was adopted very soon +after at Nuremberg, if indeed, setting aside the outline initials +already mentioned, Nuremberg has not the priority as regards genuine +ornamental woodcutting. For whereas the _Belial_ of 1472 is the +first work mentioned by Butsch with woodcut letters at Augsburg, at +Nuremberg, where J. Müller of Königsberg (Regiomontanus), as is stated +by Panzer, settled in 1471, his first publication, the _Theoricae Novae +Planetarum_ of Georgius Purbachius, is embellished with eight initials. +These are interesting as affording another example of the fact that the +earlier designs were generally taken from manuscripts, for Olschki, in +his _Monumenta Typographica_, gives the reproduction of a manuscript +initial which is of the same size and of the same pattern as the S we +have given from the _Theoricae Novae_, and which contains besides eight +smaller initials, D, L, M, O, P, Q, S, V, measuring 2·4 centimetres. + +There is a Q of the same style and size in the _Astronomicon_ of M. +Manilius, published by Müller in 1473. + +Müller, or Regiomontanus, as he styles himself in his colophons, was +not only a printer, but one of the most learned mathematicians of the +day. In 1471 he printed a Calendarium of his own with many astronomical +figures and woodcut initials. + +In 1476 Ratdolt and his partners printed an edition of this with a +charming border and initials at Venice, and in 1496 it was published by +J. Hamman de Landoia. + +In 1473 appeared the first German Bible with large pictorial initials, +the Nuremberg Bible of Frisner and Sensenschmidt, known as the fourth +German Bible. In our opinion the work on these initials is amongst the +best of the time, and often much superior to what is to be found in +ordinary illustrative cuts of the same date. The subjects are the same +as in the Augsburg Bible, but the initials differ in being wider than +tall in the Nuremberg edition, and in the absence of the Maiblümchen +decorative border which is a feature of the others. + +After the German Bible, we know of no initials of very great interest +in Nuremberg books for some years. Koberger, who reigned supreme in +this town, did not favour their use.[17] + + [17] In a recent catalogue of thirty-seven works published by him, no + woodcut initials occur in any. + +In 1489 a book was published, generally attributed to G. Stuchs, which +is interesting in many ways.[18] The title, which is xylographic, runs +as follows: + + ‘_Versehung leib sel er unnd gut_,’ + +_anglicé_: ‘The way to preserve body, soul, honour, and means,’ and on +the verso is a remarkable engraving of a sick person in bed surrounded +by attendants, which evidently suggested the cut representing the sick +fool in Brandt’s celebrated _Navis Fatuorum_. At the end of the volume +is a great typographical curiosity, which constitutes, when completed +by hand, an _ex-libris_. This is a woodcut engraving occupying nearly +the whole of the page, with a shield in blank and two scrolls. On one +of these are engraved the words, _Das Puch und der Schild ist_, the +corresponding one being intended for the owner’s name, and the shield +for his coat of arms. + + [18] Proctor ascribes this work to either Conrad Zeninger or Peter + Wagner. + +In our copy this book-plate remains in its original condition, but we +have seen another that was filled up at the time, and which has been +the means of rescuing the name of a worthy monk from oblivion. In it, +the first part of the sentence is completed by the addition of the +words, _des Closters zum Parfusen hat Eundres Gewder gemacht_, the +whole forming an _ex-libris_ of the Monastery of Barefooted Brothers +of St. Francis, and testifying to the skill of the ‘bibliothecarius,’ +Andrew Gewder, who engrossed and illuminated it. + +There are two specimens of this page also in the Franks collection of +book-plates at the British Museum. In one of these the space is blank, +in the other it is filled up with the name of a nun, Barbara. + +The chief interest of this volume, however, resides in its initial +letters, after the designs which are preserved at the Pinacothek at +Munich, of Israel von Mecken. Many of them are repeated a great many +times, there being altogether between seventy and eighty impressions; +but these represent only eight different letters of the alphabet, +A, D, E, H, I, M, P, S. Of these the E, which we give, is the only +letter which is both engraved and printed perfectly, the A being the +next best. Nearly all the others are flat, often wanting in depth and +relief, besides being badly printed. + +Altogether this book is one of the most interesting relics of early +typography, and is especially noticeable as being the first volume +illustrated by a known artist. + +In the early sixteenth century, works published at Nuremberg were not +as a rule well supplied with ornamental initials, the complicated +calligraphic letters that became so common in German books, and +that were little used elsewhere, taking their place. Butsch in his +reproductions of alphabets of this period does not give any specimens. +This is all the more remarkable in that Nuremberg was the home of +Albert Dürer and the great centre of the wood-engraver’s art. The few +examples, moreover, that we have seen, are very primitive both in +design and in execution, as the reader can see from the reproductions +taken from the _Missale Pataviense_, printed by Jodocus Gutnecht, 1514. + + + + +CHAPTER IV + +BASLE AND ZURICH + + +Printing was introduced into Basle before 1468, having been preceded, +as in most other towns of the upper Rhine, by xylographic publications. +No Basle book bears a printed date earlier than 1473, but the absence +of such printed date does not prove that the introduction of printing +into Basle did not take place earlier, and a note of the purchase in +1468 of a copy of St. Gregory’s _Moralia in Job_, printed by Berthold +Rodt or Ruppel of Hanau, shows that he must have been at work at that +time. + +From the point of view of initial letters we will pass over Berthold +Rodt and Michael Wenssler, to come to the publications of Bernard +Richel, the most interesting of which are his _Sachsenspiegel_ of +1474 and the Latin Bible, which had several editions, these appearing +in 1471-75-77. In describing this work, Panzer in his _Annales +Typographici_ remarks that the woodcut initials do not occur in all +the copies. In some of them their place is left blank. This is another +evidence of the early printer’s reluctance to adopt printed ornaments +as the definite formula, and if any further proof is necessary it will +be found in the fact that even where woodcut letters are used, they are +often more or less enlivened with colours. + +We have already alluded to these initials in describing those of +Bämler, and we have touched upon the point as to who was the first +to make use of the historiated S which has a certain analogy with +the xylographic letter mentioned in a former chapter, from the _Ars +Memorandi_. + +There are in this Bible four different sets of letters, but of none +of these is there a complete alphabet, although but few letters are +wanting of the largest. The next nearly complete is the second in size. + +Of the four different sets, the second in size is of a special design, +different to anything we have met with. The others are pure specimens +of Maiblümchen ornamentation, and amongst the best of the kind. + +The three different-sized initials with human faces are the only +letters in the volume with any trace of historiation. + +Several Psalters were published either at the end of the fifteenth or +at the beginning of the sixteenth century, of exactly the same size and +general disposition, two of them with initial letters that correspond +in subject although very different in treatment. These are the Psalters +of Basle and Augsburg. + +The latter has been dealt with in a previous chapter. The Basle Psalter +was published by Furter in 1501, and the initials of the two volumes +can be contrasted and compared with those that have just been dealt +with. + +In these letters, the fool who saith in his heart there is no God +(_Dixit insipiens_), is represented in the D which begins the Psalm as +a jester, which is not quite appropriate. In the Mallermi Bible, where +there is instead of an historiated letter a little cut, the rendering +is more correct. The fool is there, a man with dishevelled hair, and +having every appearance of having lost his reason. The C with Absalom +hanging by his hair is reproduced as an example of Basle woodcutting in +Muther’s _Bücherillustration_. + +There is amongst these initials a nondescript kind of letter which is +an example of the carelessness that sometimes occurred in the workshop. +It was intended for an E, but the draughtsman forgot that the drawing +would be reversed in the printing, and the printer has arranged matters +in the text by turning the letter upside down. + +In a former essay (_The Library_, 1901) we gave three specimens--S, +T, and V--from a book entitled _Liber Decretorum sive panormia_, etc. +etc., as examples of Furter’s ornamentation. Letters of this alphabet +occur also in an extremely rare book unknown to Hain, without date +or name of printer, but undoubtedly printed at Basle, the _Decreta +Consilii Basiliensis_. It is, however, certain that they were used in a +work printed at Besançon some ten years before the _Liber Decretorum_, +and although the fifth volume of Claudin’s _Histoire de l’Imprimerie en +France_ in which this work was to be described has not yet appeared, we +have reason to believe that they are to be attributed to this town, and +were to be given in the chapter in which it is mentioned. + +We shall have to refer later to the frequency of the repetition in some +volumes of the same initial. In the German Bibles, for instance, the +different books most often begin by the word ‘Der,’ and consequently +by an initial D. In a book of sermons by that extraordinarily fertile +writer, Geyler von Kaisersperg, not only does every section commence +with the letter D, but with the same identical initial. In this volume, +the _Christianliche Bilgerschaft_, printed by Adam Petri in 1512, the +preface begins by a floral letter of no consequence. After that the +D, with a pilgrim and a cross on his shoulder, is repeated at the +commencement of every chapter, possibly thirty times. The title-page +has an illustration by Urs Graf with the same subject. + +The last years of the fifteenth century had passed away, but the +German printers, including even Ratdolt, who had returned to Augsburg +from Venice, still resisted the influence of Renaissance art. In +the _Narrenschiff_ of Brandt of 1493 we can see the science of the +draughtsmen excellently interpreted, but the Gothic _facture_ still +holds good against the encroachment of more modern artistic tendencies, +and it is not until towards 1512 or 1513 that the new ideas begin to be +more generally accepted. + +But as a modern writer has said: ‘Dès que la Renaissance lumineuse +a paru, traînant derrière elle l’admirable cortège de ses maîtres +délicats, fils de la Grèce antique qui moulaient la feuille divine de +l’acanthe sur le sein d’une vierge endormie, le vieux monde s’écroula +et l’ornement gothique fit place à la triomphante et poétique arabesque +devenue l’aurore nouvelle.’ + +It is in the _Ritter von Thurn_, published by Furter in 1515, that we +see first this influence in the form of a title by Urs Graf, copied +from the Venetian original, and ornamented with dolphins and acanthus. +Besides a great many titles, Urs Graf also engraved a certain number of +alphabets, inspired to a great extent by those of Tacuinus de Tridino, +but wanting in originality, and generally inferior to the originals. +The reader can compare the two kinds of initials. + +But it was the arrival of a young artist of genius that completed the +revolution at Basle in the ornamentation of books. This is not the +place to discuss the merit of Holbein as a painter, nor to study the +long series of title-pages, borders, friezes, and printers’ marks which +he composed for different printers of Basle and elsewhere. + +We are concerned here only with his alphabets; and of those which +bear more particularly the mark of his genius, the alphabet of Death +occupies the first place. + +This as a composition is a _chef d’œuvre_, and it was engraved on wood +by an artist of the very highest merit, Hans Lützelberger. + +These initials, notwithstanding their small dimensions, about +twenty-four millimetres square, can well bear comparison with the +larger engravings in _Les Simulachres et Historiées Faces de la Mort_ +which was to appear several years later at Lyons, in 1538, _chez les +frères Trechsel Soubz l’escu de Coloigne_. The alphabet is composed of +twenty-four letters, and several of the original proof-sheets are to be +found in different Continental museums. Basle and Dresden each possess +one. + +The letters of this alphabet may be met with in different works +published by Bebelius, such as the New Testament in Greek of 1525, +that of 1531, the _Galen_ of 1538, and particularly in the two folio +volumes of Aristotle which appeared in 1532. In the five first, A to E, +the body of the letter is in white. In the others there is a double +outline which softens their appearance and reduces their size. Each of +the letters merits a separate description, but the reproductions given, +as far as they go, obviate all commentary, permitting the reader to +judge for himself, and to appreciate the justice of the praise that has +been lavished upon them by art critics. + +The subjects in the alphabet of Death are the same as in the celebrated +Basle frescoes. In each of these scenes, men and women of all sorts +and conditions are invited to accompany him by Death, who will take no +refusal nor hear of any previous engagement; from B and C the Pope and +Emperor, to V the merchant, from the Hermit full of years W, to the +child in its cradle V, the Last Judgment Z, finishing the series. + +The Latin alphabet (for there are some Greek initials) contains two +subjects not to be found either in the frescoes or in the larger +illustrations for the well-known satire, V the horseman with Death +sitting behind like black care, and S the courtesan. In the Greek +alphabet of inferior execution, certainly not the work of Lützelberger, +of which we give three specimens, there are also two other subjects, +the Σ and the Ω, a peasant and a smith. + +Curiously enough, an enlarged copy of this alphabet, but of much +inferior merit, was used more than ten years before by Cephaleus of +Strasburg, who also had a smaller series in the same coarse engraving. +Some of the letters are given for comparison. + +A very curious alphabet, which although not equalling Lützelberger’s +is of more than average execution, can be but little known to +bibliographers, for as far as we have ascertained it only occurs in a +few books published at Stella, in Spain. The scenes are selected from +the _Simulachres_, and each letter is a complete little picture. + +Besides these alphabets a certain number of Dance of Death letters are +to be found in other books of Basle, of which the V, with Death on +horseback with an hour-glass, will serve as an example. They are also +to be met with in books of Cologne. + +The Dance of Death, although intimately associated with the name +of Holbein, was not his creation, the subject having always been a +favourite one in the Middle Ages, and having been treated also by +Albert Dürer. It was the general rule to represent Death, who although +a skeleton was endowed with motion, with withered muscles. In an +extremely precious book, printed by Meydenbach at Mayence, _Der Doten +Tantz mit Figuren Clage unt Antwort schon von Allen Staten der Welt_, +which is illustrated with forty-one curious cuts with the same subjects +as Holbein’s alphabet, Death is thus represented, and the same thing is +seen in other German editions of this work of the fifteenth century, +and in the numerous French editions of the _Danse Macabre_ which +appeared about the same time. Holbein, however, preferred to suppress +these, and in so doing exhibited his ignorance of the anatomy of the +human frame. Not only are the shoulder-blades and pelvis wrongly drawn, +but the arm and thigh are represented each with two bones, whilst the +fore-arm has only one. + +These mistakes have frequently been pointed out before, but the fact +that they furnish an argument in the controversy about Holbein’s +possible sojourn in Italy seems to have been less noticed. There is no +positive evidence on this point, but arguing from a change in Holbein’s +style after a certain period, in which the influence of Mantegna and +Leonardo da Vinci is manifest, it is said by some of his biographers +that he must have studied under these masters. It must be remembered, +however, that in Italy at this time there were regular schools of +painting, and it is difficult to suppose the masters above-named to +have been as ignorant of anatomy as must have been the case had Holbein +been their pupil. If his knowledge was derived, on the contrary, from +contemporary German books, his mistakes become more comprehensible. + +The peasants’ alphabet, also composed of twenty-four letters but of a +different character, is another of his best compositions. The museums +of Basle and Dresden possess proofs of this alphabet. + +The letters are to be found in the publications of Froben, Cratander, +and Bebelius, and Voltmann in his Bibliography of Holbein has given +some specimens of them. Butsch reproduces the whole alphabet, as indeed +he does several others, including that of the Dance of Death. The +realistic scenes depicted in some of the letters, taken from life, are +not always edifying, but this is the fault of the models rather than +that of the artist. + +In A, we have musicians playing on their instruments, B to K show some +couples dancing, L is a love-scene, M a fight with swords, O a boy +holding a girl, while another boy is cooling his ardour by throwing +water over him. In P the water is being offered to a girl from a pail, +V shows a bowling ground, with a game of nine-pins, W the ride home. + +Our three specimens are taken not from this alphabet but from letters +with similar subjects in the _Galen_. + +Of the same size as the peasants’ is the children’s alphabet, which +is treated with the same happiness and talent of observation. Holbein +must have been especially fond of children, for they figure in a great +many of his compositions, titles, borders, and printers’ marks, and he +paints them with a grace that Lützelberger, for it is probable that +he engraved them, has caught most happily. The different incidents +of juvenile life, chiefly games, are rendered with great realism. +Sixteen letters of this alphabet can be found in the _Lactantius_ of +Cratander and Bebelius of 1532, others in various Basle works. In a +larger alphabet, children are engaged in all sorts of trades--forging, +cooking, baking, building, carpentering, fishing, playing at coopering, +at being bath-keepers and tanners. The W, which is rarely met with, +represents a boy taking off a doctor with spectacles on his nose, +whilst another is reading a book, and the third preparing some physic. + +This playing at adult occupations has been taken as a subject for +alphabets by other artists, the best being that of J. van Calcar, to be +mentioned presently. + +Holbein composed two sets of initials for Valentin Curio, whose name +appears on publications which are often on philological questions. + +These letters, also with children, are to be found in volumes often +ornamented with pictorial borders by the same hand, our reproductions, +C, D, O, Q, being taken from the Strabo of Walder, and others being met +with in the _Enchiridion_ of Erasmus. From a smaller set by the same +printer we select A, I, N, Q, V, X, Y, Z. The A, C, D, D, H, I, O, P, +Q, V, with animals and personages, are also from the same press. + +Of the many other initials we will mention the Greek capitals of the +_Lexicon Graeco-Latinum_ of René Gelli, published by Froben in 1532, +found also in the _Lexicon Graecum_ of J. Walder, 1539, in which the +Δ represents a young woman struggling as she is carried off by Death. +This letter is of singular beauty. This leads us to speak of the +four large Greek initials which we give from the _Galen_ of 1538, of +Bebelius and Cratander, remarkable from every point of view. The Δ +represents Silenus on a pig, the Θ Samson with the jaw-bone of the ass, +the Π the prodigal son eating at the same trough as the swine, the Ω a +child sailing on a shell. + +Besides these four beautiful letters, of which there are only five +proofs in the work, one at the beginning of each of the five folio +volumes, the Θ occurring twice, there are numerous initials from other +alphabets scattered through its pages, such as the series of which we +give a Π with a child and a ram, and some specimens of the alphabet +engraved on metal, of which we reproduce the F representing the Deluge, +Noah’s Ark being dimly perceived through the rain, the M Jacob’s +ladder, and the Q Joseph and Potiphar’s wife. These initials, although +generally in very bad impressions, are to be met with in volumes of +Bebelius and others, and were even copied abroad. They are to be found, +for instance, in the _Commentaires sur l’Histoire des Plantes_ printed +by Jacques Gazeau in 1549. + +An alphabet, of which we give the B, I, and M, is found in the +_Cyprianus_ of Froben of 1521, and in many of his later impressions. +The I with the three children, the front one with the basket on his +back, is generally by itself, that is to say, not with initials of the +same size and character. + +The O, also with three children, belongs to one of the alphabets in +the same style, which are no doubt imitated from Venetian models. +We must mention the alphabet of the Master I F on a black ground in +publications by Froben after 1518, the first letters of which represent +the labours of Hercules, the following ones different scriptural and +classical subjects. The B with a child in its cradle, and the E (a +winged child on a sea-horse), are samples of the initials from Basle +books of the time, which are possibly by Ambrose rather than Hans +Holbein, as are the K and Z with children and grotesques, on a black +ground with stars. + +But, however interesting the work of Holbein, however varied and supple +his genius, we cannot do more than give specimens of the whole. The +reader who is desirous of fuller documentation can refer to Woltmann’s +_Holbein und seine Zeit_, Leipsic, 1872; to the _Bücher-Ornamentik_ +of Butsch, or to the more complete collection of Holbein’s Initials, +recently published by Heitz. + +Holbein’s alphabets and initials were soon adopted by all the printers +of Basle, and with few exceptions until 1545 there is nothing to note +of any other artist. It was in this year, the date of Holbein’s death, +that the Basle edition of Vesalius’s _De Corporis humani fabrica_ was +printed, a work that may be considered as one of the most remarkable +products of the German Renaissance. + +This book had been previously published at Venice, and its success was +so great that it was shortly after pirated at Cologne. Vesalius, in +his preface to the Basle edition, alludes to the want of international +copyright, to the dishonesty, and particularly to the vandalism, +of publishers who substituted detestable copies for the wonderful +originals of his anatomical plates, which he would have preferred +to lend them. Besides these plates, which have never been surpassed +in beauty, there is the admirable frontispiece by J. van Calcar +representing a lesson on anatomy, and two series of initial letters +depicting children, who, with inimitable seriousness, are acting as +medical consultants. In a later edition Van Calcar’s initials are +replaced by a much inferior set by another hand. + + +_Zurich._--There are several interesting alphabets in the books +published by Froschouer of Zurich, the most important of which is +illustrated with scenes from the Bible. The two A’s, the D, the +reversed D that serves as a C, and the F, are said to be by N. Manuel, +the S with Jesus overturning the money-changers’ tables in the Temple +by Ambrose Holbein. + + + + +CHAPTER V + +LÜBECK AND BAMBERG + + +Lübeck is represented here by two printers, Lucas Brandis and +Bartholomew Ghotan. In one of his recent catalogues J. Rosenthal has +given the reproduction of an alphabet from a Herbal, but the letters +are of very little interest, being about the same size as those of the +Ulm Boccaccio and with the same kind of ornamentation. As the first +letters used in the town of Ulm, and one of the first sets used by any +printer, and so showing the evolution of typographical ornamentation, +the Ulm initials have a certain interest, but they would not have been +worth reproducing from a book dated almost twenty years later. + +Lucas Brandis published two immense folios, the _Rudimenta Novitiorum_, +the Latin original of the _Mer des Hystoires_, the other the History +of the Jews by Josephus. The first, which appeared in 1477, is a kind +of History of the World, and, like the Nuremberg Chronicle, is full +of cuts representing towns, kings, philosophers, and other subjects. +These, however, are much less interesting than the initials, which are +the first examples of what are called _passe-partouts_, the central +picture being removable at will and adaptable to any frame. Some of +them are special to one or other volume, but most of them are to be +found in both. + +The most curious is perhaps the I at the beginning of the volume on +page 3, of the purest manuscript character, and entirely different +from anything we have met with elsewhere. + +The Q of the _Quinta Ætas_, with a battle-scene, is a favourite one for +reproduction. Dibdin, who gives it in the _Bibliotheca Spenceriana_, +considers it to be ‘the most remarkable’ of a ‘very splendid and +noteworthy book,’ and it has lately been reproduced in a monograph on +Lübeck printing, but a quarter only of its right size, giving no idea +whatever of how it looks in the original. + +On page 289 is a C with the Virgin, unfortunately too badly daubed +over in the Bibliothèque Nationale copy to permit of reproduction. The +interior, the Virgin and Child, is given as a cut by itself without the +letter, on the verso of the same page, and in other places. + +Of our three other specimens Mr. Pollard has already given one, the +‘Knight Templar,’ in an essay on the subject now reprinted in a volume +called _Old Picture-Books_. + +The Rudimenta itself was one of the great picture-books at the end of +the fifteenth century, and as in the Nuremberg Chronicle, the same cuts +often did duty for more than one subject. On the verso of p. 404 is a +picture representing a few buildings with a windlass behind a wall, +with a gate in it from which a man is emerging; and in the foreground +an imposing draped figure giving directions to three little fellows, +who are severally trundling a wheelbarrow, carrying a flask, and +flourishing an adze. This is at the beginning of the chapter ‘Turris +confusionis Babel.’ On p. 107 the same cut is the foundation of the +kingdom of Assyria. On p. 117 it serves for the Constructio Treveri, +and successively for Spires, Lüneburg, and Wismaria. Athenodorus and +Philo Judaeus have the same cut, and the same counterfeit presentment +does for Demosthenes, Pericles, Parmenides, Aristides, and Xenophon. +Another series represents indifferently Crato, Cicero, Cato, Virgil, +Simonides, Plotinus, Theophrastus, Menander, Paulus, and Archephilus. + +The little D would appear to be a first attempt at book ornamentation, +and was used at the beginning of the _Leben des heil. Hieronymus_ by +Bartholomew Ghotan in 1486. Our other Lübeck initials are taken from +the 1493 edition of the Meditations of St. Bridget by the same printer, +in which there are altogether ten or a dozen different ornamental +letters, one of them being repeated twice, another three or four times. + +This book is chiefly esteemed on account of the engravings, +representing the miracles of the saint, some of which are full-page +size. + +Like all works of the kind, it was very popular in its day and went +through many editions, but the Lübeck impression is the most rare, most +of the copies having been destroyed by accident before the book was +published. + + +_Bamberg._--Independently of accessory ornamentation, the missals +printed at Bamberg by J. Sensenschmidt, either by himself or with a +partner, have always been considered by bibliographers as models of +beautiful letterpress. Lippmann gives amongst his reproductions of +early typographical monuments a page of the _Missale Olumucense_ with +one of the large red initials used only in these Bamberg missals. + +The first in which they occur is the _Missale Freysingense_, printed +in 1487 by Sensenschmidt and Heinrich Pelgensteiner; here the initials +would seem to be slightly smaller than in the succeeding volumes. + +It was in the following year that Sensenschmidt published the _Missale +Olumucense_,[19] in 1489 the _Liber Missalis Bambergensis_. Mr. +Weale[20] mentions two other editions from this press in the two +following years. The letters reproduced here were taken from the copy +in the Bibliothèque Nationale, in which there are ten of these special +red initials, beginning with the A of the opening line of the mass (_Ad +te Dominum_), and comprising one of each of the following: B, C, D, E, +P, R, S, and two different varieties of the T. There is besides a large +historiated T, in black, representing the sacrifice of Abraham, at the +commencement of the Canon of the Mass (_Te igitur_). This is the only +volume that we have been able to examine personally, but we have seen +a G in a collection of initials with a different text on the verso, +which probably comes from one of the other editions. + + [19] See also in Burger, _Monumenta Germaniae et Italiae + Typographica, Deutsche und Italiänische Inkunabeln_. + + [20] _Bibliotheca Liturgica._ + +Of other Bamberg missals with other ornamental letters, the most +interesting is that of Johann Pfeyl, the initials being entirely +different in style to any that we have seen elsewhere. The colophon +has it: ‘Missale speciale divinorum officiorum secundum chorum alme et +imperialis ecclesie Bambergensis,’ and states that it was printed in +1506 ‘by the industry and exact diligence of that “disert” and expert +master Johann Pfeyl.’ In the splendid full-page engraving on vellum, +which in many missals is the chief attraction to collectors, there is a +view in the distance of the town of Bamberg. + +The initials are so curious that we have reproduced them all. One or +two are repeated; the G, representing Jehovah crowning a martyr, serves +for three different saints. The somewhat smaller linear T, of the Canon +of the Mass, is a reduced copy of the corresponding initial in the +Sensenschmidt missals. + + + + +CHAPTER VI + +STRASBURG AND REUTLINGEN + + +With Knoblochtzer, Schott, and Prusz, the first commencing in 1477, +Grüninger and Hupfuff at the end of the fifteenth century, we have +printers who made a liberal use of initials. Knoblochtzer has been +thoroughly explored by MM. Schorbach and Spirgatis, and a monograph +upon Strasburg book-illustration has been published by Dr. Kristeller. +Although many of our specimens were known to these bibliographers, a +few of them, and these by no means the least interesting, have escaped +their observation. + +One of them, the splendid A representing Jesus washing the feet of +a disciple, is what one might expect to find at the beginning of a +thirteenth- or fourteenth-century manuscript, and the artist in cutting +it has managed to make it retain this appearance. + +It is to be found in an undated volume without name of printer, but +identified as having been printed by Knoblochtzer in 1478, and entitled +_Thomas (Ebendorfer) de Haselpach: Sermones dominicales super Epistolas +Pauli_. This A at the beginning of the first volume is the only +typographical ornament in the book, and seems to have been entirely +unknown to either of the Strasburg bibliographers. + +The D, with two armed figures and the two coats of arms, is given by +MM. Schorbach and Spirgatis as the earliest specimen of Strasburg +ornamentation. It occurs for the first time at the beginning of +Knoblochtzer’s _Burgundische Historie_, in which there is no other +woodcut. It represents the Duke René of Lothringen and Charles the +Fearless of Burgundy with their shields at their feet, and was cut +specially for the History of Burgundy, although it occurs several +times also in the _Schachzabelbuch_ of Jacobus de Cessolis. The latter +volume contains also the large S, with two personages, one in a fool’s +cap, which also ornaments the first page of the _Dyalogus Salomonis et +Marcolfi_. + +Another handsome initial from the Knoblochtzer press, and especially +well engraved, is the I, with an angel with outspread wings above, +Samson forcing open the lion’s mouth below, and branching ornaments on +either side. It is to be found on the first page of the _Belial_ of +1483, and several times in the _Leben der Heiligen Drei Könige_; also +in the chess-book of De Cessolis already mentioned. + +In the last two volumes there are eleven of the twelve initials +representing the months of the year, which are to be found complete +in a Deutscher Kalender, having the form of a little volume. There +is a calendar printed probably at Nuremberg, on a single sheet, with +the whole of the alphabet, but the letter for January is replaced by +one having the Nativity as its subject, the general disposition being +much the same as in the initials of Geneva or of Bamberg similarly +historiated. These calendar letters are to be met with in a great many +Strasburg publications, as, for example, in the _Tractatus clarissimi +philosophi et medici Matheoli perusini de memoria augēda per regulas +et medicinas_. They also occur in the _De valore et utilitate Missarū +pro defuntis celebratarū per sacre theologie professorē Jacobū ordinis +cartusiensis edita_. This little tract, which contains amongst other +initials the calendar D representing a man trimming the vines, is +dated 1493, and as Knoblochtzer ceased to print in 1485, making over +his material to Mathias Hupfuff, it is to the latter that it must be +attributed. + +The two P’s, one with a doctor, the smaller with a king, are at the +beginning, the first of a _De secretis mulierum_, the second of a tract +entitled _De ritu et moribus Indorum_. The letter itself, in the +smaller initial, is entirely white, but in the copy from which it was +reproduced it is painted in blue and red. + +The anthropomorphic letters are to be found in many of the publications +both of Knoblochtzer, Schott, and others. These letters are reduced +copies of a very celebrated alphabet known as the alphabet of the +master E. S. of 1464, specimens of which are given in several works on +early engraving. The British Museum has a somewhat similar alphabet, +but with the personages in different attitudes, printed originally _au +frotton_. Some letters of this were given by Jackson, and the whole was +reproduced a few years since by the trustees of the Museum.[21] One of +our reproductions, the one with a man holding up a dog by the tail, +is from the _Vier und Zwanzig Gulden Harpfen_. The D with a saint is +the only initial in an _Albertus Magnus_ of Knoblochtzer; the three +others were reproduced from two impressions of Hupfuff, a Melusine +and a Boethius of 1500. In the latter is an I of this alphabet which +we have not seen elsewhere, but of which the impression is slightly +defective.[22] + + [21] Grotesque Alphabet of 1464, with an Introduction by Campbell + Dodgson. + + [22] The six other initials, the M with two dragons, the S with the + letters P, A, and a fool’s head with cap and bells, and the four + smaller ones, are from different publications of Knoblochtzer. + +The M and the P, the Crucifixion and the Nativity, are also taken from +a work without date or name of printer, and have hitherto remained +undescribed, as far as we know. The work is entitled _Commentarius +Sancti Johannis Episcopi Constantinopolitani cognomento Crisostomi in +epistolam Sancti Pauli Apostoli ad Hebreos_. The letters would appear +to belong to the same alphabet as the C, representing saints and others +being put to the torture, which is used by Schott sometimes as a D. +This latter is to be found twice in a rare book, the _Scriptum in +primum librum Sentenciarum Venerabilis inceptoris fratris Guilhelmi de +Ockam_, dated 1483, but without printer’s name, and it occurs as a D in +an undated _Secreta_ of Aristotle. + +The three letters, comprising amongst them the N with the rabbit, and +the O with a fool, are from a _Plenarium_ of which we have only seen a +fragment, without printer’s name or date, but said to be of Strasburg. + +The rabbit occurs again in the _Plenarium_ of Urach of 1481, with +floral letters somewhat larger than those given here, and also in the +_Stella Meschia_ printed at Esslingen, the first book published with +Hebrew characters. It has also two full-page illustrations. + +The six large historiated initials which follow are taken from a +Psalter without date or printer’s name. Van Praet in his catalogue of +books printed upon vellum belonging to the King’s Library, says that it +‘comes from a German Press.’ + +Mr. Weale attributes it to Basle, and it is interesting to compare +these initials with those which illustrate Furter’s Psalter of 1501-3. +It would seem, however, that it is to be attributed to J. Prusz, and +that it was printed in 1499 or 1500. + +Two of our reproductions are from the copy in the Bibliothèque +Nationale. For the others, which are defective in this copy, we are +indebted to M. Jacques Rosenthal, who considers that the volume was +printed in 1480. In our own opinion the later date is more probable. + +The four initials, of uniform size and style, A, C, E, and S, the E +with the Nativity being certainly one of the prettiest we have seen, +have every appearance of being taken from a missal. We cannot affirm +for certain that they have no such origin, but the book from which +they were reproduced is an edition of Pogge, printed by Knoblouch in +1513. Two of them, the E with the Nativity and another, occur in an +_Interpretatio Sequentiarum_ of the same year. Other printers used +them, however, before this. We are unable to give exact references for +the whole series, but the E had served already in a volume of sermons +of Geyler von Kaisersperg, published by Matthias Schurer in 1505. In +this, with the exception of a floral V on the second page, it is the +only woodcut initial. + +There is a Psalter of Knoblouch of 1513 of the same size as those of +Augsburg, Basle--and Metz--_Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari firmiter +appresso_. Like the Metz Psalter, it has an initial on the title, this +being ornamented with a moth and dragon-fly and bunches of leaves and +flowers. Below is a cut of David with his harp, the Almighty looking +down, and a German castle in the background. There are two strips of +border, one on each side of the cut, but descending lower, one of +a conventional foliated pattern, the other with strawberry leaves, +flowers, and fruit. The initial B is of the same design; the other +letters have dragon-flies or butterflies, a D has a geometrical pattern +something like the Maiblümchen. + +Grüninger began to decorate his publications with ornamental letters +at the end of the last decade of the fifteenth century. They are of a +very special kind, and the only other printer who occasionally used +them was Quentell of Cologne.[23] Some of them occur in a small folio +by Braunschweig--_Liber Pestilentialis de venenis epidemie_, 1500, with +pictures on nearly every page, manufactured according to the system +he adopts in many of his illustrated books of bringing three factors +of the picture together, and so obtaining variety with an economy of +engraving. The centre of a picture on one page, for instance, will +be found a few pages later with the two outer thirds replaced by +different blocks, the variety introduced into the general appearance +being sufficient for it to pass as a different composition. A few pages +later, it is the centre that is replaced with the same effect. Such +pictures are to be seen in the different editions of Braunschweig’s +_De Cyrurgia_, in which there are only insignificant nonhistoriated +initials. + + [23] An M with a bear’s tooth, and two others, a D representing a + saint sitting on the desert with what looks like a monkey (perhaps + St. Roch and his dog), and an O with an angel with large wings, + are to be found in the _Tractatus Consultatorii Venerandi Magistri + Henrici de Gorychum_, printed by Quentell, ‘anno supra Jubileum + tertio.’ These initials are generally too smudgy to be copied. + + In this same book, the chapter ‘De Observatione Festorum’ commences + with the O with a fool’s head. + +Grüninger’s finest picture-book is probably his splendid edition of +Virgil, with engravings by Brandt, the author of the _Ship of Fools_. +In this work he makes use of nearly all the letters of this smaller +historiated alphabet, which are also found afterwards constantly in +his impressions, and particularly in the publications of the reformer, +Geyler von Kaisersperg. In these, many of the initials, as is only +appropriate, represent religious subjects--David and his harp, St. +Sebastian full of arrows, and in a slightly different style, St. +Laurence carrying his own gridiron. Two of them are framed. One of +these represents Adam and Eve; the other, a D with a charming little +love-scene, would seem frequently to have excited the reprobation of +devout readers, for in three different works we have found this initial +defaced almost beyond recognition. A larger initial of the unframed +series, representing a swordsman, we have only met with in the 1501 +edition of Boethius, _De Philosophico consolatu sive de consolatione +Philosophiae_, etc., with commentaries of St. Thomas. + +Grüninger’s largest letters would appear to have been reserved +exclusively for Geyler’s publications. We have seen them in a great +many of his books of sermons and nowhere else. They are most numerous +in his _Evangelia_, where there are between thirty and forty different +varieties, but even then they do not constitute a complete alphabet, +as Geyler’s sermons most often commence with the word _der_ or _die_, +the letter D occurring as frequently as all the others together, and +several other letters much more often than the remainder. + +Geyler and Grüninger were evidently made to write and publish for one +another, for whilst the preacher often loses the thread of his subject +in amusing but not always relevant anecdotes, the printer would seem +to have set up his copy much on the same principle, embellishing +the sermons with illustrations, many of which, inserted apparently +at haphazard, are entirely foreign to the subject. In one of these +collections, for instance, there are a number of cuts from the +Virgil.[24] + + [24] Geyler von Kaisersperg was one of the most curious figures of + the fifteenth century, a precursor of Luther, a ‘free preacher,’ and + for the first twenty years of the sixteenth century his sermons were + published by nearly every printer in Strasburg, as well as by many + others in Basle and other towns. + + Luther has a more extensive bibliography, but with Geyler each item + means a volume, whereas the sermons of the great reformer were + published as a rule separately, and as soon as they were preached. + Like the celebrated Maillard, he did not hesitate to denounce the + selfishness of the rich, the extravagance and coquetry of women, and + the licentiousness and corruption of the clergy. + + From a documentary point of view, Geyler’s sermons are most + interesting, for in reprobating the follies of his time he gives a + number of details concerning the manners of the period, which would + be difficult to find elsewhere. On the verso, for instance, of the + initial B, with David and his harp, there is a fragment of one of his + discourses on ‘bathing,’ which gives a good idea of ecclesiastical + proprieties at the end of the fifteenth century. + + ‘Is it,’ says Geyler, ‘allowable, balnea intrare, on Sunday?’ + + ‘Dico,’ he replies, that ‘pro voluptate’ and ‘pro luxuria,’ it is + forbidden at all times, but it is allowed on necessity. + + By ‘voluptas’ he says, he understands ‘superfluous delectation,’ + which is a sin but not mortal. By ‘necessity,’ honest and opportune + recreation. He next asks, ‘Liceat clericis vel religiosis + balnea intrare?’ Again he replies, ‘Dico, yes, upon necessity’; + but necessity not only means infirmity, but also any lawful + ‘refocillatio’ of the body. The apostle John, he says, ‘ingressus est + balnea gratia lavandi.’ The first line of his _tertio_ starts with + the question as to whether it was licit to take a bath with a Jew, + but here the cutting ends. + + It must be remembered that in the fifteenth century, hot air and + vapour baths were most popular, but they had anything but a good + reputation. It is probable that the prohibitions of Geyler were + directed rather against the place of evil resort, than, as would at + first seem, against cleanliness. + + But the most amusing of Geyler’s publications is a series of + sermons, ‘Navicula sive speculum Fatuorum,’ an imitation of Brandt’s + celebrated satire on Fools, which had recently appeared. In the + earliest edition, each section begins with an initial representing + a fool’s cap with large bells. In that before us, each sermon is + preceded by an apposite illustration from the work in question, + but there are no ornamental initials. The first concerns foolish + aspirants for mitres and birettes. The second, which is illustrated + by the well-known cut representing a spectacled fool in his + library--in the original, the fool who collects books he does not + read--here deals with bad judges and senators. + + The best section, and that giving the best idea of Geyler’s manner, + is that which treats of the sick fool. Beginning with the quotation + ‘Stultorum infinitus est numerus,’ the picture shows the disobedient + patient in bed, in the act of kicking over a table, whilst the nurse + is looking on in astonishment, and the doctor seems to be reflecting + as to what should be done under the circumstances. + + These fools, says Geyler, are foolish in the first place because + they despise medicine: ‘sunt qui medicinam prorsus contemnunt et + abjiciunt’; ‘clearly fools,’ says Geyler, ‘stulti plane’! ‘Nescientes + quia scriptum est, eccles. xxxviii., Altissimus creavit de terra + medicinam, et vir prudens non horrebit eam. Notate verba--signate + mysteria. Vir prudens non horrebit eam! Non horruit eam beatus + Augustinus de quo legitur: quod egrotante eo neminem admiserat, nisi + medicos.’ + + It will be too long to quote the whole sermon, but Geyler has a + word to say about those fools, ‘sunt quædam fatuelle,’ who, out + of curiosity, tried to catch their doctors at fault, ‘quas sola + curiositas impellit et titillat ad explorandum peritiam medici.’ But + they catch nothing but their own purses, and it is the doctor who is + most tickled, for he pockets the fee. ‘Tales se decipiunt et bursam: + quod medicus accipit pecuniam.’ + + He tells here the tale, so often related since, of the patient who + in answer to the doctor’s question as to what was the matter with + him--where he was in pain--how long he had been ill, ‘respondit + nescio,’ and again and again, ‘respondit nescio.’ + + ‘Bene,’ replied the doctor; ‘under these circumstances, this is my + prescription: “Recipe nescio quid: repone nescio ubi: et sanaberis + nescio quando.”’ ‘Magna stultitia,’ remarks Geyler, ‘nolle obedire + medico quem queris: aut non quesivisses, et sic pecunie pepercisses.’ + + The fifth and sixth follies are to seek help from empirics, + magicians, and Jews, which is expressly forbidden (if any one else is + available) by the Decretals. + +The large series, two specimens of which are given, invariably deals +with Biblical subjects. The letters are generally attributed to Hans +Schäufelein. + +Besides the initials already enumerated, Grüninger has a few +historiated letters on a black ground, of intermediate size and +different complete foliated or floral alphabets, all of them uniformly +uninteresting. + + +_Reutlingen._--The large S, with a personage in a doctoral bonnet, is +taken from an Albertus Magnus, _Secreta mulierum et virorum_, in the +Paris Bibliothèque Nationale (Res. 826), described in Mlle. Pellechet’s +_Catalogue des Incunables_ under No. 372 as being without typographical +indications. It also occurs at the commencement of a _Physiognomia_ of +Michael Scotus, which is stated by Mr. Proctor to have been printed +by M. Greyff at Reutlingen, the date being probably 1482. We have not +seen this volume, but thanks to the courtesy of Professor Ferguson of +Glasgow, who sent a photograph of the initial, we have found that it is +identically the same. + +The reproduction does not render exactly the peculiar impression +of the ink, which gives the initial the appearance of having been +drawn in fusain. Another initial, the P with the Pope, is taken from +a volume printed at Reutlingen by Greyff--the _De ritu et Moribus +Indorum_--which has exactly the same typographical disposition as the +edition printed by Knoblochtzer at Strasburg, a P at the beginning with +the Pope, and a border on the margin of the front page. + +It may be noted here that in previous chapters no attempt has been made +to distinguish between metal-cut initials and those cut on wood. Many +printers, such as Grüninger, Gering, and Rembolt, etc., undoubtedly +used soft metal, but this was cut in the same way as wood, the blocks +were inked in the same manner, and printed in the same way with the +type, so that for all practical purposes they belong to the same class. + + + + +CHAPTER VII + +COLOGNE AND GENEVA + + +The early printers at Cologne do not appear to have made much use +of woodcut initials, the first known to us being the R of a missal +by H. Quentell of 1494. This, although cut somewhat roughly, shows +considerable vigour. It is highly probable that the splendid P with +the Virgin and Child and grotesque profiles in two of the corners is +of the same or earlier date. The book in which it occurs is an undated +Donatus, which J. Rosenthal, to whom the volume was submitted, thinks +was printed by H. Quentell towards the end of the fifteenth century. It +looks at first sight as if a missal or Psalter letter had been used, as +was so often the case at the time, because it happened to be in stock, +but the Donatus, as has been said, often began with an initial of the +kind. We have not been able to trace this P to any other press or +publication. + +The D with a fool’s head in cap and bells is to be found frequently in +Quentell’s books. The specimen from which it was copied is in a book +already mentioned, the _Tractatus Consultatorii Venerandi Magistri +Henrici de Gorychum_, printed _anno supra Jubileum tertio_. It is to be +found at the beginning of the chapter, _De observatione Festorum_. + +On the title-page of a treatise called _Quodlibeta_, by St. Thomas +Aquinas, is a curious black U. This is also by Quentell. + +Another class book, a Latin verse primer, entitled _Sequentiarum et +hymnorum Expositio_, etc. etc., printed by Herman Bumgart de Ketwyck in +1501, has the strangest initials that can be conceived. The book was a +very well known one, and other editions exist with a similar cut on the +title-page, representing a master at his desk surrounded by scholars. + +But Cologne, like other German towns, was now to feel the influence +of the Renaissance, and adopt for book ornamentation such artists as +Albert Dürer, Holbein, and Anton von Worms. In the case of Holbein, +such ornamental letters as appeared in Cologne books were copied from +models that had been used previously at Basle, in the same way that +the letters of other artists were copied from books of Hagenau and +elsewhere, but Dürer and Anton von Worms’s designs were printed first +in works of Cologne. + +Of the initials attributed to Albert Dürer, the finest are those +comprising the alphabet used by Eucharius Hirtzhorn, who latinised his +name to Cervicornus. These initials, which are the largest of their +kind, represent children playing and romping sometimes with animals, +such as horses and monkeys, and make up a very remarkable set. It +is highly probable that Albert Dürer, as is generally admitted, was +the designer of this alphabet, but there is no positive proof, and a +writer on this special question in _Le Livre_, M. Glucq, gives it as +his opinion that these letters were designed by Hans Burgkmair, and +instances the treatment of the horses’ heads in borders by the latter +as being identical with the heads in some of the letters. + +This alphabet was often copied by printers of other towns, particularly +Lyons, and by Hubert de Crooce of Bruges, but the copies are always +greatly inferior in execution, and can be distinguished also by having +a wavy linear, or _criblé_, groundwork instead of a black one. + +The reader can compare the initials given here, which comprise the most +interesting of the set, with those by H. Weiditz, described in the +chapter on Augsburg. For comparison between the Cervicorn initials and +the borders alluded to, reference can be made to the _Bücherornamentik_ +of Butsch. + +The smallest of the Cologne children’s alphabets is to be found almost +complete in different works by J. Gymnicus, and was designed by the +painter Anton von Worms. The C with a child playing with a snake is an +example. The D and O, from a somewhat larger alphabet, are principally +found in the works of Melchior Novesianus, as are also those imitated +from Holbein’s alphabet of Death. The largest Q, the S with the +bishop and the symbols of the Apostles in the corners, also by Anton +von Worms, and the Q with the death’s head, all come from volumes by +Quentell. The three smallest letters belong to an alphabet used by +Melchior Novesianus. + + +_Geneva._--Genevan incunabula are of the very greatest rarity, and very +few initials of that town are mentioned by bibliographers. Of very +large letters the most curious are two of the calligraphic L’s that are +so popular on the title-pages of French impressions, and the larger of +which is evidently inspired by a Paris or Lyons L of the same general +design. Our reproduction comes from the _Doctrinal de Sapience_, +printed in 1493, no doubt by Bellot, as the book has two impressions +of the C of his alphabet. This composition is greatly superior to +the French original, known as the January and May initial, and if +the artist has intended to represent innocence and cunning, he has +succeeded to perfection. Compared with it, that which may be found on +the title-page of Verard’s edition of the _Doctrinal de Sapience_ and +in many other works, is insipid. + +The letter with a hooded dog, or perhaps a monkey holding a book, +with a clerk below, is accompanied on the title-page by a border +representing the birth of Eve. + +As regards the volume itself, which is entitled _Les Fleurs et Manières +des Temps passés_, it is without date or printer’s name, but at the +beginning of the front page after the title is a Bellot A, whilst on +the verso of the title is the mark of Loys M. Cruse. + +A still earlier _Doctrinal de Sapience_ of 1488, also without printer’s +name or date, has a C on the second page of comparatively little +interest, which has been reproduced by Humphreys in his _History of +Printing_. The C reproduced here is at the beginning of the fourth +page. A _Kalendrier des Bergers_ of J. Bellot, 1497, has a Q with a +cock in the Lyons style, a curious U, and the P of his fine alphabet. + +Initials are occasionally met with in which the printer’s mark is +worked into the design, as, for instance, a D of Kobel of Oppenheim. +In a treatise on the right way of preaching, by that _sacratissimus_ +doctor of the Christian Church, St. Thomas Aquinas, L. M. Cruse +of Geneva in 1485 uses capitals which he embellishes with his own +initials. Sorg and some Strasburg printers have ornamental letters with +initials on them, but not corresponding to their own names--most likely +to those of the artists. + +Better known than the large historiated letters just described is the +alphabet of which we give the M, the N, and the T. These letters occur +in many of Bellot’s publications, but in the _Dialogus Creaturarum_ it +is nearly complete. + +This is one of the most decorative alphabets of the time, but good +proofs of the Wagner alphabet of Nuremberg, in which the same design +had already been used, are even more effective--compare this M, N, or T +with the Wagner E. Unfortunately, very few of the latter, which are on +a black ground, print well. The Avignon initials given further on are +also of this pine-cone pattern, as are those also in the _Psalterium +Virginis Marie_ of Alanus de Rupe, printed, it is stated, in the most +Christian kingdom of Sweden, _cum initialibus ligno incisis_, in 1498. +It is quite possible that the later printers copied from Wagner, but +the design they all use is one that is frequently met with in old +manuscripts, and, like most other fundamental patterns, there is no +doubt that this was its origin. + +Our last Geneva specimens are taken from the very rare missal printed +by Bellot. The M is from the title-page. The other initials are +somewhat in the style of the Lyons _Catalogus Sanctorum_, but they are +even more like those of a Troyes missal printed by Lecoq. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII + +VENICE + + +It was at Subiaco, not far from Rome, that printing was first +introduced by the Germans, Conrad Sweynheim and Arnold Pannartz, who +commenced operations most probably in 1464, their first book being +a Donatus. The second was a Lactantius, the earliest book in which +legible Greek characters were used, for those which appeared in a few +words in the Offices of Cicero, printed at Mayence in the same year, +were mingled with Roman letters, and with so many errors, that it +must have needed a clever reader to guess the meaning. The Lactantius +was finished on the 25th of October 1465, ‘_in venerabili Monasterio +Sublacensi_.’ + +After Subiaco, presses were established successively in different +towns of Italy, first at Rome, where Ulric Han or Hahn of Ingoldstadt, +in Bavaria (Gallus in the latinised form of the name), commenced +operations in 1467. Sweynheim and Pannartz also removed to Rome at that +date, where they printed for about ten years, dying respectively in +1477 and 1478. + +The next comers were George Lauer of Würtzburg and Giovanni Filippo +di Lignamine, whose celebrated _Cronica Summorum Pontificum +imperatorumque_ contains interesting information about the first +printers of Mayence, Strasburg, and Rome. + +But books with initials printed at Rome before the end of the +fifteenth century are not common, and even when met with, if we except +some handsome ones used in some of their books in 1470 by Sweynheim and +Pannartz, the ornamental letters of this town are relatively of but +little interest. + +It was at Venice that this branch of typographical art was to reach its +highest perfection, especially in the use of beautiful initials, and +was to make its impressions renowned throughout the world and sought +after by collectors in future days. + +John of Spire celebrates his arrival on the shores of the Adriatic in +the following lines, which are to be found at the end of his first +production in that town, _The Letters of Cicero_:-- + + ‘Primus in Adriaca formis impressit aenis + Urbe libros Spira genitus de stirpe Johannes. + In reliquis sit quanta vides spes, lector, habenda, + Quom labor hic primus calami superaverit artem. + MCCCCLXVIII.’ + +John of Spire was succeeded by his brother Vindelin. + +It was in 1470 that the first book appeared with the name of Nicolas +Jenson--the _Preparatio Evangelica_ of Eusebius--and this was followed +soon by other works which are justly considered as _chefs-d’œuvre_ of +typographical art. + +According to a story which has passed current for a century and a +half, though its authority is now questioned, Jenson had been formerly +an engraver at the Mint of Tours, and had been sent to Germany by +the French king to investigate the truth about the discovery of +Gutenberg. On his return, Charles VII. having died, Jenson met with +no encouragement from his successor, Louis XI., and decided to go to +Venice. Here he published books by himself for ten years, taking as a +partner in 1480, the year before his death, John of Cologne, who had +come to Venice about the same time as himself. + +Even in his own days Jenson was justly celebrated, Andrea Torresano +stating with pride in the colophon of the _Lectura in I. et II. +Decretalium_ that he had printed it ‘_inclytis famosisque characteribus +optime_ (sic) _quondam in hac parte magistri Nicolai Jenson gallici +quo nihil prestantius, nihil melius, nihil dignius_.’ + +This Andrea Torresano was the head of the new firm ‘J. de Colonia, N. +Jenson, sociorumque,’ and he afterwards married his daughter to Aldus +Manutius. + +So great was the success of printing in Venice at this period, that +more than one hundred and fifty presses were established during the +last thirty years of the fifteenth century, and upwards of fifty were +in full work in the year 1500. + +Aldus had come to Venice with the intention of publishing works in +Greek, but this did not prevent him printing in Latin and Italian. +His most famous book in the latter language was the _Hypnerotomachia +Poliphili_, which besides the most beautiful woodcuts that have +ever been printed contains also some ornamental initials generally +considered to be in the best taste. An edition of Aristophanes from the +same press also contains large interlaced letters, which are given by +Ongania. + +With reference to these initials it is to be remarked that, although +in the best taste and admirably suitable to the work they embellish, +they are less interesting when seen by themselves, that is to say +independently of the text, than many others. + +Our earliest specimens are taken from the works of Ratdolt, whose +books are also renowned for their beautiful borders, which in some +cases match in style the initials that accompany them. This style +is even more effective in the border than in the letters, as can be +seen by reference to his Appianus of 1478, the first page of which is +reproduced in Butsch’s _Bücherornamentik_. + +The three outline initials, much more artistic in our opinion than the +interlacing letters of Aldus, are from Ratdolt’s first alphabet in the +_Calendarium_ of J. de Monteregio of 1476. The border of this book is +frequently mentioned in the earlier monographs upon the first printers +as being composed _literis florentibus_, the initials being of the same +design. It is supposed by Passavant that these letters were designed by +Ratdolt’s partner, Bernard Maler or Pictor, _i.e._ Bernard the painter, +and executed by another German engraver. + +Ongania, in his work on Venetian printing,[25] has also reproduced +four of these initials, the whole alphabet, as far as it is complete, +in Ratdolt’s impressions, being given in a monograph on Ratdolt by Mr. +Redgrave.[26] Later on we find this printer preferring larger sized +initials with a white pattern on a black ground, smaller letters of the +same general design being used in some volumes. The later publications +being also more frequently met with, these large black initials are +also more commonly known and are more characteristic of Ratdolt’s work +than the others. They became one of the recognised types for Venetian +typography, and were imitated more or less by other Venice printers, +in the same way that the Maiblümchen pattern was adopted as one of the +most suitable for the early German press. + + [25] _L’art de l’Imprimerie à Venise._ + + [26] ‘Erhard Ratdolt and his Work in Venice’--_London Bibliographical + Society_. + +In a volume by Jacopo Publicio called the _Oratoriae artis epitomata; +ars memoriae, ars epistolandi_, and which has numerous other cuts, +there is a curious alphabet in which each initial is represented by an +emblem serving to fix the letter on the memory. As far, however, as +we know, this alphabet, which is engraved on one block, consists of +specimens of letters useful in mnemonics, but which have never served +in books as ornamental initials. They are only mentioned here as a +typographical curiosity. + +Subsequent printers adopted a design with white leaves on a black +ground, the white ornament standing out very sharply, and often with an +exceedingly brilliant effect. In other initials, in white on a black +ground, we have children playing at all sorts of games by themselves +or with dogs, monkeys, dragons, lizards, and dolphins; sometimes +there is a large bird looking like a wild goose. In some cases there +is a combination of the two last mentioned compositions, such as a +child playing with a dog, with a foliated background. There is a very +effective F of this kind, and an O with a child making a dog sit up +and beg, in the _Epigrammata_ of J. B. Cantalycius, printed by Matteo +Capcasa. + +The brothers De Gregoriis used various kinds of initials. The large A +and V are from their Herodotus, the first page of which is ornamented +with a magnificent border, which has often been reproduced. Several +other initials in different styles are from books by these printers, +amongst others the large outline P and the smaller A and E. An +interesting alphabet, most of the letters of which represent children +playing with different kinds of animals, is taken from a small treatise +on Geography by Zacharius Lilius, entitled _Orbis breviarium_, etc., +printed at this press. + +Sessa, whose mark consists of a cat with a mouse in her mouth on a +crowned shield with the initials I B S, has some of the letters just +described. + +Ongania gives amongst others, as coming first from a 1496 edition +of Marco Polo’s _De le Maravigliose cose del mondo_, the D with two +children and a dog, the P with the children and bird, and a P with the +portrait of a man, here printed in red, but which is found elsewhere, +like all the other letters, printed in black. The very small initials, +mostly with heads, the H with a rabbit and the T with rabbits dancing, +are also to be found in Sessa’s impressions. + +Several very large letters, two more particularly, the M and the S, +were used by Bernardinus Benalius and Matteus Capcasa in 1498, and +often printed in red. They were afterwards adopted by the Paris printer +Josse Bade. + +Of the linear initials used in the missals, the beautiful B +representing Mary Regina cœlorum amongst others, appeared for the +first time in the _Missale Romanum_ of 1499 by George Arrivabene. Our +reproductions are taken from missals and breviaries of Lucantonio di +Giunta, himself especially a printer of music, but who edited a great +many liturgical works. + +The largest in size of all our initials are from another missal of +Giunta, the _Missale Vallisumbrose_ of 1503. The first letter of +this series has been given by Mr. Pollard in an essay on ‘Pictorial +Initials.’ + +An alphabet of large letters of an interlacing pattern is to be met +with in several works, first in Plutarch’s _Lives_, translated by +Guarino of Verona and published by Melchior Sessa and Petrus de +Ravenis in 1505. They have been described as of great elegance and +finished beauty, but they are as a rule badly printed and do not look +well in reproduction, as can be seen by reference to Ongania. + +The alphabet of children already mentioned is more or less completed by +letters from different works published by Tacuinus de Tridino, amongst +others the Euclid of 1517 and several earlier volumes. The C with a +child on a dolphin, the L with one child riding another, and the N +with children and dog; the grotesque O, the P also with children and +a dragon, are one from the 1517 Euclid, others from a Justinian, the +remainder from works of Horace by the same printer. + +The C with a child on the back of a horse is first met with in a +_Practica_ of Serapion by Bonetus Locatellus, ‘mandato Octaviani +Scoti,’ the outlines C, P, and S with children or _amorini_ having the +same origin. + +An alphabet, remarkable from the fact that it is generally found +complete, by Bernardino Vitali, serves as a rule in publications of +Sessa to initial the index. It is to be found serving this purpose at +the beginning of this printer’s edition of the _Lives_ of Plutarch and +also for the index to the works of Pliny. + +Pliny’s _Natural History_ was a popular book at this time, and two +editions of it have the large interlaced initials used in the Plutarch. +In a third, in Italian, by Sessa and Petrus de Ravenna in 1516, there +are a number of ornamental letters with children: a P, with child and +dragon, precedes the eighth book; an S, with a child above and a bird +below, the tenth and thirty-second books; the thirty-first having +what at first appears to be the same, but which is really a copy. The +letters C, G, R, N are also with children, either by themselves or +with birds or dogs. As an example of the indifference to appearances, +a historiated A is used upside down as a V, in Tacuinus de Tridino’s +Homer of 1503. A fine V with children does duty as an A, and an E all +the way through as an F, in the Justin of 1508 of the same printer. + +The L with a satyr, and the very handsome G, are from the same +book. The P with a child and bird is repeated eleven times in this +volume, and from the dilapidated condition the block is its chief +disfigurement. In the Horace of Guglielmo Fonteneto Monteserrati, we +find it at the beginning of the ode ‘Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana,’ +but the bird is changed into what is apparently a goose. The children +have older faces, and there is a slight difference in the ornament. + +In their original condition, these children initials are most +decorative, but many of the copies are greatly inferior. These are to +be found not only in Venetian impressions by other printers, but also +in some books printed in provincial towns, and they evidently inspired +many of the children’s alphabets that were used afterwards in Basle, +Cologne, Hagenau, and one or two initials we have given of Paris. + +At Turin some of them were used in the _Epistole Heroidum_ of Ovid +published by F. Silva in 1510, in which we find that the L with the +satyr, the P with a bird, the T with children playing with a skipping +rope, an M with an eagle, the N with a child and dolphin, and the G, +but of much coarser execution than the original. From a documentary +point of view these letters are perhaps not so interesting as the +alphabet used currently half a century later by Giolito and other +Venetian printers, in which the games then in vogue are represented in +linear engraving upon a white ground. But the introduction of animals +in the earlier alphabet is not entirely fanciful, and the classical +student will no doubt be able to understand many of the allusions. + +The A, for instance, with a boy riding upon the back of a dolphin, +is a case in point and no doubt refers to the tale of Arion told by +Herodotus, and more fully by Ovid in the _Fasti_.[27] + + [27] In the eighth chapter of his ninth book, Pliny speaks of a + dolphin that had conceived a wonderful affection for the child of a + poor man. At whatever hour of the day he might happen to be called by + the boy, he would instantly fly to the surface, and sportively taking + him up on his back, he would carry him over a wide expanse of sea to + the school at Puteoli, and in like manner bring him back again. Other + instances of the same kind are related, which he says give an air of + credibility to the one that is told of Arion. + +We give a somewhat numerous selection from a work which has hitherto +remained but little known to bibliographers, by a printer whose +publications are far from common, the _Vita di Sancti Padri vulgare +historiada_ of Otino da Pavia de la Luna, 1501. In an earlier edition, +also very rare, the initials are insignificant, and the chief interest +of the volume is in the little cuts which precede the lives of the +different saints. The edition from which our initials are taken is on +the contrary a perfect storehouse of interesting ornamental letters. +At the commencement of each book there is a half-page engraving +representing an incident in the life of the first saint whose history +follows, and this is surrounded by a handsome ornamental border which +sometimes surrounds the whole page. Each book commences by an initial +of larger size than the others. Some of these are given--the C with +a saint holding a bag to another, the D with a dog, the L with four +ecclesiastics, and two U’s, one with a monk tempted of the devil in +the form of a beautiful woman. The smaller letters, of which there are +sometimes as many as three or four on a single page, also represent +incidents in the lives of the different saints, the devil being often +the subject of the picture. The title-page has on it the mark of Otino +da Pavia de la Luna in black and red. Some of the initials of this +volume afterwards found their way into the possession of Bernardino +Vitali, who used them in an _Omiliario quadragesimale_, published in +1518. We have not seen this volume, but Ongania gives reproductions of +its principal typographical ornaments, amongst them a P and a U from +the Otino da Pavia de la Luna alphabets. + +Of the initials not yet mentioned, the D and the Q, the former with a +monk wearing spectacles, are from a treatise on animals by Aristotle, +printed by Sessa. The curious L, with a personage in a turban, looking +at a castle on the walls of which are the heads of three of its +defenders, comes from an edition of the _Legendario de Sancti_ of +Jacobus de Voragine, printed by Nicolo è Domenico dal Gesu. We are +almost sure, however, that we have met with it in an earlier missal, +and it was subsequently used in at least one impression of Lyons. The +remaining letters are by different printers. + +The two large initials with portraits of a much later date represent +respectively--the C, Cosmo de Medici; the P, Pius Romae Pontifex. + + + + +CHAPTER IX + +OTHER ITALIAN TOWNS + + +_Rome_ + +We have alluded in the preceding chapter to the paucity of woodcut +initials in early works printed at Rome, and it is well known that +the opinions of the clergy were divided with respect to the propriety +of adding decorative embellishments to books. Some church dignitaries +considered it a pious occupation, whilst others, who looked upon the +copying of manuscripts as a sure way of attaining salvation,[28] were +entirely against book ornamentation. It is probably on account of some +such hostility on the part of the ecclesiastical authorities that +ornamental initials are so seldom met with in books of the early Roman +printers. In a list, for instance, of seventy-nine works published +by Planck, only one, a _Pontificale_ of 1485, is mentioned as having +woodcut initials; in the same list, of thirty-nine books by Eucharius +Silber, there is one only with ornamental letters. Lastly, of one +hundred and seventy-eight other works by seventeen known and six +unknown printers, only two are reported as being so embellished. Of +the earlier printers, Sweynheim and Pannartz used some very handsome +initials in a few of their publications after 1470, the D reproduced +being from their Suetonius, _Vitæ Cæsarum_. We give also a P from one +of E. Silber’s publications, and a C with the portrait of Ariosto from +a work published by Jacobus Mazochius, 1515. + + [28] A propos of manuscript copying, there was an anecdote current + in _Scriptoria_ concerning a brother who had sinned very constantly + whilst in the flesh, and who was challenged by St. Peter at the Gate + of Paradise. The tally at first seemed to go against the applicant, + but at last it was found that he had been for some time a scribe; + written letters were checked against sins, and the frater was found + to have a small but sufficient balance in his favour. + +Siennese impressions are anything but common, and as the early +typography of this town still awaits a historian, a short account of +a few works from its chief press will not be out of place. The most +important is no doubt the Datus, printed by Simeon Nardi in 1503. The +title consists of two lines in small Gothic characters, _Augustini dati +senensis opera_, and underneath come three sonnets by admirers of Datus +(for the name is spelt indifferently, Datus or Dathus), in each of +which he is compared to Cicero. ‘Read through,’ says Angelus Fundius, +‘this venerable volume of the facund Dathus, but take care I advise you +to glance first at the title page.’ ‘Nam si forte vagus legeres, mihi +crede putares non esse hoc Dathi sed Ciceronis opus.’ The others are +equally complimentary. The volume is a folio collection of speeches and +essays on all kinds of subjects, and consists of fourteen preliminary, +followed by two hundred and ninety numbered leaves, or twice as +many pages. There are sixty lines to the page of small, clear Roman +type, pleasantly relieved by curious little capitals. The colophon +gives ‘Impressum Senis ex Architypo per Symeonem Nicolai Nardi, Anno +salutis MDIII Sexto Kal Novembris,’ and on the verso is Nardi’s mark +representing a child holding a banneret astride a wolf, which is +suckling another child beneath. The whole is surrounded by a highly +ornamented border. + +The most interesting feature, however, of the book is its series of +large initials, which, taking into consideration the two different +states of the Q, are fourteen in number.[29] The most characteristic, +and perhaps the most effective, are those on a black ground, but the +others are equally free and vigorous in treatment. One of them, the R, +has the same subject (Romulus and Remus with the wolf) as the printer’s +mark, a subject which is used in other volumes as a pictorial +title-page. The reason of this is explained in the motto at the bottom +of the mark in another book, + + ‘ROMAE QUE ORIGO SENAE INSIGNIA.’ + + [29] In some of the proofs the Q is a white letter, the original + block being cut away. + +Unfortunately, as is so often the case, the impressions are not all +equally good, but it is easy to see that where anything is wanting, it +is the fault of the printing and not of the artist. + +The letters of this series were much used in subsequent publications, +but with the exception of an ornamental M of the same style which +comes from a book of poetry published by Simon Rubeo in 1513, and an +I in a tract by Marcellus Beringhuccius not of the same merit, we +have not seen any Sienna letters that are not in the Dathus. It is +to be remarked that the volumes which have an ornamental title-page +have no printer’s mark, and _vice versa_, the first not occurring in +publications before 1539. + +Two of the Nardi initials, the P and the C, are to be met with in +a quarto volume, ‘C Plinio de li homini illustri in lingua senese +traducto et brevemente commentato,’ which is printed in the _Inclyta +& Excelsa citta di Sena_ by that accurate man Symeone di Nicolao +Carrolaro Senese, 1506. The mark is different in some details, although +practically the same as in the Dathus. + +The _Vespertinæ lectiones_ of Marcellus Beringhuccius has the H and +some others. The printer’s name varies again, being given as ‘Impressum +per Calistrum Symeonis Senen. Ad instantiam Ioannis Alixandri Libraio +1511.’ The title is surrounded by a border of oak leaves and acorns. On +the verso of the first page the dedication to Cosmo de Medici begins +with the handsome H, and is followed on the next page by an interesting +cut representing the burial of Christ. The text on the verso of this +page begins with the L. The second part of the book, ‘For the comfort +of those who wish to live well, etc.,’ begins with the historiated N, +‘Impresso in Siena per Calisto Francese di Simeone Bindi, 1541. Ad +instantiam d’Giovanni di Alisandro Libraio.’ + +Another volume of _Vespertinæ lectiones_ of the same author was +published in 1539, the printer’s name being given in the same way, and +the same bookseller being mentioned. It has the N and the D, as well as +a new I, mentioned above. The book, published on the 5th of March, has +a title-page with a border of foliated branches that spring below from +a common trunk and meet together above. The lower third is occupied +by the Siennese wolf and children, with a town in the distance. Two +tracts of Marcus Antonius Belarmatus on legal subjects were published +by Symeon Nicolai in 1539, with the same ornamental border. In one +of them the only large initial is the N. In the other, the title is +printed in black, and the D and the Q of the white variety complete its +ornamentation. The last book chronologically in which we have met with +the Nardi initials is a _Life_ by Feo Belcari of Beato Columbini da +Siena, ‘fondatore del ordine di poveri giesuati.’ + +Like so many of the Venetian ornaments, the borders and initials of +Fossombrone are mostly with a black ground, but this is _criblé_ in a +special manner. + +The most important book of this town, where printing was introduced in +1513 by Ottaviano dei Petrucci, is a treatise by Paul de Middelburg +with beautiful borders and initials, _On the right way of celebrating +Easter, and the day of the passion of our Lord Jesus Christ_, a work of +great rarity and filled with singular researches for fixing Easter Day, +and the date of the death of our Saviour. + +The initials have branching ornaments, and children playing with one +another, one holding up a mask, or with birds. One of them can be seen +in Butsch. + +The principal printer of Pavia, at the beginning of the sixteenth +century, was Jacobus Paucidrapensis de Burgofranco, whose books have +very handsome ornamental and historiated initials, the latter with +portraits of celebrated men. His _Hyginus de Stellis_, published in +1513 at the expense of the heirs of ‘that late nobleman Octavianus Scot +and his associates,’ has several. The D given here is from this volume. +The O with another portrait, and the four other letters F, L, N, P, +are also specimens of this press, but we have not been able to identify +them more particularly. + +J. de Burgofranco also uses a smaller alphabet in the same style of +ornament. + +Printing was introduced at Como in 1521, the seven initials given +being taken from the first book printed there, the treatise of +Vitruvius on Architecture. In this remarkably handsome volume, full +of architectural diagrams and plans, there is, amongst others, an +‘elevation’ of the cathedral of Milan. Como had long been celebrated +for the beauty of its situation, for the colophon, after giving the +names of the ‘magnificent’ and ‘noble commentators,’ ‘emendators,’ and +‘castigators,’ states that the volume was printed by Gotardus de Ponte +in the _Amoena & delecteuole citate de Como_. In one of the initials, a +D, there is a view of a lake with sailing boats in a shower of rain, no +doubt intended to be Como. + +The U with the Crucifixion and the O representing St. Jerome are our +only specimens of the press of Guillaume le Signerre, a Rouen printer +who set up at the beginning of the sixteenth century at Saluzzo. + +The book from which they are taken is an extremely handsome edition +of the _Aureum Opus_ of Vivaldus, so often reprinted, and it has a +full-page engraving with St. Jerome, the same subject as in one of the +initials, and on another page the portrait of Le Signerre’s patron; at +the end the printer’s mark. The colophon states that it was printed +at Saluzzo by the most deserving brothers, Le Signerre of Rouen, at +the expense of that most illustrious and clement prince, Lodovicus, +Marquis of Saluzzo, and viceregent of Naples. With the exception of +an insignificant floral letter at the beginning of the preface, the +two initials given are the only ones in the book, the T with the +Crucifixion occurring twice. The brothers Signerre would appear to +have tried their fortune elsewhere before going to Saluzzo. In 1496 +they were printing at Milan, giving the _Practica Musice_ of Franchini +Gafori, with fine borders and initials. + +_Ferrara,[30] Milan, etc._--One of the most celebrated books of its +day was the _De plurimis claris selectisque mulieribus_ of Philip +Bergomensis, described as being revised and ‘castigated’ with great +diligence by that ‘great doctor in theology, Master Albert de Placentia +and brother Augustinus de Casili maiori,’ _Ferrarie impressum opera et +impensa magistri Laurentii de Rubeis de Valencia_. + + [30] Ferrara is known to art students in connection with initial + letters by the alphabet of Fra Vespasiano Amphiareo, a Renaissance + calligraphist, which is often reproduced in works on manuscript + ornamentation. + +For the general student this work, which took rank at once as one of +the most artistic publications of the time, is chiefly interesting +on account of the portraits of the celebrated women whose histories +it relates, but besides these there is a nearly complete alphabet +of initials which harmonise perfectly with the woodcut engravings. +Although different in treatment, the design is very similar to that +used by Regiomontanus of Nuremberg, but with the addition of an +occasional mascaron, or head of a dolphin. Very decorative, although +simple, on the printed page, they lose some of their effect when +brought together as an alphabet. + +The volume begins with a linear M representing the Virgin and child. + +The other set of initials, of an entirely different kind, is taken from +the _Missale Carthusiense_, printed by the monks at their monastery at +Ferrara in 1503, and generally known as the Missal of Ferrara. _Missale +secundum ordinem Carthusiensem. Impressum in Monasterio Carthusie +Ferrarie Diligenter emendatum per Monachos ejusdem Domus Regnante +Excellentissimo D.D. Duce Hercule Esten. Anno a nativitate domini +MCCCCCIII._ + +In many of the other Italian towns, although printing was established +at an early date, the ornamentation of books was comparatively +neglected, and there are few or no initials of interest to be mentioned. + +Foligno, for example, was one of the first places where the art +of printing was introduced. J. Neumeister, one of the workmen and +associates of Gutenberg, published there in 1470 a superb folio, +_Leonardi Aretini Bruni de bello italico adversus Gothos_. + +At Milan, Philip of Lavagna gave a small quarto, the _Miracoli de la +Gloriosa Verzene Maria_, dated 1469; but this date is a mistake, and it +was really in 1474 or 1479 that the tract appeared. + +Zarotus was printing at this town in 1471, and three years later +Christopher Valdarfer began operations. + +When initials occur in the books of these printers they resemble +somewhat those of Venice, but they are of unequal merit, some being +coarsely cut and merely curious, others of the highest artistic +excellence. Of the first, the M and T from the _Opus auree et +inexplicabilis bonitatis et continentie_, printed by Joannes de +Castellione in 1513, will serve as an example. + +The six other letters are from works by Gotardus de Ponte, and are to +be found also in a book called _Calipsychia_ of 1511; in the _Life of +Saint Veronica_ by Isidorus de Isolanis, of 1518; also in an _Opus +auree_ which seems to have been printed everywhere, dated 1513. + +The Q with a very black border, a circle of white dots, an ornament in +each corner, and a saint with crozier looking to the right, comes from +the _Sermons of St. Bernard_, Milan, Leonard Pachel, 1495. + +The smallest series is from a volume of Decretals by Ulric +Scinzenzeller. + +At Florence printing was introduced in 1471 by Bernardo Cennini, who +commenced at once the composition of the Commentaries of Servius on +Virgil, which was published the following year. + +To Giovanni Tedesco we are indebted for editions of the _Philocolo_ +of Boccaccio and the _Trionfi_ of Petrarch. But the most celebrated +Florence printer of the fifteenth century was Nicolo di Lorenzo +(Nicolaus Laurentii) of Breslau, the publisher of the celebrated Dante +with engravings of 1481. + +Books printed at Verona at the beginning of the sixteenth century are +not common, and woodcut initials are even more seldom met with, but +we have been able to find one or two in a tract printed by Lucas +Antonius, or Luc Antonio Giunta, of Florence, in 1504, which is +extremely curious in many ways. The text on the title-page is arranged +in the form of a cross, and runs as follows: _Delitiosam explicationem +de sensibilibus deliciis paradisi a D. Celso Mapheo Veronense Canonico +regulari editam hoc libello lector agnoscere poteris et ipsa plurimum +oblectari valebis._ On the verso of the last page is a very fine mark +of Lucas Antonius. The ornamentation of the book is completed by +numerous woodcut initials of various sizes, but mostly as badly cut as +printed. There are several letters of an interlaced pattern, but the +two we have selected are the most interesting, the C with the gladiator +and lion occurring at the beginning of the first chapter, the Q being +repeated twice. There is also a historiated P with a child, a little +smaller. + +Books of the beginning of the fifteenth century published at Brescia +have a few good initials, more or less in the Venetian style. An S, +with a winged child with bow and arrows, probably a Cupid, is to be met +with in several impressions. The P, with a saint in the same style, and +a somewhat larger P, prolonged as a border, have the same origin. + +The very wide C, with a monk at a latticed window, is from a volume of +Brescia, in which there are also three or four insignificant floral +initials in the style of Grüninger’s least interesting letters, +an engraved title-page with the portraits of celebrated men in +compartments, and on the verso of the last page a Virgin and child with +irradiating flames. The title, _Theophrasti Natalii Cychuthoe Teutonici +Invectivae_, _Maxima cum diligentia Brixiae impressum_, it is said, but +without giving the printer’s name. + +At Vicenza initials were also mostly in the Venetian style, but +inferior as a rule to the originals. In one volume, a _Catalogus +Sanctorum_, printed by Henricus de Sancto Urso in 1493, there are two +typographical eccentricities which, as they have to do with initials, +are worth pointing out. In some early volumes ornamental initials +are occasionally met with of such primitive execution, that the only +possible explanation is, that the necessary letter being wanting, +it was cut on the spur of the moment by an entirely unskilled hand. +Amongst the initials which occur the least often at the beginning of +Latin paragraphs are the B and G, and of course such letters as X, +Y, Z. It is probable that when this _Catalogus_ was being set up, +there was no G amongst the ornamental alphabets available, for no +other paragraph in the book begins with this letter. To meet this +contingency, the required initial was cut forthwith, the result being +the G in question, roughly representing a human face. The other +singularity is an instance of the transposition of letters, of which +examples have been already given, but here, instead of turning an A or +a C upside down to serve as a V or a D, it is an F that does duty both +for an F and an E. At the beginning of the eighth book there is an E +for St. Ezekiel, which has evidently been made from an F, the lower +transversal part having been cut afterwards, as can be seen by the +rough execution and the disturbance of the general ornamentation. But +the transposition of an F into an E is a thing that often occurs. The +peculiarity here is that at the tenth book, which begins with the feast +of All Saints, _Festivitas omnium Sanctorum_, an F being required, +the same block is used as for Ezekiel, the letter being restored to +its first condition by a plug, but showing clearly traces of its +transformations. + + + + +CHAPTER X + +LYONS + + +By its geographical situation, by its proximity to Basle, by its +condition as a free town, and through the fairs that attracted within +its walls the merchants from other parts of France, as well as from +Germany, Italy, and Holland, Lyons became at once a typographical +centre of the first importance, even preceding Paris as regards book +illustration. In 1473 Barthelemy Buyer, a rich Lyons merchant, founded +the first press with the help of William Leroy, publishing first the +_Compendium_ of Lotharius, then _La Legende Dorée_, six months before +the appearance of the _Chroniques de Saint Denis_ at Paris. Ornamental +letters occur for the first time in the _Mirouer Hystorial_.[31] The +specimens given were used by Leroy in 1479, and are known as _lettres +tourneures fleuronnées_. On the title-page of the _Prestre Jehan_ of +the same publisher is a historiated P showing the three companions +travelling in the land of Prester John, arriving before a castle of +the ‘paynims.’ The text begins with a smaller initial, also a P with +a serpent’s head which forms part of the alphabet of the _Statuta +Lugdunensia_, and takes the place of the larger initial on the +title-page of a later edition. The initials of the _Statuta Synodalia_ +are very much like those occurring in the _Quatre Fils Aymon_ and +in the _Dechier de Nobles Hommes et Femmes_, a translation of the +_De casibus illustrium virorum_ of Boccaccio (Mathieu Husz and Jean +Schabeler, 1483), and, although differently treated, the same subjects, +grotesque profiles, are to be found in the first Paris letters of Dupré +and Vérard. For the other letters of these early alphabets, of which +specimens are not given here, the reader is referred to Claudin’s +great work on the History of Printing in France, unfortunately left +incomplete by the death of the author, but of which the third volume, +the first of the two intended to relate to Lyons, is finished. + + [31] Mr. Pollard speaks of an edition of ‘Beaudoin, Comte de + Flandres,’ of 1478, with rude printed initials. + +It is chiefly in the French books of this period that we meet with +those large calligraphic initials for title-pages, generally taking +the form of the letter L in the style of the tenth century, which are +said by Claudin to be known as _lettres de forme, dites cadeaux_. The +two largest are to be found in the _Mer des Histoires_, printed first +by Le Rouge in 1488, the initials of which were copied by Dupré in +1491. They exceed the dimensions of this page, and are consequently +too tall for reproduction here. M. Thierry Poux in his _Origines de +l’Imprimerie en France_, and Claudin (_op. cit._), have given good +copies. They represent knights in armour, probably St. George or St. +Michael spearing the dragon, with different accessory ornaments along +the margin. + +The most common of all these initials is the one which occurs on +the title-page of the _Doctrinal de Sapience_, and of this we have +preferred the Geneva copy. The French composition which is known as +the January and May L, and is much more insipid, would appear to have +been most popular, recurring in a great many books both of Paris and +Lyons. Another L frequently seen, of which Mr. Pollard in his _Early +Illustrated Books_ gives a copy, was first used for the _Livre du +Faulcon_; the top of the letter curves down to end in the head of some +imaginary bird, between the two grotesque profiles. In some books this +part has been removed, the letter presenting the appearance of having +been cut down. + +Of our selections, the L with two heads on the left and a collection of +dragons on the right, one of which is disgorging a fool complete with +cap, bells, and _marotte_, is from the title-page of a Melusine, but +is met with in other books. The letter with the two heads, a monkey and +two birds, which occurs also in other publications, was taken from the +_Somme Rurale_ of Pierre Boutellier. The L with only one human head +and a bird separated by the head and neck of an imaginary reptile can +be seen in _Demandes d’Amour_, _Le Cordial_, _Les Quinze_, _Joies de +Marriage_, _Le Doctrinal des Femmes mariées_. As to the initial with +Eve, it is to be found on the title-page of the _Livre des Marchands_, +of the _Legende Dorée_, as well as on some others. + +As a last example of these large calligraphic letters, we give the +large L with three profiles. + +In an entirely different style is a magnificent Q on a black ground, +representing St. George and the Dragon, from an edition of the _Mer des +Hystoires_ by Michel Topie, without doubt one of the most effective +of the Lyons initials. There is a well-cut A at the commencement of +Breidenbach’s _Sainct voyage de la cité de Hierusalem_, which Claudin +attributes to Gaspard Ortuin. This book contains the first specimens of +Arabic characters printed in France. + +We now come to a series of letters from the missal of Pierre Hongre of +1500, some of which had been used in the missal of Uzès, published by +Jean Neumeister and Michel Topie in 1497. This lending or hiring of +typographical ornaments was very common amongst Lyons printers, as can +be seen by a comparison of the books of different publishers, and as is +proved by an agreement of the time, between Michel Topie and an Angevin +printer, discovered by the Abbé Requin amongst some old notarial deeds. + +The letters of Pierre Hongre’s missal represent, as usual, Biblical +scenes, and although of an archaic type, the attitudes are true, and +they are animated by a sincere and artistic sentiment. The subjects of +the different letters speak for themselves. The T, as usual, is the +sacrifice of Abraham; the C the martyrdom of St. Stephen; the D the +Nativity, etc. + +Many of these are to be found afterwards in other missals, such as the +missals _Narbone_, _Aquensis_, _Matisconensis_, etc. + +The historiated initials from the Saccon Missal, also of 1500, all of +the same type, are interesting from the fact that we are able to give +the name of the engraver. In our collection of cut initials there is, +amongst others, the S with several personages, and from the same book +from which it is taken, and in the same type as on the verso of this +initial, is a ‘dixit’ of five lines which speaks for itself:-- + + ‘Petrus Bertorius edidit + Lambertus Campester illustravit + Joannes Cobergerus erogavit expensis + Jacobus Sacconius expressit + Amor veritatis persuasit.’ + +Good missal initials are to be found also in the _Missale secundum +ordinem Carthusiensem_ of Simon Bevilaqua, 1517, such as the C (saints +with a palm-leaf), and the D (the Good Shepherd). The _Missale secundum +ordinem fratrum predicatorum_ of Moylin, 1515, has also interesting +ornamental letters. + +Of the two large A’s, one is from a missal, the other from a _Catalogus +Sanctorum_ of Saccon. The G and the smaller P are both from Lyons +missals. + +The three little pictures, one of which represents the expulsion +of a devil, the two others the Apostles in a boat, are in reality +ornamental initials with the letter, an I, in the right border, and +belong to a volume of homilies printed by J. Poullet in 1505, in which +every paragraph begins with the same letter. The fourth is one of +those little cuts that are sometimes used in missals in the place of +pictorial initials, and which, according to Dibdin, are to be classed +with initials. + +It is not often that we meet with complete alphabets from single +books, except in the case of works arranged by alphabetical order and +dictionaries. Such is the case with the _Catholicon_, of which J. +Wolff published an edition in 1503. Unfortunately the alphabet is not +uniform, either in size, style, or subject, and some of the letters +are of minor interest. We have selected the most curious and most +uncommon. The four initials of the same kind, the halberdier U, the +standard-bearer O, the page P, and the king D, are sometimes found +in other volumes--in the _Aureum Opus_, for example. It is from the +prologue of an edition of this work, printed for Gueynard in 1505 by +De Vingle, that we have taken the very interesting Q of St. Jerome, +which is also the subject of the first initial in the Saluzzo edition. +We only know of one other letter of this size in the style of the +_Catalogus_ series. As can be seen from our reproduction, it represents +the Virgin, and is to be found at the beginning of a very rare and +curious plaquette entitled ‘Plusieurs gentillesses pour faire en toutes +bonnes compaignies. Et aussi plusieurs bonnes et utiles receptes +esprouvées par Maistre Symon de Millan. On les vend a Lyon en la maison +de feu Barnabé Chaussard.’ + +The two curious L’s are from the title-page and from the beginning of +one of the chapters of a Lyons _Proprietaire_, wanting the last page, +but of which we have not seen any other copy. The L with a profile and +crowned lion is from the title-page. The other letters, D, H, M, are +from the treatise on men and women at the end of the volume, arranged +according to the signs of the Zodiac. The M shows the author meditating +the effect of his opening remarks. The D and the H are at the beginning +of a paragraph referring to Virgo and the Gemini respectively. + +The two large letters C and D, representing the Viaticum and the +Nativity, with the seven smaller ones, are to be found in an edition +of the _Regimen Sanitatis_, with comments by Magnini, attributed by +Claudin, on the strength of an initial on the title-page with a bird, +to Fradin, 1505. This is no doubt correct, for the large C (a priest +carrying the host), with several of the smaller letters, is to be found +in an undoubted edition by that printer of Platina’s _De Honestate +Voluptate_ of 1505.[32] + + [32] The G, C, and I, with profiles and grotesques, were used two + years before in a Lyons edition of the _Rommant de la Rose_, by G. + Balsarin, 1503. + +From a technical point of view, from the elegance of the design and the +delicacy of the execution, the series taken from works by Blanchard +and others, with masters and scholars in costumes of the time of Louis +XII., is particularly interesting, the S with pope and cardinals being +quite remarkable. + +The children’s alphabet was used by Fradin and four or five different +printers, perhaps by more. A certain number of children’s letters, but +enlarged to the size of the initials of Cologne of Albert Dürer, are in +the _Graduale Viennense_ of 1534. One of them, the R, is a coarse copy +of the same Dürer letter, and has been given under Cologne for the sake +of comparison. The others, eleven in number, although not exact copies +of the smaller letters, are very much like our smaller reproductions +and are treated in the same manner, but the best proofs we have seen of +the specimens we give are in a copy on vellum of the Narbonne Missal of +Fradin of 1528, from which the P with the Nativity, the smaller P with +a saint about to be beheaded, and the R with Death, are also taken. +There is a very similar set in the German Psalter of Nuremberg, printed +by J. Petreius in 1525. + +The F with a portrait of St. Ambrose is from a translation of St. +Jerome by Erasmus, of whom an excellent portrait is also seen in +another initial. + +Two of the most characteristic sets of Lyons letters are those taken +from the _Biblia cum Summariis et cum Concordantiis_, printed by John +Moylin for Stephen Gueynard in 1516, and from the _Catalogus Sanctorum_ +of Saccon of 1514. The Bible letters represent necessarily scenes in +Scripture history, often being inspired by the initials in the Bibles +of Nuremberg and Augsburg. + +The initials used in the different books of Lives of the Saints, the +chief of which were the _Golden Legend_, the _Catalogus Sanctorum_, and +the _Lives of the Holy Fathers_, are miniature pictures, and, although +of small size, they contain quite as many details as the larger +engravings that illustrate some of the more pretentious editions. It +may be noted that when there are historiated letters, there are no +pictures properly so called, but, as the numerous editions testify, +those with pictorial initials, which the unlearned were able to +understand, as well as the illustrations proper, were amongst the most +popular of the publications of the beginning of the sixteenth century. + +In an edition of the _Golden Legend_ now before us, printed in 1514 for +Martin Boillon, by Gilbert de Villiers, the same year as the _Catalogus +Sanctorum_ of Saccon, of which we give the letters, the text begins +with a large A, representing the Advent of Christ, of the same size +as the Bible initials. A little further on, another A stands for St. +Andrew with his cross. Next comes an N, for the patron of children, St. +Nicholas, who is depicted with three of them apparently in a pickle +tub. As the letters nearly always correspond to the saint’s name, +the historiated initials, for those who knew their alphabets, were +even more useful than the large engravings, which required for their +comprehension a competent knowledge of the attributes of the saints. + +Proceeding further, an N with an ass, a cow, a child in a cradle, and +a star, stands for the Nativity. Saint John the Evangelist has an I, +with his eagle. Another I, with three soldiers, one of them stabbing +a child, and a woman with another child on her lap, represents the +Massacre of the Innocents, and both for composition and execution it is +superior to the larger cuts of the illustrated volumes. + +St. Paul the Hermit, and St. Remy, may be recognised by the bird which +is bringing them a ring. The M with a naked saint shows St. Macarius +in the desert, where for killing a gnat ‘nudus sex mensibus in deserto +mansit et inde a scabronibus totus laceratus exivit.’ The first letter, +with the saint kneeling down, and a soldier about to wield an immense +sword, is an F, for St. Fabian, and this subject with variations +recurs frequently, St. Longinus, St. Gregory, and many others being +so represented. In the B of St. Basil we see for the first time the +Father of Evil in the shape of a dog-faced monkey, so often depicted +both in the architecture and in book ornamentation of the period. He +is disputing with St. Basil about the kneeling child, but of course +gets the worst of the argument. The same B does for St. Benedict; the +A with two devils with hair standing on end is for St. Amandus. The +same initial does for St. Ambrosius. George of England is shown on +horseback with the slaughtered dragon. An S, with a number of people +lying down, is for the seven sleepers. In another S, what looks like +a crowd of students illustrates the section ‘De septem fratribus +qui fuerunt filii beati felicitatis’; St. Christine is looking at +what appears to be a house on fire. The M of St. Macarius recurs +to illustrate the nakedness of St. Mamertinus, who is left in that +condition by robbers, and the N of the Nativity does again for the +Nativity of the Virgin. + +The two medical saints, St. Cosmo and St. Damian, are shown together +as usual in a C, one of them holding in his hand a flask of special +shape. Of the remainder, the most interesting are the M of St. Michael +the Archangel, who is attacking with his sword a devil with horns and +a very pointed nose; St. Denis, who is carrying his head in his hand; +a P, for the ten thousand martyrs, two of whom are shown with swords +coming through their bodies from underneath, just as in one of the +Schott initials of Strasburg. In the initial for the eleven thousand +Virgins, one girl is about to be beheaded whilst two others are +looking on. St. Eustace is at his anvil, with fire and bellows in the +background. St. Martin is shown, with his cloak, on horseback, and St. +Elizabeth of Hungary with a castle in the background. The last with a +pictorial initial is St. Bernardinus, to whom the Virgin and Child are +appearing in a vision. + +There is another edition of the _Catalogus Sanctorum_ with only one +large introductory initial, but in which the different chapters are +preceded by little woodcuts. In one of these, which is repeated several +times, the saint is shown with an instrument for execution on the same +principle as the modern guillotine. Of Saccon’s many other alphabets +the two outline initials, two Q’s, one a monkey riding a monster, the +other an owl, five other letters with heads, and the little black +animal letters, must serve as examples. + +The L with two peasants looking at an angel in the clouds is to be +found in a Bible and on the title-page of a _Liber Cathonis_. + +An amusing little set comes from a printer whose name is unknown to +us, the book being entitled _Morale Reductorium Petri Berthorii_. The C +is probably a convent cellarer, whilst the N is a study in contemporary +costume, and remarkable for the number of details that have been +condensed into so small a space. + +The C with the Crucifixion is an example of the extraordinary +incongruity that is sometimes seen between ornaments and text. In a +book of devotions we sometimes meet with the most scabrous subjects; +here the reverse is the case, this reproduction, whatever may have been +its origin, being taken from a military treatise published by Jacques +Modernes, _Vallo, Du Faict de la Guerre et Art militaire_. The other +letters in the work are from worn-out blocks from the stock of Saccon. + +Although of later date than the majority of our reproductions, our +remaining initials are so frequently found in Lyons books that they are +representative, as it were, of Lyons ornamentation. + +There are several different-sized alphabets of philosophers, but the +one given is by far the best in execution. Our reproductions are as +good as possible, but the proofs in the original are of a greyish +colour which, taken together with the clear way in which they are +printed, is most ornamental. + +The mythological letters are from a book of Italian poetry, ‘Stampato +in Lione, per Jacopo Fabio. Appresso Bastiano di Bartholomeo Honorati, +1556,’ and, with the exception of the S, which is signed with the +initials H F (Hans Frank), the other letters are attributed to the +Petit Bernard. The three large _lettres parlantes_, D for Diana, etc., +are from Lyons impressions of about the same time. + + + + +CHAPTER XI + +PARIS + + +As with Lyons, the material upon which one could draw for Paris is +almost inexhaustible. Dibdin considers the initials of this town to be +the finest that can be found, and gives the letters of Josse Bade with +branches growing out of the heads of the personages as examples. As +regards book illustration, however, Paris was behind Lyons, where the +earliest attempts at decoration were made in 1478. + +The first book printed in Paris with ornamental letters was the _Vies +des Anciens Sainctz Pères of Dupré_, which appeared in 1486, that is +to say, eight years later. Mr. Pollard thinks that these initials, of +which there are only eight, five of which we reproduce, afforded the +first hint for the first calligraphic initials used for title-pages, +of which several have been given under Lyons. Dupré was one of the +printers who worked for Vérard, who was chiefly a publisher. An +alphabet of small calligraphic initials was frequently used in the +volumes printed for him by the Lerouges of Paris and Troyes, and is to +be found complete in the _Jardin de Santé_. Pen-letters, as they are +called, of this type, are of frequent occurrence in manuscripts. + +Of the large calligraphic initials a sufficient number of specimens +have been given under the heading of Lyons, and, as a rule, they are +more quaint than those used by Paris printers. + +The huge initials already spoken of in the _Mer des Hystoires_ are too +large for our _format_. In the same work is a serpentine S equally +out of proportion to this volume, an I with a picture of Christ, and +a P of similar size in the style of those that often occur in works +of Vérard, representing a scribe at work, and recalling the cuts so +often seen on the verso of title-pages. For these initials, which are +too large for reproduction in this volume, the reader is referred to +Claudin’s _History of French Printing_ and Monceau’s monograph on the +Lerouges. Of those more moderate in size, the January and May initial +on the title-pages of the _Doctrinal de Sapience_, the _Quinze Joyes +du mariage_, and many other works by Vérard, Trepperel, and Lenoir, +is the best known (see under Geneva). The _Livre du Faulcon_ has an +initial with two grotesque profiles, also very frequently met with on +other title-pages. This, together with the L with three monkeys, is +reproduced by Mr. Pollard in his _Early Illustrated Books_, to which +the reader is referred. + +Shortly before the end of the fifteenth century, in 1497, Bocard +published an edition of Robert Gaguin’s _De origine et gestis +Francorum_, with a few large grotesque initials, and a very pretty +one of the Virgin of the same size, as well as an alphabet of smaller +letters. The first leaf of this book begins with an initial which is +badly coloured in the only original at our disposal, but which is +interesting as forming at the same time an _ex-libris_. The letter in +question is an F, and in each of the segments (separated by the central +bar) is a scroll, in which an early owner of the volume had written his +name. + +In the _Nef de Santé et Condemnacion des Banquetz_ of Trepperel are +some other grotesques, found also in others of his publications. + +About the same time the use of ornamental initials was commenced by +Rembolt and Gering. Gering, who was one of the earliest German printers +to settle in Paris, published with his partner, in 1499, a book +entitled _Divi Augustini in sacras Pauli epistolas Interpretatio_, with +the large P, representing, no doubt, St. Augustine preaching to his +followers, which occurs at the beginning of almost every chapter, and a +number of smaller ones. + +It is in the smaller initials of Gering and Rembolt that we have some +of the best examples, as far as historiated letters are concerned, +of those compound animals so often met with in the ornamentation +of the fifteenth century. If we look at the records of antiquity, +such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, Roman medals and pottery, and other +artistic remains, it will be seen that from a very early time it was +considered humorous to represent animals carrying on the occupations +of men, or doing the duties of other animals. By a natural extension +of this idea, men were depicted in the roles of animals who had +usurped their supremacy, and who are represented as treating their +tyrant in the way that they themselves were accustomed to be treated. +Wright and Champfleury in their Histories of Caricature have given +numerous examples. In an Egyptian papyrus, a cat is seen walking +erect and driving a flock of geese, a fox is carrying a basket and +playing the flute, and the lion and the unicorn are playing at chess. +In a thirteenth-century tile, a rabbit going a-hunting is riding his +hereditary foe the dog, and in a manuscript of the fourteenth, a dog +with his paws tied is being conveyed in a cart drawn by two rabbits and +led by a third, towards a hill on which a gallows has been prepared for +him. In a carving of the same period, another example of ‘the world +turned upside down,’ four geese are shown hanging their old enemy the +fox. Roman statuettes still exist, in which the personages represented +are satirised by their heads being replaced by those of animals, such +as rats or wolves. + +These fancies, which are said to have come from Greece, led to the +creation of such beings as the Sphinx, the most celebrated of the +compound animals of antiquity, and later on to the Chimerae and Grylli, +which were the predecessors of the innumerable fantastic hybrids +that the imaginations of the artists of the Middle Ages called into +existence. These creatures have already been represented in our Lyons +initials. In one of Saccon’s letters there is a kind of armadillo +with a human head, and amongst the reproductions from the _Regimen +Sanitatis_ there are two copied from Gering and Rembolt originals, +which are also given. + +In these latter the R, with a monster with a neck ending in a human +head, is particularly noticeable, as it occurs frequently in the +borders of the same printers, and the Books of Hours of other presses. +It is to be remarked that the belief in the existence of these +unnatural monsters was quite general. Wright quotes Giraldus Cambrensis +as describing animals in Ireland, some half bulls, half men, others +half stags, half cows, others half monkeys, half dogs. The dog-faced +monkeys had always been worshipped in Egypt, and for this reason +possibly had become an object of suspicion to the mediæval clergy, who +made them figure as devils both in church architecture and manuscript +decoration. It is in this rôle that they are constantly represented in +woodcut initials. + +The following year the first edition of the _Cornucopia_ of Perottus +appeared, the first part of which has one of the larger initials on +every twentieth or thirtieth page. Towards the end of the volume they +become much more frequent; not only are they to be met with on every +page, but on some there are half a dozen or more. Another edition of +this work, which was often printed, was published by Rembolt in 1507, +mostly with the same initials, but the P with the Nativity was not used +in the second edition. + +The two armorial initials are from a French translation of the _History +of Denmark_ by Saxo Grammaticus, published by Josse Bade in 1514. +Besides these there are three others in the same style, a D, an I, +and a P. The D is like the N in general arrangement, but without the +supporters, and the legend ‘Arma regis Dacie’ is in scrolls with the +letters C. P. and C. L. In the I the central shield is suppressed, and +the shields are framed by banderolles with the legend: ‘Arma regis +Dacie Swecie Norvegie, sclavorum gottorumque anno domini MDXIIII.’ The +P is similar to the two others in being without supporters, and the +legend is slightly modified: ‘Arma regis Dacie Swecie Norvegie.’ These +initials were particularly admired by Dibdin, who calls attention to +their beauty. + +Amongst the publications of Trepperel are several editions of the +_Jardin de Santé_, which, in the Latin _Hortus Sanitatis_, is a thick +folio dealing first with birds, beasts, and fishes, and finishing +with an alphabetical account of medicinal plants, and finally stones +(minerals). A treatise, _De urinis_, completes the whole. + +Vérard’s edition already mentioned was of the same proportions, but +Trepperel published his as an octavo on plants only. The initials are +not always well printed, rather the reverse. The best are given in our +illustrations. A few of these letters are to be found in a small folio +with woodcuts, entitled _Les œuvres de Justin, vray hystoriographe sur +les faictz et gestes de Troge Pompee_, etc. etc., in much better proof. +In this same book is the L with a harpy, which, together with the M, +the only other letter of the kind we have seen, is to be frequently +met with in the _Chroniques de France_ and in a great many other books +by Philippe Lenoir, finally in a Paris _Missale Carthusiense_. The +two letters with children, inspired by Venetian initials, with the +linear R of the same size and the big ‘philosophus’ Q, are taken from +a work on the Logic of Aristotle by Jacobus Stapulensis, published +by H. Estienne in 1510. In other works the same initial occurs, but +the word ‘philosophus’ is replaced by ‘Aristoteles,’ or by some other +philosopher’s name. We have met with several varieties. The smaller +letters are to be found also in books printed by J. Petit, H. Estienne, +and Josse Bade. + +It may be here observed that the Paris printers had quite a specialty +for missals, and in some of them initial letters of the most +varied origin are mixed together. In one of them, the _Missale ad +consuetudinem insignis ecclesie Parisiensis_, by Wolfgang Hopyl, in +1504, the initials belong to different alphabets. The best are the A +(Annunciation), the P (Nativity), another P (the Circumcision), an E +(visit of the wise men), S (Pentecost), C (a priest saying mass), and +when the proofs are perfect it would be difficult to imagine anything +more effective. But the handsomest set is in the _Missale Leodiense_, +also printed by Wolfgang Hopyl, in 1513. These initials are used in +other missals, but are here in their best condition. Some of them +are to be found in the 1526 edition of the Liége missal by Marnef and +Hopyl, and again in the _Missel de Chartres_ of Kerver, 1529. + +In most works of this kind the subjects of the _histoires_ are of a +Biblical nature, particularly incidents in the lives of the saints, +although relieved sometimes by a touch of the grotesque. + +In other missals the grotesque reigns supreme, showing how intimately +it was associated with the idea of Church Art, as is well seen in the +beautiful Books of Hours by Philippe Pigouchet and others, in which the +borders are a mixture of the grotesque and the macabre. + +One of the books most frequently reprinted at this period was the +_Propriétaire_, the translation of the work of Bartolomæus de +Glanville, _De proprietatibus rerum_, which was the book on which +Caxton worked at Cologne. It is a kind of general encyclopædia, +beginning with a disquisition on the Trinity, and ending with a chapter +on Astrology. It is from this work that we have reproduced the twelve +letters, amongst others the Q with a bagpiper, and an L representing a +person in a fool’s cap giving a baby pap. These occur in a great many +other works of Philippe Lenoir. + +In the treatise ‘On Men and Women,’ the different sections are preceded +by initials which correspond to the signs of the Zodiac, as in the +Lyons copy, of which we have given specimens. But in the Paris edition, +curiously enough, the first two sections, Aries and Taurus, have no +initials, although ornamental letters with a ram and bull respectively, +and entirely inappropriate anywhere else, are to be found in other +books published by this printer, such as the _Chroniques de France_ and +the _Saint Graal_. + +The two large initials, one of them with a portrait, formed part of the +alphabet of Vascosan, used in, amongst other books, the work of Oronce +Fine, or Finée, as he is variously called. The vignette of the O is +said to be his portrait. It is authenticated by the initials O. F. + +Josse Bade has some large initials in the Venetian style, with +intertwisting bands and no historiation, generally described in +book catalogues as ‘magnificent ornamental letters.’ We admit to a +predilection for initials with personages, and prefer to give here some +of the smaller set, sometimes printed in red in the original, which +particularly excited Dibdin’s admiration, and which are graceful, even +when not historiated. They are to be found in a great many of this +printer’s productions, as well as in those of Simon de Colines and +others. + +The missal letters of two sizes, beginning with an A representing the +Trinity, are considered by experts to have been designed by Geoffroy +Tory or members of his school. They form part of a fragment consisting +of eight or nine pictorial pages, such as are to be met with in the +missals. Several have the Crucifixion surrounded by an ornamental +border, in one of which is the mark of Tory’s _atelier_--the cross of +Lorraine. On these leaves, which have not been identified--they were +perhaps only proof-sheets--the letters did not serve as initials, but +were placed end to end, to form a compartment border. + +In two instances where initials were used at the beginning of the text, +they came from an alphabet of one of the missals given above. + +The smaller of the two remaining sets, with the little D dated 1526, +was used in the publications of Simon de Colines and others. + +A similar initial used by Chevallon at the beginning of a treatise of +diseases of women by Hippocrates is dated 1524, but after 1545 the date +is replaced by the letters C. G., the initials of Chevallon’s widow, +Charlotte Guiard. + +In a large folio edition published by Chevallon in 1528 of the _Digesta +seu Pandectae Juris Civilis_, most of the initials are too badly +printed for reproduction. One of them, however, is of good impression, +and besides that is supremely interesting, as it forms a little picture +representing a scene from one of the xylographic _Ars Moriendi_. It is +the only letter of the kind we know, and this is the only time we have +met with it. In the original the initial is of the smaller dimension, +but it is so interesting that we have had it enlarged. In the block +books, scrolls are generally seen emerging from the mouths of the +devils, with the suggestions printed on them by which they attempt +to turn aside the dying soul from thoughts of piety. This miniature +composition is too small for such insertions, but the attitude of the +arch fiend shows that he is ready to seize any opportunity that may +present itself. + +There are a great many more alphabets of Paris printers that we should +have liked to reproduce, had it been possible to multiply our examples +indefinitely--amongst them that of Kerver, of which we give the C with +a knight in armour. The three others, B, C, and L, are coarse copies of +Kerver letters used in England, these being taken from a medical work +by Bullein. Of the next three, the L with a saint is a copy of the same +letter of Rembolt, the two others from Philip le Noir both recurring +frequently in his impressions. + +The P with a master and pupils is from the press of N. de la Barre. + +The three little pen letters are from the same source. + +We cannot bring this short selection of Parisian letters to a close +without mentioning the Royal letters designed by Geoffroy Tory and +used by Robert Estienne in a Bible and in other books after 1536. +Independently of the accessory ornamentation, the letters themselves +have since served as models of proportion. + + + + +CHAPTER XII + +FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOWNS + + +Of provincial French towns after Lyons the most important as regards +the history of printing are Troyes and Rouen. In the former the chief +printers using initial letters were the Lerouges and J. Lecoq. The five +large letters, C, C, D, L, S, with Chinese-looking dragons and birds, +together with the B of an entirely different character representing +David and his harp, no doubt the initial letter of some Psalter, were +used in the impressions of the Lerouges, and were taken from one of +their finest books, _La thoison d’or_. + +These printers worked for Paris publishers, particularly for Vérard, +and the calligraphic alphabet of the latter, given above, formed part +of their material. + +Of Lecoq we give two sets. The specimens, with grotesque profiles, are +from a monumental _Graduale Trecense_ in which there are altogether +between twenty and thirty different varieties, from the _Vie de +Monseigneur St. Bernard_, printed for Macé Panthoul, and from a +_Statuta synodalia_ of the ‘State and Diocese of Troyes,’ printed by +order of the Reverend Bishop Odard Hennequin. The I, the Q with a +fool and his accoutrements, the S with a profile on each side and a +bird’s head and upper beak above, the larger F and the V also with two +profiles and a face with porcine snout on the top, are only to be found +in the _Statuta Synodalia_. + +It may be here observed that it has been our constant practice to +reproduce our specimens exactly as they appear in the original, in +order to give them the documentary interest that they lose when +retouched. In this case these initials were too badly daubed over with +paint for gillotype reproduction, and the first nine were obtained by +photographing on wood and then engraving. They are good facsimiles of +the originals, but without what may be called their _patine_. It was +subsequently ascertained that the colour in most instances was easily +removable, and the other five letters were copied in the usual way. The +reader can compare the results of the two processes. + +The smaller alphabet, engraved also on wood, is complete in the _Vie +de Monseigneur St. Bernard_, but occasional letters are to be met with +in many of Lecoq’s later impressions. Amongst these may be mentioned +an excessively rare little Latin primer on the plan of the Donatus, +with Lecoq’s _marque parlante_ on the title-page, and with the E of +this alphabet at the beginning of the title, which runs as follows: +_Epithoma sive breviarium octo partium orationis gramaticalis adiectis +grãmatice principiis ad completam grammaticam introductoriũ_. + +Rouen was an important centre of printing at the beginning of the +sixteenth century, a great many publishers in other towns and countries +having the works which they edited printed in this city. This was +often the case with books apparently of Caen. We shall have to +speak of a _Histoire de Commines_, supposed to have been printed at +Paris, but really printed at Rouen. The earliest work from which we +have made reproductions is an exposition of the Psalms by Petrus de +Harentals, with a very long title beginning _Psalterii expositio Petri +de Harentals viri religione clarissimi_, etc.; at the end ‘Impressum +in officina Laurentii Hostingue et Jameti Loys,’ 1504. It is stated, +moreover, to be sold at Paris by J. Petit and Robert Macé, the large +mark of the latter occupying the verso of the last leaf. From this book +the series of letters with heads, curious little animals, and compound +monstrosities are taken. The large P with a man holding up his hand is +on the title-page. In another volume, the _Singularissimum et eximium +opus universis mortalibus sacratissimi ordinis Seraphici patris nostri +francisci_, etc., printed by Martin Morin in 1509, are the I with two +dragons, the H corresponding to it, and the second H with a woman in a +Norman bonnet such as the peasants wear to this day. + +The only remaining initial we have met with of this style and size, +the P with a man with a pointed cap and tassel, is to be found on the +first page of the text of a _Coustumier de Normandie_, belonging to Mr. +Quaritch. + +The large calligraphic M with the arms of Normandy adorns the +title-page of the missal of Arras, _Missale Atrebatense_, and also +that of the _Missale Noviomense_ of 1506, both of which were printed +by Martin Morin, and the twelve initials in red comprise most of the +ornamental letters distributed through the two volumes. There are +also some grotesque lettrines similar to those found in many Rouen +impressions, and such as have been given from the Psalterium of +Harentals. + +Another large calligraphic initial, and nine smaller ones, are from a +Rouen edition of the _Propriétaire_, printed for Francis Regnault by +Jacques le Forestier, which, unlike the Lyons and Paris editions of the +same date, 1520-30, is without the series of twelve Zodiac letters that +precedes the paragraphs of the little treatise ‘On Men and Women’ at +the end of the volume. + +The three smaller initials of the same size, A, B (David and his harp), +and R, the two somewhat larger--a D with a compound animal with a +long snaky neck, and a P with a grotesque, together with the P with +a schoolmaster armed with his birch and about to operate, are from +another edition of the _Coustumier de Normandie_ of 1523. + +The A, surmounted by a crown with a saint below, with the D, a swan, +and the S with two animals, are met with also in other books, but were +reproduced from the _Opera Guilelmi Monachi Valladii_, without name of +printer or date, but printed at Rouen by Hostingue in 1505. The M is +the same as in the missals of M. Morin, and there is the same P as in +Harentals’ Psalter, but in very bad proofs. + +Our last specimens are from the alphabet of Jacques Forestier, or +rather of Jacques le Gentil. Most of the letters are to be found in +a 1525 edition of _Commines_ which had always, on the authority of +Brunet, passed for having been printed at Paris. Claudin, however, +noticed that the verso of the last page had the arms of Rouen and the +mark of Jacques Forestier, and the recto says ‘Imprimé par J. G.’ This +J. G. was Jacques le Gentil, son-in-law to J. Forestier, to whose +business he succeeded, using for a time his father-in-law’s mark. + +In the _Commines_ there are sixteen different initials, but neither of +the two with profiles, D and G. These, with some of the others, are to +be found in the _Grand Coustumier du Pays et Duché de Normandie_ of +1523, already mentioned, and in a book entitled _Divi Gregorii Magni +et ecclesie doctoris precipua opera_, printed at Rouen in 1521 at the +expense of that most honest man and most famous bookseller, Francis +Regnault of Paris. + +From a typographical point of view Avignon is interesting on account +of the claim that has been made for it as the birthplace of printing +by the Abbé Requin. This is based upon notarial records of 1444, but +the invention, in the opinion of the late M. Claudin, was in reality a +primitive form of typewriting. + +The chief printer there at the beginning of the sixteenth century was +Jean de Chauny, and our specimens of initials are from two volumes +printed by him for Jehan François de Saint Nazaire, otherwise called +De Ripa. The first is a small quarto with a curious ornamental +title-page, _De Peste libri tres_, dedicated by the ‘celeberrimus +atque acutissimus’ author to the citizens of Avignon; the other, +_Interpretationum et responsorum acutissimi atque clarissimi +jurisconsulti dōmi Joan francisci de Sancto Nazario cognomento de Ripa +libri tres_, is a very large quarto printed in 1527. Like most books +of the kind, both volumes commence by complimentary verses, the carmen +‘Jacobi Meigroni Novensis, ad studiosos legum juvenes,’ being a good +specimen of the punning panegyric of the period. + +In a similar composition mentioned under the heading ‘Sienna,’ Dathus +is preferred to Cicero. According to Meigronus, De Ripa is more +reliable than the Delphic oracle. + +Of the larger Avignon initials two only occur in the larger volume, the +F reproduced in the text at the beginning of the privilege, and an S at +the beginning of the third book, which is somewhat imperfectly printed. +The smaller letters are much more numerous, especially in the _Libri +Interpretationum et responsorum_. + +A very important work[33] has been devoted to the early printing of +Poitiers, one volume of which consists chiefly of facsimiles. As a rule +the initials are devoid of interest, but there is a large grotesque +L from a _Costumier de Poitou_ printed by J. de Marnef, a P from a +missal, and a few with human faces, such as the one that we reproduce. + + [33] _Monuments de l’Imprimerie à Poitiers_, par A. Claudin. + +Later in the century a legal work was published with a nearly complete +alphabet representing the different occurrences that might happen to an +accused person, such as the stocks and the rack. They are, however, as +a rule, too poorly printed, and the copies we have seen are not worth +reproducing. + +In books printed at other French towns we have discovered but few +initials. There is a large but uninteresting one at the beginning of a +Chambéry edition of the _Roy Modus_. + +On the only leaf that has come down to the present time of a Limoges +missal, and which forms the subject of a memoir by M. Claudin, is an R, +with the Resurrection. + +In an early Albi edition of Æsop, with cuts, in what is called the +_manière éraillée_, which look as if executed by scratching the block +with a rusty nail, there are some initials of which the N will give an +idea of the _éraillée_ manner. In a later tract, _La vie et légende de +Mme. Ste. Petroine_, there is an A, which may possibly have been used +first for a missal. + +In the chapter about Basle, mention has been made of an alphabet which +is nearly complete, used by Furter in his _Liber Decretorum sive +Panormia_, and which also occurs in a much rarer book without date or +printer’s name, the _Decreta Consilii Basiliensis_. This alphabet, it +now seems, was used in 1488, at Besançon, in the _Speculum Humanae +Vitae_ of Rodoricus Zamorensis. Sotheby, in his _Typography of the +Fifteenth Century_, has given a reproduction of one of the pages on +which there is the very characteristic serpentine S, which is here +given with the T and the V. + +Printers in the other towns would seem to have been supplied with the +worn-out initials of the Rouen and Lyons presses. + +In the few books with ornaments printed at Caen, Rouen letters are +found; whilst in those published in the south of France, there are +chiefly the floral initials from the presses of Saccon, De Vingle, and +other Lyons printers. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII + +SPANISH TOWNS + + +‘Spanish books,’ says Mr. Pollard, ‘are distinguished by the excellence +of their initial letters, which are always as plentiful as they are +good, the great majority of books after 1485 being fully provided with +them.’ + +Our own experience confirms this statement, but we have found that they +are as a rule ornamental rather than historiated, and that there is, +moreover, a certain sameness about them. + +For this reason we shall only give six specimens of the first variety, +but these will serve to give an idea of the initials of this kind +usually met with in Spanish books. The C and the M are taken from +a volume printed by G. Castilla at Valencia, the E from a _Comento +di Eusebio_, printed in 1522 by order of the Reverend Archbishop of +Toledo, at the noble town of Salamanca, by Hans Gyffer Aleman di +Silgenstat. The origin of the three others, L, P, U, is uncertain, but +is referred to further on. The seven smaller initials, or ‘lettrines,’ +as they are called, are taken from the Eusebius. + +Our historiated specimens are much more numerous. The first set of nine +letters is taken from a work of the very greatest rarity, to which +Mr. Pollard has called attention, the _Compilacion de Leyes_, printed +at Zamora in 1485. This consists of eight different sections and a +preface, each of which is preceded by one of the initials. + +In the I, which is the first in the book and precedes the preface, +there is amongst others a personage with a black rod, probably +symbolising the dignity of the Court. On the first page of the text +is a P with the King and Queen, Ferdinand and Isabella. ‘The first +section of the laws,’ says Mr. Pollard, ‘treating of the _Santa Fé_, +has an initial E showing God the Father upholding the Crucified Christ; +the second section sets forth the duty of the King to hear causes two +days a week, and begins with an L in which he is unpleasantly closely +pressed by the litigants. Two knights spurring from the different sides +of an S head the laws of chivalry; a canonist and his scholars in A +preside over matrimony; money-changers in a D over commerce; while a +luckless wretch being hanged in the centre of a T warns evil-doers what +they may expect under the criminal law.’ + +We may add that in the other E there is a representation of what is +probably a prison. Unfortunately, the proofs of these initials in the +British Museum copy, from which we have reproduced them, are most +defective. As Mr. Pollard says, ‘They must have been designed and +executed by clever artists whose work is so fine that the printer +in most instances has failed to do justice to it.’ In some of these +letters there is in parts only the faintest impression of the design, +and it has been necessary in this case to have them retouched. + +Of our other historiated specimens, some have been reproduced from a +collection of initials, some photographed by ourselves, and some are +from books no longer at our disposal, and not having been able to refer +always to the volumes from which they were taken, we give some of their +origins _sous toutes réserves_. + +Such is the case with the E and P with Biblical scenes, which, +notwithstanding the nature of the subjects, come from a medical book, +with another pair of initials with Biblical scenes A and E, the P with +a portrait, and the three ornamental letters of the same kind, L, P, +U, given above. We can only say that the two first and three last come +from one or other of the following books:-- + +The _Epilogo en Medicina y en cirurgia conveniente a la Salud_, +Pampelune, 1495; the _Libro di Medicina llamado_, etc., Cromberger, +Seville, 1517; and the _Medicina y cirurgia_ of Burgos, 1495. + +The large E with the initials S. M. (St. Mark) is from a book printed +by Juan de Varila at Seville; the G by J. Alvera of Coimbra. Of the +five others, the S and the T each representing the Almighty, the L with +a child on a branched groundwork, and the A and U of the same size with +saints, we can only affirm the Spanish origin, without being able to +give fuller particulars. + +The large P with a scribe at his desk is in the Eusebius of Salamanca +already mentioned, the only historiated initial in the four large +volumes. + +The A with a king kneeling, the N with a doctor exhorting a student, +and the T, are from two books printed in the same type, but only one of +them has the name of a printer. This, the _Libellus de beneficiis in +curia vacantibus_, from which the N is taken, was printed at the most +noble and loyal city of Seville by Jacob Cromberger, in 1512. The two +others are from a work with a long title beginning _Clarissimi cesarei +juris doctor ac in studio Salmantino primarii regentis Didaca de Segura +solemnis et elegantissima repetitio_. It is curious as containing a +warning on the title-page to dishonest booksellers and printers against +infringing the author’s rights: _Cautum est a Serenissimis principibus +nostris ut nemo avidus Bibliopola nec quicunque alius audeat imprimere +sub poena in privilegio contenta_. + +The four letters from an alphabet of Death occur in several books +printed in the town of Stella. According to different authorities, +Stella corresponds to what is now known as Estella. Deschamps says +‘Voyez Flavonia,’ and under this heading ‘Flavonia (Merula Cosmograph). +Compostella (Mariana) Santiago di Compostella. St. Jacques di +Compostella, town of Spain in the dependence of La Carogne (Galacie).’ +This information is not very explicit, but it is supplemented by +the statement that Stella was celebrated amongst other things by a +book published in 1693 against the abuse of _escatados_, that is +the fashion amongst ladies of cutting their dresses low between the +shoulders. + +The alphabet of which the E, F, N, and V form part, is a copy not of +Holbein’s alphabet of Death, but of the little pictures that illustrate +his _Simulachres_ or _faces historiées de la Mort_. Some of them +occur in a book entitled _Series totius historiae sacri Evangelii +autore Petro Trurozqui Navarro_ (Stellae, Adrian Anverez, 1557), which +contains also most of the letters of an alphabet copied from the +Biblical series of Froshover of Zurich, mentioned in its place. + +Another book without printer’s name, but dated 1555, in which they +occur, merits from us a more particular description, inasmuch as +it consists almost entirely of initial letters. The title of this +typographical curiosity is _Libro Sotilissimo y provechoso para +deprender a escrevir y contar el qual lleva la misma orden que lleva +un maestro con su discipulo en que estan puestas las cinco reglas mas +principales de guarismo y otras cosas sotiles y prouechosas_. Each page +of the little volume is surrounded by a woodcut border. On the verso of +the title, the notice to the reader begins with the M of the Dance of +Death alphabet. The two succeeding pages have little pictures of the +saints. + +On the verso of the fourth page begins the same Biblical alphabet as +in the other volume, the first letter, A, representing Eve and the +tempter with the Tree of Knowledge, the alphabet, the letters of which +are used as illustrative cuts and not as initials, being continued one +letter per page with about five lines of text underneath; B (Abraham), +C (Jacob), D (David), E (Absalom), and so on. When the Biblical +alphabet is finished, the Dance of Death letters take its place, two +on a page with a _cul de lampe_ underneath the border, but no text. +They are twenty-three in number, occupying twelve pages, the last being +accompanied by the A (Eve and the Tree of Life) of the other series. + +Then come the remaining letters of the first alphabet, this time two by +two, one under the other, without any text, but with a woodcut border. +The last page but one has two little cuts of saints on each side, the +last one having four still smaller on the recto which entirely fill it, +but nothing on the verso. + +In the language of typography the town of Alcala de Henares was styled +Complutum, and one of its chief printers was Arnaldus Guilelmus +Brocart, who, before coming here, had been established at Pampeluna, +where he printed, amongst others, liturgical works. + +The two large linear initials are taken from a book of this kind, the +_Passionarium cum Lamentationibus Jeremie atque Benedictione cerei +Paschalis_, published in 1516. They are the only letters of the size +in the volume, the P recurring thrice. There are some smaller initials +in the same style, but not of much interest, besides a number of the +pen-letters with more or less grotesque profiles in the style, although +coarser, of the alphabet of Vérard. + + + + +CHAPTER XIV + +EARLY DUTCH INITIALS + + +The early typography of the Low Countries has been made the subject of +a most interesting monograph by J. W. Holtrop, chief librarian at the +Hague, _Monuments Typographiques des Pays-Bas au Quinzième Siècle_, and +it is from this work that we have reproduced most of the initials in +this section. + +The first specimen given by Holtrop is the G of the _Fasciculus +Temporum_, printed at Utrecht by J. Veldener in 1480--an immense +initial more than eight centimetres square. The page is surrounded by a +folio-floral border in the same style. It has also been reproduced by +Bodemann. + +In the _Summa Experimentorum sive Thesaurus Pauperum_ of Thierry +Martens, who printed at Alost and afterwards at Antwerp, is the large A +with a profile. + +Passing over the initials of Ludovicus de Ravescot of Louvain, the next +printer mentioned by Holtrop is G. Leeu of Gouda, who published in 1481 +a _Dyalogus Creaturarum_ with illustrative cuts, a very black S, not +unlike the large one reproduced, and an ornamental border. + +The thirteen smaller initials of the same type are from an impression +by Godfrid de Os of Gouda, and furnished Caxton, who copied from +different continental sources, with the models of some of his initials. +Mr. W. Blades, in his _Biography and Typography of W. Caxton_, gives +a plate of woodcut initials from Caxton’s books, two of which are of +French origin--Dupré and Vérard--the A of the _Order of Chivalry_, +Italian in style, whilst an O with a grotesque face is the Q given in +our series with the tail cut off. There is also an H with a profile on +the left, evidently inspired by the P given here. + +Of our remaining reproductions, the large S is to be found in books +published by Jacob van der Meer of Delft. The P of nearly the same +size belongs to a series of five large initials which comprises also +the profile A, already mentioned, of Thierry Martens. These letters, +together with a smaller alphabet in the style of the letters of Godfrid +de Os, are to be found in editions of G. Leeu at Antwerp, as is also +the D of pine-cone pattern copied from the alphabet of Israel von +Mecken. The large initial with a portrait, which is said by Holtrop to +be that of Philip le Bel, is by Godfrid Back of Antwerp. + +The P representing the miracle of St. Veronica is to be found in a +book by an unknown printer of Schiedam, _Johannis Brugman Vita almae +virginis Lydwinae Sciedammitae_. The G given here with the same +subject is evidently copied from this letter, and ornaments a leaf of +an early black-letter English prayer-book, found in the binding of a +sixteenth-century volume. + +Louvain initials of any interest are extremely rare, and the only +historiated one that we have seen is an N of a fifteenth-century +missal, all the other capitals of which are painted by hand. + +The calligraphic G and the H, both with grotesque profiles, are early +specimens of initials of Antwerp from the title-pages of books. The G +is from a Belial, _circa_ 1500, the H from a small Leyden tract of the +same date. + + + + +CHAPTER XV + +LATER GERMAN INITIALS + + +Hitherto we have devoted each chapter to special towns and their +printers. In this, the final one, we shall deal with German initials +that have not found a place elsewhere. Before, however, proceeding to +their enumeration, we wish it to be understood that if certain towns +or presses have not been given, it is because we have not wished to +go beyond a certain limit. And for this reason we have preferred +using the documents at our disposal to reproducing specimens of these +presses from other sources. Were it otherwise, and had this _recueil_ +of initials been intended to be entirely representative, we should have +considered it necessary to give specimens of the large letters used by +Johann Scheffer in his Livy, of those designed by Cranach for Luft of +Wittemberg, and of those used by Kobel of Oppenheim and of many others. + +It should be said, moreover, that the greater number of what may be +termed representative alphabets--those that occur most frequently in +the publications of the time--have been already reproduced in works on +Renaissance book ornamentation, whereas our initials have been selected +because less generally met with, and consequently less known. + +We have already given specimens of initials printed in red, which +nearly always are found in missals; the three following are taken +from the Missal of Spires, printed at the expense of that honest +‘dominus Peter Drach,’ and dated 1500. In the copy of the _Bibliothèque +Nationale_ there is a fine engraving, before the Canon, of the +Crucifixion with the date 1516, but these pictures were often added +afterwards. + +Although a comparatively small town, Hagenau towards the end of the +first quarter of the sixteenth century had become an important printing +centre, two printers at least making use of typographical ornaments. +Those used by Heinrich Gran are not of the very first merit, as can be +seen by reference to Butsch, who reproduces one of his title-pages. +Thomas Anselm de Bade, on the contrary, has title-pages and initials +from two different sources of the very greatest interest, as our +reproductions show. + +The nine very large letters, with the very much smaller E, are met with +in several missals published after 1518, the most important of which +is known as the Benedictine Missal, the _Missale Bursfeldense. Missale +denuo diligentissime castigatum et revisum ordinis sancti Benedicti +reformatorum nigrorum Monachorum Bursfeldensium._ As the reader can +see, they differ in character from those found in any other missal, and +have been attributed to Hans Baldung Grün, who also designed Anselm’s +printer’s mark. + +Nothing can be more charming than the little E with the children which +commences so appropriately the verse beginning _Ex ore infantium_, and +which gives still another example of the alliance so frequently met +with between the serious and the grotesque. There is another set of +initials in the same style, slightly smaller, in which the incidents on +the T are reversed, the sacrifice of Abraham being on the left. They +are to be found in the Strasburg Missal of Hagenau of 1518. + +Another very good Hagenau series is the children’s alphabet used by the +same Thomas Anselm in his _Plinius_ of 1520, and said by Weigel in his +_Altdeutsches Holzschnittalphabet_ to have been designed by the elder +Heinrich Vogtherr. It is on a somewhat smaller scale than the Dürer +alphabet, and about the same size as that of Urs Graf. Artistically it +occupies a middle place between the two. + +These letters, which nearly form a complete series, were almost at once +copied by Franc Birckmann of Cologne, the only difference being that +the M and the R are on a black instead of a white ground, as in the +Hagenau original. + +Some of the letters were used in books published by Lucas Alantius of +Vienna. + +In the M, which is reproduced from a Vienna copy, there are some +further modifications. The shield under the child’s left arm has been +added, and there would appear to be a monogram between the pendent +grapes and tassel not in the original. + +The five letters, C, E, I, M, and O, the last representing the Massacre +of the Innocents, belong to a collection where they are classed as +coming from the missal of Magdeburg, which we have not been able to +verify. They are said to be the only ones in the volume of this size, +and are accompanied by a small ornamental series in the style of +Cranach, who may very likely have designed the larger letters. + +In the missal of Posen (_Posnaniense_) of 1524 there are only five +ornamental letters, of which three are given, the T being a picture of +the cathedral of the town as it was at the time. + +The two Apocalyptic initials are typical specimens of the style of +Cranach, and come from the _Missale Evangeliare_ of Luther, printed by +Lufft of Wittemberg in 1525. + +We have mentioned above the alphabet of Cranach which is given by +Butsch in his _Bücher-Ornamentik_. There are several smaller alphabets +in the same style, in one of which is an initial representing a donkey +sitting up with spectacles, no doubt a satire on the doctors of the +church with whom Cranach had often to do. Wittemberg was one of the +chief centres of the Lutheran controversy, and inundated Europe +with tracts on the subject. A great many of these have ornamental +title-pages, many of which were designed by Cranach in a style quite +different from his initials. Those with children, which equal anything +of the period, are particularly charming. + +Nothing could be more fantastic than the subjects in the series of +initials, seven or eight altogether, of which the C, L, and T are +specimens. What, however, they mean exactly we do not pretend to say. +In the T there are apparently two Satyrs dancing a saraband, but +the personage in the C would appear rather to be one of those weird +creations that grow out of foliage under the pencil of the artist. + +These letters are to be found no doubt in other publications of the +same press, but those given here were taken from the _Elegantiae_ of +Laurentius Valla, printed in 1522 by Lazarus Schurer of Schlestadt. +The complete series is known as the alphabet of Pilgrim ‘le maître aux +Bourdons,’ Waechstein. Besides the C, L, and the T there are seven +others in the _Elegantiae_; an H with a lion’s head, an I, two winged +children; P and Q each with a child, R and S in the same style as the +C, the latter having the head of a fantastic animal. There is also a +smaller D with an extraordinary kind of winged satyr, and a Q with a +couple of children. + +Chronologically, we should have mentioned before the _Missale +Pataviense_ of Vienna, printed by J. Winterberger in 1512, which has +initials of several dimensions, but most of them too indistinct for +reproduction. Those chosen, C, P, S, T, are the best of the smaller +series. + +We have described in their proper places the Psalters of Ratdolt of +1499; of Furter of 1501-3; and of Knoblouch ten years later, all of +them exactly uniform in size and arrangement, the two latter with +German commentary framing the text. In all of these, ornamental +initials are used occasionally, those in the two first-named volumes +having exactly the same historiation, whilst in the Strasburg Psalter +they are simply ornamental. The Psalter of Metz, printed by Caspar +Hochffeder in 1513, is on the same general plan, but without any +woodcut initials in the body of the volume; on the title-page, however, +is the P given here, which is the only initial of this origin that we +have been able to discover. + +The four initials, comprising an O with the portrait in costume of a +young girl, an outline T representing a money-changer’s office, and two +others, are from a Pogge by Knoblouch, who printed several works of +this author. + +We have already had occasion to remark about the incongruity between +certain books and the initials that embellish them, and the two D’s, +one with a personage magnificently costumed, the other with a mandoline +player, afford another example of this peculiarity. The volume from +which they are taken is the Magdeburg Bible of 1542, printed by H. +Walther. In this edition the different books of Scripture are preceded +by initials of the same size as the reproductions, but nearly always +with Biblical subjects corresponding to the text that is to follow. In +Genesis, Adam and Eve are being chased by an angel with flaming sword +from Paradise, and so on. The chapters of the books begin by smaller +initials, with children romping and playing, in one letter torturing +a cat, in another fighting a cock; whilst in a third a child is armed +with a pewter squirt, apparently in no way different to the squirt of +fifty years ago. Besides initials, this Bible is embellished with cuts, +in some of which German castles of the fifteenth century serve as a +background to Biblical scenes, and Jews and infidels sometimes wear +costumes of the same period. + +Scheffer’s large ornamental letters have been mentioned at the +beginning of this chapter. In 1518 he was using a small alphabet in +some of his publications, and a few initials of intermediate size, four +of which are given by Butsch. There is an A with a naked woman sitting +on the ground, two C’s with children, and an S, also with children, +one of whom is playing on a kind of horn. The B, reproduced in the +same style, not given by Butsch, is less frequently met with, Latin +paragraphs rarely beginning with this initial. + +Ingoldstadt is known to bibliographers chiefly by the _Astronomicon +Cesareum_ of 1540, a folio volume with movable astronomical diagrams. +On the verso of the title are the arms of Charles V. and Ferdinand, +to whom the book is dedicated. The last page is entirely covered +by the arms of the printer, P. Apianus, which serve as his mark. +Throughout the volume are the geometrical initials designed by +Michael Ostendorfer, of which we give the best specimens, some of +them occurring only once, others two, three, and four times, the C +occurring on ten occasions. There are twenty-two different letters in +all, including a Greek Φ. + +Another smaller alphabet of children occurs chiefly towards the end, +to which set belongs a compound double initial, much wider than it is +tall, which contains the letters Q, U. Besides these, there are four +I’s with the four Evangelists, each one with his special symbol. + +Although undoubtedly a pictorial initial, the C with which we terminate +our German selection is not reproduced from a book, but was taken from +a document of which we have seen several copies, a licence to marry +within prohibited degrees. In this document the body of the text is +printed in ordinary black-letter characters, with blanks for the names +of the persons wishing to contract marriage. Above the text is a line +of ornamental ‘bullatic’ letters, as they are termed, preceded by the +C here given, which form together the word ‘Collegium,’ the meaning +of the historiation being no doubt that St. Peter with his key has +delegated his power to open the Paradise of Matrimony. + + + + +CHAPTER XVI + +ENGLISH INITIALS + + +With very few exceptions the decorative and pictorial initials +reproduced from foreign books on the preceding pages have been chosen +from works printed before 1525, and in most cases before 1500. In +Germany, Italy, France, and the Netherlands, schools of cutters +and engravers in wood and soft metal with strongly marked local +characteristics came into existence before 1490--in Germany some twenty +years earlier--and during the last decade of the century numerous +finely illustrated books were issued from the chief continental +presses. The good work of one country or town might be imitated, +slavishly or freely, in another; here and there also the work produced +was quaintly or stupidly bad, and good designs were often spoilt by +clumsy cutting. But despite all such individual failures, there was +abundance of originality and executive skill, and this is true also, +though in a less degree, of Switzerland and Spain. When we turn our +eyes homewards, we find a totally different state of affairs. The few +English illustrated books of the period with which this monograph +is mainly concerned have been divided by specialists into three +groups:[34] those with cuts borrowed outright from the Netherlands +or France (_e.g._ Caxton’s Horae cuts, the illustrations in Pynson’s +edition of Lydgate’s _Falls of Princes_, etc.); those slavishly +copied, mostly, but not always, very badly, from foreign originals +(_e.g._ Caxton’s _Aesop_, the editions of the _Castell of Labour_, +_Art of Good Living and Good Dyeing_, the _Ship of Fools_, and most +of the odd single cuts); lastly, a scanty residue of native origin, +illustrating books like the _Canterbury Tales_ or _Morte d’Arthur_, +for which no foreign models could be found. Some of these are almost +incredibly bad, others merely wooden, a very few, like the cut to +Fisher’s funeral sermon for Henry VII., fairly neat. But, again +speaking generally, it is evident that English printers could enlist +the services of no designers of any skill and of few woodcutters able +to rival the average journeyman-work in foreign books. + + [34] Consult an extremely interesting paper on this subject, + ‘Initial Letters in Early English Printed Books,’ by Charles Sayle. + _Bibliographical Society’s Transactions_, 1904. + +Good initials demanded little less skill from their designers, and +certainly no less from their cutters, than the larger forms of +book-illustration. The great continental centres of printing prove +abundantly that good initials are the natural accompaniments of good +illustrations, and thus there is no room for surprise that in England, +where there was no competent native school of book-illustration, there +was also no competent native school of initial-cutters. + +Of the fact there can be no doubt. Caxton possessed only one initial +of any size, the A shown among our facsimiles, which he used in one or +two of his later books. His contemporaries possessed none at all. After +Caxton’s death in 1491, for the next half-century and more the history +of English initials is as the history of our book-illustrations--they +are imported from abroad, copied from foreign originals, or of no +artistic value. An early instance of importation is the large grotesque +H, shown in facsimile, which De Worde acquired early in his career from +Govaert van Os when the latter was moving to Copenhagen; in the same +way Julian Notary obtained a few letters from André Bocard. Though it +may be thought churlish to look outside England when we find a rebus +on an English name, it can hardly be doubted that the initials cut for +Pynson’s Morton Missal, of which specimens are given, were made for +him in France. Certainly no one could claim these letters as starting +an independent English school, and most of those subsequently used by +Pynson and De Worde are direct copies, or imitations, from the French. +Thus it is only by transcending our bounds that we can offer a few +examples of English initials which have at least more independence than +these early ventures. It, perhaps, shows some rashness to include among +them the excellent H from Grafton’s edition of Halle’s _Union of the +two Houses of York and Lancaster_ (1548), for this may perchance have +been inspired by those in the Paris edition of the _Historia Danica_ +of Saxo Grammaticus (see pages 85 and 230). Nevertheless the book is +important, because it was on heraldic lines that some of the best later +work was produced. Much of this may be connected with the name of that +excellent printer John Day. The pictorial initial to the Bible of 1549, +showing Edward Becke, the promoter of the edition, presenting a copy to +Edward VI., is full of life, and the portrait initial of Elizabeth from +Foxe’s _Book of Martyrs_ is excellent work. Between these two books Day +had issued, in 1559, a fine edition of Cunningham’s _Cosmographical +Glasse_, and this is adorned by an admirable heraldic D with the arms +of the Earl of Leicester, and by some pictorial initials connected +with the subject of the book, the authorship of these being still +undiscovered, despite the letters IB, IC, ID, found on some of them. At +a later date work of the same style appears in his edition of Ascham’s +_Schoolmaster_. + +It is a pity that Day, not being the royal printer, could not be +entrusted with printing the Bishops’ Bible of 1568, which came from the +press of Jugge and Cawood. But his patron, Archbishop Parker, had, of +course, a large share in its superintendence, and some of the heraldic +initials in the volume are almost as good as the Leicester D. That +which has been chosen as a sample shows the arms of Archbishop Cranmer, +a pleasing compliment from Parker to his predecessor. + +The ornamental title-page to the Bishops’ Bible is not woodcut but +engraved on copper, and the fact is significant. Under Day’s guidance +English printing and book-illustration lifted up their head, but the +effort came too late. After about 1580 woodcuts became unfashionable, +copper engravings gradually took their place, and the change was fatal +to the production of fine initials, of which no more were produced. + + + + +REPRODUCTIONS OF INITIALS + + +ULM + +[Illustration] + +INITIAL WITH BORDER FROM THE XYLOGRAPHIC DONATUS OF DINCKMUT + + +INITIALS FROM BLOCK BOOKS + +[Illustration] + +FROM AN ‘ARS MEMORANDI’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MIRABILIA ROMAE’ + + +MAYENCE + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ÆSOP OF SCHEFFER + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BREIDENBACH OF ERHARDT REUWICH + + +AUGSBURG + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM G. ZAINER’S SIXTH GERMAN BIBLE AND J. FRIBURGENSIS’ ‘SUMMA +CONFESSORUM’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM G. ZAINER’S ‘MARGARITA DAVITICA’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF SORG + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF KELLER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF HOHENWANG AND PFLANTZMANN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF SCHÖNSPERGER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF BÄMLER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM G. ZAINER’S GERMAN BIBLE + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM G. ZAINER’S GERMAN BIBLE + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM SORG’S ‘SUSO DICTUS AMANDUS’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM RATDOLT’S BREVIARY, 1491 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM RATDOLT’S BREVIARY AND PSALTER, 1491-1499 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM RATDOLT’S CONSTANCE MISSAL, 1516 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY HANS WEIDITZ IN DIFFERENT WORKS PUBLISHED BY STEYNER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY HANS WEIDITZ IN DIFFERENT WORKS PUBLISHED BY STEYNER + + +ULM + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM J. ZAINER’S BOCCACCIO + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +OTHER INITIALS OF G. ZAINER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE COSMOGRAPHIA OF PTOLEMY--LEONARD HOLL, 1482 + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ULM BIBLE, 1480 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF J. REGER, 1496 + + +NUREMBERG + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF PETER WAGNER, 1489 + +[Illustration] + +INITIAL OF J. REGIOMONTANUS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF J. GUTNECHT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF J. GUTNECHT + + +BASLE + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM RICHEL’S LATIN BIBLE, 1475 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM FURTER’S PSALTER, 1501 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY URS GRAF + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘CHRISTIANLICHE BILGERSCHAFT’ OF ADAM PETRI + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ BY LÜTZELBERGER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +GREEK ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ INITIALS + +[Illustration] + +‘DANCE OF DEATH’ INITIAL + + FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +STRASBURG COPIES OF THE ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ ALPHABET + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF PEASANTS FROM THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND CRATANDER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM CHILDREN’S ALPHABET IN ‘LACTANTIUS’ AND OTHER WORKS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM LARGER CHILDREN’S ALPHABET + + FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF VALENTIN CURIO, FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF VALENTIN CURIO, FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND CRATANDER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE GREEK LEXICON OF RENÉ GELLI + + FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +OTHER INITIALS BY HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS FROM ALPHABET BY AMBROSE HOLBEIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY VAN CALCAR FROM VESALIUS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY VAN CALCAR FROM VESALIUS + + +ZÜRICH + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS USED BY FROSCHOUER + + +LÜBECK + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘RUDIMENTA NOVITIORUM’ AND JOSEPHUS OF LUCAS BRANDIS, 1475 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘RUDIMENTA NOVITIORUM’ AND JOSEPHUS OF LUCAS BRANDIS, 1475 + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘LEBEN DES HEIL. HIERONYMUS’ BY BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN, 1484 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MEDITATIONES SANCTÆ BRIGITTÆ’ BY BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MEDITATIONES SANCTÆ BRIGITTÆ’ BY BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN + + +BAMBERG + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE OLUMUCENSE’ OF SENSENSCHMIDT, 1489 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE OLUMUCENSE’ OF SENSENSCHMIDT, 1489 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM A BAMBERG MISSAL + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BAMBERG MISSAL OF J. PFEYL, 1506 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BAMBERG MISSAL OF J. PFEYL, 1506 + + +STRASBURG + +[Illustration] + +FROM T. DE HASELPACH’S ‘SERMONES’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘BURGUNDISCHE HISTORIE’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘DIALOGUS SALOMONIS ET MARCOLFI’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘BELIAL’ AND OTHER BOOKS + + FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOCHTZER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DEUTSCHER KALENDER’ AND OTHER BOOKS + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DE SECRETIS MULIERUM’ + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DE RITU ET MORIBUS INDORUM’ + + FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOCHTZER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +ANTHROPOMORPHIC LETTERS USED BY VARIOUS PRINTERS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS FROM THE ‘SCRIPTUM’ OF G. DE OCKAM, AND THE ‘COMMENTARIUS +SANCTI JOHANNIS,’ PRINTED BY G. SCHOTT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +LETTERS FROM THE ‘PLENARIUM’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +OTHER STRASBURG INITIALS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM A PSALTER BY J. PRUSZ, 1498 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM KNOBLOUCH’S ‘POGGE,’ 1513 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY GRÜNINGER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY GRÜNINGER + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘SERMONES’ OF GEILER VON KAISERSPERG + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘SERMONES’ OF GEILER VON KAISERSPERG + + +REUTLINGEN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM BOOKS PRINTED BY G. GRYFF + + +GENEVA + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DOCTRINAL DE SAPIENCE’ OF 1488 + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DOCTRINAL DE SAPIENCE’ OF 1493 + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘LES FLEURS ET MANIÈRES DES TEMPS PASSÉS’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘DIALOGUS CREATURUM’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM A MISSAL OF BELLOT + + +COLOGNE + +[Illustration] + +FROM QUENTELL’S MISSAL, 1494 + +[Illustration] + +FROM A DONATUS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM ‘SEQUENTIARUM ET HYMNORUM’ EXPOSITIO BY BUNGART DE KETWYCK + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +OTHER INITIALS BY QUENTELL + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +BY MELCHIOR NOVESIANUS + +[Illustration] + +BY J. 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SILBER, 1507 + +[Illustration] + +JACOBUS MAZOCHIUS, 1515 + + +SIENNA + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘OPERA DATHI’ OF NARDI, 1503 + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘OPERA DATHI’ OF NARDI, 1503 + + +COMO + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE VITRUVIUS OF GOTARDUS DE PONTE + + +PAVIA + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS OF J. 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CROMBERGER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM A MEDICAL BOOK + +[Illustration] + +FROM A BOOK PRINTED AT BURGOS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +ORIGIN UNCERTAIN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +DANCE OF DEATH INITIALS FROM THE ‘LIBRO SOTILISSIMO’ PRINTED AT STELLA + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘COMENTO DE EUSEBIO’ OF H. GYFFER, SALAMANCA + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘PASSIONARIUM’ OF BROCART, COMPLUTUM + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘EPILOGO IN MEDICINA’ + + +EARLY DUTCH INITIALS + +[Illustration] + +USED BY JACOB VAN DER MEER OF DELFT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +USED BY GODFRID DE OS OF GOUDA + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘LIFE OF ST. LYDWINNE’ PRINTED AT SCHIEDAM + +[Illustration] + +ENGLISH ADAPTATION OF THE PRECEDING + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +USED BY THIERRY MARTENS + +[Illustration] + +USED BY G. LEEU OF ANTWERP + +[Illustration] + +FROM AN EARLY LOUVAIN MISSAL + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE TITLE-PAGE OF A ‘BELIAL’ OF ANTWERP + +[Illustration] + +FROM A LEYDEN TITLE-PAGE + +[Illustration] + +PORTRAIT OF PHILIP LE BEL, FROM A WORK PUBLISHED BY GODFRID BACK OF +ANTWERP + + +LATER GERMAN INITIALS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE MISSAL OF SPIRES BY PETER DRACH + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM AN UNIDENTIFIED (? MAGDEBURG) MISSAL + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE POSNANIENSE’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE EVANGELIARE’ OF LUTHER, BY KRAFFT OF WITTEMBURG + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS USED AT DRESDEN + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS BY PILGRIM IN THE ‘ELEGANTIAE’ OF LAURENTIUS VALLA, BY +SCHURER, SCHLESTADT + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF WINTERBERGER, VIENNA + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM WORKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOUCH + +[Illustration] + +FROM A METZ PSALTER BY CASPAR HOCHFFEDER + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM PLINIUS OF HAGENAU, USED AFTERWARDS AT COLOGNE + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM A MAGDEBURG BIBLE + +[Illustration] + +BY SCHEFFER OF MAYENCE + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘ASTRONOMICON CESAREUM’ OF APIANUS + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM THE ‘ASTRONOMICON CESAREUM’ OF APIANUS + +[Illustration] + +FROM AN ECCLESIASTICAL DOCUMENT + + +ENGLISH INITIALS + +[Illustration] + +CAXTON’S ‘A’ + +[Illustration] + +WYNKYN DE WORDE’S BORROWED ‘H’ + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +FROM PYNSON’S MORTON MISSAL + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +[Illustration] + +INITIALS USED BY JOHN DAY + +[Illustration] + +INITIAL WITH ARMS OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER, FROM THE BISHOPS’ BIBLE + +[Illustration] + +INITIAL WITH ARMS OF HENRY VII., FROM GRAFTON’S EDITION OF ‘HALLE’S +CHRONICLE’ + +[Illustration] + +INITIAL WITH ARMS OF THE EARL OF LEICESTER, FROM DAY’S EDITION OF +CUNNINGHAM’S ‘COSMOGRAPHICAL GLASS’ + +[Illustration] + +PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH FROM DAY’S EDITION OF FOXE’S ‘BOOK OF +MARTYRS’ + + + + +INDEX + + + PAGE + + Æsop, initial from Scheffer’s edition, 112 + ---- initial from Albi edition, 95, 252 + + Albi, initial in the _manière éraillée_, from Æsop printed at, 95, 252 + + _Alvarus Pelagius_ of J. Zainer, border used in, 23 + + Alvera, J., initial used by, at Coimbra, 253 + + Ambrose, St., portrait initial of, 211 + + Antwerp, initial from title-page of book printed at, 102, 262 + ---- initials used in books printed by G. Leeu at, 102, 261 + + Apianus, P., initials from _Astronomicon Cesareum_ printed by, 107, + 274 _sq._ + + Apocalypse, different editions of the block-book, 4 + + Arion, initial representing the adventure of, 61 + + Aristotle, _Opera Nonnulla_ printed by Keller, 17 + ---- initials in editions of, by H. Estienne, 232 + + Arrivabene, George, initials from missals printed by, 59, 171 _sqq._ + + _Ars Memorandi_, historical initial in the, 5, 112 + + _Ars Moriendi_, the block-book, 4 + + _Astronomicon Cesareum_ printed by P. Apianus at Ingoldstadt, 107, + 274 _sq._ + + Augsburg, 5 + ---- initials used by printers, 14, 113-122 + + _Aureum Opus_, initials from edition of, by De Vingle, 77, 208 + + Avignon, initials from volume printed at, 93, 251 + + _Aymon, les Quatre Fils de_, initials used in Lyons edition of, 195 + + + Back, Godfrid, initials used by, 262 + + Bade, Josse, armorial initials in History of Denmark printed by, 85, + 230 + ---- ---- other initials of, 238 + + Bamberg, initials from missal of Johann Pfeyl of, 41, 152 _sq._ + ---- initials from _Missale Olumucense_ of, 41, 150 _sq._ + + Bämler, Johann, initials from works printed by, 16, 117 + + Basle, initials reproduced from books printed at, 134-145 + ---- psalter of 1501 by Furter, initials from, 30, 135 + + Bebelius, Joannes, initials of Holbein in works published by, 33 + + Bebelius and Cratander, initials of Holbein in works by, 36 + + Bellot, Jean, initials from volumes printed by, 53 + + Benedictine missal printed at Hagenau, initials used in, 104, 264 + _sqq._ + + Bernard, le Petit, initials attributed to, 81 + + Berthorius, Petrus, initials from _Morale Reductorium_ of, 81, 222 + + Besançon, printers of, use same initials as Furter of Basle, 95 + ---- initials of, 252 + + Bible, initials from G. Zainer’s editions of, 15, 24, 113, 115, 118 + _sq._ + ---- Latin, of Basle, initials from, 29, 134 + ---- initial from Ulm edition, 1480, 127 + ---- initial from a Lyons, 211 + ---- German edition, pictorial initials of the fifth, 17, 118 _sq._ + ---- fourth edition by Frisner and Sensenschmidt, 26, 129 _sq._ + ---- initials from Nuremberg edition, 129 _sq._ + ---- the Bishops’, initials in, 108_c_, 279 + + Bibles, Augsburg and Nuremberg, compared, 17 + + _Biblia cum Summariis et Concordantiis_ of Jean Moylin, initials of, + 78, 212 _sq._ + + _Biblia Pauperum_, the block-book, 4 + + Birckmann, Franc, Hagenau initials copied by, 105 + + Blanchard, remarkable initials used in works by, 77, 210 + + Block-books, initials from, 110 + + Bocard, André, initials in books printed by, 83, 108_b_ + + Book-hunting in time of Aulus Gellius, 1 + + Book-plate forming part of early Nuremberg impression, 27 + + Brandis, Lucas, initials from _Rudimenta Novitiorum_ and _Josephus_ + of, 39, 146 _sq._ + + Breidenbach, Bernard von, initial from Reuwich’s edition of his + _Peregrinationes_, 75, 112 + ---- initials from Ortuin’s Lyons edition, 198 + + Brescia, initials from works printed at, 71, 189 + + Bridget, St., _Meditationes_, initials used in Lübeck edition of, 148 + _sq._ + + Brocart, Arn. de, initials used by, 259 + + Bumgart de Ketwyck, initials used by, at Cologne, 165 + + Burgofranco, J. P. de, initials in _Hyginus de Stellis_ printed by, + 67, 188 + + Burgos, initial used at, 256 + + Byzantium, books of, on purple parchment, 2 + + + Calcar, J. van, initials of, in Anatomy of Vesalius, 37, 144 _sq._ + + Calligraphic initials from Paris title-pages, 83 + + Capcasa, Matteo, initials from works published by, 58, 174 _sq._ + + Cassiodorus, initial from works of, by Steyner, 21 + + Castilla, G., initial used by, at Valencia, 253 + + _Catalogus Sanctorum_ of Saccon, 76, 214 _sqq._ + + _Catholicon_ of J. Wolff, selected initials from, 76, 206 _sq._ + + Caxton, W., initials used by, 108_b_, 277 + + Cervicornus or Hirtzhorn, Euch., initials in works published by, 52, + 168 _sq._ + + Charlemagne invites Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks to his kingdom, 2 + + Charles the Bald welcomes foreign artists, 2 + + Chauny, Jean de, initials from works printed by, 251 + + Chevallon, Claude, initial representing scenes from _Ars Moriendi_ + in work published by, 88, 238 + + Children, initials with, used by Venice printers, 61 + ---- copied by printers of Basle, Cologne, and Hagenau, 61 + + Cicero, initials from German edition of, by Steyner, 21 + + Cocksperger, Peter, and the Mayence Psalter initials, 10 + + Coimbra, initials used by J. Alvira of, 98, 253 + + Cologne, initial from Donatus of, 51, 165 + ---- other initials used at, 165 _sq._ + + Como, initials of _Vitruvius_ printed at, 68, 187 + + _Compilacion de Leyes_, initials from Zamora edition, 255 + + Complutum (Alcala de Henares), initial used in liturgical works + printed by Brocart at, 100, 259 + + _Cosmographia_ of Ptolemy, initials from, 24, 127 + ---- of Sebastian Munster, account of Psalter initials in the, 9 + + Cranmer, Archbishop, initial with his arms, 108_c_, 279 + + Cromberger, J., initials used by, 256 + + Cross-hatching, invention of, 20 + + Cunningham, William, initials in his _Cosmographical Glasse_, 108_c_, + 279 + + Curio, Valentin, initials used by, at Basle, 36, 140 _sq._ + + + _Dance of Death_ alphabets used at Basle, 137 + ---- ---- alphabet, Strasburg copies of, 33, 138 + ---- ---- alphabet in books published at Stella, 98, 257 + + Dante, praises French miniaturists, 3 + + Day, John, initials used by, 108_c_, 278 _sq._ + + Delft, initial used by Jacob van der Meer at, 102, 260 + + _Deutscher Kalender_, initials from, 44 + + Dinckmut, Conrad, initial and border from _Donatus_ printed by, 12, + 111 + + _Doctrinal de Sapience_, initial from title-page of, 53, 163 + + Donatus, Aelius, Latin primer of, 4 + ---- initial from edition of, by Quentell, 12 + ---- with Psalter initials attributed to Gutenberg (1456), 9 + ---- initial from xylographic impression by Dinckmut, 12, 111 + + Drach, Peter, initials in red from missal of Spires printed by, 103, + 263 + + Dresden, initial used at, 270 + + Dupré, Jean, ornamental letters in the _Vies des Anciens Saincts + Pères_ of, 82 + + Dürer, Albert, makes innovation in engraving, 20 + ---- ---- ornamental letters attributed to, 52, 168 _sq._ + + + Elizabeth, Queen, portrait-initial of, 108_c_, 280 + + English copies of initials by Kerver, 241 + + Erasmus, Desiderius, initial with portrait of, 78, 211 + + Esslingen, initials in works printed at, 46 + + Estienne, H., initials from work published by, 86, 232 + + _Etymologicum Magnum_ of Callierges, coloured initials in the, 11 + + _Eusebio di Comento_, initials from Salamanca edition of, 96, 288 + + _Ex-libris_, initial forming, from book printed at Paris, 83 + + + Fabio, Jacopo, mythological letters in works published by, 81, 225 + + Ferrara, alphabet of initials from work of Joh. Philippus Bergomensis + printed at, 69, 190 + ---- initials from _Missale Carthusiense_ of, 69, 191 _sq._ + + Finé, Oronce, initial with portrait of, 87 + + Fool, first engraving of a, in a woodcut border, 23 + ---- first example of the, in woodcut initials, 17 + ---- in church architecture and early book ornamentation, 23 + + Forestier, Jacques, specimens of alphabets used in a _Commines_ + printed by, 93, 248 + + Formschneider, opposition of, to the use of woodcut initials, 15 + + Fossombrone, initials in work published by Ottaviano dei Petrucci of, + 67 + + Foxe, John, portrait-initial of Queen Elizabeth, in his _Book of + Martyrs_, 108_c_, 280 + + Fradin, François, children’s alphabet used by, 78, 211 + ---- initials from the _Regimen Sanitatis_ of Magnini printed by, 77, + 209 + + Frank, Hans, initial signed by, 81 + + Friburgensis, Johann, _Summa Confessorum_, Augsburg, G. Zainer (1476), + initials used in, 15, 111 + + Frisner and Sensenschmidt, initials from fourth German Bible by, 26, + 129 _sqq._ + + Froben, Johann, initials of Holbein in works by, 37 + + Froschouer, Johann, initials in books printed at Zurich by, 38, 145 + + Fürter, Michael, initials from books printed by, 31, 135 + + Fust, Johann, association of, with Scheffer, 6 + + + _Galen_, initials from Basle edition of, 139, 142 + + Gelli, René, initials in Greek lexicon of, 142 + + Geneva, large calligraphic initials from books printed at, 53, 163 + ---- other initials used at, 164 + + Gering, Ulrich. _See_ Rembolt and Gering. + + Ghotan, Bartholomew, initials used by, at Lübeck, 40, 147 _sqq._ + + Giunta, Lucantonio di, initials from missals and breviaries printed + by, 59, 171 _sqq._, 176 _sqq._ + + Gouda, initials used by Godfrid de Os at, 101, 108_b_, 260 + + Graf, Urs, initials by, 136 + + Gregoriis, G. and J. de, initials from Herodotus and other works + printed by, 59, 183 _sq._ + + Grotesque, the, in book ornamentation, 87 + ---- profiles, earliest example of, 16 + + Grüninger, Johann, initials from works printed by, 46-47, 48, 160 + _sq._ + + Gutenberg, Johann, invention of printing by, 6 + + Gutenberg Bible sold by Scheffer as a manuscript, 8 + + Gutnecht, Jodocus, initials in _Missale Pataviense_ of, 28, 132, 133 + + Gyffer, Hans, of Silgenstat, initials from works published at + Salamanca by, 96, 288 + + Gymnicus, J., alphabets in works printed by, 53, 167 + + + Hagenau, initials of Benedictine missal printed at, 104, 264 _sq._ + ---- initials from Plinius printed by Thomas Anselm at, 104, 273 + + Halle’s Chronicle, initials in, 108_c_, 279 + + Harentals, Petrus de, initials used in an _Expositio Psalterii_ by, + 245 + + Heineken, C. H. von, attributes Psalter initials to Meydenbach, 9 + + Henry VII., initial with his arms, 279 + + Heraldic initials. _See_ Initials, Armorial. + + Hochffeder, Gaspard, initial from Psalter of Metz printed by, 106, 272 + + Hohenwang, Ludwig, initials used by, 116 + + Holbein, Ambrose, initials by, 144 + ---- Hans, alphabets of, 32, 139 _sqq._ + ---- ---- children’s alphabet by, 35, 139 + ---- ---- _Dance of Death_ alphabet by, 32, 137 + ---- ---- initial of, in books by Valentine Curio, 36 + ---- ---- mistakes in anatomy, 34 + ---- ---- peasants’ alphabet by, 35 + ---- ---- the four Greek initials from the _Galen_ of 1538, 36 + + Holl, Leonard, initials in work printed by, 24, 127 + + Holtrop, J. W., early Dutch initials copied from works published by, + 101 + + Hongre, Pierre, initials from missal of, 202 _sqq._ + + Hopyl, Wolfgang, initials used by, 86, 232 _sq._ + + Hostingue, L., and J. Loys, initials from work published by, 91, 250 + + Hupfuff, M., initials in works printed by, 45 + + Husz, Mathieu, initials used by, at Lyons, 197, 199 + + + _Imagines_ of Varro, described by Pliny, 2 + + Ingoldstadt, initials of M. Ostendorfer used at, 107 + + Initials, anthropomorphic, of Strasburg printers, 45 + ---- armorial, 85, 108_c_, 230, 279 + ---- coloured, used by Roman copyists, 1 + ---- from the _Libro Sotilissimo_, a typographical curiosity printed + at Stella, 99 + ---- large calligraphic, on title-pages of books printed at Lyons, 75, + 200 + ---- mythological, 224 _sq._ + ---- in minium or cinnabar of sixth century, 2 + ---- of chequer work, 3 + ---- resembling Gallo-Frank jewellery, 3 + ---- vagaries in use of, 24 + + Israel von Mecken, initials by, 27 + + Italy, influence of French art in, 3 + + + Josephus, initials from Lübeck edition of, 146 + + Josse Bade. _See_ Bade. + + + Kaisersperg, Geyler von, initials in works of, 46, 49, 161 _sq._ + + Keller, Ambrose, initials from works printed by, 16-17, 115 + + Kerver, Thielmann, initials by, 241 + + Knoblochtzer, Heinrich, initials from works printed by, 43, 155 _sq._ + + Knoblouch, Johann, initials in works printed by, 46, 189, 272 + + + Lecoq, Jean, alphabet from _La Vie de Monseigneur St. Bernard_ by, 91, + 244 + ---- letters with grotesque profiles from different works printed by, + 90, 243 + + Leeu, Gerard, initials used by, 102, 261 + + Leicester, Earl of, initial with his arms, 108_c_, 279 + + Lenoir, Philippe, initials in works published by, 87, 234, 237, 241 + + Leo the Isaurian burns the public library, 2 + + Lerouges, les, initials from _La Thoison d’Or_ printed by, 90, 242 + + Leroy, Guillaume, initials used by, 73, 195 _sq._ + + Le Signerre, Guillaume, initials used by, at Saluzzo, 189 + + _Lettres parlantes_ in Lyons impression, 81 + ---- _tourneures fleuronnées_ used by Leroy in 1479, 73 + + _Liber Biblie Moralis_ of J. Zainer, initials in, 23 + + Lilius, Zacharias, initials from the _Breviarium Orbis_ of, 182 + + Limoges, initials from missal printed at, 94, 252 + + Locatellus, Bonetus, initials used in works printed by, 60, 174 _sq._ + + Louvain, historiated initial from fifteenth-century missal printed at, + 102, 261 + + Lübeck, initials from works published at, 39, 146 _sqq._ + + Lufft of Wittemberg, initials used by, 105, 270 + + Lützelberger, Hans, _Dance of Death_ initials engraved by, 137 + + Lyons, initials from books printed at, 194 _sqq._ + + Lyons missals, initials used in different, 75 + ---- copy of Cologne initial, 169 + + + Macabre initials used at Cologne, 170 + + Maiblümchen or lily of the valley design in early books, 5 + + Mainz. _See_ Mayence. + + _Margarita Davitica_, initial of G. Zainer from, 16, 114 + + Marriage licence, pictorial initial from, 108, 276 + + Martens, Thierry, initials used by, 102, 261 + + Mathieu Husz and Jean Schabeler, initials used in Boccaccio of, 74 + + Mayence, initial in Erhardt Reuwich’s _Breidenbach_, 13, 112 + ---- initial in Scheffer’s _Æsop_ printed at, 13, 112 + ---- later Scheffer initial, 273 + + Mazochius, Jacobus, portrait of Ariosto in work published by, 65, 185 + + Medici, Cosmo de, initial with portrait of, 63, 184 + + _Meditations of St. Bridget_, initials from Lübeck edition of, 40 + + Meer, Jacob van der, initials used by, at Delft, 260 + + _Melusine_, initials from Lyons edition of, 199 + + Milan, initials from works printed at, 70, 192 _sq._ + ---- initials from works printed by Joannes de Castellione at, 70 + + Miniatures in books of Athens and Rome, 2 + ---- in mediæval manuscripts, 2 + + _Mirabilia Romae_, historiated initial of the, 12, 112 + + _Missale Atrebatense_, initials from, 246, 247 + ---- _Bambergense_, initials from the edition by J. Pfeyl, 152 _sq._ + ---- _Benedictinum_, initials from Hagenau edition of, 264 _sqq._ + ---- _Evangeliare_ of Wittemberg, initials from, 105, 270 + ---- _Olumucense_, coloured initials of the, 11-41, 150 _sq._ + ---- _Pataviense_, pictorial initials from, 132 _sq._, 271 + ---- _Vallisumbrose_, large pictorial initials from, 59, 176 _sqq._ + + Missals printed at Lyons, initials from, 201 _sqq._, 205 + ---- printed at Paris, 232 _sqq._ + ---- printed at Rouen, 247 _sq._ + + Modernes, Jacques, curious initial in work on Military Art printed by, + 81, 222 + + Monks, Irish and Anglo-Saxon, celebrated for miniatures and + historiations, 2 + + Montfaucon, alphabet of animals of, 3 + + Morin, Martin, calligraphic initial from missal printed by, 92, 246 + ---- ---- initials from other works published by, 92-93, 246 _sq._ + + Morton, Archbishop, initial with his rebus, 108_c_, 277 + + Moylin, Jean, initials from his Latin Bible, 78, 212 _sq._ + + Müller, Johann, or Regiomontanus, works by, 25 + + Murr, C. G. von, and the artist of the Psalter initials, 10 + + + Nardi, Simeon, initials from _Datus_ published by, 65, 185 _sq._ + + Naudé, Gabriel, accusation against Scheffer, 8 + + _Normandie, Coustumier de_, curious initials from a, 92, 250 + + Novesianus, Melchior, imitations of Alphabet of Death in works printed + by, 53 + ---- ---- other initials used by, 167 + + Nuremberg, curious work attributed variously to Stuchs, Zeninger, and + Wagner published at, 26, 54 + ---- initials from books printed at, 128 _sqq._ + + + Ornamentation of early books, 1 + + Oronce Finé. _See_ Finé. + + Ortuin, Gaspard, initial from Breidenbach’s _Peregrinationes_, 75, 198 + + Os, Godfrid de, initials used by, 260 + + Otino da Pavia de la Luna, initials in the _Vita di Sancti Padri_ of, + 62, 179 _sq._ + + + Pachel, Leonard, initials used by, at Milan, 193 + + Papillon, J. B. M., testimony of, concerning the artist of the Psalter + initials, 10 + + Paris, renowned for its manuscripts and copyists, 3 + ---- initials used at, 226 _sqq._ + + Pavia, initials used at, 188 + + Peter, St., portrait initial of, 276 + + Petrarch, initials from German translation of his _De remediis + utriusque fortunæ_, by Steyner, 21 + + Petri, Adam, repetition of same initial in books printed by, 31 + ---- ---- pilgrim initial used by, 136 + + _Petroine, La vie et légende de Mme. Ste._, initials from, 95, 252 + + Pfister, Alb., impressions of, resembling block-books, 11 + + Pflantzmann, J., initials from books printed by, 16, 116 + + Philip le Bel, portrait initial of, 262 + + Philosophers, alphabets of, 81, 223 _sq._ + + Pius II., Pope, portrait initial of, 184 + + Playing-cards, method of printing, 4 + + _Plenarium_, initials used in Strasburg edition of, 158 + + Pogge, J. F., initials from edition of, printed by Knoblouch, 46, 159 + + Poitiers, initials from books printed at, 94, 251 + + Polychrome initials in early books, 11 + + Ponte, Gotardus de, initials from Vitruvius printed by, 187 + + Poullet, J., initials used by, 204 + + _Prestre Jehan_, historiated initial from title-page of, 73, 195 + ---- ---- initials from Paris edition of, 237 + + _Propriétaire_, initials from Rouen editions of, 92, 249 + ---- letters from Lyons edition of, 77, 208 + + Prusz, Johann, initials used by, at Strasburg, 46, 158 + + Psalter of Mayence initials, Bodman hoaxes Fischer concerning, 8 + ---- initials from Furter’s Basle edition of, 135 + ---- initials from edition by J. Prusz of Strasburg, 46, 154 + ---- initials said to have been used by Gutenberg, 8 + ---- opinions as to the initials of, 7 + + Ptolemy, initials from Ulm edition of the _Cosmographia_, 24, 127 + + Pynson, Richard, initials from his Sarum Missal, 108_b_, 277 + + + Quadragesimale of Gritsch, pictorial border of the, 23 + + Quentell, Heinrich, initials from volumes printed by, 53, 165 _sq._ + + + Ratdolt, Erhard, initials from _Calendarium_ of J. di Monteregio + (Johannes Regiomontanus) by, 57, 171 + ---- ---- initials in _Brevarium Constantiense_ of 1516 by, 19, 123 + ---- ---- initials in breviary by, 18, 121 _sq._ + ---- ---- initials in psalter of 1499 by, 18-19, 122 + ---- ---- Latin couplet on, 19 + + _Rationale Durandi_, ornamented with some of the same initials as + Psalter of Mayence, 11 + + Reger, Johann, initials in works printed by, 25, 128 + + Rembolt and Gering, initials from volumes printed by, 83-84, 228 + _sqq._ + + Reutlingen, initials in works printed at, 49, 162 + + Richard de Bury praises libraries of Paris, 3 + + Richel, Bernard, initials from Latin Bible of, 29 + + Rome, initials used at, 185 + + Rouen, initials used at, 11, 245 _sqq._ + + Royal letters designed by Geoffroy Tory for Robert Estienne, 89, 240 + + _Rudimenta Novitiorum_, initials from Lübeck edition of, 146 _sq._ + + + Saccon, Jacques, initials in _Catalogus Sanctorum_ of, 78, 214 _sqq._ + ---- ---- different initials in works printed by, 80, 201, 205, 209, + 222 + + Salamanca, initials used at, 258 + + Saluzzo, initials in _Aureum Opus_ of Vivaldus printed by Le Signerre + at, 68, 189 + + Sarum missal, initials from Pynson’s edition of, 108_b_, 277 + + Saxo Grammaticus, armorial initials from History of Denmark by, 85, + 230 + + Schabeler, Hans, initials used by, at Lyons, 197 + + Schäufelein, Hans, initials by, 49 + + Scheffer, Peter, association of, with Fust, 6 + ---- ---- initials used by, 107, 112, 273 + + Schiedam, initial used by unknown printer of, 102, 261 + + Schlestadt, initials of Pilgrim, from book printed by Lazarus Schurer + at, 106 + + Scinzenzeller, Ulr., initials used by, 192 + + Schönsperger, Johann, initials from works printed by, 16, 116 + + Schott, initials in works printed by, 45, 157 + + Sessa, different initials met with in impressions by, 59, 181 + ---- initials from Aristotle printed by, 62, 178 + + Seville, initials from books printed by Jacob Cromberger at, 98 + ---- initials from book printed by Juan de Varila at, 98, 253 + + Sienna, initials in books published at, 65-66, 185 + + Silber, Eucharius, ornamental letter from book published, 65, 185 + + Sorg, Anton, historiated initials from _Das Buch das heisset der + Seusse_ of Suso, 18, 120 + ---- ---- initials from works printed by, 16-17, 115, 120 + + Spanish initials, 253 _sqq._ + + _Speculum Humanæ Salvationis_, a transition from xylography to + printing, 4 + + Spires, initials used at, 263 + + Stamps used for applying initials by early copyists, 4 + + _Statuta Synodalia_, alphabet used in the Troyes edition of, 73, 243 + + Stella, copies of the Alphabet of Death used by Adrian Anverez at, 99, + 257 + + Steyner, Heinrich, initials in works published by, 20, 124 _sq._ + + Strasburg, initials used at, 154 _sqq._ + + _Summa Confessorum_, initials of the, 15-16, 113 + + Suso, Henricus, initials from _Das Buch das heisset der Seusse_, 120 + + Sweynheim and Pannartz, initial from the Suetonius of, 65, 185 + + + _Theoricae Novae_, initial from, 25 + + Tibullus quoted, 1 + + Topie, Michel, initial from _Mer des Hystoires_ of, 75, 198 + + Tory, Geoffroy, initials from missal attributed to, 88, 235 _sq._ + ---- ---- royal letters attributed to, 240 + + Toulouse, initial used at, 252 + + Trepperel, Jean, grotesque initials in books published by, 83, 227 + + Trepperel, initials from _Jardin de Santé_ of, 86, 231 + + Tridino, Tacuinus de, initials in works published by, 60, 174 + + Troyes, initials used at, 242 _sqq._ + + + Ulm, initial with border from Donatus printed at, 12, 111 + ---- initials from other works printed at, 126 _sqq._ + + + _Valerius Maximus_ of Sorg, initials from, 17 + + Varila, Juan de, initial used by, 253 + + Vascosan, Michael, initials by, 239 + + Venice, initials from works published at, 55, 171 _sqq._ + + Vérard, Antoine, calligraphic initial from the _Jardin de Santé_ of, + 82, 226 + + Verona, ornamental letter from book printed at, 70, 189 + + Vesalius, initials of Van Calcar in Anatomy of, 37, 144 _sq._ + + Vicenza, example of typographic eccentricities in work printed at, 71, + 189 + + Vienna, initials from _Missale Pataviense_ printed by J. Winterberger + of, 106, 271 + + Virgil, the Vatican copy described by M. Pierre de Nolhac, 2 + + _Vita di Sancti Padri_, initials from the, of Otino da Pavia de la + Luna, 62, 179 _sq._ + + Vitali, Bernardino, alphabet by, used in publications by Sessa, 60 + + _Vitruvius_, initials from Como edition of, 187 + + + Walther, H., initials from Madgeburg Bible printed by, 107, 273 + + Weiditz, Hans, initials attributed to, by Dr. H. Röttinger, 20, 52, + 124 _sq._ + + Winterberger, of Vienna, initials used by, 271 + + Wittemberg, apocalyptic initials from the _Missale Evangeliare_ + printed at, 105, 270 + + Wohlgemuth, M., his new technical methods, 20 + + Worde, Wynkyn de, initial used by, 277 + + Worms, Anton von, children’s alphabets designed by, 53 + + + Zainer, Günther, first used woodcut initials at Augsburg, 15 + ---- ---- examples of his letters, 113 _sq._, 118 _sq._ + ---- Johann, of Ulm, initials in Boccaccio of, 22, 126 + + Zamora, initials from _Compilacion de Leyes_ printed at, 96, 255 + + Zarotus, Antonius, initials used by, at Milan, 193 + + Zodiac, initials representing the signs of the, 87 + + Zurich, initials in books published by Froschouer of, 38, 145 + + +FINIS + + + [Illustration: EDINBURGH: T. AND A. CONSTABLE + PRINTERS TO HIS MAJESTY: MCMVIII] + + + + + Transcriber’s Notes + + + The spelling, capitalisation and hyphenation of the source document + have been retained (including those of proper names and book titles), + except as listed under Changes made below. + + Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text, not all + elements may display as intended. + + The book appears to contain several contradictions between the + descriptions given and the illustrations. These have been retained as + printed in the source document without further correction or comment. + + Page 61, “At Turin ... we find that the L with the satyr,”: as printed + in the source document; the sentence appears to be incomplete, or “we + find that the L ...” might have to be corrected to “we find the L...”. + + Page 238, “Original size” and “Enlargement”: Based on a quarto book + size of around 29 cm, the “Original size” would be around 4.1 × 4.1 + cm (1.6″ × 1.6″). + + + Changes made + + Some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been + corrected silently. + + Footnotes have been moved to under text paragraphs. + + Page 39: “LUBECK” changed to “LÜBECK”. + + Page 92: “Psalterum of Harentals” changed to “Psalterium of + Harentals”. + + Page 99: “(B Abraham)” changed to “B (Abraham)”. + + Page 137: “LUTZELBERGER” changed to “LÜTZELBERGER”. + + Page 142: captions “FROM THE GREEK LEXICON OF RENÉ GELLI” and “FROM + THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND CRATANDER” interchanged. + + Page 252: “BEZANÇON” changed to “BESANÇON”. + + Page 282: “Zamara” changed to “Zamora”. + + Page 284: “Leo the Isaurian burns the public” changed to “Leo the + Isaurian burns the public library”. + + Index: some page numbers corrected or inserted to conform to the text. + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS *** + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will +be renamed. + +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the +United States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Early Woodcut Initials, by Oscar Jennings</p> +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online +at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you +are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the +country where you are located before using this eBook. +</div> + +<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Early Woodcut Initials</p> +<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Containing over Thirteen Hundred Reproductions of Ornamental Letters of the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries</p> + <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Oscar Jennings</p> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 15, 2021 [eBook #65847]</p> +<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> + <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: Charlene Taylor, Harry Lamé and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive/Canadian Libraries)</p> +<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS ***</div> + +<div class="tnbox"> + +<p class="noindent">Please see the <a href="#TN">Transcriber’s Notes</a> at the end of this text.</p> + +<p class="noindent blankbefore75">Many of the initials in this text are displayed reduced in size. +Full size images may be opened by clicking on the images (this option may not be available in all formats).</p> + +</div><!--tnbox--> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<div class="scr"> + +<div class="container w30em"> +<img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Cover image" /> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +</div><!--scr--> + +<h1>EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS</h1> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<div class="titlepage"> + +<p class="center fsize250"><b>EARLY<br /> +<span class="wspace1">WOODCUT INITIALS</span></b></p> + +<p class="center blankbefore15 fsize125"><span class="wspace05"><b>CONTAINING OVER THIRTEEN<br /> +HUNDRED REPRODUCTIONS OF<br /> +ORNAMENTAL LETTERS OF THE<br /> +FIFTEENTH AND SIXTEENTH<br /> +CENTURIES, SELECTED AND<br /> +ANNOTATED BY<br /> +OSCAR JENNINGS, M.D.</b></span><br /> +<span class="fsize70">MEMBER OF THE<br /> +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY</span></p> + +<div class="container w2em"> +<img src="images/illo000.png" alt="Ornament" /> +</div> + + +<p class="center blankbefore10"><span class="gesp2 fsize125">METHUEN AND CO.</span><br /> +36 ESSEX STREET<br /> +LONDON</p> + +</div><!--titlepage--> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<p class="center fsize80 blankbefore5 blankafter5"><i>First published in 1908</i></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<p class="center blankbefore5 blankafter5 highline2"><span class="fsize80">I DEDICATE THESE PAGES TO</span><br /> +<span class="gesp1">MY WIFE</span><br /> +<span class="fsize80">AS A SLIGHT RECOGNITION OF<br /> +HER CONSTANT PATIENCE<br /> +AND DEVOTION</span></p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pagevii">[vii]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illovii.png" alt="F" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">F</span><span class="startword">rom</span> the number of works that have been +published within the last few decades +on early printing and the decoration of +early books, it is evident that an increasing +interest is taken in these subjects, +not only by those whose studies have +specially fitted them to appreciate such +researches, but also by the general +educated public.</p> + +<p>There is, however, one variety of engraving that has +hitherto attracted but little attention, and the importance of +which, both from artistic and documentary points of view, is +still unrecognised, and it may even be said unsuspected by the +great majority of students. Whilst every engraving that +may technically be termed a cut or an illustration is catalogued +and recorded in the different monographs on special +printers, those which take the form of initial letters, often of +equal, if not superior merit, are represented much more +sparsely, and as having a secondary importance only.</p> + +<p>In a monograph on fifteenth-century printing in a certain +German town, for instance, the writer, a professional bibliographer, +gives about ten or twelve initial letters, whereas the +extent of the material upon which he might have drawn may +be judged from the fact that a more recent authority, in his +history of one printer only of this town, has been able to +reproduce more than fifty specimens, many of which are quite +equal in interest to illustrations proper, some of them having +been recently pointed out by a London expert as constituting +the chief attraction of a volume<a id="FNanchor1" href="#Footnote1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a> with both initials and illustrations +which came under his hammer.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote1" href="#FNanchor1" class="label">[1]</a> The initials in the <i>Leben der Heiligen Drei Könige</i> of Knoblochtzer.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageviii">[viii]</span></p> + +<p>The above lines, written ten years ago, when I first began +to collect material for this volume, are perhaps no longer as +true absolutely as when first penned. Besides the works of +Butsch, Reiber, and Heitz which were already in existence, +Ongania’s book on Venice bibliography contains a great +many initials; Heitz has devoted a volume to those of +Holbein and other artists of the school of Basle, and others +to certain initials of Strasburg and Hagenau; and Redgrave, +Haebler, Claudin, Schorbach, Spirgatis, and Kristeller +give a certain prominence to initials in their respective +monographs.</p> + +<p>I still think, however, that a special work on the subject +is needed to do justice to the richness of artistic material +available in this special matter.</p> + +<p>The woodcuts in early books are often merely illustrative, +that is to say explanatory of the text, and were not designed +as ornaments; but the initials were intended to be decorative, +and one can see in them a real artistic effort and sentiment.</p> + +<p>Quaritch, indeed, has recently called attention to this fact, +of the superiority in some early books of the initials over +the woodcuts, and it is beginning to be recognised also by +several great booksellers, whose catalogues contain increasing +numbers of reproductions of ornamental letters in +preference to other specimens of early engraving.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately, circumstances have prevented my completing +my first programme, and what I offer here can only +be considered as a general introduction to the subject. But +such as they are, these fragmentary notes will not, I hope, be +found entirely devoid of interest.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, I have to express my thanks to Mr. A. W. +Pollard, the amiable and indefatigable secretary of the Bibliographical +Society, for help in seeing this volume through the +press, and for many valuable suggestions and criticisms.</p> + +<p class="right padr2 highline2">OSCAR JENNINGS.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Pageix">[ix]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<table class="toc" summary="ToC"> + +<tr> +<th colspan="2"> </th> +<th colspan="2" class="right fsize70 padr2">PAGE</th> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Preface</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Pagevii">vii</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Introduction</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page1">1</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="right fsize70">CHAP.</td> +<td colspan="3"> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">I.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Block-Books: The Invention of Printing: The Psalter of Mayence</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page6">6</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">II.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Augsburg</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page14">14</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">III.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Ulm and Nuremberg</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page22">22</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">IV.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Basle and Zurich</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page29">29</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">V.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Lübeck and Bamberg</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page39">39</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">VI.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Strasburg and Reutlingen</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page43">43</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">VII.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Cologne and Geneva</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page51">51</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">VIII.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Venice</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page55">55</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">IX.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Other Italian Towns</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page64">64</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">X.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Lyons</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page73">73</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XI.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Paris</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page82">82</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XII.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">French Provincial Towns</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page90">90</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XIII.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Spanish Towns</span>,<span class="pagenum" id="Pagex">[x]</span></td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page96">96</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XIV.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Early Dutch Initials</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page101">101</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XV.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Later German Initials: Hagenau, Magdeburg, Metz, Oppenheim, Ingoldstadt, etc. etc.</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page103">103</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="chapno">XVI.</td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">English Initials</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page108a">108</a></td> +<td class="pageletter"><a href="#Page108a"><i>a</i></a></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Reproductions of Initials</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page111">111</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td class="chapname"><span class="smcap">Index</span>,</td> +<td class="pageno"><a href="#Page281">281</a></td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +</table> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page1">[1]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION</h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo001.png" alt="T" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">T</span><span class="startword">he</span> ornamentation of books dates probably +from the time of their invention, +that is to say, it goes back to a very +remote antiquity. From Greece, where +the book-trade was flourishing at an +early period, it passed into Italy, extending +thence to the provinces of the +Empire, to Gaul and Spain, where book-lovers +became more and more numerous, and as civilisation +became more refined, increasingly particular about bindings +and ornamentation.</p> + +<p>The verse of Tibullus,</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + +<div class="poetry"> + +<div class="stanza"> +<div class="verse indent0">‘Indicet ut nomen littera picta tuum,’</div> +</div> + +</div><!--poetry--> + +</div><!--poetry-container--> + +<p class="noindent">shows the extent of the embellishments to which bibliophiles +had then become accustomed, requiring the titles of their +favourite authors to be engrossed in coloured or illuminated +letters.<a id="FNanchor2" href="#Footnote2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote2" href="#FNanchor2" class="label">[2]</a> Numerous passages might be quoted from Latin writers to show how great an +interest they took in books, and how valuable rare, and what might be called original, +editions had even then become. It would seem, too, that they even knew the pleasures +of book-hunting, for Aulus Gellius relates how, having a few hours to spare after landing +at Brindisi, he spent his time looking through the contents of an old book-stall, and +was lucky enough to discover a very old work on occult science.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Besides the title, the headings of chapters and the initial +letters were also distinguished in the same way from the rest +of the work, a custom which passed from the Roman copyists +to those of the Lower Empire, and in course of time became +generally adopted in the preparation of manuscripts. But +this was not all. It is now recognised that book illustration<span class="pagenum" id="Page2">[2]</span> +was known to the Romans, and that the miniatures of the +mediæval manuscripts only followed the fashion of the rich +and sumptuous volumes transcribed by the copyists of Athens +and Rome. The fourth-century Virgil, for instance, one of +the treasures of the Vatican, which has been so well described +by M. Pierre de Nolhac, is an example of this, containing +as it does a large number of figures. Like all manuscripts +of the time, it was written exclusively in majuscules, +very similar to those used in Roman inscriptions.<a id="FNanchor3" href="#Footnote3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote3" href="#FNanchor3" class="label">[3]</a> Pliny speaks of a marvellous, almost divine, invention by which pictures were +added to the book of <i>Imagines</i> of Varro—no doubt printed by stamping.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>The taste for luxury spreading from the third century, +Byzantium became the centre of the most extravagant and +costly elegance in all its manifestations, and books of that +origin have come down to us written on purple parchment +in letters of gold. It was not until several centuries later +that a reaction took place, when Leo the Isaurian, in 741, +considering such refinement as sinful, put an end to it by +burning the public library, together with its staff of <i>bibliothecarii</i> +and copyists, the survivors finding a refuge for their +art in the western cloisters and monasteries.</p> + +<p>The intelligent protection and encouragement and hospitality +afforded to men of letters by Charlemagne was a +great contrast to the bigotry of Leo the Byzantine. Interesting +himself warmly in all questions relating to instruction, +he took a special interest in the copying and transcription of +manuscripts, inviting to his kingdom the Irish and Anglo-Saxon +monks, who from the sixth century had made a +special study of calligraphy, and were celebrated all over +Europe for their miniatures and historiation.</p> + +<p>In consequence of the patronage of Charlemagne and of +Charles the Bald, son of Louis the Débonnaire, artists of all +nationalities, but more particularly Germans and Italians, +who had come from Oriental schools, received a warm +welcome. At first in the sixth century the initial letter was +of the same size as the others, only distinguished by the +difference of colour, being in minium or cinnabar. A hundred +years later, under the Byzantine influence, the letter grows<span class="pagenum" id="Page3">[3]</span> +larger, until it occupies the whole page, at the same time +being painted with the most vivid colours according to the +fancy and caprice of the artist. Little by little the Byzantine +style first introduced became modified, and assumed by +degrees a national character. The decoration of the initials +took the form of interlaced chequer-work or of historiated +arabesques, resembling the mosaics of enamelled specimens +of Gallo-Frank jewellery.</p> + +<p>Then come figures of animals, in which the imagination +of the artist runs riot, as in the alphabet of which Montfaucon +has given a specimen in his <i>Origins of the French +Monarchy</i>.</p> + +<p>To quote the opinion of a contemporary writer, there was +nothing under heaven or earth that had not served as a +model for designers of ornamental letters.</p> + +<p>Towards the fourteenth century this exuberance of decoration +quiets down. Fancy is by no means excluded, but it +becomes more regulated and more sure, to the advantage of +art itself, which speaks through the skill of the painters, +whose names, however, with but few exceptions, unfortunately +remain unknown to us.</p> + +<p>Paris was renowned at an early period for the excellence +of its manuscripts, and the talents of its copyists and illuminators. +Richard de Bury, Bishop of Durham and Chancellor +of England, speaks in his <i>Philobiblion</i> of the five libraries he +had seen in that town, and the magnificent books that he had +been able to buy.</p> + +<p>In England, illumination had flourished from before the +twelfth to the fourteenth century, but by the middle of the +fifteenth art was dead, and when handsome miniatures or +other decorations were required for books, it was to French +artists that it was necessary to apply.</p> + +<p>In Italy, the influence, as regards book ornamentation, of +French art may be judged from the passage of Dante, who, +speaking to a miniaturist of his profession, is obliged to use +a periphrase to design it:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + +<div class="poetry"> + +<div class="stanza"> +<div class="verse indent6">‘. . . di quell’ arte</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Ch’ alluminare è chiamata in Parisi.’</div> +</div> + +</div><!--poetry--> + +</div><!--container--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page4">[4]</span></p> + +<p>The dawn of printing was at hand. Manuscripts, whether +handsomely embellished or copied simply without ornament, +were expensive luxuries which only the rich could purchase. +With the revival of learning, for students in general, for the +poorer classes, for school children, cheap books costing as +little as possible, but serving the same end as the manuscript, +were necessary, and the xylograph came at its hour.<a id="FNanchor4" href="#Footnote4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote4" href="#FNanchor4" class="label">[4]</a> It should be mentioned that block-books are now considered by some authorities +to have come later than the invention of printing with movable type, <i>i.e.</i> about 1460.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>From the earliest times copyists had used stamps<a id="FNanchor5" href="#Footnote5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> and +copper stencillings in order to apply initials that recurred +frequently, a practice which contains in it the first germ of +printing. Playing-cards were printed by the same process +and afterwards illuminated.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote5" href="#FNanchor5" class="label">[5]</a> Passavant.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Picture-books came next, with text and illustrations cut +on the same block, the leaves being printed on one side only, +and afterwards gummed back to back.</p> + +<p>Such was the book known as the <i>Biblia Pauperum</i>, +‘Figurae typicae veteris atque antitypicae novi testamenti,’ a +short pictorial history in forty leaves of the Old and New +Testament. Another of these block-books is devoted to +the history of St. John the Evangelist and his apocalyptic +dreams, of which there are six different editions, with texts +in Flemish, Saxon, and German. The <i>Ars Moriendi</i>, or +temptations of the dying, with terrifying pictures, shows a +moribund man assailed by devils,<a id="FNanchor6" href="#Footnote6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a> but, as in all similar productions, +the terrible is relieved by a touch of the grotesque. +The <i>Speculum humanae salvationis</i> is remarkable for being +printed partly from blocks and partly with movable characters. +This shows the transition from xylography to printing proper. +The printer of this work, in order to economise the composition +of twenty-seven leaves, used the blocks he possessed, +and printed them together with twenty-seven others composed +with movable type. The example is not unique.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote6" href="#FNanchor6" class="label">[6]</a> See, under ‘<span class="smcap">Paris</span>,’ +the representation of one of these death-scenes in an <a href="#Repro1085">initial</a> of +Chevallon’s.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>A last variety of xylographic impressions is known under +the generic name of ‘Donatus.’ This is a little primer of<span class="pagenum" id="Page5">[5]</span> +Latin grammar first compiled by the grammarian Aelius +Donatus, by whose name it was afterwards known.</p> + +<p>We have mentioned the xylographic publications, because +in a certain number of them ornamental initials are to be met +with. These, as would naturally be supposed, are of the same +style as those found in manuscripts of the same period. It +may be observed here, that whilst books of price were +embellished with expensive work, the less valuable manuscripts +were left either without initials at all, or with ornamental +letters of a few stereotyped patterns, that experience +had shown to be most harmonious to the written text. Of +these patterns the most popular is the Maiblümchen, or +lily of the valley design, constantly seen in manuscript books, +and adopted by many of the early printers. This design will +be seen in many of the first initials of the Augsburg printers, +and especially of Rihel of Basle.</p> + +<p>Historiated initials are less frequent in the block-books, +the only one we have found being the S of an <i>Ars Memorandi</i>, +of which a <a href="#Repro2">reproduction</a> is given.</p> + +<p>We have noted briefly the successive changes in the +manuscript book, the different phases of its evolution towards +its final formula and expression as an impression from +movable type.</p> + +<p>This brings us to the invention of printing, but it must +be noted that printing, which revolutionised in so many ways +the world, did not immediately put an end to the professions +of the rubricator and illuminator. Some printed works of +the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth +centuries are embellished with miniatures of the very highest +merit and illuminated letters of the greatest beauty.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page6">[6]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER I</span><br /> +<span class="name">BLOCK-BOOKS: THE INVENTION OF PRINTING: +THE PSALTER OF MAYENCE</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo006.png" alt="P" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">P</span><span class="startword">rinting,</span> with the discovery or invention +of which the name of Gutenberg +is intimately associated, goes back to +the year 1454, or, if we accept the recent +discovery of an almanac which can only +refer to 1448, some six years earlier.</p> + +<p>This is not the place to relate its +general history, which is to be found in +all the special works on the question. We shall set down +here only the facts which concern our subject more particularly, +and show the evolution of ornamental letters in +books of the first period after the discovery of the new art.</p> + +<p>It is known that Gutenberg, after the expensive experiments +that had crippled his resources, had borrowed money +from his fellow-citizen Fust, for the purpose of developing +his new discovery.</p> + +<p>His methods were, however, incomplete, and, according to +one of many conjectures, it was not until two or three years +later that Peter Scheffer, presumably a workman in Gutenberg’s +office, perfected it by the invention of punches and +matrices, so discovering a means of founding the type for +which he devised a more suitable alloy instead of engraving +each letter. This brought Scheffer into favour with Fust, +who gave him his daughter in marriage. A quarrel with the +original inventor ensued, and Gutenberg, nearly ruined, was<span class="pagenum" id="Page7">[7]</span> +forced to retire, leaving the two others in possession of +the field.</p> + +<p>The object of the first printers was no doubt to imitate +the manuscript book as closely as possible. Gutenberg in +his Bible had only attempted to copy the letterpress proper. +The two partners gave in 1457 as their diploma piece an +edition of the Psalter with two hundred and eighty-eight +capitals in two colours, besides the great initial B, the +whole forming a perfect imitation by the press of a +highly decorated manuscript.</p> + +<p>At the present time an expert could see at a glance that +this book is printed, instead of being written. But in 1457, +and until the invention of printing had become generally +known, no one could have guessed that it was anything but +what it appeared, a beautifully finished manuscript.</p> + +<p>Of the letters, which are mostly in red and blue, the handsomest +is the initial B at the beginning of the first psalm, +which is surrounded by arabesques, continued along the +margin. Besides these ornaments, figures of a dog and +bird are stencilled, as it were, in white on the red ground of +the letter.</p> + +<p>Writers are by no means agreed as to the way in which +these initials were executed, but until recently the explanation +most generally accepted was that of <i>emboîtement</i>, each part +of the letter being inked separately and afterwards joined. +According to Mr. Gordon Duff, it is impossible to determine +exactly how they were produced, but in one edition, that of +1515, the exterior ornament has been printed, while the letter +itself and the interior ornament have not. This shows that +the letter and ornament were not on one block, and that the +exterior and interior ornaments were on different blocks. +Mr. Blades thought that the design was not printed but +impressed in blank, and afterwards filled in with colour by +the illuminator. The last opinion, that of Mr. Weale, is that +the letters were not set up and printed with the rest of the +book, but subsequently to the typography, not by a pull of +the press but by a blow of the mallet on the superimposed +block.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page8">[8]</span></p> + +<p>It is not, perhaps, without interest to note that the white +ornaments which have been already mentioned are reproduced +on one of the initials of the Bamberg missal. Whether or +not this lends additional likelihood to the Bamberg printer +having been a workman of Gutenberg, the reader must judge +for himself.</p> + +<p>We have said that the object of the first printers was to +produce an imitation manuscript. It has even been suggested +that Scheffer tried to palm off some of the copies of +the Bible as, and at the price of, the manuscripts.</p> + +<p>Gabriel Naudé, in his addition to the history of King +Louis XI., is responsible for this accusation, which has been +reproduced without investigation by several historians. The +passage is too long to quote here, but he states positively +that Scheffer sold the first copies <i>pour manuscrites</i> at seventy-five +<i>écus</i> a copy, selling others afterwards at from twenty to +thirty. Those who had paid the higher price brought an action +against him for <i>survente</i>, and he had to fly from Paris to +Mayence, where not being in safety he took refuge at Strasburg, +living for a time with Messire Philippe de Commines.</p> + +<p>The story is charmingly circumstantial but hardly convincing. +At any rate, it is certain that no sharp practice could +have been attempted after 1457, as the colophon of the +Psalter states the volume ‘Venustate capitalium decoratus +rubricationibusque sufficienter distinctus adinventione artificiosa +imprimendi et characterizandi; absque calami ulla +exaratione sic effigiatus.’</p> + +<p>It has also been said that Scheffer was not the first to use +the Psalter initials, which formed part of the stock which +Gutenberg was compelled to relinquish in payment of the +money he had borrowed of Fust.</p> + +<p>Fischer at the beginning of the last century published the +description of a Donatus of 1451 with some of these initials, +of which he gave a facsimile, and which he attributes to +Gutenberg, but this book is no longer to be found, and it is +supposed that he was the victim of a hoax.<a id="FNanchor7" href="#Footnote7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a> The only<span class="pagenum" id="Page9">[9]</span> +copy now known with these initials has come down to us in +the shape of a fragment which is preserved in the Bibliothèque +Nationale. The catalogue gives the date as 1468, but Hessels +and many other good judges place it at 1456. It is printed +in the type of the forty-two line Bible, with thirty-five lines +to the page. In the colophon Scheffer makes use of the +expression ‘<i>cum suis capitalibus</i>,’ which Hessels translates +‘with his capital letters,’ a rendering, says Mr. Gordon Duff, +which is surely impossible.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote7" href="#FNanchor7" class="label">[7]</a> According to M. de Laborde, ‘Bodman archiviste de Mayence, tourmenté par +Oberlin, Fischer et tous les bibliographes du temps pour leur trouver quelques +nouveaux renseignements sur Gutenberg, n’imagina rien de mieux que d’en fabriquer.’ +Fischer in his <i>Essai sur les monuments Typographiques de Jean Gutenberg</i> declares that +he found two leaves of a Donatus, which was printed by Gutenberg with the same +initials as were afterwards used by Scheffer. These leaves were in the cover of an +account-book dated 1451, which was discovered in the Archives of Mayence by +Bodman. These leaves have since disappeared.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Two other questions remain to be considered: Why +Scheffer should have used the initials frequently until 1462, +and then (with the exception of successive editions of the +Psalter) have given up their use entirely? Who was their +author?</p> + +<p>For the first there was a combination of several reasons. +The opposition of the Formschneiders may have had something +to do with it. On the other hand, Scheffer may have +got tired of always using the same initials which had been +cut for him by an exceptionally clever engraver, of whom he +had afterwards lost sight. In the third place, the sack of +Mayence in 1462, which led to the dispersion of his workmen, +may have been partly the reason, but that he did not lose his +material is proved by the initials appearing in the antiquarian +reprints of the Psalter.</p> + +<p>In our opinion the second reason is most probable, +and it is supported by the testimony of Papillon as to the +identity of the artist, which seems to have escaped recent +bibliographers.</p> + +<p>According to Heineken, a certain Meydenbach is mentioned +in Sebastian Münster’s <i>Cosmographia</i>, and also by an +anonymous author in <i>Serarius</i>, as being one of Gutenberg’s +assistants. Heineken on these grounds considers that he +accompanied Gutenberg from Strasburg to Mayence, also<span class="pagenum" id="Page10">[10]</span> +that he was probably an engraver or illuminator, and Von +Murr thinks he was the artist who engraved the large +initials.</p> + +<p>Fischer is convinced that they were engraved by Gutenberg +himself, ‘a person experienced in such work, as we are taught +by his residence in Strasburg,’ which Jackson declares teaches +no such thing.</p> + +<p>Papillon’s history is too long to be related here <i>verbatim</i>, +but in substance it is as follows: A German who was +making the <i>tour de France</i> applied to him for work. He +stated that his name was Cocksperger, and that he was +descended from Peter Cocksperger who had engraved the +initials of the Psalter of Mayence. Papillon only saw him +three times in 1737, when he showed him some of his work, +which, although somewhat coarse, was well cut, of a pretty +taste, and not common. His ancestors had lived in Mayence, +Cologne, and Nuremberg. One of them, Peter, had worked +with Fust and Scheffer at their first impressions, and it was +a tradition in the family that he was a scribe and miniaturist, +and also engraved neatly on wood. He had been engaged by +Scheffer, who lodged him in his house, to design and engrave +on wood large initials embellished with ornaments like those +he was in the habit of drawing and painting. Also that one +of his brothers, Jacques, together with a friend named Thomas +Forkanach who also engraved on wood, had helped him to +engrave the initials for Scheffer’s Psalter. He showed +Papillon a book of ‘figures of the mass,’ a xylographic tract +printed <i>au frotton</i>. Not being able to get acceptable work, +he left Paris. ‘This man,’ says Papillon, was ‘<i>franc et de +très bon caractère</i>,’ he had means to live quietly at home, +had not <i>l’envie de voyager</i> made him leave Germany.<a id="FNanchor8" href="#Footnote8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote8" href="#FNanchor8" class="label">[8]</a> Papillon, <i>Histoire de la gravure sur bois</i>.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>We have not seen any references to Cocksperger in modern +works, but Dibdin in one of his books quotes Papillon’s +account of him. It would be curious to know whether there +was really a family of this name in Mayence at the date +Papillon gives, and whether there is any trace there of such +a tradition.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page11">[11]</span></p> + +<p>Besides the initials used in the different editions of the +Psalter, and in some other publications such as the <i>Rationale +Durandi</i>, which has the same subscription as the Psalter, +but with the date changed to 1459, Scheffer had a splendid +bichrome T for the <i>Canon of the Mass</i>, considered by many +as quite equal to the B of the Psalter.</p> + +<p>Later in the century polychrome initials, as these letters +in two colours are somewhat incorrectly termed, are said to +have been used in early Dutch impressions. Humphreys in +his <i>History of Printing</i> gives the reproduction of a Q in two +colours from the <i>Dyalogus Creaturarum</i>, printed at Gouda in +1480 by Gerard Leeu, which he supposes to be printed, and +which he considers, as we think erroneously, to be quite +equal to Scheffer’s B.</p> + +<p>Initials printed in one colour are not uncommon. They +are to be found, for instance, in the <i>Etymologicum Magnum</i> +of Callierges, and sometimes in missals, such as the Missale +Olumucense of Bamberg and the Rouen Missal, ‘ad usum +insignis ecclesie Atrebatensis.’</p> + +<p>It has been said that the Psalter letters ceased to be used in +1462. Whatever may have been the reason for this, and it is +possible after all that it was simply from motives of economy, +Scheffer’s example, as regards the suppression of ornament, +was followed by the other printers, and with the exception of +Pfister, whose impressions from movable characters have +every appearance of xylographic productions, for some years +no books were issued with typographical embellishments.</p> + +<p>It is probable that, for the two years during which he +flourished, Pfister’s illustrated publications were tolerated +because they were generally supposed to be block-books, and +that he was compelled to stop operations by the Guilds, as +soon as they found out that he was in reality one of the hated +printers. For it was not only as craftsmen that the Formschneiders +were hostile to the members of the new trade. +The engravers had become the printers of the xylographic +books, then a new and profitable industry, and they were +afraid of the sale of their own productions being interfered +with by the illustrated works of the type-printers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page12">[12]</span></p> + +<p>From the point of view of ornamental initials there +is little to say about the xylographic impressions.</p> + +<p>Before the invention of printing, the copies of block-books +were obtained, as has been already mentioned, by what is +known as the <i>frotton</i> process, the paper being placed over the +engraved block and rubbed with a special pad. The ink in +the originals is of a brownish yellow. After the invention of +the press, certain popular treatises continued to be struck +off from xylographic cuts, but by impression, like ordinary +books. One of these, the <i>Mirabilia Romae</i>, a guide-book +to Rome at the end of the fifteenth century, has a large +historiated S at the beginning. It is remarkable from the +fact that the letterpress, of which a <a href="#Repro3">specimen</a> is given with +the initial, is not cut in imitation of type, but, as can be seen +in our reproduction, of ordinary hand-writing.</p> + +<p>Another <a href="#Repro1">specimen</a> of this kind of printing is the P, which +we reproduce with a border, from a Donatus, the first and eighth +leaves of which were preserved for centuries in an old binding.</p> + +<p>This Donatus, of which the only leaves remaining belong +to the Leipsic Museum, was printed by Dinckmut. There +is another xylographic fragment with a colophon bearing the +same name in the Bodleian Library. The initial itself +represents a schoolmaster surrounded by his pupils, a subject +frequently met with as a frontispiece to books of this class, +and it is prolonged into a border which frames the page.</p> + +<p>When the initial of a Donatus does not represent a +pedagogue and his class, the subject is often the Virgin and +Holy Family. J. Rosenthal has an extremely valuable edition +with the Virgin, the Child, and St. Catherine. Amongst our +specimens of Cologne is a <a href="#Repro345">Donatus</a> without name of printer +or date, but no doubt printed by Quentell towards 1500, +in which, besides the Virgin and Child, there are grotesque +profiles in the two left corners which look as if copied from +the same source as one of the Bämler initials, and the initial +with grotesques in the Bâle Psalters.<a id="FNanchor9" href="#Footnote9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote9" href="#FNanchor9" class="label">[9]</a> The Donatus, always being in demand, was generally one of the first books +printed at a new press. It was the first work issued by Pannartz and Sweynheim when +they started at Subiaco.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page13">[13]</span></p> + +<p>During the remainder of the fifteenth century there was +very little in the way of initial ornamentation in books +published at Mayence, where Scheffer, who was always the +chief printer, seems to have exhausted his possibilities in +this direction with his first experiment.</p> + +<p>There is, however, a fine large historiated D in a German +translation of Æsop—<i>Das Buch und Leben des Fabeldichters +Æsop</i>—without printer’s name or date, but attributed +to Scheffer, towards 1480. This <a href="#Repro4">initial</a> has already been +reproduced in Muther’s <i>Bücher-Illustration</i>, and more recently +in a bibliography of incunabula and books printed before +1501, by Ludwig Rosenthal. The only other interesting +ornamental letter we are acquainted with of Mayence origin +before 1500 is <a href="#Repro5">the G</a> at the commencement of Erhardt +Reuwich’s <i>Breidenbach</i>.</p> + +<p>During the first two decades of the sixteenth century +there is the same dearth of anything like ornament in Mayence +books, but towards 1520 John, the grandson of the first Peter +Scheffer, has several alphabets, one of very large letters with +arabesques of flowers, foliage, and birds, used first in his +Livy of 1518, published under the patronage of Brandeburg, +Archbishop of Magdeburg and Mayence. There is also a +smaller one with the most varied subjects, besides a few +letters with children on a black ground, and one or two linear +initials also with children, copied from Venetian models.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page14">[14]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER II</span><br /> +<span class="name">AUGSBURG</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo014.png" alt="F" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">F</span><span class="startword">rom</span> what has been already said, it seems +evident that the aim of the first printers +was to produce by the new art as perfect +as possible an imitation of the manuscript.</p> + +<p>Scheffer printed books with ornamental +letters in the manuscript style. +The other printers left them to be added +by hand, which produced the same effect. It was not until +the beginning of the seventies that the printed book assumed +its definite form, and that it was recognised that new methods +and new processes were necessary. The printed book was +henceforth to be a printed book, and not an imitation manuscript. +It was no longer to pass, for accessory embellishment, +through a number of successive hands, but to be finished at +a single impression.</p> + +<p>It would not be exact to say that it was Günther Zainer +who relinquished the fiction of a printed manuscript, and who +recognised that, in virtue of the economic principle of which +the press itself is a manifestation, text and ornamental +embellishments should be produced as simply as possible.</p> + +<p>The alteration was brought about by the Augsburg +printers generally, rather than by any one in particular, and +was a matter of evolution rather than of sudden change.</p> + +<p>It was hindered, too, to a great extent by the opposition +of the Guild of Engravers, who saw in the innovation a +menace to their privileges, and who brought an action against<span class="pagenum" id="Page15">[15]</span> +Zainer and Schussler in 1471 to prevent them using wood-engraving +in their books, and even opposed their admission +as burgesses. It was only at the intervention of Melchior +Stanheim, Abbot of St. Ulrich, that the matter was arranged, +on the understanding that they should insert in their books +neither woodcut pictures nor letters, a prohibition that +was only withdrawn after a new arrangement which bound +the printers to employ only recognised members of the +Formschneider Guild.</p> + +<p>As an example of the jealousy with which these privileges +of corporations were maintained, it may be mentioned that +Albert Dürer was compelled to pay four florins to the Society +of Painters of Venice for working at his profession during +his stay in that city.</p> + +<p>Günther Zainer’s first woodcut initials, if they can be called +‘woodcuts,’ are merely outline letters without any kind of +ornament. They were intended simply as a guide to the +rubricator.</p> + +<p>In the next stage we have a framed initial with an +ornamental groundwork, but the composition is less effective +in black and white than when the letter itself is picked out +in red. A good example of this is in the alphabet of the +Zainer German Bible, afterwards used in the <i>Summa Confessorum</i> +of J. Friburgensis. In these initials, what a +contemporary authority on lettering calls a ‘friskiness’ of +the design leads to a difficulty of distinguishing between +the ornamental prolongation of the different parts of the +letter, and the very similar decorative groundwork,—so +much so, that even the rubricator was sometimes mistaken, +the colour being left unapplied where needed, and <i>vice versâ</i>.</p> + +<p>Finally we come to initials, of which the specimens that +have come down to us are coloured as often as not. These +are more effective when not so treated, and were probably +intended to be left as printed. The reader can judge from +the <a href="#Repro6">specimens</a> reproduced.</p> + +<p>Butsch (<i>Bücher-Ornamentik</i>) mentions the <i>Gulden Bibel</i> +of Rampigollis, the <i>Belial</i> of 1472, and the <i>Glossae</i> of Salemo, +as the earliest works of G. Zainer with woodcut initials.<span class="pagenum" id="Page16">[16]</span> +The <i>Belial</i>, he says, has a large ornamental initial of +arabesque design.</p> + +<p>Our first <a href="#Repro6">selections</a> are from the <i>Summa Confessorum</i>; the +<a href="#Repro15">large P</a> is from the <i>Margarita Davitica</i> of 1475.</p> + +<p>The new plan was soon adopted by the other Augsburg +printers, and spread thence to other towns and countries.</p> + +<p>As far as Augsburg is concerned, it should be noted that +the same letters were often used by different printers, and +they are therefore as much illustrative of the town and period, +as of any one particular press. Ludwig Hohenwang, for +instance, uses the same initials in his <i>Gulden Bibel</i> of 1477, +as does J. Pflantzmann in his <i>Glossa</i> of Salemo of the same +year. The two <a href="#Repro22">specimens</a> given of these printers might have +been taken from either volume.</p> + +<p>Our other examples are taken from works published by +<a href="#Repro16">Sorg</a>, <a href="#Repro20">Keller</a>, +<a href="#Repro28">Bämler</a>, and <a href="#Repro24">Schönsperger</a>.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro28">Bämler selection</a> is exceedingly curious as presenting +probably the first example, if our date is correct, of what was +afterwards so common—the grotesque profile.</p> + +<p>Unfortunately we are unable to give their exact origin, as +they form part of a collection of initials, cut from early books, +but if the attribution ‘Bämler, 1475,’ is correct, they are of +the same date as the Rihel Bible of 1475, in which there are +two initials with profiles, but neither of them grotesque.<a id="FNanchor10" href="#Footnote10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote10" href="#FNanchor10" class="label">[10]</a> There are two +pictorial letters in the fifth German Bible (see the reproductions of +both at <a href="#Page118">pp. 118</a>, <a href="#Page119">119</a>), in which the border is formed partly of a grotesque profile.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>The five <a href="#Page117">specimens</a> given are selected from the thirteen +letters comprised in the collection, and need no description. +The others consist of a D, which is in reality the same as our +C but reversed; a G, two L’s, an R, a T, and a V. One of +the L’s has a sun with full face, and the T, besides being of +an unusual pattern, has also a grotesque profile. Unfortunately +it has been daubed over by a rubricator too badly +for reproduction. The S with the two human figures occurs +several times in Rihel’s Latin Bible, and was given by us in +a former essay<a id="FNanchor11" href="#Footnote11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> as a specimen of Basle woodcuts. We now +class it provisionally with Augsburg.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote11" href="#FNanchor11" class="label">[11]</a> ‘On Some Old Initial Letters.’ <i>The Library</i>, January 1901.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page17">[17]</span></p> + +<p>Of Sorg, our earliest <a href="#Repro16">specimens</a> are of the pure Maiblümchen +pattern, <a href="#Repro18">the S</a> without any trace of historiation being +from a copy of St. Ambrosius on St. Luke of 1476. Other +letters of this type are to be found in his <i>Breidenbach</i> and +other works, but later on they become almost identical with +those of Keller. Compare <a href="#Repro16">the A</a> and <a href="#Repro17">the H</a> from the +<i>Valerius Maximus</i> of Sorg of 1480, with the <a href="#Repro20">E and V</a> from +the Keller edition of Aristotle’s <i>Opera Nonnulla</i> of 1479. +<a href="#Repro19">The S</a> with a grotesque profile at each end and the letters +G I A dates from 1480, and is the first initial we have met +with in which the fool, so popular in the imagery of the +period, here complete with cap, ass’s ears, bells and cockscomb, +is represented.</p> + +<p>Schönsperger’s initials, of which four <a href="#Repro24">reproductions</a> are +given, are a little later, 1489.</p> + +<p>We come now to pictorial initials, and in this respect the +printers of Augsburg had been anticipated by those of Ulm +and Nuremberg.</p> + +<p>It was in 1473 that the fourth German Bible was published +at Nuremberg. It was probably the success of this +edition that induced Günther Zainer to bring out the magnificent +folio classed as fifth, which may truly, from its size +and solidity, be considered as a typographical monument.</p> + +<p>Zainer’s first edition (the fifth German Bible) was undated, +but was published either in 1474 or 1475. It succeeded so +well that another edition, this time dated and in two volumes, +was published in 1477, with small ornamental initials at the +beginnings of the chapters, as well as the large pictorial +letters previously used at the commencement of each book.</p> + +<p>The difference between the <a href="#Repro33">Augsburg</a> and <a href="#Repro91">Nuremberg</a> +initials can be seen in our reproductions, the former being +taller and surrounded with accessory ornaments. In the +Nuremberg Bible, Corinthians 1 and 2, Ephesians, Philippians, +Thessalonians 1 and 2, Timothy 1 and 2, Titus and Philemon, +all have the same initial. Hebrews has no initial at all, nor +has Galatians. In the Augsburg edition the letters are all +different; Galatians has its initial, and Hebrews begins with +a pictorial Z.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page18">[18]</span></p> + +<p>In Sorg’s Bible of 1477, the only large historiated letter is +the B at the beginning of the dedicatory epistle, with bishop +and cardinal in a cell which, as can be seen in the corresponding +Nuremberg <a href="#Repro92">initial</a>, looks like a third-class railway +compartment. There is a smaller D, not worth reproducing. +The different books of the Bible are mostly preceded by small +engravings.</p> + +<p>But Sorg’s best historiated <a href="#Repro41">initials</a>, in fact the only ones +with which we are acquainted (for the B in his Bible is a +copy of Zainer’s), are to be found in a work by Henricus Suso, +‘dictus Amandus,’ published in 1482: <i>Das Buch das heisset +Der Seusse</i>, a translation of his <i>Horologium aeternae +Sapientiae</i>.</p> + +<p>This book contains a number of engravings on Biblical +subjects, which are most often painted over beyond the possibility +of reproduction. Such is the case with the copies both +in the British Museum and in the Paris National Library.</p> + +<p>Besides these illustrations there are three large pictorial +<a href="#Repro41">initials</a>, C, R, and S, of which the C alone occurs twice, representing, +the C an angel appearing to a woman, the R a +saint with a crozier, and the S an eagle, the background +being filled up with Maiblümchen.</p> + +<p>Towards the end of the century Ratdolt, who had returned +from Venice, was the chief printer at Augsburg.</p> + +<p>Amongst his other productions, Ratdolt printed a number +of liturgical works, the most beautiful that we have seen being +the folio Breviary of 1493. The type is admirable, and those +pages which begin with the large <a href="#Repro45">letters</a>, such as the C with +the Pope, or the H (All Saints), printed as they are with the +brilliant black ink of the period, are particularly effective. +The B at the beginning of the Psalter is used again in the +smaller Psalter of 1499, as are several of the smaller initials. +The <i>pars aestivalis</i> begins with the U. The C with St. Urban +is at the commencement of the section <i>De Sanctis</i>.</p> + +<p>Two of the smaller initials occur in the larger Psalter, +which are not in the smaller one. A D representing a kind +of Indian with a club and feathers is the fool referred to in +the opening words of the Psalm <i>Dixit insipiens</i>. Another D<span class="pagenum" id="Page19">[19]</span> +has Jesus kneeling to His father (<i>Dixit Deus Domino meo</i>). +On the other hand, the crucifixion initials of the Psalter of +1499 are not in this edition.</p> + +<p id="Ref5">The Psalter of 1499, <i>Psalterium cum apparatu vulgari +familiariter impresso—Lateinisch Psalter mit dem teutschen +nutzlichen dabey gedruckt</i>, has not the imposing appearance +of the earlier folio volume, but like all Ratdolt’s work is well +printed. This would appear to have been taken as a model +for Psalters in the Vulgate. There are several editions of +different towns with the text framed, as it were, by a translation +in the vernacular in smaller type. The Psalter of Furter +has the same disposition, the initial letters, although different +in treatment, corresponding almost exactly with those of +Ratdolt’s Psalter. Knoblouch has a similar Psalter, but +with non-historiated initials. In the Metz Psalter of Hochffeder, +otherwise on the same plan, the only initial is on the +title-page.</p> + +<p>In the Missal of Frisingen of 1492 there are no historiated +letters, and the ornamental initials in the Venetian style are +unfortunately most outrageously coloured in the only copy we +have seen. Amongst other letters there is in it an extremely +curiously designed S which is difficult to describe, but which +we would recommend to students of lettering. In the D, +which is in the shape of a Gothic German Q reversed, and +the P, there is a branch-work pattern starting tangentially +from a central circle and ending in trifoliated ornaments +altogether graceful and harmonious. Ratdolt’s mark is on +the last page, and above it:</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + +<div class="poetry"> + +<div class="stanza"> +<div class="verse indent-1">‘Erhardi Ratdolt felicia conspice signa,</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Testata artificem qua valet ipse manum.’</div> +</div> + +</div><!--poetry--> + +</div><!--container--> + +<p>Ratdolt continued to print liturgical works for some part +of the sixteenth century, but the only other volume of the +kind that we have had at our disposal is the <i>Pars Aestivalis</i> +of the <i>Breviarium Constantiense</i>. Ratdolt, Aug Vindel, 1516. +In this book there are four pages with borders, one of which +is <a href="#Repro59">reproduced</a>, and on the opposite sides are full-page engravings. +There are eight initials, which we <a href="#Page123">reproduce</a>, and<span class="pagenum" id="Page20">[20]</span> +which are also, we believe, to be found in his Ratisbon +Breviary.</p> + +<p>Hitherto, with the exception of the last-mentioned work, +we have had to do with what may be called the first style of +engraving, in which designs and pictures drawn by the artist +were executed by the wood-cutter in linear reproduction only.</p> + +<p>With Albert Dürer, however, came a new epoch, and it +became the custom for artists not only to design but also to +engrave their own work. This practice, which was commenced +by Dürer, who served a long apprenticeship to the +celebrated Wohlgemuth, was continued by most of his pupils, +and new technical methods were naturally the consequence. +Henceforth the more liberal use of shading, and the invention +of cross-hatching, enabled effects to be produced which +had been before impossible.</p> + +<p>The results may be seen to this day in the magnificent +engravings by the great artists of the beginning of the +sixteenth century, which, notwithstanding the difficulties +under which they laboured, have never been excelled.<a id="FNanchor12" href="#Footnote12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> Their +productions, even when it comes to initials, are real compositions +with a personal character.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote12" href="#FNanchor12" class="label">[12]</a> At this time the wood employed for engraving was pear, and the surface of the +block was parallel to the fibre. This made cross-hatching most difficult of execution, +and in consequence of the extreme care and attention necessary, it is said that the +work took eight or nine times as long as at present. It is only since the days of +Bewick that boxwood has been used, and the blocks cut with the fibre of the wood +perpendicular to the surface.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>To mention those only who designed initial letters, and of +whose works we shall give specimens, there were Albert +Dürer, Hans Burgkmair, Hans Holbein, Hans Schauffelein, +Anton von Worms, Lucas Cranach, Hans Baldung Grün.</p> + +<p>We have here to speak of the initials generally attributed +to Hans Burgkmair, but which, according to Dr. H. Röttinger, +ought to be assigned to Hans Weiditz, one of his pupils.</p> + +<p>These initials are to be met with for the most part in the +publications of Heinrich Steyner in 1531 and the following +ten or eleven years, and come mostly from German translations +of classical authors. The influence of Albert Dürer, +of whom Burgkmair was himself the pupil, is clearly seen.<span class="pagenum" id="Page21">[21]</span> +Different treatises and different editions of Cicero were published +in 1531, 1535, 1540; of Herodianus in 1531; Justinus, +1531; Boccaccio, 1532; Cassiodorus, 1533; Plutarch, 1534; +Petrarch, 1542, in all of which we meet with specimens of +these letters.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro73">The Z</a> with a fox trying to get at the poultry in the +market-woman’s basket is from the German <i>Cicero</i>. <a href="#Repro65">The C</a> +(bagpiper) and <a href="#Repro68">the N</a> (caricature with big head and small +legs) and <a href="#Repro69">the P</a> with a peacock are from the <i>Magni Aurelii +Cassiodori variarum libri xii</i>. <a href="#Repro66">The E</a> with the monk and +nun, and the <a href="#Repro74">C and H</a> in a different style, are from the +German <i>Petrarch</i>. The other initials are from one or other +of the volumes mentioned.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page22">[22]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER III</span><br /> +<span class="name">ULM AND NUREMBERG</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo022.png" alt="M" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">M</span><span class="startword">ost</span> writers on early bibliography, +amongst others Bodemann and Muther, +who both give reproductions of the +initial border at the beginning of the +Latin Boccaccio, quote J. Zainer as the +first printer in Ulm to use woodcut +initials. The date of the Boccaccio is +1473. In addition to the initial border +it contains a complete alphabet,<a id="FNanchor13" href="#Footnote13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a> of which we give several +<a href="#Page126">specimens</a>. From a decorative point of view this alphabet is +not very remarkable, the letters being of small size, but the +book is interesting on account of the very large historiated +initial at the beginning, which is prolonged along the side +and upper margins into a floro-foliated border in imitation +of the more elaborate decoration of the old manuscripts. +The subject represents that very unfortunate incident in the +history of the first woman which was the cause of all the +subsequent unhappiness of mankind. Eve, who is the +heroine of the first chapter of this book on celebrated women, +is represented in the act of receiving the apple from the arch +deceiver, who is ensconced in the branches of the fatal tree +with his tail twisted into the letter S. Above, in the +branches of the tree, are small personages emblematic of +the seven deadly sins. In a German edition of the same +book of the same year, the initial becomes a D, and contains<span class="pagenum" id="Page23">[23]</span> +the arms of the noble to whom the work is dedicated, with +winged angels at the corners, being prolonged into borders +along the two adjacent margins. In these two instances +the initial letter forms part of the general composition.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote13" href="#FNanchor13" class="label">[13]</a> Copied from a manuscript of the fifteenth century, the ‘Evangeliare of St. +Udalrich.’</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>In another style of border the initial is merely placed in +juxtaposition, and the same design is thus able to serve for +any book with any letter.</p> + +<p>There is a remarkably vigorous folio-floral border with the +head and shoulders of a fool with his cap, bells, and other +insignia, at the angle of the two margins in the <i>Liber Biblie +Moralis</i>, 1474. The same composition is used in the <i>Alvarus +Pelagius</i> the year before.<a id="FNanchor14" href="#Footnote14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote14" href="#FNanchor14" class="label">[14]</a> In church architecture, and in early book ornamentation, which reflects so well +the ideas and customs of the time, the fool did not make his appearance before the +middle of the fifteenth century. Wright, in his <i>History of Caricature</i>, mentions as early +instances some sculptures of this date in churches of Cornwall, and it was about the +same time that this personage is first seen in manuscript decoration.</p> + +<p>The idea, however, was much older, springing from that taste for the grotesque +which characterised the Middle Ages, and the relics of which are seen in so many +artistic remains of the period. From the tenth century and even earlier, companies of +fools existed in all large towns, and on certain occasions Mother Folly and the Lord +of Misrule reigned supreme. The cult of the ass, whose ears were to become later part +of the fool’s insignia, was another outcome of this love of the burlesque.</p> + +<p>In printed books, the first engraving we are acquainted with of a fool is in the +border to the <i>Liber Biblie Moralis</i> of 1475. In initial letters, as far as we have been +able to ascertain, this subject was not used before 1480, when it is to be found in +specimens both of Augsburg and of Strasburg. A remarkable portrait of a fool is +contained in an O in Schott’s <i>Plenarium</i>, printed, as is stated in the colophon, at +‘Strospurg,’ in 1481. Knoblochtzer’s large S, for the <i>Dyalogus Solomonis et Marcolfi</i>, +gives a fool with another personage at full length, and at last the typical fool, with a +marotte and all other accoutrements, is met with in initials of different Psalters, being +well seen in that of Fürter of Basle.</p> + +<p>Henceforth, with a face characterised by leering cunning, the type is to remain +unchanged, and Brandt, Erasmus, and Holbein only add to its popularity, without +modifying the general conception. There is a little pictorial initial by Quentell, in +which the usual expression is replaced by one of extreme <i>finesse</i>, but coarser cunning is +the rule, and it is under this aspect that the fool is depicted by Holbein in the R of +the alphabet of Death.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>In the <i>Quadragesimale</i> of Gritsch there is a similar border, +but the fool is replaced by a personage with a doctor’s bonnet. +The letters accompanying these borders belong to the alphabet, +of which we give several <a href="#Repro80">reproductions</a>, and which is the most +frequently used in J. Zainer’s works.<a id="FNanchor15" href="#Footnote15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote15" href="#FNanchor15" class="label">[15]</a> Reiber in his <i>Art pour +Tous</i> gives a similar alphabet of the Augsburg Zainer, which, +he says, is copied from a manuscript of the tenth century.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page24">[24]</span></p> + +<p>Another great work from the Ulm press is the <i>Cosmographia</i> +of Ptolemy, printed by Leonard Holl, in which there +is an alphabet of initials not unlike those of Schönsperger +<a href="#Repro24">already given</a>. Those of L. Holl ought to have been preferred +as illustrations, inasmuch as they are earlier than the +others, 1482, but they are almost invariably painted and unfit +for zincotype reproduction. The chief interest, moreover, in +the book is in its two large historiated initials on the first +two pages, the <a href="#Repro82">first</a> showing the printer offering his book +to the Pope, the <a href="#Repro83">second</a> representing probably Ptolemy +himself.</p> + +<p>Our last <a href="#Repro84">specimen</a> of J. Zainer’s engraving is the F which +begins the dedicatory epistle of the Latin Bible of 1480, and +which is a curious example of the peregrinations of woodcuts +through different workshops, and of the incongruous uses to +which they were put.</p> + +<p>In the Ulm Bible the letter is much fresher and the +border-line very little broken, but our <a href="#Repro84">reproduction</a> is from +an impression made when it was much the worse for wear, and +had passed into the hands of Hupfuff of Strasburg. It has +been used by him without any kind of <i>apropos</i>, not as an initial +but as a frontispiece to a tract published in 1507 with the +following title: <i>Canon Sacratissime Misse una cū; Expositione +ejusdem ubi in primis praemittitur pulchra contemplatio +ante missam habenda de Cristi pulchritudine</i>.<a id="FNanchor16" href="#Footnote16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote16" href="#FNanchor16" class="label">[16]</a> On the title-page of a little pamphlet entitled ‘Deploration sur le Trepas de tres +noble Princesse Madame Magdalain de France Royne Descoce,’ of which only one copy +is known, the frontispiece is a B showing the Queen holding up a dagger, and with the +motto ‘Memento mori.’</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Every student of bibliography has met with instances of +the use of illustrations having no reference to the text, simply +to fill up a space and because nothing more suitable was at +hand. Cuts, for instance, from Brandt’s illustrations to +Grüninger’s Virgil are to be found in some volumes of +Geyler’s Sermons. The same indifference to the reader’s +opinion was often displayed in connection with ornamental +letters. When the letter is simply ornamental it does not +much matter: a C turned over becomes a D, and <i>vice versâ</i>.<span class="pagenum" id="Page25">[25]</span> +An M at a pinch serves reversed as a W, an N on its side +does for a Z. But when, as is sometimes the case, the letter +taken liberties with is pictorial or historiated, the resulting +effect is far from artistic.</p> + +<p>Here there is, of course, no absolute incompatibility between +text and illustration, which was probably considered a very +satisfactory makeshift for the cut which often adorns the +recto or verso of contemporary title-pages, representing the +author presenting his book to a patron.</p> + +<p>In 1496 J. Reger published books with initials, of which +we have selected <a href="#Repro86">the M</a>, <a href="#Repro85">the C</a>, and <a href="#Repro87">the S</a>. They come from +the <i>Obsidionis Rhodie Urbis descriptio</i> of Caoursin, a work +very much sought after on account of its full-page woodcuts, +some of which represent incidents in the siege, others the +entertainment of an ambassador by the Grand Master. <a href="#Repro86">The +M</a> and <a href="#Repro85">the C</a> are the only letters with animated subjects; the +others, R, H, N, and G are simply foliated, and the proofs +are too inferior for reproduction.</p> + +<p>The same printer has another book of the same date about +Rhodes, the <i>Stabilimenta Rhodiorum militum</i>, with three +interesting initials, an F, a boy with a dog, an O, a naked +winged babe, and an X, a bird with foliage.</p> + +<h3 class="inline"><i>Nuremberg.</i></h3> + +<p class="hinline">—If Zainer at Augsburg was the first to introduce +woodcut letters printed in black ink, the practice was +adopted very soon after at Nuremberg, if indeed, setting aside +the outline initials already mentioned, Nuremberg has not +the priority as regards genuine ornamental woodcutting. +For whereas the <i>Belial</i> of 1472 is the first work mentioned +by Butsch with woodcut letters at Augsburg, at Nuremberg, +where J. Müller of Königsberg (Regiomontanus), as is stated +by Panzer, settled in 1471, his first publication, the <i>Theoricae +Novae Planetarum</i> of Georgius Purbachius, is embellished +with eight initials. These are interesting as affording another +example of the fact that the earlier designs were generally +taken from manuscripts, for Olschki, in his <i>Monumenta +Typographica</i>, gives the reproduction of a manuscript initial +which is of the same size and of the same pattern as the S<span class="pagenum" id="Page26">[26]</span> +we have given from the <i>Theoricae Novae</i>, and which contains +besides eight smaller initials, D, L, M, O, P, Q, S, V, +measuring 2·4 centimetres.</p> + +<p>There is a Q of the same style and size in the <i>Astronomicon</i> +of M. Manilius, published by Müller in 1473.</p> + +<p>Müller, or Regiomontanus, as he styles himself in his +colophons, was not only a printer, but one of the most +learned mathematicians of the day. In 1471 he printed a +Calendarium of his own with many astronomical figures and +woodcut initials.</p> + +<p>In 1476 Ratdolt and his partners printed an edition of +this with a charming border and initials at Venice, and in +1496 it was published by J. Hamman de Landoia.</p> + +<p>In 1473 appeared the first German Bible with large +pictorial initials, the Nuremberg Bible of Frisner and +Sensenschmidt, known as the fourth German Bible. In +our opinion the work on these <a href="#Repro91">initials</a> is amongst the best +of the time, and often much superior to what is to be found +in ordinary illustrative cuts of the same date. The subjects +are the same as in the Augsburg Bible, but the initials differ +in being wider than tall in the Nuremberg edition, and in +the absence of the Maiblümchen decorative border which is +a feature of the others.</p> + +<p>After the German Bible, we know of no initials of very +great interest in Nuremberg books for some years. Koberger, +who reigned supreme in this town, did not favour their use.<a id="FNanchor17" href="#Footnote17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote17" href="#FNanchor17" class="label">[17]</a> In a recent catalogue of thirty-seven works published by him, no woodcut initials +occur in any.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>In 1489 a book was published, generally attributed to +G. Stuchs, which is interesting in many ways.<a id="FNanchor18" href="#Footnote18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a> The title, +which is xylographic, runs as follows:</p> + +<p class="center highline15">‘<i>Versehung leib sel er unnd gut</i>,’</p> + +<p class="noindent"><i>anglicé</i>: ‘The way to preserve body, soul, honour, and means,’ +and on the verso is a remarkable engraving of a sick person +in bed surrounded by attendants, which evidently suggested +the cut representing the sick fool in Brandt’s celebrated +<i>Navis Fatuorum</i>. At the end of the volume is a great<span class="pagenum" id="Page27">[27]</span> +typographical curiosity, which constitutes, when completed +by hand, an <i>ex-libris</i>. This is a woodcut engraving occupying +nearly the whole of the page, with a shield in blank and +two scrolls. On one of these are engraved the words, <i>Das +Puch und der Schild ist</i>, the corresponding one being intended +for the owner’s name, and the shield for his coat of +arms.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote18" href="#FNanchor18" class="label">[18]</a> Proctor ascribes this work to either Conrad Zeninger or Peter Wagner.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>In our copy this book-plate remains in its original condition, +but we have seen another that was filled up at the +time, and which has been the means of rescuing the name +of a worthy monk from oblivion. In it, the first part of +the sentence is completed by the addition of the words, <i>des +Closters zum Parfusen hat Eundres Gewder gemacht</i>, the +whole forming an <i>ex-libris</i> of the Monastery of Barefooted +Brothers of St. Francis, and testifying to the skill of the +‘bibliothecarius,’ Andrew Gewder, who engrossed and illuminated +it.</p> + +<p>There are two specimens of this page also in the Franks +collection of book-plates at the British Museum. In one of +these the space is blank, in the other it is filled up with the +name of a nun, Barbara.</p> + +<p>The chief interest of this volume, however, resides in its +initial letters, after the designs which are preserved at the +Pinacothek at Munich, of Israel von Mecken. Many of +them are repeated a great many times, there being altogether +between seventy and eighty impressions; but these represent +only eight different letters of the alphabet, A, D, E, H, I, M, +P, S. Of these <a href="#Repro89">the E</a>, which we give, is the only letter +which is both engraved and printed perfectly, <a href="#Repro88">the A</a> being +the next best. Nearly all the others are flat, often wanting +in depth and relief, besides being badly printed.</p> + +<p>Altogether this book is one of the most interesting relics +of early typography, and is especially noticeable as being the +first volume illustrated by a known artist.</p> + +<p>In the early sixteenth century, works published at Nuremberg +were not as a rule well supplied with ornamental initials, +the complicated calligraphic letters that became so common +in German books, and that were little used elsewhere, taking<span class="pagenum" id="Page28">[28]</span> +their place. Butsch in his reproductions of alphabets of this +period does not give any specimens. This is all the more +remarkable in that Nuremberg was the home of Albert Dürer +and the great centre of the wood-engraver’s art. The few +examples, moreover, that we have seen, are very primitive +both in design and in execution, as the reader can see from +the <a href="#Repro103">reproductions</a> taken from the <i>Missale Pataviense</i>, printed +by Jodocus Gutnecht, 1514.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page29">[29]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER IV</span><br /> +<span class="name">BASLE AND ZURICH</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo029.png" alt="P" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">P</span><span class="startword">rinting</span> was introduced into Basle +before 1468, having been preceded, as in +most other towns of the upper Rhine, by +xylographic publications. No Basle book +bears a printed date earlier than 1473, +but the absence of such printed date +does not prove that the introduction of +printing into Basle did not take place +earlier, and a note of the purchase in 1468 of a copy of +St. Gregory’s <i>Moralia in Job</i>, printed by Berthold Rodt or +Ruppel of Hanau, shows that he must have been at work at +that time.</p> + +<p>From the point of view of initial letters we will pass over +Berthold Rodt and Michael Wenssler, to come to the publications +of Bernard Richel, the most interesting of which are his +<i>Sachsenspiegel</i> of 1474 and the Latin Bible, which had several +editions, these appearing in 1471-75-77. In describing this +work, Panzer in his <i>Annales Typographici</i> remarks that the +woodcut initials do not occur in all the copies. In some of +them their place is left blank. This is another evidence of +the early printer’s reluctance to adopt printed ornaments as +the definite formula, and if any further proof is necessary it +will be found in the fact that even where woodcut letters are +used, they are often more or less enlivened with colours.</p> + +<p>We have already alluded to these initials in describing +those of Bämler, and we have touched upon the point as to<span class="pagenum" id="Page30">[30]</span> +who was the first to make use of the historiated S which has +a certain analogy with the xylographic letter mentioned in a +former chapter, from the <i>Ars Memorandi</i>.</p> + +<p>There are in this Bible four different sets of letters, but of +none of these is there a complete alphabet, although but few +letters are wanting of the largest. The next nearly complete +is the second in size.</p> + +<p>Of the four different sets, the second in size is of a special +design, different to anything we have met with. The others +are pure specimens of Maiblümchen ornamentation, and +amongst the best of the kind.</p> + +<p>The three different-sized initials with human faces are the +only letters in the volume with any trace of historiation.</p> + +<p id="Ref6">Several Psalters were published either at the end of the +fifteenth or at the beginning of the sixteenth century, of +exactly the same size and general disposition, two of them +with initial letters that correspond in subject although very +different in treatment. These are the Psalters of Basle and +Augsburg.</p> + +<p>The latter has been dealt with in a previous chapter. The +Basle Psalter was published by Furter in 1501, and the +initials of the two volumes can be contrasted and compared +with those that have just been dealt with.</p> + +<p>In these letters, the fool who saith in his heart there is no +God (<i>Dixit insipiens</i>), is represented in <a href="#Repro132">the D</a> which begins +the Psalm as a jester, which is not quite appropriate. In the +Mallermi Bible, where there is instead of an historiated letter +a little cut, the rendering is more correct. The fool is there, +a man with dishevelled hair, and having every appearance of +having lost his reason. <a href="#Repro129">The C</a> with Absalom hanging by his +hair is reproduced as an example of Basle woodcutting in +Muther’s <i>Bücherillustration</i>.</p> + +<p>There is amongst these initials a nondescript kind of +letter which is an example of the carelessness that sometimes +occurred in the workshop. It was intended for an E, but the +draughtsman forgot that the drawing would be reversed in +the printing, and the printer has arranged matters in the text +by turning the letter upside down.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page31">[31]</span></p> + +<p id="Ref3">In a former essay (<i>The Library</i>, 1901) we gave three +specimens—S, T, and V—from a book entitled <i>Liber Decretorum +sive panormia</i>, etc. etc., as examples of Furter’s +ornamentation. Letters of this alphabet occur also in an +extremely rare book unknown to Hain, without date or name +of printer, but undoubtedly printed at Basle, the <i>Decreta Consilii +Basiliensis</i>. It is, however, certain that they were used +in a work printed at Besançon some ten years before the +<i>Liber Decretorum</i>, and although the fifth volume of Claudin’s +<i>Histoire de l’Imprimerie en France</i> in which this work was +to be described has not yet appeared, we have reason to +believe that they are to be attributed to this town, and were +to be given in the chapter in which it is mentioned.</p> + +<p>We shall have to refer later to the frequency of the +repetition in some volumes of the same initial. In the +German Bibles, for instance, the different books most often +begin by the word ‘Der,’ and consequently by an initial D. +In a book of sermons by that extraordinarily fertile writer, +Geyler von Kaisersperg, not only does every section commence +with the letter D, but with the same identical initial. +In this volume, the <i>Christianliche Bilgerschaft</i>, printed by +Adam Petri in 1512, the preface begins by a floral letter +of no consequence. After that <a href="#Repro142">the D</a>, with a pilgrim and a +cross on his shoulder, is repeated at the commencement of +every chapter, possibly thirty times. The title-page has an +illustration by Urs Graf with the same subject.</p> + +<p>The last years of the fifteenth century had passed away, +but the German printers, including even Ratdolt, who had +returned to Augsburg from Venice, still resisted the influence +of Renaissance art. In the <i>Narrenschiff</i> of Brandt of 1493 +we can see the science of the draughtsmen excellently +interpreted, but the Gothic <i>facture</i> still holds good against +the encroachment of more modern artistic tendencies, and +it is not until towards 1512 or 1513 that the new ideas begin +to be more generally accepted.</p> + +<p>But as a modern writer has said: ‘Dès que la Renaissance +lumineuse a paru, traînant derrière elle l’admirable cortège de +ses maîtres délicats, fils de la Grèce antique qui moulaient la<span class="pagenum" id="Page32">[32]</span> +feuille divine de l’acanthe sur le sein d’une vierge endormie, +le vieux monde s’écroula et l’ornement gothique fit place à la +triomphante et poétique arabesque devenue l’aurore nouvelle.’</p> + +<p>It is in the <i>Ritter von Thurn</i>, published by Furter in +1515, that we see first this influence in the form of a title +by Urs Graf, copied from the Venetian original, and +ornamented with dolphins and acanthus. Besides a great +many titles, Urs Graf also engraved a certain number of +<a href="#Repro136">alphabets</a>, inspired to a great extent by <a href="#Repro405">those</a> of Tacuinus de +Tridino, but wanting in originality, and generally inferior to +the originals. The reader can compare the two kinds of +initials.</p> + +<p>But it was the arrival of a young artist of genius that +completed the revolution at Basle in the ornamentation of +books. This is not the place to discuss the merit of Holbein +as a painter, nor to study the long series of title-pages, +borders, friezes, and printers’ marks which he composed for +different printers of Basle and elsewhere.</p> + +<p>We are concerned here only with his alphabets; and of +those which bear more particularly the mark of his genius, +the <a href="#Page143">alphabet of Death</a> occupies the first place.</p> + +<p>This as a composition is a <i>chef d’œuvre</i>, and it was +engraved on wood by an artist of the very highest merit, +Hans Lützelberger.</p> + +<p>These initials, notwithstanding their small dimensions, +about twenty-four millimetres square, can well bear comparison +with the larger engravings in <i>Les Simulachres et +Historiées Faces de la Mort</i> which was to appear several +years later at Lyons, in 1538, <i>chez les frères Trechsel Soubz +l’escu de Coloigne</i>. The alphabet is composed of twenty-four +letters, and several of the original proof-sheets are to be +found in different Continental museums. Basle and Dresden +each possess one.</p> + +<p>The letters of this alphabet may be met with in different +works published by Bebelius, such as the New Testament in +Greek of 1525, that of 1531, the <i>Galen</i> of 1538, and particularly +in the two folio volumes of Aristotle which appeared +in 1532. In the five first, A to E, the body of the letter is in<span class="pagenum" id="Page33">[33]</span> +white. In the others there is a double outline which softens +their appearance and reduces their size. Each of the letters +merits a separate description, but the <a href="#Repro143">reproductions</a> given, +as far as they go, obviate all commentary, permitting the reader +to judge for himself, and to appreciate the justice of the praise +that has been lavished upon them by art critics.</p> + +<p>The subjects in the alphabet of Death are the same as in +the celebrated Basle frescoes. In each of these scenes, men +and women of all sorts and conditions are invited to accompany +him by Death, who will take no refusal nor hear of any +previous engagement; from B and C the Pope and Emperor, +to V the merchant, from the Hermit full of years W, to the +child in its cradle V, the Last Judgment Z, finishing <a href="#Repro143">the series</a>.</p> + +<p>The Latin alphabet (for there are some Greek <a href="#Repro147">initials</a>) +contains two subjects not to be found either in the frescoes or +in the larger illustrations for the well-known satire, <a href="#Repro150">V</a> the +horseman with Death sitting behind like black care, and +S the courtesan. In the Greek alphabet of inferior execution, +certainly not the work of Lützelberger, of which we give +three <a href="#Repro147">specimens</a>, there are also two other subjects, the Σ and +the Ω, a peasant and a smith.</p> + +<p>Curiously enough, an enlarged copy of this alphabet, but +of much inferior merit, was used more than ten years before +by Cephaleus of Strasburg, who also had a smaller series in +the same coarse engraving. Some of the letters are given for +comparison.</p> + +<p>A very curious alphabet, which although not equalling +Lützelberger’s is of more than average execution, can be but +little known to bibliographers, for as far as we have ascertained +it only occurs in a few books published at Stella, in +Spain. The scenes are selected from the <i>Simulachres</i>, and +each letter is a complete little picture.</p> + +<p>Besides these alphabets a certain number of Dance of +Death letters are to be found in other books of Basle, of which +<a href="#Repro150">the V</a>, with Death on horseback with an hour-glass, will serve +as an example. They are also to be met with in books of +Cologne.</p> + +<p>The Dance of Death, although intimately associated with<span class="pagenum" id="Page34">[34]</span> +the name of Holbein, was not his creation, the subject having +always been a favourite one in the Middle Ages, and having +been treated also by Albert Dürer. It was the general rule +to represent Death, who although a skeleton was endowed +with motion, with withered muscles. In an extremely precious +book, printed by Meydenbach at Mayence, <i>Der Doten Tantz +mit Figuren Clage unt Antwort schon von Allen Staten +der Welt</i>, which is illustrated with forty-one curious cuts +with the same subjects as Holbein’s alphabet, Death is thus +represented, and the same thing is seen in other German +editions of this work of the fifteenth century, and in the +numerous French editions of the <i>Danse Macabre</i> which +appeared about the same time. Holbein, however, preferred +to suppress these, and in so doing exhibited his ignorance of +the anatomy of the human frame. Not only are the shoulder-blades +and pelvis wrongly drawn, but the arm and thigh are +represented each with two bones, whilst the fore-arm has only +one.</p> + +<p>These mistakes have frequently been pointed out before, +but the fact that they furnish an argument in the controversy +about Holbein’s possible sojourn in Italy seems to have been +less noticed. There is no positive evidence on this point, but +arguing from a change in Holbein’s style after a certain +period, in which the influence of Mantegna and Leonardo da +Vinci is manifest, it is said by some of his biographers that +he must have studied under these masters. It must be +remembered, however, that in Italy at this time there were +regular schools of painting, and it is difficult to suppose the +masters above-named to have been as ignorant of anatomy as +must have been the case had Holbein been their pupil. If +his knowledge was derived, on the contrary, from contemporary +German books, his mistakes become more +comprehensible.</p> + +<p>The peasants’ alphabet, also composed of twenty-four +letters but of a different character, is another of his best +compositions. The museums of Basle and Dresden possess +proofs of this alphabet.</p> + +<p>The letters are to be found in the publications of Froben,<span class="pagenum" id="Page35">[35]</span> +Cratander, and Bebelius, and Voltmann in his Bibliography +of Holbein has given some specimens of them. Butsch reproduces +the whole alphabet, as indeed he does several others, +including that of the Dance of Death. The realistic scenes +depicted in some of the letters, taken from life, are not always +edifying, but this is the fault of the models rather than that +of the artist.</p> + +<p>In A, we have musicians playing on their instruments, B +to K show some couples dancing, L is a love-scene, M a fight +with swords, O a boy holding a girl, while another boy is +cooling his ardour by throwing water over him. In P the +water is being offered to a girl from a pail, V shows a bowling +ground, with a game of nine-pins, W the ride home.</p> + +<p>Our three <a href="#Repro163">specimens</a> are taken not from this alphabet but +from letters with similar subjects in the <i>Galen</i>.</p> + +<p>Of the same size as the peasants’ is the <a href="#Repro166">children’s alphabet</a>, +which is treated with the same happiness and talent of observation. +Holbein must have been especially fond of children, +for they figure in a great many of his compositions, titles, +borders, and printers’ marks, and he paints them with a +grace that Lützelberger, for it is probable that he engraved +them, has caught most happily. The different incidents of +juvenile life, chiefly games, are rendered with great realism. +Sixteen letters of this alphabet can be found in the <i>Lactantius</i> +of Cratander and Bebelius of 1532, others in various Basle +works. In a <a href="#Repro174">larger alphabet</a>, children are engaged in all sorts +of trades—forging, cooking, baking, building, carpentering, +fishing, playing at coopering, at being bath-keepers and +tanners. The W, which is rarely met with, represents a boy +taking off a doctor with spectacles on his nose, whilst another +is reading a book, and the third preparing some physic.</p> + +<p>This playing at adult occupations has been taken as a +subject for alphabets by other artists, the best being that of +J. van Calcar, to be mentioned presently.</p> + +<p>Holbein composed two sets of initials for Valentin Curio, +whose name appears on publications which are often on +philological questions.</p> + +<p>These letters, also with children, are to be found in volumes<span class="pagenum" id="Page36">[36]</span> +often ornamented with pictorial borders by the same hand, +our reproductions, <a href="#Repro185">C, D, +O, Q</a>, being taken from the Strabo +of Walder, and others being met with in the <i>Enchiridion</i> of +Erasmus. From a smaller set by the same printer we select +<a href="#Repro191">A, I, N, Q, V, X, Y, Z</a>. The <a href="#Repro177">A, C, D, D, H, I, O, P, Q, V</a>, +with animals and personages, are also from the same press.</p> + +<p>Of the many other initials we will mention the Greek +capitals of the <i>Lexicon Graeco-Latinum</i> of René Gelli, published +by Froben in 1532, found also in the <i>Lexicon Graecum</i> +of J. Walder, 1539, in which the Δ represents a young woman +struggling as she is carried off by Death. This letter is of +singular beauty. This leads us to speak of the four large +Greek initials which we give from the <i>Galen</i> of 1538, of Bebelius +and Cratander, remarkable from every point of view. <a href="#Repro202">The +Δ</a> represents Silenus on a pig, <a href="#Repro203">the Θ</a> Samson with the jaw-bone +of the ass, <a href="#Repro204">the Π</a> the prodigal son eating at the same +trough as the swine, <a href="#Repro206">the Ω</a> a child sailing on a shell.</p> + +<p>Besides these four beautiful letters, of which there are +only five proofs in the work, one at the beginning of each of +the five folio volumes, the Θ occurring twice, there are +numerous initials from other alphabets scattered through its +pages, such as the series of which we give <a href="#Repro205">a Π</a> with a child and +a ram, and some specimens of the alphabet engraved on metal, +of which we reproduce <a href="#Repro199">the F</a> representing the Deluge, Noah’s +Ark being dimly perceived through the rain, <a href="#Repro200">the M</a> Jacob’s +ladder, and <a href="#Repro201">the Q</a> Joseph and Potiphar’s wife. These initials, +although generally in very bad impressions, are to be met +with in volumes of Bebelius and others, and were even copied +abroad. They are to be found, for instance, in the <i>Commentaires +sur l’Histoire des Plantes</i> printed by Jacques +Gazeau in 1549.</p> + +<p>An alphabet, of which we give the <a href="#Repro207">B, I, and M</a>, is +found in the <i>Cyprianus</i> of Froben of 1521, and in many of +his later impressions. <a href="#Repro216">The I</a> with the three children, the +front one with the basket on his back, is generally by itself, +that is to say, not with initials of the same size and +character.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro220">The O</a>, also with three children, belongs to one of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page37">[37]</span> +alphabets in the same style, which are no doubt imitated from +Venetian models. We must mention the alphabet of the +Master I F on a black ground in publications by Froben +after 1518, the first letters of which represent the labours of +Hercules, the following ones different scriptural and classical +subjects. <a href="#Repro218">The B</a> with a child in its cradle, and <a href="#Repro219">the E</a> (a +winged child on a sea-horse), are samples of the initials from +Basle books of the time, which are possibly by Ambrose rather +than Hans Holbein, as are the <a href="#Repro221">K and Z</a> with children and +grotesques, on a black ground with stars.</p> + +<p>But, however interesting the work of Holbein, however +varied and supple his genius, we cannot do more than give +specimens of the whole. The reader who is desirous of fuller +documentation can refer to Woltmann’s <i>Holbein und seine +Zeit</i>, Leipsic, 1872; to the <i>Bücher-Ornamentik</i> of Butsch, or +to the more complete collection of Holbein’s Initials, recently +published by Heitz.</p> + +<p>Holbein’s alphabets and initials were soon adopted by all +the printers of Basle, and with few exceptions until 1545 there +is nothing to note of any other artist. It was in this year, +the date of Holbein’s death, that the Basle edition of Vesalius’s +<i>De Corporis humani fabrica</i> was printed, a work that may +be considered as one of the most remarkable products of the +German Renaissance.</p> + +<p>This book had been previously published at Venice, and +its success was so great that it was shortly after pirated at +Cologne. Vesalius, in his preface to the Basle edition, alludes +to the want of international copyright, to the dishonesty, and +particularly to the vandalism, of publishers who substituted +detestable copies for the wonderful originals of his anatomical +plates, which he would have preferred to lend them. Besides +these plates, which have never been surpassed in beauty, +there is the admirable frontispiece by J. van Calcar representing +a lesson on anatomy, and two series of <a href="#Repro223">initial</a> <a href="#Repro224">letters</a> +depicting children, who, with inimitable seriousness, are +acting as medical consultants. In a later edition Van +Calcar’s initials are replaced by a much inferior set by another +hand.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page38">[38]</span></p> + +<h3 class="inline" id="Ref4"><i>Zurich.</i></h3> + +<p class="hinline">—There are several interesting alphabets in the +books published by Froschouer of Zurich, the most important +of which is <a href="#Repro227">illustrated</a> with scenes from the Bible. The two +A’s, the D, the reversed D that serves as a C, and the F, +are said to be by N. Manuel, <a href="#Repro232">the S</a> with Jesus overturning +the money-changers’ tables in the Temple by Ambrose +Holbein.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page39">[39]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER V</span><br /> +<span class="name">LÜBECK AND BAMBERG</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo039.png" alt="L" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">L</span><span class="startword">übeck</span> is represented here by two +printers, Lucas Brandis and Bartholomew +Ghotan. In one of his recent +catalogues J. Rosenthal has given the +reproduction of an alphabet from a +Herbal, but the letters are of very little +interest, being about the same size as +those of the Ulm Boccaccio and with the +same kind of ornamentation. As the first letters used in the +town of Ulm, and one of the first sets used by any printer, +and so showing the evolution of typographical ornamentation, +the Ulm initials have a certain interest, but they would +not have been worth reproducing from a book dated almost +twenty years later.</p> + +<p>Lucas Brandis published two immense folios, the <i>Rudimenta +Novitiorum</i>, the Latin original of the <i>Mer des +Hystoires</i>, the other the History of the Jews by Josephus. +The first, which appeared in 1477, is a kind of History of +the World, and, like the Nuremberg Chronicle, is full of <a href="#Page146">cuts</a> +representing towns, kings, philosophers, and other subjects. +These, however, are much less interesting than the initials, +which are the first examples of what are called <i>passe-partouts</i>, +the central picture being removable at will and adaptable to any +frame. Some of them are special to one or other volume, but +most of them are to be found in both.</p> + +<p>The most curious is perhaps <a href="#Repro233">the I</a> at the beginning of +the volume on page 3, of the purest manuscript character,<span class="pagenum" id="Page40">[40]</span> +and entirely different from anything we have met with elsewhere.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro237">The Q</a> of the <i>Quinta Ætas</i>, with a battle-scene, is a +favourite one for reproduction. Dibdin, who gives it in +the <i>Bibliotheca Spenceriana</i>, considers it to be ‘the most +remarkable’ of a ‘very splendid and noteworthy book,’ and +it has lately been reproduced in a monograph on Lübeck +printing, but a quarter only of its right size, giving no idea +whatever of how it looks in the original.</p> + +<p>On page 289 is a C with the Virgin, unfortunately too +badly daubed over in the Bibliothèque Nationale copy to +permit of reproduction. The interior, the Virgin and Child, +is given as a cut by itself without the letter, on the verso +of the same page, and in other places.</p> + +<p>Of our three other <a href="#Page146">specimens</a> Mr. Pollard has already given +one, the ‘Knight Templar,’ in an essay on the subject now +reprinted in a volume called <i>Old Picture-Books</i>.</p> + +<p>The Rudimenta itself was one of the great picture-books +at the end of the fifteenth century, and as in the Nuremberg +Chronicle, the same cuts often did duty for more than one +subject. On the verso of p. 404 is a picture representing a +few buildings with a windlass behind a wall, with a gate in +it from which a man is emerging; and in the foreground an +imposing draped figure giving directions to three little fellows, +who are severally trundling a wheelbarrow, carrying a flask, +and flourishing an adze. This is at the beginning of the +chapter ‘Turris confusionis Babel.’ On p. 107 the same cut +is the foundation of the kingdom of Assyria. On p. 117 +it serves for the Constructio Treveri, and successively for +Spires, Lüneburg, and Wismaria. Athenodorus and Philo +Judaeus have the same cut, and the same counterfeit presentment +does for Demosthenes, Pericles, Parmenides, Aristides, +and Xenophon. Another series represents indifferently Crato, +Cicero, Cato, Virgil, Simonides, Plotinus, Theophrastus, +Menander, Paulus, and Archephilus.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro238">The little D</a> would appear to be a first attempt at book +ornamentation, and was used at the beginning of the <i>Leben +des heil. Hieronymus</i> by Bartholomew Ghotan in 1486.<span class="pagenum" id="Page41">[41]</span> +Our other <a href="#Page148">Lübeck</a> <a href="#Page149">initials</a> are taken from the 1493 edition +of the Meditations of St. Bridget by the same printer, in which +there are altogether ten or a dozen different ornamental letters, +one of them being repeated twice, another three or four times.</p> + +<p>This book is chiefly esteemed on account of the engravings, +representing the miracles of the saint, some of which are full-page +size.</p> + +<p>Like all works of the kind, it was very popular in its day +and went through many editions, but the Lübeck impression +is the most rare, most of the copies having been destroyed by +accident before the book was published.</p> + +<h3 class="inline"><i>Bamberg.</i></h3> + +<p class="hinline">—Independently of accessory ornamentation, the +missals printed at Bamberg by J. Sensenschmidt, either by +himself or with a partner, have always been considered by +bibliographers as models of beautiful letterpress. Lippmann +gives amongst his reproductions of early typographical monuments +a page of the <i>Missale Olumucense</i> with one of the large +red <a href="#Page150">initials</a> used only in these Bamberg missals.</p> + +<p>The first in which they occur is the <i>Missale Freysingense</i>, +printed in 1487 by Sensenschmidt and Heinrich Pelgensteiner; +here the initials would seem to be slightly smaller than in the +succeeding volumes.</p> + +<p>It was in the following year that Sensenschmidt published +the <i>Missale Olumucense</i>,<a id="FNanchor19" href="#Footnote19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> in 1489 the <i>Liber Missalis Bambergensis</i>. +Mr. Weale<a id="FNanchor20" href="#Footnote20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> mentions two other editions from this +press in the two following years. The <a href="#Repro256">letters</a> reproduced +here were taken from the copy in the Bibliothèque Nationale, +in which there are ten of these special red initials, beginning +with the A of the opening line of the mass (<i>Ad te Dominum</i>), +and comprising one of each of the following: B, C, D, E, P, +R, S, and two different varieties of the T. There is besides +a large historiated T, in black, representing the sacrifice of +Abraham, at the commencement of the Canon of the Mass +(<i>Te igitur</i>). This is the only volume that we have been able<span class="pagenum" id="Page42">[42]</span> +to examine personally, but we have seen a G in a collection +of initials with a different text on the verso, which probably +comes from one of the other editions.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote19" href="#FNanchor19" class="label">[19]</a> See also in Burger, <i>Monumenta Germaniae et Italiae Typographica, Deutsche und +Italiänische Inkunabeln</i>.</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote20" href="#FNanchor20" class="label">[20]</a> <i>Bibliotheca Liturgica.</i></p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Of other Bamberg missals with other ornamental letters, +the most interesting is that of Johann Pfeyl, the initials being +entirely different in style to any that we have seen elsewhere. +The colophon has it: ‘Missale speciale divinorum officiorum +secundum chorum alme et imperialis ecclesie Bambergensis,’ +and states that it was printed in 1506 ‘by the industry and +exact diligence of that “disert” and expert master Johann +Pfeyl.’ In the splendid full-page engraving on vellum, which +in many missals is the chief attraction to collectors, there is +a view in the distance of the town of Bamberg.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Page152">initials</a> are so curious that we have reproduced them +all. One or two are repeated; <a href="#Repro266">the G</a>, representing Jehovah +crowning a martyr, serves for three different saints. The +somewhat smaller <a href="#Repro274">linear T</a>, of the Canon of the Mass, is a +reduced copy of the corresponding initial in the Sensenschmidt +missals.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page43">[43]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER VI</span><br /> +<span class="name">STRASBURG AND REUTLINGEN</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo043.png" alt="W" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">W</span><span class="startword">ith</span> Knoblochtzer, Schott, and Prusz, the +first commencing in 1477, Grüninger +and Hupfuff at the end of the fifteenth +century, we have printers who made a +liberal use of initials. Knoblochtzer +has been thoroughly explored by MM. +Schorbach and Spirgatis, and a monograph +upon Strasburg book-illustration +has been published by Dr. Kristeller. Although many of our +<a href="#Page154">specimens</a> were known to these bibliographers, a few of them, +and these by no means the least interesting, have escaped +their observation.</p> + +<p>One of them, <a href="#Repro275">the splendid A</a> representing Jesus washing +the feet of a disciple, is what one might expect to find at the +beginning of a thirteenth- or fourteenth-century manuscript, +and the artist in cutting it has managed to make it retain this +appearance.</p> + +<p>It is to be found in an undated volume without name of +printer, but identified as having been printed by Knoblochtzer +in 1478, and entitled <i>Thomas (Ebendorfer) de Haselpach: +Sermones dominicales super Epistolas Pauli</i>. <a href="#Repro275">This A</a> at +the beginning of the first volume is the only typographical +ornament in the book, and seems to have been entirely unknown +to either of the Strasburg bibliographers.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro276">The D</a>, with two armed figures and the two coats of arms, +is given by MM. Schorbach and Spirgatis as the earliest +specimen of Strasburg ornamentation. It occurs for the first<span class="pagenum" id="Page44">[44]</span> +time at the beginning of Knoblochtzer’s <i>Burgundische Historie</i>, +in which there is no other woodcut. It represents the Duke +René of Lothringen and Charles the Fearless of Burgundy +with their shields at their feet, and was cut specially for the +History of Burgundy, although it occurs several times also +in the <i>Schachzabelbuch</i> of Jacobus de Cessolis. The latter +volume contains also the <a href="#Repro277">large S</a>, with two personages, one +in a fool’s cap, which also ornaments the first page of the +<i>Dyalogus Salomonis et Marcolfi</i>.</p> + +<p>Another handsome initial from the Knoblochtzer press, and +especially well engraved, is <a href="#Repro278">the I</a>, with an angel with outspread +wings above, Samson forcing open the lion’s mouth +below, and branching ornaments on either side. It is to be +found on the first page of the <i>Belial</i> of 1483, and several +times in the <i>Leben der Heiligen Drei Könige</i>; also in the +chess-book of De Cessolis already mentioned.</p> + +<p>In the last two volumes there are eleven of the twelve +<a href="#Page155">initials</a> representing the months of the year, which are to be +found complete in a Deutscher Kalender, having the form of a +little volume. There is a calendar printed probably at Nuremberg, +on a single sheet, with the whole of the alphabet, +but the letter for January is replaced by one having the +Nativity as its subject, the general disposition being much +the same as in the initials of Geneva or of Bamberg similarly +historiated. These calendar letters are to be met with in a +great many Strasburg publications, as, for example, in the +<i>Tractatus clarissimi philosophi et medici Matheoli perusini +de memoria augēda per regulas et medicinas</i>. They also +occur in the <i>De valore et utilitate Missarū pro defuntis +celebratarū per sacre theologie professorē Jacobū ordinis +cartusiensis edita</i>. This little tract, which contains amongst +other initials the calendar D representing a man trimming +the vines, is dated 1493, and as Knoblochtzer ceased to print +in 1485, making over his material to Mathias Hupfuff, it +is to the latter that it must be attributed.</p> + +<p>The two P’s, one with a <a href="#Repro284">doctor</a>, the smaller with a <a href="#Repro285">king</a>, +are at the beginning, the first of a <i>De secretis mulierum</i>, the +second of a tract entitled <i>De ritu et moribus Indorum</i>. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page45">[45]</span> +letter itself, in the smaller initial, is entirely white, but in the +copy from which it was reproduced it is painted in blue and +red.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Page156">anthropomorphic letters</a> are to be found in many of +the publications both of Knoblochtzer, Schott, and others. +These letters are reduced copies of a very celebrated alphabet +known as the alphabet of the master E. S. of 1464, +specimens of which are given in several works on early +engraving. The British Museum has a somewhat similar +alphabet, but with the personages in different attitudes, +printed originally <i>au frotton</i>. Some letters of this were +given by Jackson, and the whole was reproduced a few years +since by the trustees of the Museum.<a id="FNanchor21" href="#Footnote21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> +One of our <a href="#Repro286">reproductions</a>, +the one with a man holding up a dog by the tail, is from +the <i>Vier und Zwanzig Gulden Harpfen</i>. The <a href="#Repro290">D with a saint</a> +is the only initial in an <i>Albertus Magnus</i> of Knoblochtzer; the +three others were reproduced from two impressions of Hupfuff, +a Melusine and a Boethius of 1500. In the latter is an I of +this alphabet which we have not seen elsewhere, but of which +the impression is slightly defective.<a id="FNanchor22" href="#Footnote22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote21" href="#FNanchor21" class="label">[21]</a> Grotesque Alphabet of 1464, with an Introduction by Campbell Dodgson.</p> + +<p><a id="Footnote22" href="#FNanchor22" class="label">[22]</a> The six other initials, +<a href="#Repro297">the M</a> with two dragons, <a href="#Repro299">the S</a> with the letters P, A, and a +<a href="#Repro295">fool’s head</a> with cap and bells, and the four <a href="#Repro298">smaller ones</a>, are from different publications +of Knoblochtzer.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><a href="#Repro292">The M</a> and <a href="#Repro293">the P</a>, the Crucifixion and the Nativity, are +also taken from a work without date or name of printer, and +have hitherto remained undescribed, as far as we know. The +work is entitled <i>Commentarius Sancti Johannis Episcopi +Constantinopolitani cognomento Crisostomi in epistolam +Sancti Pauli Apostoli ad Hebreos</i>. The letters would appear +to belong to the same alphabet as <a href="#Repro291">the C</a>, representing saints +and others being put to the torture, which is used by Schott +sometimes as a D. This latter is to be found twice in a rare +book, the <i>Scriptum in primum librum Sentenciarum Venerabilis +inceptoris fratris Guilhelmi de Ockam</i>, dated 1483, but +without printer’s name, and it occurs as a D in an undated +<i>Secreta</i> of Aristotle.</p> + +<p>The three letters, comprising amongst them <a href="#Repro294">the N</a> with<span class="pagenum" id="Page46">[46]</span> +the rabbit, and <a href="#Repro295">the O</a> with a fool, are from a <i>Plenarium</i> of +which we have only seen a fragment, without printer’s name +or date, but said to be of Strasburg.</p> + +<p>The rabbit occurs again in the <i>Plenarium</i> of Urach of +1481, with floral letters somewhat larger than those given +here, and also in the <i>Stella Meschia</i> printed at Esslingen, +the first book published with Hebrew characters. It has also +two full-page illustrations.</p> + +<p>The six large historiated <a href="#Page158">initials</a> which follow are taken +from a Psalter without date or printer’s name. Van Praet in +his catalogue of books printed upon vellum belonging to the +King’s Library, says that it ‘comes from a German Press.’</p> + +<p>Mr. Weale attributes it to Basle, and it is interesting to +compare these initials with those which illustrate Furter’s +Psalter of 1501-3. It would seem, however, that it is to +be attributed to J. Prusz, and that it was printed in 1499 +or 1500.</p> + +<p>Two of our reproductions are from the copy in the +Bibliothèque Nationale. For the others, which are defective +in this copy, we are indebted to M. Jacques Rosenthal, who +considers that the volume was printed in 1480. In our own +opinion the later date is more probable.</p> + +<p>The four initials, of uniform size and style, <a href="#Repro309">A, C, E, and S</a>, +the E with the Nativity being certainly one of the prettiest we +have seen, have every appearance of being taken from a +missal. We cannot affirm for certain that they have no such +origin, but the book from which they were reproduced is an +edition of Pogge, printed by Knoblouch in 1513. Two of +them, the E with the Nativity and another, occur in an +<i>Interpretatio Sequentiarum</i> of the same year. Other +printers used them, however, before this. We are unable +to give exact references for the whole series, but the E had +served already in a volume of sermons of Geyler von Kaisersperg, +published by Matthias Schurer in 1505. In this, with +the exception of a floral V on the second page, it is the only +woodcut initial.</p> + +<p id="Ref7">There is a Psalter of Knoblouch of 1513 of the same size +as those of Augsburg, Basle—and Metz—<i>Psalterium cum<span class="pagenum" id="Page47">[47]</span> +apparatu vulgari firmiter appresso</i>. Like the Metz Psalter, +it has an initial on the title, this being ornamented with a +moth and dragon-fly and bunches of leaves and flowers. +Below is a cut of David with his harp, the Almighty looking +down, and a German castle in the background. There are +two strips of border, one on each side of the cut, but descending +lower, one of a conventional foliated pattern, the other +with strawberry leaves, flowers, and fruit. The initial B is of +the same design; the other letters have dragon-flies or +butterflies, a D has a geometrical pattern something like the +Maiblümchen.</p> + +<p>Grüninger began to decorate his publications with ornamental +letters at the end of the last decade of the fifteenth +century. They are of a very special kind, and the only other +printer who occasionally used them was Quentell of Cologne.<a id="FNanchor23" href="#Footnote23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> +Some of them occur in a small folio by Braunschweig—<i>Liber +Pestilentialis de venenis epidemie</i>, 1500, with pictures on +nearly every page, manufactured according to the system he +adopts in many of his illustrated books of bringing three +factors of the picture together, and so obtaining variety with +an economy of engraving. The centre of a picture on one page, +for instance, will be found a few pages later with the two outer +thirds replaced by different blocks, the variety introduced into +the general appearance being sufficient for it to pass as a +different composition. A few pages later, it is the centre that +is replaced with the same effect. Such pictures are to be seen +in the different editions of Braunschweig’s <i>De Cyrurgia</i>, in +which there are only insignificant nonhistoriated initials.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote23" href="#FNanchor23" class="label">[23]</a> An M with a bear’s tooth, and two others, a D representing a saint sitting on the +desert with what looks like a monkey (perhaps St. Roch and his dog), and an O with an +angel with large wings, are to be found in the <i>Tractatus Consultatorii Venerandi Magistri +Henrici de Gorychum</i>, printed by Quentell, ‘anno supra Jubileum tertio.’ These +initials are generally too smudgy to be copied.</p> + +<p>In this same book, the chapter ‘De Observatione Festorum’ commences with the O +with a fool’s head.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Grüninger’s finest picture-book is probably his splendid +edition of Virgil, with engravings by Brandt, the author of +the <i>Ship of Fools</i>. In this work he makes use of nearly all +the letters of this smaller historiated alphabet, which are also<span class="pagenum" id="Page48">[48]</span> +found afterwards constantly in his impressions, and particularly +in the publications of the reformer, Geyler von Kaisersperg. +In these, many of the initials, as is only appropriate, +represent religious subjects—David and his harp, St. Sebastian +full of arrows, and in a slightly different style, St. Laurence +carrying his own gridiron. Two of them are framed. One +of these represents <a href="#Repro328">Adam and Eve</a>; the other, <a href="#Repro326">a D</a> with a +charming little love-scene, would seem frequently to have +excited the reprobation of devout readers, for in three different +works we have found this initial defaced almost beyond recognition. +A larger <a href="#Repro327">initial</a> of the unframed series, representing +a swordsman, we have only met with in the 1501 edition of +Boethius, <i>De Philosophico consolatu sive de consolatione +Philosophiae</i>, etc., with commentaries of St. Thomas.</p> + +<p>Grüninger’s largest letters would appear to have been +reserved exclusively for Geyler’s publications. We have seen +them in a great many of his books of sermons and nowhere +else. They are most numerous in his <i>Evangelia</i>, where +there are between thirty and forty different varieties, but +even then they do not constitute a complete alphabet, as +Geyler’s sermons most often commence with the word <i>der</i> or +<i>die</i>, the letter D occurring as frequently as all the others +together, and several other letters much more often than the +remainder.</p> + +<p>Geyler and Grüninger were evidently made to write and +publish for one another, for whilst the preacher often loses the +thread of his subject in amusing but not always relevant +anecdotes, the printer would seem to have set up his copy +much on the same principle, embellishing the sermons with +illustrations, many of which, inserted apparently at haphazard, +are entirely foreign to the subject. In one of these collections, +for instance, there are a number of cuts from the Virgil.<a id="FNanchor24" href="#Footnote24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote24" href="#FNanchor24" class="label">[24]</a> Geyler von Kaisersperg was one of the most curious figures of the fifteenth century, +a precursor of Luther, a ‘free preacher,’ and for the first twenty years of the sixteenth +century his sermons were published by nearly every printer in Strasburg, as well as by +many others in Basle and other towns.</p> + +<p>Luther has a more extensive bibliography, but with Geyler each item means a +volume, whereas the sermons of the great reformer were published as a rule separately, +and as soon as they were preached. Like the celebrated Maillard, he did not hesitate +to denounce the selfishness of the rich, the extravagance and coquetry of women, and +the licentiousness and corruption of the clergy.</p> + +<p>From a documentary point of view, Geyler’s sermons are most interesting, for in +reprobating the follies of his time he gives a number of details concerning the manners +of the period, which would be difficult to find elsewhere. On the verso, for instance, of +the initial B, with David and his harp, there is a fragment of one of his discourses on +‘bathing,’ which gives a good idea of ecclesiastical proprieties at the end of the fifteenth +century.</p> + +<p>‘Is it,’ says Geyler, ‘allowable, balnea intrare, on Sunday?’</p> + +<p>‘Dico,’ he replies, that ‘pro voluptate’ and ‘pro luxuria,’ it is forbidden at all times, +but it is allowed on necessity.</p> + +<p>By ‘voluptas’ he says, he understands ‘superfluous delectation,’ which is a sin but +not mortal. By ‘necessity,’ honest and opportune recreation. He next asks, ‘Liceat +clericis vel religiosis balnea intrare?’ Again he replies, ‘Dico, yes, upon necessity’; +but necessity not only means infirmity, but also any lawful ‘refocillatio’ of the body. +The apostle John, he says, ‘ingressus est balnea gratia lavandi.’ The first line of his +<i>tertio</i> starts with the question as to whether it was licit to take a bath with a Jew, but +here the cutting ends.</p> + +<p>It must be remembered that in the fifteenth century, hot air and vapour baths were +most popular, but they had anything but a good reputation. It is probable that the +prohibitions of Geyler were directed rather against the place of evil resort, than, as +would at first seem, against cleanliness.</p> + +<p>But the most amusing of Geyler’s publications is a series of sermons, ‘Navicula sive +speculum Fatuorum,’ an imitation of Brandt’s celebrated satire on Fools, which had +recently appeared. In the earliest edition, each section begins with an initial representing +a fool’s cap with large bells. In that before us, each sermon is preceded by an +apposite illustration from the work in question, but there are no ornamental initials. The +first concerns foolish aspirants for mitres and birettes. The second, which is illustrated +by the well-known cut representing a spectacled fool in his library—in the original, the +fool who collects books he does not read—here deals with bad judges and senators.</p> + +<p>The best section, and that giving the best idea of Geyler’s manner, is that which +treats of the sick fool. Beginning with the quotation ‘Stultorum infinitus est numerus,’ +the picture shows the disobedient patient in bed, in the act of kicking over a table, +whilst the nurse is looking on in astonishment, and the doctor seems to be reflecting +as to what should be done under the circumstances.</p> + +<p>These fools, says Geyler, are foolish in the first place because they despise +medicine: ‘sunt qui medicinam prorsus contemnunt et abjiciunt’; ‘clearly fools,’ says +Geyler, ‘stulti plane’! ‘Nescientes quia scriptum est, eccles. xxxviii., Altissimus creavit +de terra medicinam, et vir prudens non horrebit eam. Notate verba—signate mysteria. +Vir prudens non horrebit eam! Non horruit eam beatus Augustinus de quo legitur: +quod egrotante eo neminem admiserat, nisi medicos.’</p> + +<p>It will be too long to quote the whole sermon, but Geyler has a word to say about +those fools, ‘sunt quædam fatuelle,’ who, out of curiosity, tried to catch their doctors +at fault, ‘quas sola curiositas impellit et titillat ad explorandum peritiam medici.’ But +they catch nothing but their own purses, and it is the doctor who is most tickled, for +he pockets the fee. ‘Tales se decipiunt et bursam: quod medicus accipit pecuniam.’</p> + +<p>He tells here the tale, so often related since, of the patient who in answer to the +doctor’s question as to what was the matter with him—where he was in pain—how long +he had been ill, ‘respondit nescio,’ and again and again, ‘respondit nescio.’</p> + +<p>‘Bene,’ replied the doctor; ‘under these circumstances, this is my prescription: +“Recipe nescio quid: repone nescio ubi: et sanaberis nescio quando.”’ ‘Magna +stultitia,’ remarks Geyler, ‘nolle obedire medico quem queris: aut non quesivisses, et +sic pecunie pepercisses.’</p> + +<p>The fifth and sixth follies are to seek help from empirics, magicians, and Jews, which +is expressly forbidden (if any one else is available) by the Decretals.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page49">[49]</span></p> + +<p>The large series, <a href="#Repro329">two</a> <a href="#Repro330">specimens</a> of which are given, +invariably deals with Biblical subjects. The letters are +generally attributed to Hans Schäufelein.</p> + +<p>Besides the initials already enumerated, Grüninger has a +few historiated letters on a black ground, of intermediate size +and different complete foliated or floral alphabets, all of them +uniformly uninteresting.</p> + +<h3 class="inline"><i>Reutlingen.</i></h3> + +<p class="hinline">—The <a href="#Repro332">large S</a>, with a personage in a doctoral +bonnet, is taken from an Albertus Magnus, <i>Secreta mulierum<span class="pagenum" id="Page50">[50]</span> +et virorum</i>, in the Paris Bibliothèque Nationale (Res. 826), +described in Mlle. Pellechet’s <i>Catalogue des Incunables</i> +under No. 372 as being without typographical indications. +It also occurs at the commencement of a <i>Physiognomia</i> of +Michael Scotus, which is stated by Mr. Proctor to have been +printed by M. Greyff at Reutlingen, the date being probably +1482. We have not seen this volume, but thanks to the +courtesy of Professor Ferguson of Glasgow, who sent a +photograph of the initial, we have found that it is identically +the same.</p> + +<p>The reproduction does not render exactly the peculiar +impression of the ink, which gives the initial the appearance +of having been drawn in fusain. Another initial, <a href="#Repro331">the P</a> with +the Pope, is taken from a volume printed at Reutlingen by +Greyff—the <i>De ritu et Moribus Indorum</i>—which has exactly +the same typographical disposition as the edition printed by +Knoblochtzer at Strasburg, a P at the beginning with the +Pope, and a border on the margin of the front page.</p> + +<p>It may be noted here that in previous chapters no attempt +has been made to distinguish between metal-cut initials and +those cut on wood. Many printers, such as Grüninger, +Gering, and Rembolt, etc., undoubtedly used soft metal, but +this was cut in the same way as wood, the blocks were inked +in the same manner, and printed in the same way with the type, +so that for all practical purposes they belong to the same class.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page51">[51]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER VII</span><br /> +<span class="name">COLOGNE AND GENEVA</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo051.png" alt="T" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">T</span><span class="startword">he</span> early printers at Cologne do not +appear to have made much use of +woodcut initials, the first known to us +being <a href="#Repro344">the R</a> of a missal by H. Quentell +of 1494. This, although cut somewhat +roughly, shows considerable +vigour. It is highly probable that the +<a href="#Repro345">splendid P</a> with the Virgin and Child +and grotesque profiles in two of the corners is of the same +or earlier date. The book in which it occurs is an undated +Donatus, which J. Rosenthal, to whom the volume was +submitted, thinks was printed by H. Quentell towards the +end of the fifteenth century. It looks at first sight as if +a missal or Psalter letter had been used, as was so often the +case at the time, because it happened to be in stock, but the +Donatus, as has been said, often began with an initial of +the kind. We have not been able to trace this P to any +other press or publication.</p> + +<p><a href="#Page166">The D</a> with a fool’s head in cap and bells is to be found +frequently in Quentell’s books. The specimen from which it +was copied is in a book already mentioned, the <i>Tractatus +Consultatorii Venerandi Magistri Henrici de Gorychum</i>, +printed <i>anno supra Jubileum tertio</i>. It is to be found at the +beginning of the chapter, <i>De observatione Festorum</i>.</p> + +<p>On the title-page of a treatise called <i>Quodlibeta</i>, by St. +Thomas Aquinas, is a curious <a href="#Repro349">black U</a>. This is also by +Quentell.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page52">[52]</span></p> + +<p>Another class book, a Latin verse primer, entitled <i>Sequentiarum +et hymnorum Expositio</i>, etc. etc., printed by Herman +Bumgart de Ketwyck in 1501, has the <a href="#Repro346">strangest</a> <a href="#Repro347">initials</a> that +can be conceived. The book was a very well known one, +and other editions exist with a similar cut on the title-page, +representing a master at his desk surrounded by scholars.</p> + +<p>But Cologne, like other German towns, was now to feel +the influence of the Renaissance, and adopt for book ornamentation +such artists as Albert Dürer, Holbein, and Anton +von Worms. In the case of Holbein, such ornamental letters +as appeared in Cologne books were copied from models that +had been used previously at Basle, in the same way that the +letters of other artists were copied from books of Hagenau +and elsewhere, but Dürer and Anton von Worms’s designs +were printed first in works of Cologne.</p> + +<p>Of the initials attributed to Albert Dürer, the finest are +those comprising the alphabet used by Eucharius Hirtzhorn, +who latinised his name to Cervicornus. These <a href="#Page168">initials</a>, +which are the largest of their kind, represent children playing +and romping sometimes with animals, such as horses and +monkeys, and make up a very remarkable set. It is highly +probable that Albert Dürer, as is generally admitted, was the +designer of this alphabet, but there is no positive proof, and +a writer on this special question in <i>Le Livre</i>, M. Glucq, +gives it as his opinion that these letters were designed by +Hans Burgkmair, and instances the treatment of the horses’ +heads in borders by the latter as being identical with the +heads in some of the letters.</p> + +<p>This alphabet was often copied by printers of other towns, +particularly Lyons, and by Hubert de Crooce of Bruges, but +the <a href="#Repro370">copies</a> are always greatly inferior in execution, and can +be distinguished also by having a wavy linear, or <i>criblé</i>, +groundwork instead of a black one.</p> + +<p>The reader can compare the initials given <a href="#Page168">here</a>, which comprise +the most interesting of the set, with those by H. Weiditz, +described in the chapter on <a href="#Page20">Augsburg</a>. For comparison +between the Cervicorn initials and the borders alluded to, +reference can be made to the <i>Bücherornamentik</i> of Butsch.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page53">[53]</span></p> + +<p>The smallest of the Cologne children’s alphabets is to be +found almost complete in different works by J. Gymnicus, +and was designed by the painter Anton von Worms. <a href="#Repro359">The +C</a> with a child playing with a snake is an example. The <a href="#Repro354">D +and O</a>, from a somewhat larger alphabet, are principally +found in the works of Melchior Novesianus, as are also +those imitated from Holbein’s alphabet of Death. The +<a href="#Repro351">largest Q</a>, <a href="#Repro352">the S</a> with the bishop and the symbols of the +Apostles in the corners, also by Anton von Worms, and <a href="#Repro353">the +Q</a> with the death’s head, all come from volumes by Quentell. +The three smallest <a href="#Repro356">letters</a> belong to an alphabet used by +Melchior Novesianus.</p> + +<h3 class="inline" id="Ref1"><i>Geneva.</i></h3> + +<p class="hinline">—Genevan incunabula are of the very greatest +rarity, and very few initials of that town are mentioned by +bibliographers. Of very large letters the most curious are +two of the calligraphic L’s that are so popular on the title-pages +of French impressions, and the larger of which is evidently +inspired by a Paris or Lyons L of the same general design. +Our <a href="#Repro334">reproduction</a> comes from the <i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i>, +printed in 1493, no doubt by Bellot, as the book has two +impressions of the C of his alphabet. This composition is +greatly superior to the French original, known as the January +and May initial, and if the artist has intended to represent +innocence and cunning, he has succeeded to perfection. +Compared with it, that which may be found on the title-page +of Verard’s edition of the <i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i> and in many +other works, is insipid.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro335">letter</a> with a hooded dog, or perhaps a monkey holding +a book, with a clerk below, is accompanied on the title-page +by a border representing the birth of Eve.</p> + +<p>As regards the volume itself, which is entitled <i>Les Fleurs +et Manières des Temps passés</i>, it is without date or printer’s +name, but at the beginning of the front page after the title is +a Bellot A, whilst on the verso of the title is the mark of Loys +M. Cruse.</p> + +<p>A still earlier <i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i> of 1488, also without +printer’s name or date, has a C on the second page of comparatively<span class="pagenum" id="Page54">[54]</span> +little interest, which has been reproduced by +Humphreys in his <i>History of Printing</i>. <a href="#Repro333">The C</a> reproduced +here is at the beginning of the fourth page. A <i>Kalendrier +des Bergers</i> of J. Bellot, 1497, has a Q with a cock in the +Lyons style, a curious U, and the P of his fine alphabet.</p> + +<p>Initials are occasionally met with in which the printer’s +mark is worked into the design, as, for instance, a D of Kobel +of Oppenheim. In a treatise on the right way of preaching, +by that <i>sacratissimus</i> doctor of the Christian Church, +St. Thomas Aquinas, L. M. Cruse of Geneva in 1485 uses +capitals which he embellishes with his own initials. Sorg and +some Strasburg printers have ornamental letters with initials +on them, but not corresponding to their own names—most +likely to those of the artists.</p> + +<p>Better known than the large historiated letters just described +is the alphabet of which we give the <a href="#Repro336">M, the N, and the +T</a>. These letters occur in many of Bellot’s publications, but +in the <i>Dialogus Creaturarum</i> it is nearly complete.</p> + +<p>This is one of the most decorative alphabets of the time, +but good proofs of the Wagner alphabet of Nuremberg, in +which the same design had already been used, are even more +effective—compare this <a href="#Repro336">M, +N, or T</a> with the <a href="#Repro89">Wagner E</a>. Unfortunately, +very few of the latter, which are on a black ground, +print well. The Avignon <a href="#Repro1203">initials</a> given further on are also +of this pine-cone pattern, as are those also in the <i>Psalterium +Virginis Marie</i> of Alanus de Rupe, printed, it is stated, in +the most Christian kingdom of Sweden, <i>cum initialibus ligno +incisis</i>, in 1498. It is quite possible that the later printers +copied from Wagner, but the design they all use is one that +is frequently met with in old manuscripts, and, like most +other fundamental patterns, there is no doubt that this was +its origin.</p> + +<p>Our last Geneva <a href="#Repro339">specimens</a> are taken from the very +rare missal printed by Bellot. The M is from the title-page. +The other initials are somewhat in the style of the +Lyons <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i>, but they are even more like +those of a Troyes missal printed by Lecoq.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page55">[55]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER VIII</span><br /> +<span class="name">VENICE</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo055.png" alt="I" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">I</span><span class="startword">t</span> was at Subiaco, not far from Rome, +that printing was first introduced by +the Germans, Conrad Sweynheim and +Arnold Pannartz, who commenced +operations most probably in 1464, their +first book being a Donatus. The +second was a Lactantius, the earliest +book in which legible Greek characters +were used, for those which appeared in a few words in the +Offices of Cicero, printed at Mayence in the same year, were +mingled with Roman letters, and with so many errors, that +it must have needed a clever reader to guess the meaning. +The Lactantius was finished on the 25th of October 1465, +‘<i>in venerabili Monasterio Sublacensi</i>.’</p> + +<p>After Subiaco, presses were established successively in +different towns of Italy, first at Rome, where Ulric Han +or Hahn of Ingoldstadt, in Bavaria (Gallus in the latinised +form of the name), commenced operations in 1467. Sweynheim +and Pannartz also removed to Rome at that date, where they +printed for about ten years, dying respectively in 1477 and +1478.</p> + +<p>The next comers were George Lauer of Würtzburg and +Giovanni Filippo di Lignamine, whose celebrated <i>Cronica +Summorum Pontificum imperatorumque</i> contains interesting +information about the first printers of Mayence, Strasburg, +and Rome.</p> + +<p>But books with initials printed at Rome before the end of<span class="pagenum" id="Page56">[56]</span> +the fifteenth century are not common, and even when met +with, if we except some handsome ones used in some of their +books in 1470 by Sweynheim and Pannartz, the ornamental +letters of this town are relatively of but little interest.</p> + +<p>It was at Venice that this branch of typographical art was +to reach its highest perfection, especially in the use of beautiful +initials, and was to make its impressions renowned throughout +the world and sought after by collectors in future days.</p> + +<p>John of Spire celebrates his arrival on the shores of the +Adriatic in the following lines, which are to be found at +the end of his first production in that town, <i>The Letters of +Cicero</i>:—</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> +<div class="poetry"> + <div class="stanza"> + <div class="verse indent-1">‘Primus in Adriaca formis impressit aenis</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Urbe libros Spira genitus de stirpe Johannes.</div> + <div class="verse indent0">In reliquis sit quanta vides spes, lector, habenda,</div> + <div class="verse indent0">Quom labor hic primus calami superaverit artem.</div> + <p class="center">MCCCCLXVIII.’</p> + </div> +</div> +</div> + +<p>John of Spire was succeeded by his brother Vindelin.</p> + +<p>It was in 1470 that the first book appeared with the name +of Nicolas Jenson—the <i>Preparatio Evangelica</i> of Eusebius—and +this was followed soon by other works which are +justly considered as <i>chefs-d’œuvre</i> of typographical art.</p> + +<p>According to a story which has passed current for a +century and a half, though its authority is now questioned, +Jenson had been formerly an engraver at the Mint of Tours, +and had been sent to Germany by the French king to +investigate the truth about the discovery of Gutenberg. On +his return, Charles <span class="allsmcap">VII.</span> having died, Jenson met with no +encouragement from his successor, Louis <span class="allsmcap">XI.</span>, and decided to +go to Venice. Here he published books by himself for ten +years, taking as a partner in 1480, the year before his death, +John of Cologne, who had come to Venice about the same +time as himself.</p> + +<p>Even in his own days Jenson was justly celebrated, +Andrea Torresano stating with pride in the colophon of the +<i>Lectura in I. et II. Decretalium</i> that he had printed it +‘<i>inclytis famosisque characteribus optime</i> (sic) <i>quondam in<span class="pagenum" id="Page57">[57]</span> +hac parte magistri Nicolai Jenson gallici quo nihil prestantius, +nihil melius, nihil dignius</i>.’</p> + +<p>This Andrea Torresano was the head of the new firm +‘J. de Colonia, N. Jenson, sociorumque,’ and he afterwards +married his daughter to Aldus Manutius.</p> + +<p>So great was the success of printing in Venice at this +period, that more than one hundred and fifty presses were +established during the last thirty years of the fifteenth century, +and upwards of fifty were in full work in the year 1500.</p> + +<p>Aldus had come to Venice with the intention of publishing +works in Greek, but this did not prevent him printing in Latin +and Italian. His most famous book in the latter language +was the <i>Hypnerotomachia Poliphili</i>, which besides the most +beautiful woodcuts that have ever been printed contains also +some ornamental initials generally considered to be in the best +taste. An edition of Aristophanes from the same press also +contains large interlaced letters, which are given by Ongania.</p> + +<p>With reference to these initials it is to be remarked +that, although in the best taste and admirably suitable to +the work they embellish, they are less interesting when seen +by themselves, that is to say independently of the text, than +many others.</p> + +<p>Our earliest <a href="#Repro376">specimens</a> are taken from the works of +Ratdolt, whose books are also renowned for their beautiful +borders, which in some cases match in style the initials that +accompany them. This style is even more effective in the +border than in the letters, as can be seen by reference to his +Appianus of 1478, the first page of which is reproduced in +Butsch’s <i>Bücherornamentik</i>.</p> + +<p>The three outline <a href="#Repro376">initials</a>, much more artistic in our +opinion than the interlacing letters of Aldus, are from Ratdolt’s +first alphabet in the <i>Calendarium</i> of J. de Monteregio +of 1476. The border of this book is frequently mentioned in +the earlier monographs upon the first printers as being composed +<i>literis florentibus</i>, the initials being of the same design. +It is supposed by Passavant that these letters were designed +by Ratdolt’s partner, Bernard Maler or Pictor, <i>i.e.</i> Bernard +the painter, and executed by another German engraver.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page58">[58]</span></p> + +<p>Ongania, in his work on Venetian printing,<a id="FNanchor25" href="#Footnote25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> has also reproduced +four of these initials, the whole alphabet, as far as +it is complete, in Ratdolt’s impressions, being given in a +monograph on Ratdolt by Mr. Redgrave.<a id="FNanchor26" href="#Footnote26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> Later on we find +this printer preferring larger sized initials with a white pattern +on a black ground, smaller letters of the same general design +being used in some volumes. The later publications being +also more frequently met with, these large black initials are +also more commonly known and are more characteristic of +Ratdolt’s work than the others. They became one of the +recognised types for Venetian typography, and were imitated +more or less by other Venice printers, in the same way that +the Maiblümchen pattern was adopted as one of the most +suitable for the early German press.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote25" href="#FNanchor25" class="label">[25]</a> <i>L’art de l’Imprimerie à Venise.</i></p> + +<p><a id="Footnote26" href="#FNanchor26" class="label">[26]</a> ‘Erhard Ratdolt and his Work in Venice’—<i>London Bibliographical Society</i>.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>In a volume by Jacopo Publicio called the <i>Oratoriae artis +epitomata; ars memoriae, ars epistolandi</i>, and which has +numerous other cuts, there is a curious alphabet in which each +initial is represented by an emblem serving to fix the letter on +the memory. As far, however, as we know, this alphabet, +which is engraved on one block, consists of specimens of letters +useful in mnemonics, but which have never served in books as +ornamental initials. They are only mentioned here as a +typographical curiosity.</p> + +<p>Subsequent printers adopted a design with white leaves +on a black ground, the white ornament standing out very +sharply, and often with an exceedingly brilliant effect. In +other <a href="#Repro405">initials</a>, in white on a black ground, we have children +playing at all sorts of games by themselves or with dogs, +monkeys, dragons, lizards, and dolphins; sometimes there is +a large bird looking like a wild goose. In some cases there +is a combination of the two last mentioned compositions, +such as a child playing with a dog, with a foliated background. +There is a very effective F of this kind, and an O with a child +making a dog sit up and beg, in the <i>Epigrammata</i> of J. B. +Cantalycius, printed by Matteo Capcasa.</p> + +<p>The brothers De Gregoriis used various kinds of initials.<span class="pagenum" id="Page59">[59]</span> +The large <a href="#Repro490">A and V</a> are from their Herodotus, the first page +of which is ornamented with a magnificent border, which has +often been reproduced. Several other initials in different +styles are from books by these printers, amongst others the +large <a href="#Repro496">outline P</a> and the smaller <a href="#Repro495">A and E</a>. An interesting +alphabet, most of the <a href="#Repro471">letters</a> of which represent children +playing with different kinds of animals, is taken from a small +treatise on Geography by Zacharius Lilius, entitled <i>Orbis +breviarium</i>, etc., printed at this press.</p> + +<p>Sessa, whose mark consists of a cat with a mouse in her +mouth on a crowned shield with the initials I B S, has some +of the letters just described.</p> + +<p>Ongania gives amongst others, as coming first from a +1496 edition of Marco Polo’s <i>De le Maravigliose cose del +mondo</i>, <a href="#Repro408">the D</a> with two children and a dog, <a href="#Repro414">the P</a> with +the children and bird, and <a href="#Repro454">a P</a> with the portrait of a man, +here printed in red, but which is found elsewhere, like all +the other letters, printed in black. The very small <a href="#Repro460">initials</a>, +mostly with heads, <a href="#Repro463">the H</a> with a rabbit and the T with +rabbits dancing, are also to be found in Sessa’s impressions.</p> + +<p>Several very large letters, two more particularly, the M +and the S, were used by Bernardinus Benalius and Matteus +Capcasa in 1498, and often printed in red. They were afterwards +adopted by the Paris printer Josse Bade.</p> + +<p>Of the linear initials used in the missals, the beautiful B +representing Mary Regina cœlorum amongst others, appeared +for the first time in the <i>Missale Romanum</i> of 1499 by George +Arrivabene. Our <a href="#Repro379">reproductions</a> are taken from missals and +breviaries of Lucantonio di Giunta, himself especially a +printer of music, but who edited a great many liturgical +works.</p> + +<p>The largest in size of all our initials are from another +missal of Giunta, the <i>Missale Vallisumbrose</i> of 1503. The +<a href="#Repro420">first letter</a> of this series has been given by Mr. Pollard in an +essay on ‘Pictorial Initials.’</p> + +<p>An alphabet of large letters of an interlacing pattern is +to be met with in several works, first in Plutarch’s <i>Lives</i>, +translated by Guarino of Verona and published by Melchior<span class="pagenum" id="Page60">[60]</span> +Sessa and Petrus de Ravenis in 1505. They have been +described as of great elegance and finished beauty, but +they are as a rule badly printed and do not look well in +reproduction, as can be seen by reference to Ongania.</p> + +<p>The alphabet of children already mentioned is more or +less completed by letters from different works published by +Tacuinus de Tridino, amongst others the Euclid of 1517 and +several earlier volumes. <a href="#Repro417">The C</a> with a child on a dolphin, +<a href="#Repro418">the L</a> with one child riding another, and the N with children +and dog; the grotesque O, the P also with children and a +dragon, are one from the 1517 Euclid, others from a Justinian, +the remainder from works of Horace by the same printer.</p> + +<p>The C with a child on the back of a horse is first met with +in a <i>Practica</i> of Serapion by Bonetus Locatellus, ‘mandato +Octaviani Scoti,’ the <a href="#Repro402">outlines C, P, and S</a> with children or +<i>amorini</i> having the same origin.</p> + +<p>An alphabet, remarkable from the fact that it is generally +found complete, by Bernardino Vitali, serves as a rule in +publications of Sessa to initial the index. It is to be found +serving this purpose at the beginning of this printer’s edition +of the <i>Lives</i> of Plutarch and also for the index to the works +of Pliny.</p> + +<p>Pliny’s <i>Natural History</i> was a popular book at this time, +and two editions of it have the large interlaced initials used +in the Plutarch. In a third, in Italian, by Sessa and Petrus +de Ravenna in 1516, there are a number of ornamental letters +with children: a P, with child and dragon, precedes the +eighth book; an S, with a child above and a bird below, the +tenth and thirty-second books; the thirty-first having what +at first appears to be the same, but which is really a copy. +The letters C, G, R, N are also with children, either by +themselves or with birds or dogs. As an example of the +indifference to appearances, a historiated A is used upside +down as a V, in Tacuinus de Tridino’s Homer of 1503. A +fine V with children does duty as an A, and an E all the +way through as an F, in the Justin of 1508 of the same +printer.</p> + +<p>The L with a satyr, and the very handsome G, are from<span class="pagenum" id="Page61">[61]</span> +the same book. The P with a child and bird is repeated +eleven times in this volume, and from the dilapidated condition +the block is its chief disfigurement. In the Horace of +Guglielmo Fonteneto Monteserrati, we find it at the beginning +of the ode ‘Phoebe silvarumque potens Diana,’ but the bird +is changed into what is apparently a goose. The children +have older faces, and there is a slight difference in the +ornament.</p> + +<p>In their original condition, these children initials are most +decorative, but many of the copies are greatly inferior. These +are to be found not only in Venetian impressions by other +printers, but also in some books printed in provincial towns, +and they evidently inspired many of the children’s alphabets +that were used afterwards in Basle, Cologne, Hagenau, and +one or two initials we have given of Paris.</p> + +<p>At Turin some of them were used in the <i>Epistole +Heroidum</i> of Ovid published by F. Silva in 1510, in which +we find that the L with the satyr, the P with a bird, the T +with children playing with a skipping rope, an M with an +eagle, the N with a child and dolphin, and the G, but of +much coarser execution than the original. From a documentary +point of view these letters are perhaps not so +interesting as the alphabet used currently half a century later +by Giolito and other Venetian printers, in which the games +then in vogue are represented in linear engraving upon a +white ground. But the introduction of animals in the earlier +alphabet is not entirely fanciful, and the classical student will +no doubt be able to understand many of the allusions.</p> + +<p>The A, for instance, with a boy riding upon the back of +a dolphin, is a case in point and no doubt refers to the +tale of Arion told by Herodotus, and more fully by Ovid in +the <i>Fasti</i>.<a id="FNanchor27" href="#Footnote27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote27" href="#FNanchor27" class="label">[27]</a> In the eighth chapter of his ninth book, Pliny speaks of a dolphin that had +conceived a wonderful affection for the child of a poor man. At whatever hour of the +day he might happen to be called by the boy, he would instantly fly to the surface, and +sportively taking him up on his back, he would carry him over a wide expanse of sea to +the school at Puteoli, and in like manner bring him back again. Other instances of +the same kind are related, which he says give an air of credibility to the one that is +told of Arion.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page62">[62]</span></p> + +<p>We give a somewhat numerous <a href="#Repro430">selection</a> from a work +which has hitherto remained but little known to bibliographers, +by a printer whose publications are far from +common, the <i>Vita di Sancti Padri vulgare historiada</i> of +Otino da Pavia de la Luna, 1501. In an earlier edition, +also very rare, the initials are insignificant, and the chief +interest of the volume is in the little cuts which precede the +lives of the different saints. The edition from which our +initials are taken is on the contrary a perfect storehouse of +interesting ornamental letters. At the commencement of each +book there is a half-page engraving representing an incident +in the life of the first saint whose history follows, and this is +surrounded by a handsome ornamental border which sometimes +surrounds the whole page. Each book commences by +an initial of larger size than the others. Some of these are +given—the C with a saint holding a bag to another, <a href="#Repro431">the D</a> +with a dog, <a href="#Repro432">the L</a> with four ecclesiastics, and +<a href="#Repro435">two</a> <a href="#Repro436">U’s</a>, one +with a monk tempted of the devil in the form of a beautiful +woman. The smaller letters, of which there are sometimes +as many as three or four on a single page, also represent +incidents in the lives of the different saints, the devil being +often the subject of the picture. The title-page has on it the +mark of Otino da Pavia de la Luna in black and red. +Some of the initials of this volume afterwards found their +way into the possession of Bernardino Vitali, who used them +in an <i>Omiliario quadragesimale</i>, published in 1518. We +have not seen this volume, but Ongania gives reproductions +of its principal typographical ornaments, amongst +them a P and a U from the Otino da Pavia de la Luna +alphabets.</p> + +<p>Of the initials not yet mentioned, the <a href="#Repro428">D and the Q</a>, the +former with a monk wearing spectacles, are from a treatise on +animals by Aristotle, printed by Sessa. The <a href="#Repro494">curious L</a>, with +a personage in a turban, looking at a castle on the walls of +which are the heads of three of its defenders, comes from an +edition of the <i>Legendario de Sancti</i> of Jacobus de Voragine, +printed by Nicolo è Domenico dal Gesu. We are almost +sure, however, that we have met with it in an earlier missal,<span class="pagenum" id="Page63">[63]</span> +and it was subsequently used in at least one impression of +Lyons. The remaining letters are by different printers.</p> + +<p>The two large <a href="#Repro498">initials</a> with portraits of a much later date +represent respectively—the C, Cosmo de Medici; the P, Pius +Romae Pontifex.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page64">[64]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER IX</span><br /> +<span class="name">OTHER ITALIAN TOWNS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<h3><i>Rome</i></h3> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo064.png" alt="W" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">W</span><span class="startword">e</span> have alluded in the preceding chapter +to the paucity of woodcut initials in +early works printed at Rome, and it is +well known that the opinions of the +clergy were divided with respect to the +propriety of adding decorative embellishments +to books. Some church +dignitaries considered it a pious occupation, +whilst others, who looked upon the copying of manuscripts +as a sure way of attaining salvation,<a id="FNanchor28" href="#Footnote28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a> were entirely +against book ornamentation. It is probably on account +of some such hostility on the part of the ecclesiastical +authorities that ornamental initials are so seldom met +with in books of the early Roman printers. In a list, for +instance, of seventy-nine works published by Planck, only +one, a <i>Pontificale</i> of 1485, is mentioned as having woodcut +initials; in the same list, of thirty-nine books by Eucharius +Silber, there is one only with ornamental letters. Lastly, of +one hundred and seventy-eight other works by seventeen +known and six unknown printers, only two are reported as +being so embellished. Of the earlier printers, Sweynheim<span class="pagenum" id="Page65">[65]</span> +and Pannartz used some very handsome initials in a few of +their publications after 1470, <a href="#Repro500">the D</a> reproduced being from their +Suetonius, <i>Vitæ Cæsarum</i>. We give also <a href="#Repro501">a P</a> from one of +E. Silber’s publications, and <a href="#Repro502">a C</a> with the portrait of Ariosto +from a work published by Jacobus Mazochius, 1515.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote28" href="#FNanchor28" class="label">[28]</a> A propos +of manuscript copying, there was an anecdote current in <i>Scriptoria</i> concerning +a brother who had sinned very constantly whilst in the flesh, and who was +challenged by St. Peter at the Gate of Paradise. The tally at first seemed to go against +the applicant, but at last it was found that he had been for some time a scribe; written +letters were checked against sins, and the frater was found to have a small but sufficient +balance in his favour.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p id="Ref2">Siennese impressions are anything but common, and as +the early typography of this town still awaits a historian, a +short account of a few works from its chief press will not be +out of place. The most important is no doubt the Datus, +printed by Simeon Nardi in 1503. The title consists of two +lines in small Gothic characters, <i>Augustini dati senensis +opera</i>, and underneath come three sonnets by admirers of +Datus (for the name is spelt indifferently, Datus or Dathus), +in each of which he is compared to Cicero. ‘Read through,’ +says Angelus Fundius, ‘this venerable volume of the facund +Dathus, but take care I advise you to glance first at the title +page.’ ‘Nam si forte vagus legeres, mihi crede putares non +esse hoc Dathi sed Ciceronis opus.’ The others are equally +complimentary. The volume is a folio collection of speeches +and essays on all kinds of subjects, and consists of fourteen +preliminary, followed by two hundred and ninety numbered +leaves, or twice as many pages. There are sixty lines to the +page of small, clear Roman type, pleasantly relieved by +curious <a href="#Repro503">little capitals</a>. The colophon gives ‘Impressum +Senis ex Architypo per Symeonem Nicolai Nardi, Anno +salutis MDIII Sexto Kal Novembris,’ and on the verso is +Nardi’s mark representing a child holding a banneret astride +a wolf, which is suckling another child beneath. The whole +is surrounded by a highly ornamented border.</p> + +<p>The most interesting feature, however, of the book is its +series of <a href="#Repro509">large initials</a>, which, taking into consideration the +two different states of the Q, are fourteen in number.<a id="FNanchor29" href="#Footnote29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a> The +most characteristic, and perhaps the most effective, are those on +a black ground, but the others are equally free and vigorous +in treatment. One of them, the R, has the same subject +(Romulus and Remus with the wolf) as the printer’s mark,<span class="pagenum" id="Page66">[66]</span> +a subject which is used in other volumes as a pictorial title-page. +The reason of this is explained in the motto at the +bottom of the mark in another book,</p> + +<p class="center highline2 allsmcap">‘ROMAE QUE ORIGO SENAE INSIGNIA.’</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote29" href="#FNanchor29" class="label">[29]</a> In some of the proofs the Q is a white letter, the original block being cut away.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Unfortunately, as is so often the case, the impressions are +not all equally good, but it is easy to see that where anything +is wanting, it is the fault of the printing and not of +the artist.</p> + +<p>The letters of this series were much used in subsequent +publications, but with the exception of an ornamental M of +the same style which comes from a book of poetry published +by Simon Rubeo in 1513, and an I in a tract by Marcellus +Beringhuccius not of the same merit, we have not seen any +Sienna letters that are not in the Dathus. It is to be +remarked that the volumes which have an ornamental title-page +have no printer’s mark, and <i>vice versa</i>, the first not +occurring in publications before 1539.</p> + +<p>Two of the Nardi initials, the P and the C, are to be met +with in a quarto volume, ‘C Plinio de li homini illustri in +lingua senese traducto et brevemente commentato,’ which is +printed in the <i>Inclyta & Excelsa citta di Sena</i> by that +accurate man Symeone di Nicolao Carrolaro Senese, 1506. +The mark is different in some details, although practically +the same as in the Dathus.</p> + +<p>The <i>Vespertinæ lectiones</i> of Marcellus Beringhuccius has +the H and some others. The printer’s name varies again, +being given as ‘Impressum per Calistrum Symeonis Senen. +Ad instantiam Ioannis Alixandri Libraio 1511.’ The title is +surrounded by a border of oak leaves and acorns. On the +verso of the first page the dedication to Cosmo de Medici +begins with the handsome H, and is followed on the next +page by an interesting cut representing the burial of Christ. +The text on the verso of this page begins with the L. The +second part of the book, ‘For the comfort of those who wish +to live well, etc.,’ begins with the historiated N, ‘Impresso +in Siena per Calisto Francese di Simeone Bindi, 1541. Ad +instantiam d’Giovanni di Alisandro Libraio.’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page67">[67]</span></p> + +<p>Another volume of <i>Vespertinæ lectiones</i> of the same +author was published in 1539, the printer’s name being +given in the same way, and the same bookseller being +mentioned. It has the N and the D, as well as a new I, +mentioned above. The book, published on the 5th of March, +has a title-page with a border of foliated branches that spring +below from a common trunk and meet together above. The +lower third is occupied by the Siennese wolf and children, +with a town in the distance. Two tracts of Marcus Antonius +Belarmatus on legal subjects were published by Symeon +Nicolai in 1539, with the same ornamental border. In one +of them the only large initial is the N. In the other, the +title is printed in black, and the D and the Q of the white +variety complete its ornamentation. The last book chronologically +in which we have met with the Nardi initials is a +<i>Life</i> by Feo Belcari of Beato Columbini da Siena, ‘fondatore +del ordine di poveri giesuati.’</p> + +<p>Like so many of the Venetian ornaments, the borders and +initials of Fossombrone are mostly with a black ground, but +this is <i>criblé</i> in a special manner.</p> + +<p>The most important book of this town, where printing +was introduced in 1513 by Ottaviano dei Petrucci, is a treatise +by Paul de Middelburg with beautiful borders and initials, +<i>On the right way of celebrating Easter, and the day of the +passion of our Lord Jesus Christ</i>, a work of great rarity and +filled with singular researches for fixing Easter Day, and the +date of the death of our Saviour.</p> + +<p>The initials have branching ornaments, and children +playing with one another, one holding up a mask, or with +birds. One of them can be seen in Butsch.</p> + +<p>The principal printer of Pavia, at the beginning of the +sixteenth century, was Jacobus Paucidrapensis de Burgofranco, +whose books have very handsome ornamental and historiated +<a href="#Repro522">initials</a>, the latter with portraits of celebrated men. His +<i>Hyginus de Stellis</i>, published in 1513 at the expense of the +heirs of ‘that late nobleman Octavianus Scot and his +associates,’ has several. The D given here is from this +volume. The O with another portrait, and the four other<span class="pagenum" id="Page68">[68]</span> +letters F, L, N, P, are also specimens of this press, +but we have not been able to identify them more particularly.</p> + +<p>J. de Burgofranco also uses a smaller <a href="#Repro528">alphabet</a> in the +same style of ornament.</p> + +<p>Printing was introduced at Como in 1521, the seven +<a href="#Repro515">initials</a> given being taken from the first book printed there, +the treatise of Vitruvius on Architecture. In this remarkably +handsome volume, full of architectural diagrams and plans, +there is, amongst others, an ‘elevation’ of the cathedral of +Milan. Como had long been celebrated for the beauty of its +situation, for the colophon, after giving the names of the +‘magnificent’ and ‘noble commentators,’ ‘emendators,’ and +‘castigators,’ states that the volume was printed by Gotardus +de Ponte in the <i>Amoena & delecteuole citate de Como</i>. +In one of the initials, a D, there is a view of a lake with +sailing boats in a shower of rain, no doubt intended to +be Como.</p> + +<p>The U with the Crucifixion and the O representing St. +Jerome are our only <a href="#Repro532">specimens</a> of the press of Guillaume le +Signerre, a Rouen printer who set up at the beginning of the +sixteenth century at Saluzzo.</p> + +<p>The book from which they are taken is an extremely +handsome edition of the <i>Aureum Opus</i> of Vivaldus, so often +reprinted, and it has a full-page engraving with St. Jerome, the +same subject as in one of the <a href="#Repro533">initials</a>, and on another page +the portrait of Le Signerre’s patron; at the end the printer’s +mark. The colophon states that it was printed at Saluzzo by +the most deserving brothers, Le Signerre of Rouen, at the +expense of that most illustrious and clement prince, Lodovicus, +Marquis of Saluzzo, and viceregent of Naples. With +the exception of an insignificant floral letter at the beginning +of the preface, the two initials given are the only ones in the +book, the T with the Crucifixion occurring twice. The +brothers Signerre would appear to have tried their fortune +elsewhere before going to Saluzzo. In 1496 they were printing +at Milan, giving the <i>Practica Musice</i> of Franchini Gafori, +with fine borders and initials.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page69">[69]</span></p> + +<p><i>Ferrara,<a id="FNanchor30" href="#Footnote30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> Milan, etc.</i>—One of the most celebrated books +of its day was the <i>De plurimis claris selectisque mulieribus</i> +of Philip Bergomensis, described as being revised and +‘castigated’ with great diligence by that ‘great doctor in +theology, Master Albert de Placentia and brother Augustinus +de Casili maiori,’ <i>Ferrarie impressum opera et impensa +magistri Laurentii de Rubeis de Valencia</i>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote30" href="#FNanchor30" class="label">[30]</a> Ferrara is known to art students in connection with initial letters by the alphabet +of Fra Vespasiano Amphiareo, a Renaissance calligraphist, which is often reproduced +in works on manuscript ornamentation.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>For the general student this work, which took rank at +once as one of the most artistic publications of the time, is +chiefly interesting on account of the portraits of the celebrated +women whose histories it relates, but besides these +there is a nearly complete alphabet of <a href="#Repro540">initials</a> which harmonise +perfectly with the woodcut engravings. Although +different in treatment, the design is very similar to that used +by Regiomontanus of Nuremberg, but with the addition +of an occasional mascaron, or head of a dolphin. Very +decorative, although simple, on the printed page, they lose +some of their effect when brought together as an alphabet.</p> + +<p>The volume begins with a <a href="#Repro539">linear M</a> representing the +Virgin and child.</p> + +<p>The other set of <a href="#Repro559">initials</a>, of an entirely different kind, is +taken from the <i>Missale Carthusiense</i>, printed by the monks +at their monastery at Ferrara in 1503, and generally known +as the Missal of Ferrara. <i>Missale secundum ordinem Carthusiensem. +Impressum in Monasterio Carthusie Ferrarie +Diligenter emendatum per Monachos ejusdem Domus Regnante +Excellentissimo D.D. Duce Hercule Esten. Anno a +nativitate domini MCCCCCIII.</i></p> + +<p>In many of the other Italian towns, although printing +was established at an early date, the ornamentation of books +was comparatively neglected, and there are few or no initials +of interest to be mentioned.</p> + +<p>Foligno, for example, was one of the first places where +the art of printing was introduced. J. Neumeister, one of +the workmen and associates of Gutenberg, published there in<span class="pagenum" id="Page70">[70]</span> +1470 a superb folio, <i>Leonardi Aretini Bruni de bello italico +adversus Gothos</i>.</p> + +<p>At Milan, Philip of Lavagna gave a small quarto, the +<i>Miracoli de la Gloriosa Verzene Maria</i>, dated 1469; but this +date is a mistake, and it was really in 1474 or 1479 that the +tract appeared.</p> + +<p>Zarotus was printing at this town in 1471, and three +years later Christopher Valdarfer began operations.</p> + +<p>When initials occur in the books of these printers they +resemble somewhat those of Venice, but they are of unequal +merit, some being coarsely cut and merely curious, others of +the highest artistic excellence. Of the first, the <a href="#Repro580">M and T</a> from +the <i>Opus auree et inexplicabilis bonitatis et continentie</i>, +printed by Joannes de Castellione in 1513, will serve as +an example.</p> + +<p>The six other <a href="#Repro584">letters</a> are from works by Gotardus de Ponte, +and are to be found also in a book called <i>Calipsychia</i> of +1511; in the <i>Life of Saint Veronica</i> by Isidorus de Isolanis, +of 1518; also in an <i>Opus auree</i> which seems to have been +printed everywhere, dated 1513.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro583">The Q</a> with a very black border, a circle of white +dots, an ornament in each corner, and a saint with crozier +looking to the right, comes from the <i>Sermons of St. Bernard</i>, +Milan, Leonard Pachel, 1495.</p> + +<p>The smallest <a href="#Repro568">series</a> is from a volume of Decretals by +Ulric Scinzenzeller.</p> + +<p>At Florence printing was introduced in 1471 by +Bernardo Cennini, who commenced at once the composition +of the Commentaries of Servius on Virgil, which was +published the following year.</p> + +<p>To Giovanni Tedesco we are indebted for editions of the +<i>Philocolo</i> of Boccaccio and the <i>Trionfi</i> of Petrarch. But the +most celebrated Florence printer of the fifteenth century was +Nicolo di Lorenzo (Nicolaus Laurentii) of Breslau, the +publisher of the celebrated Dante with engravings of 1481.</p> + +<p>Books printed at Verona at the beginning of the sixteenth +century are not common, and woodcut initials are even more +seldom met with, but we have been able to find one or two<span class="pagenum" id="Page71">[71]</span> +in a tract printed by Lucas Antonius, or Luc Antonio Giunta, +of Florence, in 1504, which is extremely curious in many ways. +The text on the title-page is arranged in the form of a cross, +and runs as follows: <i>Delitiosam explicationem de sensibilibus +deliciis paradisi a D. Celso Mapheo Veronense Canonico +regulari editam hoc libello lector agnoscere poteris et ipsa +plurimum oblectari valebis.</i> On the verso of the last page is +a very fine mark of Lucas Antonius. The ornamentation of +the book is completed by numerous woodcut initials of various +sizes, but mostly as badly cut as printed. There are several +letters of an interlaced pattern, but the two we have selected +are the most interesting, <a href="#Repro534">the C</a> with the gladiator and lion +occurring at the beginning of the first chapter, <a href="#Repro535">the Q</a> being +repeated twice. There is also a historiated P with a child, +a little smaller.</p> + +<p>Books of the beginning of the fifteenth century published +at Brescia have a few good initials, more or less in the +Venetian style. An S, with a winged child with bow and +arrows, probably a Cupid, is to be met with in several +impressions. The P, with a saint in the same style, and a +somewhat larger P, prolonged as a border, have the same +origin.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro537">very wide C</a>, with a monk at a latticed window, is +from a volume of Brescia, in which there are also three or +four insignificant floral initials in the style of Grüninger’s +least interesting letters, an engraved title-page with the +portraits of celebrated men in compartments, and on the +verso of the last page a Virgin and child with irradiating +flames. The title, <i>Theophrasti Natalii Cychuthoe Teutonici +Invectivae</i>, <i>Maxima cum diligentia Brixiae impressum</i>, it is +said, but without giving the printer’s name.</p> + +<p>At Vicenza initials were also mostly in the Venetian +style, but inferior as a rule to the originals. In one volume, +a <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i>, printed by Henricus de Sancto +Urso in 1493, there are two typographical eccentricities +which, as they have to do with initials, are worth pointing out. +In some early volumes ornamental initials are occasionally +met with of such primitive execution, that the only possible<span class="pagenum" id="Page72">[72]</span> +explanation is, that the necessary letter being wanting, it was +cut on the spur of the moment by an entirely unskilled hand. +Amongst the initials which occur the least often at the +beginning of Latin paragraphs are the B and G, and of +course such letters as X, Y, Z. It is probable that when +this <i>Catalogus</i> was being set up, there was no G amongst +the ornamental alphabets available, for no other paragraph in +the book begins with this letter. To meet this contingency, +the required <a href="#Repro536">initial</a> was cut forthwith, the result being the G +in question, roughly representing a human face. The other +singularity is an instance of the transposition of letters, of +which examples have been already given, but here, instead +of turning an A or a C upside down to serve as a V or a D, +it is an F that does duty both for an F and an E. At the +beginning of the eighth book there is an E for St. Ezekiel, +which has evidently been made from an F, the lower transversal +part having been cut afterwards, as can be seen by the +rough execution and the disturbance of the general ornamentation. +But the transposition of an F into an E is a +thing that often occurs. The peculiarity here is that at the +tenth book, which begins with the feast of All Saints, <i>Festivitas +omnium Sanctorum</i>, an F being required, the same +block is used as for Ezekiel, the letter being restored to its +first condition by a plug, but showing clearly traces of its +transformations.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page73">[73]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER X</span><br /> +<span class="name">LYONS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo073.png" alt="B" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">B</span><span class="startword">y</span> its geographical situation, by its proximity +to Basle, by its condition as a free +town, and through the fairs that attracted +within its walls the merchants from other +parts of France, as well as from Germany, +Italy, and Holland, Lyons became +at once a typographical centre of the +first importance, even preceding Paris +as regards book illustration. In 1473 Barthelemy Buyer, a +rich Lyons merchant, founded the first press with the help of +William Leroy, publishing first the <i>Compendium</i> of Lotharius, +then <i>La Legende Dorée</i>, six months before the appearance of +the <i>Chroniques de Saint Denis</i> at Paris. Ornamental letters +occur for the first time in the <i>Mirouer Hystorial</i>.<a id="FNanchor31" href="#Footnote31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a> The +<a href="#Repro590">specimens</a> given were used by Leroy in 1479, and are known +as <i>lettres tourneures fleuronnées</i>. On the title-page of the +<i>Prestre Jehan</i> of the same publisher is a <a href="#Repro597">historiated P</a> showing +the three companions travelling in the land of Prester John, +arriving before a castle of the ‘paynims.’ The text begins +with a smaller initial, also a P with a serpent’s head which +forms part of the alphabet of the <i>Statuta Lugdunensia</i>, and +takes the place of the larger initial on the title-page of a later +edition. The <a href="#Repro603">initials</a> of the <i>Statuta Synodalia</i> are very much +like <a href="#Repro598">those</a> occurring in the <i>Quatre Fils Aymon</i> and in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page74">[74]</span> +<i>Dechier de Nobles Hommes et Femmes</i>, a translation of the +<i>De casibus illustrium virorum</i> of Boccaccio (Mathieu Husz +and Jean Schabeler, 1483), and, although differently treated, +the same subjects, grotesque profiles, are to be found in the +first Paris letters of Dupré and Vérard. For the other letters +of these early alphabets, of which specimens are not given +here, the reader is referred to Claudin’s great work on the +History of Printing in France, unfortunately left incomplete +by the death of the author, but of which the third volume, +the first of the two intended to relate to Lyons, is finished.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote31" href="#FNanchor31" class="label">[31]</a> Mr. Pollard speaks of an edition of ‘Beaudoin, Comte de Flandres,’ of 1478, with +rude printed initials.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>It is chiefly in the French books of this period that we +meet with those large calligraphic initials for title-pages, +generally taking the form of the letter L in the style of the +tenth century, which are said by Claudin to be known as +<i>lettres de forme, dites cadeaux</i>. The two largest are to be +found in the <i>Mer des Histoires</i>, printed first by Le Rouge in +1488, the initials of which were copied by Dupré in 1491. +They exceed the dimensions of this page, and are consequently +too tall for reproduction here. M. Thierry Poux +in his <i>Origines de l’Imprimerie en France</i>, and Claudin (<i>op. +cit.</i>), have given good copies. They represent knights in +armour, probably St. George or St. Michael spearing the +dragon, with different accessory ornaments along the margin.</p> + +<p>The most common of all these initials is the one which +occurs on the title-page of the <i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i>, and of +this we have preferred the <a href="#Repro334">Geneva copy</a>. The French composition +which is known as the January and May L, and is +much more insipid, would appear to have been most popular, +recurring in a great many books both of Paris and Lyons. +Another L frequently seen, of which Mr. Pollard in his <i>Early +Illustrated Books</i> gives a copy, was first used for the <i>Livre +du Faulcon</i>; the top of the letter curves down to end in +the head of some imaginary bird, between the two grotesque +profiles. In some books this part has been removed, the +letter presenting the appearance of having been cut down.</p> + +<p>Of our selections, <a href="#Repro625">the L</a> with two heads on the left +and a collection of dragons on the right, one of which is disgorging +a fool complete with cap, bells, and <i>marotte</i>, is from<span class="pagenum" id="Page75">[75]</span> +the title-page of a Melusine, but is met with in other books. +The <a href="#Repro635">letter</a> with the two heads, a monkey and two birds, which +occurs also in other publications, was taken from the <i>Somme +Rurale</i> of Pierre Boutellier. <a href="#Repro636">The L</a> with only one human +head and a bird separated by the head and neck of an +imaginary reptile can be seen in <i>Demandes d’Amour</i>, <i>Le +Cordial</i>, <i>Les Quinze</i>, <i>Joies de Marriage</i>, <i>Le Doctrinal des +Femmes mariées</i>. As to the initial with Eve, it is to be +found on the title-page of the <i>Livre des Marchands</i>, of the +<i>Legende Dorée</i>, as well as on some others.</p> + +<p>As a last <a href="#Repro637">example</a> of these large calligraphic letters, we +give the large L with three profiles.</p> + +<p>In an entirely different style is a <a href="#Repro624">magnificent Q</a> on a black +ground, representing St. George and the Dragon, from +an edition of the <i>Mer des Hystoires</i> by Michel Topie, without +doubt one of the most effective of the Lyons initials. There +is a <a href="#Repro623">well-cut A</a> at the commencement of Breidenbach’s +<i>Sainct voyage de la cité de Hierusalem</i>, which Claudin +attributes to Gaspard Ortuin. This book contains the first +specimens of Arabic characters printed in France.</p> + +<p>We now come to a series of <a href="#Repro646">letters</a> from the missal of +Pierre Hongre of 1500, some of which had been used in the +missal of Uzès, published by Jean Neumeister and Michel +Topie in 1497. This lending or hiring of typographical +ornaments was very common amongst Lyons printers, as can +be seen by a comparison of the books of different publishers, +and as is proved by an agreement of the time, between +Michel Topie and an Angevin printer, discovered by the +Abbé Requin amongst some old notarial deeds.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro646">letters</a> of Pierre Hongre’s missal represent, as usual, +Biblical scenes, and although of an archaic type, the attitudes +are true, and they are animated by a sincere and artistic +sentiment. The subjects of the different letters speak for +themselves. The T, as usual, is the sacrifice of Abraham; +the C the martyrdom of St. Stephen; the D the Nativity, etc.</p> + +<p>Many of these are to be found afterwards in other missals, +such as the missals <i>Narbone</i>, <i>Aquensis</i>, <i>Matisconensis</i>, etc.</p> + +<p>The historiated <a href="#Repro638">initials</a> from the Saccon Missal, also of<span class="pagenum" id="Page76">[76]</span> +1500, all of the same type, are interesting from the fact that +we are able to give the name of the engraver. In our collection +of cut initials there is, amongst others, the S with several +personages, and from the same book from which it is taken, +and in the same type as on the verso of this initial, is a +‘dixit’ of five lines which speaks for itself:—</p> + +<div class="poetry-container"> + +<div class="poetry"> + +<div class="stanza"> +<div class="verse indent-1">‘Petrus Bertorius edidit</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Lambertus Campester illustravit</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Joannes Cobergerus erogavit expensis</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Jacobus Sacconius expressit</div> +<div class="verse indent0">Amor veritatis persuasit.’</div> +</div> + +</div><!--poetry--> + +</div><!--container--> + +<p>Good missal initials are to be found also in the <i>Missale +secundum ordinem Carthusiensem</i> of Simon Bevilaqua, 1517, +such as <a href="#Repro665">the C</a> (saints with a palm-leaf), and <a href="#Repro663">the D</a> (the +Good Shepherd). The <i>Missale secundum ordinem fratrum +predicatorum</i> of Moylin, 1515, has also interesting ornamental +letters.</p> + +<p>Of the two large A’s, <a href="#Repro666">one</a> is from a missal, the <a href="#Repro667">other</a> from +a <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i> of Saccon. <a href="#Repro662">The G</a> and the <a href="#Repro664">smaller +P</a> are both from Lyons missals.</p> + +<p>The three little <a href="#Repro659">pictures</a>, one of which represents the +expulsion of a devil, the two others the Apostles in a boat, +are in reality ornamental initials with the letter, an I, in the +right border, and belong to a volume of homilies printed by +J. Poullet in 1505, in which every paragraph begins with the +same letter. The fourth is one of those little cuts that are +sometimes used in missals in the place of pictorial initials, +and which, according to Dibdin, are to be classed with +initials.</p> + +<p>It is not often that we meet with complete alphabets from +single books, except in the case of works arranged by alphabetical +order and dictionaries. Such is the case with the +<i>Catholicon</i>, of which J. Wolff published an edition in 1503. +Unfortunately the alphabet is not uniform, either in size, +style, or subject, and some of the letters are of minor interest. +We have <a href="#Repro668">selected</a> the most curious and most uncommon. +The four <a href="#Repro677">initials</a> of the same kind, the <a href="#Repro682">halberdier U</a>, the +<a href="#Repro680">standard-bearer O</a>, the <a href="#Repro681">page P</a>, +and the <a href="#Repro683">king D</a>, are sometimes<span class="pagenum" id="Page77">[77]</span> +found in other volumes—in the <i>Aureum Opus</i>, for +example. It is from the prologue of an edition of this work, +printed for Gueynard in 1505 by De Vingle, that we have +taken the very <a href="#Repro690">interesting Q</a> of St. Jerome, which is also the +subject of the first initial in the Saluzzo edition. We only +know of one other letter of this size in the style of the +<i>Catalogus</i> series. As can be seen from our <a href="#Repro691">reproduction</a>, it +represents the Virgin, and is to be found at the beginning of a +very rare and curious plaquette entitled ‘Plusieurs gentillesses +pour faire en toutes bonnes compaignies. Et aussi plusieurs +bonnes et utiles receptes esprouvées par Maistre Symon de +Millan. On les vend a Lyon en la maison de feu Barnabé +Chaussard.’</p> + +<p>The two curious L’s are from the title-page and from the +beginning of one of the chapters of a Lyons <i>Proprietaire</i>, +wanting the last page, but of which we have not seen any +other copy. <a href="#Repro685">The L</a> with a profile and crowned lion is from +the title-page. The other <a href="#Repro687">letters</a>, D, H, M, are from the +treatise on men and women at the end of the volume, arranged +according to the signs of the Zodiac. The M shows the +author meditating the effect of his opening remarks. The +D and the H are at the beginning of a paragraph referring to +Virgo and the Gemini respectively.</p> + +<p>The two large letters <a href="#Repro692">C and D</a>, representing the Viaticum +and the Nativity, with the seven <a href="#Repro694">smaller ones</a>, are to be found +in an edition of the <i>Regimen Sanitatis</i>, with comments by +Magnini, attributed by Claudin, on the strength of an initial +on the title-page with a bird, to Fradin, 1505. This is no +doubt correct, for the large C (a priest carrying the host), with +several of the smaller letters, is to be found in an undoubted +edition by that printer of Platina’s <i>De Honestate Voluptate</i> +of 1505.<a id="FNanchor32" href="#Footnote32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote32" href="#FNanchor32" class="label">[32]</a> The G, C, and I, with profiles and grotesques, were used two years before in a +Lyons edition of the <i>Rommant de la Rose</i>, by G. Balsarin, 1503.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>From a technical point of view, from the elegance of the +design and the delicacy of the execution, the <a href="#Repro704">series</a> taken +from works by Blanchard and others, with masters and +scholars in costumes of the time of Louis <span class="allsmcap">XII.</span>, is particularly<span class="pagenum" id="Page78">[78]</span> +interesting, <a href="#Repro710">the S</a> with pope and cardinals being quite +remarkable.</p> + +<p>The children’s <a href="#Repro712">alphabet</a> was used by Fradin and four or +five different printers, perhaps by more. A certain number +of children’s letters, but enlarged to the size of the initials of +Cologne of Albert Dürer, are in the <i>Graduale Viennense</i> of +1534. One of them, <a href="#Repro715">the R</a>, is a coarse copy of the same +Dürer <a href="#Repro368">letter</a>, and has been given under Cologne for the sake +of comparison. The others, eleven in number, although not +exact copies of the smaller letters, are very much like our +smaller reproductions and are treated in the same manner, +but the best proofs we have seen of the specimens we give +are in a copy on vellum of the Narbonne Missal of Fradin +of 1528, from which the P with the Nativity, the smaller +P with a saint about to be beheaded, and the R with +Death, are also taken. There is a very similar set in +the German Psalter of Nuremberg, printed by J. Petreius +in 1525.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro718">The F</a> with a portrait of St. Ambrose is from a translation +of St. Jerome by Erasmus, of whom an excellent portrait is +also seen in another <a href="#Repro719">initial</a>.</p> + +<p>Two of the most characteristic sets of Lyons <a href="#Repro721">letters</a> are +those taken from the <i>Biblia cum Summariis et cum Concordantiis</i>, +printed by John Moylin for Stephen Gueynard +in 1516, and from the <i><a href="#Repro739">Catalogus Sanctorum</a></i> of Saccon of +1514. The Bible letters represent necessarily scenes in +Scripture history, often being inspired by the initials in the +Bibles of Nuremberg and Augsburg.</p> + +<p>The initials used in the different books of Lives of the +Saints, the chief of which were the <i>Golden Legend</i>, the +<i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i>, and the <i>Lives of the Holy Fathers</i>, +are miniature pictures, and, although of small size, they contain +quite as many details as the larger engravings that +illustrate some of the more pretentious editions. It may be +noted that when there are historiated letters, there are no +pictures properly so called, but, as the numerous editions +testify, those with pictorial initials, which the unlearned were +able to understand, as well as the illustrations proper, were<span class="pagenum" id="Page79">[79]</span> +amongst the most popular of the publications of the beginning +of the sixteenth century.</p> + +<p>In an edition of the <i>Golden Legend</i> now before us, printed +in 1514 for Martin Boillon, by Gilbert de Villiers, the same +year as the <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i> of Saccon, of which we give +the <a href="#Repro739">letters</a>, the text begins with a large A, representing the +Advent of Christ, of the same size as the Bible initials. A +little further on, <a href="#Repro741">another A</a> stands for St. Andrew with his +cross. Next comes <a href="#Repro830">an N</a>, for the patron of children, St. +Nicholas, who is depicted with three of them apparently in a +pickle tub. As the letters nearly always correspond to the +saint’s name, the historiated initials, for those who knew their +alphabets, were even more useful than the large engravings, +which required for their comprehension a competent knowledge +of the attributes of the saints.</p> + +<p>Proceeding further, an N with an ass, a cow, a child in a +cradle, and a star, stands for the Nativity. Saint John the +Evangelist has an I, with his eagle. Another I, with three +soldiers, one of them stabbing a child, and a woman with +another child on her lap, represents the Massacre of the +Innocents, and both for composition and execution it is +superior to the larger cuts of the illustrated volumes.</p> + +<p>St. Paul the Hermit, and St. Remy, may be recognised +by the bird which is bringing them a ring. The M with a +naked saint shows St. Macarius in the desert, where for +killing a gnat ‘nudus sex mensibus in deserto mansit et inde +a scabronibus totus laceratus exivit.’ The first letter, with +the saint kneeling down, and a soldier about to wield an +immense sword, is an F, for St. Fabian, and this subject +with variations recurs frequently, St. Longinus, St. Gregory, +and many others being so represented. In the B of St. Basil +we see for the first time the Father of Evil in the shape of a +dog-faced monkey, so often depicted both in the architecture +and in book ornamentation of the period. He is disputing +with St. Basil about the kneeling child, but of course gets the +worst of the argument. The same B does for St. Benedict; +the A with two devils with hair standing on end is for St. +Amandus. The same initial does for St. Ambrosius. George<span class="pagenum" id="Page80">[80]</span> +of England is shown on horseback with the slaughtered +dragon. An S, with a number of people lying down, is for +the seven sleepers. In another S, what looks like a crowd of +students illustrates the section ‘De septem fratribus qui +fuerunt filii beati felicitatis’; St. Christine is looking at what +appears to be a house on fire. The M of St. Macarius recurs +to illustrate the nakedness of St. Mamertinus, who is left in +that condition by robbers, and the N of the Nativity does +again for the Nativity of the Virgin.</p> + +<p>The two medical saints, St. Cosmo and St. Damian, are +shown together as usual in a C, one of them holding in his +hand a flask of special shape. Of the remainder, the most +interesting are the M of St. Michael the Archangel, who is +attacking with his sword a devil with horns and a very +pointed nose; St. Denis, who is carrying his head in his hand; +a P, for the ten thousand martyrs, two of whom are shown +with swords coming through their bodies from underneath, +just as in one of the Schott initials of Strasburg. In the +initial for the eleven thousand Virgins, one girl is about to +be beheaded whilst two others are looking on. St. Eustace +is at his anvil, with fire and bellows in the background. +St. Martin is shown, with his cloak, on horseback, and +St. Elizabeth of Hungary with a castle in the background. +The last with a pictorial initial is St. Bernardinus, to whom +the Virgin and Child are appearing in a vision.</p> + +<p>There is another edition of the <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i> with +only one large introductory initial, but in which the different +chapters are preceded by little woodcuts. In one of these, +which is repeated several times, the saint is shown with an +instrument for execution on the same principle as the modern +guillotine. Of Saccon’s many other alphabets the two outline +initials, two Q’s, one a monkey riding a monster, the +other an owl, five other letters with heads, and the little black +animal letters, must serve as <a href="#Repro876">examples</a>.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro720">The L</a> with two peasants looking at an angel in the +clouds is to be found in a Bible and on the title-page of a +<i>Liber Cathonis</i>.</p> + +<p>An amusing little <a href="#Repro890">set</a> comes from a printer whose name<span class="pagenum" id="Page81">[81]</span> +is unknown to us, the book being entitled <i>Morale Reductorium +Petri Berthorii</i>. The C is probably a convent cellarer, whilst +the N is a study in contemporary costume, and remarkable +for the number of details that have been condensed into so +small a space.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro896">The C</a> with the Crucifixion is an example of the extraordinary +incongruity that is sometimes seen between ornaments +and text. In a book of devotions we sometimes meet +with the most scabrous subjects; here the reverse is the case, +this reproduction, whatever may have been its origin, being +taken from a military treatise published by Jacques Modernes, +<i>Vallo, Du Faict de la Guerre et Art militaire</i>. The other +letters in the work are from worn-out blocks from the stock +of Saccon.</p> + +<p>Although of later date than the majority of our reproductions, +our remaining initials are so frequently found in Lyons +books that they are representative, as it were, of Lyons +ornamentation.</p> + +<p>There are several different-sized alphabets of philosophers, +but the one <a href="#Repro897">given</a> is by far the best in execution. Our +reproductions are as good as possible, but the proofs in the +original are of a greyish colour which, taken together with +the clear way in which they are printed, is most ornamental.</p> + +<p>The mythological <a href="#Repro920">letters</a> are from a book of Italian poetry, +‘Stampato in Lione, per Jacopo Fabio. Appresso Bastiano di +Bartholomeo Honorati, 1556,’ and, with the exception of the +S, which is signed with the initials H F (Hans Frank), the +other letters are attributed to the Petit Bernard. The three +large <i>lettres parlantes</i>, D for Diana, etc., are from Lyons +impressions of about the same time.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page82">[82]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XI</span><br /> +<span class="name">PARIS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo082.png" alt="A" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">A</span><span class="startword">s</span> with Lyons, the material upon which +one could draw for Paris is almost +inexhaustible. Dibdin considers the +initials of this town to be the finest that +can be found, and gives the <a href="#Repro1084">letters</a> of Josse +Bade with branches growing out of the +heads of the personages as examples. +As regards book illustration, however, +Paris was behind Lyons, where the earliest attempts at +decoration were made in 1478.</p> + +<p>The first book printed in Paris with ornamental letters +was the <i>Vies des Anciens Sainctz Pères of Dupré</i>, which +appeared in 1486, that is to say, eight years later. Mr. +Pollard thinks that these <a href="#Repro930">initials</a>, of which there are only +eight, five of which we reproduce, afforded the first hint for +the first calligraphic initials used for title-pages, of which +several have been given under Lyons. Dupré was one of the +printers who worked for Vérard, who was chiefly a publisher. +An alphabet of small calligraphic initials was frequently used +in the volumes printed for him by the Lerouges of Paris and +Troyes, and is to be found complete in the <i>Jardin de Santé</i>. +Pen-letters, as they are called, of this type, are of frequent +occurrence in manuscripts.</p> + +<p>Of the large calligraphic initials a sufficient number of +<a href="#Repro598">specimens</a> have been given under the heading of Lyons, and, as +a rule, they are more quaint than those used by Paris printers.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page83">[83]</span></p> + +<p>The huge initials already spoken of in the <i>Mer des +Hystoires</i> are too large for our <i>format</i>. In the same work +is a serpentine S equally out of proportion to this volume, +an I with a picture of Christ, and a P of similar size in the +style of those that often occur in works of Vérard, representing +a scribe at work, and recalling the cuts so often seen on +the verso of title-pages. For these initials, which are too +large for reproduction in this volume, the reader is referred +to Claudin’s <i>History of French Printing</i> and Monceau’s +monograph on the Lerouges. Of those more moderate in +size, the January and May initial on the title-pages of the +<i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i>, the <i>Quinze Joyes du mariage</i>, and +many other works by Vérard, Trepperel, and Lenoir, is the +best known (see under <a href="#Ref1">Geneva</a>). The <i>Livre du Faulcon</i> has +an initial with two grotesque profiles, also very frequently +met with on other title-pages. This, together with the L +with three monkeys, is reproduced by Mr. Pollard in his +<i>Early Illustrated Books</i>, to which the reader is referred.</p> + +<p>Shortly before the end of the fifteenth century, in 1497, +Bocard published an edition of Robert Gaguin’s <i>De origine +et gestis Francorum</i>, with a few large grotesque initials, and +a very pretty one of the Virgin of the same size, as well as an +alphabet of smaller letters. The first leaf of this book begins +with an initial which is badly coloured in the only original at +our disposal, but which is interesting as forming at the same +time an <i>ex-libris</i>. The letter in question is an F, and in +each of the segments (separated by the central bar) is a +scroll, in which an early owner of the volume had written +his name.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Nef de Santé et Condemnacion des Banquetz</i> of +Trepperel are some other <a href="#Repro949">grotesques</a>, found also in others of +his publications.</p> + +<p>About the same time the use of ornamental <a href="#Repro967">initials</a> was +commenced by Rembolt and Gering. Gering, who was +one of the earliest German printers to settle in Paris, published +with his partner, in 1499, a book entitled <i>Divi +Augustini in sacras Pauli epistolas Interpretatio</i>, with the +large P, representing, no doubt, St. Augustine preaching to<span class="pagenum" id="Page84">[84]</span> +his followers, which occurs at the beginning of almost every +chapter, and a number of smaller ones.</p> + +<p>It is in the smaller initials of Gering and Rembolt that +we have some of the best examples, as far as historiated +letters are concerned, of those compound animals so often +met with in the ornamentation of the fifteenth century. If +we look at the records of antiquity, such as Egyptian hieroglyphs, +Roman medals and pottery, and other artistic +remains, it will be seen that from a very early time it was +considered humorous to represent animals carrying on the +occupations of men, or doing the duties of other animals. +By a natural extension of this idea, men were depicted in the +roles of animals who had usurped their supremacy, and who +are represented as treating their tyrant in the way that they +themselves were accustomed to be treated. Wright and +Champfleury in their Histories of Caricature have given +numerous examples. In an Egyptian papyrus, a cat is seen +walking erect and driving a flock of geese, a fox is carrying +a basket and playing the flute, and the lion and the unicorn +are playing at chess. In a thirteenth-century tile, a rabbit +going a-hunting is riding his hereditary foe the dog, and in a +manuscript of the fourteenth, a dog with his paws tied is +being conveyed in a cart drawn by two rabbits and led by a +third, towards a hill on which a gallows has been prepared +for him. In a carving of the same period, another example of +‘the world turned upside down,’ four geese are shown hanging +their old enemy the fox. Roman statuettes still exist, in +which the personages represented are satirised by their heads +being replaced by those of animals, such as rats or wolves.</p> + +<p>These fancies, which are said to have come from Greece, +led to the creation of such beings as the Sphinx, the most +celebrated of the compound animals of antiquity, and later on +to the Chimerae and Grylli, which were the predecessors of +the innumerable fantastic hybrids that the imaginations of +the artists of the Middle Ages called into existence. These +creatures have already been represented in our <a href="#Page73">Lyons</a> initials. +In one of Saccon’s letters there is a kind of armadillo with +a human head, and amongst the <a href="#Repro692">reproductions</a> from the<span class="pagenum" id="Page85">[85]</span> +<i>Regimen Sanitatis</i> there are two copied from Gering and +Rembolt <a href="#Repro967">originals</a>, which are also given.</p> + +<p>In these latter <a href="#Repro998">the R</a>, with a monster with a neck ending +in a human head, is particularly noticeable, as it occurs frequently +in the borders of the same printers, and the Books of +Hours of other presses. It is to be remarked that the belief in +the existence of these unnatural monsters was quite general. +Wright quotes Giraldus Cambrensis as describing animals +in Ireland, some half bulls, half men, others half stags, +half cows, others half monkeys, half dogs. The dog-faced +monkeys had always been worshipped in Egypt, and for this +reason possibly had become an object of suspicion to the +mediæval clergy, who made them figure as devils both in +church architecture and manuscript decoration. It is in this +rôle that they are constantly represented in woodcut initials.</p> + +<p>The following year the first edition of the <i>Cornucopia</i> of +Perottus appeared, the first part of which has one of the +larger initials on every twentieth or thirtieth page. Towards +the end of the volume they become much more frequent; not +only are they to be met with on every page, but on some +there are half a dozen or more. Another edition of this +work, which was often printed, was published by Rembolt in +1507, mostly with the same initials, but the P with the +Nativity was not used in the second edition.</p> + +<p>The two armorial <a href="#Repro999">initials</a> are from a French translation of +the <i>History of Denmark</i> by Saxo Grammaticus, published by +Josse Bade in 1514. Besides these there are three others in +the same style, a D, an I, and a P. The D is like the N in +general arrangement, but without the supporters, and the +legend ‘Arma regis Dacie’ is in scrolls with the letters C. P. +and C. L. In the I the central shield is suppressed, and the +shields are framed by banderolles with the legend: ‘Arma +regis Dacie Swecie Norvegie, sclavorum gottorumque anno +domini <span class="allsmcap">MDXIIII.</span>’ The P is similar to the two others in being +without supporters, and the legend is slightly modified: +‘Arma regis Dacie Swecie Norvegie.’ These initials were +particularly admired by Dibdin, who calls attention to their +beauty.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page86">[86]</span></p> + +<p>Amongst the publications of Trepperel are several editions +of the <i>Jardin de Santé</i>, which, in the Latin <i>Hortus Sanitatis</i>, +is a thick folio dealing first with birds, beasts, and fishes, +and finishing with an alphabetical account of medicinal +plants, and finally stones (minerals). A treatise, <i>De urinis</i>, +completes the whole.</p> + +<p>Vérard’s edition already mentioned was of the same proportions, +but Trepperel published his as an octavo on plants +only. The initials are not always well printed, rather the +reverse. The best are given in our <a href="#Repro1001">illustrations</a>. A few of +these letters are to be found in a small folio with woodcuts, +entitled <i>Les œuvres de Justin, vray hystoriographe sur les +faictz et gestes de Troge Pompee</i>, etc. etc., in much better proof. +In this same book is the L with a harpy, which, together with +the M, the only other letter of the kind we have seen, is to be +frequently met with in the <i>Chroniques de France</i> and in a +great many other books by Philippe Lenoir, finally in a Paris +<i>Missale Carthusiense</i>. The two <a href="#Repro1014">letters</a> with children, inspired +by Venetian initials, with the linear R of the same size +and the big ‘philosophus’ Q, are taken from a work on the +Logic of Aristotle by Jacobus Stapulensis, published by +H. Estienne in 1510. In other works the same initial occurs, +but the word ‘philosophus’ is replaced by ‘Aristoteles,’ or by +some other philosopher’s name. We have met with several +varieties. The smaller letters are to be found also in books +printed by J. Petit, H. Estienne, and Josse Bade.</p> + +<p>It may be here observed that the Paris printers had quite +a specialty for missals, and in some of them initial letters of +the most varied origin are mixed together. In one of them, +the <i>Missale ad consuetudinem insignis ecclesie Parisiensis</i>, +by Wolfgang Hopyl, in 1504, the <a href="#Repro1018">initials</a> belong to different +alphabets. The best are the A (Annunciation), the P +(Nativity), another P (the Circumcision), an E (visit of the +wise men), S (Pentecost), C (a priest saying mass), and when +the proofs are perfect it would be difficult to imagine anything +more effective. But the handsomest set is in the <i>Missale +Leodiense</i>, also printed by Wolfgang Hopyl, in 1513. These +initials are used in other missals, but are here in their best<span class="pagenum" id="Page87">[87]</span> +condition. Some of them are to be found in the 1526 edition +of the Liége missal by Marnef and Hopyl, and again in the +<i>Missel de Chartres</i> of Kerver, 1529.</p> + +<p>In most works of this kind the subjects of the <i>histoires</i> +are of a Biblical nature, particularly incidents in the lives of +the saints, although relieved sometimes by a touch of the +grotesque.</p> + +<p>In other missals the grotesque reigns supreme, showing +how intimately it was associated with the idea of Church Art, +as is well seen in the beautiful Books of Hours by Philippe +Pigouchet and others, in which the borders are a mixture of +the grotesque and the macabre.</p> + +<p>One of the books most frequently reprinted at this period +was the <i>Propriétaire</i>, the translation of the work of Bartolomæus +de Glanville, <i>De proprietatibus rerum</i>, which was +the book on which Caxton worked at Cologne. It is a kind +of general encyclopædia, beginning with a disquisition on +the Trinity, and ending with a chapter on Astrology. It +is from this work that we have reproduced the twelve <a href="#Repro1067">letters</a>, +amongst others the Q with a bagpiper, and an L representing +a person in a fool’s cap giving a baby pap. These occur +in a great many other works of Philippe Lenoir.</p> + +<p>In the treatise ‘On Men and Women,’ the different sections +are preceded by initials which correspond to the signs +of the Zodiac, as in the Lyons copy, of which we have +given <a href="#Repro686">specimens</a>. But in the Paris edition, curiously enough, +the first two sections, Aries and Taurus, have no initials, +although ornamental letters with a ram and bull respectively, +and entirely inappropriate anywhere else, are to be found in +other books published by this printer, such as the <i>Chroniques +de France</i> and the <i>Saint Graal</i>.</p> + +<p>The two large <a href="#Repro1090">initials</a>, one of them with a portrait, formed +part of the alphabet of Vascosan, used in, amongst other +books, the work of Oronce Fine, or Finée, as he is variously +called. The vignette of the O is said to be his portrait. It +is authenticated by the initials O. F.</p> + +<p>Josse Bade has some large <a href="#Repro1079">initials</a> in the Venetian style, +with intertwisting bands and no historiation, generally described<span class="pagenum" id="Page88">[88]</span> +in book catalogues as ‘magnificent ornamental letters.’ +We admit to a predilection for initials with personages, and +prefer to give here some of the smaller set, sometimes printed +in red in the original, which particularly excited Dibdin’s +admiration, and which are graceful, even when not historiated. +They are to be found in a great many of this printer’s +productions, as well as in those of Simon de Colines and +others.</p> + +<p>The missal <a href="#Repro1047">letters</a> of two sizes, beginning with an A +representing the Trinity, are considered by experts to have +been designed by Geoffroy Tory or members of his school. +They form part of a fragment consisting of eight or nine +pictorial pages, such as are to be met with in the missals. +Several have the Crucifixion surrounded by an ornamental +border, in one of which is the mark of Tory’s <i>atelier</i>—the +cross of Lorraine. On these leaves, which have not been +identified—they were perhaps only proof-sheets—the letters +did not serve as initials, but were placed end to end, to form +a compartment border.</p> + +<p>In two instances where initials were used at the beginning +of the text, they came from an alphabet of one of the missals +given above.</p> + +<p>The smaller of the two remaining sets, with the <a href="#Repro1087">little D</a> +dated 1526, was used in the publications of Simon de Colines +and others.</p> + +<p>A similar initial used by Chevallon at the beginning of a +treatise of diseases of women by Hippocrates is dated 1524, +but after 1545 the date is replaced by the letters C. G., the +initials of Chevallon’s widow, Charlotte Guiard.</p> + +<p>In a large folio edition published by Chevallon in 1528 of +the <i>Digesta seu Pandectae Juris Civilis</i>, most of the initials are +too badly printed for reproduction. One of them, however, +is of good impression, and besides that is supremely interesting, +as it forms a little picture representing a scene from one +of the xylographic <i>Ars Moriendi</i>. It is the only letter of the +kind we know, and this is the only time we have met with it. +In the original the <a href="#Repro1085">initial</a> is of the smaller dimension, but it +is so interesting that we have had it <a href="#Repro1086">enlarged</a>. In the block<span class="pagenum" id="Page89">[89]</span> +books, scrolls are generally seen emerging from the mouths +of the devils, with the suggestions printed on them by which +they attempt to turn aside the dying soul from thoughts of +piety. This miniature composition is too small for such +insertions, but the attitude of the arch fiend shows that he is +ready to seize any opportunity that may present itself.</p> + +<p>There are a great many more alphabets of Paris printers +that we should have liked to reproduce, had it been possible +to multiply our examples indefinitely—amongst them that +of Kerver, of which we give <a href="#Repro1100">the C</a> with a knight in armour. +The three others, <a href="#Repro1102">B, C, and L</a>, are coarse copies of Kerver +letters used in England, these being taken from a medical +work by Bullein. Of the next three, <a href="#Repro1105">the L</a> with a saint is a +copy of the same letter of Rembolt, the two others from +Philip le Noir both recurring frequently in his impressions.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro1099">The P</a> with a master and pupils is from the press of +N. de la Barre.</p> + +<p>The three little <a href="#Repro1108">pen letters</a> are from the same source.</p> + +<p>We cannot bring this short selection of Parisian letters to +a close without mentioning the Royal <a href="#Repro1096">letters</a> designed by +Geoffroy Tory and used by Robert Estienne in a Bible and in +other books after 1536. Independently of the accessory ornamentation, +the letters themselves have since served as models +of proportion.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page90">[90]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XII</span><br /> +<span class="name">FRENCH PROVINCIAL TOWNS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo090.png" alt="O" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">O</span><span class="startword">f</span> provincial French towns after Lyons +the most important as regards the history +of printing are Troyes and Rouen. In +the former the chief printers using initial +letters were the Lerouges and J. Lecoq. +The five large <a href="#Repro1109">letters</a>, C, C, D, L, S, with +Chinese-looking dragons and birds, together +with the B of an entirely different +character representing David and his harp, no doubt the +initial letter of some Psalter, were used in the impressions of +the Lerouges, and were taken from one of their finest books, +<i>La thoison d’or</i>.</p> + +<p>These printers worked for Paris publishers, particularly +for Vérard, and the calligraphic <a href="#Repro935">alphabet</a> of the latter, given +above, formed part of their material.</p> + +<p>Of Lecoq we give two sets. The <a href="#Repro1116">specimens</a>, with grotesque +profiles, are from a monumental <i>Graduale Trecense</i> in which +there are altogether between twenty and thirty different +varieties, from the <i>Vie de Monseigneur St. Bernard</i>, printed +for Macé Panthoul, and from a <i>Statuta synodalia</i> of the +‘State and Diocese of Troyes,’ printed by order of the +Reverend Bishop Odard Hennequin. The I, the Q with a +fool and his accoutrements, the S with a profile on each side +and a bird’s head and upper beak above, the larger F and +the V also with two profiles and a face with porcine snout on +the top, are only to be found in the <i>Statuta Synodalia</i>.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page91">[91]</span></p> + +<p>It may be here observed that it has been our constant +practice to reproduce our specimens exactly as they appear in +the original, in order to give them the documentary interest +that they lose when retouched. In this case these initials +were too badly daubed over with paint for gillotype reproduction, +and the first nine were obtained by photographing +on wood and then engraving. They are good facsimiles of +the originals, but without what may be called their <i>patine</i>. +It was subsequently ascertained that the colour in most +instances was easily removable, and the other five letters +were copied in the usual way. The reader can compare the +results of the two processes.</p> + +<p>The smaller <a href="#Repro1128">alphabet</a>, engraved also on wood, is complete +in the <i>Vie de Monseigneur St. Bernard</i>, but occasional +letters are to be met with in many of Lecoq’s later impressions. +Amongst these may be mentioned an excessively +rare little Latin primer on the plan of the Donatus, with +Lecoq’s <i>marque parlante</i> on the title-page, and with the E +of this alphabet at the beginning of the title, which runs as +follows: <i>Epithoma sive breviarium octo partium orationis +gramaticalis adiectis grãmatice principiis ad completam +grammaticam introductoriũ</i>.</p> + +<p>Rouen was an important centre of printing at the +beginning of the sixteenth century, a great many publishers +in other towns and countries having the works which they +edited printed in this city. This was often the case with +books apparently of Caen. We shall have to speak of a +<i>Histoire de Commines</i>, supposed to have been printed at +Paris, but really printed at Rouen. The earliest work +from which we have made <a href="#Repro1148">reproductions</a> is an exposition of +the Psalms by Petrus de Harentals, with a very long title +beginning <i>Psalterii expositio Petri de Harentals viri religione +clarissimi</i>, etc.; at the end ‘Impressum in officina Laurentii +Hostingue et Jameti Loys,’ 1504. It is stated, moreover, +to be sold at Paris by J. Petit and Robert Macé, the large +mark of the latter occupying the verso of the last leaf. From +this book the series of letters with heads, curious little +animals, and compound monstrosities are taken. The <a href="#Repro1162">large<span class="pagenum" id="Page92">[92]</span> +P</a> with a man holding up his hand is on the title-page. In +another volume, the <i>Singularissimum et eximium opus +universis mortalibus sacratissimi ordinis Seraphici patris +nostri francisci</i>, etc., printed by Martin Morin in 1509, are +<a href="#Repro1160">the I</a> with two dragons, the H corresponding to it, and the +second H with a woman in a Norman bonnet such as the +peasants wear to this day.</p> + +<p>The only remaining initial we have met with of this style +and size, <a href="#Repro1161">the P</a> with a man with a pointed cap and tassel, +is to be found on the first page of the text of a <i>Coustumier +de Normandie</i>, belonging to Mr. Quaritch.</p> + +<p>The large <a href="#Repro1163">calligraphic M</a> with the arms of Normandy +adorns the title-page of the missal of Arras, <i>Missale +Atrebatense</i>, and also that of the <i>Missale Noviomense</i> of +1506, both of which were printed by Martin Morin, and the +twelve <a href="#Repro1164">initials</a> in red comprise most of the ornamental letters +distributed through the two volumes. There are also some +grotesque lettrines similar to those found in many Rouen +impressions, and such as have been given from the Psalterium +of Harentals.</p> + +<p>Another large calligraphic <a href="#Repro1181">initial</a>, and nine smaller ones, +are from a Rouen edition of the <i>Propriétaire</i>, printed for +Francis Regnault by Jacques le Forestier, which, unlike the +Lyons and Paris editions of the same date, 1520-30, is +without the series of twelve Zodiac letters that precedes the +paragraphs of the little treatise ‘On Men and Women’ at the +end of the volume.</p> + +<p>The three smaller <a href="#Repro1194">initials</a> of the same size, A, B (David +and his harp), and R, the two somewhat larger—a D with +a compound animal with a long snaky neck, and a P with a +grotesque, together with the P with a schoolmaster armed +with his birch and about to operate, are from another edition +of the <i>Coustumier de Normandie</i> of 1523.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro1192">The A</a>, surmounted by a crown with a saint below, with +the D, a swan, and the S with two animals, are met with +also in other books, but were reproduced from the <i>Opera +Guilelmi Monachi Valladii</i>, without name of printer or +date, but printed at Rouen by Hostingue in 1505. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page93">[93]</span> +M is the same as in the missals of M. Morin, and there is +the same P as in Harentals’ Psalter, but in very bad proofs.</p> + +<p>Our last <a href="#Repro1178">specimens</a> are from the alphabet of Jacques +Forestier, or rather of Jacques le Gentil. Most of the letters +are to be found in a 1525 edition of <i>Commines</i> which had +always, on the authority of Brunet, passed for having been +printed at Paris. Claudin, however, noticed that the verso +of the last page had the arms of Rouen and the mark of +Jacques Forestier, and the recto says ‘Imprimé par J. G.’ +This J. G. was Jacques le Gentil, son-in-law to J. Forestier, +to whose business he succeeded, using for a time his father-in-law’s +mark.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Commines</i> there are sixteen different initials, but +neither of the two with profiles, D and G. These, with some +of the others, are to be found in the <i>Grand Coustumier du +Pays et Duché de Normandie</i> of 1523, already mentioned, +and in a book entitled <i>Divi Gregorii Magni et ecclesie +doctoris precipua opera</i>, printed at Rouen in 1521 at the +expense of that most honest man and most famous bookseller, +Francis Regnault of Paris.</p> + +<p>From a typographical point of view Avignon is interesting +on account of the claim that has been made for it as the +birthplace of printing by the Abbé Requin. This is based +upon notarial records of 1444, but the invention, in the +opinion of the late M. Claudin, was in reality a primitive +form of typewriting.</p> + +<p>The chief printer there at the beginning of the sixteenth +century was Jean de Chauny, and our <a href="#Repro1201">specimens</a> of initials +are from two volumes printed by him for Jehan François de +Saint Nazaire, otherwise called De Ripa. The first is a small +quarto with a curious ornamental title-page, <i>De Peste libri +tres</i>, dedicated by the ‘celeberrimus atque acutissimus’ +author to the citizens of Avignon; the other, <i>Interpretationum +et responsorum acutissimi atque clarissimi jurisconsulti +dōmi Joan francisci de Sancto Nazario cognomento +de Ripa libri tres</i>, is a very large quarto printed in 1527. +Like most books of the kind, both volumes commence by +complimentary verses, the carmen ‘Jacobi Meigroni Novensis,<span class="pagenum" id="Page94">[94]</span> +ad studiosos legum juvenes,’ being a good specimen of the +punning panegyric of the period.</p> + +<p>In a similar composition <a href="#Ref2">mentioned</a> under the heading +‘Sienna,’ Dathus is preferred to Cicero. According to +Meigronus, De Ripa is more reliable than the Delphic oracle.</p> + +<p>Of the larger Avignon <a href="#Repro1201">initials</a> two only occur in the +larger volume, the F reproduced in the text at the beginning +of the privilege, and an S at the beginning of the third book, +which is somewhat imperfectly printed. The smaller letters +are much more numerous, especially in the <i>Libri Interpretationum +et responsorum</i>.</p> + +<p>A very important work<a id="FNanchor33" href="#Footnote33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a> has been devoted to the early +printing of Poitiers, one volume of which consists chiefly +of facsimiles. As a rule the initials are devoid of interest, +but there is a large <a href="#Repro1207">grotesque L</a> from a <i>Costumier de +Poitou</i> printed by J. de Marnef, <a href="#Repro1206">a P</a> from a missal, and a +few with human faces, such as the one that we <a href="#Repro1208">reproduce</a>.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote33" href="#FNanchor33" class="label">[33]</a> <i>Monuments de l’Imprimerie à Poitiers</i>, par A. Claudin.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Later in the century a legal work was published with a +nearly complete alphabet representing the different occurrences +that might happen to an accused person, such as the +stocks and the rack. They are, however, as a rule, too +poorly printed, and the copies we have seen are not worth +reproducing.</p> + +<p>In books printed at other French towns we have discovered +but few initials. There is a large but uninteresting +one at the beginning of a Chambéry edition of the <i>Roy Modus</i>.</p> + +<p>On the only leaf that has come down to the present time +of a Limoges missal, and which forms the subject of a +memoir by M. Claudin, is <a href="#Repro1209">an R</a>, with the Resurrection.</p> + +<p>In an early Albi edition of Æsop, with cuts, in what is +called the <i>manière éraillée</i>, which look as if executed by +scratching the block with a rusty nail, there are some initials +of which <a href="#Repro1212">the N</a> will give an idea of the <i>éraillée</i> manner. In +a later tract, <i>La vie et légende de Mme. Ste. Petroine</i>, there is +<a href="#Repro1213">an A</a>, which may possibly have been used first for a missal.</p> + +<p>In the chapter about Basle, <a href="#Ref3">mention</a> has been made of an +alphabet which is nearly complete, used by Furter in his<span class="pagenum" id="Page95">[95]</span> +<i>Liber Decretorum sive Panormia</i>, and which also occurs in +a much rarer book without date or printer’s name, the +<i>Decreta Consilii Basiliensis</i>. This <a href="#Repro1214">alphabet</a>, it now seems, +was used in 1488, at Besançon, in the <i>Speculum Humanae +Vitae</i> of Rodoricus Zamorensis. Sotheby, in his <i>Typography +of the Fifteenth Century</i>, has given a reproduction +of one of the pages on which there is the very characteristic +serpentine S, which is here given with the T and the V.</p> + +<p>Printers in the other towns would seem to have been +supplied with the worn-out initials of the Rouen and Lyons +presses.</p> + +<p>In the few books with ornaments printed at Caen, Rouen +letters are found; whilst in those published in the south of +France, there are chiefly the floral initials from the presses +of Saccon, De Vingle, and other Lyons printers.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page96">[96]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XIII</span><br /> +<span class="name">SPANISH TOWNS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo096.png" alt="S" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">‘S</span><span class="startword">panish</span> books,’ says Mr. Pollard, ‘are +distinguished by the excellence of their +initial letters, which are always as plentiful +as they are good, the great majority +of books after 1485 being fully provided +with them.’</p> + +<p>Our own experience confirms this statement, +but we have found that they are +as a rule ornamental rather than historiated, and that there +is, moreover, a certain sameness about them.</p> + +<p>For this reason we shall only give six <a href="#Repro1217">specimens</a> of the +first variety, but these will serve to give an idea of the initials +of this kind usually met with in Spanish books. The C and +the M are taken from a volume printed by G. Castilla at +Valencia, the E from a <i>Comento di Eusebio</i>, printed in 1522 +by order of the Reverend Archbishop of Toledo, at the noble +town of Salamanca, by Hans Gyffer Aleman di Silgenstat. +The origin of the three <a href="#Repro1224">others</a>, L, P, U, is uncertain, but is +referred to further on. The seven smaller <a href="#Repro1249">initials</a>, or +‘lettrines,’ as they are called, are taken from the Eusebius.</p> + +<p>Our historiated specimens are much more numerous. +The first set of nine <a href="#Repro1227">letters</a> is taken from a work of the very +greatest rarity, to which Mr. Pollard has called attention, the +<i>Compilacion de Leyes</i>, printed at Zamora in 1485. This +consists of eight different sections and a preface, each of which +is preceded by one of the initials.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page97">[97]</span></p> + +<p>In <a href="#Repro1231">the I</a>, which is the first in the book and precedes the +preface, there is amongst others a personage with a black +rod, probably symbolising the dignity of the Court. On the +first page of the text is a P with the King and Queen, +Ferdinand and Isabella. ‘The first section of the laws,’ says +Mr. Pollard, ‘treating of the <i>Santa Fé</i>, has an initial E +showing God the Father upholding the Crucified Christ; +the second section sets forth the duty of the King to hear +causes two days a week, and begins with an L in which +he is unpleasantly closely pressed by the litigants. Two +knights spurring from the different sides of an S head the +laws of chivalry; a canonist and his scholars in A preside +over matrimony; money-changers in a D over commerce; +while a luckless wretch being hanged in the centre of a T +warns evil-doers what they may expect under the criminal +law.’</p> + +<p>We may add that in the <a href="#Repro1229">other E</a> there is a representation +of what is probably a prison. Unfortunately, the proofs of +these initials in the British Museum copy, from which we +have reproduced them, are most defective. As Mr. Pollard +says, ‘They must have been designed and executed by clever +artists whose work is so fine that the printer in most instances +has failed to do justice to it.’ In some of these letters there +is in parts only the faintest impression of the design, and it +has been necessary in this case to have them retouched.</p> + +<p>Of our other historiated specimens, some have been +reproduced from a collection of initials, some photographed +by ourselves, and some are from books no longer at our +disposal, and not having been able to refer always to the +volumes from which they were taken, we give some of their +origins <i>sous toutes réserves</i>.</p> + +<p>Such is the case with the <a href="#Repro1239">E and P</a> with Biblical scenes, +which, notwithstanding the nature of the subjects, come from +a medical book, with another pair of initials with Biblical +scenes <a href="#Repro1260">A and E</a>, <a href="#Repro1243">the P</a> with a portrait, and the three +ornamental letters of the same kind, <a href="#Repro1224">L, P, U</a>, given above. +We can only say that the two first and three last come from +one or other of the following books:—</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page98">[98]</span></p> + +<p>The <i>Epilogo en Medicina y en cirurgia conveniente a la +Salud</i>, Pampelune, 1495; the <i>Libro di Medicina llamado</i>, +etc., Cromberger, Seville, 1517; and the <i>Medicina y cirurgia</i> +of Burgos, 1495.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro1219">large E</a> with the initials S. M. (St. Mark) is from +a book printed by Juan de Varila at Seville; <a href="#Repro1220">the G</a> by +J. Alvera of Coimbra. Of the five others, the <a href="#Repro1222">S and the T</a> +each representing the Almighty, <a href="#Repro1221">the L</a> with a child on a +branched groundwork, and <a href="#Repro1242">the A</a> <a href="#Repro1244">and U</a> of the same size +with saints, we can only affirm the Spanish origin, without +being able to give fuller particulars.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro1256">large P</a> with a scribe at his desk is in the Eusebius +of Salamanca already mentioned, the only historiated initial +in the four large volumes.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro1236">The A</a> with a king kneeling, <a href="#Repro1237">the N</a> with a doctor exhorting +a student, and <a href="#Repro1238">the T</a>, are from two books printed in the +same type, but only one of them has the name of a printer. +This, the <i>Libellus de beneficiis in curia vacantibus</i>, from +which the N is taken, was printed at the most noble and +loyal city of Seville by Jacob Cromberger, in 1512. The two +others are from a work with a long title beginning <i>Clarissimi +cesarei juris doctor ac in studio Salmantino primarii regentis +Didaca de Segura solemnis et elegantissima repetitio</i>. It is +curious as containing a warning on the title-page to dishonest +booksellers and printers against infringing the author’s +rights: <i>Cautum est a Serenissimis principibus nostris ut +nemo avidus Bibliopola nec quicunque alius audeat imprimere +sub poena in privilegio contenta</i>.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro1245">four letters</a> from an alphabet of Death occur in +several books printed in the town of Stella. According to +different authorities, Stella corresponds to what is now known +as Estella. Deschamps says ‘Voyez Flavonia,’ and under +this heading ‘Flavonia (Merula Cosmograph). Compostella +(Mariana) Santiago di Compostella. St. Jacques di Compostella, +town of Spain in the dependence of La Carogne +(Galacie).’ This information is not very explicit, but it is +supplemented by the statement that Stella was celebrated +amongst other things by a book published in 1693 against<span class="pagenum" id="Page99">[99]</span> +the abuse of <i>escatados</i>, that is the fashion amongst ladies +of cutting their dresses low between the shoulders.</p> + +<p>The <a href="#Repro1247">alphabet</a> of which the E, F, N, and V form part, is a +copy not of Holbein’s alphabet of Death, but of the little +pictures that illustrate his <i>Simulachres</i> or <i>faces historiées de +la Mort</i>. Some of them occur in a book entitled <i>Series +totius historiae sacri Evangelii autore Petro Trurozqui +Navarro</i> (Stellae, Adrian Anverez, 1557), which contains +also most of the letters of an alphabet copied from the +Biblical series of Froshover of Zurich, mentioned in <a href="#Ref4">its +place</a>.</p> + +<p>Another book without printer’s name, but dated 1555, +in which they occur, merits from us a more particular +description, inasmuch as it consists almost entirely of initial +letters. The title of this typographical curiosity is <i>Libro +Sotilissimo y provechoso para deprender a escrevir y contar +el qual lleva la misma orden que lleva un maestro con su +discipulo en que estan puestas las cinco reglas mas principales +de guarismo y otras cosas sotiles y prouechosas</i>. Each page +of the little volume is surrounded by a woodcut border. On +the verso of the title, the notice to the reader begins with the +M of the Dance of Death alphabet. The two succeeding +pages have little pictures of the saints.</p> + +<p>On the verso of the fourth page begins the same Biblical +alphabet as in the other volume, the first letter, A, representing +Eve and the tempter with the Tree of Knowledge, the +alphabet, the letters of which are used as illustrative cuts +and not as initials, being continued one letter per page with +about five lines of text underneath; B (Abraham), C (Jacob), +D (David), E (Absalom), and so on. When the Biblical +alphabet is finished, the Dance of Death letters take its +place, two on a page with a <i>cul de lampe</i> underneath the +border, but no text. They are twenty-three in number, +occupying twelve pages, the last being accompanied by the +A (Eve and the Tree of Life) of the other series.</p> + +<p>Then come the remaining letters of the first alphabet, this +time two by two, one under the other, without any text, but +with a woodcut border. The last page but one has two little<span class="pagenum" id="Page100">[100]</span> +cuts of saints on each side, the last one having four still +smaller on the recto which entirely fill it, but nothing on the +verso.</p> + +<p>In the language of typography the town of Alcala de +Henares was styled Complutum, and one of its chief printers +was Arnaldus Guilelmus Brocart, who, before coming here, +had been established at Pampeluna, where he printed, +amongst others, liturgical works.</p> + +<p>The two large linear <a href="#Repro1258">initials</a> are taken from a book of this +kind, the <i>Passionarium cum Lamentationibus Jeremie atque +Benedictione cerei Paschalis</i>, published in 1516. They are +the only letters of the size in the volume, the P recurring +thrice. There are some smaller initials in the same style, but +not of much interest, besides a number of the pen-letters with +more or less grotesque profiles in the style, although coarser, +of the alphabet of Vérard.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page101">[101]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XIV</span><br /> +<span class="name">EARLY DUTCH INITIALS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo101.png" alt="T" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">T</span><span class="startword">he</span> early typography of the Low Countries +has been made the subject of a +most interesting monograph by J. W. +Holtrop, chief librarian at the Hague, +<i>Monuments Typographiques des Pays-Bas +au Quinzième Siècle</i>, and it is from +this work that we have reproduced most +of the initials in this section.</p> + +<p>The first specimen given by Holtrop is the G of the +<i>Fasciculus Temporum</i>, printed at Utrecht by J. Veldener +in 1480—an immense initial more than eight centimetres +square. The page is surrounded by a folio-floral border in +the same style. It has also been reproduced by Bodemann.</p> + +<p>In the <i>Summa Experimentorum sive Thesaurus Pauperum</i> +of Thierry Martens, who printed at Alost and afterwards +at Antwerp, is the <a href="#Repro1280">large A</a> with a profile.</p> + +<p>Passing over the initials of Ludovicus de Ravescot of +Louvain, the next printer mentioned by Holtrop is G. Leeu +of Gouda, who published in 1481 a <i>Dyalogus Creaturarum</i> +with illustrative cuts, a very black S, not unlike the large +one <a href="#Repro1262">reproduced</a>, and an ornamental border.</p> + +<p>The thirteen smaller <a href="#Repro1263">initials</a> of the same type are from an +impression by Godfrid de Os of Gouda, and furnished +Caxton, who copied from different continental sources, with +the models of some of his initials. Mr. W. Blades, in his +<i>Biography and Typography of W. Caxton</i>, gives a plate of<span class="pagenum" id="Page102">[102]</span> +woodcut initials from Caxton’s books, two of which are of +French origin—Dupré and Vérard—the A of the <i>Order of +Chivalry</i>, Italian in style, whilst an O with a grotesque face +is <a href="#Repro1275">the Q</a> given in our series with the tail cut off. There is +also an H with a profile on the left, evidently inspired by +<a href="#Repro1279">the P</a> given here.</p> + +<p>Of our remaining reproductions, the <a href="#Repro1262">large S</a> is to be found +in books published by Jacob van der Meer of Delft. <a href="#Repro1279">The P</a> +of nearly the same size belongs to a series of five large initials +which comprises also the <a href="#Repro1278">profile A</a>, already mentioned, of +Thierry Martens. These letters, together with a smaller +alphabet in the style of the letters of Godfrid de Os, are to be +found in editions of G. Leeu at Antwerp, as is also <a href="#Repro1280">the D</a> of +pine-cone pattern copied from the alphabet of Israel von +Mecken. The large <a href="#Repro1284">initial</a> with a portrait, which is said by +Holtrop to be that of Philip le Bel, is by Godfrid Back of +Antwerp.</p> + +<p><a href="#Repro1276">The P</a> representing the miracle of St. Veronica is to be +found in a book by an unknown printer of Schiedam, +<i>Johannis Brugman Vita almae virginis Lydwinae Sciedammitae</i>. +<a href="#Repro1277">The G</a> given here with the same subject is evidently +copied from this letter, and ornaments a leaf of an early +black-letter English prayer-book, found in the binding of +a sixteenth-century volume.</p> + +<p>Louvain initials of any interest are extremely rare, and +the only historiated one that we have seen is an N of a +fifteenth-century missal, all the other capitals of which are +painted by hand.</p> + +<p>The calligraphic <a href="#Repro1282">G and the H</a>, both with grotesque +profiles, are early specimens of initials of Antwerp from the +title-pages of books. The G is from a Belial, <i>circa</i> 1500, the +H from a small Leyden tract of the same date.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page103">[103]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XV</span><br /> +<span class="name">LATER GERMAN INITIALS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo103.png" alt="H" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">H</span><span class="startword">itherto</span> we have devoted each chapter +to special towns and their printers. In +this, the final one, we shall deal with +German initials that have not found a +place elsewhere. Before, however, proceeding +to their enumeration, we wish it +to be understood that if certain towns or +presses have not been given, it is because +we have not wished to go beyond a certain limit. And +for this reason we have preferred using the documents at +our disposal to reproducing specimens of these presses from +other sources. Were it otherwise, and had this <i>recueil</i> of +initials been intended to be entirely representative, we should +have considered it necessary to give specimens of the large +letters used by Johann Scheffer in his Livy, of those designed +by Cranach for Luft of Wittemberg, and of those used by +Kobel of Oppenheim and of many others.</p> + +<p>It should be said, moreover, that the greater number of +what may be termed representative alphabets—those that +occur most frequently in the publications of the time—have +been already reproduced in works on Renaissance book +ornamentation, whereas our initials have been selected +because less generally met with, and consequently less known.</p> + +<p>We have already given specimens of initials printed in +red, which nearly always are found in missals; the three +<a href="#Repro1285">following</a> are taken from the Missal of Spires, printed at the<span class="pagenum" id="Page104">[104]</span> +expense of that honest ‘dominus Peter Drach,’ and dated +1500. In the copy of the <i>Bibliothèque Nationale</i> there is a +fine engraving, before the Canon, of the Crucifixion with the +date 1516, but these pictures were often added afterwards.</p> + +<p>Although a comparatively small town, Hagenau towards +the end of the first quarter of the sixteenth century had +become an important printing centre, two printers at least +making use of typographical ornaments. Those used by +Heinrich Gran are not of the very first merit, as can be seen +by reference to Butsch, who reproduces one of his title-pages. +Thomas Anselm de Bade, on the contrary, has title-pages and +initials from two different sources of the very greatest interest, +as our <a href="#Repro1288">reproductions</a> show.</p> + +<p>The nine very large <a href="#Repro1288">letters</a>, with the very much <a href="#Repro1297">smaller E</a>, +are met with in several missals published after 1518, the +most important of which is known as the Benedictine Missal, +the <i>Missale Bursfeldense. Missale denuo diligentissime castigatum +et revisum ordinis sancti Benedicti reformatorum +nigrorum Monachorum Bursfeldensium.</i> As the reader can +see, they differ in character from those found in any other +missal, and have been attributed to Hans Baldung Grün, +who also designed Anselm’s printer’s mark.</p> + +<p>Nothing can be more charming than the <a href="#Repro1297">little E</a> with the +children which commences so appropriately the verse beginning +<i>Ex ore infantium</i>, and which gives still another +example of the alliance so frequently met with between the +serious and the grotesque. There is another set of initials +in the same style, slightly smaller, in which the incidents +on the T are reversed, the sacrifice of Abraham being on +the left. They are to be found in the Strasburg Missal of +Hagenau of 1518.</p> + +<p>Another very good Hagenau series is the children’s +<a href="#Repro1323">alphabet</a> used by the same Thomas Anselm in his <i>Plinius</i> +of 1520, and said by Weigel in his <i>Altdeutsches Holzschnittalphabet</i> +to have been designed by the elder Heinrich +Vogtherr. It is on a somewhat smaller scale than the Dürer +alphabet, and about the same size as that of Urs Graf. +Artistically it occupies a middle place between the two.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page105">[105]</span></p> + +<p>These letters, which nearly form a complete series, were +almost at once copied by Franc Birckmann of Cologne, the +only difference being that the M and the R are on a black +instead of a white ground, as in the Hagenau original.</p> + +<p>Some of the letters were used in books published by +Lucas Alantius of Vienna.</p> + +<p>In <a href="#Repro1324">the M</a>, which is reproduced from a Vienna copy, there +are some further modifications. The shield under the child’s +left arm has been added, and there would appear to be a +monogram between the pendent grapes and tassel not in the +original.</p> + +<p>The five letters, <a href="#Repro1298">C, E, I, M, and O</a>, the last representing +the Massacre of the Innocents, belong to a collection where +they are classed as coming from the missal of Magdeburg, +which we have not been able to verify. They are said to be +the only ones in the volume of this size, and are accompanied +by a small ornamental series in the style of Cranach, who +may very likely have designed the larger letters.</p> + +<p>In the missal of Posen (<i>Posnaniense</i>) of 1524 there are +only five ornamental <a href="#Repro1303">letters</a>, of which three are given, the T +being a picture of the cathedral of the town as it was at the +time.</p> + +<p>The two Apocalyptic <a href="#Repro1306">initials</a> are typical specimens of the +style of Cranach, and come from the <i>Missale Evangeliare</i> of +Luther, printed by Lufft of Wittemberg in 1525.</p> + +<p>We have mentioned above the alphabet of Cranach which +is given by Butsch in his <i>Bücher-Ornamentik</i>. There are +several smaller alphabets in the same style, in one of which +is an initial representing a donkey sitting up with spectacles, +no doubt a satire on the doctors of the church with whom +Cranach had often to do. Wittemberg was one of the chief +centres of the Lutheran controversy, and inundated Europe +with tracts on the subject. A great many of these have +ornamental title-pages, many of which were designed by +Cranach in a style quite different from his initials. Those +with children, which equal anything of the period, are +particularly charming.</p> + +<p>Nothing could be more fantastic than the subjects in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page106">[106]</span> +series of initials, seven or eight altogether, of which the <a href="#Repro1311">C, L, +and T</a> are specimens. What, however, they mean exactly we +do not pretend to say. In the T there are apparently two +Satyrs dancing a saraband, but the personage in the C would +appear rather to be one of those weird creations that grow +out of foliage under the pencil of the artist.</p> + +<p>These letters are to be found no doubt in other publications +of the same press, but those given here were taken +from the <i>Elegantiae</i> of Laurentius Valla, printed in 1522 by +Lazarus Schurer of Schlestadt. The complete series is +known as the alphabet of Pilgrim ‘le maître aux Bourdons,’ +Waechstein. Besides the C, L, and the T there are seven +others in the <i>Elegantiae</i>; an H with a lion’s head, an I, two +winged children; P and Q each with a child, R and S in the +same style as the C, the latter having the head of a fantastic +animal. There is also a smaller D with an extraordinary kind +of winged satyr, and a Q with a couple of children.</p> + +<p>Chronologically, we should have mentioned before the +<i>Missale Pataviense</i> of Vienna, printed by J. Winterberger +in 1512, which has initials of several dimensions, but most +of them too indistinct for reproduction. Those chosen, <a href="#Repro1314">C, P, +S, T</a>, are the best of the smaller series.</p> + +<p>We have described in their proper places the Psalters of +<a href="#Ref5">Ratdolt</a> of 1499; of <a href="#Ref6">Furter</a> of 1501-3; and of <a href="#Ref7">Knoblouch</a> ten +years later, all of them exactly uniform in size and arrangement, +the two latter with German commentary framing the +text. In all of these, ornamental initials are used occasionally, +those in the two first-named volumes having exactly the +same historiation, whilst in the Strasburg Psalter they are +simply ornamental. The Psalter of Metz, printed by Caspar +Hochffeder in 1513, is on the same general plan, but without +any woodcut initials in the body of the volume; on the title-page, +however, is <a href="#Repro1322">the P</a> given here, which is the only initial +of this origin that we have been able to discover.</p> + +<p>The four <a href="#Repro1318">initials</a>, comprising an O with the portrait in +costume of a young girl, an outline T representing a money-changer’s +office, and two others, are from a Pogge by +Knoblouch, who printed several works of this author.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page107">[107]</span></p> + +<p>We have already had occasion to remark about the incongruity +between certain books and the initials that embellish +them, and the <a href="#Repro1326">two D’s</a>, one with a personage magnificently +costumed, the other with a mandoline player, afford another +example of this peculiarity. The volume from which they +are taken is the Magdeburg Bible of 1542, printed by H. +Walther. In this edition the different books of Scripture are +preceded by initials of the same size as the reproductions, +but nearly always with Biblical subjects corresponding to the +text that is to follow. In Genesis, Adam and Eve are being +chased by an angel with flaming sword from Paradise, and +so on. The chapters of the books begin by smaller initials, +with children romping and playing, in one letter torturing a +cat, in another fighting a cock; whilst in a third a child is +armed with a pewter squirt, apparently in no way different to +the squirt of fifty years ago. Besides initials, this Bible is +embellished with cuts, in some of which German castles of +the fifteenth century serve as a background to Biblical scenes, +and Jews and infidels sometimes wear costumes of the same +period.</p> + +<p>Scheffer’s large ornamental letters have been mentioned +at the <a href="#Page103">beginning</a> of this chapter. In 1518 he was using a +small alphabet in some of his publications, and a few initials +of intermediate size, four of which are given by Butsch. +There is an A with a naked woman sitting on the ground, +two C’s with children, and an S, also with children, one of +whom is playing on a kind of horn. <a href="#Repro1328">The B</a>, reproduced in +the same style, not given by Butsch, is less frequently met +with, Latin paragraphs rarely beginning with this initial.</p> + +<p>Ingoldstadt is known to bibliographers chiefly by the +<i>Astronomicon Cesareum</i> of 1540, a folio volume with +movable astronomical diagrams. On the verso of the title +are the arms of Charles V. and Ferdinand, to whom the book +is dedicated. The last page is entirely covered by the arms +of the printer, P. Apianus, which serve as his mark. +Throughout the volume are the geometrical initials designed +by Michael Ostendorfer, of which we give the best <a href="#Repro1329">specimens</a>, +some of them occurring only once, others two, three, and four<span class="pagenum" id="Page108">[108]</span> +times, the C occurring on ten occasions. There are twenty-two +different letters in all, including a <a href="#Repro1340">Greek Φ</a>.</p> + +<p>Another smaller alphabet of children occurs chiefly +towards the end, to which set belongs a compound double +initial, much wider than it is tall, which contains the letters +Q, U. Besides these, there are four I’s with the four Evangelists, +each one with his special symbol.</p> + +<p>Although undoubtedly a pictorial <a href="#Repro1341">initial</a>, the C with which +we terminate our German selection is not reproduced from a +book, but was taken from a document of which we have seen +several copies, a licence to marry within prohibited degrees. +In this document the body of the text is printed in ordinary +black-letter characters, with blanks for the names of the +persons wishing to contract marriage. Above the text is a +line of ornamental ‘bullatic’ letters, as they are termed, preceded +by the C here given, which form together the word +‘Collegium,’ the meaning of the historiation being no doubt +that St. Peter with his key has delegated his power to open +the Paradise of Matrimony.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page108a">[108<i>a</i>]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak bodytext"><span class="number">CHAPTER XVI</span><br /> +<span class="name">ENGLISH INITIALS</span></h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<div class="illocap"> +<img src="images/illo108a.png" alt="W" /> +</div> + +<p class="chapstart"><span class="startletter">W</span><span class="startword">ith</span> very few exceptions the decorative +and pictorial initials reproduced from +foreign books on the preceding pages +have been chosen from works printed +before 1525, and in most cases before +1500. In Germany, Italy, France, and +the Netherlands, schools of cutters and +engravers in wood and soft metal with +strongly marked local characteristics came into existence +before 1490—in Germany some twenty years earlier—and +during the last decade of the century numerous finely +illustrated books were issued from the chief continental +presses. The good work of one country or town might +be imitated, slavishly or freely, in another; here and there +also the work produced was quaintly or stupidly bad, and +good designs were often spoilt by clumsy cutting. But +despite all such individual failures, there was abundance of +originality and executive skill, and this is true also, though +in a less degree, of Switzerland and Spain. When we turn +our eyes homewards, we find a totally different state of +affairs. The few English illustrated books of the period +with which this monograph is mainly concerned have been +divided by specialists into three groups:<a id="FNanchor34" href="#Footnote34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a> those with cuts +borrowed outright from the Netherlands or France (<i>e.g.</i> +Caxton’s Horae cuts, the illustrations in Pynson’s edition of<span class="pagenum" id="Page108b">[108<i>b</i>]</span> +Lydgate’s <i>Falls of Princes</i>, etc.); those slavishly copied, +mostly, but not always, very badly, from foreign originals +(<i>e.g.</i> Caxton’s <i>Aesop</i>, the editions of the <i>Castell of Labour</i>, +<i>Art of Good Living and Good Dyeing</i>, the <i>Ship of Fools</i>, +and most of the odd single cuts); lastly, a scanty residue of +native origin, illustrating books like the <i>Canterbury Tales</i> or +<i>Morte d’Arthur</i>, for which no foreign models could be found. +Some of these are almost incredibly bad, others merely +wooden, a very few, like the cut to Fisher’s funeral sermon +for Henry <span class="allsmcap">VII.</span>, fairly neat. But, again speaking generally, +it is evident that English printers could enlist the services +of no designers of any skill and of few woodcutters able to +rival the average journeyman-work in foreign books.</p> + +<div class="footnote"> + +<p><a id="Footnote34" href="#FNanchor34" class="label">[34]</a> Consult an extremely interesting paper on this subject, ‘Initial Letters in Early +English Printed Books,’ by Charles Sayle. <i>Bibliographical Society’s Transactions</i>, 1904.</p> + +</div><!--footnote--> + +<p>Good initials demanded little less skill from their +designers, and certainly no less from their cutters, than the +larger forms of book-illustration. The great continental +centres of printing prove abundantly that good initials are +the natural accompaniments of good illustrations, and thus +there is no room for surprise that in England, where there +was no competent native school of book-illustration, there +was also no competent native school of initial-cutters.</p> + +<p>Of the fact there can be no doubt. Caxton possessed +only one initial of any size, <a href="#Repro1342">the A</a> shown among our facsimiles, +which he used in one or two of his later books. His contemporaries +possessed none at all. After Caxton’s death in +1491, for the next half-century and more the history of +English initials is as the history of our book-illustrations—they +are imported from abroad, copied from foreign originals, +or of no artistic value. An early instance of importation is +the large <a href="#Repro1343">grotesque H</a>, shown in facsimile, which De Worde +acquired early in his career from Govaert van Os when the +latter was moving to Copenhagen; in the same way +Julian Notary obtained a few letters from André Bocard. +Though it may be thought churlish to look outside +England when we find a rebus on an English name, it can +hardly be doubted that the initials cut for Pynson’s Morton +Missal, of which <a href="#Repro1344">specimens</a> are given, were made for him in +France. Certainly no one could claim these letters as<span class="pagenum" id="Page108c">[108<i>c</i>]</span> +starting an independent English school, and most of those +subsequently used by Pynson and De Worde are direct copies, +or imitations, from the French. Thus it is only by transcending +our bounds that we can offer a few examples of +English initials which have at least more independence than +these early ventures. It, perhaps, shows some rashness to +include among them the excellent H from Grafton’s edition +of Halle’s <i>Union of the two Houses of York and Lancaster</i> +(1548), for this may perchance have been inspired by those in +the Paris edition of the <i>Historia Danica</i> of Saxo Grammaticus +(see <a href="#Page85">pages 85</a> and <a href="#Page230">230</a>). Nevertheless the book is important, +because it was on heraldic lines that some of the best later +work was produced. Much of this may be connected with +the name of that excellent printer John Day. The pictorial +initial to the Bible of 1549, showing Edward Becke, the promoter +of the edition, presenting a copy to Edward VI., is full +of life, and the portrait <a href="#Repro1355">initial</a> of Elizabeth from Foxe’s +<i>Book of Martyrs</i> is excellent work. Between these two +books Day had issued, in 1559, a fine edition of Cunningham’s +<i>Cosmographical Glasse</i>, and this is adorned by an +admirable <a href="#Repro1354">heraldic D</a> with the arms of the Earl of Leicester, +and by some pictorial initials connected with the subject of +the book, the authorship of these being still undiscovered, +despite the letters IB, IC, ID, found on some of them. +At a later date work of the same style appears in his edition +of Ascham’s <i>Schoolmaster</i>.</p> + +<p>It is a pity that Day, not being the royal printer, could +not be entrusted with printing the Bishops’ Bible of 1568, +which came from the press of Jugge and Cawood. But his +patron, Archbishop Parker, had, of course, a large share in +its superintendence, and some of the heraldic initials in the +volume are almost as good as the Leicester D. That which +has been chosen as a <a href="#Repro1352">sample</a> shows the arms of Archbishop +Cranmer, a pleasing compliment from Parker to his +predecessor.</p> + +<p>The ornamental title-page to the Bishops’ Bible is not +woodcut but engraved on copper, and the fact is significant. +Under Day’s guidance English printing and book-illustration<span class="pagenum" id="Page108d">[108<i>d</i>]</span> +lifted up their head, but the effort came too late. After +about 1580 woodcuts became unfashionable, copper engravings +gradually took their place, and the change was fatal +to the production of fine initials, of which no more were +produced.</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page109">[109-<br />110]</span> +<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page110"></a></span></p> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<h2 class="nobreak fullpage">REPRODUCTIONS OF INITIALS</h2> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page111">[111]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">ULM</h3> + +<div class="container w35em" id="Repro1"> +<img src="images/illo111.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">INITIAL WITH BORDER FROM THE +XYLOGRAPHIC DONATUS OF DINCKMUT</p> +</div><!--container--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page112">[112]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">INITIALS FROM BLOCK BOOKS</h3> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro2"> +<img src="images/illo112a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">FROM AN ‘ARS MEMORANDI’</p> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro3"> +<img src="images/illo112b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MIRABILIA ROMAE’</p> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<h3 class="samples">MAYENCE</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro4"> +<img src="images/illo112c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">FROM THE ÆSOP OF SCHEFFER</p> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro5"> +<img src="images/illo112d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">FROM THE BREIDENBACH OF +ERHARDT REUWICH</p> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page113">[113]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">AUGSBURG</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro6"> +<img src="images/illo113a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro7"> +<img src="images/illo113b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro8"> +<img src="images/illo113c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro9"> +<img src="images/illo113d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro10"> +<img src="images/illo113e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro11"> +<img src="images/illo113f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro12"> +<img src="images/illo113g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro13"> +<img src="images/illo113h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro14"> +<img src="images/illo113i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM G. ZAINER’S SIXTH GERMAN BIBLE AND J. FRIBURGENSIS’ +‘SUMMA CONFESSORUM’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page114">[114]</span></p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro15"> +<img src="images/illo114.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +<p class="caption">FROM G. ZAINER’S ‘MARGARITA DAVITICA’</p> +</div><!--container--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page115">[115]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro16"> +<img src="images/illo115a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro17"> +<img src="images/illo115b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro18"> +<img src="images/illo115c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro19"> +<img src="images/illo115d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF SORG</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro20"> +<img src="images/illo115e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro21"> +<img src="images/illo115f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF KELLER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page116">[116]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro22"> +<img src="images/illo116a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro23"> +<img src="images/illo116b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF HOHENWANG AND PFLANTZMANN</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro24"> +<img src="images/illo116c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro25"> +<img src="images/illo116d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro26"> +<img src="images/illo116e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro27"> +<img src="images/illo116f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF SCHÖNSPERGER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page117">[117]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro28"> +<img src="images/illo117a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro29"> +<img src="images/illo117b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro30"> +<img src="images/illo117c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro31"> +<img src="images/illo117d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro32"> +<img src="images/illo117e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF BÄMLER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page118">[118]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro33"> +<img src="images/illo118a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro34"> +<img src="images/illo118b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro35"> +<img src="images/illo118c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro36"> +<img src="images/illo118d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM G. ZAINER’S GERMAN BIBLE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page119">[119]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro37"> +<img src="images/illo119a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro38"> +<img src="images/illo119b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro39"> +<img src="images/illo119c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro40"> +<img src="images/illo119d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM G. ZAINER’S GERMAN BIBLE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page120">[120]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro41"> +<img src="images/illo120a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro42"> +<img src="images/illo120b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro43"> +<img src="images/illo120c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM SORG’S ‘SUSO DICTUS AMANDUS’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page121">[121]</span></p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro44"> +<img src="images/illo121a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro45"> +<img src="images/illo121b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro46"> +<img src="images/illo121c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro47"> +<img src="images/illo121d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM RATDOLT’S BREVIARY, 1491</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page122">[122]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro48"> +<img src="images/illo122a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro49"> +<img src="images/illo122b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro50"> +<img src="images/illo122c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro51"> +<img src="images/illo122d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro52"> +<img src="images/illo122e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro53"> +<img src="images/illo122f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro54"> +<img src="images/illo122g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM RATDOLT’S BREVIARY AND PSALTER, 1491-1499</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page123">[123]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro55"> +<img src="images/illo123a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro56"> +<img src="images/illo123b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro57"> +<img src="images/illo123c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split2080"> + +<div class="left2080"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro58"> +<img src="images/illo123d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro61"> +<img src="images/illo123g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro63"> +<img src="images/illo123i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left2080--> + +<div class="right2080"> + +<div class="split7525"> + +<div class="left7525"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro59"> +<img src="images/illo123e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left7525--> + +<div class="right7525"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro60"> +<img src="images/illo123f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro62"> +<img src="images/illo123h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro64"> +<img src="images/illo123j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right7525--> + +</div><!--split7525--> + +</div><!--right2080--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split2080--> + +<p class="caption">FROM RATDOLT’S CONSTANCE MISSAL, 1516</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page124">[124]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro65"> +<img src="images/illo124a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro66"> +<img src="images/illo124b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro67"> +<img src="images/illo124c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro68"> +<img src="images/illo124d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro69"> +<img src="images/illo124e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro70"> +<img src="images/illo124f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY HANS WEIDITZ IN DIFFERENT WORKS +PUBLISHED BY STEYNER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page125">[125]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro71"> +<img src="images/illo125a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro72"> +<img src="images/illo125b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro73"> +<img src="images/illo125c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro74"> +<img src="images/illo125d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro75"> +<img src="images/illo125e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY HANS WEIDITZ IN DIFFERENT WORKS +PUBLISHED BY STEYNER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page126">[126]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">ULM</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro76"> +<img src="images/illo126a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro77"> +<img src="images/illo126b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro78"> +<img src="images/illo126c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro79"> +<img src="images/illo126d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM J. ZAINER’S BOCCACCIO</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro80"> +<img src="images/illo126e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro81"> +<img src="images/illo126f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">OTHER INITIALS OF G. ZAINER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page127">[127]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro82"> +<img src="images/illo127a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro83"> +<img src="images/illo127b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE COSMOGRAPHIA OF PTOLEMY—LEONARD HOLL, 1482</p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro84"> +<img src="images/illo127c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ULM BIBLE, 1480</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page128">[128]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro85"> +<img src="images/illo128a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro86"> +<img src="images/illo128b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro87"> +<img src="images/illo128c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF J. REGER, 1496</p> + +<h3 class="samples">NUREMBERG</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro88"> +<img src="images/illo128d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro89"> +<img src="images/illo128e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF PETER WAGNER, 1489</p> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro90"> +<img src="images/illo128f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">INITIAL OF J. REGIOMONTANUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page129">[129]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro91"> +<img src="images/illo129a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro92"> +<img src="images/illo129b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro93"> +<img src="images/illo129c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro94"> +<img src="images/illo129d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page130">[130]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro95"> +<img src="images/illo130a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro96"> +<img src="images/illo130b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro97"> +<img src="images/illo130c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro98"> +<img src="images/illo130d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page131">[131]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro99"> +<img src="images/illo131a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro100"> +<img src="images/illo131b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro101"> +<img src="images/illo131c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro102"> +<img src="images/illo131d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE FOURTH GERMAN BIBLE OF FRISNER AND SENSENSCHMIDT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page132">[132]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro103"> +<img src="images/illo132a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro104"> +<img src="images/illo132b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro105"> +<img src="images/illo132c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro106"> +<img src="images/illo132d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro107"> +<img src="images/illo132e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro108"> +<img src="images/illo132f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF J. GUTNECHT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page133">[133]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro109"> +<img src="images/illo133a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro110"> +<img src="images/illo133b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro111"> +<img src="images/illo133c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro112"> +<img src="images/illo133d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro113"> +<img src="images/illo133e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro114"> +<img src="images/illo133f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF J. GUTNECHT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page134">[134]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">BASLE</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro115"> +<img src="images/illo134a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro116"> +<img src="images/illo134b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro117"> +<img src="images/illo134c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"><!--line 2--> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro118"> +<img src="images/illo134d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro121"> +<img src="images/illo134e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro119"> +<img src="images/illo134f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro120"> +<img src="images/illo134g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro122"> +<img src="images/illo134h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--><!--line 2--> + +<div class="split3367"><!--line 3--> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro123"> +<img src="images/illo134i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro124"> +<img src="images/illo134j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro126"> +<img src="images/illo134k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro125"> +<img src="images/illo134l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline allclear"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--><!--line 3--> + +<p class="caption">FROM RICHEL’S LATIN BIBLE, 1475</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page135">[135]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro127"> +<img src="images/illo135a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro128"> +<img src="images/illo135b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro129"> +<img src="images/illo135c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro130"> +<img src="images/illo135d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro131"> +<img src="images/illo135e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro132"> +<img src="images/illo135f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro133"> +<img src="images/illo135g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro134"> +<img src="images/illo135h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro135"> +<img src="images/illo135i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM FURTER’S PSALTER, 1501</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page136">[136]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro136"> +<img src="images/illo136a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro137"> +<img src="images/illo136b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro138"> +<img src="images/illo136c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro139"> +<img src="images/illo136d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro140"> +<img src="images/illo136e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro141"> +<img src="images/illo136f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY URS GRAF</p> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro142"> +<img src="images/illo136g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CHRISTIANLICHE BILGERSCHAFT’ OF ADAM PETRI</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page137">[137]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"><!--outside--> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"><!--inside left--> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro143"> +<img src="images/illo137a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro144"> +<img src="images/illo137b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050 inside left--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"><!--inside right--> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro145"> +<img src="images/illo137c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro146"> +<img src="images/illo137d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050 inside right--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--><!--outside--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ BY LÜTZELBERGER</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro147"> +<img src="images/illo137e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro148"> +<img src="images/illo137f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro149"> +<img src="images/illo137g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">GREEK ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ INITIALS</p> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro150"> +<img src="images/illo137h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">‘DANCE OF DEATH’ INITIAL</p> + +<p class="caption large">FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page138">[138]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro151"> +<img src="images/illo138a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro152"> +<img src="images/illo138b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro153"> +<img src="images/illo138c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro154"> +<img src="images/illo138d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro155"> +<img src="images/illo138e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro156"> +<img src="images/illo138f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro157"> +<img src="images/illo138g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro158"> +<img src="images/illo138h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro159"> +<img src="images/illo138i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro160"> +<img src="images/illo138j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro161"> +<img src="images/illo138k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro162"> +<img src="images/illo138l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">STRASBURG COPIES OF THE ‘DANCE OF DEATH’ ALPHABET</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page139">[139]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro163"> +<img src="images/illo139a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro164"> +<img src="images/illo139b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro165"> +<img src="images/illo139c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF PEASANTS FROM THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND CRATANDER</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro166"> +<img src="images/illo139d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro167"> +<img src="images/illo139e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro168"> +<img src="images/illo139f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro169"> +<img src="images/illo139g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro170"> +<img src="images/illo139h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro171"> +<img src="images/illo139i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro172"> +<img src="images/illo139j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro173"> +<img src="images/illo139k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM CHILDREN’S ALPHABET IN ‘LACTANTIUS’ AND OTHER WORKS</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro174"> +<img src="images/illo139l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro175"> +<img src="images/illo139m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro176"> +<img src="images/illo139n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM LARGER CHILDREN’S ALPHABET</p> + +<p class="caption large">FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page140">[140]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro177"> +<img src="images/illo140a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro178"> +<img src="images/illo140b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro179"> +<img src="images/illo140c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro180"> +<img src="images/illo140d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro181"> +<img src="images/illo140e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro182"> +<img src="images/illo140f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro183"> +<img src="images/illo140g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro184"> +<img src="images/illo140h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro185"> +<img src="images/illo140i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro186"> +<img src="images/illo140j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro188"> +<img src="images/illo140l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro187"> +<img src="images/illo140k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro189"> +<img src="images/illo140m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro190"> +<img src="images/illo140n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF VALENTIN CURIO, FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page141">[141]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro191"> +<img src="images/illo141a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro192"> +<img src="images/illo141b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro193"> +<img src="images/illo141c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro194"> +<img src="images/illo141d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro195"> +<img src="images/illo141e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro196"> +<img src="images/illo141f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro197"> +<img src="images/illo141g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro198"> +<img src="images/illo141h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF VALENTIN CURIO, FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page142">[142]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro199"> +<img src="images/illo142a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro200"> +<img src="images/illo142b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro201"> +<img src="images/illo142c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND CRATANDER</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro202"> +<img src="images/illo142d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro203"> +<img src="images/illo142e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro204"> +<img src="images/illo142f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro205"> +<img src="images/illo142g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro206"> +<img src="images/illo142h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE GREEK LEXICON OF RENÉ GELLI</p> + +<p class="caption large">FROM ALPHABETS BY HANS HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page143">[143]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro207"> +<img src="images/illo143a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro208"> +<img src="images/illo143b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro209"> +<img src="images/illo143c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro210"> +<img src="images/illo143d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro211"> +<img src="images/illo143e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro212"> +<img src="images/illo143f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro213"> +<img src="images/illo143g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro214"> +<img src="images/illo143h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro215"> +<img src="images/illo143i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro216"> +<img src="images/illo143j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro217"> +<img src="images/illo143k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">OTHER INITIALS BY HOLBEIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page144">[144]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro218"> +<img src="images/illo144a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro219"> +<img src="images/illo144b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro220"> +<img src="images/illo144c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY HOLBEIN</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro221"> +<img src="images/illo144d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro222"> +<img src="images/illo144e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS FROM ALPHABET BY AMBROSE HOLBEIN</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro223"> +<img src="images/illo144f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro224"> +<img src="images/illo144g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY VAN CALCAR FROM VESALIUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page145">[145]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro225"> +<img src="images/illo145a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro226"> +<img src="images/illo145b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY VAN CALCAR FROM VESALIUS</p> + +<h3 class="samples">ZÜRICH</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro227"> +<img src="images/illo145c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro228"> +<img src="images/illo145d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro229"> +<img src="images/illo145e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro230"> +<img src="images/illo145f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro231"> +<img src="images/illo145g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro232"> +<img src="images/illo145h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY FROSCHOUER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page146">[146]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">LÜBECK</h3> + +<div class="split3070"> + +<div class="left3070"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro233"> +<img src="images/illo146a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3070--> + +<div class="right3070"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro234"> +<img src="images/illo146b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro235"> +<img src="images/illo146c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘RUDIMENTA NOVITIORUM’ AND JOSEPHUS +OF LUCAS BRANDIS, 1475</p> + +</div><!--right3070--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3070--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page147">[147]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro236"> +<img src="images/illo147a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro237"> +<img src="images/illo147b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘RUDIMENTA NOVITIORUM’ AND JOSEPHUS OF LUCAS BRANDIS, 1475</p> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro238"> +<img src="images/illo147c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘LEBEN DES HEIL. HIERONYMUS’ BY +BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN, 1484</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page148">[148]</span></p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro239"> +<img src="images/illo148a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro240"> +<img src="images/illo148b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro241"> +<img src="images/illo148c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro242"> +<img src="images/illo148d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MEDITATIONES SANCTÆ BRIGITTÆ’ BY BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page149">[149]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro243"> +<img src="images/illo149a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro244"> +<img src="images/illo149b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro245"> +<img src="images/illo149c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro246"> +<img src="images/illo149d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro247"> +<img src="images/illo149e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MEDITATIONES SANCTÆ BRIGITTÆ’ BY BARTHOLOMEW GHOTAN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page150">[150]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">BAMBERG</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w25em" id="Repro248"> +<img src="images/illo150a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w25em" id="Repro249"> +<img src="images/illo150b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w25em" id="Repro250"> +<img src="images/illo150c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w25em" id="Repro251"> +<img src="images/illo150d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w25em" id="Repro252"> +<img src="images/illo150e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w25em" id="Repro253"> +<img src="images/illo150f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE OLUMUCENSE’ OF SENSENSCHMIDT, 1489</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page151">[151]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w25em" id="Repro254"> +<img src="images/illo151a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w20em" id="Repro255"> +<img src="images/illo151b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE OLUMUCENSE’ OF SENSENSCHMIDT, 1489</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w20em" id="Repro256"> +<img src="images/illo151c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w20em" id="Repro257"> +<img src="images/illo151d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro258"> +<img src="images/illo151e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A BAMBERG MISSAL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page152">[152]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro259"> +<img src="images/illo152a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro260"> +<img src="images/illo152b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro261"> +<img src="images/illo152c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro262"> +<img src="images/illo152d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro263"> +<img src="images/illo152e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro264"> +<img src="images/illo152f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro265"> +<img src="images/illo152g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro266"> +<img src="images/illo152h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro267"> +<img src="images/illo152i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BAMBERG MISSAL OF J. PFEYL, 1506</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page153">[153]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro268"> +<img src="images/illo153a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro269"> +<img src="images/illo153b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro270"> +<img src="images/illo153c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro271"> +<img src="images/illo153d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro272"> +<img src="images/illo153e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro273"> +<img src="images/illo153f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro274"> +<img src="images/illo153g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BAMBERG MISSAL OF J. PFEYL, 1506</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page154">[154]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">STRASBURG</h3> + +<div class="split5545"> + +<div class="left5545"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro275"> +<img src="images/illo154a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM T. DE HASELPACH’S ‘SERMONES’</p> + +</div><!--left5545--> + +<div class="right5545"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro276"> +<img src="images/illo154b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘BURGUNDISCHE HISTORIE’</p> + +</div><!--right5545--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5545--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro277"> +<img src="images/illo154c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘DIALOGUS SALOMONIS ET MARCOLFI’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro278"> +<img src="images/illo154d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘BELIAL’ AND OTHER BOOKS</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption large">FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOCHTZER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page155">[155]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro279"> +<img src="images/illo155a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro280"> +<img src="images/illo155b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro281"> +<img src="images/illo155c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro282"> +<img src="images/illo155d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro283"> +<img src="images/illo155e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DEUTSCHER KALENDER’ AND OTHER BOOKS</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro284"> +<img src="images/illo155f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DE SECRETIS MULIERUM’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro285"> +<img src="images/illo155g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DE RITU ET MORIBUS INDORUM’</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption large">FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOCHTZER</p> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page156">[156]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro286"> +<img src="images/illo156a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro289"> +<img src="images/illo156d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em blankbefore5" id="Repro287"> +<img src="images/illo156b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro288"> +<img src="images/illo156c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro290"> +<img src="images/illo156e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">ANTHROPOMORPHIC LETTERS USED BY VARIOUS PRINTERS</p> + +<div class="split3070"> + +<div class="left3070"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro291"> +<img src="images/illo156f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3070--> + +<div class="right3070"> + +<div class="split6040"> + +<div class="left6040"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro292"> +<img src="images/illo156g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left6040--> + +<div class="right6040"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro293"> +<img src="images/illo156h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right6040--> + +</div><!--split6040--> + +</div><!--right3070--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3070--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS FROM THE ‘SCRIPTUM’ OF G. DE OCKAM, AND THE +‘COMMENTARIUS SANCTI JOHANNIS,’ PRINTED BY G. SCHOTT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page157">[157]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro294"> +<img src="images/illo157a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro295"> +<img src="images/illo157b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro296"> +<img src="images/illo157c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--righ55050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">LETTERS FROM THE ‘PLENARIUM’</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro297"> +<img src="images/illo157d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro298"> +<img src="images/illo157e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro299"> +<img src="images/illo157f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--righ5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro300"> +<img src="images/illo157g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro301"> +<img src="images/illo157h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro302"> +<img src="images/illo157i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--righ55050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">OTHER STRASBURG INITIALS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page158">[158]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro303"> +<img src="images/illo158a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro304"> +<img src="images/illo158b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w25em" id="Repro305"> +<img src="images/illo158c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w25em" id="Repro306"> +<img src="images/illo158d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro307"> +<img src="images/illo158e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro308"> +<img src="images/illo158f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A PSALTER BY J. PRUSZ, 1498</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page159">[159]</span></p> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro309"> +<img src="images/illo159a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container leftalign w15em" id="Repro310"> +<img src="images/illo159b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w15em" id="Repro311"> +<img src="images/illo159c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro312"> +<img src="images/illo159d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM KNOBLOUCH’S ‘POGGE,’ 1513</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page160">[160]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro313"> +<img src="images/illo160a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro314"> +<img src="images/illo160b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro315"> +<img src="images/illo160c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro316"> +<img src="images/illo160d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro317"> +<img src="images/illo160e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro318"> +<img src="images/illo160f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro319"> +<img src="images/illo160g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro320"> +<img src="images/illo160h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro321"> +<img src="images/illo160i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro322"> +<img src="images/illo160j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro323"> +<img src="images/illo160k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro324"> +<img src="images/illo160l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro325"> +<img src="images/illo160m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY GRÜNINGER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page161">[161]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro326"> +<img src="images/illo161a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro327"> +<img src="images/illo161b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro328"> +<img src="images/illo161c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM VARIOUS BOOKS PRINTED BY GRÜNINGER</p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro329"> +<img src="images/illo161d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘SERMONES’ OF GEILER VON KAISERSPERG</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page162">[162]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro330"> +<img src="images/illo162a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘SERMONES’ OF GEILER VON KAISERSPERG</p> + +<h3 class="samples">REUTLINGEN</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro331"> +<img src="images/illo162b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro332"> +<img src="images/illo162c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="allclear"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM BOOKS PRINTED BY G. GRYFF</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page163">[163]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">GENEVA</h3> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro333"> +<img src="images/illo163a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DOCTRINAL DE SAPIENCE’ +OF 1488</p> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro335"> +<img src="images/illo163c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LES FLEURS ET MANIÈRES +DES TEMPS PASSÉS’</p> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro334"> +<img src="images/illo163b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DOCTRINAL DE SAPIENCE’ +OF 1493</p> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page164">[164]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro336"> +<img src="images/illo164a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro337"> +<img src="images/illo164b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro338"> +<img src="images/illo164c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DIALOGUS CREATURUM’</p> + +<div class="split3070"> + +<div class="left3070"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro339"> +<img src="images/illo164d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro340"> +<img src="images/illo164g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3070--> + +<div class="right3070"> + +<div class="split6040"> + +<div class="left6040"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro341"> +<img src="images/illo164e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left6040--> + +<div class="right6040"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro342"> +<img src="images/illo164f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro343"> +<img src="images/illo164h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right6040--> + +</div><!--split6040--> + +</div><!--right3070--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3070--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A MISSAL OF BELLOT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page165">[165]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">COLOGNE</h3> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro344"> +<img src="images/illo165a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM QUENTELL’S MISSAL, 1494</p> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro345"> +<img src="images/illo165b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A DONATUS</p> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro346"> +<img src="images/illo165c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro347"> +<img src="images/illo165d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘SEQUENTIARUM ET HYMNORUM’ EXPOSITIO BY BUNGART DE KETWYCK</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page166">[166]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro348"> +<img src="images/illo166a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro349"> +<img src="images/illo166b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro350"> +<img src="images/illo166c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro351"> +<img src="images/illo166d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro352"> +<img src="images/illo166e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro353"> +<img src="images/illo166f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">OTHER INITIALS BY QUENTELL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page167">[167]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro354"> +<img src="images/illo167a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro355"> +<img src="images/illo167b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container leftalign w10em" id="Repro356"> +<img src="images/illo167c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro357"> +<img src="images/illo167d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w10em" id="Repro358"> +<img src="images/illo167e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--righ5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">BY MELCHIOR NOVESIANUS</p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro359"> +<img src="images/illo167f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">BY J. GYMNICUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page168">[168]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro360"> +<img src="images/illo168a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro361"> +<img src="images/illo168b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro362"> +<img src="images/illo168c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro363"> +<img src="images/illo168d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro364"> +<img src="images/illo168e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro365"> +<img src="images/illo168f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ALPHABET OF ALBERT DÜRER IN BOOKS BY CERVICORNUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page169">[169]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro366"> +<img src="images/illo169a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro367"> +<img src="images/illo169b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro368"> +<img src="images/illo169c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro369"> +<img src="images/illo169d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ALPHABET OF ALBERT DÜRER IN BOOKS BY CERVICORNUS</p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro370"> +<img src="images/illo169e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">A LYONS COPY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page170">[170]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro371"> +<img src="images/illo170a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro372"> +<img src="images/illo170b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro373"> +<img src="images/illo170c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro374"> +<img src="images/illo170d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">MACABRE INITIALS</p> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro375"> +<img src="images/illo170e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">COPIED FROM THE VENETIAN ‘BREVIARUM ORBIS’ OF LILIUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page171">[171]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">VENICE</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro376"> +<img src="images/illo171a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro377"> +<img src="images/illo171b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro378"> +<img src="images/illo171c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF RATDOLT, 1476</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container leftalign w12em" id="Repro379"> +<img src="images/illo171d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro380"> +<img src="images/illo171e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w12em" id="Repro381"> +<img src="images/illo171f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro382"> +<img src="images/illo171g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro383"> +<img src="images/illo171h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MISSALS AND BREVIARIES BY GEORGE ARRIVABENE AND +LUCANTONIO DI GIUNTA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page172">[172]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro384"> +<img src="images/illo172a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro385"> +<img src="images/illo172b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro386"> +<img src="images/illo172c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro387"> +<img src="images/illo172d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container leftalign w10em" id="Repro388"> +<img src="images/illo172e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro389"> +<img src="images/illo172f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container rightalign w10em" id="Repro390"> +<img src="images/illo172g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro391"> +<img src="images/illo172h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro392"> +<img src="images/illo172i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro393"> +<img src="images/illo172j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MISSALS AND BREVIARIES BY GEORGE ARRIVABENE AND +LUCANTONIO DI GIUNTA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page173">[173]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro394"> +<img src="images/illo173a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro395"> +<img src="images/illo173b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro396"> +<img src="images/illo173c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro397"> +<img src="images/illo173d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro398"> +<img src="images/illo173e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro399"> +<img src="images/illo173f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro400"> +<img src="images/illo173g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro401"> +<img src="images/illo173h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MISSALS AND BREVIARIES BY GEORGE ARRIVABENE AND +LUCANTONIO DI GIUNTA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page174">[174]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro402"> +<img src="images/illo174a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro403"> +<img src="images/illo174b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro404"> +<img src="images/illo174c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A BOOK PRINTED BY BONETUS LOCATELLUS</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro405"> +<img src="images/illo174d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro406"> +<img src="images/illo174e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro407"> +<img src="images/illo174f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro408"> +<img src="images/illo174g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro409"> +<img src="images/illo174h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro410"> +<img src="images/illo174i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM BOOKS BY MATTEO CAPCASA, TACUINUS DE TRIDINO, +BONETUS LOCATELLUS, AND OTHERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page175">[175]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro411"> +<img src="images/illo175a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro412"> +<img src="images/illo175b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro413"> +<img src="images/illo175c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro414"> +<img src="images/illo175d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro415"> +<img src="images/illo175e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro416"> +<img src="images/illo175f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro417"> +<img src="images/illo175g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro418"> +<img src="images/illo175h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro419"> +<img src="images/illo175i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM BOOKS BY MATTEO CAPCASA, TACUINUS DE TRIDINO, +BONETUS LOCATELLUS, AND OTHERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page176">[176]</span></p> + +<div class="container w35em" id="Repro420"> +<img src="images/illo176a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w35em" id="Repro421"> +<img src="images/illo176b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE VALLISUMBROSE’ OF GIUNTA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page177">[177]</span></p> + +<div class="container w35em" id="Repro422"> +<img src="images/illo177a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w35em" id="Repro423"> +<img src="images/illo177b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE VALLISUMBROSE’ OF GIUNTA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page178">[178]</span></p> + +<div class="split6733"> + +<div class="left6733"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro424"> +<img src="images/illo178a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE VALLISUMBROSE’ +OF GIUNTA</p> + +</div><!--left6733--> + +<div class="right6733"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro425"> +<img src="images/illo178b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro426"> +<img src="images/illo178c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro427"> +<img src="images/illo178d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A VENETIAN +IMPRESSION</p> + +</div><!--right6733--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro428"> +<img src="images/illo178e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro429"> +<img src="images/illo178f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN EDITION OF ARISTOTLE BY SESSA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page179">[179]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro430"> +<img src="images/illo179a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro431"> +<img src="images/illo179b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro432"> +<img src="images/illo179c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro433"> +<img src="images/illo179d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro434"> +<img src="images/illo179e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro435"> +<img src="images/illo179f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro436"> +<img src="images/illo179g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro437"> +<img src="images/illo179h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro438"> +<img src="images/illo179i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro439"> +<img src="images/illo179j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro440"> +<img src="images/illo179k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro441"> +<img src="images/illo179l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘VITA DI SANCTI PADRI’ OF OTINO DA PAVIA DE LA LUNA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page180">[180]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro442"> +<img src="images/illo180a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro443"> +<img src="images/illo180b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro444"> +<img src="images/illo180c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro445"> +<img src="images/illo180d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro446"> +<img src="images/illo180e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro447"> +<img src="images/illo180f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro448"> +<img src="images/illo180g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro449"> +<img src="images/illo180h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro450"> +<img src="images/illo180i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro451"> +<img src="images/illo180j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro452"> +<img src="images/illo180k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro453"> +<img src="images/illo180l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘VITA DI SANCTI PADRI’ OF OTINO DA PAVIA DE LA LUNA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page181">[181]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro454"> +<img src="images/illo181a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro455"> +<img src="images/illo181b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro456"> +<img src="images/illo181c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro457"> +<img src="images/illo181d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro458"> +<img src="images/illo181e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro459"> +<img src="images/illo181f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro460"> +<img src="images/illo181g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro461"> +<img src="images/illo181h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro462"> +<img src="images/illo181i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro463"> +<img src="images/illo181j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro464"> +<img src="images/illo181k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro465"> +<img src="images/illo181l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro466"> +<img src="images/illo181m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro467"> +<img src="images/illo181n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro468"> +<img src="images/illo181o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro469"> +<img src="images/illo181p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro470"> +<img src="images/illo181q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY SESSA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page182">[182]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro471"> +<img src="images/illo182a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro472"> +<img src="images/illo182b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro473"> +<img src="images/illo182c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro474"> +<img src="images/illo182d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro475"> +<img src="images/illo182e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro476"> +<img src="images/illo182f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘BREVIARIUM ORBIS’ OF ZACHARIUS LILIUS</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro477"> +<img src="images/illo182g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro478"> +<img src="images/illo182h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro479"> +<img src="images/illo182i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A VENETIAN IMPRESSION</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro480"> +<img src="images/illo182j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro481"> +<img src="images/illo182k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro482"> +<img src="images/illo182l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro483"> +<img src="images/illo182m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM WORKS BY VARIOUS PRINTERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page183">[183]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro484"> +<img src="images/illo183a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro485"> +<img src="images/illo183b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro486"> +<img src="images/illo183c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro487"> +<img src="images/illo183d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro488"> +<img src="images/illo183e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro489"> +<img src="images/illo183f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro490"> +<img src="images/illo183g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro491"> +<img src="images/illo183h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY DE GREGORIIS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page184">[184]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro492"> +<img src="images/illo184a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro493"> +<img src="images/illo184b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro494"> +<img src="images/illo184c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro495"> +<img src="images/illo184d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro496"> +<img src="images/illo184e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro497"> +<img src="images/illo184f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY DE GREGORIIS</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro498"> +<img src="images/illo184g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">PORTRAIT OF COSMO DE MEDICI</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro499"> +<img src="images/illo184h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">PIUS ROMAE PONTIFEX</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page185">[185]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">ROME</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro500"> +<img src="images/illo185a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘VITÆ CÆSARUM’ +OF SUETONIUS BY SWEYNHEIM +AND PANNARTZ, 1471</p> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro501"> +<img src="images/illo185b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">E. SILBER, 1507</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro502"> +<img src="images/illo185c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">JACOBUS MAZOCHIUS, 1515</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<h3 class="samples">SIENNA</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro503"> +<img src="images/illo185d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro504"> +<img src="images/illo185e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro505"> +<img src="images/illo185f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro506"> +<img src="images/illo185g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro507"> +<img src="images/illo185h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro508"> +<img src="images/illo185i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘OPERA DATHI’ OF NARDI, 1503</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page186">[186]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro509"> +<img src="images/illo186a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro510"> +<img src="images/illo186b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro511"> +<img src="images/illo186c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro512"> +<img src="images/illo186d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro513"> +<img src="images/illo186e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro514"> +<img src="images/illo186f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘OPERA DATHI’ OF NARDI, 1503</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page187">[187]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">COMO</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro515"> +<img src="images/illo187a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro516"> +<img src="images/illo187b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro517"> +<img src="images/illo187c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro518"> +<img src="images/illo187d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro519"> +<img src="images/illo187e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro520"> +<img src="images/illo187f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro521"> +<img src="images/illo187g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE VITRUVIUS OF GOTARDUS DE PONTE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page188">[188]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">PAVIA</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro522"> +<img src="images/illo188a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro523"> +<img src="images/illo188b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro524"> +<img src="images/illo188c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro525"> +<img src="images/illo188d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro526"> +<img src="images/illo188e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro527"> +<img src="images/illo188f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro528"> +<img src="images/illo188g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro529"> +<img src="images/illo188h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro530"> +<img src="images/illo188i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro531"> +<img src="images/illo188j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF J. DE BURGOFRANCO</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page189">[189]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">SALUZZO</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro532"> +<img src="images/illo189a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro533"> +<img src="images/illo189b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘AUREUM OPUS’ OF LE SIGNERRE</p> + +<div class="split6733"> + +<div class="left6733"> + +<h3 class="samples">VERONA</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro534"> +<img src="images/illo189c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro535"> +<img src="images/illo189d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption leftclear">FROM A WORK BY CELSUS MAPHEUS</p> + +</div><!--left6733--> + +<div class="right6733"> + +<h3 class="samples">VICENZA</h3> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro536"> +<img src="images/illo189e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A CATALOGUS +SANCTORUM</p> + +</div><!--right6733--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split6733--> + +<h3 class="samples">BRESCIA</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro537"> +<img src="images/illo189f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro538"> +<img src="images/illo189g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘INVECTIVAE’ OF T. N. CYCHUTHOE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page190">[190]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">FERRARA</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro539"> +<img src="images/illo190a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro540"> +<img src="images/illo190b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro541"> +<img src="images/illo190c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro542"> +<img src="images/illo190d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro543"> +<img src="images/illo190e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro544"> +<img src="images/illo190f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro545"> +<img src="images/illo190g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro546"> +<img src="images/illo190h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro547"> +<img src="images/illo190i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro548"> +<img src="images/illo190j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro549"> +<img src="images/illo190k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro550"> +<img src="images/illo190l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro551"> +<img src="images/illo190m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro552"> +<img src="images/illo190n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro553"> +<img src="images/illo190o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro554"> +<img src="images/illo190p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro555"> +<img src="images/illo190q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro556"> +<img src="images/illo190r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro557"> +<img src="images/illo190s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro558"> +<img src="images/illo190t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘DE CLARIS MULIERIBUS’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page191">[191]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro559"> +<img src="images/illo191a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro560"> +<img src="images/illo191b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro561"> +<img src="images/illo191c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro562"> +<img src="images/illo191d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro563"> +<img src="images/illo191e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro564"> +<img src="images/illo191f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro565"> +<img src="images/illo191g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE CARTHUSIENSE,’ PRINTED BY THE MONKS AT THEIR CONVENT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page192">[192]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro566"> +<img src="images/illo192a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro567"> +<img src="images/illo192b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE CARTHUSIENSE,’ PRINTED BY THE MONKS AT THEIR CONVENT</p> + +<h3 class="samples">MILAN</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro568"> +<img src="images/illo192c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro569"> +<img src="images/illo192d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro570"> +<img src="images/illo192e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro571"> +<img src="images/illo192f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro572"> +<img src="images/illo192g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro573"> +<img src="images/illo192h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro574"> +<img src="images/illo192i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro575"> +<img src="images/illo192j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro576"> +<img src="images/illo192k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro577"> +<img src="images/illo192l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro578"> +<img src="images/illo192m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro579"> +<img src="images/illo192n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">LETTRINES BY SCINZENZELLER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page193">[193]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro580"> +<img src="images/illo193a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro581"> +<img src="images/illo193b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro582"> +<img src="images/illo193c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘OPUS AUREE’ OF ZAROTUS, 1513</p> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro583"> +<img src="images/illo193d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘SERMONS OF ST. BERNARD,’ LEONARD PACHEL, 1495</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro584"> +<img src="images/illo193e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro585"> +<img src="images/illo193f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro586"> +<img src="images/illo193g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro587"> +<img src="images/illo193h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro588"> +<img src="images/illo193i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro589"> +<img src="images/illo193j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM WORKS PRINTED BY GERARD PONTICUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page194">[194]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">LYONS</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro590"> +<img src="images/illo194a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro591"> +<img src="images/illo194b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro592"> +<img src="images/illo194c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro593"> +<img src="images/illo194d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro594"> +<img src="images/illo194e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro595"> +<img src="images/illo194f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro596"> +<img src="images/illo194g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">‘LETTRES TOURNEURES FLEURONNÉES’ OF W. LEROY, 1479</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page195">[195]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro597"> +<img src="images/illo195a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LE PRESTRE JEHAN’</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro598"> +<img src="images/illo195b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro601"> +<img src="images/illo195e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro599"> +<img src="images/illo195c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro600"> +<img src="images/illo195d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro602"> +<img src="images/illo195f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LES QUATRE FILS AYMON’ OF W. LEROY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page196">[196]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro603"> +<img src="images/illo196a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro604"> +<img src="images/illo196b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro605"> +<img src="images/illo196c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro606"> +<img src="images/illo196d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro607"> +<img src="images/illo196e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro608"> +<img src="images/illo196f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro609"> +<img src="images/illo196g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro610"> +<img src="images/illo196h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro611"> +<img src="images/illo196i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro612"> +<img src="images/illo196j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro613"> +<img src="images/illo196k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro614"> +<img src="images/illo196l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘STATUTA SYNODALIA’ OF W. LEROY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page197">[197]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro615"> +<img src="images/illo197a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro616"> +<img src="images/illo197b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro617"> +<img src="images/illo197c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro618"> +<img src="images/illo197d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro619"> +<img src="images/illo197e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro620"> +<img src="images/illo197f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro621"> +<img src="images/illo197g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro622"> +<img src="images/illo197h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BOCCACCIO OF MATHIEU AND JEAN SCHABELER, 1483</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page198">[198]</span></p> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro623"> +<img src="images/illo198a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BREIDENBACH OF GASPARD ORTUIN</p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro624"> +<img src="images/illo198b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LA MER DES HYSTOIRES’ BY MICHEL TOPIE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page199">[199]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro625"> +<img src="images/illo199a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A MELUSINE</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro626"> +<img src="images/illo199b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro627"> +<img src="images/illo199c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro628"> +<img src="images/illo199d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro629"> +<img src="images/illo199e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro630"> +<img src="images/illo199f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro631"> +<img src="images/illo199g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro632"> +<img src="images/illo199h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro633"> +<img src="images/illo199i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">LETTRES RUSTIQUES OF MATHIEU HUSZ</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page200">[200]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro634"> +<img src="images/illo200a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘LIVRE DES MARCHANDS’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro635"> +<img src="images/illo200b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘SOMME RURALE’ OF BOUTELLIER</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro636"> +<img src="images/illo200c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATHON EN FRANÇOYS’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro637"> +<img src="images/illo200d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">LYONS COPY OF AN INITIAL FROM +THE BOECE OF VÉRARD</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page201">[201]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro638"> +<img src="images/illo201a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro639"> +<img src="images/illo201b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro640"> +<img src="images/illo201c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro641"> +<img src="images/illo201d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro642"> +<img src="images/illo201e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro643"> +<img src="images/illo201f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro644"> +<img src="images/illo201g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro645"> +<img src="images/illo201h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM SACCON’S MISSAL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page202">[202]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro646"> +<img src="images/illo202a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro647"> +<img src="images/illo202b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro648"> +<img src="images/illo202c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro649"> +<img src="images/illo202d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro650"> +<img src="images/illo202e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE MISSAL OF PIERRE HONGRE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page203">[203]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro651"> +<img src="images/illo203a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro652"> +<img src="images/illo203b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro653"> +<img src="images/illo203c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro654"> +<img src="images/illo203d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro655"> +<img src="images/illo203e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro656"> +<img src="images/illo203f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE MISSAL OF PIERRE HONGRE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page204">[204]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro657"> +<img src="images/illo204a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro658"> +<img src="images/illo204b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE MISSAL OF PIERRE HONGRE</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro659"> +<img src="images/illo204c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro660"> +<img src="images/illo204d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro661"> +<img src="images/illo204e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY J. POULLET, 1505</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page205">[205]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro662"> +<img src="images/illo205a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro663"> +<img src="images/illo205b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro664"> +<img src="images/illo205c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro665"> +<img src="images/illo205d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE MISSAL OF NARBONNE, 1528</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro666"> +<img src="images/illo205e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A LYONS MISSAL</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro667"> +<img src="images/illo205f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ +OF SACCON</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page206">[206]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro668"> +<img src="images/illo206a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro669"> +<img src="images/illo206b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro670"> +<img src="images/illo206c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro671"> +<img src="images/illo206d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro672"> +<img src="images/illo206e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro673"> +<img src="images/illo206f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro674"> +<img src="images/illo206g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro675"> +<img src="images/illo206h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro676"> +<img src="images/illo206i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATHOLICON’ OF J. WOLFF, 1503</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page207">[207]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro677"> +<img src="images/illo207a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro678"> +<img src="images/illo207b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro679"> +<img src="images/illo207c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro680"> +<img src="images/illo207d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro681"> +<img src="images/illo207e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro682"> +<img src="images/illo207f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro683"> +<img src="images/illo207g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro684"> +<img src="images/illo207h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATHOLICON’ OF J. WOLFF, 1503</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page208">[208]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro685"> +<img src="images/illo208a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro686"> +<img src="images/illo208b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro687"> +<img src="images/illo208c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro688"> +<img src="images/illo208d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro689"> +<img src="images/illo208e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN UNIDENTIFIED ‘PROPRIETAIRE’</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro690"> +<img src="images/illo208f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘AUREUM OPUS’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro691"> +<img src="images/illo208g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘PLUSIEURS GENTILLESSES’ ETC.</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page209">[209]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro692"> +<img src="images/illo209a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro693"> +<img src="images/illo209b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro694"> +<img src="images/illo209c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro695"> +<img src="images/illo209d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro696"> +<img src="images/illo209e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro697"> +<img src="images/illo209f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro698"> +<img src="images/illo209g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro699"> +<img src="images/illo209h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro700"> +<img src="images/illo209i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MAGNINI’S ‘REGIMEN SANITATIS,’ BY FRADIN</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro701"> +<img src="images/illo209j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro702"> +<img src="images/illo209k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro703"> +<img src="images/illo209l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page210">[210]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro704"> +<img src="images/illo210a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro705"> +<img src="images/illo210b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro706"> +<img src="images/illo210c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro707"> +<img src="images/illo210d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro708"> +<img src="images/illo210e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro709"> +<img src="images/illo210f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro710"> +<img src="images/illo210g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro711"> +<img src="images/illo210h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY BLANCHARD AND OTHER PRINTERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page211">[211]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro712"> +<img src="images/illo211a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro713"> +<img src="images/illo211b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro714"> +<img src="images/illo211c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro715"> +<img src="images/illo211d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro716"> +<img src="images/illo211e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro717"> +<img src="images/illo211f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">CHILDREN’S ALPHABET BY FRADIN</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro718"> +<img src="images/illo211g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM WORKS OF +ST. AMBROSE</p> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro719"> +<img src="images/illo211h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">PORTRAIT OF ERASMUS</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro720"> +<img src="images/illo211i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A LYONS BIBLE</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page212">[212]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro721"> +<img src="images/illo212a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro722"> +<img src="images/illo212b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro723"> +<img src="images/illo212c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro724"> +<img src="images/illo212d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro725"> +<img src="images/illo212e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro726"> +<img src="images/illo212f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro727"> +<img src="images/illo212g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro728"> +<img src="images/illo212h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro729"> +<img src="images/illo212i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘BIBLIA CUM SUMMARIIS CONCORDANTIIS,’ ETC., +BY JOHN MOYLIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page213">[213]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro730"> +<img src="images/illo213a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro731"> +<img src="images/illo213b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro732"> +<img src="images/illo213c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro733"> +<img src="images/illo213d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro734"> +<img src="images/illo213e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro735"> +<img src="images/illo213f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro736"> +<img src="images/illo213g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro737"> +<img src="images/illo213h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘BIBLIA CUM SUMMARIIS CONCORDANTIIS,’ ETC., +BY JOHN MOYLIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page214">[214]</span></p> + +<div class="container w40em" id="Repro738"> +<img src="images/illo214a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘BIBLIA CUM SUMMARIIS CONCORDANTIIS’</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro739"> +<img src="images/illo214b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro740"> +<img src="images/illo214c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro741"> +<img src="images/illo214d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro742"> +<img src="images/illo214e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro743"> +<img src="images/illo214f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro744"> +<img src="images/illo214g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro745"> +<img src="images/illo214h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro746"> +<img src="images/illo214i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro747"> +<img src="images/illo214j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro748"> +<img src="images/illo214k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro749"> +<img src="images/illo214l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro750"> +<img src="images/illo214m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page215">[215]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro751"> +<img src="images/illo215a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro752"> +<img src="images/illo215b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro753"> +<img src="images/illo215c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro754"> +<img src="images/illo215d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro755"> +<img src="images/illo215e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro756"> +<img src="images/illo215f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro757"> +<img src="images/illo215g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro758"> +<img src="images/illo215h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro759"> +<img src="images/illo215i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro760"> +<img src="images/illo215j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro761"> +<img src="images/illo215k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro762"> +<img src="images/illo215l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro763"> +<img src="images/illo215m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro764"> +<img src="images/illo215n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro765"> +<img src="images/illo215o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro766"> +<img src="images/illo215p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro767"> +<img src="images/illo215q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro768"> +<img src="images/illo215r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro769"> +<img src="images/illo215s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro770"> +<img src="images/illo215t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page216">[216]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro771"> +<img src="images/illo216a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro772"> +<img src="images/illo216b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro773"> +<img src="images/illo216c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro774"> +<img src="images/illo216d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro775"> +<img src="images/illo216e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro776"> +<img src="images/illo216f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro777"> +<img src="images/illo216g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro778"> +<img src="images/illo216h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro779"> +<img src="images/illo216i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro780"> +<img src="images/illo216j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro781"> +<img src="images/illo216k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro782"> +<img src="images/illo216l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro783"> +<img src="images/illo216m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro784"> +<img src="images/illo216n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro785"> +<img src="images/illo216o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro786"> +<img src="images/illo216p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro787"> +<img src="images/illo216q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro788"> +<img src="images/illo216r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro789"> +<img src="images/illo216s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro790"> +<img src="images/illo216t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page217">[217]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro791"> +<img src="images/illo217a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro792"> +<img src="images/illo217b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro793"> +<img src="images/illo217c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro794"> +<img src="images/illo217d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro795"> +<img src="images/illo217e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro796"> +<img src="images/illo217f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro797"> +<img src="images/illo217g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro798"> +<img src="images/illo217h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro799"> +<img src="images/illo217i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro800"> +<img src="images/illo217j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro801"> +<img src="images/illo217k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro802"> +<img src="images/illo217l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro803"> +<img src="images/illo217m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro804"> +<img src="images/illo217n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro805"> +<img src="images/illo217o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro806"> +<img src="images/illo217p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro807"> +<img src="images/illo217q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro808"> +<img src="images/illo217r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro809"> +<img src="images/illo217s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro810"> +<img src="images/illo217t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page218">[218]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro811"> +<img src="images/illo218a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro812"> +<img src="images/illo218b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro813"> +<img src="images/illo218c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro814"> +<img src="images/illo218d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro815"> +<img src="images/illo218e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro816"> +<img src="images/illo218f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro817"> +<img src="images/illo218g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro818"> +<img src="images/illo218h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro819"> +<img src="images/illo218i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro820"> +<img src="images/illo218j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro821"> +<img src="images/illo218k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro822"> +<img src="images/illo218l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro823"> +<img src="images/illo218m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro824"> +<img src="images/illo218n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro825"> +<img src="images/illo218o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro826"> +<img src="images/illo218p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page219">[219]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro827"> +<img src="images/illo219a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro828"> +<img src="images/illo219b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro829"> +<img src="images/illo219c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro830"> +<img src="images/illo219d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro831"> +<img src="images/illo219e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro832"> +<img src="images/illo219f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro833"> +<img src="images/illo219g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro834"> +<img src="images/illo219h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro835"> +<img src="images/illo219i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro836"> +<img src="images/illo219j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro837"> +<img src="images/illo219k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro838"> +<img src="images/illo219l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro839"> +<img src="images/illo219m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro840"> +<img src="images/illo219n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro841"> +<img src="images/illo219o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro842"> +<img src="images/illo219p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page220">[220]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro843"> +<img src="images/illo220a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro844"> +<img src="images/illo220b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro845"> +<img src="images/illo220c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro846"> +<img src="images/illo220d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro847"> +<img src="images/illo220e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro848"> +<img src="images/illo220f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro849"> +<img src="images/illo220g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro850"> +<img src="images/illo220h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro851"> +<img src="images/illo220i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro852"> +<img src="images/illo220j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro853"> +<img src="images/illo220k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro854"> +<img src="images/illo220l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro855"> +<img src="images/illo220m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro856"> +<img src="images/illo220n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro857"> +<img src="images/illo220o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro858"> +<img src="images/illo220p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro859"> +<img src="images/illo220q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro860"> +<img src="images/illo220r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro861"> +<img src="images/illo220s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro862"> +<img src="images/illo220t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page221">[221]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro863"> +<img src="images/illo221a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro864"> +<img src="images/illo221b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro865"> +<img src="images/illo221c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro866"> +<img src="images/illo221d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro867"> +<img src="images/illo221e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro868"> +<img src="images/illo221f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro869"> +<img src="images/illo221g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro870"> +<img src="images/illo221h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro871"> +<img src="images/illo221i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro872"> +<img src="images/illo221j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro873"> +<img src="images/illo221k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="allclear"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro874"> +<img src="images/illo221l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro875"> +<img src="images/illo221m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="allclear"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘CATALOGUS SANCTORUM’ OF SACCON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page222">[222]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro876"> +<img src="images/illo222a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro877"> +<img src="images/illo222b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro878"> +<img src="images/illo222c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro879"> +<img src="images/illo222d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro880"> +<img src="images/illo222e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro881"> +<img src="images/illo222f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro882"> +<img src="images/illo222g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro883"> +<img src="images/illo222h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro884"> +<img src="images/illo222i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<div class="split3070"> + +<div class="left3070"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro885"> +<img src="images/illo222j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3070--> + +<div class="right3070"> + +<div class="split5545"> + +<div class="left5545"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro886"> +<img src="images/illo222k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro887"> +<img src="images/illo222l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro888"> +<img src="images/illo222m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5545--> + +<div class="right5545"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro889"> +<img src="images/illo222n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5545--> + +</div><!--split5545--> + +</div><!--right3070--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3070--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS OF SACCON</p> + +<div class="split6040"> + +<div class="left6040"> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro890"> +<img src="images/illo222o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro893"> +<img src="images/illo222r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro891"> +<img src="images/illo222p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro894"> +<img src="images/illo222s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro892"> +<img src="images/illo222q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro895"> +<img src="images/illo222t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="clearline caption">FROM A ‘MORALE REDUCTORIUM +PETRI BERTHORII’</p> + +</div><!--left6040--> + +<div class="right6040"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro896"> +<img src="images/illo222u.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">LETTER USED BY JACQUES +MODERNES</p> + +</div><!--right6040--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split6040--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page223">[223]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro897"> +<img src="images/illo223a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro898"> +<img src="images/illo223b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro899"> +<img src="images/illo223c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro900"> +<img src="images/illo223d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro901"> +<img src="images/illo223e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro902"> +<img src="images/illo223f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro903"> +<img src="images/illo223g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro904"> +<img src="images/illo223h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro905"> +<img src="images/illo223i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro906"> +<img src="images/illo223j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro907"> +<img src="images/illo223k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro908"> +<img src="images/illo223l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro909"> +<img src="images/illo223m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro910"> +<img src="images/illo223n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro911"> +<img src="images/illo223o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro912"> +<img src="images/illo223p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro913"> +<img src="images/illo223q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro914"> +<img src="images/illo223r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro915"> +<img src="images/illo223s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro916"> +<img src="images/illo223t.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">ALPHABET OF PHILOSOPHERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page224">[224]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro917"> +<img src="images/illo224a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro918"> +<img src="images/illo224b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro919"> +<img src="images/illo224c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN ALPHABET OF PHILOSOPHERS</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro920"> +<img src="images/illo224d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro921"> +<img src="images/illo224e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro922"> +<img src="images/illo224f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">MYTHOLOGICAL INITIALS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page225">[225]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro923"> +<img src="images/illo225a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro924"> +<img src="images/illo225b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro925"> +<img src="images/illo225c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro926"> +<img src="images/illo225d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro927"> +<img src="images/illo225e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro928"> +<img src="images/illo225f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro929"> +<img src="images/illo225g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">MYTHOLOGICAL LETTERS OF JACOPO FABIO</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page226">[226]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">PARIS</h3> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro930"> +<img src="images/illo226a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro931"> +<img src="images/illo226b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro932"> +<img src="images/illo226c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro933"> +<img src="images/illo226d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro934"> +<img src="images/illo226e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘VIES DES ANCIENS SAINCTZ PÈRES’ OF DUPRÉ</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro935"> +<img src="images/illo226f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro936"> +<img src="images/illo226g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro937"> +<img src="images/illo226h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro938"> +<img src="images/illo226i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro939"> +<img src="images/illo226j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro940"> +<img src="images/illo226k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro941"> +<img src="images/illo226l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro942"> +<img src="images/illo226m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro943"> +<img src="images/illo226n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro944"> +<img src="images/illo226o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro945"> +<img src="images/illo226p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro946"> +<img src="images/illo226q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro947"> +<img src="images/illo226r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro948"> +<img src="images/illo226s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">CALLIGRAPHIC ALPHABET OF VÉRARD</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page227">[227]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro949"> +<img src="images/illo227a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro950"> +<img src="images/illo227b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro951"> +<img src="images/illo227c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro952"> +<img src="images/illo227d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro953"> +<img src="images/illo227e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro954"> +<img src="images/illo227f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro955"> +<img src="images/illo227g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘NEF DE SANTÉ’ OF TREPPEREL</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro956"> +<img src="images/illo227h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro957"> +<img src="images/illo227i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro958"> +<img src="images/illo227j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro959"> +<img src="images/illo227k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro960"> +<img src="images/illo227l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro961"> +<img src="images/illo227m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro962"> +<img src="images/illo227n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro963"> +<img src="images/illo227o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro964"> +<img src="images/illo227p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro965"> +<img src="images/illo227q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro966"> +<img src="images/illo227r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS IN BOOKS BY BOCARD</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page228">[228]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro967"> +<img src="images/illo228a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro968"> +<img src="images/illo228b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro969"> +<img src="images/illo228c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro970"> +<img src="images/illo228d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro971"> +<img src="images/illo228e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro972"> +<img src="images/illo228f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro973"> +<img src="images/illo228g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro974"> +<img src="images/illo228h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro975"> +<img src="images/illo228i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro976"> +<img src="images/illo228j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro977"> +<img src="images/illo228k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro978"> +<img src="images/illo228l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS IN BOOKS PRINTED BY REMBOLT AND GERING</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page229">[229]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro979"> +<img src="images/illo229a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro980"> +<img src="images/illo229b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro981"> +<img src="images/illo229c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split2575"> + +<div class="left2575"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro982"> +<img src="images/illo229d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro985"> +<img src="images/illo229g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left2575--> + +<div class="right2575"> + +<div class="split6733"> + +<div class="left6733"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro983"> +<img src="images/illo229e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left6733--> + +<div class="right6733"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro984"> +<img src="images/illo229f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro986"> +<img src="images/illo229h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right6733--> + +</div><!--split6733--> + +</div><!--right2575--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split2575--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro987"> +<img src="images/illo229i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro988"> +<img src="images/illo229j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro989"> +<img src="images/illo229k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS IN BOOKS PRINTED BY REMBOLT AND GERING</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page230">[230]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro990"> +<img src="images/illo230a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro991"> +<img src="images/illo230b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro992"> +<img src="images/illo230c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro993"> +<img src="images/illo230d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro994"> +<img src="images/illo230e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro995"> +<img src="images/illo230f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro996"> +<img src="images/illo230g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro997"> +<img src="images/illo230h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro998"> +<img src="images/illo230i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS IN BOOKS PRINTED BY REMBOLT AND GERING</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro999"> +<img src="images/illo230j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1000"> +<img src="images/illo230k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE HISTORY OF DENMARK BY SAXO GRAMMATICUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page231">[231]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1001"> +<img src="images/illo231a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1002"> +<img src="images/illo231b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1003"> +<img src="images/illo231c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1004"> +<img src="images/illo231d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1005"> +<img src="images/illo231e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1006"> +<img src="images/illo231f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1007"> +<img src="images/illo231g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1008"> +<img src="images/illo231h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1009"> +<img src="images/illo231i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1010"> +<img src="images/illo231j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1011"> +<img src="images/illo231k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1012"> +<img src="images/illo231l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1013"> +<img src="images/illo231m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED IN THE ‘JARDIN DE SANTÉ’ BY TREPPEREL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page232">[232]</span></p> + +<div class="split2575"> + +<div class="left2575"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1014"> +<img src="images/illo232a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left2575--> + +<div class="right2575"> + +<div class="split6733"> + +<div class="left6733"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1015"> +<img src="images/illo232b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left6733--> + +<div class="right6733"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1016"> +<img src="images/illo232c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right6733--> + +</div><!--split6733--> + +</div><!--right2575--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split2575--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1017"> +<img src="images/illo232d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ARISTOTLE OF H. ESTIENNE</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1018"> +<img src="images/illo232e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1019"> +<img src="images/illo232f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1020"> +<img src="images/illo232g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1021"> +<img src="images/illo232h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1022"> +<img src="images/illo232i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1023"> +<img src="images/illo232j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE PARISIENSE’ BY WOLFGANG HOPYL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page233">[233]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1024"> +<img src="images/illo233a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1025"> +<img src="images/illo233b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1026"> +<img src="images/illo233c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1027"> +<img src="images/illo233d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1028"> +<img src="images/illo233e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1029"> +<img src="images/illo233f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1030"> +<img src="images/illo233g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1031"> +<img src="images/illo233h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1032"> +<img src="images/illo233i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1033"> +<img src="images/illo233j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1034"> +<img src="images/illo233k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1035"> +<img src="images/illo233l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MISSALS BY WOLFGANG HOPYL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page234">[234]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1036"> +<img src="images/illo234a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1037"> +<img src="images/illo234b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1038"> +<img src="images/illo234c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1039"> +<img src="images/illo234d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1040"> +<img src="images/illo234e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1041"> +<img src="images/illo234f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1042"> +<img src="images/illo234g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1043"> +<img src="images/illo234h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1044"> +<img src="images/illo234i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM MISSALS BY WOLFGANG HOPYL</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1045"> +<img src="images/illo234j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1046"> +<img src="images/illo234k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY PHILIPPE LENOIR, TREPPEREL, AND OTHERS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page235">[235]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1047"> +<img src="images/illo235a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1048"> +<img src="images/illo235b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1049"> +<img src="images/illo235c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1050"> +<img src="images/illo235d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1051"> +<img src="images/illo235e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1052"> +<img src="images/illo235f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN UNIDENTIFIED MISSAL ATTRIBUTED TO G. TORY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page236">[236]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1053"> +<img src="images/illo236a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1054"> +<img src="images/illo236b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1055"> +<img src="images/illo236c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1056"> +<img src="images/illo236d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1057"> +<img src="images/illo236e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1058"> +<img src="images/illo236f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN UNIDENTIFIED MISSAL ATTRIBUTED TO G. TORY</p> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1059"> +<img src="images/illo236g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A PARIS MISSAL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page237">[237]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1060"> +<img src="images/illo237a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1061"> +<img src="images/illo237b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1062"> +<img src="images/illo237c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1063"> +<img src="images/illo237d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1064"> +<img src="images/illo237e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1065"> +<img src="images/illo237f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1066"> +<img src="images/illo237g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">GROTESQUE MISSAL INITIALS</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1067"> +<img src="images/illo237h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1068"> +<img src="images/illo237i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1069"> +<img src="images/illo237j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1070"> +<img src="images/illo237k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1071"> +<img src="images/illo237l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1072"> +<img src="images/illo237m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1073"> +<img src="images/illo237n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1074"> +<img src="images/illo237o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1075"> +<img src="images/illo237p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1076"> +<img src="images/illo237q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1077"> +<img src="images/illo237r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1078"> +<img src="images/illo237s.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A ‘PROPRIETAIRE’ OF PHILIPPE LENOIR</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page238">[238]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1079"> +<img src="images/illo238a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1080"> +<img src="images/illo238b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1081"> +<img src="images/illo238c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1082"> +<img src="images/illo238d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1083"> +<img src="images/illo238e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1084"> +<img src="images/illo238f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY JOSSE BADE</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1085"> +<img src="images/illo238g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption small">(Original size)</p> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1086"> +<img src="images/illo238h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption small">(Enlargement)</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1087"> +<img src="images/illo238i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY CHEVALLON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page239">[239]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1088"> +<img src="images/illo239a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1089"> +<img src="images/illo239b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY VASCOSAN</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1090"> +<img src="images/illo239c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1091"> +<img src="images/illo239d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1092"> +<img src="images/illo239e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1093"> +<img src="images/illo239f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY SIMON DE COLINES</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page240">[240]</span></p> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1094"> +<img src="images/illo240a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1095"> +<img src="images/illo240b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1096"> +<img src="images/illo240c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1097"> +<img src="images/illo240d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">ROYAL LETTERS DESIGNED BY GEOFFROY TORY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page241">[241]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1098"> +<img src="images/illo241a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM KERVER’S ALPHABET</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1099"> +<img src="images/illo241b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM DE LA BARRE’S PRESS</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1100"> +<img src="images/illo241c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1101"> +<img src="images/illo241d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1102"> +<img src="images/illo241e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">ENGLISH COPIES OF KERVER</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1103"> +<img src="images/illo241f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">COPY OF REMBOLT</p> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em rightalign" id="Repro1104"> +<img src="images/illo241g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em leftalign" id="Repro1105"> +<img src="images/illo241h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM PHILIP LE NOIR</p> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em rightalign" id="Repro1106"> +<img src="images/illo241i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1107"> +<img src="images/illo241j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em leftalign" id="Repro1108"> +<img src="images/illo241k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">PEN LETTERS OF PHILIP LE NOIR</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page242">[242]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">TROYES</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1109"> +<img src="images/illo242a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1110"> +<img src="images/illo242b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1111"> +<img src="images/illo242c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1112"> +<img src="images/illo242d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1113"> +<img src="images/illo242e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LA THOISON D’OR’ BY THE LEROUGES</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page243">[243]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1114"> +<img src="images/illo243a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1115"> +<img src="images/illo243b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1116"> +<img src="images/illo243c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1117"> +<img src="images/illo243d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1118"> +<img src="images/illo243e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1119"> +<img src="images/illo243f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1120"> +<img src="images/illo243g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1121"> +<img src="images/illo243h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1122"> +<img src="images/illo243i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1123"> +<img src="images/illo243j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1124"> +<img src="images/illo243k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1125"> +<img src="images/illo243l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1126"> +<img src="images/illo243m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1127"> +<img src="images/illo243n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘GRADUALE TRECENSE’ AND ‘STATUTA SYNODALIA’ BY LECOQ</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page244">[244]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1128"> +<img src="images/illo244a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1129"> +<img src="images/illo244b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1130"> +<img src="images/illo244c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1131"> +<img src="images/illo244d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1132"> +<img src="images/illo244e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1133"> +<img src="images/illo244f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1134"> +<img src="images/illo244g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1135"> +<img src="images/illo244h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1136"> +<img src="images/illo244i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1137"> +<img src="images/illo244j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1138"> +<img src="images/illo244k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1139"> +<img src="images/illo244l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1140"> +<img src="images/illo244m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1141"> +<img src="images/illo244n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1142"> +<img src="images/illo244o.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1143"> +<img src="images/illo244p.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1144"> +<img src="images/illo244q.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1145"> +<img src="images/illo244r.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">LITTLE LETTERS OF THE ‘VIE DE MONSEIGNEUR ST. BERNARD’ OF LECOQ</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page245">[245]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">ROUEN</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1146"> +<img src="images/illo245a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1147"> +<img src="images/illo245b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1148"> +<img src="images/illo245c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1149"> +<img src="images/illo245d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1150"> +<img src="images/illo245e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1151"> +<img src="images/illo245f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1152"> +<img src="images/illo245g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1153"> +<img src="images/illo245h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1154"> +<img src="images/illo245i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1155"> +<img src="images/illo245j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1156"> +<img src="images/illo245k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1157"> +<img src="images/illo245l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘PSALTERII EXPOSITIO’ OF PETRUS DE HARENTALS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page246">[246]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1158"> +<img src="images/illo246a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1159"> +<img src="images/illo246b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1160"> +<img src="images/illo246c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1161"> +<img src="images/illo246d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1162"> +<img src="images/illo246e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM VARIOUS WORKS BY MARTIN MORIN</p> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1163"> +<img src="images/illo246f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE ATREBATENSE’ OF MARTIN MORIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page247">[247]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1164"> +<img src="images/illo247a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1165"> +<img src="images/illo247b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1166"> +<img src="images/illo247c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1167"> +<img src="images/illo247d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1168"> +<img src="images/illo247e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1169"> +<img src="images/illo247f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1170"> +<img src="images/illo247g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1171"> +<img src="images/illo247h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1172"> +<img src="images/illo247i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1173"> +<img src="images/illo247j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1174"> +<img src="images/illo247k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1175"> +<img src="images/illo247l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE ATREBATENSE’ OF MARTIN MORIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page248">[248]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1176"> +<img src="images/illo248a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1177"> +<img src="images/illo248b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1178"> +<img src="images/illo248c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1179"> +<img src="images/illo248d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1180"> +<img src="images/illo248e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘COMMINES’ OF J. FORESTIER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page249">[249]</span></p> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1181"> +<img src="images/illo249a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1182"> +<img src="images/illo249b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1183"> +<img src="images/illo249c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1184"> +<img src="images/illo249d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1185"> +<img src="images/illo249e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1186"> +<img src="images/illo249f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1187"> +<img src="images/illo249g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1188"> +<img src="images/illo249h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1189"> +<img src="images/illo249i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1190"> +<img src="images/illo249j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘PROPRIETAIRE’ OF J. FORESTIER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page250">[250]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1191"> +<img src="images/illo250a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1192"> +<img src="images/illo250b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1193"> +<img src="images/illo250c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘OPERA GUILELMI MONACHI VALLADII’ BY HOSTINGUE</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1194"> +<img src="images/illo250d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1195"> +<img src="images/illo250e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1196"> +<img src="images/illo250f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1197"> +<img src="images/illo250g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1198"> +<img src="images/illo250h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1199"> +<img src="images/illo250i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1200"> +<img src="images/illo250j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A ‘COUSTUMIER DE NORMANDIE’ OF 1523</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page251">[251]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">AVIGNON</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1201"> +<img src="images/illo251a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1202"> +<img src="images/illo251b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1203"> +<img src="images/illo251c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1204"> +<img src="images/illo251d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1205"> +<img src="images/illo251e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!---split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM WORKS PRINTED BY JEAN DE CHAUNY</p> + +<h3 class="samples">POITIERS</h3> + +<div class="split3070"> + +<div class="left3070"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1206"> +<img src="images/illo251f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A POITIERS +MISSAL</p> + +</div><!--left3070--> + +<div class="right3070"> + +<div class="split6040"> + +<div class="left6040"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1207"> +<img src="images/illo251g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">USED IN IMPRESSIONS +OF POITIERS</p> + +</div><!--left6040--> + +<div class="right6040"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1208"> +<img src="images/illo251h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A ‘COUSTUMIER DE POITOU’</p> + +</div><!--right6040--> + +</div><!--split6040--> + +</div><!--right3070--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3070--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page252">[252]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">FRANCE</h3> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1209"> +<img src="images/illo252a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A LIMOGES MISSAL</p> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1210"> +<img src="images/illo252b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM TOULOUSE</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1211"> +<img src="images/illo252c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A LIMOGES MISSAL</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1212"> +<img src="images/illo252d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ÆSOP OF ALBI</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1213"> +<img src="images/illo252e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM ‘LA VIE ET LÉGENDE DE +MME. STE. PETROINE’</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1214"> +<img src="images/illo252f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1215"> +<img src="images/illo252g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1216"> +<img src="images/illo252h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM BESANÇON</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page253">[253]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">SPANISH TOWNS</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1217"> +<img src="images/illo253a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1218"> +<img src="images/illo253b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM VALENCIA, BY G. CASTILLA</p> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1219"> +<img src="images/illo253c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM SEVILLE, BY JUAN DE VARILA</p> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1220"> +<img src="images/illo253d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM COIMBRA, BY J. ALVERA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page254">[254]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1221"> +<img src="images/illo254a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1222"> +<img src="images/illo254b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1223"> +<img src="images/illo254c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1224"> +<img src="images/illo254d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1225"> +<img src="images/illo254e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1226"> +<img src="images/illo254f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">ORIGIN UNCERTAIN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page255">[255]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1227"> +<img src="images/illo255a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1228"> +<img src="images/illo255b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1229"> +<img src="images/illo255c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1230"> +<img src="images/illo255d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1231"> +<img src="images/illo255e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1232"> +<img src="images/illo255f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1233"> +<img src="images/illo255g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1234"> +<img src="images/illo255h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1235"> +<img src="images/illo255i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘COMPILACION DE LEYES,’ PRINTED AT ZAMORA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page256">[256]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1236"> +<img src="images/illo256a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1237"> +<img src="images/illo256b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1238"> +<img src="images/illo256c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY J. CROMBERGER</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1239"> +<img src="images/illo256d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1240"> +<img src="images/illo256e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A MEDICAL BOOK</p> + +<div class="container w10em" id="Repro1241"> +<img src="images/illo256f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A BOOK PRINTED AT BURGOS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page257">[257]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1242"> +<img src="images/illo257a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1243"> +<img src="images/illo257b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1244"> +<img src="images/illo257c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">ORIGIN UNCERTAIN</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1245"> +<img src="images/illo257d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1246"> +<img src="images/illo257e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1247"> +<img src="images/illo257f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1248"> +<img src="images/illo257g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">DANCE OF DEATH INITIALS FROM THE ‘LIBRO SOTILISSIMO’ +PRINTED AT STELLA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page258">[258]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1249"> +<img src="images/illo258a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1250"> +<img src="images/illo258b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1251"> +<img src="images/illo258c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1252"> +<img src="images/illo258d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1253"> +<img src="images/illo258e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1254"> +<img src="images/illo258f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w6em" id="Repro1255"> +<img src="images/illo258g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1256"> +<img src="images/illo258h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1257"> +<img src="images/illo258i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘COMENTO DE EUSEBIO’ OF H. GYFFER, SALAMANCA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page259">[259]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1258"> +<img src="images/illo259a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1259"> +<img src="images/illo259b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘PASSIONARIUM’ OF BROCART, COMPLUTUM</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1260"> +<img src="images/illo259c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1261"> +<img src="images/illo259d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘EPILOGO IN MEDICINA’</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page260">[260]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">EARLY DUTCH INITIALS</h3> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1262"> +<img src="images/illo260a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">USED BY JACOB VAN DER MEER OF DELFT</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1263"> +<img src="images/illo260b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1264"> +<img src="images/illo260c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1265"> +<img src="images/illo260d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1266"> +<img src="images/illo260e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1267"> +<img src="images/illo260f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1268"> +<img src="images/illo260g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1269"> +<img src="images/illo260h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1270"> +<img src="images/illo260i.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1271"> +<img src="images/illo260j.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1272"> +<img src="images/illo260k.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1273"> +<img src="images/illo260l.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1274"> +<img src="images/illo260m.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1275"> +<img src="images/illo260n.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">USED BY GODFRID DE OS OF GOUDA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page261">[261]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1276"> +<img src="images/illo261a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘LIFE OF ST. LYDWINNE’ +PRINTED AT SCHIEDAM</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1277"> +<img src="images/illo261b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">ENGLISH ADAPTATION OF +THE PRECEDING</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1278"> +<img src="images/illo261c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1279"> +<img src="images/illo261d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">USED BY THIERRY MARTENS</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1280"> +<img src="images/illo261e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">USED BY G. LEEU OF ANTWERP</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1281"> +<img src="images/illo261f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN EARLY LOUVAIN MISSAL</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page262">[262]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1282"> +<img src="images/illo262a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE TITLE-PAGE OF A +‘BELIAL’ OF ANTWERP</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1283"> +<img src="images/illo262b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A LEYDEN TITLE-PAGE</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1284"> +<img src="images/illo262c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">PORTRAIT OF PHILIP LE BEL, FROM A WORK PUBLISHED BY +GODFRID BACK OF ANTWERP</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page263">[263]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">LATER GERMAN INITIALS</h3> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1285"> +<img src="images/illo263a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1286"> +<img src="images/illo263b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1287"> +<img src="images/illo263c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE MISSAL OF SPIRES BY PETER DRACH</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page264">[264]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1288"> +<img src="images/illo264a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1289"> +<img src="images/illo264b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page265">[265]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1290"> +<img src="images/illo265a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1291"> +<img src="images/illo265b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page266">[266]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1292"> +<img src="images/illo266a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1293"> +<img src="images/illo266b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page267">[267]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1294"> +<img src="images/illo267a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1295"> +<img src="images/illo267b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page268">[268]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1296"> +<img src="images/illo268a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1297"> +<img src="images/illo268b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE BENEDICTINE MISSAL OF HAGENAU</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page269">[269]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1298"> +<img src="images/illo269a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1299"> +<img src="images/illo269b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1300"> +<img src="images/illo269c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1301"> +<img src="images/illo269d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1302"> +<img src="images/illo269e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN UNIDENTIFIED (? MAGDEBURG) MISSAL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page270">[270]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1303"> +<img src="images/illo270a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1304"> +<img src="images/illo270b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1305"> +<img src="images/illo270c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE POSNANIENSE’</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1306"> +<img src="images/illo270d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1307"> +<img src="images/illo270e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE EVANGELIARE’ OF LUTHER, BY KRAFFT OF WITTEMBURG</p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1308"> +<img src="images/illo270f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1309"> +<img src="images/illo270g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w8em" id="Repro1310"> +<img src="images/illo270h.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED AT DRESDEN</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page271">[271]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1311"> +<img src="images/illo271a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1312"> +<img src="images/illo271b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1313"> +<img src="images/illo271c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS BY PILGRIM IN THE ‘ELEGANTIAE’ OF LAURENTIUS VALLA, +BY SCHURER, SCHLESTADT</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1314"> +<img src="images/illo271d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1315"> +<img src="images/illo271e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1316"> +<img src="images/illo271f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1317"> +<img src="images/illo271g.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘MISSALE PATAVIENSE’ OF WINTERBERGER, VIENNA</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page272">[272]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1318"> +<img src="images/illo272a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1319"> +<img src="images/illo272b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1320"> +<img src="images/illo272c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1321"> +<img src="images/illo272d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM WORKS PRINTED BY KNOBLOUCH</p> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1322"> +<img src="images/illo272e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A METZ PSALTER BY CASPAR HOCHFFEDER</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page273">[273]</span></p> + +<div class="split3367"> + +<div class="left3367"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1323"> +<img src="images/illo273a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left3367--> + +<div class="right3367"> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1324"> +<img src="images/illo273b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1325"> +<img src="images/illo273c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +</div><!--right3367--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split3367--> + +<p class="caption">FROM PLINIUS OF HAGENAU, USED AFTERWARDS AT COLOGNE</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1326"> +<img src="images/illo273d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1327"> +<img src="images/illo273e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM A MAGDEBURG BIBLE</p> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1328"> +<img src="images/illo273f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">BY SCHEFFER OF MAYENCE</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page274">[274]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1329"> +<img src="images/illo274a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1330"> +<img src="images/illo274b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1331"> +<img src="images/illo274c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1332"> +<img src="images/illo274d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1333"> +<img src="images/illo274e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1334"> +<img src="images/illo274f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘ASTRONOMICON CESAREUM’ OF APIANUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page275">[275]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1335"> +<img src="images/illo275a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1336"> +<img src="images/illo275b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1337"> +<img src="images/illo275c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1338"> +<img src="images/illo275d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1339"> +<img src="images/illo275e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1340"> +<img src="images/illo275f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM THE ‘ASTRONOMICON CESAREUM’ OF APIANUS</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page276">[276]</span></p> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1341"> +<img src="images/illo276.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">FROM AN ECCLESIASTICAL DOCUMENT</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page277">[277]</span></p> + +<h3 class="samples">ENGLISH INITIALS</h3> + +<div class="split4060"> + +<div class="left4060"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1342"> +<img src="images/illo277a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">CAXTON’S ‘A’</p> + +</div><!--left4060--> + +<div class="right4060"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1343"> +<img src="images/illo277b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">WYNKYN DE WORDE’S BORROWED ‘H’</p> + +</div><!--right4060--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split4060--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w20em" id="Repro1344"> +<img src="images/illo277c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w15em" id="Repro1345"> +<img src="images/illo277d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1346"> +<img src="images/illo277e.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w12em" id="Repro1347"> +<img src="images/illo277f.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">FROM PYNSON’S MORTON MISSAL</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page278">[278]</span></p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1348"> +<img src="images/illo278a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1349"> +<img src="images/illo278b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1350"> +<img src="images/illo278c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1351"> +<img src="images/illo278d.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p class="caption">INITIALS USED BY JOHN DAY</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page279">[279]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1352"> +<img src="images/illo279a.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">INITIAL WITH ARMS OF ARCHBISHOP CRANMER, +FROM THE BISHOPS’ BIBLE</p> + +<div class="split5050"> + +<div class="left5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1353"> +<img src="images/illo279b.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">INITIAL WITH ARMS OF HENRY VII., +FROM GRAFTON’S EDITION OF +‘HALLE’S CHRONICLE’</p> + +</div><!--left5050--> + +<div class="right5050"> + +<div class="container w25em" id="Repro1354"> +<img src="images/illo279c.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">INITIAL WITH ARMS OF THE EARL OF +LEICESTER, FROM DAY’S EDITION OF +CUNNINGHAM’S ‘COSMOGRAPHICAL GLASS’</p> + +</div><!--right5050--> + +<p class="clearline"> </p> + +</div><!--split5050--> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page280">[280]</span></p> + +<div class="container w30em" id="Repro1355"> +<img src="images/illo280.jpg" alt="Initial" /> +</div><!--container--> + +<p class="caption">PORTRAIT OF QUEEN ELIZABETH +FROM DAY’S EDITION OF FOXE’S ‘BOOK OF MARTYRS’</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="chapter"> + +<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page281">[281]</span></p> + +<h2 class="nobreak">INDEX</h2> + +</div><!--chapter--> + +<ul class="index"> + +<li> +<span class="righttext fsize90">PAGE</span></li> + +<li>Æsop, initial from Scheffer’s edition, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial from Albi edition, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li>Albi, initial in the <i>manière éraillée</i>, from Æsop printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Alvarus Pelagius</i> of J. Zainer, border used in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> + +<li>Alvera, J., initial used by, at Coimbra, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> + +<li>Ambrose, St., portrait initial of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page211">211</a></span></li> + +<li>Antwerp, initial from title-page of book printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials used in books printed by G. Leeu at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a></span></li> + +<li>Apianus, P., initials from <i>Astronomicon Cesareum</i> printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page274">274 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Apocalypse, different editions of the block-book, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li>Arion, initial representing the adventure of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> + +<li>Aristotle, <i>Opera Nonnulla</i> printed by Keller, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials in editions of, by H. Estienne, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page232">232</a></span></li> + +<li>Arrivabene, George, initials from missals printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page171">171 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><i>Ars Memorandi</i>, historical initial in the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page5">5</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Ars Moriendi</i>, the block-book, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Astronomicon Cesareum</i> printed by P. Apianus at Ingoldstadt, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page274">274 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Augsburg, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page5">5</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials used by printers, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page14">14</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a>-<a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Aureum Opus</i>, initials from edition of, by De Vingle, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page208">208</a></span></li> + +<li>Avignon, initials from volume printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page251">251</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Aymon, les Quatre Fils de</i>, initials used in Lyons edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page195">195</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Back, Godfrid, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> + +<li id="Ref10">Bade, Josse, armorial initials in History of Denmark printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page85">85</a>, <a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— other initials of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page238">238</a></span></li> + +<li>Bamberg, initials from missal of Johann Pfeyl of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page152">152 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from <i>Missale Olumucense</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page150">150 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Bämler, Johann, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>, <a href="#Page117">117</a></span></li> + +<li>Basle, initials reproduced from books printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page134">134</a>-<a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> + +<li>—— psalter of 1501 by Furter, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page30">30</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> + +<li>Bebelius, Joannes, initials of Holbein in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page33">33</a></span></li> + +<li>Bebelius and Cratander, initials of Holbein in works by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page36">36</a></span></li> + +<li>Bellot, Jean, initials from volumes printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a></span></li> + +<li>Benedictine missal printed at Hagenau, initials used in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page104">104</a>, <a href="#Page264">264 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Bernard, le Petit, initials attributed to, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> + +<li>Berthorius, Petrus, initials from <i>Morale Reductorium</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page222">222</a></span></li> + +<li>Besançon, printers of, use same initials as Furter of Basle, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li>Bible, initials from G. Zainer’s editions of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a>, <a href="#Page24">24</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a>, <a href="#Page115">115</a>, <a href="#Page118">118 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— Latin, of Basle, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page29">29</a>, <a href="#Page134">134</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial from Ulm edition, 1480, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial from a Lyons, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page211">211</a></span></li> + +<li>—— German edition, pictorial initials of the fifth, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a>, <a href="#Page118">118 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— fourth edition by Frisner and Sensenschmidt, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page129">129 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from Nuremberg edition, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page129">129 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— the Bishops’, initials in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>Bibles, Augsburg and Nuremberg, compared, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Biblia cum Summariis et Concordantiis</i> of Jean Moylin, initials of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a>, <a href="#Page212">212 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><i>Biblia Pauperum</i>, the block-book, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li>Birckmann, Franc, Hagenau initials copied by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page105">105</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page282">[282]</span>Blanchard, remarkable initials used in works by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page210">210</a></span></li> + +<li>Block-books, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page110">110</a></span></li> + +<li>Bocard, André, initials in books printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a>, <a href="#Page108b">108<i>b</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Book-hunting in time of Aulus Gellius, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page1">1</a></span></li> + +<li>Book-plate forming part of early Nuremberg impression, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page27">27</a></span></li> + +<li>Brandis, Lucas, initials from <i>Rudimenta Novitiorum</i> and <i>Josephus</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page39">39</a>, <a href="#Page146">146 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Breidenbach, Bernard von, initial from Reuwich’s edition of his <i>Peregrinationes</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from Ortuin’s Lyons edition, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page198">198</a></span></li> + +<li>Brescia, initials from works printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page71">71</a>, <a href="#Page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li>Bridget, St., <i>Meditationes</i>, initials used in Lübeck edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page148">148 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Brocart, Arn. de, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page259">259</a></span></li> + +<li>Bumgart de Ketwyck, initials used by, at Cologne, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page165">165</a></span></li> + +<li>Burgofranco, J. P. de, initials in <i>Hyginus de Stellis</i> printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page67">67</a>, <a href="#Page188">188</a></span></li> + +<li>Burgos, initial used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page256">256</a></span></li> + +<li>Byzantium, books of, on purple parchment, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Calcar, J. van, initials of, in Anatomy of Vesalius, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page144">144 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Calligraphic initials from Paris title-pages, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a></span></li> + +<li>Capcasa, Matteo, initials from works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page58">58</a>, <a href="#Page174">174 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Cassiodorus, initial from works of, by Steyner, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> + +<li>Castilla, G., initial used by, at Valencia, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i> of Saccon, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a>, <a href="#Page214">214 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><i>Catholicon</i> of J. Wolff, selected initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page76">76</a>, <a href="#Page206">206 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Caxton, W., initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108b">108<i>b</i></a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a></span></li> + +<li>Cervicornus or Hirtzhorn, Euch., initials in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page52">52</a>, <a href="#Page168">168 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Charlemagne invites Irish and Anglo-Saxon monks to his kingdom, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>Charles the Bald welcomes foreign artists, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>Chauny, Jean de, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page251">251</a></span></li> + +<li>Chevallon, Claude, initial representing scenes from <i>Ars Moriendi</i> in work published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page88">88</a>, <a href="#Page238">238</a></span></li> + +<li>Children, initials with, used by Venice printers, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> + +<li>—— copied by printers of Basle, Cologne, and Hagenau, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page61">61</a></span></li> + +<li>Cicero, initials from German edition of, by Steyner, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> + +<li>Cocksperger, Peter, and the Mayence Psalter initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page10">10</a></span></li> + +<li>Coimbra, initials used by J. Alvira of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a>, <a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> + +<li>Cologne, initial from Donatus of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page51">51</a>, <a href="#Page165">165</a></span></li> + +<li>—— other initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page165">165 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Como, initials of <i>Vitruvius</i> printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page68">68</a>, <a href="#Page187">187</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Compilacion de Leyes</i>, initials from Zamora edition, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page255">255</a></span></li> + +<li>Complutum (Alcala de Henares), initial used in liturgical works printed by Brocart at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page100">100</a>, <a href="#Page259">259</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Cosmographia</i> of Ptolemy, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a>, <a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> + +<li>—— of Sebastian Munster, account of Psalter initials in the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> + +<li>Cranmer, Archbishop, initial with his arms, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>Cromberger, J., initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page256">256</a></span></li> + +<li>Cross-hatching, invention of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> + +<li>Cunningham, William, initials in his <i>Cosmographical Glasse</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>Curio, Valentin, initials used by, at Basle, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page36">36</a>, <a href="#Page140">140 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter"><i>Dance of Death</i> alphabets used at Basle, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— alphabet, Strasburg copies of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page33">33</a>, <a href="#Page138">138</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— alphabet in books published at Stella, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a>, <a href="#Page257">257</a></span></li> + +<li>Dante, praises French miniaturists, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>Day, John, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page278">278 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Delft, initial used by Jacob van der Meer at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page260">260</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Deutscher Kalender</i>, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page44">44</a></span></li> + +<li>Dinckmut, Conrad, initial and border from <i>Donatus</i> printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Doctrinal de Sapience</i>, initial from title-page of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page163">163</a></span></li> + +<li>Donatus, Aelius, Latin primer of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial from edition of, by Quentell, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a></span></li> + +<li>—— with Psalter initials attributed to Gutenberg (1456), +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial from xylographic impression by Dinckmut, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page283">[283]</span>Drach, Peter, initials in red from missal of Spires printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page103">103</a>, <a href="#Page263">263</a></span></li> + +<li>Dresden, initial used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> + +<li>Dupré, Jean, ornamental letters in the <i>Vies des Anciens Saincts Pères</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page82">82</a></span></li> + +<li>Dürer, Albert, makes innovation in engraving, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— ornamental letters attributed to, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page52">52</a>, <a href="#Page168">168 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Elizabeth, Queen, portrait-initial of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page280">280</a></span></li> + +<li>English copies of initials by Kerver, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page241">241</a></span></li> + +<li>Erasmus, Desiderius, initial with portrait of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a>, <a href="#Page211">211</a></span></li> + +<li>Esslingen, initials in works printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a></span></li> + +<li>Estienne, H., initials from work published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page232">232</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Etymologicum Magnum</i> of Callierges, coloured initials in the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Eusebio di Comento</i>, initials from Salamanca edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page96">96</a>, <a href="#Page288">288</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Ex-libris</i>, initial forming, from book printed at Paris, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Fabio, Jacopo, mythological letters in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page225">225</a></span></li> + +<li>Ferrara, alphabet of initials from work of Joh. Philippus Bergomensis printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a>, <a href="#Page190">190</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from <i>Missale Carthusiense</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page69">69</a>, <a href="#Page191">191 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li id="Ref12">Finé, Oronce, initial with portrait of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> + +<li>Fool, first engraving of a, in a woodcut border, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> + +<li>—— first example of the, in woodcut initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> + +<li>—— in church architecture and early book ornamentation, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> + +<li>Forestier, Jacques, specimens of alphabets used in a <i>Commines</i> printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page248">248</a></span></li> + +<li>Formschneider, opposition of, to the use of woodcut initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a></span></li> + +<li>Fossombrone, initials in work published by Ottaviano dei Petrucci of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page67">67</a></span></li> + +<li>Foxe, John, portrait-initial of Queen Elizabeth, in his <i>Book of Martyrs</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page280">280</a></span></li> + +<li>Fradin, François, children’s alphabet used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a>, <a href="#Page211">211</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from the <i>Regimen Sanitatis</i> of Magnini printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a></span></li> + +<li>Frank, Hans, initial signed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> + +<li>Friburgensis, Johann, <i>Summa Confessorum</i>, Augsburg, G. Zainer (1476), initials used in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> + +<li>Frisner and Sensenschmidt, initials from fourth German Bible by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page129">129 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Froben, Johann, initials of Holbein in works by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page37">37</a></span></li> + +<li>Froschouer, Johann, initials in books printed at Zurich by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page38">38</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> + +<li>Fürter, Michael, initials from books printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page31">31</a>, <a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> + +<li>Fust, Johann, association of, with Scheffer, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page6">6</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter"><i>Galen</i>, initials from Basle edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page139">139</a>, <a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> + +<li>Gelli, René, initials in Greek lexicon of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page142">142</a></span></li> + +<li>Geneva, large calligraphic initials from books printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page163">163</a></span></li> + +<li>—— other initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page164">164</a></span></li> + +<li>Gering, Ulrich. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ref8">Rembolt and Gering</a>.</li> + +<li>Ghotan, Bartholomew, initials used by, at Lübeck, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page40">40</a>, <a href="#Page147">147 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Giunta, Lucantonio di, initials from missals and breviaries printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page171">171 <i>sqq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page176">176 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Gouda, initials used by Godfrid de Os at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page101">101</a>, <a href="#Page108b">108<i>b</i></a>, <a href="#Page260">260</a></span></li> + +<li>Graf, Urs, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> + +<li>Gregoriis, G. and J. de, initials from Herodotus and other works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page183">183 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Grotesque, the, in book ornamentation, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> + +<li>—— profiles, earliest example of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a></span></li> + +<li>Grüninger, Johann, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>-<a href="#Page47">47</a>, <a href="#Page48">48</a>, <a href="#Page160">160 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Gutenberg, Johann, invention of printing by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page6">6</a></span></li> + +<li>Gutenberg Bible sold by Scheffer as a manuscript, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page8">8</a></span></li> + +<li>Gutnecht, Jodocus, initials in <i>Missale Pataviense</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page28">28</a>, <a href="#Page132">132</a>, <a href="#Page133">133</a></span></li> + +<li>Gyffer, Hans, of Silgenstat, initials from works published at Salamanca by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page96">96</a>, <a href="#Page288">288</a></span></li> + +<li>Gymnicus, J., alphabets in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page167">167</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Hagenau, initials of Benedictine missal printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page104">104</a>, <a href="#Page264">264 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from Plinius printed by Thomas Anselm at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page104">104</a>, <a href="#Page273">273</a></span></li> + +<li>Halle’s Chronicle, initials in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page284">[284]</span>Harentals, Petrus de, initials used in an <i>Expositio Psalterii</i> by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page245">245</a></span></li> + +<li>Heineken, C. H. von, attributes Psalter initials to Meydenbach, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page9">9</a></span></li> + +<li>Henry <span class="allsmcap">VII.</span>, initial with his arms, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>Heraldic initials. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ref9">Initials, Armorial</a>.</li> + +<li>Hochffeder, Gaspard, initial from Psalter of Metz printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page272">272</a></span></li> + +<li>Hohenwang, Ludwig, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> + +<li>Holbein, Ambrose, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page144">144</a></span></li> + +<li>—— Hans, alphabets of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page139">139 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— children’s alphabet by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page35">35</a>, <a href="#Page139">139</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— <i>Dance of Death</i> alphabet by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page32">32</a>, <a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initial of, in books by Valentine Curio, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page36">36</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— mistakes in anatomy, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page34">34</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— peasants’ alphabet by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page35">35</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— the four Greek initials from the <i>Galen</i> of 1538, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page36">36</a></span></li> + +<li>Holl, Leonard, initials in work printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a>, <a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> + +<li>Holtrop, J. W., early Dutch initials copied from works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page101">101</a></span></li> + +<li>Hongre, Pierre, initials from missal of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page202">202 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Hopyl, Wolfgang, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page232">232 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Hostingue, L., and J. Loys, initials from work published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page250">250</a></span></li> + +<li>Hupfuff, M., initials in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> + +<li>Husz, Mathieu, initials used by, at Lyons, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page197">197</a>, <a href="#Page199">199</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter"><i>Imagines</i> of Varro, described by Pliny, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>Ingoldstadt, initials of M. Ostendorfer used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a></span></li> + +<li>Initials, anthropomorphic, of Strasburg printers, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page45">45</a></span></li> + +<li id="Ref9">—— armorial, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page85">85</a>, <a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page230">230</a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>—— coloured, used by Roman copyists, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page1">1</a></span></li> + +<li>—— from the <i>Libro Sotilissimo</i>, a typographical curiosity printed at Stella, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page99">99</a></span></li> + +<li>—— large calligraphic, on title-pages of books printed at Lyons, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page200">200</a></span></li> + +<li>—— mythological, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page224">224 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— in minium or cinnabar of sixth century, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>—— of chequer work, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>—— resembling Gallo-Frank jewellery, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>—— vagaries in use of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a></span></li> + +<li>Israel von Mecken, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page27">27</a></span></li> + +<li>Italy, influence of French art in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Josephus, initials from Lübeck edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page146">146</a></span></li> + +<li>Josse Bade. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ref10">Bade</a>.</li> + +<li class="newletter">Kaisersperg, Geyler von, initials in works of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page161">161 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Keller, Ambrose, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>-<a href="#Page17">17</a>, <a href="#Page115">115</a></span></li> + +<li>Kerver, Thielmann, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page241">241</a></span></li> + +<li>Knoblochtzer, Heinrich, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page43">43</a>, <a href="#Page155">155 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Knoblouch, Johann, initials in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page189">189</a>, <a href="#Page272">272</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Lecoq, Jean, alphabet from <i>La Vie de Monseigneur St. Bernard</i> by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page91">91</a>, <a href="#Page244">244</a></span></li> + +<li>—— letters with grotesque profiles from different works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page90">90</a>, <a href="#Page243">243</a></span></li> + +<li>Leeu, Gerard, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a></span></li> + +<li>Leicester, Earl of, initial with his arms, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page279">279</a></span></li> + +<li>Lenoir, Philippe, initials in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page87">87</a>, <a href="#Page234">234</a>, <a href="#Page237">237</a>, <a href="#Page241">241</a></span></li> + +<li>Leo the Isaurian burns the public library, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>Lerouges, les, initials from <i>La Thoison d’Or</i> printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page90">90</a>, <a href="#Page242">242</a></span></li> + +<li>Leroy, Guillaume, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page195">195 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Le Signerre, Guillaume, initials used by, at Saluzzo, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Lettres parlantes</i> in Lyons impression, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>tourneures fleuronnées</i> used by Leroy in 1479, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Liber Biblie Moralis</i> of J. Zainer, initials in, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> + +<li>Lilius, Zacharias, initials from the <i>Breviarium Orbis</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page182">182</a></span></li> + +<li>Limoges, initials from missal printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page94">94</a>, <a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li>Locatellus, Bonetus, initials used in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page60">60</a>, <a href="#Page174">174 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Louvain, historiated initial from fifteenth-century missal printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a></span></li> + +<li>Lübeck, initials from works published at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page39">39</a>, <a href="#Page146">146 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Lufft of Wittemberg, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> + +<li>Lützelberger, Hans, <i>Dance of Death</i> initials engraved by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page137">137</a></span></li> + +<li>Lyons, initials from books printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page194">194 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page285">[285]</span>Lyons missals, initials used in different, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a></span></li> + +<li>—— copy of Cologne initial, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page169">169</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Macabre initials used at Cologne, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page170">170</a></span></li> + +<li>Maiblümchen or lily of the valley design in early books, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page5">5</a></span></li> + +<li>Mainz. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ref11">Mayence</a>.</li> + +<li><i>Margarita Davitica</i>, initial of G. Zainer from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>, <a href="#Page114">114</a></span></li> + +<li>Marriage licence, pictorial initial from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108">108</a>, <a href="#Page276">276</a></span></li> + +<li>Martens, Thierry, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a></span></li> + +<li>Mathieu Husz and Jean Schabeler, initials used in Boccaccio of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page74">74</a></span></li> + +<li id="Ref11">Mayence, initial in Erhardt Reuwich’s <i>Breidenbach</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page13">13</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initial in Scheffer’s <i>Æsop</i> printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page13">13</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li>—— later Scheffer initial, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page273">273</a></span></li> + +<li>Mazochius, Jacobus, portrait of Ariosto in work published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a></span></li> + +<li>Medici, Cosmo de, initial with portrait of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page63">63</a>, <a href="#Page184">184</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Meditations of St. Bridget</i>, initials from Lübeck edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page40">40</a></span></li> + +<li>Meer, Jacob van der, initials used by, at Delft, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page260">260</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Melusine</i>, initials from Lyons edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page199">199</a></span></li> + +<li>Milan, initials from works printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a>, <a href="#Page192">192 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from works printed by Joannes de Castellione at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a></span></li> + +<li>Miniatures in books of Athens and Rome, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>—— in mediæval manuscripts, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Mirabilia Romae</i>, historiated initial of the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Missale Atrebatense</i>, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page246">246</a>, <a href="#Page247">247</a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Bambergense</i>, initials from the edition by J. Pfeyl, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page152">152 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Benedictinum</i>, initials from Hagenau edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page264">264 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Evangeliare</i> of Wittemberg, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Olumucense</i>, coloured initials of the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a>-<a href="#Page41">41</a>, <a href="#Page150">150 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Pataviense</i>, pictorial initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page132">132 <i>sq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a></span></li> + +<li>—— <i>Vallisumbrose</i>, large pictorial initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page176">176 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Missals printed at Lyons, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page201">201 <i>sqq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page205">205</a></span></li> + +<li>—— printed at Paris, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page232">232 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— printed at Rouen, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page247">247 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Modernes, Jacques, curious initial in work on Military Art printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page222">222</a></span></li> + +<li>Monks, Irish and Anglo-Saxon, celebrated for miniatures and historiations, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li>Montfaucon, alphabet of animals of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>Morin, Martin, calligraphic initial from missal printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a>, <a href="#Page246">246</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials from other works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a>-<a href="#Page93">93</a>, <a href="#Page246">246 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Morton, Archbishop, initial with his rebus, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108c">108<i>c</i></a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a></span></li> + +<li>Moylin, Jean, initials from his Latin Bible, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a>, <a href="#Page212">212 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Müller, Johann, or Regiomontanus, works by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> + +<li>Murr, C. G. von, and the artist of the Psalter initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page10">10</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Nardi, Simeon, initials from <i>Datus</i> published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page185">185 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Naudé, Gabriel, accusation against Scheffer, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page8">8</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Normandie, Coustumier de</i>, curious initials from a, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a>, <a href="#Page250">250</a></span></li> + +<li>Novesianus, Melchior, imitations of Alphabet of Death in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— other initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page167">167</a></span></li> + +<li>Nuremberg, curious work attributed variously to Stuchs, Zeninger, and Wagner published at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page26">26</a>, <a href="#Page54">54</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from books printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page128">128 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Ornamentation of early books, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page1">1</a></span></li> + +<li>Oronce Finé. <i>See</i> <a href="#Ref12">Finé</a>.</li> + +<li>Ortuin, Gaspard, initial from Breidenbach’s <i>Peregrinationes</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page198">198</a></span></li> + +<li>Os, Godfrid de, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page260">260</a></span></li> + +<li>Otino da Pavia de la Luna, initials in the <i>Vita di Sancti Padri</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page62">62</a>, <a href="#Page179">179 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Pachel, Leonard, initials used by, at Milan, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page193">193</a></span></li> + +<li>Papillon, J. B. M., testimony of, concerning the artist of the Psalter initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page10">10</a></span></li> + +<li>Paris, renowned for its manuscripts and copyists, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page226">226 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Pavia, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page188">188</a></span></li> + +<li>Peter, St., portrait initial of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page276">276</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page286">[286]</span>Petrarch, initials from German translation of his <i>De remediis utriusque fortunæ</i>, by Steyner, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page21">21</a></span></li> + +<li>Petri, Adam, repetition of same initial in books printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page31">31</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— pilgrim initial used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page136">136</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Petroine, La vie et légende de Mme. Ste.</i>, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page95">95</a>, <a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li>Pfister, Alb., impressions of, resembling block-books, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> + +<li>Pflantzmann, J., initials from books printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>, <a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> + +<li>Philip le Bel, portrait initial of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page262">262</a></span></li> + +<li>Philosophers, alphabets of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page81">81</a>, <a href="#Page223">223 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Pius <span class="allsmcap">II.</span>, Pope, portrait initial of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page184">184</a></span></li> + +<li>Playing-cards, method of printing, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Plenarium</i>, initials used in Strasburg edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> + +<li>Pogge, J. F., initials from edition of, printed by Knoblouch, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page159">159</a></span></li> + +<li>Poitiers, initials from books printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page94">94</a>, <a href="#Page251">251</a></span></li> + +<li>Polychrome initials in early books, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> + +<li>Ponte, Gotardus de, initials from Vitruvius printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page187">187</a></span></li> + +<li>Poullet, J., initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page204">204</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Prestre Jehan</i>, historiated initial from title-page of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page195">195</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials from Paris edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page237">237</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Propriétaire</i>, initials from Rouen editions of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page92">92</a>, <a href="#Page249">249</a></span></li> + +<li>—— letters from Lyons edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page77">77</a>, <a href="#Page208">208</a></span></li> + +<li>Prusz, Johann, initials used by, at Strasburg, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page158">158</a></span></li> + +<li>Psalter of Mayence initials, Bodman hoaxes Fischer concerning, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page8">8</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from Furter’s Basle edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page135">135</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from edition by J. Prusz of Strasburg, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page46">46</a>, <a href="#Page154">154</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials said to have been used by Gutenberg, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page8">8</a></span></li> + +<li>—— opinions as to the initials of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page7">7</a></span></li> + +<li>Ptolemy, initials from Ulm edition of the <i>Cosmographia</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page24">24</a>, <a href="#Page127">127</a></span></li> + +<li>Pynson, Richard, initials from his Sarum Missal, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108b">108<i>b</i></a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Quadragesimale of Gritsch, pictorial border of the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page23">23</a></span></li> + +<li>Quentell, Heinrich, initials from volumes printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a>, <a href="#Page165">165 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Ratdolt, Erhard, initials from <i>Calendarium</i> of J. di Monteregio (Johannes Regiomontanus) by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page57">57</a>, <a href="#Page171">171</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials in <i>Brevarium Constantiense</i> of 1516 by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page19">19</a>, <a href="#Page123">123</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials in breviary by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page18">18</a>, <a href="#Page121">121 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials in psalter of 1499 by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page18">18</a>-<a href="#Page19">19</a>, <a href="#Page122">122</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— Latin couplet on, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page19">19</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Rationale Durandi</i>, ornamented with some of the same initials as Psalter of Mayence, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a></span></li> + +<li>Reger, Johann, initials in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page25">25</a>, <a href="#Page128">128</a></span></li> + +<li id="Ref8">Rembolt and Gering, initials from volumes printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a>-<a href="#Page84">84</a>, <a href="#Page228">228 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Reutlingen, initials in works printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page49">49</a>, <a href="#Page162">162</a></span></li> + +<li>Richard de Bury praises libraries of Paris, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page3">3</a></span></li> + +<li>Richel, Bernard, initials from Latin Bible of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page29">29</a></span></li> + +<li>Rome, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page185">185</a></span></li> + +<li>Rouen, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page11">11</a>, <a href="#Page245">245 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Royal letters designed by Geoffroy Tory for Robert Estienne, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page89">89</a>, <a href="#Page240">240</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Rudimenta Novitiorum</i>, initials from Lübeck edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page146">146 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Saccon, Jacques, initials in <i>Catalogus Sanctorum</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page78">78</a>, <a href="#Page214">214 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— different initials in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page80">80</a>, <a href="#Page201">201</a>, <a href="#Page205">205</a>, <a href="#Page209">209</a>, <a href="#Page222">222</a></span></li> + +<li>Salamanca, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page258">258</a></span></li> + +<li>Saluzzo, initials in <i>Aureum Opus</i> of Vivaldus printed by Le Signerre at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page68">68</a>, <a href="#Page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li>Sarum missal, initials from Pynson’s edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page108b">108<i>b</i></a>, <a href="#Page277">277</a></span></li> + +<li>Saxo Grammaticus, armorial initials from History of Denmark by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page85">85</a>, <a href="#Page230">230</a></span></li> + +<li>Schabeler, Hans, initials used by, at Lyons, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page197">197</a></span></li> + +<li>Schäufelein, Hans, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page49">49</a></span></li> + +<li>Scheffer, Peter, association of, with Fust, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page6">6</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page112">112</a>, <a href="#Page273">273</a></span></li> + +<li>Schiedam, initial used by unknown printer of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page102">102</a>, <a href="#Page261">261</a></span></li> + +<li>Schlestadt, initials of Pilgrim, from book printed by Lazarus Schurer at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page106">106</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page287">[287]</span>Scinzenzeller, Ulr., initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page192">192</a></span></li> + +<li>Schönsperger, Johann, initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>, <a href="#Page116">116</a></span></li> + +<li>Schott, initials in works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page45">45</a>, <a href="#Page157">157</a></span></li> + +<li>Sessa, different initials met with in impressions by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page59">59</a>, <a href="#Page181">181</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from Aristotle printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page62">62</a>, <a href="#Page178">178</a></span></li> + +<li>Seville, initials from books printed by Jacob Cromberger at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from book printed by Juan de Varila at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page98">98</a>, <a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> + +<li>Sienna, initials in books published at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a>-<a href="#Page66">66</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a></span></li> + +<li>Silber, Eucharius, ornamental letter from book published, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a></span></li> + +<li>Sorg, Anton, historiated initials from <i>Das Buch das heisset der Seusse</i> of Suso, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page18">18</a>, <a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— initials from works printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page16">16</a>-<a href="#Page17">17</a>, <a href="#Page115">115</a>, <a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> + +<li>Spanish initials, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><i>Speculum Humanæ Salvationis</i>, a transition from xylography to printing, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li>Spires, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page263">263</a></span></li> + +<li>Stamps used for applying initials by early copyists, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page4">4</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Statuta Synodalia</i>, alphabet used in the Troyes edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page73">73</a>, <a href="#Page243">243</a></span></li> + +<li>Stella, copies of the Alphabet of Death used by Adrian Anverez at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page99">99</a>, <a href="#Page257">257</a></span></li> + +<li>Steyner, Heinrich, initials in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a>, <a href="#Page124">124 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Strasburg, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page154">154 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li><i>Summa Confessorum</i>, initials of the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a>-<a href="#Page16">16</a>, <a href="#Page113">113</a></span></li> + +<li>Suso, Henricus, initials from <i>Das Buch das heisset der Seusse</i>, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page120">120</a></span></li> + +<li>Sweynheim and Pannartz, initial from the Suetonius of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page65">65</a>, <a href="#Page185">185</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter"><i>Theoricae Novae</i>, initial from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page25">25</a></span></li> + +<li>Tibullus quoted, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page1">1</a></span></li> + +<li>Topie, Michel, initial from <i>Mer des Hystoires</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page75">75</a>, <a href="#Page198">198</a></span></li> + +<li>Tory, Geoffroy, initials from missal attributed to, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page88">88</a>, <a href="#Page235">235 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— royal letters attributed to, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page240">240</a></span></li> + +<li>Toulouse, initial used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page252">252</a></span></li> + +<li>Trepperel, Jean, grotesque initials in books published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page83">83</a>, <a href="#Page227">227</a></span></li> + +<li>Trepperel, initials from <i>Jardin de Santé</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page86">86</a>, <a href="#Page231">231</a></span></li> + +<li>Tridino, Tacuinus de, initials in works published by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page60">60</a>, <a href="#Page174">174</a></span></li> + +<li>Troyes, initials used at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page242">242 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Ulm, initial with border from Donatus printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page12">12</a>, <a href="#Page111">111</a></span></li> + +<li>—— initials from other works printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page126">126 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter"><i>Valerius Maximus</i> of Sorg, initials from, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page17">17</a></span></li> + +<li>Varila, Juan de, initial used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page253">253</a></span></li> + +<li>Vascosan, Michael, initials by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page239">239</a></span></li> + +<li>Venice, initials from works published at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page55">55</a>, <a href="#Page171">171 <i>sqq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Vérard, Antoine, calligraphic initial from the <i>Jardin de Santé</i> of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page82">82</a>, <a href="#Page226">226</a></span></li> + +<li>Verona, ornamental letter from book printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page70">70</a>, <a href="#Page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li>Vesalius, initials of Van Calcar in Anatomy of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page37">37</a>, <a href="#Page144">144 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Vicenza, example of typographic eccentricities in work printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page71">71</a>, <a href="#Page189">189</a></span></li> + +<li>Vienna, initials from <i>Missale Pataviense</i> printed by J. Winterberger of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page106">106</a>, <a href="#Page271">271</a></span></li> + +<li>Virgil, the Vatican copy described by M. Pierre de Nolhac, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page2">2</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Vita di Sancti Padri</i>, initials from the, of Otino da Pavia de la Luna, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page62">62</a>, <a href="#Page179">179 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Vitali, Bernardino, alphabet by, used in publications by Sessa, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page60">60</a></span></li> + +<li><i>Vitruvius</i>, initials from Como edition of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page187">187</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Walther, H., initials from Madgeburg Bible printed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page107">107</a>, <a href="#Page273">273</a></span></li> + +<li>Weiditz, Hans, initials attributed to, by Dr. H. Röttinger, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a>, <a href="#Page52">52</a>, <a href="#Page124">124 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>Winterberger, of Vienna, initials used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page271">271</a></span></li> + +<li>Wittemberg, apocalyptic initials from the <i>Missale Evangeliare</i> printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page105">105</a>, <a href="#Page270">270</a></span></li> + +<li>Wohlgemuth, M., his new technical methods, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page20">20</a></span></li> + +<li>Worde, Wynkyn de, initial used by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page277">277</a></span></li> + +<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page288">[288]</span>Worms, Anton von, children’s alphabets designed by, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page53">53</a></span></li> + +<li class="newletter">Zainer, Günther, first used woodcut initials at Augsburg, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page15">15</a></span></li> + +<li>—— —— examples of his letters, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page113">113 <i>sq.</i></a>, <a href="#Page118">118 <i>sq.</i></a></span></li> + +<li>—— Johann, of Ulm, initials in Boccaccio of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page22">22</a>, <a href="#Page126">126</a></span></li> + +<li>Zamora, initials from <i>Compilacion de Leyes</i> printed at, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page96">96</a>, <a href="#Page255">255</a></span></li> + +<li>Zarotus, Antonius, initials used by, at Milan, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page193">193</a></span></li> + +<li>Zodiac, initials representing the signs of the, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page87">87</a></span></li> + +<li>Zurich, initials in books published by Froschouer of, +<span class="righttext"><a href="#Page38">38</a>, <a href="#Page145">145</a></span></li> + +</ul> + +<p class="center blankbefore5 blankafter5">FINIS</p> + +<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> + +<div class="container w15em"> +<img src="images/illo304.jpg" alt="Emblem" /> +</div> + +<p class="caption">EDINBURGH: T. AND A. CONSTABLE<br /> +PRINTERS TO HIS MAJESTY: MCMVIII</p> + +<hr class="full" /> + +<div class="tnbot" id="TN"> + +<h2>Transcriber’s Notes</h2> + +<p>The spelling, capitalisation and hyphenation of the source document have been retained (including those of proper names +and book titles), except as listed under Changes made below.</p> + +<p>Depending on the hard- and software used to read this text, not all elements may display as intended.</p> + +<p>The book appears to contain several contradictions between the descriptions given and the illustrations. These have been +retained as printed in the source document without further correction or comment.</p> + +<p>Several of the author’s references to other parts of the text and to (sets of) illustrations are ambiguous. +Hyperlinks to such elements are provided only in cases where there is a clear reference to (the first element of) an +unambiguous target.</p> + +<p>Page 61, “At Turin ... we find that the L with the satyr,”: as printed in the source document; the sentence +appears to be incomplete, or “we find that the L ...” might have to be corrected to “we find the +L...”.</p> + +<p>Page 109 ff.: The illustrations are presented here as printed in the source document, with minimal straightening and +de-skewing. On a wide screen or in a wide window, the illustrations are +intended to have widths that are approximately proportional to their relative widths in the source document.</p> + +<p>Page 238, “Original size” and “Enlargement”: Based on a quarto book size of around 29 cm, +the “Original size” would be around 4.1 × 4.1 cm (1.6″ × 1.6″).</p> + +<p class="blankbefore75">Changes made</p> + +<p>Some obvious minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected silently.</p> + +<p>Footnotes have been moved to under text paragraphs.</p> + +<p>Page 39: “LUBECK” changed to “LÜBECK”.</p> + +<p>Page 92: “Psalterum of Harentals” changed to “Psalterium of Harentals”.</p> + +<p>Page 99: “(B Abraham)” changed to “B (Abraham)”.</p> + +<p>Page 137: “LUTZELBERGER” changed to “LÜTZELBERGER”.</p> + +<p>Page 142: captions “FROM THE GREEK LEXICON OF RENÉ GELLI” and “FROM THE ‘GALEN’ OF BEBELIUS AND +CRATANDER” interchanged.</p> + +<p>Page 252: “BEZANÇON” changed to “BESANÇON”.</p> + +<p>Page 282: “Zamara” changed to “Zamora”.</p> + +<p>Page 284: “Leo the Isaurian burns the public” changed to “Leo the Isaurian burns the public +library”.</p> + +<p>Index: some page numbers corrected or inserted to conform to the text.</p> + +</div><!--TN--> + +<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EARLY WOODCUT INITIALS ***</div> +<div style='text-align:left'> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will +be renamed. +</div> + +<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> +Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright +law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, +so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United +States without permission and without paying copyright +royalties. 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