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+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #65857 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/65857)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nalakihu-Citadel Trail, by Anonymous
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you
-will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before
-using this eBook.
-
-Title: Nalakihu-Citadel Trail
- Wupatki National Monument, Arizona
-
-Author: Anonymous
-
-Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65857]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading
- Team at https://www.pgdp.net
-
-*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NALAKIHU-CITADEL TRAIL ***
-
-
-
-
- 15 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME
-
-
-
-
- _Nalakihu-Citadel Trail_
-
-
- WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT
- ARIZONA
-
- 11th Ed.—4-76—12M
-
- [Illustration: _Nalakihu as seen from the south._]
-
-
-
-
- NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS
-
-
-Wupatki National Monument is one of nearly 300 areas administered by the
-National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. These
-include magnificent areas set aside for their scenic, scientific, and
-historical values, and they belong to you and are a part of your
-heritage as American citizens.
-
-The National Park Service has the responsibility of preserving the Parks
-and Monuments in their natural, unspoiled condition and of making them
-available for your enjoyment in such a manner as to leave them
-unimpaired for the enjoyment and inspiration of future generations. In
-order to achieve this high purpose, such destructive activities as
-woodcutting, hunting, grazing, mining and even flower-picking are
-prohibited. We hope you will join us in protecting Wupatki National
-Monument by taking only pictures and inspiration, and leaving only
-footprints and goodwill.
-
-
- HELP KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL
-
-
-
-
- _Nalakihu-Citadel Trail_
-
-
-This booklet will guide you through Nalakihu (nah-LAH-kee-hoo), the
-small excavated surface pueblo near the parking area, and the Citadel,
-the large fortified, unexcavated structure on top of the butte. The
-trail is short and will lead you around to the rear of the Citadel,
-passing a large limestone sink, and to the top of the butte, where you
-may obtain a magnificent view of the surrounding country and see many
-other ruins from this vantage point. Numbered stakes on the trail
-correspond to numbered paragraphs in this leaflet, which will assist you
-in your understanding of this area and its early people.
-
-_We ask that you please keep off the ruin walls, and do not remove any
-pottery fragments, rocks, plants or other material from the area. Thank
-you._
-
-
-1 This unexcavated, rectangular pithouse structure was of a type used
-by some of the inhabitants of the area prior to A.D. 1125.
-
-Surface masonry architecture was not adopted by this tribe
-(archeologists call them the Sinagua—see-NAH-wah) until the early 1100s
-at which time their neighbors to the north, a tribe which scientists
-named the Anasazi (the Old People), introduced above-ground masonry
-structures to this region.
-
- [Illustration: _Reconstruction of two types of pithouses found in
- this region. Note the two methods of roofing and the ventilator at
- right._]
-
- [Illustration: _Ground plan of Nalakihu._]
-
-
-2 Nalakihu is a Hopi word meaning “Lone House” or “House Standing
-Alone.” This pueblo had 10 rooms on the ground floor, 3 or 4 more rooms
-which formed a second story, providing a home for about 25 to 30 people.
-
-A charred roof beam of ponderosa pine, lying on the floor of the first
-room, gave a tree-ring date of A.D. 1183, indicating that this little
-pueblo was built in the late 1100s. Dates of 1192 and 1260 have been
-obtained on wood from the Citadel above which would cause us to believe
-that both pueblos were built at approximately the same time.
-
-By observing how the walls of various rooms butt against each other we
-can deduce that the rooms at the secondary doorway constitute the oldest
-part of the pueblo, because these walls were erected at one time and the
-other walls butt against them. When these three rooms constituted the
-whole pueblo, it was probably a one-family house.
-
- [Illustration: _Three possible constructional stages through which
- Nalakihu may have passed. (Hatchways are omitted and drains are
- merely guesswork.)_]
-
- [Illustration: _Metate (or mealing grindstone) resting on collapsed
- roof material in Room 1. There is a mano, or handstone, in it._]
-
-The three rooms in front of Nalakihu had no firepits and apparently were
-used for storage. The same applies to rooms 5 and 7. The remaining rooms
-had firepits and other features indicating they were dwelling rooms,
-such as ventilators to bring in fresh air at floor level, deflectors to
-keep draft of incoming air off firepits, and in room 4, loom holes to
-anchor the lower horizontal bar of a vertical loom.
-
- [Illustration: _Arrangement of metates (grinding stones) found on
- floor of Room 1._]
-
-
-3 (_Please enter inner room._) Roofs in Nalakihu had a main beam
-spanning the room’s shorter axis, with the rafter poles crossing it.
-Over these, narrow wooden shakes and sometimes stone slabs supported
-another layer of reeds, branches, bark, or grass, and 3 or 4 inches (7.5
-or 10 cm) of clay. Two collapsed roofs were found in each of four rooms
-so we know a second story once existed over the central portion of the
-pueblo.
-
-Note the T-shaped doorway through which you passed and also the
-occasional lines of black volcanic rock in the walls which probably were
-not for decoration because some courses in the building were covered
-with plaster.
-
- [Illustration: _Cross-sections of various pits near Nalakihu._]
-
-
-4 You are now standing on the upper of two terraces. Exactly what they
-were used for we are not sure, but they may have been “kitchen gardens”
-similar to those in use today in some of the Hopi villages.
-
-Below the terraces to the right of Nalakihu, archeologists discovered an
-unusual group of 6 burials and 16 storage, roasting or burial pits. Most
-of the pits were jar-shaped, some had vertical sides, and there were two
-pit ovens with flues, sort of teapot-shaped, with the spout actually
-being the flue. Three of the six burials were those of infants in
-shallow pits, some lined with stone slabs. Only a bowl or a few sherds
-(pieces of broken pottery) were placed with them for grave offerings.
-These pits have been backfilled and are not visible today.
-
- [Illustration: _Archeologists work carefully to uncover a portion of
- collapsed roof._]
-
- [Illustration: _Pits 9 and 10 in which a few sherds, and bones of
- common raven, bighorn, and mule deer were found._]
-
- [Illustration: _Rocks standing on edge in Citadel Ruin are the
- remains of walls that collapsed intact._]
-
-The Sinagua buried their dead with the body extended full length while
-the Anasazi buried them in a flexed position with the knees drawn up
-toward the chest.
-
-The people who used these pits may have attached religious significance
-to owls, for only owl bones were found here. Winona Ruins south of here
-along U. S. Highway 66 produced only hawk bones.
-
-
- _Please stay on the trail._
-
-
-5 You are standing in a circular ring of volcanic rock outlining a
-room. On the slopes of Citadel Butte are several similar round or
-rectangular outlines, none of which have been excavated. There is
-another just above you, and several below.
-
-
-6 The structure above is a fortified pueblo built on a small remnant
-butte of volcanic origin. Note the loop holes. Through the higher of
-these openings defensive warriors could shoot with bow and arrow. The
-lower ones at floor level were air vents.
-
-The black rock around you is basalt, formed by the cooling of molten
-lava. Its color is due to the presence of iron minerals.
-
-
-7 The valley below was the farming area used by the early inhabitants
-of not only the Citadel and Nalakihu, but of many other villages, the
-ruins of which you may observe on the surrounding mesas. How many can
-you count? There are at least eight visible.
-
- [Illustration: _The Citadel, as seen from the west._]
-
-
-8 Note the way the walls of the Citadel follow the outline of the
-volcanic cliff upon which the structure is built. Again the loop holes
-are quite evident. The structure was probably two stories high on this
-side, which exhibits the best example of the masonry at this site.
-
- [Illustration: _Citadel Sink with the San Francisco Peaks in the
- background, as seen from Citadel Ruin._]
-
-
-9 This limestone sink in the foreground was formed when the roof of a
-cavern in the Kaibab Limestone collapsed, probably plugging the outlet
-and allowing a pond to form. There is another sink 2 miles (3.2 km) to
-the south, and ruins are clustered around its edge also. The thick
-Kaibab Limestone forms the greatest portion of the walls of the
-sinkhole. It is stained by seepage from the overlying red Moenkopi
-Sandstone, a thin layer of which can be seen at the base of the black
-lava which forms the surface.
-
-
-10 You are now entering the Citadel by an entrance utilized by the
-Indians of yesteryear. Note the loop hole guarding this entrance.
-
- [Illustration: _Ground plan of the visible walls of the unexcavated
- Citadel._]
-
-
-11 This ruin has never been excavated. It might tell a story of
-peaceful farming people finding it necessary to defend themselves from
-neighboring tribes. Around the depression in the middle there is space
-for an estimated 30 rooms; the outlines of some can readily be seen.
-Approximately 50-60 persons probably lived in this village.
-
- [Illustration: _Pottery from cremation burials, a mug, pitcher, and
- a ladle._]
-
-Most of the broken pottery found on the Citadel’s slopes is of the type
-made by the Anasazi, a prehistoric tribe which once lived to the north
-of here. Nalakihu’s pottery, however, was only one-third Anasazi, the
-other two-thirds being of the Sinagua and Prescott tribes. The latter
-lived to the south and west. Different people who were drawn to this
-region by the good farmlands created by the cinder cover that fell with
-the eruption of Sunset Crater in A.D. 1065, lived together as neighbors
-in this region, thus accounting for the different types of pottery in
-the ruins.
-
- [Illustration: _Black-on-white pitcher and bowl funeral offerings._]
-
- [Illustration: _Clay pot lid, showing imprints of beans and corn
- husks._]
-
-
-12 Almost all of the dwellings were occupied for only a short period.
-When the winds finally duned up the black cinders and blew them off into
-the arroyos and the springs dried up, the people had to move to a more
-productive location to grow their crops. We believe that the Anasazi
-moved north into the Tsegi Canyon country while the Sinagua moved south
-into the Verde Valley and east to Chavez Pass near Winslow by the middle
-1200s.
-
-
- _Every litter bit hurts!_
-
-
-13 You can see why the early people utilized this vantage point for
-the construction of a fortified pueblo. Today, we can thank them for a
-magnificent view of the surrounding country. In the distance can be seen
-the San Francisco Peaks, O’Leary Peak, Sunset Crater, Painted Desert,
-Gray Mountain, and numerous volcanic cones, remnants of the San
-Francisco volcanic field, over 2 million years old.
-
-The structures you see from this point represent only a few of the more
-than 800 sites found within Wupatki National Monument. The largest ruin
-in this area is Wupatki ruin, 9 miles (14.5 km) to the southeast.
-Wupatki, which has been excavated, housed about 250 persons during its
-period of occupation. A visit to Wupatki is well worth your while.
-
-
-14 We hope you have enjoyed this trail. _Please Return This Booklet to
-the Register Stand Before You Go, or You Can Purchase It by Dropping 15
-Cents in the Coin Slot._
-
-
-
-
- GENERAL INFORMATION
-
-
-Sunset Crater is the most recent volcano among the 400 in the Flagstaff
-region, and is located 18 miles (29 km) south of here. It is one of the
-few prehistoric volcanoes in the world that we can accurately date
-(another being Mt. Mazama, where now is Crater Lake, Oregon), and one of
-the few that had such a pronounced effect upon people living in the
-area. When it erupted it covered almost 800 square miles (2080 sq km)
-including the Wupatki area, with fine black volcanic ash. This eruption
-took place _before_ the masonry pueblos in this region were built.
-
-When the eruption was over, a few individuals probably returned to this
-area and found, to their surprise and pleasure, they were able to mature
-crops in locations where they hadn’t been able to farm before. The thin
-layer of volcanic ash acted as a moisture-retaining mulch; the people
-could plant their seeds in the underlying soil and the cinder cover
-would hold enough moisture to insure them a good harvest.
-
-When this word spread around, it created a great land rush, the only one
-we know of in the Southwest. Large numbers of Indians from all over this
-part of the Southwest swarmed into the region of the cinder fall to take
-advantage of the new farming land. The Hohokam came from the south, the
-Mogollon from the southeast and the Anasazi from the north.
-
-The main concentration took place between A.D. 1100 and 1200, and during
-that time the area between the San Francisco Mountains and the Little
-Colorado River was inhabited by perhaps 8,000 Indians.
-
-The abandonment of the area is as interesting as the occupation.
-Tree-ring evidence indicates that from about A.D. 1215 to 1300 there was
-a long drought of varying intensity which culminated in the great
-drought of 1276-1299. Winds accompanying the drought turned the area
-into a dust bowl, moving away the moisture-retaining cover of cinders
-that the people had depended upon for their farming. The people left as
-farming acreage decreased.
-
-The Anasazi element apparently moved north or east into the Tsegi Canyon
-or Hopi country, while the Sinagua moved south into the Verde Valley and
-east to the Chavez Pass region near Winslow. By the mid-1200s Wupatki
-probably was completely abandoned.
-
-
- The National Park Service invites you to come again!
-
-
-
-
- CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP
-
-
-If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service, and in
-the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of
-this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the
-numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesmen for those who
-wish our scenic and historic heritage to be kept unimpaired for the
-enjoyment of future generations.
-
-Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained from
-the ranger.
-
-
-
-
- ADDITIONAL POINTS OF INTEREST
-
-
-This region is one of the most interesting archeological and scenic
-localities in the United States. Sunset Crater National Monument is 18
-miles (29 km) to the south of Wupatki National Monument, and was the
-source of the black volcanic ash which had such profound effect on the
-prehistoric farmers. Twenty-one miles (34 km) farther to the south is
-Walnut Canyon National Monument, a beautiful canyon and rim setting for
-hundreds of ruined homes of prehistoric Indians who also were influenced
-by Sunset Crater’s ash. Farther to the south, in the Verde Valley (noted
-as Great Drought refuge areas) are Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle
-National Monuments (the latter including Montezuma Well).
-
-
- This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park
- Service by the
- SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
-
- _A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting
- historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park
- Service._
-
- We recommend the following items for additional information on the
- Southwest:
-
-YOUR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHWEST, IN WORDS AND COLOR. Jackson.
-500 word articles on each National Park Service area in the huge
-Southwest region, with full-color photograph for each of 66 areas
-listed. Most authoritative treatment possible, with every text checked
-for accuracy by each area’s superintendent. Revised and enlarged, 1976.
-Also contains “How to Get There” appendix. 76 pages, 69 full color
-illustrations, color cover, paper.
-
-100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge. Descriptions and
-full-color portraits of 100 of the most interesting desert wildflowers.
-Photographic hints. 64 pp., full-color cover, paper.
-
-100 ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS OF SOUTHWEST UPLANDS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge.
-Companion book to author’s “100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color,”
-but for higher elevation flowers. 64 pages and full-color cover, paper.
-
-FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of the
-most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100
-plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., 4 page colored center-fold,
-color cover, paper.
-
-FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to
-the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau
-country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper.
-
-FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions
-and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains
-and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., plus
-4-color centerfold, color cover, paper.
-
-MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Olin and Cannon. Handsome
-illustrations, full descriptions, and life habits of the 42 most
-interesting and common mammals of the Southwest desert country below
-4,500 feet elevation. 116 pp., 60 illustrations, 4 page colored
-center-fold, color cover, paper.
-
-MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion
-volume to “Mammals of Southwest Deserts.” Fully illustrated in
-exquisitely done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s
-masterfully lucid style. Gives description, range, and life habits of
-the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. Color cover, paper
-or cloth.
-
-POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any
-person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects,
-snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths
-about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. Revised, 1974,
-48 pp.
-
- [Illustration: SPMA trademark; NPS shield]
-
- Write For Catalog
-
- SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
-
- Box 1562—Globe, Arizona 85501
- 339 South Broad Street
-
-
-
-
- Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
- is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
- _underscores_.
-
-
-
-*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NALAKIHU-CITADEL TRAIL ***
-
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-<div style='text-align:center; font-size:1.2em; font-weight:bold'>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nalakihu-Citadel Trail, by Anonymous</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms
-of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online
-at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you
-are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this eBook.
-</div>
-
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Nalakihu-Citadel Trail</p>
-<p style='display:block; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0;'>Wupatki National Monument, Arizona</p>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Anonymous</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65857]</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'>Character set encoding: UTF-8</div>
-
-<div style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net</div>
-
-<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NALAKIHU-CITADEL TRAIL ***</div>
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Nalakihu-Citadel Trail, Wupatki National Monument" width="1000" height="1522" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center smaller"><span class="ss">15 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME</span></p>
-<h1><i>Nalakihu-Citadel Trail</i></h1>
-<p class="wide smaller">WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT
-<br />ARIZONA</p>
-</div>
-<p class="jr1"><span class="small"><span class="ss">11th Ed.&mdash;4-76&mdash;12M</span></span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_i">i</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="455" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Nalakihu as seen from the south.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small">NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS</span></h2>
-<p>Wupatki National Monument is one of nearly 300 areas administered
-by the National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior.
-These include magnificent areas set aside for their scenic, scientific,
-and historical values, and they belong to you and are a part of your
-heritage as American citizens.</p>
-<p>The National Park Service has the responsibility of preserving the
-Parks and Monuments in their natural, unspoiled condition and of
-making them available for your enjoyment in such a manner as to
-leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment and inspiration of future
-generations. In order to achieve this high purpose, such destructive
-activities as woodcutting, hunting, grazing, mining and even flower-picking
-are prohibited. We hope you will join us in protecting Wupatki
-National Monument by taking only pictures and inspiration, and leaving
-only footprints and goodwill.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss">HELP KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL</span></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h1 title=""><i>Nalakihu-Citadel Trail</i></h1>
-<p>This booklet will guide you through Nalakihu (nah-LAH-kee-hoo),
-the small excavated surface pueblo near the parking area, and the
-Citadel, the large fortified, unexcavated structure on top of the butte.
-The trail is short and will lead you around to the rear of the Citadel,
-passing a large limestone sink, and to the top of the butte, where you
-may obtain a magnificent view of the surrounding country and see
-many other ruins from this vantage point. Numbered stakes on the
-trail correspond to numbered paragraphs in this leaflet, which will
-assist you in your understanding of this area and its early people.</p>
-<p><i>We ask that you please keep off the ruin walls, and do not remove
-any pottery fragments, rocks, plants or other material from the
-area. Thank you.</i></p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c2">1</h3>
-<p>This unexcavated, rectangular pithouse structure was of a
-type used by some of the inhabitants of the area prior to A.D. 1125.</p>
-<p>Surface masonry architecture was not adopted by this tribe (archeologists
-call them the Sinagua&mdash;see-NAH-wah) until the early 1100s
-at which time their neighbors to the north, a tribe which scientists
-named the Anasazi (the Old People), introduced above-ground masonry
-structures to this region.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p01a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="497" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Reconstruction of two types of pithouses found in this region. Note the two
-methods of roofing and the ventilator at right.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="785" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Ground plan of Nalakihu.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c3">2</h3>
-<p>Nalakihu is a Hopi word meaning &ldquo;Lone House&rdquo; or &ldquo;House
-Standing Alone.&rdquo; This pueblo had 10 rooms on the ground floor,
-3 or 4 more rooms which formed a second story, providing a home
-for about 25 to 30 people.</p>
-<p>A charred roof beam of ponderosa pine, lying on the floor of the
-first room, gave a tree-ring date of A.D. 1183, indicating that this
-little pueblo was built in the late 1100s. Dates of 1192 and 1260
-have been obtained on wood from the Citadel above which would
-cause us to believe that both pueblos were built at approximately the
-same time.</p>
-<p>By observing how the walls of various rooms butt against each
-other we can deduce that the rooms at the secondary doorway constitute
-the oldest part of the pueblo, because these walls were erected
-at one time and the other walls butt against them. When these three
-rooms constituted the whole pueblo, it was probably a one-family
-house.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="645" height="1000" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Three possible constructional stages through which Nalakihu may have passed.
-(Hatchways are omitted and drains are merely guesswork.)</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="520" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Metate (or mealing grindstone) resting on collapsed roof material in
-Room 1. There is a mano, or handstone, in it.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The three rooms in front of Nalakihu had no firepits and apparently
-were used for storage. The same applies to rooms 5 and 7. The
-remaining rooms had firepits and other features indicating they were
-dwelling rooms, such as ventilators to bring in fresh air at floor level,
-deflectors to keep draft of incoming air off firepits, and in room 4,
-loom holes to anchor the lower horizontal bar of a vertical loom.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p03a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="494" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Arrangement of metates (grinding stones) found on floor of Room 1.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c4">3</h3>
-<p>(<i>Please enter inner room.</i>) Roofs in Nalakihu had a main
-beam spanning the room&rsquo;s shorter axis, with the rafter poles crossing
-it. Over these, narrow wooden shakes and sometimes stone slabs
-supported another layer of reeds, branches, bark, or grass, and 3 or
-4 inches (7.5 or 10 cm) of clay. Two collapsed roofs were found in
-each of four rooms so we know a second story once existed over the
-central portion of the pueblo.</p>
-<p>Note the T-shaped doorway through which you passed and also
-the occasional lines of black volcanic rock in the walls which probably
-were not for decoration because some courses in the building
-were covered with plaster.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p03c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="619" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Cross-sections of various pits near Nalakihu.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c5">4</h3>
-<p>You are now standing on the upper of two terraces. Exactly
-what they were used for we are not sure, but they may have been
-&ldquo;kitchen gardens&rdquo; similar to those in use today in some of the Hopi
-villages.</p>
-<p>Below the terraces to the right of Nalakihu, archeologists discovered
-an unusual group of 6 burials and 16 storage, roasting or
-burial pits. Most of the pits were jar-shaped, some had vertical sides,
-and there were two pit ovens with flues, sort of teapot-shaped, with
-the spout actually being the flue. Three of the six burials were those
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-of infants in shallow pits, some lined with stone slabs. Only a bowl
-or a few sherds (pieces of broken pottery) were placed with them
-for grave offerings. These pits have been backfilled and are not
-visible today.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="595" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Archeologists work carefully to uncover a portion of collapsed roof.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="470" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Pits 9 and 10 in which a few sherds, and bones of common
-raven, bighorn, and mule deer were found.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p04c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="599" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Rocks standing on edge in Citadel Ruin are the remains of walls
-that collapsed intact.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>The Sinagua buried their dead with the body extended full length
-while the Anasazi buried them in a flexed position with the knees
-drawn up toward the chest.</p>
-<p>The people who used these pits may have attached religious significance
-to owls, for only owl bones were found here. Winona Ruins
-south of here along U. S. Highway 66 produced only hawk bones.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i>Please stay on the trail.</i></p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c6">5</h3>
-<p>You are standing in a circular ring of volcanic rock outlining
-a room. On the slopes of Citadel Butte are several similar round or
-rectangular outlines, none of which have been excavated. There is
-another just above you, and several below.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c7">6</h3>
-<p>The structure above is a fortified pueblo built on a small
-remnant butte of volcanic origin. Note the loop holes. Through the
-higher of these openings defensive warriors could shoot with bow and
-arrow. The lower ones at floor level were air vents.</p>
-<p>The black rock around you is basalt, formed by the cooling of
-molten lava. Its color is due to the presence of iron minerals.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c8">7</h3>
-<p>The valley below was the farming area used by the early
-inhabitants of not only the Citadel and Nalakihu, but of many other
-<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span>
-villages, the ruins of which you may observe on the surrounding
-mesas. How many can you count? There are at least eight visible.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="513" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Citadel, as seen from the west.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c9">8</h3>
-<p>Note the way the walls of the Citadel follow the outline of
-the volcanic cliff upon which the structure is built. Again the loop
-holes are quite evident. The structure was probably two stories high
-on this side, which exhibits the best example of the masonry at this
-site.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p05a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="495" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Citadel Sink with the San Francisco Peaks in the background,
-as seen from Citadel Ruin.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c10">9</h3>
-<p>This limestone sink in the foreground was formed when the
-roof of a cavern in the Kaibab Limestone collapsed, probably plugging
-the outlet and allowing a pond to form. There is another sink
-2 miles (3.2 km) to the south, and ruins are clustered around its
-edge also. The thick Kaibab Limestone forms the greatest portion of
-the walls of the sinkhole. It is stained by seepage from the overlying
-red Moenkopi Sandstone, a thin layer of which can be seen at the
-base of the black lava which forms the surface.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c11">10</h3>
-<p>You are now entering the Citadel by an entrance utilized by
-the Indians of yesteryear. Note the loop hole guarding this entrance.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p05c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="590" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Ground plan of the visible walls of the unexcavated Citadel.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c12">11</h3>
-<p>This ruin has never been excavated. It might tell a story of
-peaceful farming people finding it necessary to defend themselves
-from neighboring tribes. Around the depression in the middle there
-is space for an estimated 30 rooms; the outlines of some can readily
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-be seen. Approximately 50-60 persons probably lived in this village.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="552" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Pottery from cremation burials, a mug, pitcher, and a ladle.</i></p>
-</div>
-<p>Most of the broken pottery found on the Citadel&rsquo;s slopes is of the
-type made by the Anasazi, a prehistoric tribe which once lived to the
-north of here. Nalakihu&rsquo;s pottery, however, was only one-third Anasazi,
-the other two-thirds being of the Sinagua and Prescott tribes.
-The latter lived to the south and west. Different people who were
-drawn to this region by the good farmlands created by the cinder
-cover that fell with the eruption of Sunset Crater in A.D. 1065, lived
-together as neighbors in this region, thus accounting for the different
-types of pottery in the ruins.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p06a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="465" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Black-on-white pitcher and bowl funeral offerings.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p06c.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="717" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Clay pot lid, showing imprints of beans and corn husks.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c13">12</h3>
-<p>Almost all of the dwellings were occupied for only a short
-period. When the winds finally duned up the black cinders and blew
-them off into the arroyos and the springs dried up, the people had
-to move to a more productive location to grow their crops. We believe
-that the Anasazi moved north into the Tsegi Canyon country
-while the Sinagua moved south into the Verde Valley and east to
-Chavez Pass near Winslow by the middle 1200s.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i>Every litter bit hurts!</i></p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c14">13</h3>
-<p>You can see why the early people utilized this vantage point
-for the construction of a fortified pueblo. Today, we can thank them
-for a magnificent view of the surrounding country. In the distance
-can be seen the San Francisco Peaks, O&rsquo;Leary Peak, Sunset Crater,
-Painted Desert, Gray Mountain, and numerous volcanic cones, remnants
-of the San Francisco volcanic field, over 2 million years old.</p>
-<p>The structures you see from this point represent only a few of the
-more than 800 sites found within Wupatki National Monument. The
-largest ruin in this area is Wupatki ruin, 9 miles (14.5 km) to the
-southeast. Wupatki, which has been excavated, housed about 250
-persons during its period of occupation. A visit to Wupatki is well
-worth your while.</p>
-<h3 class="inline" id="c15">14</h3>
-<p>We hope you have enjoyed this trail. <i>Please Return This
-Booklet to the Register Stand Before You Go, or You Can Purchase
-It by Dropping 15 Cents in the Coin Slot.</i></p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h2 id="c16"><span class="small">GENERAL INFORMATION</span></h2>
-<p>Sunset Crater is the most recent volcano among the 400 in the
-Flagstaff region, and is located 18 miles (29 km) south of here. It
-is one of the few prehistoric volcanoes in the world that we can accurately
-date (another being Mt. Mazama, where now is Crater Lake,
-Oregon), and one of the few that had such a pronounced effect upon
-people living in the area. When it erupted it covered almost 800
-square miles (2080 sq km) including the Wupatki area, with fine
-black volcanic ash. This eruption took place <i>before</i> the masonry
-pueblos in this region were built.</p>
-<p>When the eruption was over, a few individuals probably returned
-to this area and found, to their surprise and pleasure, they were able
-to mature crops in locations where they hadn&rsquo;t been able to farm
-before. The thin layer of volcanic ash acted as a moisture-retaining
-mulch; the people could plant their seeds in the underlying soil and
-the cinder cover would hold enough moisture to insure them a good
-harvest.</p>
-<p>When this word spread around, it created a great land rush, the
-only one we know of in the Southwest. Large numbers of Indians
-from all over this part of the Southwest swarmed into the region of
-the cinder fall to take advantage of the new farming land. The Hohokam
-came from the south, the Mogollon from the southeast and
-the Anasazi from the north.</p>
-<p>The main concentration took place between A.D. 1100 and 1200,
-and during that time the area between the San Francisco Mountains
-and the Little Colorado River was inhabited by perhaps 8,000
-Indians.</p>
-<p>The abandonment of the area is as interesting as the occupation.
-Tree-ring evidence indicates that from about A.D. 1215 to 1300
-there was a long drought of varying intensity which culminated in the
-great drought of 1276-1299. Winds accompanying the drought turned
-the area into a dust bowl, moving away the moisture-retaining cover
-of cinders that the people had depended upon for their farming. The
-people left as farming acreage decreased.</p>
-<p>The Anasazi element apparently moved north or east into the
-Tsegi Canyon or Hopi country, while the Sinagua moved south into
-the Verde Valley and east to the Chavez Pass region near Winslow.
-By the mid-1200s Wupatki probably was completely abandoned.</p>
-<p class="tbcenter">The National Park Service invites you to come again!</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h2 id="c17"><span class="small">CONSERVATION&mdash;YOU CAN HELP</span></h2>
-<p>If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service, and
-in the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression
-of this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of
-the numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesmen for
-those who wish our scenic and historic heritage to be kept unimpaired
-for the enjoyment of future generations.</p>
-<p>Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained
-from the ranger.</p>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="small">ADDITIONAL POINTS OF INTEREST</span></h2>
-<p>This region is one of the most interesting archeological and scenic
-localities in the United States. Sunset Crater National Monument is
-18 miles (29 km) to the south of Wupatki National Monument, and
-was the source of the black volcanic ash which had such profound
-effect on the prehistoric farmers. Twenty-one miles (34 km) farther
-to the south is Walnut Canyon National Monument, a beautiful canyon
-and rim setting for hundreds of ruined homes of prehistoric Indians
-who also were influenced by Sunset Crater&rsquo;s ash. Farther to the south,
-in the Verde Valley (noted as Great Drought refuge areas) are Tuzigoot
-and Montezuma Castle National Monuments (the latter including
-Montezuma Well).</p>
-<hr class="dwide" />
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service by the
-<br />SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</span></p>
-<p class="center"><i>A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park Service.</i></p>
-<p class="center">We recommend the following items for additional information on the Southwest:</p>
-<p><span class="ss">YOUR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHWEST, IN WORDS AND COLOR.</span>
-Jackson. 500 word articles on each National Park Service area in the huge Southwest
-region, with full-color photograph for each of 66 areas listed. Most authoritative
-treatment possible, with every text checked for accuracy by each area&rsquo;s superintendent.
-Revised and enlarged, 1976. Also contains &ldquo;How to Get There&rdquo; appendix. 76 pages,
-69 full color illustrations, color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS IN NATURAL COLOR.</span> Dodge. Descriptions and full-color
-portraits of 100 of the most interesting desert wildflowers. Photographic hints. 64 pp.,
-full-color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">100 ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS OF SOUTHWEST UPLANDS IN NATURAL COLOR.</span>
-Dodge. Companion book to author&rsquo;s &ldquo;100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color,&rdquo; but for
-higher elevation flowers. 64 pages and full-color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS.</span> Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of the
-most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100 plates, with descriptive
-text. 112 pp., 4 page colored center-fold, color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS.</span> Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to
-the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau country of the Southwest.
-112 pp., color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS.</span> Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions and
-illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains and other Southwestern
-ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., plus 4-color centerfold, color cover,
-paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS.</span> Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations,
-full descriptions, and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals of the
-Southwest desert country below 4,500 feet elevation. 116 pp., 60 illustrations, 4 page
-colored center-fold, color cover, paper.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS.</span> Olin and Bierly. Companion
-volume to &ldquo;Mammals of Southwest Deserts.&rdquo; Fully illustrated in exquisitely done line and
-scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin&rsquo;s masterfully lucid style. Gives description,
-range, and life habits of the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. Color
-cover, paper or cloth.</p>
-<p><span class="ss">POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT.</span> Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any person
-living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, snakes, etc., giving
-treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths about harmless creatures mistakenly
-believed poisonous. Revised, 1974, 48 pp.</p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" id="ncfig1" alt="SPMA trademark; NPS shield" width="782" height="414" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">Write For Catalog</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="ss">SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</span></p>
-<p class="center">Box 1562&mdash;Globe, Arizona 85501
-<br />339 South Broad Street</p>
-<h2 id="trnotes">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
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