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diff --git a/old/65857-0.txt b/old/65857-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 15accac..0000000 --- a/old/65857-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,807 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Nalakihu-Citadel Trail, by Anonymous - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Nalakihu-Citadel Trail - Wupatki National Monument, Arizona - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: July 17, 2021 [eBook #65857] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NALAKIHU-CITADEL TRAIL *** - - - - - 15 CENTS IF YOU TAKE THIS BOOKLET HOME - - - - - _Nalakihu-Citadel Trail_ - - - WUPATKI NATIONAL MONUMENT - ARIZONA - - 11th Ed.—4-76—12M - - [Illustration: _Nalakihu as seen from the south._] - - - - - NATIONAL PARKS AND MONUMENTS - - -Wupatki National Monument is one of nearly 300 areas administered by the -National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. These -include magnificent areas set aside for their scenic, scientific, and -historical values, and they belong to you and are a part of your -heritage as American citizens. - -The National Park Service has the responsibility of preserving the Parks -and Monuments in their natural, unspoiled condition and of making them -available for your enjoyment in such a manner as to leave them -unimpaired for the enjoyment and inspiration of future generations. In -order to achieve this high purpose, such destructive activities as -woodcutting, hunting, grazing, mining and even flower-picking are -prohibited. We hope you will join us in protecting Wupatki National -Monument by taking only pictures and inspiration, and leaving only -footprints and goodwill. - - - HELP KEEP AMERICA BEAUTIFUL - - - - - _Nalakihu-Citadel Trail_ - - -This booklet will guide you through Nalakihu (nah-LAH-kee-hoo), the -small excavated surface pueblo near the parking area, and the Citadel, -the large fortified, unexcavated structure on top of the butte. The -trail is short and will lead you around to the rear of the Citadel, -passing a large limestone sink, and to the top of the butte, where you -may obtain a magnificent view of the surrounding country and see many -other ruins from this vantage point. Numbered stakes on the trail -correspond to numbered paragraphs in this leaflet, which will assist you -in your understanding of this area and its early people. - -_We ask that you please keep off the ruin walls, and do not remove any -pottery fragments, rocks, plants or other material from the area. Thank -you._ - - -1 This unexcavated, rectangular pithouse structure was of a type used -by some of the inhabitants of the area prior to A.D. 1125. - -Surface masonry architecture was not adopted by this tribe -(archeologists call them the Sinagua—see-NAH-wah) until the early 1100s -at which time their neighbors to the north, a tribe which scientists -named the Anasazi (the Old People), introduced above-ground masonry -structures to this region. - - [Illustration: _Reconstruction of two types of pithouses found in - this region. Note the two methods of roofing and the ventilator at - right._] - - [Illustration: _Ground plan of Nalakihu._] - - -2 Nalakihu is a Hopi word meaning “Lone House” or “House Standing -Alone.” This pueblo had 10 rooms on the ground floor, 3 or 4 more rooms -which formed a second story, providing a home for about 25 to 30 people. - -A charred roof beam of ponderosa pine, lying on the floor of the first -room, gave a tree-ring date of A.D. 1183, indicating that this little -pueblo was built in the late 1100s. Dates of 1192 and 1260 have been -obtained on wood from the Citadel above which would cause us to believe -that both pueblos were built at approximately the same time. - -By observing how the walls of various rooms butt against each other we -can deduce that the rooms at the secondary doorway constitute the oldest -part of the pueblo, because these walls were erected at one time and the -other walls butt against them. When these three rooms constituted the -whole pueblo, it was probably a one-family house. - - [Illustration: _Three possible constructional stages through which - Nalakihu may have passed. (Hatchways are omitted and drains are - merely guesswork.)_] - - [Illustration: _Metate (or mealing grindstone) resting on collapsed - roof material in Room 1. There is a mano, or handstone, in it._] - -The three rooms in front of Nalakihu had no firepits and apparently were -used for storage. The same applies to rooms 5 and 7. The remaining rooms -had firepits and other features indicating they were dwelling rooms, -such as ventilators to bring in fresh air at floor level, deflectors to -keep draft of incoming air off firepits, and in room 4, loom holes to -anchor the lower horizontal bar of a vertical loom. - - [Illustration: _Arrangement of metates (grinding stones) found on - floor of Room 1._] - - -3 (_Please enter inner room._) Roofs in Nalakihu had a main beam -spanning the room’s shorter axis, with the rafter poles crossing it. -Over these, narrow wooden shakes and sometimes stone slabs supported -another layer of reeds, branches, bark, or grass, and 3 or 4 inches (7.5 -or 10 cm) of clay. Two collapsed roofs were found in each of four rooms -so we know a second story once existed over the central portion of the -pueblo. - -Note the T-shaped doorway through which you passed and also the -occasional lines of black volcanic rock in the walls which probably were -not for decoration because some courses in the building were covered -with plaster. - - [Illustration: _Cross-sections of various pits near Nalakihu._] - - -4 You are now standing on the upper of two terraces. Exactly what they -were used for we are not sure, but they may have been “kitchen gardens” -similar to those in use today in some of the Hopi villages. - -Below the terraces to the right of Nalakihu, archeologists discovered an -unusual group of 6 burials and 16 storage, roasting or burial pits. Most -of the pits were jar-shaped, some had vertical sides, and there were two -pit ovens with flues, sort of teapot-shaped, with the spout actually -being the flue. Three of the six burials were those of infants in -shallow pits, some lined with stone slabs. Only a bowl or a few sherds -(pieces of broken pottery) were placed with them for grave offerings. -These pits have been backfilled and are not visible today. - - [Illustration: _Archeologists work carefully to uncover a portion of - collapsed roof._] - - [Illustration: _Pits 9 and 10 in which a few sherds, and bones of - common raven, bighorn, and mule deer were found._] - - [Illustration: _Rocks standing on edge in Citadel Ruin are the - remains of walls that collapsed intact._] - -The Sinagua buried their dead with the body extended full length while -the Anasazi buried them in a flexed position with the knees drawn up -toward the chest. - -The people who used these pits may have attached religious significance -to owls, for only owl bones were found here. Winona Ruins south of here -along U. S. Highway 66 produced only hawk bones. - - - _Please stay on the trail._ - - -5 You are standing in a circular ring of volcanic rock outlining a -room. On the slopes of Citadel Butte are several similar round or -rectangular outlines, none of which have been excavated. There is -another just above you, and several below. - - -6 The structure above is a fortified pueblo built on a small remnant -butte of volcanic origin. Note the loop holes. Through the higher of -these openings defensive warriors could shoot with bow and arrow. The -lower ones at floor level were air vents. - -The black rock around you is basalt, formed by the cooling of molten -lava. Its color is due to the presence of iron minerals. - - -7 The valley below was the farming area used by the early inhabitants -of not only the Citadel and Nalakihu, but of many other villages, the -ruins of which you may observe on the surrounding mesas. How many can -you count? There are at least eight visible. - - [Illustration: _The Citadel, as seen from the west._] - - -8 Note the way the walls of the Citadel follow the outline of the -volcanic cliff upon which the structure is built. Again the loop holes -are quite evident. The structure was probably two stories high on this -side, which exhibits the best example of the masonry at this site. - - [Illustration: _Citadel Sink with the San Francisco Peaks in the - background, as seen from Citadel Ruin._] - - -9 This limestone sink in the foreground was formed when the roof of a -cavern in the Kaibab Limestone collapsed, probably plugging the outlet -and allowing a pond to form. There is another sink 2 miles (3.2 km) to -the south, and ruins are clustered around its edge also. The thick -Kaibab Limestone forms the greatest portion of the walls of the -sinkhole. It is stained by seepage from the overlying red Moenkopi -Sandstone, a thin layer of which can be seen at the base of the black -lava which forms the surface. - - -10 You are now entering the Citadel by an entrance utilized by the -Indians of yesteryear. Note the loop hole guarding this entrance. - - [Illustration: _Ground plan of the visible walls of the unexcavated - Citadel._] - - -11 This ruin has never been excavated. It might tell a story of -peaceful farming people finding it necessary to defend themselves from -neighboring tribes. Around the depression in the middle there is space -for an estimated 30 rooms; the outlines of some can readily be seen. -Approximately 50-60 persons probably lived in this village. - - [Illustration: _Pottery from cremation burials, a mug, pitcher, and - a ladle._] - -Most of the broken pottery found on the Citadel’s slopes is of the type -made by the Anasazi, a prehistoric tribe which once lived to the north -of here. Nalakihu’s pottery, however, was only one-third Anasazi, the -other two-thirds being of the Sinagua and Prescott tribes. The latter -lived to the south and west. Different people who were drawn to this -region by the good farmlands created by the cinder cover that fell with -the eruption of Sunset Crater in A.D. 1065, lived together as neighbors -in this region, thus accounting for the different types of pottery in -the ruins. - - [Illustration: _Black-on-white pitcher and bowl funeral offerings._] - - [Illustration: _Clay pot lid, showing imprints of beans and corn - husks._] - - -12 Almost all of the dwellings were occupied for only a short period. -When the winds finally duned up the black cinders and blew them off into -the arroyos and the springs dried up, the people had to move to a more -productive location to grow their crops. We believe that the Anasazi -moved north into the Tsegi Canyon country while the Sinagua moved south -into the Verde Valley and east to Chavez Pass near Winslow by the middle -1200s. - - - _Every litter bit hurts!_ - - -13 You can see why the early people utilized this vantage point for -the construction of a fortified pueblo. Today, we can thank them for a -magnificent view of the surrounding country. In the distance can be seen -the San Francisco Peaks, O’Leary Peak, Sunset Crater, Painted Desert, -Gray Mountain, and numerous volcanic cones, remnants of the San -Francisco volcanic field, over 2 million years old. - -The structures you see from this point represent only a few of the more -than 800 sites found within Wupatki National Monument. The largest ruin -in this area is Wupatki ruin, 9 miles (14.5 km) to the southeast. -Wupatki, which has been excavated, housed about 250 persons during its -period of occupation. A visit to Wupatki is well worth your while. - - -14 We hope you have enjoyed this trail. _Please Return This Booklet to -the Register Stand Before You Go, or You Can Purchase It by Dropping 15 -Cents in the Coin Slot._ - - - - - GENERAL INFORMATION - - -Sunset Crater is the most recent volcano among the 400 in the Flagstaff -region, and is located 18 miles (29 km) south of here. It is one of the -few prehistoric volcanoes in the world that we can accurately date -(another being Mt. Mazama, where now is Crater Lake, Oregon), and one of -the few that had such a pronounced effect upon people living in the -area. When it erupted it covered almost 800 square miles (2080 sq km) -including the Wupatki area, with fine black volcanic ash. This eruption -took place _before_ the masonry pueblos in this region were built. - -When the eruption was over, a few individuals probably returned to this -area and found, to their surprise and pleasure, they were able to mature -crops in locations where they hadn’t been able to farm before. The thin -layer of volcanic ash acted as a moisture-retaining mulch; the people -could plant their seeds in the underlying soil and the cinder cover -would hold enough moisture to insure them a good harvest. - -When this word spread around, it created a great land rush, the only one -we know of in the Southwest. Large numbers of Indians from all over this -part of the Southwest swarmed into the region of the cinder fall to take -advantage of the new farming land. The Hohokam came from the south, the -Mogollon from the southeast and the Anasazi from the north. - -The main concentration took place between A.D. 1100 and 1200, and during -that time the area between the San Francisco Mountains and the Little -Colorado River was inhabited by perhaps 8,000 Indians. - -The abandonment of the area is as interesting as the occupation. -Tree-ring evidence indicates that from about A.D. 1215 to 1300 there was -a long drought of varying intensity which culminated in the great -drought of 1276-1299. Winds accompanying the drought turned the area -into a dust bowl, moving away the moisture-retaining cover of cinders -that the people had depended upon for their farming. The people left as -farming acreage decreased. - -The Anasazi element apparently moved north or east into the Tsegi Canyon -or Hopi country, while the Sinagua moved south into the Verde Valley and -east to the Chavez Pass region near Winslow. By the mid-1200s Wupatki -probably was completely abandoned. - - - The National Park Service invites you to come again! - - - - - CONSERVATION—YOU CAN HELP - - -If you are interested in the work of the National Park Service, and in -the cause of conservation in general, you can give active expression of -this interest, and lend support by alining yourself with one of the -numerous conservation organizations which act as spokesmen for those who -wish our scenic and historic heritage to be kept unimpaired for the -enjoyment of future generations. - -Names and addresses of conservation organizations may be obtained from -the ranger. - - - - - ADDITIONAL POINTS OF INTEREST - - -This region is one of the most interesting archeological and scenic -localities in the United States. Sunset Crater National Monument is 18 -miles (29 km) to the south of Wupatki National Monument, and was the -source of the black volcanic ash which had such profound effect on the -prehistoric farmers. Twenty-one miles (34 km) farther to the south is -Walnut Canyon National Monument, a beautiful canyon and rim setting for -hundreds of ruined homes of prehistoric Indians who also were influenced -by Sunset Crater’s ash. Farther to the south, in the Verde Valley (noted -as Great Drought refuge areas) are Tuzigoot and Montezuma Castle -National Monuments (the latter including Montezuma Well). - - - This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park - Service by the - SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - - _A non-profit publishing and distributing organization supporting - historical, scientific and educational activities of the National Park - Service._ - - We recommend the following items for additional information on the - Southwest: - -YOUR NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM IN THE SOUTHWEST, IN WORDS AND COLOR. Jackson. -500 word articles on each National Park Service area in the huge -Southwest region, with full-color photograph for each of 66 areas -listed. Most authoritative treatment possible, with every text checked -for accuracy by each area’s superintendent. Revised and enlarged, 1976. -Also contains “How to Get There” appendix. 76 pages, 69 full color -illustrations, color cover, paper. - -100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge. Descriptions and -full-color portraits of 100 of the most interesting desert wildflowers. -Photographic hints. 64 pp., full-color cover, paper. - -100 ROADSIDE WILDFLOWERS OF SOUTHWEST UPLANDS IN NATURAL COLOR. Dodge. -Companion book to author’s “100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color,” -but for higher elevation flowers. 64 pages and full-color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of the -most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100 -plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., 4 page colored center-fold, -color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to -the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau -country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper. - -FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions -and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains -and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., plus -4-color centerfold, color cover, paper. - -MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Olin and Cannon. Handsome -illustrations, full descriptions, and life habits of the 42 most -interesting and common mammals of the Southwest desert country below -4,500 feet elevation. 116 pp., 60 illustrations, 4 page colored -center-fold, color cover, paper. - -MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion -volume to “Mammals of Southwest Deserts.” Fully illustrated in -exquisitely done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s -masterfully lucid style. Gives description, range, and life habits of -the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. Color cover, paper -or cloth. - -POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any -person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, -snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths -about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. Revised, 1974, -48 pp. - - [Illustration: SPMA trademark; NPS shield] - - Write For Catalog - - SOUTHWEST PARKS AND MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION - - Box 1562—Globe, Arizona 85501 - 339 South Broad Street - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NALAKIHU-CITADEL TRAIL *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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