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If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Inside Illinois: Mineral Resources - Educational Series 9 - -Author: Anonymous - -Release Date: September 15, 2021 [eBook #66317] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -Produced by: Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed Proofreading - Team at https://www.pgdp.net - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSIDE ILLINOIS: MINERAL -RESOURCES *** - - - - - Educational Series 9 - - - - - _INSIDE ILLINOIS - Mineral Resources_ - - - _Illinois State Geological Survey_ - - [Illustration: SEAL OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS • AUG. 26^TH 1818] - - STATE of ILLINOIS - - DEPARTMENT of - REGISTRATION and EDUCATION - - - 1965 - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - John C. Frye, Chief - URBANA, ILLINOIS - - -Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. - - - - - INSIDE ILLINOIS— - _Mineral Resources_ - - -Although Illinois has been nicknamed the “Prairie State,” many parts of -it are hilly and scenic. The idea of large areas of the state being -nothing more than broad, flat prairies has come about because the major -highways have been built to take advantage of the comparatively low, -gently rolling landscape rather than the rougher more scenic areas. - -Physiography is the study of the creation and gradual change of land -surface forms (the landscape). Thus, the land surface as we see it today -in each of the physiographic provinces (fig. 1) has had a particular -history of development. - -Illinois is about 385 miles long from north to south and about 218 miles -wide. It has an area of 55,947 square miles. The average elevation of -the state is about 600 feet above sea level. Charles Mound, however, in -the northern part of Jo Daviess County in extreme northwestern Illinois, -has an elevation of 1,241 feet above sea level and is the highest point -in the state. - -Cheap water transportation is available to Illinois industry through -Lake Michigan, the Illinois Waterway, and the Mississippi, Ohio, and -Wabash Rivers. These major rivers of Illinois collect the surface -drainage of the state from a network of about 500 streams. - - -WHAT IS THE EARTH MADE OF BENEATH THE GROUND SURFACE? - -The earth is made of a large number of different rocks and minerals -(limestone, sandstone, shale, coal, iron, granite, and many others). -These materials are divided into three zones: core, mantle, and crust -(fig. 2). - - [Illustration: Figure 1—Physiographic provinces of Illinois.] - - DRIFTLESS AREA - WISCONSINAN MORAINES - ILLINOIAN TILL PLAIN - MISSISSIPPI RIVER - WABASH RIVER - SHAWNEE HILLS - OHIO RIVER - - [Illustration: Figure 2—The earth with a segment removed to show - supposed internal zones.] - - Crust (6-30 miles) - Mantle (1800 miles) - Outer core (1400 miles) - Inner core (750 miles) - - -WHAT IS CORE? - -The core is the innermost zone of the earth. It is mainly iron with some -nickel and cobalt. The inner core probably is solid, but the outer core -may consist of the same elements in a molten form. The core is the most -dense (heaviest) of the three zones. - - -HOW DOES THE MANTLE DIFFER FROM THE CORE? - -The mantle, which surrounds the core, is a rigid zone of materials rich -in iron and magnesium. These materials are not as dense as those found -in the core. - - -WHAT IS THE CRUST OF THE EARTH AND HOW IS IT DISTINGUISHED FROM THE -MANTLE AND THE CORE? - -The crust, the top part of which includes the ground we walk on, is the -hard, outer surface layer of the earth. Although the crust is about 6 to -30 miles deep, the scale (size) of figure 2 allows it to be drawn only -as the thin outer line. The rocks and minerals that we are all -acquainted with are found in the crust. These rocks are not as dense and -do not have as high an iron content as do the rocks of the mantle and -the core. - - -WHAT IS THE EARTH’S CRUST UNDER ILLINOIS MADE OF? - -The earth’s crust under Illinois is made of: sedimentary rocks deposited -by water, wind, or glaciers (limestone, sandstone, shale, glacial -drift); igneous, or melted rocks (granite, gabbro); and metamorphic, or -altered sedimentary and igneous rocks (quartzite, gneiss). These various -types of rocks have a relatively thin covering of broken or weathered -material called mantle rock and soil. - - -WHEN AND HOW WAS THE LAND SURFACE OF ILLINOIS FORMED? - -The ground surface over most of Illinois was formed during the ice age -(Quaternary Period) which lasted from about one million years ago up to -nearly 5,000 years ago. As much as 90 percent of the state was covered -by one of several sheets of glacial ice (fig. 3). The glaciers smoothed -down and covered much of the old, rocky, hilly land surface and filled -old valleys with loose, unconsolidated deposits. - - -WHERE DID THE LOOSE, UNCONSOLIDATED DEPOSITS COME FROM AND WHAT ARE THEY -MADE OF? - -In Canada vast thicknesses of snow and ice accumulated until the weight -of the ice finally caused it to flow slowly outward, mainly to the south -(fig. 4). Rocks and surface materials of all types were picked up and -carried by the glaciers for great distances before being deposited. -Pieces of granite, quartzite, and native copper among the many local -rocks and minerals are found in glacial deposits and indicate that at -least part of these deposits came from the Great Lakes Region. The -materials deposited range from clay-size minerals to large boulders. - - [Illustration: Figure 3—Extent of the main glacial advances which - began with the Nebraskan (a—the oldest) and ended with the late - Wisconsinan (f—the youngest). Diagram “d” shows the major stream - development during the time between the Illinoian and the earliest - Wisconsinan glaciers. The heavy lines on the diagrams indicate major - stream valleys that were present during these times.] - - a. Inferred limit of NEBRASKAN glaciation - b. Inferred limit of KANSAN glaciation - c. ILLINOIAN glacial advance - d. SANGAMONIAN major drainage - e. Maximum WISCONSINAN glacial advance - f. Late WISCONSINAN Valparaiso front and Kankakee Flood - - -HOW DID ILLINOIS GET ITS SOILS? - - [Illustration: Figure 4—Limits of ice age glaciers.] - -Weathering and bacterial decay action have modified many of the loose, -unconsolidated surface materials into soils. The present soils of -Illinois are fertile partly because they have minerals and trace -elements (minute amounts of elements such as copper, zinc, manganese) -brought in by the glaciers from adjacent parts of the country. The -youngest and most fertile soils occur in the northeastern part of the -state and along the Illinois and Mississippi River valleys. These young -soils are more fertile because the glacial deposits and loess -(wind-blown silt) upon which they have developed are younger and -fresher. The minerals and trace elements in these deposits have not been -dissolved out to the extent that they have in the older glacial deposits -and soils in other parts of the state. - - [Illustration: Figure 5—Woolly mammoth (after C. R. Knight).] - - -ARE ANIMAL AND PLANT REMAINS FOUND IN THE GLACIAL DEPOSITS OF ILLINOIS? - -Scattered mammoth (fig. 5) and mastodon remains have been found in -glacial deposits at various localities in the state. Peat, which is an -accumulation of partially decomposed plant materials, has been found, -especially in the northern part of the state. It is marketed as an -organic soil conditioner. - - - - - MINERAL WEALTH - - -HOW WEALTHY IS ILLINOIS IN MINERAL PRODUCTION? - -In 1963, Illinois mineral production totaled approximately $615,000,000. -This placed the state first as a mineral producer in the Upper -Mississippi Valley and eighth in the nation. - - -WHAT MINERAL COMMODITIES ARE PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS? - -Coal and petroleum, two of the world’s most important mineral resources, -are produced in Illinois. Iron ore, another mineral of extreme -importance, is brought into the steel mills of the Chicago and East St. -Louis areas from deposits in Minnesota and Missouri. Some ore from -foreign countries is also processed in these mills. - -A great variety of mineral commodities are produced in Illinois. In the -order of their 1963 value (fig. 6) they are (1) crude oil and natural -gas, (2) coal, (3) clay products, (4) crushed stone and cement, (5) -common sand and gravel, (6) special sands, (7) fluorspar, and (8) -metals—zinc and lead. - - -HOW MANY ILLINOIS COUNTIES PRODUCE MINERAL COMMODITIES? - -In 1963, 99 of the 102 counties of Illinois reported mineral production -of one kind or another. - - [Illustration: Figure 6—Percentage diagram of Illinois mineral - production value for 1963.] - - Petroleum and Natural Gas 36.3% - Coal 31.9% - Stone Products 15.2% - Clay Products 8.8% - Sand and Gravel 5.9% - Fluorspar and Metals 1.9% - - -HOW MANY PEOPLE WORK IN THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES OF ILLINOIS? - -In 1963, approximately 27,000 people worked in mines, quarries, oil -fields, and direct processing operations such as cement and clay -products plants and oil refineries. Many other persons were employed in -transporting the materials and in plants and general offices. - - -HOW DOES THE FARMER IN ILLINOIS BENEFIT FROM MINERAL PRODUCTION? - -The farmers of the state are among those receiving direct and indirect -benefits from Illinois minerals. In 1963, more than 4,800,000 tons of -agstone (crushed limestone and dolomite) were spread on Illinois fields -to reduce acidity, maintain soil fertility, and improve crop production. -Other stone and stone products are used in constructing farm buildings -and facilities and in the maintenance of farm-to-market roads. In -addition, petroleum products and coal provide energy to power the -laborsaving devices that enable the farmer to increase his production -and scale of operations. - - - - - PETROLEUM - - -WHAT IS PETROLEUM AND HOW IS IT FORMED? - -Petroleum is a dark, oily fluid that is irregularly distributed in -sedimentary rocks throughout the world. There are several ideas about -the origin of petroleum. The most widely accepted of these is that -billions of plants and animals lived and died in widespread seas and -their remains decomposed and released fluid, fatty particles. These were -distilled into “hydrocarbons” (a mixture of the elements hydrogen and -carbon, such as gas and oil). - - -HOW AND WHERE DID OIL COLLECT IN ROCKS? - -The hydrocarbons, or oil and gas droplets, were buried by countless tons -of sediments that accumulated on ancient sea bottoms. As these sediments -hardened into sedimentary rocks, the hydrocarbons were squeezed into -whatever empty spaces were available in the rocks. As the layers of -sedimentary rocks later became folded and broken, oil and gas droplets -and salt water moved upward through any interconnecting open spaces. -Some droplets escaped to the surface as “seeps,” but many were trapped -when they came up against a nonporous barrier. Gas, being lighter than -either oil or water, was trapped at the top, and oil was stopped in the -middle, above the salt water. An accumulation of this kind is termed a -“pool” or a “field.” - - -WHERE DID OIL ACCUMULATE IN ILLINOIS? - -Conditions under which oil is found in Illinois (fig. 7) are as follows: -(a) coral reefs, (b) anticlines (upfolds or arches of rock layers), (c) -“pinching” or “lensing” out of dipping, overlapping porous rock layers, -and (d) buried sandstone-filled ancient stream channels. - - -ARE THERE LAKES OR RIVERS OF OIL UNDERGROUND? - -No. Oil and gas accumulate in the pores (openings) between silt and sand -grains and in small openings in limestone and dolomite. - - [Illustration: Figure 7—Places where oil is found in Illinois: (a) - coral reefs, (b) anticlines, (c) pinch-outs, and (d) channel - sandstones.] - - EXPLANATION - Glacial drift - Dolomite - Shale - Gas saturated zone - Sandstone - Oil saturated zone - Limestone - Water saturated zone - - -HOW IS OIL DISCOVERED? - -Although prospect (test) drilling is still the only way to prove the -presence or absence of commercial quantities of oil beneath the surface, -careful study by a geologist of all available information may indicate -the most favorable places for testing. Since oil and gas migrate to the -highest parts of the porous rock zones, the geologist tries to find -these high places even though they may be several hundred feet -underground. Sometimes dipping rocks can be seen in outcrops, and -several geophysical methods have been used to indicate where such high -places may occur underground. At other times, high places are found by -studying with a microscope samples of rocks collected from wells already -drilled in the surrounding area. The geologist notes the type and order -of the formations which have been drilled. Many holes have been drilled -based on such information. - -Whether or not the test drilling is successful as a producing well, -small samples of cuttings of the rock being drilled are collected and -saved to be studied at a later time. Various instruments are also put -down into the hole to record temperatures, pressures, electrical -properties, and other characteristics of the rocks. This type of -information, when carefully plotted on maps, serves to locate new areas -for test drilling. - - -HOW MUCH OIL CAN BE OBTAINED FROM AN OIL POOL? - -There is no way to tell before a hole is drilled whether or not oil will -be found, how much oil is present, or what will be the best way to get -it to the surface. Where subsurface pressures are great enough, oil may -flow to the surface. - -Generally speaking, about one-third of the oil actually present in the -rocks can be pumped before the well becomes uneconomical to operate. -This is called primary production. Oil operators have learned that by -pumping water or gas down some wells into the oil-bearing formation, -another third of the oil may be forced out through neighboring wells. -This is called secondary production. Experiments that use steam or that -burn some of the oil underground in an oil-bearing formation are -attempts to recover the remaining third. These methods using heat are -often referred to as tertiary production methods. - - -WHAT IS THE “BIGGEST” OIL WELL ON RECORD IN ILLINOIS? - -Illinois’ largest well, near Centralia, flowed 12,000 barrels of oil in -a 24-hour period. Most Illinois oil wells, however, have to be pumped, -and the majority of them are now producing 10 barrels or less a day. The -deepest producing well, 5,354 feet, was drilled in 1960 in Wayne County, -near Fairfield. In the same year the deepest oil test was drilled to a -depth of 8,616 feet and was stopped in granite. This test is located in -Fayette County near Beecher City and has its oil production from a zone -over 4,000 feet above the bottom of the hole. - - -HOW MUCH OIL IS PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS AND HOW VALUABLE IS IT? - -In 1963, about 75 million barrels of oil, 2.7 percent of the nation’s -total, were produced in Illinois (fig. 8). This oil is valued at over -$221,000,000. - - -IS OIL PRODUCTION INCREASING OR DECREASING IN ILLINOIS? - -In 1940, our state had its highest yield of oil when 147,647,000 barrels -were produced. Although production figures remained fairly high for some -time, they have declined in the past few years. Since no new large oil -discoveries have been made recently, Illinois’ total known oil reserves -are decreasing yearly. In 1963, Illinois ranked eighth among the -oil-producing states, with 420 oil fields consisting of 30,149 wells. - - - - - COAL - - -WHAT IS COAL AND HOW IS IT FORMED? - -Coal is a combustible rock that was formed by the accumulation and -partial decay of vegetation. When coal was forming millions of years -ago, most of the state was a low coastal plain bordered on the west and -southwest by a shallow sea. A large variety of plants grew in great -swamps which covered this coastal plain (fig. 9). When the plants died, -they accumulated in the swamps to form thick masses of peat that were -eventually covered by shallow seas and buried beneath mud and sand. -Periodically, the region was above sea level, new swamps developed, new -peat deposits accumulated, and more sediments were laid down. This -process occurred repeatedly until over 3,000 feet of sediments had been -deposited. Then the sediments were slowly compacted and hardened so that -sandstones, shales, limestones, and coals were formed. - - [Illustration: Figure 8—Estimated total oil production by counties - from 1888 through 1963.] - - Counties producing oil in January 1965 - Total Production 2,464,758,000 barrels - 46 counties producing - - [Illustration: Figure 9—Reconstruction of coal-forming swamp.] - - -HOW DO WE KNOW THAT COAL WAS DERIVED FROM PLANT MATERIALS? - -Although plant impressions or fossilized wood can be seen in coal, they -are more common in shales and sandstones associated with the coal. Often -roots can be seen in the clay that lies just under the coal, and in some -places stumps of trees from the coal swamp forest are preserved in the -sediments adjacent to the coal (fig. 10). When pieces of coal are -examined with a microscope, carbonized plant remains can be seen. - - -HOW MANY COAL SEAMS ARE PRESENT IN ILLINOIS? - -There are at least 40 different coal seams in Illinois, but most are -relatively thin. Seven coal seams have been mined extensively, and all -together 20 or more have been mined. - - [Illustration: Figure 10—Some root, stem, and leaf fossils found in - Illinois coal-bearing rocks.] - - _Neuropteris_ ⅖× - _Nosopteris stem_ ⅔× - _Neuropteris_ ½× - _Lepidodendron_ ⅖× - _Pecopteris_ ⅔× - _Stigmaria_ ⅖× - _Annularia_ ⅔× - _Spiropteris_ ⅔× - _Sphenophyllum_ 1× - - -HOW IS ILLINOIS COAL MINED? - -In Illinois there are two main ways of mining coal: strip (open-cut) and -underground. Strip or open-cut mines (fig. 11) usually operate where the -coal is at very shallow depths, although such mining is done as much as -100 feet deep or more in some places. Many old underground mines -produced coal from seams that were less than 100 feet deep because they -did not have the large machinery for strip mining when these mines were -started. An abandoned mine, 1,004 feet deep, near Assumption is the -deepest underground coal mine in the state. Coal is now being mined at -depths somewhat over 800 feet in Jefferson County. - - -HOW DOES ILLINOIS RANK AS A COAL PRODUCER? - -Illinois ranks fourth in production of coal in the United States. It is -exceeded only by West Virginia, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. Some of the -largest and most efficient mines in the country are operated in -Illinois. Underground mines in Illinois have the highest rate of tons -mined per man each day in the country, and this rate is increasing. -Increased mining efficiency has made it possible to hold the price of -coal low enough so that it can successfully compete against other fuels -for many uses. - - [Illustration: Figure 11—Diagram of strip mine showing: (a) - stripping shovel, and (b) coal-loading shovel.] - - -HOW MUCH COAL IS PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS ANNUALLY AND HOW VALUABLE IS IT? - -In the last 10 years, an average of about 46 million tons of coal has -been mined each year (fig. 12). In 1963, approximately 51.6 million tons -were produced, which were valued at about $196,000,000 at the mine. -Since 1961, strip mines have produced over half of the coal mined in -Illinois. - - -HOW LONG WILL OUR COAL SUPPLIES LAST? - -It will take well over 1,000 years at the present rate of mining in -Illinois to exhaust our coal reserves. An estimated 140 billion tons of -coal in seams of minable thickness remain in the ground in our state; -these are the largest known reserves of bituminous coal of any state in -the United States. - - -WHAT IS COAL USED FOR? - -Electric power generation consumes the greater part of the annual coal -production in Illinois. Coal is also used for home and commercial -heating, for production of coke, and for manufacturing various chemical -compounds from coal tar. Products derived from coal tar include drugs -and medicines, plastics, synthetic fibres, perfumes, flavorings, dyes, -synthetic rubbers, explosives, specialized oils, solvents, wood -preservatives, tarlike paving and roofing materials, and some gas. The -gas is both produced and utilized in the coke industry. - - -WHAT IS COKE? - -Coke is a material produced by burning coal in the absence of air so -that most of the gases and water are driven off without consuming the -solid portion. The resulting solid coke is a strong, porous, combustible -substance. - - -HOW IMPORTANT IS COKE AND HOW IS IT USED? - -The structure and nature of coke make it a valuable fuel for blast -furnace use in the production of steel. In the past, most of the coal -used in the manufacture of coke has come from areas of higher quality -coal outside of our state. However, at present, over 1,000,000 tons of -Illinois coal are mined annually for the production of metallurgical -coke. - - [Illustration: Figure 12—Estimated total coal production by counties - from 1882 through 1963.] - - Area underlain by coal-bearing rocks - Counties producing coal in January 1965 - Total Production 3,749,423,534 tons - 71 counties producing - - - - - STONE AND STONE PRODUCTS - - -WHAT TYPES OF STONE ARE PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS? - -Limestone and dolomite are the most abundant rocks quarried in Illinois. -Small amounts of marble, limestone, and sandstone for building stone are -also produced. In addition, some glacial boulders and cobbles are used -for rock gardens and in home construction. The crushed limestone -industry is Illinois’ most important rock products industry. - - -WHAT ARE LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE? - -Limestone is a sedimentary rock that consists chiefly of calcite, which -is composed of calcium, carbon, and oxygen. Dolomite is a variety of -limestone that contains considerable magnesium in addition to the other -elements. Limestones were deposited on the floors of ancient seas that -repeatedly covered most parts of Illinois. Shelled creatures, corals, -and coral reefs helped build up the thick limestone deposits (figs. 13 -and 14). - - [Illustration: Figure 13—Piece of limestone largely made up of - fossil brachiopod shells.] - - -WHERE ARE LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE QUARRIES LOCATED IN ILLINOIS? - -Limestone and dolomite quarries are located along the southern, western, -and northern margins of the state where the thick deposits of these -rocks crop out at the surface. Although bedrock was deposited in -horizontal layers, it has since been downfolded into the Illinois Basin -whose center is in southeastern Illinois. Thus, the thick limestones and -dolomites that are quarried along the margins of the state are too -deeply buried to be quarried in the central part of this basin (fig. -15). - - [Illustration: Figure 14—Fossils commonly found in Illinois rocks.] - - _Strophomena_ 1× - _Paleoneilo_ 1× - _Ctenodonta_ ⅔× - _Dolmanites_ ½× - _Archimedes_ 1× - _Hormotoma Polygyra_ 1× - _Mucrospirifer_ 1½× - _Atrypa_ ⅔× - _Crinoid Columnais_ 1× - _Halysites_ ⅔× - _Hexagonaria_ 1× - _Microcylus_ 1× - _Streptelasma_ ⅔× - _Lithostrationella_ ½× - _Lophophyllum_ 1× - - [Illustration: Figure 15—Diagrammatic cross section of the Illinois - Basin.] - - _MISS. RIVER_ - Waterloo - Mt. Vernon - ILLINOIS - _WABASH RIVER_ - INDIANA - New Albany - _OHIO RIVER_ - - -ARE ANY STONE QUARRIES LOCATED IN THE AREA UNDERLAIN BY THE ILLINOIS -BASIN? - -Yes. In the area underlain by the basin, stone quarries are operated in -younger, thinner rock strata of Pennsylvanian age. These strata also -overlie the thick limestones and dolomites quarried along the margins of -the state. The quarries located within the basin area produce stone for -agricultural limestone, roads, and other purposes. - - -HOW AND WHERE ARE LIMESTONE AND DOLOMITE USED? - -Millions of tons of stone are crushed annually to produce aggregate for -use in making concrete roads and buildings, for road surfacing, and for -agricultural limestone. Agstone is applied to farmlands to neutralize -soil acidity, improve soil structure, add calcium and magnesium, and -promote conditions favorable for the utilization of soil materials by -plants. Large quantities of limestone are used in making lime and -cement. There are three cement plants in northern Illinois—two at -LaSalle and one at Dixon—and one in southern Illinois, at Joppa. - -Small amounts of stone are used for making alkalies and glass, for -railroad ballast, for building stone, for dusting coal mines to prevent -coal dust explosions, and for ingredients in mineral feeds for -livestock. - - -HOW MUCH STONE DOES ILLINOIS PRODUCE? - -A production of about 36 million tons of stone in 1963 was valued at -almost $48,000,000. The cement made from Illinois limestone in the same -year was valued at $32,000,000. - - - - - CLAY - - -WHAT IS CLAY AND HOW IS IT FORMED? - -Weathering or alteration of some rocks produces clay which is a very -fine-grained, unconsolidated rock. Clay is made up of a group of -minerals, of which illite, montmorillonite, kaolinite, and chlorite are -the most abundant. - - -HOW EXTENSIVE ARE CLAY DEPOSITS IN ILLINOIS? - -Clay deposits in Illinois consist of Quaternary clays, which were -deposited by glaciers, lakes, and winds; and of fireclay, shale, kaolin, -and “fuller’s earth,” all of which are bedrock deposits. Quaternary -clay, fireclay, and shale resources occur widely in very large -quantities; “fuller’s earth” and kaolin deposits are small in relation -to other clay resources. - - -HOW IS ILLINOIS CLAY USED? - -Surface clay, shale, and fireclay are used in the manufacture of -structural clay products, such as brick, drain tile, and hollow block -(fig. 16). Fireclay is used for a bonding agent in molding sand, for the -making of stoneware vessels, for a plaster on the walls of industrial -furnaces, and for making refractory brick. Refractory brick must be able -to withstand very high temperatures and is used to line industrial -furnaces, boilers, kilns, and ladles for molten steel. - -Shale and clay are ground up and mixed with limestone in the manufacture -of cement. Crucibles, refractories, china, and porcelain are made from -kaolin. “Fuller’s earth” is used as a sweeping compound and as an animal -litter. - - [Illustration: Figure 16—Typical Illinois bee-hive kiln.] - - -WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THE CLAY PRODUCTS MANUFACTURED IN ILLINOIS? - -About $53,900,000 worth of clay products were manufactured in Illinois -in 1963. - - - - - SAND AND GRAVEL - - -WHERE DO SAND AND GRAVEL COME FROM? - -Glacial deposits of sand and gravel are the chief source of these -materials in Illinois, but chert or flint gravels that are older than -the glacial deposits are known and utilized locally in western and -extreme southern Illinois. Sands of recent origin are dredged from -deposits in the larger rivers and streams (fig. 17), and commercial -silica sand is produced from sandstone bedrock. - - [Illustration: Figure 17—Dredge equipment used in producing sand and - gravel.] - - -WHAT IS THE VALUE OF COMMON ILLINOIS SAND AND GRAVEL PRODUCTION? - -Production of common sand and gravel totaled 27,115,000 tons at a value -of $24,800,000 in 1963. - - - - - SILICA SAND - - -WHAT IS SILICA SAND? - -Although natural sands are aggregations of many kinds of small rock and -mineral fragments, silica sand consists almost entirely of fine grains -of a single mineral, quartz. The principal sources of Illinois silica -sand are in LaSalle (Ottawa, Utica, Wedron, and Troy Grove areas) and -Ogle (Oregon area) Counties. - - -HOW IS SILICA SAND USED? - -Silica sand, produced in northern Illinois, is famous for its high -purity, and is widely used in making glass. More than two-thirds of the -raw material in common glass is silica sand. - -Quantities of silica sand are used as molding sand, because it can -withstand the high temperatures produced in casting steel and other -metals. It also is used for grinding and smoothing plate glass, for sand -blasting, and for fracturing sand used to increase the production of oil -wells. Some silica sand is ground to a fine powder and utilized as an -ingredient in scouring compounds, paint fillers, pottery, glazes, and -enamels. - -A specially sized sand is produced from the St. Peter Sandstone -Formation (Ordovician in age) that is used in testing the strength of -cements and as a laboratory standard in various kinds of tests. - - -HOW VALUABLE IS SILICA SAND TO THE ECONOMY OF THE STATE? - -Illinois is a major producer of silica sand, having produced 2,900,000 -tons in 1963. The silica sand and ground silica produced in the same -year was valued at $11,400,000. - - - - - TRIPOLI - - -WHAT IS TRIPOLI AND WHERE IS IT FOUND? - -Tripoli, also known as amorphous silica, is mined in Alexander County in -southern Illinois. It is prepared for market by being ground to a fine -powder. It consists of tiny particles of quartz. - - -WHAT ARE SOME OF THE USES FOR TRIPOLI? - -Tripoli is used as “white rouge” in optical lens polishing, as a paint -filler, as a fine abrasive, in the ceramic industry, and for many other -purposes. - - - - - FLUORSPAR - - -WHAT IS FLUORSPAR? - -Fluorspar, or fluorite, is a glassy mineral that is commonly gray, -white, or colorless, but may be green, blue, purple, yellow, or black. -It is composed of calcium and fluorine. Fluorite is not a gem because it -is too fragile and soft. Mineral collectors seek it because it is -attractive and because some varieties have the ability to glow under -invisible ultraviolet light (hence the term “fluorescence”). - - -WHERE ARE FLUORSPAR DEPOSITS LOCATED AND HOW IMPORTANT IS ILLINOIS -PRODUCTION? - -Fluorspar produced in the United States comes chiefly from a small area -in Illinois and Kentucky where it has been mined since 1842. Illinois -produced about 66 percent of the nation’s total in 1963. The state’s -production amounted to more than 132,000 tons, valued at about -$6,547,000. The crude ore is extracted from nearly horizontal bedded -deposits and from nearly vertical veins in mines up to 800 feet deep in -Pope and Hardin Counties. Finished fluorspar is produced from the crude -ore by separating and concentrating methods. - - -WHAT ARE FLUORSPAR PELLETS? - -In the separation of fluorspar from the other materials with which it -naturally occurs, a process is used that involves grinding the spar to a -very fine powder. The powdered spar has a number of uses, but to suit it -for use as a flux (a substance which promotes fusion) it is made into -pellets by the use of a binder. - - -WHAT IS FLUORSPAR USED FOR? - -Fluorspar is used extensively as a flux in the steel industry, but over -50 percent of the spar produced in Illinois in 1963 was consumed in the -manufacture of hydrofluoric acid. A large portion of this acid -production is used in the aluminum industry. Hydrofluoric acid is also -employed in the preparation of many fluorine compounds, particularly -those used in the production of fluorocarbons (refrigerants, plastics, -aerosols), insecticides, and high-energy fuels for rockets and missiles. -The fluorocarbons utilize about 40 percent of the hydrofluoric acid -production. - - - - - LEAD AND ZINC - - -WHAT ORES YIELD LEAD AND ZINC IN ILLINOIS? - -The mineral galena is the principal ore of lead. Galena is gray in -color, very heavy, has a bright metallic luster, and breaks into cubes -along steplike cleavage surfaces (fig. 18). It is composed of lead and -sulfur. - -The chief ore of zinc is the mineral sphalerite. It may be brown, -yellow, or black. Sphalerite is a combination of zinc and sulfur, has a -resinous luster, and is not as heavy as galena. - - -WHERE ARE LEAD AND ZINC MINES LOCATED AND HOW LONG HAVE THESE ORES BEEN -MINED? - -Although the lead deposits of extreme northwestern Illinois (now Jo -Daviess County) were reported by the French explorers in 1658 and are -said to have been worked by the Indians, the influx of white settlers in -the early 1800’s marked the beginning of an extensive mining industry, -which was an important factor in the early development of that part of -the state. The town of Galena takes its name from the mineral galena, -which was the principal ore mined. - - [Illustration: Figure 18—Galena cubes.] - -In 1845, the Upper Mississippi Valley produced 60 percent of all lead -mined in the United States, which then ranked first in world lead -production. Until about 1860, the zinc ore was considered useless, but -today its total value is several times that of lead. - -Lead mining began in southern Illinois in 1842. Lead and zinc production -in this area is a by-product of fluorspar mining. - - -WHAT IS THE VALUE OF THESE METALS PRODUCED IN ILLINOIS? - -In 1963, Illinois produced 20,377 tons of zinc valued at about -$4,677,500 and 2,901 tons of lead worth about $626,600. - - - - - GROUND WATER - - -WHAT IS GROUND WATER? - -Ground water is water that fills all openings in earth materials in the -zone of permanent saturation. The top of the zone of saturation is -called the water table. The source of ground water is precipitation -(rain and snow) that seeps into the soil and percolates downward. Below -the water table, ground water moves slowly toward places of discharge -such as springs, lakes, rivers, marshes, and wells. Water falls to the -ground, moves through the rocks, returns to the surface, and finally -gets back to the atmosphere by evaporation and from plants (fig. 19). -This cycle is continuously repeated. - - -WHAT KINDS OF ROCKS YIELD GROUND WATER? - -Ground water is most readily obtained from saturated rocks that have -fairly large openings between grains (such as sand, gravel, and -sandstone) or have interconnected cracks or channels (such as -limestones). Rocks that contain ground water and that will yield it to -wells are called aquifers. Sand and gravel beds are widely used aquifers -in Illinois. - - [Illustration: Figure 19—Source, movement, and occurrence of ground - water. Arrows in aquifers show direction of flow of water.] - - _EVAPORATION_ - SAND AND GRAVEL WELL - Water Table - River sand and gravel - ARTESIAN WELLS - _EVAPORATION_ - River - WELL - COLLECTING AREA FOR ARTESIAN WATER - PRECIPITATION - Crater - WATER TABLE WELL - _Lake_ - Glacial pebbly clay - Glacial sand and aquifer - Shale - Sandstone aquifer - Limestone aquifer - Shale - GROUND-WATER RESERVOIR - - -IS WATER FOUND IN UNDERGROUND LAKES AND RIVERS IN ILLINOIS? - -No. There are a few large springs that flow from rocks along river -bluffs in Illinois, but most ground water occurs in tiny openings within -the rocks. Ground water reservoirs may be regarded as similar to sponges -rather than as underground lakes or rivers. - - -WHY DO WELLS SOMETIMES GO DRY? - -The water table rises and falls seasonally and from year to year, -depending upon the amount of precipitation. Sometimes the water table -may fall below the bottom of the well or below the pump. Sometimes -overpumping the well or pumping too many wells in a small area lowers -the water table sufficiently to check the yield of the well. - - -WHAT IS AN ARTESIAN WELL? - -An artesian well is one in which pressure forces water to rise in the -well above the level where it was found. In some artesian wells water -flows out at the surface. Conditions for artesian wells are illustrated -in figure 19. The shale above the sandstone and limestone aquifers in -the figure is “tight” and does not permit water to escape upward to the -level at which it enters the aquifers in the intake areas. The water is -under natural pressure. When a well is drilled through the shale and -into the aquifers, water rises, seeking its own level. Most of the deep -wells in northern Illinois are artesian wells, though few of them flow -at the surface anymore. - - -WILL YOU ALWAYS FIND WATER IF YOU GO DEEP ENOUGH? - -This is generally true. However, in much of the southern two-thirds of -Illinois the deeper waters are quite salty. Therefore, only the upper -few hundred feet of rocks are worth exploring for water. In the northern -third of Illinois, where the deepest water wells are located, fresh -water extends in some places to more than 2,000 feet. - - -HOW CAN GROUND WATER BE FOUND? - -The most effective way of locating a ground water supply is by using -knowledge of the geology and ground water conditions—gained partly from -study of existing well records—to determine the most favorable areas and -depths to drill to. - -An additional tool that has been used successfully in Illinois is the -electrical earth resistivity survey. The resistivity survey attempts to -locate buried sand and gravel layers that commonly are sources of ground -water. Test drilling is recommended at sites that appear to be underlain -by sand and gravel. - -There is no known method that will positively “find” ground water -without drilling. - - - - - ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY - - -WHY IS GEOLOGY IMPORTANT? - -Geology and allied sciences are being called upon increasingly to aid in -more intelligent and efficient discovery and utilization of mineral -wealth. Our national life and welfare are more and more dependent upon -the further discovery and proper use of the earth’s natural resources. -Illinois is widely recognized by scientists, industrialists, and -educators as being outstanding in its promotion of research and -industrial development. - - -WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SERVICES AVAILABLE FROM THE SURVEY? - -The occurrence and distribution of rock and mineral deposits in Illinois -are studied by the State Geological Survey Division of the Department of -Registration and Education (fig. 20). In seeking new information -concerning the state’s natural mineral resources, physical and chemical -studies of useful rocks, minerals, and mineral products are made. -Techniques and methods are developed and experiments are conducted to -find and prepare Illinois’ mineral substances for use. - -The results of the Survey’s field and laboratory findings are published -and made available to all citizens upon request. Much information that -has not been published is in the open files of the Geological Survey -where it may be examined by the public. Members of the Survey’s -scientific and technical staff answer requests for information received -by letter, telegram, telephone, or personal interview. - -Since the main ideas of geology are easy to understand and greatly -increase one’s enjoyment and appreciation of the world in which we live, -the Geological Survey publishes popular and educational booklets -designed for the use of Illinois teachers and students. The Survey also -distributes a labeled collection of rocks and minerals for class use in -Illinois schools. Six geological science field trips are conducted each -year throughout various sections of the state for teachers and -interested laymen. Members of the Survey staff give illustrated lectures -to organized groups about the geology and mineral resources of the -state. - - [Illustration: Figure 20—Geological Survey offices are located in - the Natural Resources Building, Urbana, Illinois.] - - -WHAT IS THE CHARGE FOR THESE SERVICES? - -All of the Survey’s publications are distributed free to schools and -teachers. Only topographic maps and certain base maps, which are -prepared and printed by the U.S. Geological Survey in Washington, are -sold at nominal prices. - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - [Illustration: Geologic column] - - Era General Types of Rocks - Period or System and Thickness - Epoch - - CENOZOIC “Recent Life” - Age of Mammals - Quaternary - 0-500′ - Pleistocene or Glacial Age - Recent—alluvium in river valleys - Glacial till, glacial outwash, gravel, sand, - silt lake deposits of clay and silt, loess and - sand dunes; covers nearly all of state except - northwest corner and southern tip - Tertiary - 0-500′ - Pliocene Chert gravel; present in northern, southern, and - western Illinois - Eocene Mostly micaceous sand with some silt and clay; - present only in southern Illinois - Paleocene Mostly clay, little sand; present only in - southern Illinois - MESOZOIC “Middle Life” - Age of Reptiles - Cretaceous Mostly sand, some thin beds of clay and, - 0-300′ locally, gravel; present only in southern - Illinois - PALEOZOIC “Ancient Life” - Age of Amphibians and Early Plants - Pennsylvanian Largely shale and sandstone with beds of coal, - 0-3,000′ limestone, and clay - (“Coal Measures”) - Mississippian Black and gray shale at base; middle zone of - 0-3,500′ thick limestone that grades to siltstone, chert, - and shale; upper zone of interbedded sandstone, - shale and limestone - Age of Fishes - Devonian Thick limestone, minor sandstones and shales; - 0-1,500′ largely chert and cherty limestone in southern - Illinois - Age of Invertebrates - Silurian Principally dolomite and limestone - 0-1,000′ - Ordovician Largely dolomite and limestone but contains - 500-2,000′ sandstone, shale, and siltstone formations - Cambrian Chiefly sandstones with some dolomite and shale; - 1,500-3,000′ exposed only in small areas in north-central - Illinois - ARCHEOZOIC and PROTEROZOIC - Igneous and metamorphic rocks; known in Illinois - only from deep wells - - [Illustration: uncaptioned] - - _Illinois State Geological Survey - Educational Series 9_ - - - - - Transcriber’s Notes - - -—Silently corrected a few typos. - -—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook - is public-domain in the country of publication. - -—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by - _underscores_. - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSIDE ILLINOIS: MINERAL -RESOURCES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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