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diff --git a/old/66333-0.txt b/old/66333-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index f527a26..0000000 --- a/old/66333-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3074 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Monograph of the Trilobites of North -America: with Coloured Models of the Species, by Jacob Green - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: A Monograph of the Trilobites of North America: with Coloured - Models of the Species - -Author: Jacob Green - -Release Date: September 17, 2021 [eBook #66333] - -Language: English - -Produced by: Tom Cosmas produced from materials made available at The - Internet Archive and placed in the Public Domain. - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MONOGRAPH OF THE TRILOBITES -OF NORTH AMERICA: WITH COLOURED MODELS OF THE SPECIES *** - - - - - - - -Transcriber Note: Text emphasis denoted as _Italics_. - - -[Illustration: Frontispiece] - - - - - A - MONOGRAPH - OF THE - TRILOBITES OF NORTH AMERICA: - WITH - Coloured Models of the Species. - - Multa renacentur quæ jam cecidere.--Hor. - - BY - - JACOB GREEN, M. D. - Professor of Chemistry in Jefferson Medical College. - - - ·—▸⏵►●◓●◄⏴◂—· - - - PHILADELPHIA: - - Published by Joseph Brano, No. 12, Castle Street. - - Clark & Raser, Printers. - - 1832. - - -Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by Joseph -Brano, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Eastern -District of Pennsylvania. - - - - -To JOHN GEORGE CHILDREN, Esquire, F. R. S. L. & E. - -The kindness which a traveller receives when in a distant land, must -ever be among his most pleasing recollections your attentions therefore -to me, during any short residence in London a few years since, cannot -easily be forgotten. Suffer me, then, to inscribe this little work to -you as a token of my gratitude. - -Our pursuits in the Natural and Physical Sciences have been congenial. -Your interesting researches with your original and magnificent Galvanic -Battery, first drew my attention to the calorific effects of that -mysterious agent; and your works on Natural History have stimulated my -exertions in the same fascinating pursuit. - -A large portion of your time and fortune have been devoted to the -patronage or the cultivation of Natural Science so that the dedication -of this work to you, if it were infinitely more worthy of your -acceptance, would be due from me, both as a tribute of high respect, as -well as of grateful acknowledgment. - -_Philadelphia, October 1st, 1832._ - - -EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. - - - Figure 1. Trimerus Delphinocephalus. - 2. Calymene Diops. - 3. Asaphus Micrurus. - 4. Cryptolithus Tessellatus. - 5. Paradoxides Boltoni. - 6. Triarthrus Beckii. - 7. Isotelus Cyclops. - 8. Dipleura Dekayi. - 9. Head of D. Dekayi. - 10. Ceraurus Pleurexanthemus. - -The above figures represented on the Frontispiece to this volume, were -first published in the Monthly Journal of Geology, &c. for June, 1832, -and I am indebted to C. A. Poulson, Esq., for the use of them in this -Monograph. - - - - - INTRODUCTION. - ————— - - -Some geologists imagine that the order of creation is registered in -the rocks which compose the external crust of the earth, and that they -can there clearly read a progressive development of organic life; in -other words, that a succession of more perfect animals may be traced in -ascending from the lower strata to the upper or more recent formations; -that there is a gradual approach to the present system of things, and -a succession of destructions and creations; worlds of living beings -alternating with worlds of desolation and death, antecedent to the -existence of man. - -Others, again, contend that there is often a wide and palpable -discrepancy between the nature of the rock, and the fossils which it -contains, and, therefore, that such inquiries afford no clue, whatever, -to the order of creation.[1] We propose not to enter the field of -controversy. Fossils are undoubtedly historic medallions of remote -periods in the natural history of our earth, and our design is, merely -to illustrate with them a neglected department of ancient zoology, by -describing a few which have recently fallen under our own observation. - -[Footnote 1: Nothing can be more opposed to true science, than to -pronounce on the priority of formation, or the comparative age of -rocks, from either their structure, or the organic remains they -present. M. Alexandre Brongniart thus propounds his opinion: "In those -cases where characters derived from the nature of the rocks are opposed -to those which we derive from organic remains, I should give the -preponderance to the latter." This seems to us to imply an admission, -that nothing definite can be inferred from the _nature of the rocks_; -moreover, that between the nature of the rock, and the organic remains, -there may be a palpable discrepancy; and that these may be even at -complete antipodes with each other. The event has proved, from what we -have already mentioned, that no evidence as to priority can be obtained -from the nature of the fossil remains displayed in particular strata. -In addition to what has been said on this subject, we may further -state, that _encrinites_, _entrochites_, and _pentacrinites_ are found -in clay slate, grauwacke, transition limestone, alpine limestone, -lias, muschelkalk, and chalk. It may be reasonably asked how these -three species of fossils could indicate any particular formation, when -they are found in so many types and structures of rocks altogether -different? If they would go to prove any thing at all, it would be that -of a _contemporaneous_ formation; but certainly not distinct epochas. -_See Eclectic Review, July, 1832._] - -In some varieties of rocks there is often found the fossil remains of -an animal which bears some resemblance to certain species of the crab. -The back of this organic relic is commonly divided by two deep grooves -or furrows, into three longitudinal lobes, and from this circumstance, -the term _Trilobite_ has been applied as a family name to distinguish -this whole race of beings. This general appellation, however, though in -most of the species, highly appropriate, is by no means applicable to -all. - -The individuals which compose the family of the trilobites resemble -each other in many important particulars, and form together an -exceedingly natural group. The body, with but few exceptions, is -divided transversely into three parts. The anterior portion or head -often resembles the buckler of the _horse foot_ or _king crab_ -(_limulus polyphemus_), so common on our sea coast. The middle portion -is the _abdomen_, and is always separated transversely into a number -of segments or articulations, generally diminishing in breadth as they -recede from the head. The posterior end is the _tail_, which, though -in some species, a mere prolongation of the abdomen, that can scarcely -be distinguished from it, yet in others it assumes a genuine caudal -appendage. - -The head of the trilobite is also generally divided into three parts: -the middle is called the _front_, or forehead; and the lateral portions -the _cheeks_. In most cases, a projecting tubercle, or knob, is -observable on the anterior surface of each cheek, which has much the -appearance of an eye. Its reticulated structure is in many instances so -analogous to that of the eyes of some crustaceous animals, and also of -some species of insects, that there can be but little doubt that these -tubercular projections, were true organs of vision. - -Some of the genera which belong to this remarkable race of fossil -animals, possessed the power of rolling or coiling themselves up into a -kind of ball, like certain species of insects, or like the armadillo; -and they are always found embedded in the rocks in this attitude. - -Such are the general characters by which these petrifactions may be -known, and they will be found illustrated in a manner more or less -striking, in most of the species. The exceptions, which rarely occur, -will be distinctly marked, when the species are described. - -The superior covering, or upper shell of the trilobite is the only part -of the animal, concerning which we have any satisfactory knowledge. -It is conjectured that it was furnished with articulated feet, but no -traces of any organs of progressive motion have hitherto been fairly -discovered.[2] Hence, it may be reasonably supposed, that the structure -of the lower portions of the animal were so soft and delicate, as to -render them incapable of sustaining the process of mineralization, -which the hard crustaceous covering of the back so successfully -undergoes. - -[Footnote 2: Mr. Parkinson states, that in a trilobite which he -possessed he thought he perceived the _points_ of the feet; but on -endeavouring to detach the piece of rock in which it was embedded, the -specimen was entirely shivered, though he worked at it with the utmost -care. A portion of the underside of a trilobite (_Isotelus gigas_) -near the anterior edge of the head, was distinctly ascertained, by Dr. -Dekay, but only enough to convince him of its analogy in this part with -that of the limulus polyphemus no organs of locomotion could be seen. -Mr. Stokes, the distinguished fossilist of London, has confirmed the -observation of Dr. Dekay, by some dissections of his own.] - -That these petrifactions were once marine animals there can be little -doubt, for they are always found associated in the same rocks with -shells, and other productions peculiar to the sea. - -The Trilobite is supposed by many naturalists to be one of the first -animated beings of our earth called into existence by the great Author -of nature.[3] It was first noticed more than two centuries ago, among -the petrifactions which abound in a calcareous rock, at Dudley, in -England, and was from this circumstance, called for a long time, the -_Dudley fossil_. Linné gave it the name of the _Paradoxical insect_; -but whether an insect, a crustaceous animal, or a shell, is still -considered by many as problematical. - -[Footnote 3: It is obvious, that if most of the gelatinous animals -which now inhabit our seas, were to become extinct, few or no traces -of them could be found in any succeeding depositions of earthy matter. -Whatever kind of animal life, therefore, may have been the first which -appeared in our planet, must be entirely hypothetical. All that we -can with certainty say of it, is, that it was best adapted to the -circumstances, in which it was to exist, and that it was consistent -with the wisdom and design which we see every where pervading the -universe.] - -Notwithstanding the high antiquity of the family of the Trilobites, -and the remarkable characters the different individuals which compose -it, sustain in the animal kingdom; till within a very few years, the -whole race has been almost entirely neglected by naturalists. The -first attempt at any systematic arrangement of the genera and species, -was made in 1815, by Alexander Brongniart, Professor of Mineralogy, -&c. &c., in Paris.[4] Until that period, the term _Entomolithus -Paradoxus_, proposed by Linné, was applied to all the fossil remains, -which in their general appearance bore any resemblance to that found at -Dudley, and which he first described under that name. The confusion, -therefore, which existed in this department of natural science, may -readily be imagined; especially, as the species rapidly multiplied, -when they were supposed to throw some rays of light on certain -obscure geological phenomena. Soon after the appearance of Professor -Brongniart's excellent work, the attention of other naturalists was -directed to this neglected part of creation. The most important memoir, -on account of the number of species, well figured and described in -it, is one by Dr. E. W. Dalmann, published in the Transactions of the -Swedish Academy, for 1826. There is also in the Acts of the Royal -Society, at Upsal, an excellent paper on this subject by Professor -Wahlenberg. Our highly esteemed friend, Dr. James E. Dekay, has also -given in the first volume of the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural -History of New York, some very interesting and ingenious observations -on the nature and the structure of the Trilobites, with a description -of a new genus. These are the principal authorities which have been -consulted in arranging the present work. - -[Footnote 4: I cannot let this opportunity pass, without acknowledging -my obligations to Professor Brongniart, for his civilities, when on a -late visit to Paris. Every one whose curiosity leads him to examine the -royal manufactory of porcelain, at Sevres, of which he is the director, -will no doubt acknowledge that his talents as a philosopher, are -rivalled by his accomplishments as a gentleman.] - -Our object in the present undertaking being merely to give a monograph -of the species of Trilobites found in the rocks of North America; we -leave to other and abler hands the more difficult and interesting task -of determining with precision the connexion which may exist between -these organic reliques, and the relative ages of the strata in which -they are found. - -It is supposed, indeed, that a sufficient number of well characterized -species have not yet been collected and accurately described, to throw -any certain and clear light on otherwise doubtful geological phenomena. -What has been remarked by De Candolle, with regard to botanical -geography, is perhaps true of these fossils as to solving the difficult -problems of geology--"Let us not forget," says he, "that this science -can only be commenced when the study of _species_ has been sufficiently -advanced to furnish us with numerous and well authenticated facts." - -We are well aware of the difficulty of settling the line which ought -to divide species. Individuals perfectly identical in all their -parts, are rarely, if ever seen; though a general resemblance may be -easily traced. Among fossils, just discriminations of this kind are -more delicate, than in recent specimens. The hand of time, accidental -causes, and the influence of atmospheric changes often produce such -characters as to render the determination of fossil species an -exceedingly difficult task. We have no doubt, therefore, that a few of -our Trilobites, which are now considered as perfectly identical with -some found in Europe, will upon fuller examination, be discovered to be -dissimilar, and of course certain geological speculations grounded on -the first opinion, be ultimately abandoned. - -The geographical distribution of organic remains, is an exceedingly -curious inquiry. If accurately pursued, without reference to any -preconceived theory, it will no doubt furnish much information as to -the comparative ages of the different strata which compose the external -crust of our planet--for that these strata were deposited or formed at -periods of time more or less remote from each other, every one knows, -to be a generally admitted _geological fact_. The occurrence of similar -fossils in districts of country remotely situated from each other, -certainly presents a phenomenon highly interesting to the speculative -naturalist, and apparently indicates that the same powerful and general -causes must have concurred to produce these isomorphous depositions. No -fossils have contributed more to this kind of information, than those -of shells, and as the mineralized species could not be satisfactorily -studied, except by accurately comparing them with those which now -inhabit our seas and continents; the search for shells, has become, -from a simple amusement, the study of scientific men--or, as a writer -remarks, "it was only after the period when it was perceived that -geology and ancient zoology were destined to be enlightened by their -fossil remains, that this research passed from the hands of amateurs -into those of naturalists."[5] - -[Footnote 5: We have not unfrequently noticed, both in the writings -and conversation of some geologists, a disposition to sneer at the -subsidiary branches of natural history. Mineralogy and conchology, are -light and mean in their estimation, when compared with the study of -extensive strata and ponderous boulders. Like Irving's testy governor -of Manahatta, who settled the accounts of his clients by placing their -books in the opposite scales of a balance, they decide on the value -of a science, by the absolute weight of the objects embraced by it. -Geology, as well as any other branch of natural history, may degenerate -into a mere love for the curious, or have for its principal aim, the -perfection or improvement of some ideal system of classification, -without advancing a single step further.] - -Another curious _geological fact_ appears to be established more -especially by fossil trilobites; it is that precisely the same species -of animal relic, is the most generally diffused over the globe, in -proportion to the antiquity of the rock which contains it. Thus the -transition limestone of England, France, Germany and Sweden, contains -the species called the Calymene of Blumenbach, in common with the same -formation which extends over so large a portion of the United States. - -Different genera and species of the trilobite are now found in almost -every part of the globe, and are frequently exceedingly abundant in the -rocks which contain them. That they must have swarmed in particular -places, is abundantly evident from a number of localities in our own -country,--millions, for example, must have lived and died not far -from Trenton falls, in the State of New York. There are very few of -the numerous visiters to that romantic cascade, whose curiosity is -not awaked, by the multitude of these petrified beings, seemingly of -another world, which are there entombed. - -Although many parts of the trilobite are now found distributed through -the rocks which contain them, in such a manner as to lead to the -conclusion, that they were separated by decomposition, after the death -of the animal; yet the perfect preservation of others, and the rolled -and disjointed attitudes which we should expect such creatures to -assume when disturbed, lead to the conjecture, that they have been -often suddenly destroyed, and as suddenly enveloped in that earthy -matter, which afterwards became an indurated rock; thus preventing the -separation of the harder parts, by the slow process of decomposition.[6] - -[Footnote 6: Vide De la Beche's Geological Manual.] - -The fossil remains of the trilobite family, are supposed by most -naturalists to belong to a race of beings now extinct; but from the -strong analogy which exists between them and certain species of -crustaceous animals now living, it is highly probable that they will -yet be found alive. This opinion will not be regarded as visionary, -when it is recollected how large a portion of the surface of the earth -is still unexplored by its enlightened and civilized inhabitants--how -small the number of animated beings are yet known to the scientific -world--and above all the fact, that many animals as confidently -declared to be peculiar to a former world, are now found to be among -the creatures at present in existence. This opinion, we think, is -quite as plausible, and far more interesting, than the blank and -unsatisfactory hypothesis that all the trilobites are confined to an -order of things before the present glorious creation.[7] - -[Footnote 7: The incorrectness of the inference that all the genera -and species of fossil animals found in the transition rocks must be -now extinct, will appear from the following extract from Bakewell's -Geology:--"The _Madrepora stylina_, so common in transition lime-stone -rock, is entirely wanting in the secondary and tertiary strata, but a -living animal of this species has been recently discovered in the South -Seas. The Pentacrinus makes its first distinct appearance in the lias; -but is not frequently met with in the upper strata, and disappears -entirely in the uppermost formations: hence it was long supposed -that the species was extinct. A living Pentacrinus has recently been -discovered in the West Indies, and its stem and branches in a perfect -state have been sent to this country." (England.) In the Museum at -Albany, N. Y., I have examined a recent Pentacrinus, which I conclude, -came from the West Indies, from the proprietor's account of the manner -in which he obtained it. It has been a very perfect specimen but the -branches are gradually dropping off.] - -There appears to have been known to naturalists, when the improved -edition of Prof. Brongniart's work on the trilobites appeared in 1822, -but 17 well marked species, and out of which he constructed the five -following genera, which he thus characterizes. - - -_Genus First._ Calymene. - -_Body_ capable of contraction into nearly a semicylindrical sphere. - -_Buckler_ with many tubercles or folds. Two reticulated eye-shaped -tubercles. - -_Abdomen and Post-abdomen_ with entire edges. Abdomen divided by 12 or -14 articulations. - -No elongated tail. - - -_Genus Second._ Asaphus. - -_Body_ broad and rather flat. Middle lobe prominent and very distinct. - -_Flanks or lateral lobes_ each double the size of the middle lobe. - -_Submembranaceous expansions_ extending beyond the lateral lobes. - -_Buckler_ semicircular, with two reticulated eye-shaped tubercles. - -_Abdomen_ divided into 8 or 12 articulations. - - -_Genus Third._ Ogygia. - -_Body_ much depressed into an oblong ellipsis not contractile into a -sphere. - -_Buckler_ edged, a slight longitudinal furrow arising from its anterior -extremity. Posterior angles elongated into points. - -_Without any tubercles_ except the eyes, which are neither prominent -nor reticulated. - -_Longitudinal lobes_ slightly prominent. - -_Abdomen_ with 8 articulations. - - -_Genus Fourth._ Paradoxides. - -_Body_ depressed not contractile. - -_Flanks_ much broader than the middle lobe. - -_Buckler_ nearly semicircular three transverse furrows on the middle -lobe. - -_Eye-shaped tubercles_ none. - -_Abdomen_ with 12 articulations. - -_Arches_ of the lateral lobes, more or less prolonged beyond the -membrane which sustains them. - - -_Genus Fifth._ Agnostus. - -_Body_ ellipsoidal--semicylindrical. - -_Buckler and flanks_ edged--the edges being slightly elevated. - -_Middle lobe_ with two transverse divisions, each composed of a single -piece. - -_Two glandular_ tubercles on the anterior part of the body. - -In 1824, Dr. J. E. Dekay added a sixth genus to the family of the -trilobites, which he describes in the following manner. - - -_Genus Sixth._ Isotelus. - -_Body_ oval oblong, often contracted, not unfrequently extended. - -_Head_ or _buckler_ large and rounded, equalling the tail in size, with -but two oculiform tubercles. - -_Abdomen_ with 8 articulations. - -Frontal process beneath, with two semilunar terminations. - -_Post-abdomen_ or _tail_ broad, expanded with indistinct divisions, as -large as the buckler. - -_Longitudinal_ lobes very distinct. - -This genus, he remarks, will be sufficiently distinguished from the -five genera proposed by _M. Alexandre Brongniart_ in his valuable and -truly philosophical work on the trilobites by the following particulars. - -From _Calymene_. By the presence of but two tubercles on the buckler -not reticulated; by the abdomen with but 8 articulations. - -From _Asaphus_. By the middle lobe, which is double the size of the -lateral ones; by the absence of a membranaceous expansion on the sides; -by the non-reticulation of the eyes, &c. - -From _Ogygia_. By the rolled form, the rounded posterior angles of the -buckler, and the distinct articulation of the longitudinal lobes. - -From _Paradoxide_ and _Agnoste_ by characters too obvious to be -enumerated. (See Annals of N. York Lyceum, Sec. Vol. I. pp. 174-5.) - -In 1826, J. W. Dalman published in the Transactions of the Swedish -Academy, and also in a separate work, an account of the trilobites -found in the North of Europe, in which he has enriched the family by -a number of fine species, and with the following genera, which he -modestly proposes merely as subdivisions. - - -_Genus Seventh._ Nileus. - -_Body_ short, capable of contraction into a sphere, smooth, convex. - -_Abdomen_ with about 8 articulations, without any dorsal longitudinal -furrows. - -_Buckler_ sub-lunate, with large lateral eyes. - -_Tail_ expanded, not so large as the buckler, without lobes. - - -_Genus Eighth._ Illænus. - -_Body_ ovate oblong, contractile. - -_Head_ rounded in front, eyes small, in the temples, very remote. - -_Abdomen_ with from 9 to 10 articulations, trilobate. - -_Tail_ expanded as large as the head.[8] - -[Footnote 8: Some of the species described by Professor Dalman as -included in this genus, we think ought to be referred to that of the -Isotelus.] - - -_Genus Ninth._ Ampyx. - -_Body_ very short, contractile. - -_Buckler_ large, triangular, gibbous; eyes not remarkable. - -_Abdomen_ short, articulations few (6?), trilobate. - -_Tail_ expanded, not so large as the head. - -Professor Dalman has two other genera, which he calls Olenus and -Battus, the first is the Paradoxides, and the second the Agnostus of -Brongniart. - -In the 8th Volume of Annales des Sciences Naturelles there is a highly -valuable paper "Sur les Trilobites et leurs gisemens," by the Count -Rasoumowsky, in which he describes some new trilobites from Russia; -the one which he has figured and described as a Calymene[9] from -Tzarsko-Selo, undoubtedly belongs to a new genus, very near to the -Isotelus. The middle lobe is visible or naked through its whole extent, -and the lateral lobes near the tail are covered with a thick cuticular -membrane. This genus we propose to call Hemicrupturus, and may be thus -characterized. - -[Footnote 9: The editors of the Annales remark that this is not a -Calymene, but that it appears to belong to the genus Asaphus.] - - -_Genus Tenth._ Hemicrupturus.[10]--_Green._ - -[Footnote 10: From three Greek words which signify _half-concealed -tail_.] - -_Body_ contractile. - -_Buckler_ oculiferous and not lobate. - -_Abdomen_ trilobate, with 8 articulations. - -_Tail_, costal arches covered, middle lobe naked. - -The Asaphus expansus of Dalman, and several other known species may be -arranged under this genus. - -As Count Rasoumowsky has given no specific appellation to the -fossil above alluded to, we propose to call it after his own name, -_Hemicrupturus Rasoumowskii_. We examined the fine specimen from which -our cast is taken in the cabinet of the Baltimore College, and for this -favour we are indebted to the kindness of Dr. J. J. Cohen, one of the -Professors in that rising institution. - -The following list includes _all_ the genera and species of the -Trilobite Family, hitherto described as far as known to the author. It -is taken from De La Beche's Manual of Geology. - - NAMES. AUTHORS. LOCALITIES. - - Calymene Blumenbachii, Al. Brong. Europe--U. States. - Macrophthalma, do. Europe--U. States. - Variolaris, do. Europe. - Tristani, do. Europe--U. States. - Bellatula, Dalman. Europe. - Ornata, do. Europe. - Verrucosa, do. Europe. - - Calymene Polytoma, Dalman. Europe. - Artinura, do. Europe. - Sclerops, do. Europe. - Schlotheimi, Brown. Europe. - Latiferus, do. Europe. - - Asaphus Cornigerus, Al. Brong. Europe. - Caudatus, do. Europe--U. States. - Hausmanni, do. Europe--U. States. - De Buchii, do. Europe. - Brongniartii, Deslongchamps. Europe. - Extenuatus, Wahlenberg. Europe. - Granulatus, do. Europe. - Expansus, do. Europe. - Crassicauda, do. Europe. - Angustifrons, do. Europe. - Heros, Dalman, Europe. - Platynotus, do. Europe. - Frontalis, do. Europe. - Læviceps, do. Europe. - Palpebrosus, do. Europe. - Sluzeri, do. Europe. - - Ogygia Guettardii, Al. Brong. Europe. - Desmaresti, do. Europe. - Wahlenbergii, do. Europe. - Sillimani, do. Europe--U. States. - - Paradoxides Tessini, do. Europe. - Spinulosus, do. Europe. - Gibbosus, do. Europe. - Scaraboides, do. Europe. - Hoffii, Goldfuss. Europe. - - Nileus Armadillo, Dalman. Europe. - Glornerinus, do. Europe. - - Illænus Centaurus, Dalman. Europe. - Centrotus, do. Europe. - Laticauda, Wahlenberg. Europe--U. States. - - Ampyx Nasutus, Dalman. Europe. - Olenus Bucephalus, Wahlenberg. Europe. - Agnostus Pisciformis, Al. Brong. Europe. - Isotelus Gigas, De Kay. United States. - Planus, do. United States. - - -Genera and Species not fully determined. - - Trilobites Cephaleurya, Rafinesque, United States. - Simla, do. United States. - Granulata, do. United States. - Bilobites Lunulata, do. United States. - Lobata, do. United States. - -From the short descriptions given by Professor Rafinesque of the five -last mentioned fossils, I conclude that they belong to the genus -Calymene of Brongniart. - -The study of the trilobites naturally leads to the consideration of -those beings which appear to have inhabited our earth previous to the -creation of man. Every one knows that the sceptical naturalist has -drawn from these vestiges of organic life, an argument contradictory -to the Mosaic account of the history of the world, and though every -cavil of the least importance, urged against the truth of the sacred -historian, has been triumphantly confuted, still, the geological -sciolist boldly impugns his veracity, whenever any new facts in his -science can be distorted to his purpose. Such being the case, we -cannot conclude this preface without briefly stating two or three -methods by which any seeming discrepancies may be explained. First, -those who imagine that the six periods of creation, mentioned in the -beginning of the pentateuch, mean literally days of 24 hours each, -believe that, as only a small part of the earth was at first required -for the abode of man and the higher animals, the present continents -might have remained as long beneath the waters, and have undergone -every change necessary to solve this geological puzzle. - -Again, others have thought that Moses, after recording, in the first -sentence of Genesis, the great truth that all things were made by the -will of an intelligent Creator--passed silently over some intermediate -state of the earth, which had no direct relation to the history, or to -the duties of man--and proceeded to describe the successive appearance -of the present order of things. On this supposition, the fossil remains -and peculiarities in the structure of the earth may have belonged to -that intermediate state. - -A third method of explaining the difficulty, and which we think highly -satisfactory, is, by understanding the days of creation to mean, not -ordinary days, but _periods of time_, in which the recorded events took -place in the order described so briefly by the sacred historian. It is -acknowledged by every one competent to judge, that among the Hebrews, -_days_ and _weeks_ were often used in this manner. The accordance -between the order in which, according to the account of Moses, -the work of creation was accomplished, and the order in which the -fossil remains of plants and animals are deposited in the earth, has -surprised, and has been acknowledged by learned sceptics themselves.[11] - -[Footnote 11: The Baron Cuvier, on this subject, remarks, respecting -the Jewish legislator--"His books show us, that he had very perfect -ideas respecting several of the highest questions of natural -philosophy. His cosmogony, especially, considered purely in a -scientific point of view, is extremely remarkable, inasmuch as the -order which it assigns to the different epochs of creation, is -precisely the same as that which has been deduced from geological -considerations."] - -It will be useless to push these arguments further. The catastrophes -which have produced the secondary strata, and the diluvian depositions, -could not have been local or partial phenomena; but rather than call -upon a comet, with the abstracted philosopher, to deluge the earth -for every new geological epoch--or to change the axis of motion of -our planet--or to resort to any of his wild, fanciful, and impious -theories, we should, with Sir Humphrey Davy, even prefer the dream that -all the secondary strata were _created_, filled with the remains, as it -were, of animal life, to confound the speculations of our geological -reasoners. - - - - -ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. - - -Every author who attempts a Monograph of any of the departments of -Natural History, must necessarily depend, in a greater or less degree, -upon the kindness and liberality of others. Rare and unique specimens, -particularly of fossil species, are often scattered through different -cabinets, and his work would be rendered very imperfect, if they were -not intrusted to his care. In preparing the following Monograph on the -plan of giving exact models of the species, instead of illustrating -them by engravings in the usual manner, the specimens when used by -the artist are perhaps more liable to accident, and it was at first -supposed that this circumstance might have prevented the original -design. But in no instance, where an application has been made, either -to a public institution or to a private cabinet, has the author met -with a refusal; indeed the courtesy, kindness, and liberality which -he has experienced from naturalists, who have every where aided him -in the prosecution of his work, form no inconsiderable portion of the -gratification which he has received. Besides the acknowledgments to -public museums, and to individuals, which are made in the body of the -work, the author is desirous of recording in this place, the following -cabinets from which he has derived much assistance. - - - IN PHILADELPHIA. - - The Cabinet of John P. Wetherill. - The Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences. - The Philadelphia Museum. (Peale's.) - The Cabinet of P. A. Browne, Esq. - The Cabinet of Dr. R. Harlan. - The Cabinet of William Hyde. - The Cabinet of J. Pierce. - The Cabinet of the Geological Society. - ———— - Lambdin's Museum, Pittsburgh, Pa. - The Cabinet of D. Keim, Reading, Pa. - - - IN NEW YORK. - - The Cabinet of the Lyceum of Natural History. - The Cabinet of Dr. J. E. Dekay. - The New York Museum. (Peale's.) - - - IN ALBANY. - - The Cabinet of the Albany Institute. - The Cabinet of Professor T. R. Beck. - Albany Museum. - The Cabinet of Dr. James Eights. - ———— - The Cabinet of the Rensselaer School. - - - IN BALTIMORE. - - The Cabinet of Dr. Joshua J. Cohen. - The Cabinet of the Baltimore College. - The Cabinet of the Atheneum. - The Baltimore Museum. - ———— - The Cabinet of Professor Hall, Mount Hope. - - - - - TRILOBITES, &c. - - ·—▸⏵►●◓●◄⏴◂—· - - - -Genus Calymene. _Brongniart_. - -The name of this genus is derived from a Greek word which signifies -_obscure_ or _concealed_. The fossil animals included by it are -characterized as having contractile bodies; the buckler as bearing many -tubercles or folds--the cheeks as being oculiferous, and the abdomen -and tail as being composed of from twelve to fourteen articulations -or joints, without any membranaceous expansion. The Calymenes in -thickness are nearly semicylindrical, and the buckler in front presents -a _chaperon_ or upper lip more or Jess raised. In perfect specimens, -there is a small furrow which seems to indicate a separation between -the upper and under parts of this kind of lip. The eyes are always -raised, and frequently present the remarkable structure observable in -many of the _crustacea_; but as this part is generally very prominent, -the _reticulations_ of the eye are commonly worn off or injured. - -Professor Brongniart places but little confidence in any of the generic -characters above enumerated, except the number of articulations of the -abdomen: these, however, in our opinion, are more vague and uncertain -than most of the others. The genus, however, we think may be readily -identified, after becoming familiar with one well characterized -species. The general aspect of the buckler is peculiar--the body is -not so depressed as in most other genera, and the lateral lobes are -destitute of all membranaceous expansion. - -To the genus Calymene, belongs the celebrated Dudley fossil, called -_Entomolithus paradoxus_ by Blumenbach, but which is not the same -organic relic, to which Linné applied that name. - -This genus includes a great number of species, and though some of them -are said to be found in different and distant parts of the globe, they -are according to our limited observation, for the most part confined, -like recent species of animals, to particular districts. The C. -polytoma, C. pulchella, C. bellatula, C. concinna, C. sclerops, and -the C. punctata, all finely figured by Professor Dalman, and which -are found in Sweden, have not yet been noticed in any part of North -America.[12] - -[Footnote 12: See the valuable and extensive communication of J. W. -Dalman, M. D., on the Trilobites, in the Transactions of the Swedish -Academy for 1820, part 2d.] - - -Calymene Blumenbachii. _Brongniart._ Cast No. 1. - - Clypeo rotundato, tuberculis sex distinctis in fronte; oculis in - genis emintissimis; corpore tuberculato. - -In this species the upper lip presents a furrow parallel to its edges. -The lip is straight. The cheeks are a little projecting. There are -six rounded tubercles on the front, and fourteen articulations on the -back; the tail is small, and the shell is covered with small rounded -tubercles of unequal sizes. - -The above is Professor Brongniart's description of this trilobite, -which is the famous Dudley fossil described and figured by Littleton, -in the Philosophical Transactions, (London) in 1750. According -to Dalman, several distinct European species have been published -under this name. The true C. Blumenbachii, he says, has thirteen -articulations to the abdomen, and about eight to the tail. In the -cabinet of G. W. Featherstonhaugh, Esq., we have examined a fine -perfect specimen from Dudley,[13] in which there is fourteen abdominal -joints. There can be no doubt, however, that several species have been -confounded under the name of C. Blumenbachii; Dalman's C. Tuberculata -and C. Pulchella are, we think, distinct from it, though he has marked -them only as varieties. - -[Footnote 13: This famous trilobite, once formed a part of the cabinet -of Mr. Parkinson, the distinguished author of the "Organic Remains," -and is accurately figured on one of the plates of that splendid work. -At the sale of the late Mr. Parkinson's fossils, it was purchased by -Mr. Featherstonhaugh,] - -The true C. Blumenbachii, no doubt, abounds in North America, and is -one of the few examples of the occurrence of an identical species -on both continents. The late Abbe Correa sent a perfect specimen to -Brongniart, from the vicinity of Lebanon, in the state of Ohio. We -have also seen a number of specimens from that state, which could not -be distinguished from the Dudley trilobite. Our model was taken from a -specimen found at Trenton Falls, in the state of New York. - -The three following species found in the United States, will no doubt -be considered by many as mere varieties of the C. Blumenbachii; we have -ventured, however, to call them by distinct names. - - -Calymene Callicephala.[14] _Green._ Cast No. 2. - -[Footnote 14: From two Greek words, which signify "beautiful head."] - - Clypeo antice attenuato, figura liliiformi in fronte depicta; - oculis minimis; abdomine quatuordecim articulis; corpore plano. - -The buckler is subtriangular; on the front there is a figure in high -relief, somewhat resembling a _fleur de lis_; or perhaps more, the -capital of a Corinthian column. The oculiferous tubercles are rather -lower down on the cheeks than usual. The articulations of the abdomen -and the tail cannot well be distinguished from each, other; fourteen -in all may be easily counted. The middle lobe of the abdomen is nearly -equal in breadth throughout. The ribs, or costal arches, are not -grooved or bifurcated at their extremities. Length nearly two inches -and a half. - -This beautiful species is in the Philadelphia Museum, where it is -labelled as being found in "Hampshire, Virginia." It is mineralized by -a dark yellowish limestone. It differs from the C. Blumenbachii, in -the form and number of its articulations; in the shape of the head; in -having only two flat tuberculous elevations on the front; and in other -particulars. - -In the cabinet of the New York Lyceum, and in that of J. P. Wetherill, -Esq. there are some examples of this species from the Miami river, near -Cincinnati, Ohio. I have also seen it from Indiana, in a dark coloured -limestone, very much distorted. It has never been found at Trenton -falls, or at any other locality, as far as my knowledge extends, which -yields the true C. Blumenbachii. - - -Calymene Selenecephala.[15] _Green._ Cast No. 3. - -[Footnote 15: From the Greek for "lunate head."] - - Clypeo antice rotundato, margine omni valde incrassato; prominentia - frontali utrinque trituberosa; corpore tuberculato. - -The buckler is regularly lunate; the margin is slightly reflected or -raised anteriorly, the posterior edge forms a continuous rim, running -nearly parallel with the articulations of the abdomen. The front on -each side has one large and two small tubercles, near its superior -edge. The oculiferous tubercles on the cheeks are on a line with the -lowest frontal tubercle. There are fourteen distinct articulations; -but as the tail is mutilated and distorted, the total number of -joints cannot, from this specimen, be ascertained. The body appears -to have been covered with small pustules. These are very evident on -the front. Costal arches simple, or not grooved. Length, one inch and -three-fourths, breadth of the buckler one inch and one-fourth. - -This species resembles a little the C. Pulchella of Dalman. The -specimen from which the model was taken, is in the possession of Mr. -R. Peale, of New York, who willingly lent it for this monograph. He -informed me that it was found in the state of New York, but he was -unable to name its precise locality. It occurs in a soft ash coloured -limestone. No other petrifaction is observable in the fragment of rock -which contains it. - - -Calymene Platys.[16] _Green._ Casts No. 4 and 5. - -[Footnote 16: From a Greek word which signifies Flat,] - - Clypeo antice rotundato; prominentia frontali utrinque quatuor - tuberculis. - -The buckler is probably semilunate; but as the anterior portion is -lost, this cannot be determined with precision. The posterior raised -rim is not continuous, as in the C. Selenecephala, but is separated by -the longitudinal dorsal furrows. The front is distinctly divided from -the cheeks, and has four tubercular prominences on each side. Three -of them are nearly on a line with the lateral edge of the cheeks, and -gradually diminish in size, as they descend to the anterior part of -the buckler. The other is smaller, and is between, and a little to -the side, of the upper two. The cheeks form spherical triangles. The -oculiferous prominences are close to the second large tubercle on the -front. The cheeks are, however, quite imperfect. The articulations -of the back cannot be distinguished from those of the tail. In our -specimen they are all beautifully distinct, and are twenty-two in -number. The posterior raised rim of the buckler seems to form an -articulation; its extremities on each side are a good deal thickened -and expanded. The costal arches suddenly curve downwards and backwards, -near their middle, so as to divide the abdomen and tail into five -unequal sections. The whole length is nearly three inches. The breadth -of the buckler nearly two inches. - -This fine large Calymene was accidentally discovered on the Helderberg -mountain, by my friend, Professor T. R. Beck. One of the loose pieces -of sandstone rolling over, near his feet, presented him the fine -natural mould, from which he has kindly permitted our cast to be taken. -The animal relic once enclosed in this matrix, must still be near that -locality, and yet remains undiscovered, to reward the enterprise of -some more fortunate naturalist. - -One of our models represents the natural mould found by Dr. Beck. The -other is a cast taken from it and exhibits, more satisfactorily, the -various parts of the animal. - - -Calymene Microps.[17] _Green._ Cast No. 6. - -[Footnote 17: From the Greek for "small eyes."] - - Clypeo antice subattenuato; occulis minimis in lateribus capitis; - abdominis articulis a 14 ad 18; corpore depresso. - -The buckler is semi-elliptical, slightly punctate, and much depressed -anteriorly; the front and cheeks are not very distinctly marked. The -eyes are very remote from each other, being situated near the posterior -lateral angles of the head. They are not very prominent, and exhibit -no marks of being reticulated. Before the eye on each side, there is -a slight transverse indentation. It is difficult to distinguish the -articulations of the abdomen from those of the tail. They are from -fourteen to eighteen in number. Where the lateral lobes remain perfect, -two narrow raised lines appear between each of the ribs; these are -most evident on the caudal extremities of the animal. The middle lobe -is in the form of a long, slender, and acute cone. The whole animal is -an inch and a quarter long, and is much more depressed than any other -Calymene which we have seen. - -I am indebted to Mr. Titian R. Peale for the use of the original from -which our model was taken, his liberality to those who cultivate -Natural History is proverbial, and needs no encomium from me. The C. -Microps is said to have been found near Ripley, Ohio. It occurs in -black limestone. - -The eyes of this Calymene are small in comparison with those of some -other species--particularly the C. Bufo, C. Macrophthalma, and C. -Anchiops. - - -Calymene Anchiops.[18] _Green._ Cast No. 7. - -[Footnote 18: From two Greek words which signify "eyes approximate."] - - Clypeo antice, caudaque postice rotundatis; oculis approximis, - magnis, excertis; articulis vigenti; corpore plano. - -The buckler of this species is irregularly hemispherical; the front -pyriform and without pustulations. The cheeks are almost entirely -occupied by the eyes, which are placed very near each other on the -upper part of the forehead; are very large and trilobate, the side -lobes being elongated and attenuated in front. The articulations -of the back are twenty in number, those of the abdomen not being -distinguishable from those of the tail. The costal arches of the side -lobes are round near their extremities, and are intersected with two or -three raised lines. Length nearly four inches. Breadth about two inches. - -It gives me great satisfaction in being able to describe, and to -present to naturalists a good cast of this Calymene, which has -excited for a long time so much interest and perplexity. The original -fossil from which our plaster model was made is now deposited in -the cabinet of the Albany Institute, and is the identical specimen -from which a cast was long since made, by Dr. Hosack of New York, a -specimen of which he sent in July, 1819, to the Royal Academy of -Science, in France. Professor Brongniart referred the animal from -which this model was taken, though with much hesitation and doubt, -to the species, Calymene Macrophthalma. He remarks concerning it, -"Il est beaucoup plus gros que les autres individus, et a prés de -dneuf centimètres de longueur. C'est avec doute que je rapporté -cette empreinte tres-peu nette à l'espèce actuelle; mais malgré ses -formés obtuses, et l'absence de tout detail, elle est si remarquable -par la grosseur de ces yeux et par le prolongement de son bouclier -qu'on peut présumer qu'elle appartient an calyméne macrophthalme, et -avec d'autànt plus de probabilité qu'elle vient aussi des Etats Unis -d'Amérique. Elle a été trouvée, suivant M. Hosack, dans un schiste." -We have seen the cast alluded to in the above note, and are not at all -surprised at the uncertainty which it has occasioned. The apparent -prolongation of the buckler is entirely occasioned by the loss of a -small fragment from that portion of the head. The form and position of -the eyes, further distinguish it from any of the numerous specimens -of C. Macrophthalma, that we have examined. The raised lines which we -have noticed as intersecting the costal arches of the lateral lobes -are remarkable, though they may have been produced by accidental -fissures in the epidermal covering of the animal. The head of the C. -Macrophthalma is always marked by minute and prominent granulations, -like _shagreen_--nothing of this kind appears on the buckler of the C. -Anchiops. - -I am informed by my friend, Dr. T. R. Beck, to whose liberality I owe -this interesting species, that it was found in Ulster county, New -York. It was supposed by Dr. Hosack, to have been discovered in the -vicinity of Albany. Respecting the locality and geological relations of -this trilobite, Professor Brongniart remarks, "un modéle en plâtre de -trilobite envoyé à l'Académie des Sciences, en Juillet, 1819, par M. -Hosack, et que j'ai rapporté, autant que la chose était possible, et -toujours avec doute, au calyméne macrophthalme, a été trouvé dans le -territoire d'Albany, êtat de New York. Or, les environs de cette ville -sont indiqués, sur la carte géologique de M. Maclure, comme formés de -terrains de transition. M. Hosack dit qu'il a été trouvé au milieu d'un -rocher ardoisé, c'est à dire, dans un schiste probablement analogue à -celui des environs d'Angers, qui renferme les Ogygies, et ce trilobite -ce rapproche un peu de ce genre par la grosseur des tubercules qui -recouvrent les yeux on en tiennent la place." The rock in which the -Calymene Anchiops is found, appears to be a clay slate. - - -Calymene Diops.[19] _Green._ Cast No. 8, and fig. 2. - -[Footnote 19: From the Greek for "Double Eyes."] - - Clypeo lobato plano; rugis tribus in lateribus frontis; tuberculis - oculiformibus, eminentissimis et duplicibus; articulis octodecim; - cauda rotunda. - -This species is very distinct from every other Calymene that we have -seen. The outline of the buckler is lobate lunate; the front is very -convex, and a good deal elevated above the cheeks or sides, from -which it is divided by a deep furrow; on the posterior margin of the -front on each side, close to the groove there is a prominent circular -tubercle, before which there are three small transverse wrinkles. -The cheeks are subtriangular; the oculiform tubercle is near the -posterior superior angle, and is only separated from the tubercle on -the front, by the furrow or groove, so that the animal seems to have -had double eyes on each side; there are two curved lines on each side -below the eyes, crossed near the front by a deep short canal. The -middle lobe of the abdomen and tail is rather longer than the lateral -lobes, and is rounded and very prominent throughout. It is composed -of 18 articulations, seven of which appear to belong to the tail; it -is, however, somewhat difficult to define the length of the tail with -precision. The costal arches of the lateral lobes, particularly those -near the tail, are bifurcate. Length almost three inches. - -The original fossil, from which the cast was taken, is in the New York -Museum. I am indebted to Mr. Rubens Peale, the liberal proprietor of -that flourishing and important institution, not only for the use of -it in this Monograph, but also for some valuable information relating -to other species. The precise locality of Mr. Peale's specimen is -not known, but in the cabinet of J. P. Wetherill, Esq., there is a -fine head of the C. diops which was found in the State of Ohio. Both -specimens are mineralized by the same kind of soft grey coloured -limestone--and I have but little doubt that they were derived from the -same place. - - -Calymene Macrophthalma.[20] _Brongniart._ Cast No. 9. - -[Footnote 20: From the Greek for "Great eyes."] - - Clypeo antice, caudaque postice attenuatis, oculis magnis exsertis. - -This species, according to Al. Brongniart, who first described it, -is remarkable for the magnitude and protuberance of its eye-shaped -tubercles, and by the prolongation of the anterior portion of the -buckler, in the form of a snout. - -The back is marked by 12 or 13 articulations, which are thicker than -those of the tail. The tail is short, pointed, and without expansion. - -The middle lobe, or front of the _buckler_, in this calymene, is said -by Brongniart to be marked on its sides by three oblique plicæ or -wrinkles, but we have not been able to discover this character in any -of the specimens to which we have access; neither do they exhibit any -remarkable prolongation in the anterior portion of the _buckler_, as -stated in his specific character. The specimens which we have examined, -agree pretty well with the representation he has given of the C. -Macrophthalma, Plate I. fig. 5. A. B. & C. made from a drawing by Mr. -Stokes, from a fossil found in Coalbrookdale (Eng.). - -This trilobite is common in several parts of the United States. -According to Dr. J. E. Dekay,[21] the C. Macrophthalma is found on -the Helderberg mountains, near Albany, and at Coshung creek, not -far from Seneca lake, in the State of New York. It occurs also at -Leheighton, in Pennsylvania--at the Falls of the Ohio, and at several -other localities. We have examined a number of specimens of the C. -Macrophthalma, contained in the rich cabinet of fossils, in the Academy -of Natural Sciences, and have never seen any individual which resembles -the fig. 4, Plate I. of Brongniart; and in no instance is the front -of the buckler marked by three oblique folds, a character stated as -peculiar to this species. The C. Macrophthalma, (variety) occurs in -large quantities in Leheighton in Pennsylvania, and we are indebted to -Mr. D. Keim, for some fine specimens from that locality. - -[Footnote 21: See Annals of Lyceum, Vol. I. p. 188.] - -The authority of Professor Brongniart is sufficient to place the C. -Macrophthalma among the species of the United States, though we have -been unable fully to identify it with his description.[22] He received -a specimen, transformed into red jasper, from Prof. Ducatel, said -to be found in the United States--no precise locality is given. Our -model represents the animal which is supposed to be the one intended -by Brongniart as the C. Macrophthalma of North America. It is, in our -opinion, a variety of the C. Bufo. There can be no doubt that several -species have been confounded under the name of C. Macrophthalma. - -[Footnote 22: We have seen in the Cabinet of Mr. Featherstonhaugh, a -fine group of trilobites, in the transition limestone, from Dudley, -(Eng.) Among them there is a perfect head, which agrees exactly with -the description given by Mr. Brongniart of the head of his Calymene -Macrophthalma. If this belongs to the true macrophthalma, our species -under that name is entirely distinct. Since our work had been prepared -for the press, Dr. J. J. Cohen, of the Baltimore College, has shown -us the fragment of a calymene from Berkley, Virginia, which agrees -with Brongniart's description of the macrophthalma, and with the above -fossil from Dudley. We regret that the imperfection of the fossil -prevents our giving a satisfactory cast of it.] - -The following extract of a letter from Professor Ducatel to the author, -referring to the locality of this species, will be read with interest. - -"I cannot be positive as to my recollection of the locality of the -fossil referred to by Brongniart and yourself, but believe it is one -of several found by my friend Dr. M'Culloh, in the neighbourhood of -Berkley Springs, Virginia. I regret that I have not in my possession -another specimen to present to you." - - -Calymene Bufo. _Green._ Cast No. 10. - - Clypeo rotundato, convexo, punctato; abdominis articulis sexdecim; - cauda attenuata; corpore plano. - -Buckler semilunate, front very large, rounded before and arcuated at -the insertion of the middle lobe; surface convex, and marked with -numerous depressed pimples. Mouth large, lunate, resembling that of -a toad or frog, with a narrow raised rim on the upper and under lip. -Below the chin there are no pustulations. Cheeks small, triangular, -and separated from the front by a deep, rectilinear furrow; the eyes -in our specimen are much injured, but they are large, and near the -upper angle of the cheeks. Middle lobe with a series of distinct double -articulations. Lateral lobes wider than the middle lobe, ribs deeply -grooved near their insertion; articulations of the abdomen twelve; of -the tail ten. Length four inches and a half; breadth of the buckler -nearly two inches. - -This fossil was presented to me some time since by Thomas P. Johnson, -Esq., who mentioned that it was found in New Jersey, but that he could -not learn its precise locality. Near Patterson, in that State, some -trilobites have been discovered--perhaps the C. Bufo may have been -derived from that locality. It is composed of a dark greyish limestone, -easily cut with a knife. - - -Calymene Bufo. Variety, Rana. Cast Nos. 11 & 12. - -This fine specimen differs from the one above described, in having the -front of the buckler rather smaller, and of a different contour. The -whole of the shell is also covered with granulations, which only appear -on the head of the other; this, however, may be only an imperfection in -the specimens in our cabinet. - -I am indebted to the Albany Institute for the originals of the models -Nos. 11 & 12. They were found at Seneca, Ontario County, New York, in -dark, slaty limestone, which also contains cubical crystals of iron -pyrites. A fortunate blow of the hammer has fractured the rock which -contains this trilobite, so neatly, as to present us at the same time -with the petrified animal in an almost perfect state, and also with -the mould or matrix in which it was imbedded. This arrangement is -beautifully illustrated by our models. - - -Genus Asaphus. _Brongniart._ - -This genus derives its name from the Greek word Ασαφης--obscure. It -embraces perhaps more species than any other genus of the family of -trilobites. About twenty have already been discovered. Most of them -are very characteristic and can easily be determined, but as the genus -Asaphus, is intermediate between Calymene and Ogygia, it is sometimes a -little difficult to decide the genus to which the inosculating species -on each side, belongs. - -In general, the Asaphs may be known by the body being very much -depressed, and by the membranaceous development, which extends beyond -the lateral lobes. The middle lobe of the abdomen, is rarely more -than one-fifth the width of the body. As the abdomen and tail of the -Asaph are the only portions of the animal commonly found entire, the -distinctive characters of the genus above given, may generally be -ascertained. - -Professor Brongniart remarks, that the ribs of the _Asaph_, which -correspond in number and position to the articulations of the middle -lobe, "are sometimes simple or undivided, at least in the post abdomen, -but that they are always bifurcated in the _Calymene_" As far as our -observations have extended, these remarks do not apply either in the -one case or the other. - -The head or buckler of the _Asaph_, is not so deeply divided into -three lobes as the _Calymene_; they are, however, quite distinct. The -oculiferous tubercles are in some species exceedingly well marked by a -reticulated structure. - -This genus often occurs at the same localities with the Calymene, -though in some instances it seems to occupy rocks peculiar to itself. -Dr. John Bigsby, in his list of organic remains occurring in the -Canadas, states, that he never found a single species of the genus -Calymene, on the north side of the River St. Lawrence, although -the Asaphs were very abundant.[23] In his Sketch of the Geology of -the Island of Montreal, he however observes: "Of Trilobites, the -Asaph genus is the most abundant, they approach nearest the species -_caudatus_, of Brongniart. I have found no entire Calymene, but many -bucklers or heads of the Blumenbach species, some of them an inch and a -half in diameter. They are found whole in considerable numbers in the -vicinity of Quebec."[24] - -[Footnote 23: Silliman's Journal, vol. viii. p. 83.] - -[Footnote 24: Annals New York Lyceum, vol. i. p. 214.] - - -Asaphus Laticostatus.[25] _Green._ Cast No. 13. - -[Footnote 25: From the Latin for "broad ribbed."] - - Cauda prælonga, pars ad marginem vix membranacea; cute coriacea, - tuberculis minimis; costis latis, convexis et valde distinctis. - -The fragments of this species, which we have examined, comprise ten -articulations of the middle lobe, and the corresponding ribs of the -sides, all in a very good state of preservation; the extent to which -the membranaceous expansion reached beyond the tail and the lateral -lobes is very apparent, but it has been unfortunately broken off all -round. Our specimen appears to be a natural cast of the internal part -of the shell, or the coriaceous covering of the animal. - -The portion of this specimen of trilobite which still remains perfect, -is two inches long, and three inches and a quarter broad. The middle -lobe exhibits the appearance of a very exact and gradually tapering -cone, its articulations being rounded and slightly flattened on the -top. The ribs of the lateral lobes are nearly straight, slightly -arched, broad, rounded, and gradually increase in width from the point -of their insertion; they are simple or not bifurcated throughout, and -are covered with very minute granulations, which are probably produced -by the sandstone in which the animal is mineralized. The membranaceous -expansion near the caudal termination, is a good deal prolonged. - -The A. Laticostatus occurs in a light coloured ferruginous sandstone, -which contains a multitude of other fossil remains, particularly -a large species of Productus and of Terebratula. It is said to -have been found in Ulster county, in the State of New York, by the -late Charles Wilson Peale, Esq., the distinguished founder of the -Philadelphia Museum. During the memorable search after the bones -of the _Mastodon Giganteum_, in the marl pits of that county, this -enterprising naturalist procured our Asaph with many other remarkable -petrifactions. The rocks which contain them were probably found not -_in situ_, but were masses rolled from the neighbouring Shawangunk -mountains,[26] which by some geologists are supposed to be a link in -the grand chain of the Alleghanies. Mr. R. Peale, of New York, lately -visited the rich repository of fossils in Ulster County, and procured a -number of specimens of the A. Laticostatus, all of which he has kindly -permitted me to examine. These are much smaller than our cast, but in -many instances the caudal elongation is perfectly developed. The A. -Laticostatus also occurs in the Helderberg mountains, specimens of -which are in the Albany Institute. - -[Footnote 26: The Lenape tribe of Indians, who formerly inhabited this -district of country, gave the name of Shawangunk to this stupendous -ridge of hills a name which has been very properly preserved.] - - -Asaphus Selenurus.[27] _Eaton._ Casts Nos. 14 & 15. - -[Footnote 27: Derived from _Selene_, moon, and _ouros_, tail.] - - Cauda semilunari; costis angustis, valde distinctis; abdominis - articulis duodecim; corpore convexo. - -I am indebted to Professor Eaton, for two specimens of this very -interesting species. In his Geological Text Book, he thus describes -it: "Tail crescent-form, or concavo-convex, with the convex side -forward, upon which the post abdomen terminates: abdomen contains -about 12 articulations, with an abrupt termination equal in breadth -to one-fourth of the length of the transverse lunate tail; the -articulations of the side lobes gradually incline towards the axis -of the body, until the last pair terminate at the tail. Found in -transition limestone at Glenn's Falls, and Becroft's mountain, near -Hudson. I have a specimen from Becroft's mountain, with part of the -original covering of the animal remaining." - -When we first noticed the remarkable lunate appearance of the tail -of this Asaph, we supposed that it was occasioned by some accident, -but there seems no doubt that this conformation is natural. In -our specimens of this species, which are not however perfect, -the articulations of the abdomen do not exceed 8 in number. The -representation of this animal remain given by Mr. Eaton, plate 1, -figure 1, is exceedingly inaccurate; it will confuse rather than -illustrate the subject. Our cast and the drawing, we believe, are taken -from the same specimen, which was kindly loaned by Mr. Eaton for this -work. It is but justice to the amiable, industrious, and indefatigable -author of the Geological Text Book to remark, that he regrets as much -as any one, the insufficiency of his figures of the trilobites, to give -any correct idea of the fossils they are intended to represent. - -In the cabinet of the Albany Institute there are a number of specimens -of the A. Selenurus. One of our models represents the natural mould -made by the animal in the rock; the other is an impression taken from -it, in order to exhibit the animal in a more satisfactory manner. - - -Asaphus Limulurus.[28] _Green._ Cast No. 16. - -[Footnote 28: From two Greek words, which signify "Limulus tailed."] - - Cauda longa, spina munita sicut in Limulo; costis abdominis in - spinis retrorsum flexis, desinentibus. - -It is very much to be regretted that the abdomen and caudal end only of -this remarkable Asaph have hitherto been discovered; it is, however, -exceedingly gratifying that the fragment still remains in so perfect a -state. It forms a part of the magnificent cabinet of organic remains -belonging to J. P. Wetherill, Esq., now deposited in the Academy of -Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia. - -Dr. J. J. Cohen discovered a small specimen of this species at -Lockport, New York, which he has presented to the Athenæum, in -Baltimore. - -Eight articulations of the abdomen, and ten of the tail, are all of -this fine species that we have seen. The ribs, or costal arches of -the abdomen have a deep furrow on their upper surface, commencing -at the middle lobe, and terminating near their free extremities; -these extremities appear all detached from each other, and end in -reflected points or spines, so as to give the side of the animal a -serrate appearance. The costal arches of the tail are grooved through -their whole extent, and present no spinous terminations. Beyond the -membranaceous expansion of the tail, which is somewhat similar to that -of the Asaphus Caudatus, there projects a single spine, like that from -the tail of the _Limulus polyphemus_; this spine may be traced under -the caudal membrane to its insertion into the middle lobe. A portion -of the crustaceous shell is still entire, and it seems to have been -covered with very minute granulations. A row of large granulations -may easily be traced on each side of the middle lobe. Length of the -fragment, one inch and a half. Breadth one inch and a fourth. - -The A. Limulurus was found in the dark brown, shaly limestone, at -Lockport, in the State of New York; it is associated in the same rock -with the terebratula and several other fossils. - -The singular spinous projection from the tail of this Asaph, furnishes -another analogy, between the trilobite and the limulus; an affinity -which was suggested by Dr. Dekay; and which has been argued with great -ingenuity both by himself and Professor Wahlenberg.[29] - -[Footnote 29: See Nova Acta Regiæ Societatis Upsalensis: 1821. Also, -Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History. New York. Vol. i. pages -179-185.] - - -Asaphus Caudatus.[30] _Brünnich. Brongn._ Cast No, 17. - -[Footnote 30: From the Latin word for "tailed,"] - - Clypeo antice subrotundato, postice valde emarginato, angulo - externo in mucronem producto; oculis exsertis, conicis, truncatis, - distincte reliculatis; post abdomine in caudam membranaceam, acutam - extenso. (Vide Brongniart.) - -The middle lobe of the buckler is marked by three transverse plicæ -or folds on its posterior part, and its cheeks or lateral portions -are triangular; the posterior exterior angles of which, are acute, -and considerably elongated. The cheeks are furnished with conical, -truncated, semilunar and externally convex tubercles, which were beyond -all doubt the eyes of the animal, being reticulated as in those of -the Limulus. The middle lobe of the back is narrow, and has twelve -articulations. The lateral lobes are composed of double ribbed costal -arches. Beyond the lateral lobes and the caudal termination, there is a -smooth, thick membranaceous expansion, which forms an acute projection -below the central portion of the tail. - -The specimen in the Philadelphia Museum, by which I have identified -this species, is marked as coming from Ripley, Ohio. It reposes on a -fragment of ash coloured limestone--which contains also a mutilated -specimen of what seems to be a calymene, and a few small terebratulæ, -&c. - -Dr. John Bigsby, in his "List of Organic Remains, occurring in the -Canadas," states that the A. caudatus is frequently met with, thrown -up by the water on the north shore of Lake Superior--on the bank of -Rainy river--at the Lake of the Woods, and at several other places. In -some localities they are astonishingly numerous, and so small as to be -almost microscopic. They occupy indiscriminately limestone of every -colour, but are most numerous in that which is brown or crystallized. -They are composed of the kind of limestone in which they happen to be -embedded. - -We have seen a number of specimens of this species in the Albany -Institute, in Mr. Wetherill's cabinet, and in the Baltimore Athenæum; -but in all of them, the abdomen and caudal extremity only remain -perfect: from their exact resemblance, however, to the same parts of -the A. caudatus, figured by Brongniart, (plate 2, fig. 4, D.) we have -no hesitation with regard to their identity. The description which -we have given of the _buckler_, supposed to belong to our Asaph, is -therefore taken from Brongniart, whose specimens were found at Dudley, -the celebrated locality of the C. Blumenbachii.[31] The coriaceous -membrane, which extends beyond the lateral lobes and forms the caudal -termination of our species, is not covered with minute dots, as in -the European fossil; and if a new name is to be applied to it on that -account, it may be called _A. glabratus_.[32] M. Wahlenberg, has given -the figure of a trilobite which he calls _caudatus_, but ours cannot -be mistaken for that species, to which Brongniart has very judiciously -applied the name of _A. meucronatus_. - -[Footnote 31: In the first volume, 2d series, of the Transactions of -the Geological Society of London, Mr. Weaver has published some highly -interesting observations on the fossils found in Gloucestershire, -England. The A. caudatus, he states, is there found in the transition -limestone, though very much mutilated. (Vide p. 326.)] - -[Footnote 32: In the cabinet of G. W. Featherstonhaugh, Esq., I have -examined a fine specimen of the A. caudatus, from Dudley, England, -but could not perceive the minute dots on the tail, as mentioned by -Brongniart.] - -The conical eye-like protuberances on the head of this species, are -very remarkable, and so much resemble the reticulated eyes of the -limulus, as to leave no doubt that they once contained the organs of -vision. - - -Asaphus Hausmanni. _Brongniart._ - - Cauda rotundata; cute coriacea tuberculis minimis spinulosis tecta. - -In De la Beche's Geological Manual, there is a list, of the trilobites -which have been discovered in the grauwacke group of rocks. This list -we have given in our introduction. Among the trilobites he states that -the Asaphus Hausmanni has been found in the United States; as we have -not seen the species, and presuming the author to be correct in his -locality, we give the following description from Professor Brongniart. - -I know, he observes, only the tail of this Asaph, but it is so -different from that of other trilobites, that I do not hesitate to -establish a particular species, upon the consideration of this part -alone. Its general form is that of a semi-ellipsis; the middle lobe -represents a very slender cone. The arched ribs of the lateral lobes -are perfectly distinct and simple. I cannot perceive in them the -slightest appearance of bifurcation. This sufficiently characterizes -the species. But that which further distinguishes it from the others, -are the small, elevated points, scattered, and of course rough -(serrés), with which the skin or epidermis is covered, resembling, in -this respect, the tail of the _Apus canceriformis_. - -This fragment of an Asaph is in a homogeneous, compact, blackish -limestone, which contains no other kind of petrifaction. I know not -where it was found. It is in the cabinet of M. de Drée. - -On plate 2 of Professor Brongniart's work, he has given figures to -illustrate this species; fig. 3 A. represents the whole fragment, -and 3 B. two of the ribs of the lateral lobes, magnified to show the -arrangement of the tubercles, which are very peculiar. - -From the above description it will be readily perceived, that the A. -Hausmanni comes very near to the A. Laticostatus. There are, however, -many striking differences, which will be obvious to those who compare -our cast with the figures of Brongniart. The shape of the ribs, and the -tubercles upon them; the form of the middle lobe and of the interstices -between the articulations, are all peculiar to each. The elongation of -the tail in our species is alone sufficient to distinguish it. We have -always been doubtful whether the minute granulations on our species -were not produced by the sandstone in which it is petrified. - -Upon what authority the A. Hausmanni has been considered as a species -belonging to the United States we cannot determine. In the valuable -and extensive cabinet of trilobites belonging to the Albany Institute, -there are a number of specimens labelled with this name by Professor -A. Eaton. If we mistake not, he mentioned to us that similar fragments -of this fossil were sent by him to Brongniart, who, we understand, -is the author of the list of trilobites found in the manual of De la -Beche. The specimens which have been examined, both in the cabinet of -Professor Eaton, and in that of the Albany Institute, are certainly -not identical with the figures or descriptions published of the A. -Hausmanni. Professor Eaton, in his Geological Text Book, at page 31, -thus describes his A. Hausmanni:--"Tail rounded, and forming the middle -of a circular arc whose centre is in the fore abdomen, near the head; -covering tubercled or spined. Found in coral rag on the south shore of -Lake Erie. Also, in its underlaying grit slate on the Helderberg." Some -other trilobites mentioned in De la Beche's list as occurring in the -United States, we have not been so fortunate as to meet. - - -Asaphus Pleuroptyx.[33] Cast No. 18. - -[Footnote 33: From the Greek word for "grooved ribs."] - - Corpore depresso; cute coriacea tuberculis minimis; costis - striatis; cauda acuta, brevi. - -This species like most other specimens of this genus, in our cabinets, -is decapitated--every other part, however, appears to be in a good -state of preservation. - -The articulations of the abdomen and tail, which cannot readily be -distinguished from each other, are seventeen in number. The middle lobe -is flat, and regularly tapers to an obtuse lip; it is marked on each -side with longitudinal impressed lines or little grooves. The costal -arches on their upper side have a deep and narrow channel, running -through their whole course. The costal arches of the abdomen have no -membranaceous expansion beyond their terminations; this organization -is only visible immediately below the end of the middle lobe, where it -quickly finishes in an acute point. A large portion of the crustaceous -shell remains, and is covered with distinct granulations; those on the -tail are the least obvious. - -This species approaches very near the A. caudatus, but the grooves on -the middle lobe, the smallness of the costal arches, and the limited -extent of the membranaceous expansion round the lower portions of the -shell, will sufficiently distinguish it. - -Two specimens of this Asaph are in the cabinet of the Albany Institute. -The one from which our cast is taken, was found on the Helderberg -mountains; it is embedded in a light grey coloured limestone shale. The -other specimen, which is much smaller, was discovered near the Genessee -River, in the State of New York. The rock in which it occurs is -identical in its constitution with the other. It contains other species -of trilobites, and a number of shells. - - -Asaphus Micrurus.[34] Cast No. 19. Fig. 3. - -[Footnote 34: From the Greek, for "minute tail."] - - Cauda attenuata, acuta; corpore valde convexo; costis striatis; - parte marginali vix membranacea. - -This fine, large caudal termination of an Asaph is in the cabinet -of the Albany Institute--and it is a subject of great regret, that -all that has yet been discovered relating to this highly interesting -trilobite, is to be seen in this fragment. - -There are eighteen articulations of the tail and abdomen, which cannot -be distinguished from each other. The middle lobe is composed of a -series of straight, distinct, parallel articulations, very convex -about the middle, so as to form a kind of longitudinal ridge down -the back. The costal arches of the lateral lobes are very distinct, -and are longitudinally striated or grooved on their upper surface, -particularly those near the upper part of the animal. The membranaceous -expansion is very narrow along the sides of the body, and forms a sort -of hem; below the central portion of the tail it makes a short acute -projection, which seems to be supported by a short costal elongation of -the middle lobe. Length two inches and a half. - -The A. Micrurus was found in the black fœtid limestone of Trenton -Falls, by M. H. Webster, Esq., and by him placed in the rich collection -of trilobites in the Albany Institute. The limestone in which this -Asaph is embedded, is almost one entire mass of petrifactions. The -general aspect of the A. Micrurus is very similar to that of a -calymene--but judging from its structure, it could never contract -its shell into a spherical figure. Its minute tail, and narrow -membranaceous expansion round the terminal edges of the lateral lobes -are quite peculiar, and determine it to be an Asaph. - - -Asaphus Wetherilli.[35] _Green._ Cast No. 20. - -[Footnote 35: I have named this species in compliment to my friend, -John P. Wetherill, Esq., whose magnificent cabinet of fossils in the -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, will ever remain as a -monument of his discrimination, enterprise, and liberality.] - - Clypeo postice arcuato, sulcato; abdominis articulis duodecim; - cauda vix membranacea; cute coreacea vix punctata. - -The contour of this beautiful Asaph is very regularly ovate; unlike -most of the remains of this genus, the buckler is still attached -to the abdomen, though one of the _cheeks_, and a portion of the -_front_ are obscured by the rock in which the animal is imbedded. The -cheeks form spherical triangles. The oculiferous tubercles, though a -good deal defaced, seem to have been circular and not lunate, as in -the A. Caudatus. A raised, curved line passes from and over the eye, -between it and the lateral lobe of the abdomen. The central lobe of -the back is composed of twelve double joints, and that of the tail of -six single articulations; where the epidermis or shell is perfect, -all the articulations appear single. The last joint of the tail is -longer than in any other of our species. The ribs of the abdomen are -rather broad, and have a deep furrow scooped out along their upper -surface; their extremities, where they can be discovered, are detached -from each other, and terminate in reflected points, like those of the -A. Limulurus. The costal arches of the tail are delicately grooved, -and terminate in the membrane. The membranaceous expansion round the -edge of the tail is very narrow, and appears to form no projection -beyond its central part. The whole epidermis is finely marked with -granulations. Length one inch and three-fourths--breadth one inch and -one-fourth. - -This interesting species was found in limestone shale, near Rochester, -in Munroe County, N. Y.; and is now in the valuable cabinet of the -Albany Institute. An accidental fissure of the rock disclosed not only -a fine specimen of both the mould and the cast of this animal, but -also another individual of the same species in contact with it. From -the peculiar attitude which these fossilized animals maintain towards -each other, they appear to have been combatants at the very moment when -the catastrophe occurred which produced their mineralization. In the -Museum of the Garden of Plants at Paris, there is a large specimen of -two fossil fish, which are supposed by many to have been destroyed and -covered with mineral matter, when one of them was in the very act of -swallowing the other. Mr. Bake well, however, who accurately examined -this specimen, is of opinion, that the two heads of the fish had been -pressed together by the superincumbent weight. - - -Genus Paradoxides. _Brongniart._ - -The animals arranged under this generic name, include the organic -remains described by Linné as Entomolithus paradoxus, and Brongniart -has given the specific appellation which the great Swedish naturalist -applied to these singular animals, out of compliment to him, though he -considers it quite inappropriate. The late Professor Dalman calls this -genus Olenus, and quotes Paradoxides as a synonyme, but the term of -Brongniart seems to have the priority, and therefore must be preferred. - -The animals belonging to the Paradoxides have the body very much -depressed, and the lateral much wider than the middle lobe. - -The buckler is nearly semicircular, the cheeks are destitute of eyes, -and the front is marked with three transverse furrows. This last -character is probably not a permanent one. - -But the most distinguishing character, is the prolongation of the -costal arches, particularly those of the tail, beyond the membrane -which they are supposed to support; the termination of these arches -is in teeth or spines. Some species of the Asaph have prolongated -extremities to the ribs of the abdomen, but we have never seen them on -the arches of the tail. - -This genus is said to comprise a great number of species, but the only -one found in North America, as far as our knowledge extends, is that -described by J. J. Bigsby, in the fourth volume of the Journal of the -Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. As we have not seen the -specimen, we add the description of it in the author's own words. - - -Paradoxides Boltoni. _Bigsby._ Figure 5. - -Oval, blind; surface with small tubercles and striæ; clypeus rounded -before; exterior angle extending in a broad spine; abdomen fourteen -jointed; segments recurved, falcate; tail membranaceous and serrate. - -The shape of this individual is oval, approaching ovate; it is -moderately flat; the whole length is five inches and four-fifths; its -breadth across the middle is four inches and nine-tenths; wherever the -cutis is not removed, it is covered profusely and irregularly with -small tubercles. The denuded portions in this specimen, for the space -of three quarters of an inch from the external margin, is, in a very -small degree, depressed, and displays a number of broken and continuous -striæ, parallel to that margin. There are no traces of organs of -vision. The buckler is nearly the segment of a circle; anterior edge, -in the present case, imperfect; it is four inches and three-fifths -broad, and one inch and one-ninth long at the centre; it joins the -abdomen by a somewhat sinuous transverse line; cheeks and front of -equal breadth; the former are flat, but rise at the sharp ridge by -which they unite with the front; they are triangular in shape; their -outer angles terminating by an acute tip. The striæ mentioned above -are here not quite parallel to the external border; the front is a -shallow depression; rounded but tapering anteriorly; it is intersected -from above on each side obliquely towards the mesial line, by a ridge -bifurcating downwards; another smaller ridge nearly bisects the front -perpendicularly. - -The abdomen and post abdomen are not distinct. The abdomen exclusive -of the cauda is three inches and a half long; it exhibits fourteen -costæ varying indiscriminately from one-fifth to one-fourth of an inch -in breadth, except the three inferior ones, which are rather broader; -they occupy the whole abdomen without membranous interspaces, and are -separated by a black sulcus, not always well defined, and sometimes a -line in diameter. Each costa is canaliculated from the upper and under -angle to the tip. - -The middle lobe is separated from the lateral by a shallow, rude -sulcus, which however, does not always destroy the continuity of the -costæ, as they cross it; this lobe is slightly convex, one inch and -a half broad at the top, and so continues to the sixth costa, after -which it gradually contracts, until at the bottom it is one-fifth of -an inch broad, subsiding insensibly into a flat membrane-like surface; -its longitudinal sulci pass one inch farther downwards, and expanding -a little, unite with the costæ on each side the posterior edge of the -space included by them, being dentated. - -The lateral lobes are quite flat, one inch and a half broad anteriorly, -and, by gradual prolongation, become at the fourth costa one inch and -four-fifths in breadth; this dimension is maintained to the ninth -articulation, when it slowly decreases to one inch at the bottom; -the recurvature of the costæ is gentle in the upper eight, but then -decreases rapidly. Their extremities, advancing two-fifths and -four-fifths of an inch into the embedding rock, are falcate with their -raised black edges, and clearly marked points. - -This trilobite was found by Lieut. Bolton, at Lockport, in the state -of New York, in the black, shaly, horizontal limestone forming the -lower part of the ravine by which the Erie canal ascends the _parallel -ridge_ of Lake Ontario. Dr. Bigsby remarks on this locality, "I am not -prepared to assign to this limestone its exact place in the series -of geological formations; it is above the saliferous sandstone, and -therefore more recent than the rocks best known as abounding in -trilobites." We have, therefore, in this instance, another fact, which -demonstrates that blind trilobites are not confined to a geological -period more remote than That which has produced the animals with -oculiferous tubercles. - - -Genus Ogygia. _Brongniart._ - -In the vast quarries of slate at Angers, in France, there is frequently -noticed two very remarkable organic remains, which have for a long -time excited the attention of naturalists. To receive these curious -relics, Professor Brongniart established the genus, Ogygia, which he -thus characterizes. Body much depressed--elongated into an ellipse, -terminated in points--nearly equal at its extremities, and not capable -of contracting itself into a spherical form. The buckler is bordered by -a slight longitudinal furrow, rising from its anterior extremity, and -its posterior angles terminating in elongated points. The abdomen has -eight articulations, and its longitudinal lobes are not very prominent. -The eyes are neither prominent nor reticulated and there are no other -protuberances on the buckler. - -In Professor Brongniart's original work on the Trilobites, he has -described the two specimens from Angers, under the specific names -of Guettardi, and Desmarestii, in compliment to M. M. Guettard and -Desmarest; and in De La Beche's Manual of Geology, we are informed that -he has since identified two other species; one of which is supposed to -be found in North America; this he calls _Ogygia Sillimani_; the banks -of the Mohawk River, near Schenectady, is the locality from which it -is said to have been derived. - -As we have not been able to find any detailed account of this species, -we have admitted both it and the genus to which it is said to belong -into our Monograph exclusively on the high authority of Professor -Brongniart, as quoted in the Manual of Geology. We are not ignorant of -the species of Trilobites found near Schenectady, and if permitted to -offer a suggestion on this subject, it would be, that the description -of the American ogygia, was made out by its distinguished author from -the fragment of an Isotelus. The Isotelus is not uncommon in that -vicinity, and one of its extremities might, even by a very close -observer, be mistaken for that of an Ogygia--especially by those who -are not perfectly familiar with the Isotelus. - - -Genus Isotelus. _Dekay._ - -This fine genus of trilobites was established November, 1824, by my -friend James E. Dekay, M. D. It embraces a considerable number of -species so analogous to each other, that except in a very few cases, -it is exceedingly difficult to point out their distinctive characters. -Some of the species of Isotelus, appear to have reached a greater size -than any other trilobite. In the cabinet of P. A. Browne, Esq., there -is the fragment of one, which must have been fourteen or fifteen inches -long. - -The Isotelus is found in several parts of North America, but most -abundantly in the black transition limestone, in the northern section -of the country. The richest locality, not only of this genus, but also -of the Calymene and the Asaph, is Trenton Falls, on West Canada Creek, -about 13 miles to the north of Utica, in the state of New York. The -following extracts from the notes of Professor Renwick, which accompany -Dr. Dekay's account of the Isotelus, will give some idea of this vast -depository of the medals of ancient zoology. West Canada Creek, is one -of the principal branches of the Mohawk River. At Trenton Falls it has -worn itself a passage through the rock for the distance of nearly two -miles, forming a series of water falls; and has thus laid open to view -the strata to the depth of probably 300 feet. The layers of the rock -thus disclosed are nearly horizontal, and of various thicknesses: they -are composed of limestone, with the exception of numerous thin veins -of argillaceous matter. The higher strata are composed of carbonate of -lime nearly pure, of a light grey colour and crystalline structure. At -greater depths it is more compact and darker in colour, and finally it -appears quite black and highly fœtid.[36] - -[Footnote 36: See Annals of N. Y. Lyceum, vol. i. page 185.] - -Animal remains are contained in every part of the rock; besides several -genera of trilobites, we have several species of orthocera. Encrinites -and Fungites--Nautili--Terebratulæ and Producti, are quite common. -The favosites here are sometimes six inches in diameter, and in such -numerous columns, as to have induced the late worthy proprietor of -this interesting spot, Mr. J. Sherman, to consider them as analogous -in structure to the basaltic columns of Staffa and the Giant's -Causeway; he therefore maintains the extravagant theory that these -columns are nothing more than gigantic favosites.[37] We visited this -famous locality of trilobites not long since, and were almost as much -delighted with the sublimity and grandeur of the cataract, and the -picturesque and romantic character of the glen, as with the reliques of -olden times, which are scattered here in such profusion. - -[Footnote 37: See a Description of Trenton Falls, by John Sherman, p. -17.] - -The genus Isotelus, derived from Ἱσος, equal, and τελος, extremity, is -thus characterized by Dr. Dekay. - -_Body_ oval often contracted, not unfrequently extended. - -_Head_ or buckler large and rounded, equalling the tail in size, but -with two oculiform tubercles. - -_Abdomen_ with eight articulations. - -Frontal process beneath, with two semilunar terminations. - -_Post abdomen_ or tail, broad, expanded with indistinct divisions, as -large as the buckler. - -Longitudinal lobes very distinct. - -Other distinguishing marks by which this genus may be known, have been -given in our introduction. - - -Isotelus Gigas. _Dekay_. Casts Nos. 21 and 22. - -_Head_ representing a spherical triangle, surface punctate, convex, -descending from between the eyes to the anterior border, which has -a narrow raised rim; posterior extremity concave and corresponding -to the articulation of the abdomen. Eyes elevated, prominent, -sub-pedunculated; cornea oblong, lunated, highly polished; _abdomen_ -with eight distinct articulations, the middle lobe double the size -of the lateral one: these latter are continuous with the middle -lobe, have a deep furrow impressed on their upper surfaces, which -becomes gradually effaced towards their narrow free extremities. -These lateral lobes are rounded at their extremities, and flattened -in such a manner as to allow each lobe to slide easily under the lobe -immediately preceding. _Tail_ subtriangular, convex, equalling the -head in size, with the posterior termination rounded. On the centre of -its surface, when accidentally decorticated, a slight elevation may be -traced, if the specimen be held in a certain light, which appears to -be a continuation of the middle lobe; this extends to within a short -distance of the posterior angle of the tail, when it is either entirely -effaced or terminates in an abrupt truncation. Another elevation runs -parallel to and at a short distance from the edge of the tail. These -elevations are connected by obscure parallel lines, imitating the -spaces between the lateral lobes. When the tail is fractured on the -borders, a semilunar depression is visible, exhibiting concentric -striæ. The whole Surface of the animal has a jet black polish. Length -from 6 to 12 inches. - -The original of our cast is in the cabinet of J. P. Wetherill, and was -found near Cincinnati, Ohio. It is of a yellowish colour, and occurs in -argillaceous slate. Specimens are common in most cabinets of American -fossils. The Lyceum in New York, possesses a fragment of an individual -of this species, which must have been at least 17 inches long. Our -cast, No. 22, is from the gigantic tail in the cabinet of P. A. Brown, -Esq. Mr. Stokes describes the I. gigas as a new species under the name -of Asaphus Platycephalus, in Geolog. Trans. vol. i. N. Series. His -specimen was found in the limestone of. St. Joseph's, Canada. - - -Isotelus Planus.[38] _Dekay._ Cast No. 23. - -[Footnote 38: The general usage of naturalists is to prefix a short -Latin caption to the species which they discover--but as some -authors do not follow this fashion, we are satisfied to suffer their -descriptions to stand without it. We believe, indeed, that the time is -not very distant, when every author will be expected to publish his -discoveries in his vernacular tongue.] - -_Head_ more rounded than the preceding, and less elevated. _Tail_ -flat, rounded. Total length two inches and one-tenth. Breadth one -inch and one-tenth. Length of the head, six-tenths--of the abdomen, -eight-tenths, and of the tail seven-tenths. - -Dr. Dekay is of opinion that this species may possibly prove to be the -young of the preceding. The relative proportions of its buckler and -tail vary considerably from those of the I. gigas; and the depth of -the lateral lobes, which exceeds three-tenths of an inch, would almost -of itself determine it to be a new species. The original, from which -our cast was taken, is in the cabinet of J. P. Wetherill. It was found -near Newport, Kentucky, and occurs in argillaceous slate. The fossil is -of a dirty yellow colour. - - -Isotelus Cyclops.[39] _Green._ Cast No. 24. Fig. 7. - -[Footnote 39: From the Greek for "round eyes,"] - - Clypeo antice attenuato, plano; oculis rotundis, proximis; cauda - ovata, acuminata. - -The head of this species is much more elongated than it is in the -two preceding species. The anterior portion of the buckler is much -prolonged. The eyes are approximate, rounded, and near the posterior -edge of the head. The abdomen is furnished with eight distinct -articulations; the middle lobe is scarcely broader than the lateral -lobes; tail rather broader than the head, and ovate; posterior -termination more rounded than the buckler. Length nearly three inches. - -The specimen from which our model was taken belongs to the Albany -Museum. No label is attached to it, but I was informed by Mr. Meach, -one of the proprietors, that it was found in the western part of the -State of New York. It is embedded in an ash-coloured limestone. The -specimen is a good deal worn--but the peculiar form of the eyes, and -the narrowness of the middle abdominal lobe, clearly distinguish it -from either of Dr. Dekay's species. - - -Isotelus Megalops.[40] _Green._ Cast No. 25. - -[Footnote 40: From the Greek for "great eyes."] - - Clypeo antice subrotundato, postice arcuato; oculis magnis, - rotundis, eminentissimis; cauda suborbiculari, limbo lato; - articulis abdominis octo. - -The buckler in its contour resembles very much the head of the I. -gigas; it is, however, rather more rounded before, and arcuated behind. -The oculiferous tubercles, are very peculiar, being very large, round, -and exceedingly prominent. They have a good deal the appearance of -solid hemispheres placed on the forehead of the animal. They are -exactly on a line with the two abdominal furrows. The abdomen is -composed of eight distinct articulations; the middle lobe is rather -larger than the lateral lobes. The tail is suborbicular, convex, and -rather less than the head. Length nearly five inches. Breadth almost -three inches. - -This magnificent Isotelus was obtained near Trenton Falls, in New York, -by P. A. Browne, Esq., and now forms a part of his fine collection -of fossils, in this city. It occurs in black transition limestone. -It differs essentially from the I. gigas of Dekay, in the magnitude, -collocation, and contour of the eyes. Those of the I. gigas are oblong -and lunate, and nearly half the distance between the anterior and the -posterior edges of the buckler; those of the I. Megalops are not only -much larger, but they are round, and very near the posterior border of -the head. - - -Isotelus Stegops.[41] Green. Casts Nos. 26 and 27. - -[Footnote 41: From two Greek words, which signify "covered eyes."] - - Clypeo antice, caudaque postice attenuatis; cute coreacea punctis - minimis. - -The head of this species is nearly in the form of a spherical triangle; -its anterior edge is vertically flattened all round, but does not -produce a narrow raised rim, such as is described by Dr. Dekay, to -belong to the I. gigas. The eyes are prominent, and rather nearer the -lateral edge of the buckler, than to its posterior border. The shell -of the buckler forms a remarkable projection over the top of each -oculiferous tubercle, something like an eye-lid. Continuous with the -edge of this cuticular projection, there is a curved linear depression, -which terminates on both sides, at the edge of the buckler. This -kind of suture, though remarkably developed in this species, is not -peculiar to it, being more or less distinct in most of the Isoteli. -The articulations of the abdomen are lost; there can be little doubt, -however, that they were eight in number. The tail is subtriangular, and -less in magnitude than the buckler. - -This fossil is among the number of fine specimens in the cabinet of -J. P. Wetherill. It is in a rolled or contracted attitude, and is -somewhat distorted. We have given, however, models of the head and -the tail, in two distinct pieces. The external shell, or calcareous -covering, is more perfect in this specimen than in any other we have -ever seen. A considerable portion of the under side of the anterior -part of the buckler, is also well preserved, and perfectly coincides -with the figure and description given of it by Dr. Dekay and Mr. -Stokes. There is another fragment of an Isotelus in the cabinet of Mr. -Wetherill, showing eight articulations of the abdomen, which probably -belongs to another individual of this species. The dorsal shell is in a -high state of preservation. This species is embedded in clay slate, and -was found in Newport, Kentucky. - - -Genus Cryptolithus. _Green._ - -Among the numerous organic relics embedded in black limestone at -Trenton Falls, in the State of New York, there is often found the -fragment of a trilobite which cannot properly be referred to any of the -genera already mentioned. Dr. J. Bigsby, in his Sketch of the Geology -of the Island of Montreal, has figured and described a fossil which -occurs at that place, which approaches in its specific characters to -the fragments found at Trenton--but he does not suggest for his relic -any name. Professor Brongniart has also represented, plate 4, figs. -5 and 7 A. B. C., the fragments of trilobites from Russia and from -Llandillo, in Wales, which seem to differ but little from those above -noticed, these are also without names. Under such circumstances, we -have thought it expedient to group these relics under the generic term -of Cryptolithus, a name analogous to Calymene, Asaphus, Ogygia, and -Agnostus, and which may with propriety be applied to the animal, should -it ever be discovered entire.[42] - -[Footnote 42: Since the above was written, and the C. Tessellatus -published, I have received a fine specimen of this trilobite from -Professor Eaton, in an almost perfect state, so that the entire animal -can now be described.] - -_Body_, contractile. - -_Buckler_, lunate, convex, outer edge surrounded by a semicircular, -reticulated, or tessellated border. - -_Front_ or middle lobe of the buckler very protuberant. - -_Oculiferous protuberances_, none. - -_Abdomen_, much compressed, trilobate. - - -Cryptolithus Tessellatus. _Green._ Cast No. 28, and Fig. 4. - - Clypeo rotundato, fronte valde convexo, capite antice semicirculari - margine tessellato ornato. - -Outline of the buckler hemispherical, the edge surrounded by a -semicircular border of tessellated or rounded punctures, in three -concentric rows in front--on each side near the posterior angle of the -buckler, these rows of punctures are more numerous; the front is highly -convex; is rounded before, and gradually tapers towards the abdomen. -The cheeks form spherical triangles, and are entirely destitute of -oculiferous tubercles or any other markings; their posterior angles -project beyond the sides of the abdomen. Abdomen and tail very much -compressed, and composed of about ten articulations; costal arches of -the lateral lobes grooved; tail attenuated. Whole length half an inch. - -The Cryptolithus Tessellatus, resembles a good deal the Entomostracites -Granulatus of Wahlenberg, and which Dr. D aim an calls Asaphus -Granulatus. The figure of this animal given by Brongniart, table 3, -fig. 7, appears to be quite imperfect, and is very unlike, except -in the buckler, the representation of Wahlenberg's fossil, given by -Dalman, table 2, fig. 6. Though the angles of the buckler in the -Asaphus Granulatus are much more elongated than those of the C. -Tessellatus, it may perhaps be another species of the same genus.[43] - -[Footnote 43: The following, is Dr. Dalman's description of the Asaphus -Granulatus:-- - - A. trunco sexarticulato pygidioque lævibus, capite antice - semicirculari margine granuloso, angulis posticis extensis corpore - longioribus. - - Animalculum singulare, inversum si inspicitur, lyram forma fere - similans. Caput antice semicirculare, margine distincto, serie - submoniliformi e granulis approximatis ornato, discus capitis - lævis, sed ambitus intra marginem punctis elevatis obsitus. Hic - ambitus, una cum margine, truncum quoque amplecti videtur, ad - pygidii basin usque, ubi in cornua lævia, trunco multo longiora, - abit. Glabella antice fere clavæformis, ad basin utrinque emittens - lobi rudimentum. Truncus brevis lævis segmentis constans tantummodo - sex, rhachide angusta. Pygidium breve, rotundatum, læve; adeo - parvum ut ne quidem capitis disco respondeat. - - Obs.--Oculos atque suturam facialem ex autopsia describere licet. - -Vide Om. Palæaderna eller de sa kallade Trilobiterna af. J. W. Dalman, -pages 50-4. ] - -The animal described and figured by Dr. J. Bigsby, to which we have -already referred, seems rather different from our species. His -specimens were found at Montmorenci, near Quebec, (Canada) more than -an inch and a half in diameter. The following are his remarks on this -trilobite.[44] "The front of the buckler is remarkably convex, and has -on each side near the base, three very small transverse lines, scarcely -to be called depressions, corresponding to the sulci so strongly marked -in the genus Calymene. There is frequently, but not universally, a -very minute pisiform process on the centre of the front. The whole -upper edge of the buckler is always surrounded by a very ornamental -semicircular border, sometimes semi-elliptical, of punctures placed in -the meshes of a net-work in high relief and arranged close together, -in rays, passing perpendicularly from the buckler and forming at the -same time when observed transversely, curved lines parallel to its -upper rim or edge, excepting at the sides, where they diverge, leaving -a space occupied by other lines of dottings, parallel to the former, -but speedily terminating on the cheeks of the buckler. The lines which -are complete from side so side, are four in number. The imperfect -additional ones, vary from two to four; the smallest and inner, -consisting only of two or three punctures. A plain edging includes the -semicircle of punctures. In the beds of these casts, the places of -the punctures are shown by small conical elevations, and those of the -ridges of the net-work, by corresponding depressions." - -[Footnote 44: See Geology of the Island of Montreal, in Lyceum of Nat. -History, N. Y. p. 214.] - -Should this prove to be a distinct species, we propose to call it -_Cryptolithus Bigsbii_. - -The _Nuttainia Concentrica_ of Professor Eaton seems also very nearly -allied to this species; he describes it as having "four or five -concentric arcs of punctures in front of the buckler, separated by -alternating arcs of fine elevated ridges." The genus Nuttainia, to -which he refers this species, cannot include it, and the N. Sparsa; for -these two relics have scarcely a single essential character in common; -we have, therefore, confined the genus Nuttainia, to the species which -he calls _Sparsa_. - -The Cryptolithus Tessellatus is very common at Trenton falls. In the -transition limestone at Glenn's falls, in the state of New York, during -a very short visit to this place, Dr. R. Harlan procured a large number -of this fossil, but only the buckler, the projecting front of which -exhibited a pisiform protuberance above the level of the strata. Mr. -Eaton says that the N. Concentrica "occurs in the wacke variety of -transition of argillite, on the Champlain canal," between the town of -Waterford and the Mohawk river. The specimen in my cabinet, from which -our cast was made, is from that place. - -The Cryptolithus Tessellatus occurs also in the limestone which, -according to Dr. Bigsby, overlays the sandstone in the island of -Montreal. At most of its localities, it is associated with the -Isotelus, the Calymene, and with several species of Asaphus. The -Cryptolithus, which is entirely destitute of eyes, being thus found -with the oculiferous species, is an interesting fact, and controverts -the opinion of Professor Wahlenberg, that the trilobites, which are -without eyes belong to a geological epoch more ancient than those which -are furnished with oculiform tubercles. That organic remains furnish us -with the most satisfactory evidence of the identity or dissimilarity -of certain formations, is a disputed point with some geologists[45] It -cannot reasonably be doubted, that new and isolated facts have been -made the basis of a too hasty generalization. On this subject Count -Rasoumowsky makes the following remarks:--"Les divers gisemens des -Trilobites ne me semblent pas non plus pouvoir être déterminés avec -quelque précision. M. Brongniart parait admettre que les trilobites -aveugles ne se trouvent que dans de tres anciennes formations dans -des schistes et des calcaires de transitions; mais nous avons donné -la description d'un trilobite [without eyes] des bords de la Yaousa -prés de Moscow, qui n'appartient certainement pas aux formations de -transition, ce qui me donné lieu de croire que de nouvelles recherches -et de nouvelles observations, prouveront qu'il n'est pas strictement -vrai qu'en France, en Angleterre, en Russie, _il n'existe point de -trilobites entiérement privés d'yeux_, comme le dit le savant auteur -que je viens de citer." See Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Vol. 8. -page 195. - -[Footnote 45: See Eclectic Review, for July, 1832.] - - -Genus Dipleura. _Green._ - -_Body_, contractile, not much depressed, and slightly tapering. - -_Buckler_, pustulous, trilobate, cheeks protuberant, with oblique, -annular, oculiferous tubercles. - -_Abdomen_, with fourteen articulations, not lobate, the ribs double. - -_Tail_, suborbicular, not so large as the buckler, covered with an -epidermis. - -This genus derives its name from two Greek words, which signify -double ribs; many of the trilobites are thus characterized; but in no -species, is this organization so remarkable as in those which belong -to the Genus Dipleura. The expansion of the tail resembles, in some -degree, that of the Isotelus, but other obvious characters sufficiently -distinguish it from that interesting genus. The fossils arranged under -this section are larger than most other trilobites. - - -Dipleura Dekayi. _Green._ Casts No. 30, 31, and Figs. 8 & 9. - -Clypeo lunato punctato; abdomine quatuordecim articulis duplicibus vix -lobatis; cauda suborbiculari; limbo lato convexo integerrimo; oculis -oblique deflexis. - -The buckler is subtriangular, and covered with granulations; the -anterior portion of our specimen being mutilated, we cannot determine -its form exactly. The cheeks are very prominent, and swell up gradually -towards the oculiferous protuberances, which are oblique, and marked at -their apex with a depression, so as to give them an annular appearance. -The abdomen is crossed by fourteen double distinct articulations, -not interrupted in their course, by the two longitudinal furrows, -so common in most of the trilobites; but owing to certain curves or -irregularities in the ribs near their lateral termination, a trilobate -appearance may in some specimens be detected. Tail suborbicular, -convex, and covered with a thick epidermis. - -The specific name of this species was given in compliment to Dr. James -E. Dekay, of New York, whose valuable paper on the genus Isotelus, -first directed my attention to the American trilobites. - -The D. Dekayi has been found in several districts of the United States; -at Lockport in the State of New York, it is not uncommon. The small -specimen from which our cast of the abdomen and caudal end was taken, -is in the fine cabinet of Mr. William Hyde, who permitted me to use -it with his wonted liberality and kindness. It is said to have been -found in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, and occurs in grey carbonate -of lime. In the Philadelphia Museum, there is a fine fragment of this -species, in which there is embedded some crystals of iron pyrites; it -was obtained in Ulster County, New York. In the cabinet of the Academy -of Natural Sciences, there is a longitudinal and hollow fragment, -filled with ochre, and the oxide of iron; it is labelled from Lockport, -New York. At Mount Hope Institution, near Baltimore, there is also a -good specimen from the same locality. In the _Clinton collection_, -owned by the Albany Institute, there is a large extended fragment, -nearly five inches long. It is embedded in brown limestone, and was -found in Madison County, N. Y. There are twelve articulations of the -abdomen remaining, and the epidermal covering of the tail is distinctly -marked with numerous dots. In the same collection there is another -large fragment of this species, consisting of the tail and fourteen -articulations. It was found in Steuben County, New York; and occurs -in grey limestone. It is slightly contracted and very much depressed -laterally. There is also a head in the same kind of limestone, from -Cazenovia, Madison County, New York. In the cabinet of the Institute -there is another specimen of this species, about six inches in length, -and nearly perfect; it is also embedded in a similar rock, and was -brought from Rochester, Munroe County, New York. - -The original of the head from which our cast was made, is in the -cabinet of P. A. Browne, Esq., and was found by that enterprising -geologist near Lehighton, Pa. - - -Genus Trimerus.[46] _Green._ - -[Footnote 46: From the Greek for "three divisions."] - -_Body_, contractile, tapering, compressed. - -_Buckler_, pustulous, indistinctly lobate, with only two small elevated -oculiferous tubercles. - -_Abdomen_, with thirteen distinct, double articulations divided into -three lobes by a slight longitudinal furrow. - -_Flanks_, or lateral lobes, not so broad as the middle lobe. - -_Tail_, tapering to an obtuse point, pustulous, and marked with ten -articulations. - -This genus resembles in some respects both the Calymene and Dipleura. -The form of the buckler, the position and structure of the oculiferous -tubercles, and the scarcely lobate divisions of the abdomen, will -readily distinguish it from the Calymenes. The articulations of the -tail, not being covered with a shelly crust, is a character too obvious -to confound it with the genus Dipleura. There is, we think, a beautiful -chain of gradations of resemblances, between the Isotelus, Dipleura, -Hemicrypturus and Trimerus. The lobes of the abdomen of the Isotelus -are very distinct, and the articulations of the tail are hid by a broad -thick shelly crust. The lobes in the Dipleura are scarcely apparent, -the ribs more numerous; and the covering of the tail much smaller. The -lobes of the Hemicrypturus are like those of the Isotelus; but the -lateral ones only of the tail are covered. In the genus Trimerus the -lobes are like those of Dipleura, but the articulations of the tail are -exposed. - - -Trimerus Delphinocephalus. _Green._ Cast No. 32, and Fig. 1. - -Clypeo semilunari, antice compresso; oculis minimis, enimentissimis; -articulis duplicibus vix lobatis; cauda attenuata; corpore tuberculata. - -In the rich cabinet of American fossils in the Albany Institute, -there are two fine specimens of this species, and I am indebted to -that rising and liberal institution, for the use of them in the -present work. Our cast is made from the smaller and more perfect -specimen of the two. The outline of the buckler forms an irregular -semi-ellipse. The front is convex between the eyes, and very much -depressed anteriorly, so as to form a sharp edge. The posterior part -of the buckler is marked with a transverse groove parallel with the -articulations of the back. The cheeks are small and triangular; the -small elevated eye-shaped tubercles being placed in the middle, nearly -equidistant from each of the angles. The eyes are not reticulated, -the summit of each tubercle only presenting a plain oval foramen. The -middle lobe of the abdomen is much broader than the lateral lobes, and -has 13 distinct, double articulations. The side lobes are curved, and -each costal arch is flattened anteriorly near their lower extremities, -no doubt for the purpose of enabling the animal to roll itself into a -ball. The tail is tapering, and is composed of ten articulations. The -crustaceous covering is here more thickly deposited than on any other -part. The entire shell seems to have been covered with minute elevated -dots; these are beautifully distinct on the buckler and on the tail. -Whole length of the specimen described, not quite two inches. - -The other specimen of this species in the cabinet of the Albany -Institute, is a large caudal end, three inches and a half -long, entirely perfect. Both of these fossils were brought from -Williamsville, Niagara county, New York. They occur in a dark shelly -limestone, filled with other petrifactions. The calcareous matter which -has mineralized the trilobite, in this instance, as in most others, is -of a much darker hue than the surrounding rock. - - -Genus Ceraurus. _Green._ - -_Body_, very much depressed, and slightly tapering. - -_Buckler_, scarcely trilobate; cheeks large, flat, with small remote -oculiform tubercles; posterior angle of the buckler spinous. - -_Abdomen_, with twelve articulations. - -_Tail_, rounded at the end, but terminating on each side with two -slightly curved spines. - -The name of this genus is derived from the remarkable spinous -projections from the caudal end; this peculiar organization separates -it widely from the other genera. The _Paradoxides Spinulosus_ of -Wahlenberg, which is supposed to be the old _Entomolithus Paradoxus_ -of Linné, the fossil, with which all the trilobites were for a long -time confounded, has not only projecting spines from the tail, but from -all the costal arches of the lateral lobes. The presence of eyes or of -oculiferous tubercles in the _Ceraurus_, would alone be sufficient to -separate it from the genus to which that interesting fossil belongs. In -the eighth volume of Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Count Rasoumowsky -has figured and described the fragment of a very curious relic, which -seems to be an intermediate link between our genus and paradoxides; in -addition to a number of filamentous elongations of the costal arches, a -curved spine seems to project from the end of the tail, as in the _A. -limulurus_. No name is given to this trilobite, which appears to have -been found on the banks of the Yaousa, near Moscow, where it occurs in -black, coarse, argillaceous schistus. The Ceraurus is probably a very -rare animal remain, as we have only met with it, in the unrivalled -cabinet of trilobites belonging to the Albany Institute. - - -Ceraurus Pleurexanthemus. _Green._ Cast No. 33. Fig. 10. - - Clypeo postice arcuato, angulo externo in mucronem valde producto; - oculis minimis remotis, postabdomine in spinam arcuatam acutam - utrinque extenso. - -The exact contour of this species cannot be perfectly ascertained from -our specimen; it seems, however, to have been lunate. The horns of the -crescent which form the posterior angles, are very distinct, and they -project like curved spines, some distance on each side of the head. -The middle lobe or front is faintly scalloped on each side along the -cheeks. The cheeks are rather large, and are furnished with two small -oculiform tubercles, very remote from each other, and quite near to -the anterior portion of the buckler. The abdomen is composed of twelve -articulations. The lateral lobes of the abdomen are flat, and each of -the ribs, at about half their extent, is marked on the upper surface, -with an elevated pimple. These little pustules are nearly on a line -with the oculiferous tubercles of the buckler, and present two parallel -ranges down the body, one on each side of the middle lobe, and are -terminated by a curved spine, which projects to some distance beyond -the tail of the animal. Length one inch and a fourth. - -This remarkable organic relic was found near Newport, in the State of -New York. It is embedded in black limestone shale, and so exceedingly -depressed is this animal, that a very thin lamen of the slate removed -from the surface would destroy every vestige of its appearance. I am -indebted to my early friend, Professor T. R. Beck, for the use of this -valuable petrifaction, which now belongs to the cabinet of the Albany -Institute. - - -Genus Triarthrus. _Green._ - -_Body_, slightly convex; contractile? - -_Buckler?_ - -_Abdomen_, with three articulations, side lobes longitudinal, narrow, -and wedge-shaped. - -_Tail_, broad, rounded, without any membranaceous expansion. - -The name of this genus is derived from the circumstance, that the -abdomen has but _three_ articulations; an organization which is very -peculiar. These curious fossil animals are very abundant in the rocks -in which they are found; but though I have examined a multitude of -specimens from different localities, no vestige of the head or buckler -could, on the most minute examination, be discovered. Whether these -animals, during their petrifaction, were so contorted or rolled up, -as to bring the extremities of the body together, in such a manner as -to present the posterior folded part only to the view; or whether the -buckler has been destroyed by the process of mineralization, as appears -frequently to happen with the asaphs, we are at a loss to determine. - -The animal remains which belong to the genus Triarthrus, differ so much -in their' form and general characters from all the other trilobites, -that we perhaps ought to regard them as forming another race of beings. -They are, however, more nearly allied to this family than the Agnosti -of Professor Brongniart. - - -Triarthrus Beckii. _Green._ Cast No. 34. Fig. 6. - - Cauda subrotunda, bipunctata; articulis abdominis tribus, absque - lobis lateralibus consuetis, sed lobo arcuato utrinque apposito. - -The only portions of this fossil which have yet been found, are the -abdomen and tail. The abdomen is composed of three joints; the first -passes from the side lobes completely over the body, and on its upper -surface, near the middle of the back, there is often a minute elevated -pimple. The other two, pass obliquely from the lateral lobes, and are -interrupted in their course over the body. The tail, or posterior -portion, is expanded, something like that of the Isotelus or Dipleura, -and has a deep puncture on each side, about half the distance between -its terminal border and the last articulation of the abdomen. The -lateral lobes are unlike those of any other genus. They form narrow -cuneiform appendages to the sides; near the first joint of the abdomen -they are crossed transversely by an elevated ridge, from which they -gradually taper along the sides of the body, and appear to inosculate -in a delicate point at the central border of the tail. The abdominal -articulations do not pass over these lobes, but just below the last -joint, a little transverse furrow, in perfect specimens, may be -noticed. The largest specimen of this fragment I have seen is exactly -half an inch in length. - -This fossil occurs in black shaly limestone, on the canal near Cahooes -Falls, in the State of New York, and at a number of other places in -that State. - -I have named this species in compliment to my early friend, Professor -Theodore Romeyn Beck, M. D., well known both at home and abroad, as -the learned author of the work on Medical Jurisprudence. Some time -after commencing this little Monograph, I communicated my plan to Dr. -Beck, and was surprised and gratified to find that he was also engaged -with the same inquiries, and that he was then busy in arranging and -examining the unique collection of trilobites belonging to the Albany -Institute. Without the smallest hesitation, he placed all his specimens -at my disposal, and has facilitated otherwise my undertaking, by every -means in his power. - - -Genus Nuttainia. _Eaton._ - -Professor A. Eaton, in his Geological Text Book, has proposed the -Genus Nuttainia, to include two remarkable trilobites which could not -properly be arranged in any of the previously established genera. The -two fossils here grouped together, bear no generic relation to each -other. The first species which he calls N. Concentrica, belongs to the -genus Cryptolythus, which was proposed before the appearance of his -work, and has therefore been noticed in another place. - -The genus Nuttainia is thus characterized by its author: "Head in -three lobes, the middle one most prominent; the two lateral lobes -sub-hemispherical, or sub-quadrantal; the whole head bordered -anteriorly with a punctured fillet; body distinctly three lobed, middle -lobe sub-cylindric, and not so broad as the side lobes." - - -Nuttainia Sparsa. _Eaton._ Cast No. 35. - -Fillet nearly straight in front of the middle lobe of the head, -punctures of the fillet scattered irregularly, without any alternating -ridges; head compressed, covered with scattered punctures, having its -side lobes much smaller than the middle one; middle lobe with straight -sides, giving it somewhat the form of a parallelogram. - -Found in third grauwacke,[47] or grit slate in Coeymans, sixteen miles -south-west of Albany. I have the head of one before me two and a half -inches broad, and one and a half long. The whole of the animal must -have been six or seven inches in length. - -[Footnote 47: In a manuscript note, Professor Eaton states that the -third grauwacke, or grit slate of Coeymans, "_alternates_ with the -underlaying cherty lime rock." This opinion some of our geological -friends, familiar with the formation at Coeymans, and with the -Professor's nomenclature of rocks, have called in question.] - -The above account is copied from the "Text Book." Mr. Eaton was kind -enough to lend me the only specimen of this curious fossil remain, -which has yet been found; from which his description was taken, and of -which our cast is an exact copy. His generic characters do not in our -opinion at all apply to this fragment. Nothing but the head of this -singular trilobite remains, and it is doubtful whether what is said -to be the punctured fillet, "nearly straight in _front_ of the middle -lobe," be not the commencement of the articulations of the abdomen. The -whole fragment looks very much like the head of some large Asaph or -Ogygia. - - -Genus Brongniatia. _Eaton._ - -Professor Eaton has proposed the name Brongniatia (Brongniartia?) for a -genus of trilobites, which we think he has not defined with sufficient -accuracy to be of any practical use. The _Isotelus gigas_ of Dr. Dekay, -which has been for a long time so well established, is here ranked -merely as a species under the name of B. isotela. The relic which we -described before the Geological Text Book appeared as the _Triarthrus -Beckii_, forms the species B. carcinodea--and the trilobite which is -supposed to be the Asaphus platycephalus of Stokes, is the only other -species mentioned. The A. platycephalus,[48] we know to be identical -with the I. gigas, and as the animal remain described by Mr. Eaton -is entirely different from Dr. Dekay's fine species, we subjoin the -account given in the "Text Book." - -[Footnote 48: For a figure and description of the Asaphus -Platycephalus, by Mr. Stokes, see Transactions of the Geological -Society. Second Series, vol. i.] - -Genus Brongniatia--Fore abdomen always, and post abdomen in some -cases, longitudinally divided into three lobes, by regular series of -undulations traversing the joints, without grooves; articulations of -the side lobes being manifest continuations of those of the middle -lobe, and consequently, agreeing in number. - - -Brongniatia Platycephala. _Eaton._ - -Head and fore abdomen very broad and depressed, the abdomen with ten -joints curved forwards at the undulations; post abdomen and tail with -about fifteen joints curved backwards at the undulations; the three -lobes of the tail more distinctly separated; divisions between the -joints of the abdomen double. - -The representation of B. platycephala, figure 20, plate 2, of the -Geological Text Book, if it be accurately drawn, is certainly of a -trilobite never before described. On the buckler, which is without -eyes, there is delineated a figure, not unlike some of the leaves of -the mulberry tree. - -The tail is also very peculiar. In Silliman's Journal, Volume 21st, -page 136, Professor Eaton proposed for this curious fossil the -temporary name of Ogygies latissimus. It is found, he observes, "in the -upper soft slaty variety of the rock which has been so successfully -used for the lias cement at Chitteningo, &c. Dr Smith, of Lockport, -(N. Y.) sent me two specimens, taken from a continuation of the -Chitteningo lias rock, immediately beneath the geodiferous lime rock -on which the cherty (cornitiferous) reposes." The whole animal is six -inches long, and three broad. - - - - -Nature of the Trilobite. - - -Every one familiar with the history of the Trilobites, is aware that -a good deal of controversy has existed among naturalists, respecting -the precise link in the grand chain of organized beings, these -singular fossil animals, should occupy. Professor Brongniart, Dr. -Dekay, Audoúin, and several other acute observers, have placed them -in the vicinity of the Limuli, and other Entomostraca with numerous -feet; while P. A. Latreille and others, presuming that these animals -were destitute of locomotive organs, as no vestige of them has ever -been discovered, fix their natural position in the neighbourhood of -the Chitones; or rather that they constituted the original stock of -the Articulata, being connected on the one hand with these latter -Mollusca, and on the other with those first mentioned, and even -with the Glomeris.[49] It was our original intention to have closed -this Monograph with a short history of these theories--and of the -notion advanced by Latreille and others, that the Trilobites have -been annihilated by some ancient revolution of our planet. All these -matters, we think, are now put to rest by the late discovery of some -living Trilobites in the southern seas, near the Falkland Islands. In -the cabinet of the Albany Institute, we have examined some of these -recent animals, which have very nearly the size and general appearance -of the Paradoxides Boltoni, as represented on our frontispiece; the -species cannot, however, belong to that genus, as the buckler is -furnished with eyes very similar to those of the Calymene Bufo; its -organs of locomotion are short, numerous, and concealed under the -shell--but I do not feel at liberty to notice the interesting animal -more minutely. It will probably be described and figured shortly, in -a perfectly full and satisfactory manner, by Dr. James Eights, the -enterprising discoverer, together with several other new and remarkable -genera and species belonging to the Entomostraca. - -[Footnote 49: See Cuvier's Animal Kingdom, vol. iii. pp. 135-6.] - - - -FINIS. - - - Index to the Species. - ———— - - CALYMENE Blumenbachii, page 28 - Callicephala, 30 - Selenecephala, 31 - Platys, 32 - Microps, 34 - Anchiops, 35 - Diops, 37 - Macrophthalma, 39 - Bufo, 41 - Rana, 42 - ASAPHUS Laticostatus, 45 - Selenurus, 46 - Limulurus, 48 - Caudatus, 50 - Hausmanni, 52 - Pleuroptyx, 55 - Micrurus, 56 - Wetherilli, 57 - PARADOXIDES Boltoni, 60 - OGYGIA Sillimani, 63 - ISOTELUS Gigas, 67 - Planus, 68 - Cyclops, 69 - Megalops, 70 - Stegops, 71 - CRYPTOLITHUS Tessellatus, 73 - Bigsbii, 76 - DIPLEURA Dekayi, 79 - TRIMERUS Delphinocephalus, 82 - CERAURUS Pleurexanthemus, 84 - TRIARTHRUS Beckii, 87 - NUTTAINIA Sparsa, 89 - BRONGNIATIA Platycephala, 91 - - - JOSEPH BRANO, - - No. 12, CASTLE STREET, PHILADELPHIA, - - _Teacher of the Art of Preparing Birds, Quadrupeds, - Reptiles, &c. &c._ - - AND OF THE - - Art of making Moulds and Casts in Wax, Plaster, - and Compositions. - -In addition to the casts taken from the originals of the Trilobites, -he has also a few fine casts of the bones of the Megalonix Laqueatus, -_Harlan_.--Scaphites Cuvieri, _Morton_.--Mosasaurus tooth, and of -several rare fossil American Plants;--all taken from the original -fossils, in the Cabinet of the Academy of Natural Sciences, &c. &c. -These models are fac similes of the real objects, coloured according to -nature. - -As the originals of the above are in the possession of different -public and private cabinets throughout the United States, I have at -great trouble and expense, taken from them exact patterns, so as -to accommodate museums and scientific gentlemen with them on very -reasonable terms. This practice is now used in several parts of Europe; -and thus the curious are able to supply their cabinets with rare -specimens, often superior to the originals. - - ·—▸⏵►●◓●◄⏴◂—· - - -JOSEPH BRANO having finished for us a number of models of different -objects in Natural History, we have no hesitation in recommending him -as an exceedingly skilful artist. - - Jacob Green, M. D. - Rich'd. Harlan, M. D. - P. A. Browne, ESQ. - Chas. A. Poulson. - Isaac Parrish, M. D. - S. G. Morton, M. D. - -_Philadelphia, October 3d, 1832._ - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber Note - -Minor typos corrected. The quotation on page 91 has been corrected -based on the original article found at The Internet Archive. - - - - - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A MONOGRAPH OF THE TRILOBITES -OF NORTH AMERICA: WITH COLOURED MODELS OF THE SPECIES *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. 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