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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2d992bc --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #66668 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/66668) diff --git a/old/66668-0.txt b/old/66668-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 41dc00b..0000000 --- a/old/66668-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3494 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook of Butterflies and Moths, by Janet Harvey -Kelman - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and -most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you -will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before -using this eBook. - -Title: Butterflies and Moths - Shown to the Children - -Author: Theodore Wood - -Editor: Louey Chisholm - -Illustrator: Janet Harvey Kelman - -Release Date: November 4, 2021 [eBook #66668] - -Language: English - -Produced by: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed - Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was - produced from images generously made available by Cornell - University Digital Collections) - -*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS *** - - - - - -THE “SHOWN TO THE CHILDREN” SERIES - - - 1. BEASTS - - With 48 Coloured Plates by PERCY J. - BILLINGHURST. Letterpress by LENA - DALKEITH. - - 2. FLOWERS - - With 48 Coloured Plates showing 150 - flowers, by JANET HARVEY KELMAN. - Letterpress by C. E. SMITH. - - 3. BIRDS - - With 48 Coloured Plates by M. K. - C. SCOTT. Letterpress by J. A. HENDERSON. - - 4. THE SEA-SHORE - - With 48 Coloured Plates by JANET - HARVEY KELMAN. Letterpress by - Rev. THEODORE WOOD. - - 5. THE FARM - - With 48 Coloured Plates by F. M. B. - and A. H. BLAIKIE. Letterpress by - FOSTER MEADOW. - - 6. TREES - - With 32 Coloured Plates by JANET - HARVEY KELMAN. Letterpress by C. - E. SMITH. - - 7. NESTS AND EGGS - - With 48 Coloured Plates by A. H. - BLAIKIE. Letterpress by J. A. HENDERSON. - - 8. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - - With 48 Coloured Plates by JANET - HARVEY KELMAN. Letterpress by - Rev. THEODORE WOOD. - - 9. STARS - - By ELLISON HAWKS. - - - - -THE “SHOWN TO THE CHILDREN” SERIES - -EDITED BY LOUEY CHISHOLM - - - - -BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - - -[Illustration: PLATE I - - 1. Silver-washed Fritillary - 2. Pearl-bordered Fritillary] - - - - - Butterflies and - Moths - - SHOWN TO THE CHILDREN - - BY - - JANET HARVEY KELMAN - - DESCRIBED BY - - REV. THEODORE WOOD - - [Illustration] - - FORTY-EIGHT COLOURED PICTURES - - LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK - NEW YORK: THE PLATT & PECK CO. - - - - -A large number of the butterflies and moths in this book were drawn -from insects in Mr. R. J. M. M‘Kerrell’s private collection, and the -artist wishes to thank him most cordially for his great kindness. - - - - -PREFACE - - -In this little book I want to tell you something about the common -butterflies and moths which you may find in almost all parts of the -country. But, first of all, I think that perhaps I had better say -something about what we generally call their “life-history.” - -Of course you know that butterflies and moths are not butterflies and -moths to begin with. They enter the world in the form of eggs, just -as birds and fishes do. These eggs are often very beautiful indeed. -You may find them on the leaves of different plants, sometimes on -the upper side and sometimes on the lower side. And if you look -at them through a good strong magnifying-glass--or, better still, -through a microscope--you will find that some are shaped like little -sugar-loaves, and some like acorns, and some like tiny melons, while -they are nearly always covered with raised patterns which one might -almost think must have been cut by fairy chisels. - -In course of time these eggs hatch, and out come a number of little -caterpillars, which at once begin to eat the leaves of the plant on -which the eggs were laid. They have most wonderful appetites, and -hardly ever stop feeding all day long. The consequence is, of course, -that they grow very quickly; and in a few days’ time they find that -their jackets are much too tight for them. Then a most curious thing -happens. Their skins split right down the back, and they wriggle and -twist about, and rub themselves against the surrounding objects, till -at last they manage to creep out of them altogether and appear in new -ones, which had been gradually forming underneath the old! - -Wouldn’t it be nice if we could get new suits of clothes, or new -frocks, as easily as this? - -As soon as their change of garments is over, the little caterpillars -begin to feed again, as hungrily as before. But after about a week -their new skins are too tight for them, and they have to change them -again! This very often happens six or seven times before they are fully -fed. But at last they stop eating, throw off their skins once more, and -appear as chrysalids. - -You may often find these chrysalids on fences and walls, and also on -the stems and leaves of bushes and low plants. Sometimes they are -suspended by the tips of their tails from little silken pads, which the -caterpillars spin for that purpose; and sometimes they are held upright -by silken belts round the middle of their bodies. They cannot see, for -they have no eyes; and they cannot eat, for they have no mouths; and -of course they cannot move about. All that they can do, if you touch -them, is just to wriggle their tails from side to side. And there they -remain, sometimes for weeks and sometimes for months, till the time -comes for the perfect butterflies to make their appearance. - -Then, one day, the skins of the chrysalids split open, and out creep -the butterflies. But if you were to see them now you would never guess -what they were, for their wings are so tiny, and so crumpled up, that -you can hardly see them. They climb up to some firm foothold, however, -and then remain perfectly still; and by slow degrees the creases -straighten out, and the wings become larger and larger, and stronger -and stronger, till at last they reach their full size and strength, and -the butterflies, perfect at last, are able to fly away. - -That is the “life-history” of a butterfly; and moths are developed -in just the same way, except that very often their caterpillars spin -silken cells, which we call “cocoons,” and turn to chrysalids inside -them. And the chrysalids of moths, remember, are often known as “pupæ.” - -Then there are one or two other things about these insects that I -should like to tell you. One is that their wings are covered all over -with very tiny scales. - -Of course you know that if you catch a butterfly, and let it go again, -your fingers are covered with a kind of mealy dust. And if you look at -a little of this dust through a microscope you will find that it is -made up of thousands and thousands of the smallest possible scales, all -most beautifully chiselled and sculptured, and each with a slender -little stalk at the base. And if you look at a piece of the butterfly’s -wings through the microscope, you will see that these scales are -arranged upon it in rows, which overlap one another just like the -slates on the roof of a house. - -All the colour of a butterfly’s wing is in these scales, and if you rub -them off you will find that the wing itself is as transparent as that -of a bluebottle-fly or a bee. - -Then a great many butterflies and moths have a “trunk” or “proboscis” -coiled up underneath the head. This is really a long tube, and when -the insects are hungry they poke it down into a flower, and suck up -the nectar through it. You can see this trunk quite easily if you look -sideways at such a butterfly as a “scarlet admiral” or a “peacock.” - -Then there is just one thing more. - -No doubt you would like to know how to tell butterflies from moths. -Well, just look at their feelers or “antennæ,” as they are often -called. You will see that those of butterflies are thickened at the -very tips, while those of moths are not. Besides this, the body of a -butterfly is nipped in at the middle much more than that of a moth. And -when a butterfly is at rest it always folds its wings together over its -back, while moths nearly always spread them out, or allow them to hang -down, or wrap them round their bodies. - - THEODORE WOOD. - - - - -LIST OF PLATES - - - PLATE I - - 1. Silver-washed Fritillary - 2. Pearl-bordered Fritillary - - - PLATE II - - 1. Small Tortoise-shell - 2. Large Tortoise-shell - - - PLATE III - - 1. Peacock Butterfly - 2. Peacock Caterpillar - 3. Red Admiral Butterfly - - - PLATE IV - - 1. Painted Lady - 2. Marbled White - - - PLATE V - - 1. Speckled Wood - 2. Wall - - - PLATE VI - - 1. Meadow Brown - 2. Ringlet - - - PLATE VII - - 1. Large Heath - 2. Small Heath - - - PLATE VIII - - 1. Green Hair Streak - 2. Purple Hair Streak - - - PLATE IX - - 1. Small Copper - 2. Common Blue - - - PLATE X - - 1. Brown Argus - 2. Clifton Blue - - - PLATE XI - - 1. Chalk-hill Blue - 2. Little Blue - - - PLATE XII - - 1. Azure Blue - 2. Brimstone - - - PLATE XIII - - 1. Clouded Yellow - 2. Pale Clouded - - - PLATE XIV - - 1. Swallow-tail - 2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar - - - PLATE XV - - 1. Orange Tip, male - 2. Orange Tip, female - - - PLATE XVI - - 1. Large White - 2. Large White Caterpillar - 3. Small White - 4. Small White Caterpillar - 5. Green-veined White, under-side - - - PLATE XVII - - 1. Grizzled Skipper - 2. Dingy Skipper - 3. Large Skipper - 4. Small Skipper - - - PLATE XVIII - - 1. Eyed Hawk - 2. Eyed Hawk Caterpillar - - - PLATE XIX - - 1. Poplar Hawk - 2. Poplar Hawk Caterpillar - - - PLATE XX - - 1. Lime Hawk - 2. Lime Hawk Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXI - - 1. Death’s Head - 2. Death’s Head Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXII - - 1. Privet Hawk - 2. Privet Hawk Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXIII - - 1. Elephant Hawk - 2. Elephant Hawk Caterpillar - 3. Small Elephant Hawk Moth - - - PLATE XXIV - - 1. Humming-Bird Hawk - 2. Bee Hawk - 3. Currant Clearwing - 4. Hornet Clearwing - - - PLATE XXV - - 1. Common Swift - 2. Ghost Swift, male - 3. Ghost Swift, female - - - PLATE XXVI - - 1. Goat Moth - 2. Goat Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXVII - - 1. Wood Leopard - 2. Green Forester - 3. Six-Spot Burnet - - - PLATE XXVIII - - 1. Cinnabar - 2. Cinnabar Caterpillar - 3. White Ermine - - - PLATE XXIX - - 1. Garden Tiger - 2. Garden Tiger Caterpillar - 3. Cream Spotted Tiger - 4. Cream Spotted Tiger Caterpillar - - PLATE XXX - - 1. Gold-Tail - 2. Gold-Tail Caterpillar - 3. Pale Tussock - 4. Pale Tussock Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXXI - - 1. Lackey - 2. Lackey Caterpillar - 3. Vapourer, male - 4. Vapourer Caterpillar - 5. Vapourer, female - - - PLATE XXXII - - 1. Oak Eggar - 2. Drinker - 3. Drinker Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXXIII - - 1. Lappet - 2. Lappet Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXXIV - - 1. Swallow-tail Moth - 2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar - 3. Emperor - 4. Emperor Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXXV - - 1. Brimstone - 2. Canary-Shouldered Thorn - 3. Pepper and Salt - - - PLATE XXXVI - - 1. Willow Beauty - 2. Large Emerald - - - PLATE XXXVII - - 1. Bordered White, male - 2. Bordered white, female - 3. Magpie - 4. Magpie Caterpillar - - - PLATE XXXVIII - - 1. Spring Usher - 2. Winter Moth, male - 3. Winter Moth, female - - - PLATE XXXIX - - 1. Mottled Umber, male - 2. Mottled Umber, female - 3. Mottled Umber Caterpillar - - - PLATE XL - - 1. Garden Carpet - 2. Yellow Shell - 3. Pebble Hook-tip - - - PLATE XLI - - 1. Puss - 2. Puss Caterpillar - - - PLATE XLII - - 1. Lobster - 2. Lobster Caterpillar - - - PLATE XLIII - - 1. Buff Tip - 2. Buff Tip Caterpillar - - - PLATE XLIV - - 1. Figure of Eight - 2. Peach Blossom - 3. Grey Dagger - - - PLATE XLV - - 1. Large Yellow Underwing - 2. Red Underwing - - - PLATE XLVI - - 1. Pine Beauty - 2. Old Lady - - - PLATE XLVII - - 1. Pink-barred Sallow - 2. Angel-shades - 3. Silver Y - - - PLATE XLVIII - - 1. Beautiful Yellow Underwing - 2. Orange Underwing - 3. Burnished Brass - - - - -BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS - - - - -PART I - -BUTTERFLIES - - -PLATE I - -THE SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (1) - -The Fritillaries are handsome golden-brown butterflies, with black -blotches and streaks on the upper surface of all the wings, and a -number of beautiful silvery spots upon the lower surface of the hinder -ones. Nine different kinds are found in Great Britain, but one of -these--the “Queen of Spain”--is very rare indeed, and several others -are very “local”; that is, they are only found in a few places, so that -you are not likely ever to see them. But the Silver-washed Fritillary -is common in almost every large wood. You may see it flying about on -any warm sunny day in July and the early part of August. And it is very -fond indeed of resting with outspread wings on bramble blossoms, while -it eagerly sucks up their sweet juices. - -The caterpillar of this beautiful butterfly feeds upon violet leaves. -It is rather a curious-looking creature, for it is covered all over -with thorny spikes, two of which, placed just behind the head, are a -good deal longer than the others. In colour it is black, with yellow -lines along the back and sides. About the end of May it hangs itself up -by its tail to the stem of a bramble-bush, or some other low shrub, and -turns into a fat, humpy, grey chrysalis, spotted all over with silver -and gold. - - -PLATE I - -THE PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (2) - -This butterfly is only about half as big as the “silver-washed -fritillary,” for its wings hardly ever measure more than an inch and -three-quarters across. It is very common indeed in woods, where you -may see it flitting about in almost every open space, first in May, -and then again in August. Sometimes, too, you may notice it flying -along a hedgerow by the roadside. The caterpillar, which feeds upon the -leaves of the dog-violet, is black, with white dots and lines, and the -chrysalis is greyish-brown, with paler spots upon the sides. - -There is another fritillary, called the “Small Pearl-bordered,” which -is very much like this butterfly. But you can easily tell the one from -the other. All that you have to do is to look at the lower surface of -the hind-wings. For in the Pearl-bordered Fritillary there are only -nine silvery spots on these wings, while in the small Pearl-bordered -there are no fewer than seventeen. - -This butterfly also lives in woods, and the two may often be seen -flying about together. - -[Illustration: PLATE II - - 1. Small Tortoise-shell - 2. Large Tortoise-shell] - - -PLATE II - -THE SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL (1) - -This is one of the very commonest of all our British butterflies, and -you may see it in almost any month of the year, for it first of all -appears early in July, and remains on the wing till about the middle of -October. Then it seeks some retired nook, and falls fast asleep until -April or the beginning of May, when it leaves its retreat and returns -to active life for four or five weeks more. And even in the middle of -winter a warmer day than usual will often wake it up for an hour or two -from its long slumber, and you may see it flying about, and evidently -enjoying the sunshine. - -If you want to find the caterpillars of this pretty butterfly, you must -look for them on nettle leaves, where you may often see them feeding -together in batches of seventy or eighty. They are grey in colour, -with a black line running along the back and brown and yellow stripes -along the sides, and are covered all over with short, stiff, bristly -hairs. When they have reached their full size they wander away from -their food-plants, hang themselves up with their heads downwards from -a twig, or the side of a wall or a paling, and turn into spiky brown -chrysalids, which are covered almost all over with shining golden spots. - - -PLATE II - -THE LARGE TORTOISE-SHELL (2) - -As a rule, you can easily tell this butterfly from the last by its -size, for it is generally nearly half as big again. But just now and -then a Large Tortoise-shell is no bigger than a “small tortoise-shell,” -and then it is not always easy to distinguish the one from the other. -So remember that a Large Tortoise-shell never has any white spots upon -its wings at all, while the “small tortoise-shell” always has two, one -of which is placed close to the tip of each of the front pair. - -Large Tortoise-shells are not nearly so common as small ones, but in -some years they are much more plentiful than in others. They appear in -July or August, sleep all through the winter, and then fly about again -during April and May. The caterpillars generally feed upon the leaves -of elms, though they will also eat those of willow and apple and pear -trees. They are brown in colour, with a broad black stripe along each -side, and are covered with thorny black bristles. About the middle -of June they turn into flesh-coloured chrysalids, marked with a number -of bright golden spots, which you may sometimes find hanging by their -tails on tree-trunks and park palings. - -[Illustration: PLATE III - - 1. Peacock Butterfly - 2. Peacock Caterpillar - 3. Red Admiral Butterfly] - - -PLATE III - -THE PEACOCK (1 and 2) - -You cannot possibly mistake this beautiful insect for any other British -butterfly, for on each of its four wings it has a large eye-like -spot, very much like the markings on the tail of a peacock. But the -under-side of the wings is quite differently coloured. It is almost as -black as charcoal. And the consequence is that when the butterfly sits -on the trunk of a tree, with its wings folded over its back, you cannot -possibly see it unless you look at it sideways. - -Peacock butterflies are very common in August and September, and again -in spring, after they have passed through their long winter sleep. They -are very fond of sitting on thistle blossoms when the sun is shining, -with their wings widely spread. And you may often see them resting on -ivy bloom, or sipping the sweet juices of over-ripe plums. During the -winter they hide away in outhouses, and sheds, and faggot-stacks. The -caterpillars, which feed in large companies on nettle leaves, are -black in colour, sprinkled with little white dots, and are quite as -thorny as those of the two tortoise-shells. Look for them in June and -July. The chrysalids are green, with their heads and bodies rather -brighter than their tails, and with a number of gold spots. - - -PLATE III - -THE RED ADMIRAL (3) - -I really think that this is the very handsomest of all our British -butterflies; for its wings are of the glossiest possible black above, -with spots of the purest possible white, and streaks of the brightest -possible scarlet. And on their lower surface so many different tints -of grey and pink and brown and red are mingled together that I cannot -possibly describe them. All that I can do is to advise you to try to -catch one of these butterflies and look at it for yourself; and if you -do, I am quite sure that you will say that you have never seen a more -beautiful insect. - -Red Admiral butterflies are nearly always very common from August till -October, and again in April and May, and are quite as fond of ivy bloom -and the juices of ripe fruits as peacocks. On almost any warm sunny day -you may see them flying about in gardens, or on the borders of woods. -Their thorny caterpillars, which are yellowish-grey in colour with -black markings, and with light yellow lines on each side, may be found -feeding on nettle leaves, though not in large companies like those of -peacocks and small tortoise-shells. The chrysalids are brown, with gold -spots. - -[Illustration: PLATE IV - - 1. Painted Lady - 2. Marbled White] - - -PLATE IV - -THE PAINTED LADY (1) - -In days of old this was not at all a common insect. But in the year -1877 a vast swarm of Painted Ladies came flying across the Straits of -Dover, and spread to almost all parts of England. And since then this -pretty butterfly has been a good deal more plentiful. But it is much -commoner in some years than it is in others. If you want to find it, -the very best place to look is a field of red clover in full blossom. -The next best place is a field of lucerne. And the next best place to -that is a good steep railway bank covered with flowers. But you may -often see it resting on thistles and teasels with peacocks and small -tortoise-shells. - -The caterpillar of this pretty butterfly feeds upon thistle leaves; -and for the first fortnight of its life it lives in a sort of little -chamber, which it makes by fastening the tips of several leaves -together by means of silken threads. It is covered all over with thorny -bristles and is brown in colour, with yellow stripes down the back and -sides. If you want to find it, you should look for it in June. And when -it is fully fed it turns into a brown and grey chrysalis, marked with -a number of silver spots. The butterfly comes out in August, and lives -till the following May. - - -PLATE IV - -THE MARBLED WHITE (2) - -Although its colours are only glossy black and creamy-white, this is -one of the prettiest of all our British butterflies. But it is quite -possible to live all one’s life in the country without ever seeing it, -because it is so very “local.” In one field, perhaps, or on one little -patch of ground on a grassy hillside, it may be very common indeed, -and you may often see fifteen or twenty of the graceful little insects -flying about together. And yet you may hunt for miles and miles in -every direction, and not see a single one anywhere else. - -If you ever happen to find the caterpillar of this butterfly, you can -recognise it at once by its colouring, for it has a pale green body -with a yellow stripe running along each side, and a reddish head. And -besides this there are two reddish spikes at the end of the body, -forming a sort of projecting tail. It feeds on different kinds of -grasses in September, and then again, after its long winter sleep, -in April and May. Look out for the butterfly in July and the early part -of August. - -[Illustration: PLATE V - - 1. Speckled Wood - 2. Wall] - - -PLATE V - -THE SPECKLED WOOD (1) - -As you walk through a wood on a bright sunny day at the end of April, -or in the beginning of May, you may often see a dark brown butterfly -marked with a number of paler spots, which flits along just in front -of you for some little distance, and then mounts up over your head and -flies back the way it came. This is a Speckled Wood butterfly, or Wood -Argus, as it is sometimes called. Argus, as perhaps you know, was a -heathen god, who was supposed to have a hundred eyes. And his name has -been given to the butterfly on account of the row of eye-like spots -which runs along the margin of the hinder wings. - -The caterpillar of this butterfly, which is a pretty little green -creature with a white stripe along each side, and a dark brown one -along its back, feeds on different kinds of grass, first in August and -September, and then again in March. Before it enters into its long -winter sleep it throws off its skin no less than five times and appears -in a new one, which has been forming underneath the old coat. And, -strange to say, it always eats its own cast skins! The chrysalis is of -a beautiful bright green colour, and you may sometimes find it fastened -to grass blades growing beneath trees in woods. - - -PLATE V - -THE WALL BUTTERFLY (2) - -I think that you must know this butterfly very well indeed by sight, -for it is extremely common in all parts of the country. Indeed in May, -and again in August, you can hardly walk along a lane, or through a -grassy meadow, without seeing it in dozens whenever the sun is shining. -It is called the “Wall” butterfly because it is very fond of resting -for a moment or two on the top of a roadside wall. But it seems to have -very sharp eyes, for if you walk towards the butterfly it is almost -sure to fly swiftly away, only to return to the same spot as soon as -you have passed by. - -Like that of the “speckled wood,” the caterpillar of this butterfly is -green in colour, and feeds upon different kinds of grasses. But you can -always tell it by the fact that it has three pale lines running along -its back instead of one dark brown streak, as well as a rather broader -one along each side. The chrysalis is bright apple-green, with a few -yellowish-white spots, and you may sometimes find it suspended by its -tail from a blade of grass. - -[Illustration: PLATE VI - - 1. Meadow-Brown - 2. Ringlet] - - -PLATE VI - -THE MEADOW-BROWN (1) - -In almost all parts of the country, this is the very commonest of -our British butterflies. From the beginning of June until quite the -end of August you may see it in hundreds and hundreds, flying about -in meadows, or along grassy banks by the roadside. And even on dull, -gloomy days, when all other butterflies are hiding away in some snug -retreat, it flits to and fro just as gaily as if the sun were shining -brightly. - -This is one of the butterflies in which the female is not quite like -the male. For instead of having just a small dark spot with a white -ring round it on each of the front wings, she has a large black spot -with a little white dot in the middle. And round this is a patch of -tawny yellow, which occupies nearly a quarter of the whole wing. - -The eggs of the Meadow-brown butterfly are laid on different kinds of -grass. When they hatch, the little caterpillars feed for about ten -days, and then hide away among the roots, where they remain fast asleep -until the following spring. In colour they are bright green, with a -white stripe on each side, and when they are fully fed they turn into -pale green chrysalids, marked all over with purple-black spots. - - -PLATE VI - -THE RINGLET (2) - -You can easily see why this butterfly is called the Ringlet, for on the -lower surface of its wings it has a number of eye-like spots which are -generally so close together that they form a sort of chain, made up of -several rings. But the odd thing is that these spots vary very much -indeed both in size and number. Generally there are eight quite large -ones on each side, three on the front wings and five on the hind ones. -But sometimes there are nine, and sometimes there are seven; and just -now and then there are only three or four very tiny ones, while you -may sometimes catch a Ringlet butterfly which has no spots at all. The -upper surface of the wings is always dark smoky brown all over, with -only a few very faint spots of a lighter colour. - -The best place in which to look for Ringlet butterflies is in grassy -paths through woods, where it is sometimes very common indeed. The -caterpillars, which feed upon different kinds of grass, are very much -like those of the “large heath.” But they only come out to feed during -the night, so that if you want to find them you will have to look for -them with a lantern. They are fully fed about the beginning of June, -and the butterfly makes its appearance in July. - -[Illustration: PLATE VII - - 1. Large Heath - 2. Small Heath] - - -PLATE VII - -THE LARGE HEATH (1) - -This butterfly is very nearly as plentiful as the “meadow-brown,” and -you can hardly walk along a lane or through a meadow without seeing it. -The male is rather different from the female, for he is a good deal -smaller, and has a band of dark brown running down from just above the -middle of the front wings to the centre of the hind margin. - -The caterpillar of this butterfly feeds upon couch-grass. It is -greenish-grey in colour, with a reddish head, and has two pale lines -running along each of its sides, and a dark one along its back. When it -has reached its full size it spins a kind of little silken pad upon a -blade of grass, from which it hangs itself up with its head downwards. -Two days later it throws off its skin and turns into a fat little -greenish-white chrysalis, marked with a number of dark streaks and -blotches. Look for the caterpillar in May and the early part of June, -for the chrysalis at the end of June, and for the butterfly in July and -August. - - -PLATE VII - -THE SMALL HEATH (2) - -Of course you know this butterfly very well indeed by sight, for it is -extremely common everywhere on heaths and downs and in grassy fields -and in lanes from the beginning of June until the end of September. -You may often see it gambolling about in company with “meadow-browns” -and the pretty little blue butterflies, which are generally so common -at the same time of the year. It is quite a small insect, for it only -measures about an inch and a quarter across the wings; but in Scotland, -strange to say, it is generally a good deal larger than it is in -England. - -The caterpillar of this butterfly is a little apple-green creature, -with a darker stripe edged with white running along its back, and -another along each of its sides. It feeds upon grass, and when it is -fully fed it spins a kind of silken belt round a grass-stem, fastens -itself to it with its head hanging downwards, and then changes into a -bright green chrysalis with a short purple stripe, bordered with white, -on each side. - -[Illustration: PLATE VIII - - 1. Green Hair Streak - 2. Purple Hair Streak] - - -PLATE VIII - -THE GREEN HAIR-STREAK (1) - -The Hair-streaks are pretty little butterflies which you can very -easily tell by sight. For, in the first place, they always have a -pale streak, or a row of little white dots, scarcely thicker than a -hair, running across the lower surface of the wings. That is why they -are called “Hair-streaks.” And, in the second place, the hind-wings -have a pair of little tails, something like those of the swallow-tail -butterfly, only of course very much smaller. - -Five different kinds of these butterflies are found in the British -Islands, but only two of them are at all common. For the Green -Hair-streak you should look on heaths, in open spaces in woods, on -grassy banks by the roadside, and in other places in which brambles -grow. You can easily tell it from all the other Hair-streaks by the -bright green colour of its lower surface, and also by its small size, -for it only measures about an inch across its outspread wings. The -caterpillar, which is light green or greenish-yellow in colour, with -a row of triangular yellow spots running along each side, feeds on -bramble shoots and blossoms. You may find it in July, and the butterfly -makes its appearance in May and June, and sometimes again in August. - - -PLATE VIII - -THE PURPLE HAIR-STREAK (2) - -This is the commonest of the Hair-streak butterflies, for there is -scarcely a wood in which oak trees grow in which you may not find it. -But it is quite easy to walk through a wood without seeing it, for it -nearly always flies at some little height from the ground. And besides -this it is very fond of sitting on leaves and basking in the sun, not -moving for some little time unless it is disturbed. The male is much -handsomer than the female, for the whole upper surface of the wings, -except just the margin, is of the richest possible purple, which seems -to shine and glisten in the light, while in his mate there is only a -purple blotch in the middle of the wings. - -The caterpillar of this butterfly is a most odd little creature, and -really looks much more like a little fat slug. It is reddish-brown in -colour, with a number of black marks upon its back. You may sometimes -find it clinging to oak leaves, on which it feeds. When it is fully -grown it generally descends to the ground, buries itself just below the -surface, and turns into a fat little brown chrysalis, from which the -butterfly appears in July. - -[Illustration: PLATE IX - - 1. Small Copper - 2. Common Blue] - - -PLATE IX - -THE SMALL COPPER (1) - -This is a very pretty little butterfly indeed, for the upper surface -of its front wings is of the richest and most glossy reddish-brown, -just like the colour of burnished copper, with nine black spots in the -middle, and a narrow blackish border. The hind-wings are dark brown, -with a broad band of copper running along the margin. It is very -plentiful indeed, and you may see it in hundreds by the roadside, or -on heaths and in waste places, darting to and fro in the hot sunshine, -gambolling with the pretty little “blue” butterflies, or resting on the -lilac blossoms of scabious plants. And it has no less than three broods -in each year, the first appearing in April, the second in June, and the -third in August and September. - -The caterpillar of this pretty little butterfly is bright green in -colour, with a red stripe running along each side, and another along -its back. It feeds on the leaves of sorrel plants, and turns into a -whitish chrysalis speckled with black and brown. - -Perhaps you may wonder why this insect is called the “Small” Copper. -The reason is that there used to be a much larger butterfly, which was -very much like it, and which was called the “Large Copper.” But this -has not been taken for a great many years. - - -PLATE IX - -THE COMMON BLUE (2) - -Everybody knows the pretty little “Blue” butterflies, which one sees -playing about in such numbers in meadows and by grassy roadsides, all -through the summer and the early part of the autumn. But there are -several different kinds of these insects, and that which one generally -sees is the Common Blue. The male and the female are not quite alike, -for the wings of the male are lilac blue all over, while those of the -female are much browner, with a row of orange spots running along the -hind margin. And the under surface of the male is grey, while that of -the female is brown. But, strange to say, “Blues” are sometimes found -with the colouring of the male on the wings of one side, and that of -the female on those of the other! - -The caterpillar of this pretty little butterfly is rather hairy, and -is bright green in colour, with a dark stripe running along the back, -and a row of little white spots on each side. It feeds on bird’s-foot -trefoil, rest-harrow, and other low plants, and turns into a small -green chrysalis tinged with brown. - -[Illustration: PLATE X - - 1. Brown Argus - 2. Clifton Blue] - - -PLATE X - -THE BROWN ARGUS (1) - -Although this pretty little butterfly belongs to the family of the -“blues,” it has no trace of blue in its colouring at all, but is dark -brown above, with a row of orange spots along the margin of both the -front and the hind-wings, and either grey or reddish-brown below. It is -very common in most places, and more especially on chalky downs, where -you may often see it gambolling about in company with two or three -“common blues.” And you may also see it flitting about in almost any -meadow, just when the hay is ready for cutting. It appears twice in the -year, first in May, and then again in August. - -In shape, the caterpillar of this butterfly is rather like a fat little -slug. It is covered with short white hairs, and is green in colour, -with a dark brown stripe along the back, and a narrow pink streak on -either side. You may sometimes find it feeding upon the leaves of the -hemlock, stork’s-bill, and sun-cistus. And when it has finished growing -it turns into a little green chrysalis with a deep pink stripe on each -side. - - -PLATE X - -THE CLIFTON BLUE (2) - -This is one of the loveliest of all our British butterflies, for the -upper side of the wings of the male is of the brightest and most vivid -blue, like that of the sky on a glorious summer’s day, with a white -line running along the front margin, and a black line along the hind -one. The female, however, is not nearly so handsome, her wings being -smoky brown all over, with only just a few blue scales on the parts -nearest to the body. The lower surface of the wings, both in the male -and the female, is greyish-brown, with a number of black spots edged -with white. - -If you want to see this beautiful butterfly, you must hunt for it -either in May or in August on the chalky downs in the south of England, -and in the Isle of Wight. But it is one of the “local” butterflies, and -although you may find it quite commonly in one or two places, you may -search for it elsewhere for years, and yet never meet with it at all. - -The caterpillar of the Clifton Blue, or “Adonis Blue,” as it is -sometimes called, is green, with yellow streaks. It feeds on trefoils -and vetches, and other low plants. - -[Illustration: PLATE XI - - 1. Chalk-hill Blue - 2. Little Blue] - - -PLATE XI - -THE CHALK-HILL BLUE (1) - -You cannot possibly mistake the male of this butterfly for any other -insect, for the upper surface of both its front and hind-wings is of -the most beautiful silvery greenish-blue colour, shading off into a -blackish band along the hind border. In fact, as a great naturalist -once said, it always makes one think of a bright moonlight night, while -the “Clifton blue” reminds one of the sky on a clear summer’s day. But -the female is so exactly like that of the “Clifton blue” that it is -hardly possible to tell the one from the other. - -This lovely butterfly is hardly ever found except on chalky downs, and -is commonest in the south of England. It flies in July and August. If -you want to find the caterpillar, you must look for it in May and the -early part of June. It feeds upon bird’s-foot trefoil and kidney-vetch, -and looks rather like a fat little green woodlouse, with six yellow -stripes upon its back and sides; and if you look at these stripes -closely, you will see that they are really made of rows of tiny yellow -spots. About the middle of June it fastens itself to the stem of its -food-plant by spinning a silken band round its body, and then turns -into a greenish-brown chrysalis. - - -PLATE XI - -THE LITTLE BLUE (2) - -This is a very tiny insect indeed. In fact, it is by far the smallest -of all our British butterflies, and you might easily pass it by, over -and over again, without noticing it, for it is not at all brightly -coloured. The female is dark brown above, without any orange spots on -the hind-wings, and even the male has only a faint tinge of blue in -the middle of his wings. Underneath, both male and female are plain -greyish-drab, with rows of tiny black spots enclosed in whitish rings. -So you will have to look for it very carefully indeed if you want to -see it. It is double-brooded--that is, it makes its appearance twice -in the year, first in May, and then again in August. And you may see -it flying about in meadows and on heaths, more especially in chalky or -limestone districts. - -The caterpillar of this odd little butterfly, like that of the -chalk-hill blue, is shaped like a tiny woodlouse, and is green in -colour, with an orange stripe running along its back, and another -on each side. It feeds upon kidney-vetch, or “woundwort,” as it is -sometimes called, and turns into a little yellow chrysalis, marked with -three rows of black spots. - -This butterfly is sometimes known as the Bedford Blue. - -[Illustration: PLATE XII - - 1. Azure Blue - 2. Brimstone] - - -PLATE XII - -THE AZURE BLUE (1) - -I do not know why this pretty butterfly is called the “Azure” Blue; for -azure is a very bright blue indeed, and yet the insect is not nearly -so brilliantly coloured as the Clifton blue. Indeed, it is lilac in -colour, rather than blue. But sometimes it is called the “Holly Blue,” -and that is a very much better name for it; for one often sees it -flying along by the side of holly hedges, while the caterpillar feeds -upon holly blossoms, as well as upon those of buckthorn and ivy. It -is the first of all the “blues” to appear in the spring, and you may -sometimes see it even in April. And generally there is another brood -towards the end of the summer. - -You can easily tell the female of this butterfly from the male, for -her front wings have a broad black border, while that on the wings of -her mate is very narrow indeed. The caterpillar is greenish-yellow in -colour, with a black head and black legs, and a bright green streak -running along the middle of the back. When it has reached its full size -it turns into a small yellowish-brown chrysalis. - - -PLATE XII - -THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY (2) - -This very handsome insect is common in almost all parts of the country, -and is one of the very first butterflies to be seen in the spring. On -warm, sunny days in March, or even in February, you may often meet -with it. For it is one of those butterflies which “hibernate”--that -is, it comes out of the chrysalis in the summer or early autumn, and -then sleeps all through the winter in some snug retreat, from which it -is always ready to come out for an hour or two when the weather is a -little warmer and finer than usual. - -The male Brimstone is a good deal handsomer than the female, for his -wings are of a bright daffodil colour, while those of his mate are -pale greenish-yellow. The caterpillar feeds on the young leaves of -buckthorn bushes, and is dull green in colour, sprinkled all over with -tiny black spots, from each of which sprouts a slender white bristle, -and the chrysalis, which is fastened by a silken belt round its body to -a twig of the food-plant, is bright apple-green marked with yellow and -purple-brown. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIII - - 1. Clouded Yellow - 2. Pale Clouded] - - -PLATE XIII - -THE CLOUDED YELLOW (1) - -I wonder if you have ever seen this very handsome butterfly alive. -Very likely you have not, for although just now and then it is very -common indeed, it nearly always becomes quite scarce for several years -afterwards, and you may look for it summer after summer without seeing -it at all. It makes its appearance in August and September, and the -best places in which to look for it are clover and lucerne fields near -the seaside. But it is also very fond of flying about on railway banks; -and if you try to chase it _there_ you will find that you will have to -run very hard indeed if you want to catch it! In fact, one butterfly -collector used to say that it was of no use trying to do so unless one -wore a pair of seven-leagued boots! - -The caterpillar of the Clouded Yellow butterfly is of a bright -grass-green colour, with a white line on each side, marked with yellow -and orange. It feeds on the leaves of lucerne, trefoils, and clover in -June and July, and then changes into a green chrysalis shaped something -like that of a “large white,” with a pale yellow stripe on each side, -and a number of black and reddish-brown spots. - - -PLATE XIII - -THE PALE CLOUDED YELLOW (2) - -Sometimes this butterfly is known as the Clouded Sulphur. It appears -in the same places, and at the same time of the year, as the “clouded -yellow,” but is hardly ever quite as common. Generally, indeed, you may -see ten or twelve “clouded yellows” to one Pale Clouded Yellow. You can -easily tell it by its much paler colour, for its wings are quite light -yellow instead of rich orange, while sometimes one meets with a Pale -Clouded Yellow which is really almost white. And, besides that, the -black border of the upper wings, instead of being nearly the same width -all the way along, is very broad at the top and very narrow at the -bottom, while even in the male it is marked with several yellow spots. - -This pretty butterfly is quite a seaside insect, and sometimes it -may be seen fluttering over the waves a long way out from the shore. -Indeed, there seems to be very little doubt that now and then it flies -right across the Straits of Dover, and reaches this country from France! - -The caterpillar of the Pale Clouded Yellow is olive-green in colour, -sprinkled with black dots, and with two yellow lines along its back and -another on each side. It feeds on clovers and trefoils. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIV - - 1. Swallow-tail - 2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XIV - -THE SWALLOW-TAIL (1 and 2) - -This is the finest of all our British butterflies, and a most beautiful -creature it is as it flits to and fro in the sunshine. But I am afraid -that you are not very likely to see it alive, for it is only found in -the fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, while even there it is not as -common as it used to be. But if ever you spend a summer holiday in the -Norfolk Broads you may, perhaps, see one of these lovely butterflies -flying swiftly past you. - -The caterpillar is almost as handsome as the butterfly. It is bright -green in colour, with velvety-black rings, which are spotted with red. -And just behind its head it has an odd little forked organ, from which -it pours out a drop of liquid when it is frightened. This liquid has a -very nasty smell, and no doubt it prevents birds from feeding upon the -caterpillar. - -This caterpillar feeds upon hog’s fennel, wild carrot, and marsh -milk-parsley. When it has reached its full size it climbs up the stem -of a reed, fastens itself to it by spinning a kind of silken belt round -its body, and turns into a yellowish-green chrysalis, from which the -butterfly appears during the following summer. - - -PLATE XV - -THE ORANGE TIP (1 and 2) - -You must often have noticed this very pretty insect flying about in the -spring, for it is quite common in almost all parts of the country. And -you cannot possibly mistake the male for any other butterfly, because -of the large patch of orange-yellow at the tips of the front wings. -But the female is without this orange patch, so that you might easily -take her for one of the small white butterflies. If you can look at her -closely, however, you will notice that in the middle of her front wings -she has a small black spot shaped just like the crescent moon, and that -the lower surface of her hind-wings is marbled with yellowish-green. - -The caterpillar of this pretty butterfly feeds upon cuckoo-flower, or -“lady’s smock,” as it is sometimes called, and also upon hedge-garlic, -tower mustard, and yellow rocket. In colour it is green, with a white -stripe running along each side of its body. When it is fully fed it -fastens itself by a silken belt to the stem of its food-plant, and -turns into a long, slender, greenish-brown chrysalis, shaped like a -bow, from which the butterfly appears in the following May. - -[Illustration: PLATE XV - - 1. Orange Tip, Male - 2. Orange Tip, Female] - - -PLATE XVI - -THE LARGE WHITE (1 and 2) - -This is a very common butterfly indeed, and even in towns you may often -see it flying about. Indeed it is much too common, for its caterpillars -feed upon the leaves of cabbages and cauliflowers, to which they -sometimes do most terrible mischief. I dare say that you have seen -these plants so stripped by the caterpillars of “Garden Whites,” as -these butterflies are often called, that they look just like skeletons, -only the mid-ribs and the veins being left remaining. And in some -summers these caterpillars are so plentiful that hardly a single -cabbage or cauliflower escapes. - -You can easily recognise this butterfly by its size; and you can tell -the female from the male by the two black spots and the narrow black -streak upon her front wings. The caterpillar is green in colour, shaded -on each side with yellow, and is dotted all over with tiny black spots, -from each of which springs a hair. When it has reached its full size -it leaves its food-plant, fastens itself to a wall, or a fence, or -a door-post, or the trunk of a tree, and turns into a rather stout -bluish-white chrysalis, sprinkled with blackish spots. The butterfly -may be seen in May, and again in August. - - -PLATE XVI - -THE SMALL WHITE (3 and 4) - -This butterfly is even commoner than the last. Indeed, two butterflies -out of every three which you see on a warm summer’s day are almost -sure to be Small Whites, and they are always very plentiful indeed in -gardens, where their caterpillars often do a great deal of mischief. -You can easily tell them from the caterpillars of the “large white,” -for they are pale green in colour, with a yellow line running down the -middle of the back, and a dotted line of the same colour on either -side. And instead of having short, stiff hairs all over their bodies, -they are covered with a kind of very soft down. They, too, feed upon -cabbages and cauliflowers, but instead of eating away the outer leaves -only, like those of the “large white,” they bore their way right into -the very heart of the plants, and often quite spoil them for use as -human food. Very often, too, you may find them feeding on the leaves of -nasturtiums, and also on those of mignonette. - -This butterfly, like the last, appears in the early spring, and again -in summer, and you can tell the female from the male by the two black -spots upon her front wings. The chrysalis is sometimes green in colour, -and sometimes yellow, and sometimes light or reddish-brown. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVI - - 1. Large White - 2. Large White Caterpillar - 3. Small White - 4. Small White Caterpillar - 5. Green-veined White, under-side] - - -PLATE XVI - -THE GREEN-VEINED WHITE (5) - -From a little distance you might very easily mistake this butterfly for -a “small white”; for it is of just the same size, and the upper surface -of its wings is marked in almost exactly the same way. But if you -happen to see it sitting with its wings closed, you will notice at once -that the veins on the lower surface of the hinder pair are streaked -with green or grey. It is not quite as common as the “small white,” but -you may see it flying about in almost any part of the country in May, -and again in August. - -This butterfly lays its eggs on hedge-garlic, and also on winter-cress -and sometimes on water-cress. They are most beautiful little objects if -you look at them through a microscope, for they are shaped just like -little tiny sugar-loaves, with ridges running down them from the top to -the bottom, and smaller ridges crosswise between them. The caterpillars -which hatch out of them are darker green above and lighter green below, -with a row of little black spots on either side, each of which is -enclosed in a yellow ring; and the chrysalis is green, sprinkled all -over with the tiniest possible black spots. - - -PLATE XVII - -THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER (1) - -Skipper butterflies are common enough in almost all parts of the -country; yet very few people ever seem to notice them. The reason is -that they hardly look like butterflies at all. They look much more like -little grey or brown moths. Yet they are really butterflies, for if you -look at them closely you will see that their feelers have little knobs -at the tips. And that is one of the marks of a butterfly. - -It is very easy to see why these little insects are called “Skippers,” -for they seem to _skip_ from flower to flower in a manner quite unlike -the flight of any other butterfly. And the Grizzled Skipper is one -of the commonest of them all. You may see it darting about in May, -and again in August, in open grassy places in woods. But it only -seems to live for a short time, so that although it may be flying -about in numbers one day, two or three days later it will have quite -disappeared. The caterpillar is sometimes green and sometimes brown in -colour, with paler lines along its back and sides. It feeds for a few -weeks on bramble-leaves, and then turns into a dull white chrysalis -spotted with black. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVII - - 1. Grizzled Skipper - 2. Dingy Skipper - 3. Large Skipper - 4. Small Skipper] - - -PLATE XVII - -THE DINGY SKIPPER (2) - -This little butterfly certainly deserves its name. One cannot call it a -pretty insect, for it is just dull, dingy brown all over, with just a -faint grey band running across the middle of the wings. So unless you -look very carefully for it you are not likely to see it. It does not -live in woods, like the “grizzled skipper,” but flies about on flowery -chalk banks in the sunshine, first in May, and then again in August. -And sometimes you may see it in numbers in an old chalk-pit, never -resting on one flower for more than a very few moments, but skipping -about in the most active way from one blossom to another. - -The caterpillar of this little butterfly feeds on the bird’s-foot -trefoil, that low plant with yellow flowers which grows so commonly on -chalky banks. If you should ever happen to find this caterpillar you -can tell it at once by its colour, which is pale green, with two yellow -stripes running along each side of the body, and over each stripe is a -row of little black dots. When it has finished growing it turns into a -fat and rather bunchy little chrysalis, which is dull green in front -and rosy-red behind. - - -PLATE XVII - -THE LARGE SKIPPER (3) - -The Large Skipper is one of the commonest of all these queer little -butterflies, and you may see it in dozens and dozens, skipping actively -about from flower to flower on grassy banks by the roadside, and in -open places in woods. The male is not quite like the female, for he has -a rather large streak of dark brown running across his front wings, -which look as if they had been scorched down the middle. And the body -of the female is so very stout that she certainly looks much more like -a moth than a butterfly. - -If you want to find the caterpillar of this insect you must look for -it on different kinds of meadow-grass. It has a big brown head and -a dull green body, with a dark line running along the back dotted -with black. And underneath, on the hinder part of its body, it has a -number of white spots. When it is fully grown it fastens three or four -grass-stems together by means of silken threads, and then turns to a -rather long and thin chrysalis of a pale brown colour between them. -Look out for the butterfly on bright sunny days in May, and again in -August. - -[Illustration: PLATE XVIII - - 1. Eyed Hawk - 2. Eyed Hawk Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XVII - -THE SMALL SKIPPER (4) - -This queer little butterfly, which is about half the size of the “large -skipper,” is very nearly as common. But it only makes its appearance -once in the year instead of twice, generally about the middle of July. -The best places in which to look for it are grassy banks by the sides -of lanes and open places in woods. But it is so small that unless you -look very carefully you will most likely pass it by. The male butterfly -is not quite like the female, for he has a thin black line running -along the middle of his front wings. - -This butterfly lays its eggs on different kinds of grass, and when -they hatch, the little caterpillars feed for a few weeks, and then -find their way into some snug retreat, in which they sleep all through -the autumn and winter. Early in the spring they come out from their -hiding-places and begin to feed again; and by about the beginning of -June they are ready to turn into chrysalids. If ever you should happen -to find them you may know them at once, for they are green in colour, -with six white stripes running all the way along their bodies. And -besides this they are quite fat in the middle, and quite thin at the -head and the tail. - - - - -PART II - -MOTHS - - -PLATE XVIII - -THE EYED HAWK MOTH (1 and 2) - -The “hawk moths” are so called because their flight is so swift and -strong, very much like that of a hawk. Most of them come out soon after -sunset on warm summer evenings, and you may often see them hovering in -front of such flowers as honeysuckle, and verbenas, and petunias, with -their long trunks poked deeply into the blossoms in order that they may -suck up their sweet juices. But if you move in the very least they dart -away at once, so quickly that you cannot even tell in which direction -they have gone. - -The Eyed Hawk is one of the most beautiful of these grand moths. You -can easily see why its name was given to it, for the big spot on each -of its hind-wings is very much like the “eyes” on a peacock’s tail. The -caterpillar is pale green in colour, with a very rough skin, and with -seven white stripes on each side of its body, and a curved blue horn -upon its tail. You may often find it feeding on the leaves of apple -trees in August and September. It then buries itself in the ground -below, and changes to a shiny reddish-brown chrysalis, from which the -moth makes its appearance early in the following June. - -[Illustration: PLATE XIX - - 1. Poplar Hawk - 2. Poplar Hawk Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XIX - -THE POPLAR HAWK (1 and 2) - -This is a very handsome moth indeed, which makes its appearance about -the end of May or the beginning of June, when you may often see it -resting on fences, or on the trunks of poplar trees. After dark, too, -you may sometimes see it flying round and round street-lamps; and -just now and then it will come into a lighted room through an open -window. And in August and the early part of September you may find the -caterpillar, which feeds on the leaves of poplar trees, and also on -those of willows and laurustinus. It grows to a length of nearly three -inches, and is green in colour, sprinkled with yellow. And you can -always tell it from that of any other hawk moth by the seven yellow -and white stripes on its sides, and also by the yellow horn on its -tail. About the middle of September it reaches its full size, and then -burrows down into the ground at the roots of the tree on which it has -been feeding, and turns to a rough brown chrysalis with a short spike -at the end of its body, which always looks as if it had been dipped -into very muddy water, and dried without being wiped! - - -PLATE XX - -THE LIME HAWK (1 and 2) - -Although it is not quite so large, this is an even handsomer moth than -the “poplar hawk,” for its wings are tinted with the most beautiful -shades of green and brown and brownish-yellow. When it is resting on a -fence or a tree-trunk, indeed, it looks very much like a folded leaf, -and you might easily pass it by without noticing it. The caterpillar -feeds on the leaves of quite a number of trees, such as lime, and elm, -and beech, and birch, and oak. But it much prefers the two first of -these, on which you may find it during August and the early part of -September. It is green in colour, sprinkled with tiny yellow dots, and -has seven yellow stripes on each side, bordered with red. The horn at -the end of the body is blue or green above and yellow beneath, and -underneath it is a sort of flat horny plate, which is purple in colour, -with a yellow edge. About the second week in September it buries itself -in the ground and turns to a reddish-brown chrysalis with a spiky tail, -out of which the moth hatches towards the end of the following May. - -[Illustration: PLATE XX - - 1. Lime Hawk - 2. Lime Hawk Caterpillar] - -[Illustration: PLATE XXI - - 1. Death’s Head - 2. Death’s Head Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXI - -THE DEATH’S HEAD HAWK (1 and 2) - -This is the largest of all the British hawk moths, for its outspread -wings often measure as much as five inches from tip to tip. You cannot -possibly mistake it for any other insect, for on its back it has a -patch of short yellow hair which looks just like a skull. That is why -it is called the “Death’s Head.” If you want to find the caterpillar -you should look for it in potato fields in the month of August. It is a -great yellow creature, four or even five inches in length, with seven -blue stripes on each side, and a yellow horn on its tail. And if you -meet with it, and pick it up, you will be surprised to find that it can -squeak quite loudly! Stranger still, the chrysalis can squeak too, and -so can the moth! Indeed, if you pick up a Death’s Head Hawk Moth it -will go on squeaking very much like a mouse all the time that you hold -it in your hand! - -The caterpillar of this grand moth feeds chiefly on potato leaves, but -is sometimes found on jessamine and buckthorn. When it is fully fed it -buries itself eight or ten inches deep in the ground, and turns into a -huge reddish-brown chrysalis, from which the moth generally hatches out -in October. - - -PLATE XXII - -THE PRIVET HAWK (1 and 2) - -Wherever privet bushes grow you may expect to find this handsome -insect, which is sometimes very nearly as large as the “death’s head.” -One does not very often see the perfect moth, however, for it only -flies by night, and contrives to hide itself away in some secure -retreat during the hours of daylight. But sometimes you may see it at -dusk hovering in front of petunia blossoms, and sucking up their sweet -juices through its long slender trunk. You may find the caterpillar, -however, in almost every garden if you look for it during August or -the early part of September. It is a most beautiful creature, of the -brightest apple-green colour, with seven purple stripes on either -side, each of which is edged with yellow below. And on its tail is a -glossy black horn with a yellow base. It feeds chiefly on the leaves of -privet, but you may sometimes find it on those of lilac and elder. When -it reaches its full size it buries itself in the ground and turns into -a big reddish-brown chrysalis, from which the moth hatches out about -midsummer in the following year. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXII - - 1. Privet Hawk - 2. Privet Hawk Caterpillar] - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIII - - 1. Elephant Hawk - 2. Elephant Hawk Caterpillar - 3. Small Elephant Hawk] - - -PLATE XXIII - -THE ELEPHANT HAWK (1 and 2) - -If you were only to see this moth itself, and not its caterpillar, you -would be quite sure to wonder why it should ever have been called the -“Elephant” Hawk. For it is not in the least like an elephant in any -way at all. But the moment you look at the caterpillar you understand -why this name was given to it; for the front part of its body is so -long and slender that it really does remind one rather of an elephant’s -trunk. And just behind it, on each side, is a big round spot which -looks like an eye. - -If you want to find this curious caterpillar you should look for it -in August on willow-herb and bedstraw plants which grow on the banks -of ditches and streams. Now and then, too, you may find it feeding on -fuchsias in gardens. It is sometimes green in colour, and sometimes -dull grey or brown, and the horn at the end of its body is black, with -a white tip. The moth, as you will see by its picture, is a very pretty -one indeed, and you may see it hovering in front of flowers at dusk in -May and June. - - -PLATE XXIII - -THE SMALL ELEPHANT HAWK (3) - -This is a much smaller insect than the last, for its wings only measure -about an inch and three-quarters from tip to tip when they are fully -spread out. But it is one of the prettiest of all our British moths, -with a rose-coloured body, and greenish-yellow wings marked with -rose-coloured bands and spots. It is not at all uncommon, and if you -want to see it you can very easily do so. All that you have to do is to -stand at dusk on a warm evening in June in front of a honeysuckle bush, -and then to remain perfectly still. After a few minutes you are almost -sure to see a shadowy form hovering in front of one of the blossoms. -This is a Small Elephant Hawk; and if you catch it, and wait for a -little while, another one is almost sure to make its appearance in a -very few minutes. - -The caterpillar of this moth is something like that of the “large -elephant hawk,” but has three eye-like spots on each side of its body, -and no horn upon its tail. It feeds upon bedstraw, and is generally -found in places where the soil is chalky. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIV - - 1. Humming-Bird Hawk - 2. Bee Hawk - 3. Currant Clearwing - 4. Hornet Clearwing] - - -PLATE XXIV - -THE HUMMING-BIRD HAWK (1) - -On a hot summer’s day you may often see this beautiful moth hovering in -front of geraniums and other flowers in the garden, with its long trunk -plunged deeply down into the blossoms in order to suck up their sweet -juices. And if you stand a few feet away and listen carefully, you will -hear a low humming noise, which is caused by the rapid movements of the -wings. It looks and sounds, in fact, very much like a humming-bird, and -people who have lived for many years in hot countries, and have then -come to England, have often found it very difficult to believe that -they were looking at a moth, and not at one of the beautiful little -birds which they had known so well. - -The caterpillar of the Humming-bird Hawk is greenish-brown, or -bluish-green, sprinkled with tiny white dots, and with a pinkish-white -stripe running along each side of its body. Below this is another -stripe of dull yellow, and at the end of the body is a blue horn with a -yellow tip. It feeds upon bedstraw, and when it has finished growing it -buries itself just below the surface of the ground, and then turns into -a reddish-brown chrysalis. - - -PLATE XXIV - -THE BEE HAWK (2) - -There are really two “bee hawks,” which you can recognise at once by -their transparent wings. And as one of them has a narrow black border -to its wings, while the other has a broad one, they are called the -Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk, and the Broad-bordered Bee Hawk. And really -they do look more like very big bumble-bees than moths. They fly by -day, like the “humming-bird hawk,” and you may sometimes see them -hovering in front of rhododendron blossoms on a bright sunny day in -May, and darting away at the slightest alarm with almost the speed of -light. But they are not very common, and in many parts of the country -they are never seen at all. - -The caterpillar of the “broad-bordered bee hawk” feeds upon -honeysuckle, and that of the “narrow-bordered bee hawk” upon field -scabious--that common low plant which looks so much like a rather small -thistle. They are both green in colour, dotted with yellowish-white, -and with a brown horn at the end of the body. When they have finished -growing they spin little silken webs on the surface of the ground, and -turn to chrysalids inside them. - - -PLATE XXIV - -THE CURRANT CLEARWING (3) - -The “clearwings” are very odd little moths with transparent wings, -which have no scales upon them at all, except just on the narrow black -borders. The consequence is that they do not look in the least like -moths. They look much more like flies, or gnats, or wasps, or hornets. -They nearly all come out in June and July, and you may see them resting -on leaves in the hot sunshine. - -Another curious thing about the “clearwings” is that their caterpillars -feed, not upon the leaves of plants and trees, like almost all other -caterpillars, but upon the pith of the stems or the twigs, or even upon -the solid wood of the trunk or the branches; so it is very difficult -indeed to find them. When they are fully fed they turn into chrysalids -with rows of tiny hooks along their bodies, by means of which they can -wriggle their way backwards and forwards along the burrows which they -made when they were caterpillars. - -The Currant Clearwing is so called because its caterpillar feeds on the -pith in the young shoots of currant bushes. It is very common in almost -every kitchen-garden, and sometimes does a good deal of mischief to the -currants. - - -PLATE XXIV - -THE HORNET CLEARWING (4) - -This is the largest of all the British “clearwings,” and it really -does look so very much like a hornet that most people would be quite -afraid to meddle with it for fear of being stung. But if ever you -should happen to meet with the moth you can tell it from a real hornet -quite easily; for if you look closely at it you will see that its body -is not smooth and shiny, but is covered all over with close, soft -down. The best place to look for it is on the trunks of poplar trees, -quite close to the ground, in June and July; for after it comes out -of the chrysalis it always sits on the tree-trunk for some little -time in order to dry its wings. And you will nearly always find that -it is sitting quite close to the burrow which it made when it was a -caterpillar, and in which it lived for no less than two whole years. - -There is another kind of “hornet clearwing,” whose caterpillar feeds in -the stems of osiers instead of in the trunks of poplar trees. But it is -not at all a common insect, and you are not very likely ever to find -it. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXV - - 1. Common Swift - 2. Ghost Swift, male - 3. Ghost Swift, female] - - -PLATE XXV - -THE COMMON SWIFT (1) - -The “swift” moths owe their name to their rapid flight, for they can -all fly very swiftly indeed when they are alarmed. But very often, on -a warm summer’s evening, you may see them in grassy places in woods -_swinging_, as it were, in the air--flying first a foot or so to one -side, and then a foot or two to the other side, over and over again, -just like the pendulum of a clock. And when they are doing this they do -not seem at all ready to take the alarm, so that you can easily catch -them. - -Five kinds of these moths are found in the British Islands, of which -the Common Swift is by far the most plentiful. It lives, not only in -woods, but also in lanes and on the borders of fields, and on warm -evenings in June you may see it darting swiftly along almost any -hedgerow. And if you catch a dozen or so you will find that the males -are all spotted and streaked with white, while the females are plain -dingy brown all over. And, besides that, you will see that no two of -the males are quite alike, some of them having a great many more white -markings than the others. - -The caterpillar of this moth lives underground, and feeds on the roots -of dumb-nettles. - - -PLATE XXV - -THE GHOST SWIFT (2 and 3) - -That is rather a curious name to give to a moth, isn’t it? But the -very first time that you notice the male insect flying about on a warm -summer’s evening you will see why the title was given to it; for it -keeps on suddenly appearing and disappearing, over and over again, just -as if it had the power of making itself visible or invisible whenever -it chose. The fact is that the upper surface of the wings is glossy -white, while the lower is dark brown, and that as the insect flies -you can see the one and not the other. So every time that the wings -are lowered the moth appears; and every time that they are raised it -disappears. - -The wings of the female, however, are yellowish-brown, with darker -markings, so that she is not nearly so ghost-like as her mate. You may -sometimes see her flying slowly to and fro in the dusk, and as she does -so she keeps on dropping her eggs, which fall to the ground below. -After a short time they hatch, and out come a number of little dirty -white caterpillars, which burrow down into the soil, and feed on the -roots of burdock, stinging-nettle, and dumb-nettle, and sometimes on -those of hops. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVI - - 1. Goat Moth - 2. Goat Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXVI - -THE GOAT MOTH (1 and 2) - -Somehow or other, one does not very often see this moth, although it is -quite common in almost all parts of the country. But just now and then -it flies through an open window into a well-lighted room at night, and -then it looks so big as it goes blundering about that one might almost -mistake it for a bat. - -Nearly everybody sometimes sees the caterpillar, however--a great -flesh-coloured creature three or four inches long, with a black head, -and a broad band of chocolate-brown running all the way along its back. -Like that of the wood leopard, it feeds in the trunks of trees, in -which it lives for three whole years; and out from its burrow a dark -brown liquid comes oozing, which smells something like the odour of a -he-goat. That is why the insect is called the “Goat” Moth. When this -caterpillar is fully grown it leaves its burrow, and goes crawling -about in search of a convenient place in which to spin its cocoon; and -this is the time when one generally sees it. The moth appears in June -and July, and you should look for the caterpillar in September. - - -PLATE XXVII - -THE WOOD LEOPARD (1) - -This is not a very common moth, but it seems rather more plentiful -than it used to be, more especially near London. You may sometimes -see it resting on the trunks of trees in July and August. Then, if -you examine the tree-trunk carefully, you are almost sure to find the -entrance to the burrow out of which it came; for the caterpillar of -this moth is one of those which feed on the solid wood of trees. The -female moth lays her eggs in the crevices of the bark, and as soon as -the little caterpillars appear they nibble their way into the trunk -with their powerful jaws, and there live for several months, burrowing -backwards and forwards, day after day, till sometimes the wood is -almost honeycombed with their tunnels. Sometimes they live in oak -trees, sometimes in elms, sometimes in beeches, or ashes, or willows. -But the wood that they like most of all is that of apple and plum and -pear trees; so that the very best place to look for the moth is in an -orchard. - -If you ever find a Wood Leopard you will notice that its wings are -partly transparent. That is because they have fewer scales upon them -than those of most moths, so that they look rather as if they had been -rubbed. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVII - - 1. Wood Leopard - 2. Green Forester - 3. Six-Spot Burnet] - - -PLATE XXVII - -THE GREEN FORESTER (2) - -When one first sees this pretty little insect flitting about in the hot -sunshine it is rather difficult to believe that it is really a moth, -for it looks a great deal more like a bright green fly. The best places -in which to look for it are grassy clearings in woods in which mulleins -are growing; for it is very fond indeed of resting on the blossoms of -those plants, where its glossy green wings form a most lovely contrast -to the yellow petals. On dull days, however, it never flies at all; and -even on fine ones, if the sun is clouded over for more than a very few -minutes, all the Green Foresters are sure to disappear. - -The caterpillar of this moth is shaped exactly like a tiny woodlouse, -and its legs are so short that you can only just see its feet -projecting from underneath its fat little body. It is dingy green in -colour, with a line of black spots running along the middle of its -back, and a pale stripe along each side. It feeds on the common sorrel, -and when it is fully fed it spins a little silken cocoon among the -leaves, and turns to a chrysalis inside it. Look for the caterpillar in -May and the early part of June, and for the moth about midsummer. - - -PLATE XXVII - -THE SIX-SPOT BURNET (3) - -The “burnets” are most lovely little moths, with glossy blackish-green -front wings, marked with bright crimson spots, and crimson hind-wings -with dark green borders. Like the “green forester,” they fly only in -the hot sunshine; but even on dull days you may often see them clinging -to grass-stems in fields and by the roadside. - -Several different kinds of these moths are found in the British -Islands, of which the Six-spot Burnet is by far the commonest. On a -hot day about the middle of June you may often see it flying about -in hundreds. And if you look on the grass-stems you are almost sure -to find numbers of its odd little cocoons, which are bright yellow -in colour, and look just like tiny shuttles with very sharp points. -The caterpillars which spin these cocoons, however, feed chiefly on -trefoils and clovers. They are dingy yellow in colour, with rather -hairy bodies, marked with two rows of small black spots on either side. -You may find them towards the end of May, and they spin their cocoons -early in June. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXVIII - - 1. Cinnabar - 2. Cinnabar Caterpillar - 3. White Ermine] - - -PLATE XXVIII - -THE CINNABAR (1 and 2) - -The Cinnabar Moth is really almost a prettier insect than the -“burnets,” and it looks most beautiful as you see it slowly flying over -the long grass in the hay-fields, or along a bank by the roadside, -on a hot midsummer day. For the upper wings are deep olive-brown in -colour, with a broad crimson streak and two round crimson spots upon -them, while the lower ones are rich crimson with a narrow black margin. -And the under surface is coloured just like the upper, except that the -crimson tint is just a little bit paler. - -This is one of the “local” moths, for while it is very common indeed -in some places, it is seldom or never seen in others. You should look -for it where ragwort grows, for on that plant the caterpillars feed. -They are handsome little creatures, which you cannot possibly mistake -for those of any other moth, for they are bright orange in colour, with -black rings round their bodies. And sometimes they are so plentiful -that they quite strip the ragwort plants of their leaves. When they -are fully fed they change into shiny reddish-brown chrysalids on the -surface of the ground. - - -PLATE XXVIII - -THE WHITE ERMINE (3) - -In most parts of the British Islands this is a very common moth indeed. -You may see it resting by day on fences and the trunks of trees, and -after dark it will often come flying into a lighted room. Or you may -notice it darting round and round street-lamps by night, and doing its -very best to burn itself in the dazzling flame. And the caterpillar is -even commoner in gardens than that of the “tiger” moth. It is really -a sort of small “woolly bear,” for its body is covered all over with -brown hairs. But you can always tell it from the real “woolly bear” by -the pale line which runs along the middle of its back. It will feed on -almost any plant in the garden, and is fully grown about the middle of -September, when it spins a silken cocoon, and turns into a dark brown -chrysalis. The moth appears in June. - -There is another kind of “ermine” moth, called the “buff ermine,” which -is brownish-yellow in colour instead of white. The caterpillar is dingy -white, with one white line and two dark ones running along its back, -and is covered with pale brown hairs. You may often find it feeding -upon dock leaves. The moth is quite as common as the White Ermine, and -makes its appearance at the same time of the year. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXIX - - 1. Garden Tiger - 2. Garden Tiger Caterpillar - 3. Cream Spotted Tiger - 4. Cream Spotted Tiger Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXIX - -THE GARDEN TIGER (1 and 2) - -Most likely you know the caterpillar of this moth a good deal better -than the moth itself; for you may find it in almost any garden feeding -on the leaves of hollyhocks and all sorts of other plants, while you -can hardly walk along a hedge bank without noticing it upon those of -the dumb-nettles. It is called the “woolly bear,” because it is covered -all over with long brown hairs which look something like the fur of a -bear, and when it has finished growing it spins a silken cocoon amongst -the herbage, in which a number of these hairs are always entangled. - -But although it is so common one does not often see the moth. For it -only flies by night, and hides away so cleverly during the day that one -very seldom finds it. But sometimes it will fly through an open window -into a well-lighted room, or cling to a street-lamp and gaze at the -flame for hours together. - -A curious fact about this moth is that it varies very much in colour -and markings. Indeed, it would not be very difficult to make a small -collection of “tiger” moths, no two of which should be quite alike. It -appears on the wing in July, and you may find the caterpillar in May -and June. - - -PLATE XXIX - -THE CREAM SPOTTED TIGER (3 and 4) - -This is not nearly such a common insect as the “garden tiger.” But at -the same time it is a good deal commoner than it seems, for it is such -a sluggish creature that it very seldom flies, and the consequence is -that one hardly ever sees it. It does not vary very much in colour, -for the front wings are always black, with eight large creamy-white -spots, and the hind-wings are orange-yellow, with six or seven small -black spots, and a big black patch near the margin. The body is black -in front, with a white blotch on each side, and orange-red behind with -a row of black spots down the middle; so the insect is really a very -handsome one indeed. - -The caterpillar of this moth is quite as woolly as that of the “garden -tiger.” It is almost black in colour, with a red head and red legs, -while the long hairs which cover its body are brown. It feeds upon -chickweed in September, and again in April and May, and then spins -a silken web, in which it turns to a chrysalis. The moth makes its -appearance about the end of June. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXX - - 1. Gold-Tail - 2. Gold-Tail Caterpillar - 3. Pale Tussock - 4. Pale Tussock Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXX - -THE GOLD-TAIL (1 and 2) - -Of course you know this pretty insect very well indeed by sight, for it -is one of the commonest of all our British moths. You cannot possibly -mistake it for any other, because of its snowy white wings and the -thick tuft of long yellow hairs at the end of its body, from which it -gets its name of “Gold-tail.” In the female moth this tuft is very long -and thick indeed, and she puts it to a most curious purpose. For when -she has laid her eggs she strips off the golden down from her tail and -covers them carefully over with it, leaving the tip of her body almost -bare! - -The caterpillars which hatch out of the eggs are most beautiful little -creatures. They are black in colour, with three rows of tiny pimples, -so to speak, on each side, from every one of which springs a little -tuft of hairs. Those of the upper row are jetty-black; those of the -middle row are white; and those of the lower one are bright scarlet. -Besides this, there are two scarlet stripes running down the back, and -just behind the head is a sort of hump, which is bright scarlet also. - -You may find these handsome caterpillars on the leaves of hawthorn, and -also on those of plum trees. When they are fully fed they spin a silken -web among the leaves, and turn to chrysalids, out of which the moths -hatch in July. - - -PLATE XXX - -THE PALE TUSSOCK (3 and 4) - -You may sometimes see this handsome moth resting on a fence in May, and -“drying” its wings after coming out from the chrysalis. The female is -not quite like the male, for she is generally a good deal larger, with -a very much stouter body, and instead of having a dark brown stripe -across the middle of her wings, as he has, she has two wavy lines, one -rather before the middle, and the other rather beyond it. - -The caterpillar of this moth is generally known as the “hop dog”; but -I cannot tell you the reason why, for it feeds a great deal more often -on the leaves of oak, lime, and hazel than it does on those of the hop. -It is one of the loveliest of all our British caterpillars--very hairy, -and of the most delicate pale green colour, with three bands of deep -velvety-black round its body. On its back are four brush-like tufts -of long yellow hairs, pointing forwards, and on its tail is another -still longer tuft of the same colour, which points backwards. When it -is fully grown it spins a very slight silken web among the leaves, and -turns to a hairy chrysalis. You may find it feeding in July and August. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXI - - 1. Lackey - 2. Lackey Caterpillar - 3. Vapourer, male - 4. Vapourer Caterpillar - 5. Vapourer, female] - - -PLATE XXXI - -THE LACKEY (1 and 2) - -If you look at the twigs of apple trees during the winter-time you will -sometimes find that they are surrounded by bands of tiny greyish-white -eggs, most neatly arranged in rows, which look just like tiny -bracelets. These are the eggs of the Lackey Moth, and when they hatch -a number of pretty little caterpillars make their appearance, and at -once set to work to spin a big silken web among the leaves, in which -they live. They are rather hairy, and have blue-grey heads with two -black spots which look just like eyes, and bodies striped with white, -and blue, and red, and yellow. And sometimes they are so plentiful that -they strip whole branches, and even whole trees, of their leaves. When -they are fully grown they spin yellow cocoons, in which a quantity of -dust that looks just like powdered sulphur is mixed up, and change to -smooth brown chrysalids, out of which the moths are hatched in July. - -Lackey moths vary a good deal in colour, for some are light yellow, -and some are dark yellow, and some are pale brown, and some are -reddish-brown. Indeed, you may often catch six or eight of these moths, -one after the other, and find that no two of them are quite alike. - - -PLATE XXXI - -THE VAPOURER (3, 4, and 5) - -On any warm, sunny day from the beginning of August till the middle of -October you may see a little brown moth darting swiftly about, with a -curious zigzag flight. First it flies for a few feet in one direction, -then for a few feet in another direction, and then for a few feet in a -third direction, and always at some little height from the ground. This -is a male Vapourer Moth, and a very pretty little fellow he is, with -bright chestnut-brown wings, and a crescent-shaped white mark in the -middle of the front ones. But his mate is not in the least like him. In -fact, if you were to see her, you would find it very hard to believe -that she was a moth at all; for she has no wings, and looks just like a -very fat grey grub. She is so fat, indeed, that she cannot even walk, -and has to spend her whole life clinging to the cocoon in which she -lived as a chrysalis. And when she has covered this cocoon all over -with her little round white eggs she falls to the ground and dies. - -The caterpillar of the Vapourer moth is very common. You may find it -feeding upon the leaves of all sorts of trees and plants in the garden; -and you can tell it at once by the row of little tufts of hair, just -like tiny shaving-brushes, upon its back. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXII - - 1. Oak Eggar - 2. Drinker - 3. Drinker Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXXII - -THE OAK EGGAR (1) - -If you walk across a heath or a moor on a hot day in June you may often -see a large brown moth dashing wildly about quite close to the ground. -This is almost sure to be a male Oak Eggar. You can always tell him -from the female by his deep chestnut-brown wings, hers being light -brownish-yellow. And besides that, she is a good deal larger than he -is, and has a very much stouter body. - -The caterpillar of this moth is a big brown creature, which you may -find feeding upon the leaves of hawthorn bushes in May. You cannot -possibly mistake it for that of any other insect, for its body is -covered all over with short yellow down, just like fur. If you touch -it, or frighten it in any way, it at once drops to the ground and -curls itself up into a ring; and then you notice a number of black -bands round its body, which are really formed by the dark skin showing -through the fur. - -Early in June this caterpillar spins a dark brown cocoon and changes to -a brown chrysalis, out of which the moth hatches about a fortnight or -three weeks later. - - -PLATE XXXII - -THE DRINKER (2 and 3) - -This seems rather an odd name to give to a moth, doesn’t it? But it -really belongs to the caterpillar, which you may often see drinking -the dewdrops on the long grass on which it feeds. It is a very hairy -caterpillar, of a dark brown colour, with yellow spots and streaks upon -its sides, and little tufts of short white down between them. I would -advise you to be very careful in handling it, for its long hairs have -a way of working themselves into one’s skin, and causing big swellings -and a great deal of irritation. Indeed, if you were to rub your eyes -after handling one of these caterpillars, you would run a good deal of -risk of losing your sight! - -Drinker caterpillars are very common indeed in some places, and you -may often see them feeding on the long grass by the roadside in May. -About the beginning of June they spin shuttle-shaped yellow cocoons, -which are always fastened to stout grass-stems, and turn to dark brown -chrysalids, out of which the moths hatch in July. The male moth, like -that of the “oak eggar,” is a good deal smaller than the female, and is -much darker in colour. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXIII - - 1. Lappet - 2. Lappet Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXXIII - -THE LAPPET (1 and 2) - -When this moth first hatches out of the chrysalis it is really a very -beautiful insect, for although the wings are reddish-brown all over, -they have a kind of purple bloom on them, just like that on a ripe -plum. But after a day or two this bloom always gets worn off. The -moth is not at all an uncommon one, and yet one hardly ever sees it. -The reason is that when it sits with its wings folded together over -its back, as it almost always does, it is exactly like a dead leaf. -You might look straight at it from only a few inches away, and never -imagine for a moment that it was really a moth. And if it is hard to -see the moth, it is still harder to see the caterpillar, which flattens -itself against the branches of blackthorn bushes, and looks just like a -piece of rather rough bark. - -You may find this caterpillar--if you look for it _very_ carefully -indeed--in May and June. A little before midsummer it spins a long -blackish cocoon, either among the leaves of its food-plant or amongst -grass quite close to the ground, and changes to a smooth black -chrysalis, out of which the moth appears early in July. - - -PLATE XXXIV - -THE SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH (1 and 2) - -You may often see this handsome moth flying about in the garden on -warm evenings in July; and during the daytime you may sometimes shake -it out of ivy, or out of the leaves of a thick bush, in which it has -taken refuge from the unwelcome daylight. It is easy to see why it is -called the “Swallow-tailed” Moth, for on the hind-wings are two little -“tails,” very much like those of the “swallow-tailed butterfly.” - -The caterpillar of this moth is one of those which we call “loopers,” -because instead of walking as other caterpillars do, they hunch -themselves up into a sort of loop at every step. And sometimes they are -called “stick-caterpillars,” because their bodies are so like bits of -twig that as long as they do not move it is very difficult indeed to -see them. - -If you shake the branches of a tree in summer-time you will generally -see several of these caterpillars swinging in the air, each at the end -of a silken thread; and if you want to find that of the Swallow-tailed -Moth you should look for it on willow, and lime, and elder, and pear -trees. When it is fully grown it spins a cocoon just like a little -hammock, and turns to a light brown chrysalis spotted with black. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXIV - - 1. Swallow-tail Moth - 2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar - 3. Emperor - 4. Emperor Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXXIV - -THE EMPEROR (3 and 4) - -This is one of the handsomest of all our British moths, and the -caterpillar is even more beautiful than the moth. For it is of the -brightest apple-green colour, with ten or eleven velvety-black rings -round its body; and every ring has a number of raised pink spots upon -it, with six black bristles springing from each spot, and spreading -outwards in the form of a star. You may often find it on bramble-leaves -early in September, and it also feeds on blackthorn, willow, and heath. - -When this lovely caterpillar has reached its full size, it spins a most -curious cocoon, shaped something like a little flask, with a number of -bristles inside the entrance arranged in such a way, that while the -moth can crawl out quite easily when it is ready to hatch, none of its -enemies can crawl in. In this cocoon the chrysalis lies all through the -winter, and the moth makes its appearance in April, when you may often -see it flying about in the sunshine on heaths and commons. The male is -rather smaller than the female, and you can always recognise him by his -brighter colouring, and his beautifully plumed feelers. - - -PLATE XXXV - -THE BRIMSTONE MOTH (1) - -There is a Brimstone Moth, just as there is a “brimstone butterfly,” -and you may find it very commonly indeed in almost any part of the -country, and at almost any time from April until October, or even -November. During the daytime it generally hides away among the leaves -of ivy, or of some thick bush, like the “swallow-tailed moth.” But you -may sometimes see it resting on a fence, or on the trunk of a tree; and -after dark it often comes flying into a lighted room through an open -window. The caterpillar feeds on hawthorn, and blackthorn, and apple, -and sometimes on bramble. It is pale brown in colour, with a bluish -spot on each side of its neck, and with three little humps on its back, -just like the tiny leaf-buds on a bit of twig. So although it is so -common you will not find it unless you look very carefully indeed, and -even the sharp eyes of the insect-eating birds often pass it by. As -soon as it reaches its full size it spins a thick silken cocoon and -turns into a brown chrysalis, out of which the moth appears two or -three weeks later. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXV - - 1. Brimstone - 2. Canary-Shouldered Thorn - 3. Pepper and Salt] - - -PLATE XXXV - -THE CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN (2) - -There are several different kinds of “Thorn” moths, but you can always -tell the Canary-Shouldered Thorn from the others by just looking at the -middle part of its body, which is thickly covered with very long hairs -of a bright canary yellow. It appears on the wing in August, and is -very fond of flying into a lighted room after dark. Sometimes, too, it -will sit on the glass of a street-lamp and remain there all night long -without moving, gazing at the flame within. If it can get inside the -lamp, it will often burn its wings so badly that it cannot fly away. -And just now and then you may find it sitting on a fence, or on the -trunk of a tree. - -The caterpillar of this moth is one of the “loopers,” and is dark brown -in colour, with lighter markings, and with two little humps on its -back. Look for it on the leaves of birch, lime, elder, oak, and fruit -trees during the month of June. About the first week in July it spins -a little silken cocoon, and turns into a light brown chrysalis, with a -few whitish markings. - - -PLATE XXXV - -THE PEPPER AND SALT MOTH (3) - -No doubt you will think that this is rather an odd name to give to -a moth, but it is a very suitable one, for the wings of this insect -really do look very much as if they had been first covered with salt, -and then sprinkled thickly with black pepper. But it varies a good deal -in its markings, for sometimes the wings look as if they were nearly -all salt, and sometimes they look as if they were nearly all pepper. -And if the moth is caught in the north of England or in Scotland, -strange to say, it is nearly always much darker than when it is caught -in the south. - -The caterpillar, too, varies almost as much in colour as the moth. -Sometimes it is reddish-brown; sometimes it is greenish-brown; -sometimes it is yellowish-brown. But it always looks very much like a -piece of stick; and it always has eight raised reddish spots on its -back, which look just like buds before they begin to burst into leaf. -You may find it in August, feeding on the leaves of lime, birch, and -oak trees. In September it buries itself in the ground, and changes -to a rather fat brown chrysalis, out of which the moth appears in the -following May. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVI - - 1. Willow Beauty - 2. Large Emerald] - - -PLATE XXXVI - -THE WILLOW BEAUTY (1) - -I am sorry to say that I cannot tell you why this moth is called the -“Willow Beauty.” For, in the first place, it is not a very beautiful -insect. Both its front and hinder wings are greyish-brown all over, -with a few wavy black lines running across them, and one pale zigzag -streak near the outer margin. Certainly, one would hardly call it a -“beauty.” And then, in the second place, it has nothing to do with -willow trees; for its grey, twig-like caterpillar feeds on the leaves -of rose-bushes, and plum trees, and pear trees, and birch trees, and -sometimes on those of lilac and elder, but never on the leaves of -willows. - -This moth is a very common one indeed in all parts of the country, and -from the middle of June until the beginning of August you may see it in -numbers, resting with outspread wings on fences and tree-trunks during -the day, and fluttering round gas-lamps in the evening. - -There is another moth which is very like the “willow beauty,” but is -nearly twice as big, and is rather lighter in colour. This is called -the “great oak beauty,” and you may sometimes see it resting on the -trunks of oak trees in June. - - -PLATE XXXVI - -THE LARGE EMERALD (2) - -The “emeralds” are pale green moths with very delicate wings, and the -Large Emerald is the finest and most beautiful of them all. It is -almost as large as the “swallow-tail moth,” and when it first comes out -of the chrysalis its wings are of the most lovely green colour, with -three wavy white lines across the front pair, and a scalloped white -line and a row of white dots across the hinder ones. But after two -or three days it begins to fade; and if you were to put it away in a -collection you would most likely find after a few months that it was -nearly white. - -The Large Emerald is not a very common moth, but you may sometimes -find it by shaking bushes and the branches of trees in June and July. -The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of birch and elm, and is green in -colour, with a yellow line along each side, and six pairs of little -reddish bumps which look like tiny buds. About the end of May it forms -a kind of cocoon by spinning together two or three leaves of its -food-plant, and turns into a brownish-green chrysalis, with two rows of -reddish spots on its back. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVII - - 1. Bordered White, male - 2. Bordered White, female - 3. Magpie - 4. Magpie Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXXVII - -THE BORDERED WHITE (1 and 2) - -If you want to find this handsome moth, the best way to do so is to -shake the branches of fir trees with a long stick during the month of -May. Then you are almost sure to see it flying off in a great hurry to -seek for refuge somewhere else. But it never seems quite happy unless -it can hide away among the needle-like leaves of a fir tree. The male -is very different in appearance from the female, for his wings are -either white or yellowish-white in colour, with a broad black border, -while hers are orange-brown all over, with only two narrow dark bands. -And, besides that, his feelers are beautifully plumed, while hers are -just like threads. In fact, the male and female are so unlike one -another that, if you did not know what they were, you would be almost -sure to take them for two perfectly different insects. - -The caterpillar of this moth is a very pretty little creature of a pale -green colour, with a broad white line along the back and a bluish-white -line below it; then a yellow line below that; and then a row of orange -spots. You may sometimes find it in August, feeding on the leaves of -fir trees. - - -PLATE XXXVII - -THE MAGPIE MOTH (3 and 4) - -This is called the Magpie Moth because its wings are chiefly black and -white in colour, like the plumage of a magpie. But there are two orange -bands on the front wings as well, and the body is orange, spotted with -black. It varies a good deal in colouring however, for sometimes there -are hardly any black markings on the wings, and sometimes there are -hardly any white ones. And just now and then you may meet with a very -odd Magpie Moth indeed, with the wings on one side of its body a good -deal larger than those on the other! - -This is a very common moth indeed, and you may shake it out of the -bushes in almost any garden in July and the early part of August. And -you may also find its caterpillars feeding on the leaves of currant and -raspberry and gooseberry bushes. It is creamy-white in colour, with -rows of large black spots, and a yellow stripe along each side, and -turns into a dark brown chrysalis with orange bands round it. And it -seems to have a very nasty taste, for no bird will ever attempt to eat -it. - -This insect is sometimes known as the Currant Moth. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXVIII - - 1. Spring Usher - 2. Winter Moth, male - 3. Winter Moth, female] - - -PLATE XXXVIII - -THE SPRING USHER (1) - -This very pretty moth is one of the first to make its appearance after -the winter is over, for you may see it resting on fences and walls in -March, and sometimes even in February. But you may easily pass it by -without noticing it, for it is very fond of sitting among splashes of -mud, which it resembles so much that you may look straight at it from -a distance of only a few feet, without seeing what it really is. It -varies in colour almost as much as the magpie moth, for sometimes it is -nearly white all over, and sometimes it is nearly black; but generally -the wings are greyish-white, with a few narrow black stripes. - -When you see one of these moths, however, you may be quite sure that -it is a male; for the female has no wings at all, and looks just like -a little greyish-white grub, with six rather long legs. She lays her -eggs on the twigs of oak trees, and the little caterpillars hatch out -in May. I cannot describe them, for they are all sorts of different -colours, so that you may easily find fifteen or twenty, no two of which -are quite alike. - - -PLATE XXXVIII - -THE WINTER MOTH (2 and 3) - -This is perhaps the very commonest of all our British moths. It -simply swarms in all parts of the country, and on any mild day from -the beginning of November till the end of January you may see it in -hundreds, resting on fences and tree-trunks. And after dark it visits -almost every street-lamp, and sits on the glass gazing at the flame -within. But if you want to see the female you must look for her very -carefully, for she is a little grub-like creature with hardly any wings -at all, very much like that of the “spring usher,” except that she is -brown instead of white. You may often find her hiding in the cracks of -the bark of fruit trees, to which the caterpillars sometimes do a very -great deal of damage. - -These caterpillars differ a good deal in colouring, for sometimes they -are light green, and sometimes they are dark green, and sometimes they -are smoky brown. But they always have a black stripe down the back, and -three white ones on either side. There is hardly a tree or a bush on -the leaves of which they do not feed, and in May and June you may often -see them in thousands and thousands. - -[Illustration: PLATE XXXIX - - 1. Mottled Umber, male - 2. Mottled Umber, female - 3. Mottled Umber Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XXXIX - -THE MOTTLED UMBER (1, 2, and 3) - -Towards the end of October, and all through the month of November, you -may often find this handsome moth resting on fences, or on the trunks -of trees. But although it is so brightly coloured you may easily pass -it by without seeing it, for it looks almost exactly like a piece -of dead and withered leaf. The male varies a good deal in markings. -Sometimes, for instance, he has no dark streaks on his wings at all, -but is reddish-brown all over, sprinkled with very tiny blackish dots. -But the female is always grub-like, with such very tiny wings that you -can hardly see them. You can tell her from that of any other of the -“winter moths” by the two rows of large black spots which run all down -her yellowish-brown body. - -The caterpillars of this moth are very plentiful indeed. In colour -they are reddish-brown above, with a broad yellow stripe on each side, -and greenish-yellow beneath. They feed upon the leaves of hazel, oak, -birch, sloe, and ever so many other trees and bushes. And if you walk -through a wood in May or June, after a strong wind has been blowing, -you may often see numbers of them swinging in the air, each suspended -from a twig or a leaf by a slender silken thread. - - -PLATE XL - -THE GARDEN CARPET (1) - -This is another of our very commonest British moths. You may find it -in dozens, and even in hundreds, in almost any garden, just by shaking -the bushes or the branches of the trees. And very often you may see it -resting on a wall, or on a fence, or fluttering about in a lighted room -at night. It is fond, too, of hiding in outhouses and sheds, or behind -a piece of loose bark on the trunk of a dead tree. In fact, there is -hardly any place where you may _not_ find it, from the beginning of -May until the end of September, and sometimes even later still. And if -you wanted to catch a hundred, or five hundred, or a thousand Garden -Carpets, you could very easily do so. - -The caterpillars, of course, are quite as common as the moths. They -are queer little stick-like creatures, and vary very much in colour, -some being grey, and some light green, and some dark green, and some -pale brown. But they always have several arrow-shaped dark markings -upon their backs, with four or five pale blotches behind them. Look for -them on nasturtium leaves, and also on those of cabbage and horseradish -plants. - -[Illustration: PLATE XL - - 1. Garden Carpet - 2. Yellow Shell - 3. Pebble Hook-tip] - - -PLATE XL - -THE YELLOW SHELL (2) - -I really think that this moth is even commoner than the “garden -carpet.” From the beginning of June till the middle of August you can -hardly go into the garden without seeing it. If you look at a fence or -a tree-trunk, there it is sure to be resting with outspread wings. If -you shake a bush or a low plant, or the leaves of a creeper growing -upon a wall, it is certain to fly out. And soon after sunset on any -warm evening you may see it flying about in scores, or even in hundreds. - -But although the moth is so very plentiful, one hardly ever sees the -caterpillar. The reason is that it only feeds by night, and hides -away all day long under stones, or beneath small clods of earth, or -at the roots of grass. But if you were to go out with a lantern on a -mild evening towards the end of April, and search carefully on the -grass-stems, you would be able to find it without any difficulty at -all. It is dull green in colour, with a darker stripe along the back, -and two white ones on each side; and underneath its body it generally -has a number of rose-coloured or violet spots. - - -PLATE XL - -THE PEBBLE HOOK-TIP (3) - -Five different kinds of “hook-tip” moths are found in the British -Islands, and you can tell them at once by the hook-like tip to their -front wings. The Pebble Hook-tip is by far the commonest of the five. -If you want to find it, the best way to do so is to shake the branches -of birch trees, either in May, or in August, for this is one of the -“double-brooded” moths. That is, they make their appearance twice in -each year, the eggs laid by the spring brood producing moths in the -summer, while those laid by the summer brood produce moths in the -following spring. - -The caterpillar of this moth is rather curiously shaped, for its -tail--which it always holds up in the air--is drawn out into quite a -sharp point. It has a grey head and a light green body, with a purple -stripe down the back. It feeds on the leaves of birch trees, and when -it has reached its full size it doubles over a corner of one of the -leaves, fastens it firmly down by means of a number of silken threads, -and then turns into a chrysalis. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLI - - 1. Puss - 2. Puss Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XLI - -THE PUSS MOTH (1 and 2) - -This fine and handsome moth is called the “Puss,” because, when its -wings are closed, it looks rather like a brindled cat. And there are -two or three smaller moths which are a good deal like it; so these are -known as “Kittens.” - -One does not very often see the Puss Moth, although it is quite a -common insect. But you can easily find its caterpillars by looking for -them on the leaves of poplar and willow trees in August. They are most -odd-looking creatures--bright apple-green in colour, with black heads, -and with white and purple stripes upon their backs and sides, and with -the front part of the body drawn up into quite a large hump. In front -of this hump are two big black spots, which might easily be mistaken -for eyes. And at the end of the body are two long, slender horns, from -each of which the caterpillar pokes out a pink, thread-like organ when -it is frightened. These organs look very much like stings, but they -are perfectly harmless, so that you need not be in the least afraid to -handle the insect. And the odd thing is that if two or three of these -caterpillars are shut up in a box together, they nearly always nibble -at one another’s horns. - -When the Puss Moth caterpillar is fully fed it creeps into a chink in -the bark, spins a tough silken cocoon, and changes into a chrysalis, -from which the moth appears in the following May. - - -PLATE XLII - -THE LOBSTER (1 and 2) - -This seems a very odd name for a moth, doesn’t it? And if you were -to see the moth you would be quite sure to wonder why such a title -should ever have been given to it, for it is not in the very least -like a lobster. But the fact is that it has a most singular-looking -caterpillar, with very long legs, five pairs of large humps on its -back, and the end of its body swollen out to a huge size, with two -curved horns on the top. Really it does look not unlike a lobster with -a very big claw, and a great many people would be quite afraid to touch -it. However, it is perfectly harmless, so that if ever you meet with it -you may pick it up without the least fear of being bitten, or pinched, -or stung. - -This very odd caterpillar feeds on the leaves of oak, birch, and beech -trees in August and September. When it has finished growing it spins -two or three leaves together by means of a few silken threads, and -turns into a chrysalis between them, from which the moth hatches out in -the following May or June. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLII - - 1. Lobster - 2. Lobster Caterpillar] - -[Illustration: PLATE XLIII - - 1. Buff Tip - 2. Buff Tip Caterpillar] - - -PLATE XLIII - -THE BUFF TIP (1 and 2) - -Most people know the caterpillar of this moth a good deal better than -they know the moth itself. I dare say that you have often seen it -crawling about in August and September, always walking very fast, as -though it were in a great hurry. It is a big, rather hairy creature of -a dull yellow colour, with a black head, and with nine black stripes -running along its body; and you may find it in numbers, feeding on -the leaves of elm, lime, and willow trees. Very often, indeed, it is -so plentiful that it strips whole branches of their leaves. When it -reaches its full size it comes down from the tree, wanders off to some -little distance, hides away under dead leaves or at the roots of a tuft -of grass, and turns into a dark brown chrysalis, out of which the moth -hatches in the following May or June. - -The reason why one sees this handsome moth so very much seldomer than -the caterpillar is that it always rests with its wings folded closely -against its body, in which position it looks just like a piece of -broken stick. But you may often find it clinging to the trunk of an elm -or a lime tree, or to a long grass-stem growing underneath it. - - -PLATE XLIV - -THE FIGURE-OF-EIGHT (1) - -You have only to look at this moth to see why its name was given to it, -for on each of its front wings it has two large white spots with two -small dark spots inside them, one above the other; so that they look -very much like the figure 8. But the inner 8 is always a much neater -one than the outer, which has a kind of blurred appearance, just as if -a drop of water had fallen upon it and made the colours run. - -This moth is quite a common one in most parts of the country, and -appears on the wing in September. It only flies by night, so that one -does not often see it; but it will sometimes fly into a well-lighted -room on a dark, warm evening if the window is left open. You can find -the caterpillar, however, without any difficulty at all. All that you -have to do is to hunt for it on hawthorn or blackthorn bushes during -May or the early part of June, and there you are almost sure to see -it--a smoky green creature thinly covered with black hairs, and with a -yellow stripe running down its back, and another along each side of its -body. A little later on it spins a neat little cocoon, made partly of -silk and partly of bits of bark and leaf, which it fastens underneath a -twig of its food-plant. And in this it changes into a chrysalis. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLIV - - 1. Figure of Eight - 2. Peach Blossom - 3. Grey Dagger] - - -PLATE XLIV - -THE PEACH BLOSSOM (2) - -This is really a lovely moth, for on each of its olive-brown front -wings it has five large spots, which are coloured exactly like the -petals of a peach. But if it is put away in a collection these spots -very soon fade, unless the insect is kept in the dark, and after a few -months they become almost white. - -The caterpillar of this moth is a very odd-looking creature indeed, for -when it is resting on a leaf of its food-plant it only makes use of -its middle feet, and holds both the front ones and the hind ones up in -the air! Besides this, it has quite a row of little humps on its back, -the front one of which is sometimes so large that it forms a kind of -hood, and partly covers the head! You may sometimes find it feeding -on the leaves of bramble bushes growing in woods in August and the -early part of September. When it has grown to its full size it spins -a slight cocoon of silken threads among the leaves, and turns into a -blackish-brown chrysalis, with a sharp little spike at the end of its -body. Out of this the moth hatches in the following June or July. - - -PLATE XLIV - -THE GREY DAGGER (3) - -You cannot possibly fail to recognise this moth if you meet with it, -for its front wings are of a light pearly-grey colour, with a number -of black markings upon them, several of which look just like little -daggers laid sideways. It is a very common insect indeed, and all -through June and July you may see it resting on fences, and walls, and -tree-trunks. A little later you may find the caterpillar, which is -quite as easy to recognise as the moth. It has a rather hairy body, a -black head with two yellow stripes upon it, and a black body, with a -broad yellow streak along the back, and a number of small red streaks -on each side, which are curved in the shape of a bow. Besides this, -it has two humps on its back, the front one of which is black, while -the hinder one is yellow; so that altogether it is a very odd-looking -creature indeed. It feeds on the leaves of beech, lime, poplar, -hawthorn, pear, and ever so many other trees, and is fully fed about -the middle of September, when it creeps into some cranny in the bark, -spins a strong silken cocoon, and turns into a chrysalis. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLV - - 1. Large Yellow Underwing - 2. Red Underwing] - - -PLATE XLV - -THE LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING (1) - -There are several different kinds of Yellow Underwing moths, but this -is by far the commonest of them all. It makes its appearance in June -and July, and although it only flies by night you can easily find it -during the day. All that you have to do is to go to a strawberry bed, -and brush about among the leaves of the plants. Before long you are -quite sure to see one of these moths running quickly about like a mouse -in search of a fresh hiding-place. And, if you try to catch it, it will -take to its wings, fly for a few yards, and then again settle down to -seek some place of concealment among the herbage. - -The caterpillars of this moth are very mischievous creatures, for they -eat their way right into the hearts of cabbage and lettuce plants, -and quite spoil them for the table. And as they only feed by night, -and hide away beneath the surface of the ground by day, it is not at -all easy to catch them. They vary a good deal in colour. Indeed, you -may find them of almost any shade, from light yellowish-green to dark -brown. But along the back there is always a yellow stripe, with a dark -line on each side of it, while on the sides there is a row of seven or -eight short black streaks. - -You may find these caterpillars from March till the beginning of June. - - -PLATE XLV - -THE RED UNDERWING (2) - -As you will see by the illustration, this is a very fine and handsome -moth indeed; but when it is at rest it is very difficult indeed to -see it, for the bright red hind-wings are quite covered up by the -grey front ones, so that it looks exactly like the bark of the trees -on which it is so fond of sitting. If you want to catch it, the best -place to look for it is on the trunks of willow trees, in August and -September. But sometimes you may find it on fences, and just now and -then it will fly through an open window into a well-lighted room by -night. - -The caterpillar of this beautiful moth feeds on the leaves of willows, -sallows, and poplars. It is rather oddly shaped, for its back is very -much arched, while its lower surface is almost flat. And, if you touch -it, it only clings more tightly to its foothold, instead of curling -up into a ring and dropping to the ground, as most caterpillars do. -In colour it is ashy-grey, and generally has two dark, wavy stripes -running along the back. When it is fully fed it spins a silken cocoon, -either between two leaves or in a crack in the bark, and changes to a -reddish-brown chrysalis covered with purple bloom, just like that on a -ripe plum. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLVI - - 1. Pine Beauty - 2. Old Lady] - - -PLATE XLVI - -THE PINE BEAUTY (1) - -This is a really lovely moth, which always comes out in the early -spring. If you want to find it, you should hunt for it on the trunks -of pine trees, about three or four feet from the ground. But you will -have to look for it very carefully indeed, for it is one of the most -difficult of all moths to see. The reason is that when its wings are -folded it looks exactly like a little bit of the tree-trunk from which -the outer bark has been knocked off; so that you might easily look -straight at it from only two or three feet away and yet never notice -it. But after dark it is very fond of feasting upon the sweet juices -of sallow catkins, or “palms,” as so many people call them. And if -you were to shake one of these bushes over an open umbrella on a warm -evening about the beginning of April, you would very likely find a Pine -Beauty lying inside it with its wings folded, and pretending to be dead. - -The caterpillar of this moth is either pale brown, or bright green, or -dark green in colour, with five white stripes running along its body, -one on the back, and two on each side. It feeds on the leaves of the -Scotch fir in June and July. - - -PLATE XLVI - -THE OLD LADY (2) - -If you were to ask me why this moth should be called the “Old Lady,” I -am not quite sure that I could tell you. But I think the reason must -be that old ladies mostly dress in dark grey, or dark brown, or black, -which are just the colours of the wings of the moth. It is quite a -common insect in most parts of the country, and yet one very seldom -sees it; for it always hides away during the daytime in some dark nook -or cranny, where it is not very easily found. Perhaps the best place to -look for it is inside a boat-house, or a summer-house, or a shed, about -the end of July or during the first or second week in August. And if -you find it, and frighten it away, it will very often come back again -in a short time to exactly the same spot. - -The caterpillar of this moth feeds on the leaves of various fruit -trees, on which you may find it in May. It has a smooth, velvety body -of a dingy brown colour, with a number of paler and darker markings, -and on the back is a row of eight dark spots shaped just like lozenges. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLVII - - 1. Pink-barred Sallow - 2. Angle-shades - 3. Silver Y] - - -PLATE XLVII - -THE PINK-BARRED SALLOW (1) - -This is one of the most beautiful of all our British moths, for -its front wings are of the most lovely orange-yellow, with a broad -purple-pink band running across them, and several blotches and spots -of the same colour on each side of it, while the hind-wings are light -yellow, with a darker border. It comes out in September and October, -and the best way to find it is to search on ivy blossoms on a warm, -still evening, by the help of a bull’s-eye lantern. A great many -moths are very fond of these blossoms, and sometimes you may see them -feasting on the nectar in hundreds, or even in thousands, with their -little eyes gleaming like balls of coloured fire in the light of the -lantern. And just here and there among them you are almost sure to -notice a Pink-barred Sallow. - -The caterpillar of this moth feeds first of all upon the catkins of -sallow bushes. But when they begin to die off it goes down to the -ground, and feeds upon the leaves of plantains and other low plants -instead. In colour it is reddish-brown, with a number of brown, red, -yellow, and white dots all over its body. - - -PLATE XLVII - -THE ANGLE-SHADES (2) - -This is a very common moth indeed, but a very difficult one to see. For -when it is at rest it always folds its yellowish-brown and olive-green -wings closely round its body, and looks so like a shrivelled piece of -dead leaf that it is very hard indeed to believe that it is really a -moth. It is double-brooded, coming out first in May, and then again in -September and October. But it always seems much more plentiful in the -autumn than in the spring, and you can generally find it in numbers by -looking on the blossoms of ivy on a warm evening. And you will notice -that the hairs on the “thorax,” or middle part of its body, are so long -that they form a kind of ruff all round its neck. - -The caterpillar of the Angle-shades is either grass-green in colour or -light brown, powdered thickly with tiny white dots, and with a pale -white line running down the middle of its back. It feeds on nettle, -chickweed, primrose, mullein, and other low plants, and when it is -fully grown makes a light cocoon just beneath the surface of the -ground, in which it turns to a shiny reddish-brown chrysalis. - - -PLATE XLVII - -THE SILVER Y (3) - -This is a very common moth indeed, and if you walk through a field of -clover or lucerne in August or the early part of September, you may -sometimes kick it out of the herbage at nearly every step that you -take, until Silver Y moths are buzzing about you almost like bees. You -can easily recognise it, for in the middle of each of its front wings -it has a mark shaped something like the letter Y, and looking just -as if it were made of polished silver. And you may also see the moth -flying over flowers in the evening, while after dark it often comes -into a lighted room. Indeed, one really wonders whether Silver Y moths -ever go to sleep at all! - -The caterpillar of this moth is shaped very much like that of the -burnished brass, and walks in just the same curious way. It is rather -hairy, and is bright apple-green in colour, with six narrow white lines -running along its back, and a yellow stripe on either side. It feeds -on all kinds of garden herbs and low plants, and when it is fully fed -it spins a white cocoon among the leaves, and turns into a shiny black -chrysalis, from which the moth generally hatches out about three weeks -later. - - -PLATE XLVIII - -THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING (1) - -This is really a most lovely little moth. It is something like a very, -very small “large yellow underwing.” But instead of having the front -wings plain light or dark brown, with hardly any markings at all, it -has them bright red-brown with pure white spots and wavy lines, while -the hind-wings are of the brightest possible yellow, with a broad -edging of glossy black. - -If you want to see this very pretty insect, you can easily do so. -All that you have to do is to ramble over a heathy common on a hot, -sunny day in May or June, and you are sure, before long, to notice a -Beautiful Yellow Underwing flying about over the heather. It hardly -looks like a moth. It looks more like a brightly-coloured little bee. -And it flies so quickly that you will have some little difficulty in -catching it. - -The caterpillar of this moth feeds on heather and bilberry, and is -bright green in colour, with five white lines running along its body. -Down its back is a line made up of short white streaks. Below this, -on each side, is another line, made up of white spots. And lower down -still is a third line, also made up of spots, which run up and down in -a zigzag. Look for this caterpillar in August. - -[Illustration: PLATE XLVIII - - 1. Beautiful Yellow Underwing - 2. Orange Underwing - 3. Burnished Brass] - - -PLATE XLVIII - -THE ORANGE UNDERWING (2) - -There are really two kinds of Orange Underwings, the light and the -dark. But they come out at the same time, and fly about together, and -are so much alike that it is not at all easy to tell the one from the -other. The time to look for them is about the middle or end of March, -and then, if you go into a large wood on a warm, sunny morning, you -may sometimes see them flying about among birch trees. They are very -fond, too, of visiting sallow, or “palm,” bushes, and sucking the sweet -juices from their golden-yellow catkins. But the moment that the sun -is clouded over they seem to disappear, and you will see them no more -until it begins to shine again. - -The caterpillars of both the Orange Underwings are dull green in -colour, with yellow lines on their backs and sides, and when they -walk they hunch their bodies up into loops, just like the “stick” -caterpillars of such moths as the “swallow-tail” and the “willow -beauty.” That of the Light Orange Underwing feeds on aspen, and that -of the Dark Orange Underwing upon birch. You may find both in June and -July. - - -PLATE XLVIII - -THE BURNISHED BRASS (3) - -This moth well deserves its name, for across its greyish-brown or -reddish-brown front wings its has two broad bands of golden-green, -which shine just like a piece of highly polished brass. It is -“double-brooded,” coming out first in June and then again in August, -and flies soon after sunset on warm, still evenings. If you want to -catch it, the best place to look for it is over beds of nettles, where -you may often see it flying backwards and forwards until it is too dark -to see at all. But sometimes it will fly through an open window into a -lighted room, and buzz about in the most excited way round the lamp or -the gas-flame. - -The caterpillar of this pretty moth feeds upon stinging-nettle, -dumb-nettle, and burdock, and sometimes also upon thistle and wild -mint. When it is not walking it always rests with its front legs held -up in the air, and its body gets stouter and stouter from the head -almost to the tip of the tail. It is apple-green in colour, with a -number of white marks on its back shaped just like the letter V. - - - Printed by BALLANTYNE, HANSON & CO. - Edinburgh & London - - - - -TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES: - - - Italicized text is surrounded by underscores: _italics_. - - Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. - - Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized. - -*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS *** - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the -United States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms -of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online -at <a href="https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you -are not located in the United States, you will have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this eBook. -</div> - -<p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Title: Butterflies and Moths</p> -<p style='display:block; margin-left:2em; text-indent:0; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:1em;'>Shown to the Children</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Author: Theodore Wood</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Editor: Louey Chisholm</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em'>Illustrator: Janet Harvey Kelman</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Release Date: November 4, 2021 [eBook #66668]</p> -<p style='display:block; text-indent:0; margin:1em 0'>Language: English</p> - <p style='display:block; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:left'>Produced by: D A Alexander, David E. Brown, and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by Cornell University Digital Collections)</p> -<div style='margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:4em'>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS ***</div> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/cover.jpg" width="40%" alt="" /></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="bbox"> -<p class="ph1">THE “SHOWN TO THE<br /> -CHILDREN” SERIES</p> - -<hr class="tiny" /> - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<p><b>1. BEASTS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Percy J. -Billinghurst</span>. Letterpress by <span class="smcap">Lena -Dalkeith</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>2. FLOWERS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates showing 150 -flowers, by <span class="smcap">Janet Harvey Kelman</span>. -Letterpress by <span class="smcap">C. E. Smith</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>3. BIRDS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">M. K. -C. Scott</span>. Letterpress by <span class="smcap">J. A. Henderson</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>4. THE SEA-SHORE</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Janet -Harvey Kelman</span>. Letterpress by -Rev. <span class="smcap">Theodore Wood</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>5. THE FARM</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by F. M. B. -and <span class="smcap">A. H. Blaikie</span>. Letterpress by -<span class="smcap">Foster Meadow</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>6. TREES</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 32 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Janet -Harvey Kelman</span>. Letterpress by <span class="smcap">C. -E. Smith</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>7. NESTS AND EGGS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">A. H. -Blaikie</span>. Letterpress by <span class="smcap">J. A. Henderson</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>8. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>With 48 Coloured Plates by <span class="smcap">Janet -Harvey Kelman</span>. Letterpress by -Rev. <span class="smcap">Theodore Wood</span>.</p> -</div> -<p><b>9. STARS</b></p> -<div class="blockquot"> -<p>By <span class="smcap">Ellison Hawks</span>.</p> -</div></div> -</div></div></div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="blockquot2"> -<p><span class="large"><b>THE “SHOWN TO THE CHILDREN” SERIES<br /> - -<span class="smcap">Edited by Louey Chisholm</span></b></span></p> - - - -<h1>BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS</h1> -</div> -</div> -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate1">PLATE I</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_frontispiece.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p class="caption">1. Silver-washed Fritillary<br /> -2. Pearl-bordered Fritillary</p> - -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="titlepage"> - -<p><span class="xxxlarge">Butterflies and<br /> -Moths</span></p> - -<p><span class="xlarge">SHOWN TO THE CHILDREN</span></p> - -<p>BY<br /> - -<span class="large">JANET HARVEY KELMAN</span><br /> -<br /> -DESCRIBED BY<br /> - -<span class="large">REV. THEODORE WOOD</span></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_titlepage.jpg" alt="" /></div> - -<p>FORTY-EIGHT COLOURED PICTURES</p> - -<p><span class="large">LONDON: T. C. & E. C. JACK</span><br /> -NEW YORK: THE PLATT & PECK CO.</p> -</div> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<div class="blockquot2"> - -<p class="center">A large number of the butterflies and moths in this -book were drawn from insects in Mr. R. J. M. -M‘Kerrell’s private collection, and the artist wishes -to thank him most cordially for his great kindness.</p> -</div></div> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_ix">[ix]</span> -<h2 class="nobreak">PREFACE</h2> -</div> - - -<p class="drop-cap">IN this little book I want to tell you something -about the common butterflies and moths which -you may find in almost all parts of the country. -But, first of all, I think that perhaps I had better -say something about what we generally call their -“life-history.”</p> - -<p>Of course you know that butterflies and moths -are not butterflies and moths to begin with. -They enter the world in the form of eggs, just -as birds and fishes do. These eggs are often -very beautiful indeed. You may find them on -the leaves of different plants, sometimes on the -upper side and sometimes on the lower side. -And if you look at them through a good strong -magnifying-glass—or, better still, through a -microscope—you will find that some are shaped -like little sugar-loaves, and some like acorns, -and some like tiny melons, while they are nearly -always covered with raised patterns which one -might almost think must have been cut by fairy -chisels.</p> - -<p>In course of time these eggs hatch, and out -come a number of little caterpillars, which at -once begin to eat the leaves of the plant on -which the eggs were laid. They have most -wonderful appetites, and hardly ever stop feeding<span class="pagenum" id="Page_x">[x]</span> -all day long. The consequence is, of course, that -they grow very quickly; and in a few days’ time -they find that their jackets are much too tight -for them. Then a most curious thing happens. -Their skins split right down the back, and they -wriggle and twist about, and rub themselves -against the surrounding objects, till at last they -manage to creep out of them altogether and -appear in new ones, which had been gradually -forming underneath the old!</p> - -<p>Wouldn’t it be nice if we could get new suits -of clothes, or new frocks, as easily as this?</p> - -<p>As soon as their change of garments is over, -the little caterpillars begin to feed again, as -hungrily as before. But after about a week -their new skins are too tight for them, and they -have to change them again! This very often -happens six or seven times before they are fully -fed. But at last they stop eating, throw off their -skins once more, and appear as chrysalids.</p> - -<p>You may often find these chrysalids on fences -and walls, and also on the stems and leaves of -bushes and low plants. Sometimes they are -suspended by the tips of their tails from little -silken pads, which the caterpillars spin for that -purpose; and sometimes they are held upright -by silken belts round the middle of their bodies. -They cannot see, for they have no eyes; and -they cannot eat, for they have no mouths; and -of course they cannot move about. All that they -can do, if you touch them, is just to wriggle<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xi">[xi]</span> -their tails from side to side. And there they -remain, sometimes for weeks and sometimes for -months, till the time comes for the perfect butterflies -to make their appearance.</p> - -<p>Then, one day, the skins of the chrysalids split -open, and out creep the butterflies. But if you -were to see them now you would never guess -what they were, for their wings are so tiny, and -so crumpled up, that you can hardly see them. -They climb up to some firm foothold, however, and -then remain perfectly still; and by slow degrees -the creases straighten out, and the wings become -larger and larger, and stronger and stronger, till -at last they reach their full size and strength, and -the butterflies, perfect at last, are able to fly away.</p> - -<p>That is the “life-history” of a butterfly; and -moths are developed in just the same way, except -that very often their caterpillars spin silken cells, -which we call “cocoons,” and turn to chrysalids -inside them. And the chrysalids of moths, remember, -are often known as “pupæ.”</p> - -<p>Then there are one or two other things about -these insects that I should like to tell you. One -is that their wings are covered all over with very -tiny scales.</p> - -<p>Of course you know that if you catch a butterfly, -and let it go again, your fingers are covered with -a kind of mealy dust. And if you look at a little -of this dust through a microscope you will find -that it is made up of thousands and thousands -of the smallest possible scales, all most beautifully<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xii">[xii]</span> -chiselled and sculptured, and each with a -slender little stalk at the base. And if you look -at a piece of the butterfly’s wings through the -microscope, you will see that these scales are -arranged upon it in rows, which overlap one -another just like the slates on the roof of a house.</p> - -<p>All the colour of a butterfly’s wing is in these -scales, and if you rub them off you will find that -the wing itself is as transparent as that of a -bluebottle-fly or a bee.</p> - -<p>Then a great many butterflies and moths have -a “trunk” or “proboscis” coiled up underneath -the head. This is really a long tube, and when -the insects are hungry they poke it down into -a flower, and suck up the nectar through it. -You can see this trunk quite easily if you look -sideways at such a butterfly as a “scarlet -admiral” or a “peacock.”</p> - -<p>Then there is just one thing more.</p> - -<p>No doubt you would like to know how to tell -butterflies from moths. Well, just look at their -feelers or “antennæ,” as they are often called. -You will see that those of butterflies are thickened -at the very tips, while those of moths are not. -Besides this, the body of a butterfly is nipped in -at the middle much more than that of a moth. -And when a butterfly is at rest it always folds -its wings together over its back, while moths -nearly always spread them out, or allow them -to hang down, or wrap them round their bodies.</p> - -<p class="right">THEODORE WOOD.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiii">[xiii]</span> - -<h2 class="nobreak">LIST OF PLATES</h2> - - -<div class="poetry-container"> -<div class="poetry"> -<p class="center"><a href="#plate1">PLATE I</a></p> - -<p>1. Silver-washed Fritillary<br /> -2. Pearl-bordered Fritillary</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate2">PLATE II</a></p> - -<p>1. Small Tortoise-shell<br /> -2. Large Tortoise-shell</p> - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate3">PLATE III</a></p> - -<p>1. Peacock Butterfly<br /> -2. Peacock Caterpillar<br /> -3. Red Admiral Butterfly</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate4">PLATE IV</a></p> - -<p>1. Painted Lady<br /> -2. Marbled White</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate5">PLATE V</a></p> - -<p>1. Speckled Wood<br /> -2. Wall</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate6">PLATE VI</a></p> - -<p>1. Meadow Brown<br /> -2. Ringlet</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate7">PLATE VII</a></p> - -<p>1. Large Heath<br /> -2. Small Heath</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate8">PLATE VIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Green Hair Streak<br /> -2. Purple Hair Streak</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate9">PLATE IX</a></p> - -<p>1. Small Copper<br /> -2. Common Blue</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate10">PLATE X</a></p> - -<p>1. Brown Argus<br /> -2. Clifton Blue</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate11">PLATE XI</a></p> - -<p>1. Chalk-hill Blue<br /> -2. Little Blue</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate12">PLATE XII</a></p> - -<p>1. Azure Blue<br /> -2. Brimstone</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate13">PLATE XIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Clouded Yellow<br /> -2. Pale Clouded</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate14">PLATE XIV</a></p> - -<p>1. Swallow-tail<br /> -2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xiv">[xiv]</span></p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate15">PLATE XV</a></p> - -<p>1. Orange Tip, male<br /> -2. Orange Tip, female</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate16">PLATE XVI</a></p> - -<p>1. Large White<br /> -2. Large White Caterpillar<br /> -3. Small White<br /> -4. Small White Caterpillar<br /> -5. Green-veined White, under-side</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate17">PLATE XVII</a></p> - -<p>1. Grizzled Skipper<br /> -2. Dingy Skipper<br /> -3. Large Skipper<br /> -4. Small Skipper</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate18">PLATE XVIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Eyed Hawk<br /> -2. Eyed Hawk Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate19">PLATE XIX</a></p> - -<p>1. Poplar Hawk<br /> -2. Poplar Hawk Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate20">PLATE XX</a></p> - -<p>1. Lime Hawk<br /> -2. Lime Hawk Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate21">PLATE XXI</a></p> - -<p>1. Death’s Head<br /> -2. Death’s Head Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate22">PLATE XXII</a></p> - -<p>1. Privet Hawk<br /> -2. Privet Hawk Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate23">PLATE XXIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Elephant Hawk<br /> -2. Elephant Hawk Caterpillar<br /> -3. Small Elephant Hawk Moth</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate24">PLATE XXIV</a></p> - -<p>1. Humming-Bird Hawk<br /> -2. Bee Hawk<br /> -3. Currant Clearwing<br /> -4. Hornet Clearwing</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate25">PLATE XXV</a></p> - -<p>1. Common Swift<br /> -2. Ghost Swift, male<br /> -3. Ghost Swift, female</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate26">PLATE XXVI</a></p> - -<p>1. Goat Moth<br /> -2. Goat Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate27">PLATE XXVII</a></p> - -<p>1. Wood Leopard<br /> -2. Green Forester<br /> -3. Six-Spot Burnet</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate28">PLATE XXVIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Cinnabar<br /> -2. Cinnabar Caterpillar<br /> -3. White Ermine</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate29">PLATE XXIX</a></p> - -<p>1. Garden Tiger<br /> -2. Garden Tiger Caterpillar<br /> -3. Cream Spotted Tiger<br /> -4. Cream Spotted Tiger Caterpillar</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xv">[xv]</span></p> - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate30">PLATE XXX</a></p> - -<p>1. Gold-Tail<br /> -2. Gold-Tail Caterpillar<br /> -3. Pale Tussock<br /> -4. Pale Tussock Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate31">PLATE XXXI</a></p> - -<p>1. Lackey<br /> -2. Lackey Caterpillar<br /> -3. Vapourer, male<br /> -4. Vapourer Caterpillar<br /> -5. Vapourer, female</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate32">PLATE XXXII</a></p> - -<p>1. Oak Eggar<br /> -2. Drinker<br /> -3. Drinker Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate33">PLATE XXXIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Lappet<br /> -2. Lappet Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate34">PLATE XXXIV</a></p> - -<p>1. Swallow-tail Moth<br /> -2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar<br /> -3. Emperor<br /> -4. Emperor Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate35">PLATE XXXV</a></p> - -<p>1. Brimstone<br /> -2. Canary-Shouldered Thorn<br /> -3. Pepper and Salt</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate36">PLATE XXXVI</a></p> - -<p>1. Willow Beauty<br /> -2. Large Emerald</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate37">PLATE XXXVII</a></p> - -<p>1. Bordered White, male<br /> -2. Bordered white, female<br /> -3. Magpie<br /> -4. Magpie Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate38">PLATE XXXVIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Spring Usher<br /> -2. Winter Moth, male<br /> -3. Winter Moth, female</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate39">PLATE XXXIX</a></p> - -<p>1. Mottled Umber, male<br /> -2. Mottled Umber, female<br /> -3. Mottled Umber Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate40">PLATE XL</a></p> - -<p>1. Garden Carpet<br /> -2. Yellow Shell<br /> -3. Pebble Hook-tip</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate41">PLATE XLI</a></p> - -<p>1. Puss<br /> -2. Puss Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate42">PLATE XLII</a></p> - -<p>1. Lobster<br /> -2. Lobster Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate43">PLATE XLIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Buff Tip<br /> -2. Buff Tip Caterpillar</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate44">PLATE XLIV</a></p> - -<p>1. Figure of Eight<br /> -2. Peach Blossom<br /> -3. Grey Dagger</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_xvi">[xvi]</span></p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate45">PLATE XLV</a></p> - -<p>1. Large Yellow Underwing<br /> -2. Red Underwing</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate46">PLATE XLVI</a></p> - -<p>1. Pine Beauty<br /> -2. Old Lady</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate47">PLATE XLVII</a></p> - -<p>1. Pink-barred Sallow<br /> -2. Angel-shades<br /> -3. Silver Y</p> - - -<p class="center"><a href="#plate48">PLATE XLVIII</a></p> - -<p>1. Beautiful Yellow Underwing<br /> -2. Orange Underwing<br /> -3. Burnished Brass</p> -</div></div></div> - - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<span class="pagenum" id="Page_1">[1]</span> - -<p class="ph2">BUTTERFLIES AND<br /> -MOTHS</p> - - -<h2 class="nobreak">PART I<br /> - -BUTTERFLIES</h2> -</div> - -<h3>PLATE I<br /> - -THE SILVER-WASHED FRITILLARY (1)</h3> - -<p class="drop-cap">THE Fritillaries are handsome golden-brown -butterflies, with black blotches and streaks -on the upper surface of all the wings, and a -number of beautiful silvery spots upon the lower -surface of the hinder ones. Nine different kinds -are found in Great Britain, but one of these—the -“Queen of Spain”—is very rare indeed, and -several others are very “local”; that is, they -are only found in a few places, so that you are -not likely ever to see them. But the Silver-washed -Fritillary is common in almost every large -wood. You may see it flying about on any warm -sunny day in July and the early part of August. -And it is very fond indeed of resting with outspread -wings on bramble blossoms, while it -eagerly sucks up their sweet juices.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this beautiful butterfly feeds -upon violet leaves. It is rather a curious-looking<span class="pagenum" id="Page_2">[2]</span> -creature, for it is covered all over with thorny -spikes, two of which, placed just behind the -head, are a good deal longer than the others. -In colour it is black, with yellow lines along the -back and sides. About the end of May it hangs -itself up by its tail to the stem of a bramble-bush, -or some other low shrub, and turns into a fat, -humpy, grey chrysalis, spotted all over with silver -and gold.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE I<br /> - -THE PEARL-BORDERED FRITILLARY (2)</h3> - -<p>This butterfly is only about half as big as the -“silver-washed fritillary,” for its wings hardly ever -measure more than an inch and three-quarters -across. It is very common indeed in woods, -where you may see it flitting about in almost -every open space, first in May, and then again -in August. Sometimes, too, you may notice it -flying along a hedgerow by the roadside. The -caterpillar, which feeds upon the leaves of the -dog-violet, is black, with white dots and lines, -and the chrysalis is greyish-brown, with paler -spots upon the sides.</p> - -<p>There is another fritillary, called the “Small -Pearl-bordered,” which is very much like this -butterfly. But you can easily tell the one from -the other. All that you have to do is to look at -the lower surface of the hind-wings. For in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_3">[3]</span> -Pearl-bordered Fritillary there are only nine -silvery spots on these wings, while in the small -Pearl-bordered there are no fewer than seventeen.</p> - -<p>This butterfly also lives in woods, and the two -may often be seen flying about together.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate2">PLATE II</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_002.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Small Tortoise-shell<br /> -2. Large Tortoise-shell</p> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PLATE II<br /> - -THE SMALL TORTOISE-SHELL (1)</h3> - -<p>This is one of the very commonest of all our -British butterflies, and you may see it in almost -any month of the year, for it first of all appears -early in July, and remains on the wing till about -the middle of October. Then it seeks some -retired nook, and falls fast asleep until April or -the beginning of May, when it leaves its retreat -and returns to active life for four or five weeks -more. And even in the middle of winter a -warmer day than usual will often wake it up -for an hour or two from its long slumber, and -you may see it flying about, and evidently enjoying -the sunshine.</p> - -<p>If you want to find the caterpillars of this -pretty butterfly, you must look for them on nettle -leaves, where you may often see them feeding -together in batches of seventy or eighty. They -are grey in colour, with a black line running along -the back and brown and yellow stripes along -the sides, and are covered all over with short,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_4">[4]</span> -stiff, bristly hairs. When they have reached their -full size they wander away from their food-plants, -hang themselves up with their heads downwards -from a twig, or the side of a wall or a paling, -and turn into spiky brown chrysalids, which are -covered almost all over with shining golden spots.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE II<br /> - -THE LARGE TORTOISE-SHELL (2)</h3> - -<p>As a rule, you can easily tell this butterfly from -the last by its size, for it is generally nearly half -as big again. But just now and then a Large -Tortoise-shell is no bigger than a “small tortoise-shell,” -and then it is not always easy to distinguish -the one from the other. So remember that a -Large Tortoise-shell never has any white spots -upon its wings at all, while the “small tortoise-shell” -always has two, one of which is placed close -to the tip of each of the front pair.</p> - -<p>Large Tortoise-shells are not nearly so common -as small ones, but in some years they are much -more plentiful than in others. They appear in -July or August, sleep all through the winter, -and then fly about again during April and May. -The caterpillars generally feed upon the leaves -of elms, though they will also eat those of willow -and apple and pear trees. They are brown in -colour, with a broad black stripe along each side,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_5">[5]</span> -and are covered with thorny black bristles. About -the middle of June they turn into flesh-coloured -chrysalids, marked with a number of bright golden -spots, which you may sometimes find hanging by -their tails on tree-trunks and park palings.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate3">PLATE III</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_004.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Peacock Butterfly <span class="gap">2. Peacock Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Red Admiral Butterfly</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PLATE III<br /> - -THE PEACOCK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>You cannot possibly mistake this beautiful insect -for any other British butterfly, for on each of its -four wings it has a large eye-like spot, very much -like the markings on the tail of a peacock. But -the under-side of the wings is quite differently -coloured. It is almost as black as charcoal. And -the consequence is that when the butterfly sits on -the trunk of a tree, with its wings folded over its -back, you cannot possibly see it unless you look -at it sideways.</p> - -<p>Peacock butterflies are very common in August -and September, and again in spring, after they -have passed through their long winter sleep. -They are very fond of sitting on thistle blossoms -when the sun is shining, with their wings widely -spread. And you may often see them resting on -ivy bloom, or sipping the sweet juices of over-ripe -plums. During the winter they hide away in -outhouses, and sheds, and faggot-stacks. The -caterpillars, which feed in large companies on<span class="pagenum" id="Page_6">[6]</span> -nettle leaves, are black in colour, sprinkled with -little white dots, and are quite as thorny as those -of the two tortoise-shells. Look for them in June -and July. The chrysalids are green, with their -heads and bodies rather brighter than their tails, -and with a number of gold spots.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE III<br /> - -THE RED ADMIRAL (3)</h3> - -<p>I really think that this is the very handsomest -of all our British butterflies; for its wings are -of the glossiest possible black above, with spots -of the purest possible white, and streaks of the -brightest possible scarlet. And on their lower -surface so many different tints of grey and pink -and brown and red are mingled together that -I cannot possibly describe them. All that I can -do is to advise you to try to catch one of these -butterflies and look at it for yourself; and if -you do, I am quite sure that you will say that you -have never seen a more beautiful insect.</p> - -<p>Red Admiral butterflies are nearly always very -common from August till October, and again in -April and May, and are quite as fond of ivy bloom -and the juices of ripe fruits as peacocks. On -almost any warm sunny day you may see them -flying about in gardens, or on the borders of -woods. Their thorny caterpillars, which are<span class="pagenum" id="Page_7">[7]</span> -yellowish-grey in colour with black markings, and -with light yellow lines on each side, may be found -feeding on nettle leaves, though not in large companies -like those of peacocks and small tortoise-shells. -The chrysalids are brown, with gold spots.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate4">PLATE IV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_006.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Painted Lady<br /> -2. Marbled White</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PLATE IV<br /> - -THE PAINTED LADY (1)</h3> - -<p>In days of old this was not at all a common -insect. But in the year 1877 a vast swarm of -Painted Ladies came flying across the Straits of -Dover, and spread to almost all parts of England. -And since then this pretty butterfly has -been a good deal more plentiful. But it is much -commoner in some years than it is in others. If -you want to find it, the very best place to look -is a field of red clover in full blossom. The next -best place is a field of lucerne. And the next best -place to that is a good steep railway bank covered -with flowers. But you may often see it resting -on thistles and teasels with peacocks and small -tortoise-shells.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this pretty butterfly feeds -upon thistle leaves; and for the first fortnight of -its life it lives in a sort of little chamber, which -it makes by fastening the tips of several leaves -together by means of silken threads. It is covered -all over with thorny bristles and is brown in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_8">[8]</span> -colour, with yellow stripes down the back and -sides. If you want to find it, you should look -for it in June. And when it is fully fed it turns -into a brown and grey chrysalis, marked with a -number of silver spots. The butterfly comes out in -August, and lives till the following May.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE IV<br /> - -THE MARBLED WHITE (2)</h3> - -<p>Although its colours are only glossy black and -creamy-white, this is one of the prettiest of all our -British butterflies. But it is quite possible to live -all one’s life in the country without ever seeing -it, because it is so very “local.” In one field, -perhaps, or on one little patch of ground on a -grassy hillside, it may be very common indeed, -and you may often see fifteen or twenty of the -graceful little insects flying about together. And -yet you may hunt for miles and miles in every -direction, and not see a single one anywhere else.</p> - -<p>If you ever happen to find the caterpillar of this -butterfly, you can recognise it at once by its -colouring, for it has a pale green body with a -yellow stripe running along each side, and a -reddish head. And besides this there are two -reddish spikes at the end of the body, forming a -sort of projecting tail. It feeds on different kinds -of grasses in September, and then again, after its<span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">[9]</span> -long winter sleep, in April and May. Look out -for the butterfly in July and the early part of -August.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate5">PLATE V</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_008.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Speckled Wood<br /> -2. Wall</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<h3>PLATE V<br /> - -THE SPECKLED WOOD (1)</h3> - -<p>As you walk through a wood on a bright sunny -day at the end of April, or in the beginning of -May, you may often see a dark brown butterfly -marked with a number of paler spots, which flits -along just in front of you for some little distance, -and then mounts up over your head and flies -back the way it came. This is a Speckled Wood -butterfly, or Wood Argus, as it is sometimes -called. Argus, as perhaps you know, was a -heathen god, who was supposed to have a hundred -eyes. And his name has been given to the -butterfly on account of the row of eye-like spots -which runs along the margin of the hinder wings.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this butterfly, which is a -pretty little green creature with a white stripe -along each side, and a dark brown one along -its back, feeds on different kinds of grass, first -in August and September, and then again in -March. Before it enters into its long winter -sleep it throws off its skin no less than five times -and appears in a new one, which has been -forming underneath the old coat. And, strange -to say, it always eats its own cast skins! The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">[10]</span> -chrysalis is of a beautiful bright green colour, -and you may sometimes find it fastened to grass -blades growing beneath trees in woods.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE V<br /> - -THE WALL BUTTERFLY (2)</h3> - -<p>I think that you must know this butterfly very -well indeed by sight, for it is extremely common -in all parts of the country. Indeed in May, and -again in August, you can hardly walk along a -lane, or through a grassy meadow, without seeing -it in dozens whenever the sun is shining. It -is called the “Wall” butterfly because it is very -fond of resting for a moment or two on the top -of a roadside wall. But it seems to have very -sharp eyes, for if you walk towards the butterfly -it is almost sure to fly swiftly away, only to -return to the same spot as soon as you have -passed by.</p> - -<p>Like that of the “speckled wood,” the caterpillar -of this butterfly is green in colour, and feeds -upon different kinds of grasses. But you can -always tell it by the fact that it has three pale -lines running along its back instead of one dark -brown streak, as well as a rather broader one -along each side. The chrysalis is bright apple-green, -with a few yellowish-white spots, and -you may sometimes find it suspended by its tail -from a blade of grass.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate6">PLATE VI</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_010.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Meadow-Brown<br /> -2. Ringlet</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">[11]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VI<br /> - -THE MEADOW-BROWN (1)</h3> - -<p>In almost all parts of the country, this is the -very commonest of our British butterflies. From -the beginning of June until quite the end of -August you may see it in hundreds and hundreds, -flying about in meadows, or along grassy -banks by the roadside. And even on dull, gloomy -days, when all other butterflies are hiding away -in some snug retreat, it flits to and fro just as -gaily as if the sun were shining brightly.</p> - -<p>This is one of the butterflies in which the -female is not quite like the male. For instead -of having just a small dark spot with a white -ring round it on each of the front wings, she -has a large black spot with a little white dot -in the middle. And round this is a patch of -tawny yellow, which occupies nearly a quarter -of the whole wing.</p> - -<p>The eggs of the Meadow-brown butterfly are -laid on different kinds of grass. When they -hatch, the little caterpillars feed for about ten -days, and then hide away among the roots, where -they remain fast asleep until the following spring. -In colour they are bright green, with a white -stripe on each side, and when they are fully fed -they turn into pale green chrysalids, marked all -over with purple-black spots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">[12]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VI<br /> - -THE RINGLET (2)</h3> - -<p>You can easily see why this butterfly is called -the Ringlet, for on the lower surface of its wings -it has a number of eye-like spots which are -generally so close together that they form a sort -of chain, made up of several rings. But the odd -thing is that these spots vary very much indeed -both in size and number. Generally there are -eight quite large ones on each side, three on -the front wings and five on the hind ones. But -sometimes there are nine, and sometimes there -are seven; and just now and then there are only -three or four very tiny ones, while you may -sometimes catch a Ringlet butterfly which has -no spots at all. The upper surface of the wings -is always dark smoky brown all over, with only -a few very faint spots of a lighter colour.</p> - -<p>The best place in which to look for Ringlet -butterflies is in grassy paths through woods, -where it is sometimes very common indeed. The -caterpillars, which feed upon different kinds of -grass, are very much like those of the “large -heath.” But they only come out to feed during -the night, so that if you want to find them you -will have to look for them with a lantern. They -are fully fed about the beginning of June, and -the butterfly makes its appearance in July.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate7">PLATE VII</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_012.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Large Heath<br /> -2. Small Heath</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">[13]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VII<br /> - -THE LARGE HEATH (1)</h3> - -<p>This butterfly is very nearly as plentiful as the -“meadow-brown,” and you can hardly walk along -a lane or through a meadow without seeing it. -The male is rather different from the female, for -he is a good deal smaller, and has a band of dark -brown running down from just above the middle -of the front wings to the centre of the hind -margin.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this butterfly feeds upon -couch-grass. It is greenish-grey in colour, with -a reddish head, and has two pale lines running -along each of its sides, and a dark one along its -back. When it has reached its full size it spins -a kind of little silken pad upon a blade of grass, -from which it hangs itself up with its head downwards. -Two days later it throws off its skin and -turns into a fat little greenish-white chrysalis, -marked with a number of dark streaks and -blotches. Look for the caterpillar in May and -the early part of June, for the chrysalis at the -end of June, and for the butterfly in July and -August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">[14]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VII<br /> - -THE SMALL HEATH (2)</h3> - -<p>Of course you know this butterfly very well -indeed by sight, for it is extremely common everywhere -on heaths and downs and in grassy fields -and in lanes from the beginning of June until -the end of September. You may often see it -gambolling about in company with “meadow-browns” -and the pretty little blue butterflies, -which are generally so common at the same time -of the year. It is quite a small insect, for it only -measures about an inch and a quarter across -the wings; but in Scotland, strange to say, it -is generally a good deal larger than it is in -England.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this butterfly is a little apple-green -creature, with a darker stripe edged with -white running along its back, and another along -each of its sides. It feeds upon grass, and when -it is fully fed it spins a kind of silken belt round -a grass-stem, fastens itself to it with its head -hanging downwards, and then changes into a -bright green chrysalis with a short purple stripe, -bordered with white, on each side.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate8">PLATE VIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_014.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Green Hair Streak<br /> -2. Purple Hair Streak</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">[15]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VIII<br /> - -THE GREEN HAIR-STREAK (1)</h3> - -<p>The Hair-streaks are pretty little butterflies -which you can very easily tell by sight. For, in -the first place, they always have a pale streak, -or a row of little white dots, scarcely thicker -than a hair, running across the lower surface of -the wings. That is why they are called “Hair-streaks.” -And, in the second place, the hind-wings -have a pair of little tails, something like -those of the swallow-tail butterfly, only of course -very much smaller.</p> - -<p>Five different kinds of these butterflies are -found in the British Islands, but only two of -them are at all common. For the Green Hair-streak -you should look on heaths, in open spaces -in woods, on grassy banks by the roadside, and -in other places in which brambles grow. You -can easily tell it from all the other Hair-streaks -by the bright green colour of its lower surface, -and also by its small size, for it only measures -about an inch across its outspread wings. The -caterpillar, which is light green or greenish-yellow -in colour, with a row of triangular yellow spots -running along each side, feeds on bramble shoots -and blossoms. You may find it in July, and the -butterfly makes its appearance in May and June, -and sometimes again in August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">[16]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE VIII<br /> - -THE PURPLE HAIR-STREAK (2)</h3> - -<p>This is the commonest of the Hair-streak butterflies, -for there is scarcely a wood in which oak trees -grow in which you may not find it. But it -is quite easy to walk through a wood without -seeing it, for it nearly always flies at some little -height from the ground. And besides this it is -very fond of sitting on leaves and basking in the -sun, not moving for some little time unless it is -disturbed. The male is much handsomer than -the female, for the whole upper surface of the -wings, except just the margin, is of the richest -possible purple, which seems to shine and glisten -in the light, while in his mate there is only a -purple blotch in the middle of the wings.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this butterfly is a most odd -little creature, and really looks much more like -a little fat slug. It is reddish-brown in colour, -with a number of black marks upon its back. You -may sometimes find it clinging to oak leaves, on -which it feeds. When it is fully grown it generally -descends to the ground, buries itself just -below the surface, and turns into a fat little -brown chrysalis, from which the butterfly appears -in July.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate9">PLATE IX</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_016.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Small Copper<br /> -2. Common Blue</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">[17]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE IX<br /> - -THE SMALL COPPER (1)</h3> - -<p>This is a very pretty little butterfly indeed, for -the upper surface of its front wings is of the -richest and most glossy reddish-brown, just like -the colour of burnished copper, with nine black -spots in the middle, and a narrow blackish border. -The hind-wings are dark brown, with a broad -band of copper running along the margin. It -is very plentiful indeed, and you may see it in -hundreds by the roadside, or on heaths and in -waste places, darting to and fro in the hot sunshine, -gambolling with the pretty little “blue” -butterflies, or resting on the lilac blossoms of -scabious plants. And it has no less than three -broods in each year, the first appearing in April, -the second in June, and the third in August and -September.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this pretty little butterfly is -bright green in colour, with a red stripe running -along each side, and another along its back. It -feeds on the leaves of sorrel plants, and turns into -a whitish chrysalis speckled with black and brown.</p> - -<p>Perhaps you may wonder why this insect is -called the “Small” Copper. The reason is that -there used to be a much larger butterfly, which -was very much like it, and which was called -the “Large Copper.” But this has not been taken -for a great many years.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">[18]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE IX<br /> - -THE COMMON BLUE (2)</h3> - -<p>Everybody knows the pretty little “Blue” butterflies, -which one sees playing about in such -numbers in meadows and by grassy roadsides, -all through the summer and the early part of -the autumn. But there are several different -kinds of these insects, and that which one generally -sees is the Common Blue. The male and the -female are not quite alike, for the wings of the -male are lilac blue all over, while those of the -female are much browner, with a row of orange -spots running along the hind margin. And the -under surface of the male is grey, while that of -the female is brown. But, strange to say, -“Blues” are sometimes found with the colouring -of the male on the wings of one side, and that -of the female on those of the other!</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this pretty little butterfly is -rather hairy, and is bright green in colour, with -a dark stripe running along the back, and a row -of little white spots on each side. It feeds on -bird’s-foot trefoil, rest-harrow, and other low -plants, and turns into a small green chrysalis -tinged with brown.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate10">PLATE X</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_018.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Brown Argus<br /> -2. Clifton Blue</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">[19]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE X<br /> - -THE BROWN ARGUS (1)</h3> - -<p>Although this pretty little butterfly belongs to -the family of the “blues,” it has no trace of blue -in its colouring at all, but is dark brown above, -with a row of orange spots along the margin -of both the front and the hind-wings, and either -grey or reddish-brown below. It is very common -in most places, and more especially on chalky -downs, where you may often see it gambolling -about in company with two or three “common -blues.” And you may also see it flitting about -in almost any meadow, just when the hay is -ready for cutting. It appears twice in the year, -first in May, and then again in August.</p> - -<p>In shape, the caterpillar of this butterfly is -rather like a fat little slug. It is covered with -short white hairs, and is green in colour, with a -dark brown stripe along the back, and a narrow -pink streak on either side. You may sometimes -find it feeding upon the leaves of the hemlock, -stork’s-bill, and sun-cistus. And when it has -finished growing it turns into a little green -chrysalis with a deep pink stripe on each side.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">[20]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE X<br /> - -THE CLIFTON BLUE (2)</h3> - -<p>This is one of the loveliest of all our British -butterflies, for the upper side of the wings of -the male is of the brightest and most vivid blue, -like that of the sky on a glorious summer’s day, -with a white line running along the front margin, -and a black line along the hind one. The female, -however, is not nearly so handsome, her wings -being smoky brown all over, with only just a -few blue scales on the parts nearest to the body. -The lower surface of the wings, both in the male -and the female, is greyish-brown, with a number -of black spots edged with white.</p> - -<p>If you want to see this beautiful butterfly, you -must hunt for it either in May or in August on -the chalky downs in the south of England, and -in the Isle of Wight. But it is one of the “local” -butterflies, and although you may find it quite -commonly in one or two places, you may search -for it elsewhere for years, and yet never meet -with it at all.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Clifton Blue, or “Adonis -Blue,” as it is sometimes called, is green, with -yellow streaks. It feeds on trefoils and vetches, -and other low plants.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate11">PLATE XI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_020.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Chalk-hill Blue<br /> -2. Little Blue</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">[21]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XI<br /> - -THE CHALK-HILL BLUE (1)</h3> - -<p>You cannot possibly mistake the male of this -butterfly for any other insect, for the upper surface -of both its front and hind-wings is of the most -beautiful silvery greenish-blue colour, shading -off into a blackish band along the hind border. -In fact, as a great naturalist once said, it always -makes one think of a bright moonlight night, -while the “Clifton blue” reminds one of the sky -on a clear summer’s day. But the female is so -exactly like that of the “Clifton blue” that it is -hardly possible to tell the one from the other.</p> - -<p>This lovely butterfly is hardly ever found except -on chalky downs, and is commonest in the south -of England. It flies in July and August. If you -want to find the caterpillar, you must look for -it in May and the early part of June. It feeds -upon bird’s-foot trefoil and kidney-vetch, and -looks rather like a fat little green woodlouse, -with six yellow stripes upon its back and sides; -and if you look at these stripes closely, you will -see that they are really made of rows of tiny -yellow spots. About the middle of June it fastens -itself to the stem of its food-plant by spinning a -silken band round its body, and then turns into -a greenish-brown chrysalis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">[22]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XI<br /> - -THE LITTLE BLUE (2)</h3> - -<p>This is a very tiny insect indeed. In fact, it -is by far the smallest of all our British butterflies, -and you might easily pass it by, over and over -again, without noticing it, for it is not at all -brightly coloured. The female is dark brown -above, without any orange spots on the hind-wings, -and even the male has only a faint tinge -of blue in the middle of his wings. Underneath, -both male and female are plain greyish-drab, with -rows of tiny black spots enclosed in whitish rings. -So you will have to look for it very carefully -indeed if you want to see it. It is double-brooded—that -is, it makes its appearance twice in the -year, first in May, and then again in August. -And you may see it flying about in meadows -and on heaths, more especially in chalky or limestone -districts.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this odd little butterfly, like -that of the chalk-hill blue, is shaped like a -tiny woodlouse, and is green in colour, with -an orange stripe running along its back, and -another on each side. It feeds upon kidney-vetch, -or “woundwort,” as it is sometimes -called, and turns into a little yellow chrysalis, -marked with three rows of black spots.</p> - -<p>This butterfly is sometimes known as the Bedford -Blue.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate12">PLATE XII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_022.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Azure Blue<br /> -2. Brimstone</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">[23]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XII<br /> - -THE AZURE BLUE (1)</h3> - -<p>I do not know why this pretty butterfly is -called the “Azure” Blue; for azure is a very -bright blue indeed, and yet the insect is not -nearly so brilliantly coloured as the Clifton blue. -Indeed, it is lilac in colour, rather than blue. -But sometimes it is called the “Holly Blue,” and -that is a very much better name for it; for one -often sees it flying along by the side of holly -hedges, while the caterpillar feeds upon holly -blossoms, as well as upon those of buckthorn -and ivy. It is the first of all the “blues” to -appear in the spring, and you may sometimes -see it even in April. And generally there is -another brood towards the end of the summer.</p> - -<p>You can easily tell the female of this butterfly -from the male, for her front wings have a broad -black border, while that on the wings of her -mate is very narrow indeed. The caterpillar is -greenish-yellow in colour, with a black head and -black legs, and a bright green streak running -along the middle of the back. When it has -reached its full size it turns into a small -yellowish-brown chrysalis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">[24]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XII<br /> - -THE BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY (2)</h3> - -<p>This very handsome insect is common in almost -all parts of the country, and is one of the very -first butterflies to be seen in the spring. On -warm, sunny days in March, or even in February, -you may often meet with it. For it is one of -those butterflies which “hibernate”—that is, it -comes out of the chrysalis in the summer or -early autumn, and then sleeps all through the -winter in some snug retreat, from which it is -always ready to come out for an hour or two -when the weather is a little warmer and finer -than usual.</p> - -<p>The male Brimstone is a good deal handsomer -than the female, for his wings are of a bright -daffodil colour, while those of his mate are pale -greenish-yellow. The caterpillar feeds on the -young leaves of buckthorn bushes, and is dull -green in colour, sprinkled all over with tiny -black spots, from each of which sprouts a slender -white bristle, and the chrysalis, which is fastened -by a silken belt round its body to a twig of the -food-plant, is bright apple-green marked with -yellow and purple-brown.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate13">PLATE XIII</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_024.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Clouded Yellow<br /> -2. Pale Clouded</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">[25]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XIII<br /> - -THE CLOUDED YELLOW (1)</h3> - -<p>I wonder if you have ever seen this very handsome -butterfly alive. Very likely you have not, -for although just now and then it is very common -indeed, it nearly always becomes quite scarce for -several years afterwards, and you may look for -it summer after summer without seeing it at all. -It makes its appearance in August and September, -and the best places in which to look for it are -clover and lucerne fields near the seaside. But -it is also very fond of flying about on railway -banks; and if you try to chase it <i>there</i> you will -find that you will have to run very hard indeed -if you want to catch it! In fact, one butterfly -collector used to say that it was of no use trying -to do so unless one wore a pair of seven-leagued -boots!</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Clouded Yellow butterfly -is of a bright grass-green colour, with a white -line on each side, marked with yellow and orange. -It feeds on the leaves of lucerne, trefoils, and -clover in June and July, and then changes into -a green chrysalis shaped something like that of -a “large white,” with a pale yellow stripe on -each side, and a number of black and reddish-brown -spots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">[26]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XIII<br /> - -THE PALE CLOUDED YELLOW (2)</h3> - -<p>Sometimes this butterfly is known as the -Clouded Sulphur. It appears in the same places, -and at the same time of the year, as the “clouded -yellow,” but is hardly ever quite as common. -Generally, indeed, you may see ten or twelve -“clouded yellows” to one Pale Clouded Yellow. -You can easily tell it by its much paler colour, -for its wings are quite light yellow instead of -rich orange, while sometimes one meets with -a Pale Clouded Yellow which is really almost -white. And, besides that, the black border of the -upper wings, instead of being nearly the same -width all the way along, is very broad at the top -and very narrow at the bottom, while even in -the male it is marked with several yellow spots.</p> - -<p>This pretty butterfly is quite a seaside insect, -and sometimes it may be seen fluttering over -the waves a long way out from the shore. Indeed, -there seems to be very little doubt that now and -then it flies right across the Straits of Dover, -and reaches this country from France!</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Pale Clouded Yellow is -olive-green in colour, sprinkled with black dots, -and with two yellow lines along its back and -another on each side. It feeds on clovers and -trefoils.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate14">PLATE XIV</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_026.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Swallow-tail<br /> -2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">[27]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XIV<br /> - -THE SWALLOW-TAIL (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This is the finest of all our British butterflies, -and a most beautiful creature it is as it flits to -and fro in the sunshine. But I am afraid that -you are not very likely to see it alive, for it is only -found in the fens of Norfolk and Cambridgeshire, -while even there it is not as common as it used -to be. But if ever you spend a summer holiday -in the Norfolk Broads you may, perhaps, see one -of these lovely butterflies flying swiftly past you.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar is almost as handsome as the -butterfly. It is bright green in colour, with -velvety-black rings, which are spotted with red. -And just behind its head it has an odd little -forked organ, from which it pours out a drop of -liquid when it is frightened. This liquid has a -very nasty smell, and no doubt it prevents birds -from feeding upon the caterpillar.</p> - -<p>This caterpillar feeds upon hog’s fennel, wild -carrot, and marsh milk-parsley. When it has -reached its full size it climbs up the stem of a -reed, fastens itself to it by spinning a kind of -silken belt round its body, and turns into a -yellowish-green chrysalis, from which the butterfly -appears during the following summer.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">[28]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XV<br /> - -THE ORANGE TIP (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>You must often have noticed this very pretty -insect flying about in the spring, for it is quite -common in almost all parts of the country. And -you cannot possibly mistake the male for any -other butterfly, because of the large patch of -orange-yellow at the tips of the front wings. -But the female is without this orange patch, so -that you might easily take her for one of the -small white butterflies. If you can look at her -closely, however, you will notice that in the middle -of her front wings she has a small black spot -shaped just like the crescent moon, and that the -lower surface of her hind-wings is marbled with -yellowish-green.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this pretty butterfly feeds -upon cuckoo-flower, or “lady’s smock,” as it is -sometimes called, and also upon hedge-garlic, -tower mustard, and yellow rocket. In colour it -is green, with a white stripe running along each -side of its body. When it is fully fed it fastens -itself by a silken belt to the stem of its food-plant, -and turns into a long, slender, greenish-brown -chrysalis, shaped like a bow, from which the -butterfly appears in the following May.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate15">PLATE XV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_028.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Orange Tip, Male<br /> -2. Orange Tip, Female</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">[29]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVI<br /> - -THE LARGE WHITE (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This is a very common butterfly indeed, and -even in towns you may often see it flying about. -Indeed it is much too common, for its caterpillars -feed upon the leaves of cabbages and cauliflowers, -to which they sometimes do most terrible mischief. -I dare say that you have seen these plants so -stripped by the caterpillars of “Garden Whites,” -as these butterflies are often called, that they -look just like skeletons, only the mid-ribs and -the veins being left remaining. And in some -summers these caterpillars are so plentiful that -hardly a single cabbage or cauliflower escapes.</p> - -<p>You can easily recognise this butterfly by its -size; and you can tell the female from the male -by the two black spots and the narrow black -streak upon her front wings. The caterpillar is -green in colour, shaded on each side with yellow, -and is dotted all over with tiny black spots, from -each of which springs a hair. When it has -reached its full size it leaves its food-plant, -fastens itself to a wall, or a fence, or a door-post, -or the trunk of a tree, and turns into a rather stout -bluish-white chrysalis, sprinkled with blackish -spots. The butterfly may be seen in May, and -again in August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">[30]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVI<br /> - -THE SMALL WHITE (3 and 4)</h3> - -<p>This butterfly is even commoner than the last. -Indeed, two butterflies out of every three which -you see on a warm summer’s day are almost sure -to be Small Whites, and they are always very -plentiful indeed in gardens, where their caterpillars -often do a great deal of mischief. You -can easily tell them from the caterpillars of the -“large white,” for they are pale green in colour, -with a yellow line running down the middle of -the back, and a dotted line of the same colour -on either side. And instead of having short, stiff -hairs all over their bodies, they are covered with -a kind of very soft down. They, too, feed upon -cabbages and cauliflowers, but instead of eating -away the outer leaves only, like those of the “large -white,” they bore their way right into the very -heart of the plants, and often quite spoil them -for use as human food. Very often, too, you may -find them feeding on the leaves of nasturtiums, -and also on those of mignonette.</p> - -<p>This butterfly, like the last, appears in the -early spring, and again in summer, and you can -tell the female from the male by the two black -spots upon her front wings. The chrysalis is -sometimes green in colour, and sometimes yellow, -and sometimes light or reddish-brown.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate16">PLATE XVI</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_030.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Large White<span class="gap">2. Large White Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Small White <span class="gap">4. Small White Caterpillar</span><br /> -5. Green-veined White, under-side</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">[31]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVI<br /> - -THE GREEN-VEINED WHITE (5)</h3> - -<p>From a little distance you might very easily -mistake this butterfly for a “small white”; for it -is of just the same size, and the upper surface -of its wings is marked in almost exactly the same -way. But if you happen to see it sitting with -its wings closed, you will notice at once that the -veins on the lower surface of the hinder pair are -streaked with green or grey. It is not quite as -common as the “small white,” but you may see it -flying about in almost any part of the country -in May, and again in August.</p> - -<p>This butterfly lays its eggs on hedge-garlic, -and also on winter-cress and sometimes on water-cress. -They are most beautiful little objects if -you look at them through a microscope, for they -are shaped just like little tiny sugar-loaves, with -ridges running down them from the top to the -bottom, and smaller ridges crosswise between -them. The caterpillars which hatch out of them -are darker green above and lighter green below, -with a row of little black spots on either side, -each of which is enclosed in a yellow ring; and -the chrysalis is green, sprinkled all over with -the tiniest possible black spots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">[32]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVII<br /> - -THE GRIZZLED SKIPPER (1)</h3> - -<p>Skipper butterflies are common enough in -almost all parts of the country; yet very few -people ever seem to notice them. The reason -is that they hardly look like butterflies at all. -They look much more like little grey or brown -moths. Yet they are really butterflies, for if you -look at them closely you will see that their feelers -have little knobs at the tips. And that is one -of the marks of a butterfly.</p> - -<p>It is very easy to see why these little insects -are called “Skippers,” for they seem to <i>skip</i> from -flower to flower in a manner quite unlike the -flight of any other butterfly. And the Grizzled -Skipper is one of the commonest of them all. -You may see it darting about in May, and again -in August, in open grassy places in woods. But -it only seems to live for a short time, so that -although it may be flying about in numbers one -day, two or three days later it will have quite -disappeared. The caterpillar is sometimes green -and sometimes brown in colour, with paler lines -along its back and sides. It feeds for a few weeks -on bramble-leaves, and then turns into a dull -white chrysalis spotted with black.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate17">PLATE XVII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_032.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Grizzled Skipper<span class="gap">2. Dingy Skipper</span><br /> -3. Large Skipper <span class="gap2">4. Small Skipper</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">[33]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVII<br /> - -THE DINGY SKIPPER (2)</h3> - -<p>This little butterfly certainly deserves its name. -One cannot call it a pretty insect, for it is just -dull, dingy brown all over, with just a faint grey -band running across the middle of the wings. -So unless you look very carefully for it you are -not likely to see it. It does not live in woods, -like the “grizzled skipper,” but flies about on -flowery chalk banks in the sunshine, first in May, -and then again in August. And sometimes you -may see it in numbers in an old chalk-pit, never -resting on one flower for more than a very few -moments, but skipping about in the most active -way from one blossom to another.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this little butterfly feeds on -the bird’s-foot trefoil, that low plant with yellow -flowers which grows so commonly on chalky -banks. If you should ever happen to find this -caterpillar you can tell it at once by its colour, -which is pale green, with two yellow stripes -running along each side of the body, and over -each stripe is a row of little black dots. When -it has finished growing it turns into a fat and -rather bunchy little chrysalis, which is dull green -in front and rosy-red behind.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">[34]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVII<br /> - -THE LARGE SKIPPER (3)</h3> - -<p>The Large Skipper is one of the commonest -of all these queer little butterflies, and you may -see it in dozens and dozens, skipping actively -about from flower to flower on grassy banks by -the roadside, and in open places in woods. The -male is not quite like the female, for he has a -rather large streak of dark brown running across -his front wings, which look as if they had been -scorched down the middle. And the body of the -female is so very stout that she certainly looks -much more like a moth than a butterfly.</p> - -<p>If you want to find the caterpillar of this insect -you must look for it on different kinds of meadow-grass. -It has a big brown head and a dull green -body, with a dark line running along the back -dotted with black. And underneath, on the hinder -part of its body, it has a number of white spots. -When it is fully grown it fastens three or four -grass-stems together by means of silken threads, -and then turns to a rather long and thin chrysalis -of a pale brown colour between them. Look -out for the butterfly on bright sunny days in -May, and again in August.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">[35]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XVII<br /> - -THE SMALL SKIPPER (4)</h3> - -<p>This queer little butterfly, which is about half -the size of the “large skipper,” is very nearly as -common. But it only makes its appearance once -in the year instead of twice, generally about the -middle of July. The best places in which to -look for it are grassy banks by the sides of -lanes and open places in woods. But it is so -small that unless you look very carefully you -will most likely pass it by. The male butterfly -is not quite like the female, for he has a thin -black line running along the middle of his front -wings.</p> - -<p>This butterfly lays its eggs on different kinds -of grass, and when they hatch, the little caterpillars -feed for a few weeks, and then find their -way into some snug retreat, in which they sleep -all through the autumn and winter. Early in -the spring they come out from their hiding-places -and begin to feed again; and by about -the beginning of June they are ready to turn -into chrysalids. If ever you should happen to -find them you may know them at once, for they -are green in colour, with six white stripes running -all the way along their bodies. And besides -this they are quite fat in the middle, and quite -thin at the head and the tail.</p> - - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="chapter"> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">[36]</span></p> - -<h2 class="nobreak">PART II<br /> - - -MOTHS</h2> -</div> - -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate18">PLATE XVIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_034.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Eyed Hawk<br /> -2. Eyed Hawk Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - -<h3>PLATE XVIII<br /> - -THE EYED HAWK MOTH (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>The “hawk moths” are so called because their -flight is so swift and strong, very much like that -of a hawk. Most of them come out soon after -sunset on warm summer evenings, and you may -often see them hovering in front of such flowers -as honeysuckle, and verbenas, and petunias, with -their long trunks poked deeply into the blossoms -in order that they may suck up their sweet juices. -But if you move in the very least they dart away -at once, so quickly that you cannot even tell in -which direction they have gone.</p> - -<p>The Eyed Hawk is one of the most beautiful -of these grand moths. You can easily see why -its name was given to it, for the big spot on -each of its hind-wings is very much like the -“eyes” on a peacock’s tail. The caterpillar is -pale green in colour, with a very rough skin, -and with seven white stripes on each side of -its body, and a curved blue horn upon its tail. -You may often find it feeding on the leaves of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">[37]</span> -apple trees in August and September. It then -buries itself in the ground below, and changes -to a shiny reddish-brown chrysalis, from which -the moth makes its appearance early in the -following June.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate19">PLATE XIX</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_036.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Poplar Hawk<br /> -2. Poplar Hawk Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> - - -<h3>PLATE XIX<br /> - -THE POPLAR HAWK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This is a very handsome moth indeed, which -makes its appearance about the end of May or -the beginning of June, when you may often see -it resting on fences, or on the trunks of poplar -trees. After dark, too, you may sometimes see -it flying round and round street-lamps; and just -now and then it will come into a lighted room -through an open window. And in August and -the early part of September you may find the -caterpillar, which feeds on the leaves of poplar -trees, and also on those of willows and laurustinus. -It grows to a length of nearly three inches, -and is green in colour, sprinkled with yellow. -And you can always tell it from that of any other -hawk moth by the seven yellow and white -stripes on its sides, and also by the yellow horn -on its tail. About the middle of September it -reaches its full size, and then burrows down into -the ground at the roots of the tree on which -it has been feeding, and turns to a rough brown<span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">[38]</span> -chrysalis with a short spike at the end of its -body, which always looks as if it had been dipped -into very muddy water, and dried without being -wiped!</p> - - -<h3>PLATE XX<br /> - -THE LIME HAWK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Although it is not quite so large, this is an -even handsomer moth than the “poplar hawk,” for -its wings are tinted with the most beautiful -shades of green and brown and brownish-yellow. -When it is resting on a fence or a tree-trunk, -indeed, it looks very much like a folded leaf, -and you might easily pass it by without noticing -it. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of quite -a number of trees, such as lime, and elm, and -beech, and birch, and oak. But it much prefers -the two first of these, on which you may find -it during August and the early part of September. -It is green in colour, sprinkled with tiny yellow -dots, and has seven yellow stripes on each side, -bordered with red. The horn at the end of the -body is blue or green above and yellow beneath, -and underneath it is a sort of flat horny plate, -which is purple in colour, with a yellow edge. -About the second week in September it buries -itself in the ground and turns to a reddish-brown -chrysalis with a spiky tail, out of which the moth -hatches towards the end of the following May.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate20">PLATE XX</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_038.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Lime Hawk<br /> -2. Lime Hawk Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate21">PLATE XXI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_039.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Death’s Head<br /> -2. Death’s Head Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">[39]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXI<br /> - -THE DEATH’S HEAD HAWK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This is the largest of all the British hawk -moths, for its outspread wings often measure as -much as five inches from tip to tip. You cannot -possibly mistake it for any other insect, for on -its back it has a patch of short yellow hair which -looks just like a skull. That is why it is called -the “Death’s Head.” If you want to find the -caterpillar you should look for it in potato fields -in the month of August. It is a great yellow -creature, four or even five inches in length, with -seven blue stripes on each side, and a yellow -horn on its tail. And if you meet with it, and -pick it up, you will be surprised to find that it -can squeak quite loudly! Stranger still, the chrysalis -can squeak too, and so can the moth! Indeed, -if you pick up a Death’s Head Hawk Moth -it will go on squeaking very much like a mouse -all the time that you hold it in your hand!</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this grand moth feeds chiefly -on potato leaves, but is sometimes found on -jessamine and buckthorn. When it is fully fed -it buries itself eight or ten inches deep in the -ground, and turns into a huge reddish-brown -chrysalis, from which the moth generally hatches -out in October.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">[40]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXII<br /> - -THE PRIVET HAWK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Wherever privet bushes grow you may expect -to find this handsome insect, which is sometimes -very nearly as large as the “death’s head.” One -does not very often see the perfect moth, however, -for it only flies by night, and contrives to hide -itself away in some secure retreat during the -hours of daylight. But sometimes you may see -it at dusk hovering in front of petunia blossoms, -and sucking up their sweet juices through its -long slender trunk. You may find the caterpillar, -however, in almost every garden if you look for -it during August or the early part of September. -It is a most beautiful creature, of the brightest -apple-green colour, with seven purple stripes -on either side, each of which is edged with yellow -below. And on its tail is a glossy black horn -with a yellow base. It feeds chiefly on the leaves -of privet, but you may sometimes find it on those -of lilac and elder. When it reaches its full size -it buries itself in the ground and turns into a -big reddish-brown chrysalis, from which the moth -hatches out about midsummer in the following -year.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate22">PLATE XXII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_040.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Privet Hawk<br /> -2. Privet Hawk Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate23">PLATE XXIII</a></p> - -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_041.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Elephant Hawk<span class="gap">2. Elephant Hawk Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Small Elephant Hawk</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">[41]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIII<br /> - -THE ELEPHANT HAWK (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>If you were only to see this moth itself, and -not its caterpillar, you would be quite sure to -wonder why it should ever have been called the -“Elephant” Hawk. For it is not in the least -like an elephant in any way at all. But the -moment you look at the caterpillar you understand -why this name was given to it; for the -front part of its body is so long and slender that -it really does remind one rather of an elephant’s -trunk. And just behind it, on each side, is a -big round spot which looks like an eye.</p> - -<p>If you want to find this curious caterpillar you -should look for it in August on willow-herb and -bedstraw plants which grow on the banks of -ditches and streams. Now and then, too, you -may find it feeding on fuchsias in gardens. It -is sometimes green in colour, and sometimes dull -grey or brown, and the horn at the end of its -body is black, with a white tip. The moth, as -you will see by its picture, is a very pretty one -indeed, and you may see it hovering in front of -flowers at dusk in May and June.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">[42]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIII<br /> - -THE SMALL ELEPHANT HAWK (3)</h3> - -<p>This is a much smaller insect than the last, -for its wings only measure about an inch and -three-quarters from tip to tip when they are fully -spread out. But it is one of the prettiest of all -our British moths, with a rose-coloured body, -and greenish-yellow wings marked with rose-coloured -bands and spots. It is not at all -uncommon, and if you want to see it you can -very easily do so. All that you have to do is to -stand at dusk on a warm evening in June in -front of a honeysuckle bush, and then to remain -perfectly still. After a few minutes you are -almost sure to see a shadowy form hovering in -front of one of the blossoms. This is a Small -Elephant Hawk; and if you catch it, and wait -for a little while, another one is almost sure to -make its appearance in a very few minutes.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is something like -that of the “large elephant hawk,” but has three -eye-like spots on each side of its body, and no -horn upon its tail. It feeds upon bedstraw, and -is generally found in places where the soil is -chalky.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate24">PLATE XXIV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_042.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Humming-Bird Hawk <span class="gap">2. Bee Hawk</span><br /> -3. Currant Clearwing<span class="gap3">4. Hornet Clearwing</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">[43]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIV<br /> - -THE HUMMING-BIRD HAWK (1)</h3> - -<p>On a hot summer’s day you may often see this -beautiful moth hovering in front of geraniums -and other flowers in the garden, with its long -trunk plunged deeply down into the blossoms in -order to suck up their sweet juices. And if you -stand a few feet away and listen carefully, you -will hear a low humming noise, which is caused -by the rapid movements of the wings. It looks -and sounds, in fact, very much like a humming-bird, -and people who have lived for many years -in hot countries, and have then come to England, -have often found it very difficult to believe that -they were looking at a moth, and not at one of -the beautiful little birds which they had known -so well.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Humming-bird Hawk is -greenish-brown, or bluish-green, sprinkled with -tiny white dots, and with a pinkish-white stripe -running along each side of its body. Below this -is another stripe of dull yellow, and at the end -of the body is a blue horn with a yellow tip. It -feeds upon bedstraw, and when it has finished -growing it buries itself just below the surface -of the ground, and then turns into a reddish-brown -chrysalis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">[44]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIV<br /> - -THE BEE HAWK (2)</h3> - -<p>There are really two “bee hawks,” which you -can recognise at once by their transparent wings. -And as one of them has a narrow black border -to its wings, while the other has a broad one, -they are called the Narrow-bordered Bee Hawk, -and the Broad-bordered Bee Hawk. And really -they do look more like very big bumble-bees than -moths. They fly by day, like the “humming-bird -hawk,” and you may sometimes see them hovering -in front of rhododendron blossoms on a bright -sunny day in May, and darting away at the -slightest alarm with almost the speed of light. -But they are not very common, and in many -parts of the country they are never seen at all.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the “broad-bordered bee -hawk” feeds upon honeysuckle, and that of the -“narrow-bordered bee hawk” upon field scabious—that -common low plant which looks so much -like a rather small thistle. They are both green -in colour, dotted with yellowish-white, and with -a brown horn at the end of the body. When -they have finished growing they spin little silken -webs on the surface of the ground, and turn to -chrysalids inside them.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">[45]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIV<br /> - -THE CURRANT CLEARWING (3)</h3> - -<p>The “clearwings” are very odd little moths with -transparent wings, which have no scales upon -them at all, except just on the narrow black -borders. The consequence is that they do not -look in the least like moths. They look much -more like flies, or gnats, or wasps, or hornets. -They nearly all come out in June and July, and -you may see them resting on leaves in the hot -sunshine.</p> - -<p>Another curious thing about the “clearwings” is -that their caterpillars feed, not upon the leaves -of plants and trees, like almost all other caterpillars, -but upon the pith of the stems or the -twigs, or even upon the solid wood of the trunk -or the branches; so it is very difficult indeed -to find them. When they are fully fed they turn -into chrysalids with rows of tiny hooks along -their bodies, by means of which they can wriggle -their way backwards and forwards along the -burrows which they made when they were caterpillars.</p> - -<p>The Currant Clearwing is so called because its -caterpillar feeds on the pith in the young shoots -of currant bushes. It is very common in almost -every kitchen-garden, and sometimes does a -good deal of mischief to the currants.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">[46]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIV<br /> - -THE HORNET CLEARWING (4)</h3> - -<p>This is the largest of all the British “clearwings,” -and it really does look so very much like -a hornet that most people would be quite afraid -to meddle with it for fear of being stung. But -if ever you should happen to meet with the moth -you can tell it from a real hornet quite easily; -for if you look closely at it you will see that its -body is not smooth and shiny, but is covered all -over with close, soft down. The best place to -look for it is on the trunks of poplar trees, quite -close to the ground, in June and July; for after -it comes out of the chrysalis it always sits on -the tree-trunk for some little time in order to -dry its wings. And you will nearly always find -that it is sitting quite close to the burrow which -it made when it was a caterpillar, and in which -it lived for no less than two whole years.</p> - -<p>There is another kind of “hornet clearwing,” -whose caterpillar feeds in the stems of osiers -instead of in the trunks of poplar trees. But it -is not at all a common insect, and you are not -very likely ever to find it.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate25">PLATE XXV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_046.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Common Swift<br /> -2. Ghost Swift, male<br /> -3. Ghost Swift, female</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">[47]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXV<br /> - -THE COMMON SWIFT (1)</h3> - -<p>The “swift” moths owe their name to their -rapid flight, for they can all fly very swiftly -indeed when they are alarmed. But very often, -on a warm summer’s evening, you may see them -in grassy places in woods <i>swinging</i>, as it were, -in the air—flying first a foot or so to one side, -and then a foot or two to the other side, over -and over again, just like the pendulum of a -clock. And when they are doing this they do -not seem at all ready to take the alarm, so that -you can easily catch them.</p> - -<p>Five kinds of these moths are found in the -British Islands, of which the Common Swift is -by far the most plentiful. It lives, not only in -woods, but also in lanes and on the borders of -fields, and on warm evenings in June you may -see it darting swiftly along almost any hedgerow. -And if you catch a dozen or so you will find -that the males are all spotted and streaked with -white, while the females are plain dingy brown -all over. And, besides that, you will see that no -two of the males are quite alike, some of them -having a great many more white markings than -the others.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth lives underground, -and feeds on the roots of dumb-nettles.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">[48]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXV<br /> - -THE GHOST SWIFT (2 and 3)</h3> - -<p>That is rather a curious name to give to a moth, -isn’t it? But the very first time that you notice -the male insect flying about on a warm summer’s -evening you will see why the title was given to -it; for it keeps on suddenly appearing and disappearing, -over and over again, just as if it had -the power of making itself visible or invisible -whenever it chose. The fact is that the upper -surface of the wings is glossy white, while the -lower is dark brown, and that as the insect flies -you can see the one and not the other. So every -time that the wings are lowered the moth appears; -and every time that they are raised it disappears.</p> - -<p>The wings of the female, however, are yellowish-brown, -with darker markings, so that she is not -nearly so ghost-like as her mate. You may -sometimes see her flying slowly to and fro in -the dusk, and as she does so she keeps on dropping -her eggs, which fall to the ground below. -After a short time they hatch, and out come a -number of little dirty white caterpillars, which -burrow down into the soil, and feed on the roots -of burdock, stinging-nettle, and dumb-nettle, and -sometimes on those of hops.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate26">PLATE XXVI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_048.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Goat Moth<br /> -2. Goat Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">[49]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVI<br /> - -THE GOAT MOTH (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Somehow or other, one does not very often -see this moth, although it is quite common in -almost all parts of the country. But just now -and then it flies through an open window into -a well-lighted room at night, and then it looks -so big as it goes blundering about that one might -almost mistake it for a bat.</p> - -<p>Nearly everybody sometimes sees the caterpillar, -however—a great flesh-coloured creature -three or four inches long, with a black head, and -a broad band of chocolate-brown running all the -way along its back. Like that of the wood -leopard, it feeds in the trunks of trees, in which -it lives for three whole years; and out from its -burrow a dark brown liquid comes oozing, which -smells something like the odour of a he-goat. -That is why the insect is called the “Goat” Moth. -When this caterpillar is fully grown it leaves its -burrow, and goes crawling about in search of a -convenient place in which to spin its cocoon; -and this is the time when one generally sees it. -The moth appears in June and July, and you -should look for the caterpillar in September.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">[50]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVII<br /> - -THE WOOD LEOPARD (1)</h3> - -<p>This is not a very common moth, but it seems -rather more plentiful than it used to be, more -especially near London. You may sometimes see -it resting on the trunks of trees in July and -August. Then, if you examine the tree-trunk -carefully, you are almost sure to find the entrance -to the burrow out of which it came; for the -caterpillar of this moth is one of those which -feed on the solid wood of trees. The female -moth lays her eggs in the crevices of the bark, -and as soon as the little caterpillars appear they -nibble their way into the trunk with their powerful -jaws, and there live for several months, burrowing -backwards and forwards, day after day, -till sometimes the wood is almost honeycombed -with their tunnels. Sometimes they live in oak -trees, sometimes in elms, sometimes in beeches, -or ashes, or willows. But the wood that they -like most of all is that of apple and plum and -pear trees; so that the very best place to look -for the moth is in an orchard.</p> - -<p>If you ever find a Wood Leopard you will -notice that its wings are partly transparent. That -is because they have fewer scales upon them -than those of most moths, so that they look -rather as if they had been rubbed.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate27">PLATE XXVII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_050.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Wood Leopard<br /> -2. Green Forester<br /> -3. Six-Spot Burnet</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">[51]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVII<br /> - -THE GREEN FORESTER (2)</h3> - -<p>When one first sees this pretty little insect -flitting about in the hot sunshine it is rather -difficult to believe that it is really a moth, for -it looks a great deal more like a bright green -fly. The best places in which to look for it are -grassy clearings in woods in which mulleins are -growing; for it is very fond indeed of resting -on the blossoms of those plants, where its glossy -green wings form a most lovely contrast to the -yellow petals. On dull days, however, it never -flies at all; and even on fine ones, if the sun is -clouded over for more than a very few minutes, -all the Green Foresters are sure to disappear.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is shaped exactly -like a tiny woodlouse, and its legs are so short -that you can only just see its feet projecting -from underneath its fat little body. It is dingy -green in colour, with a line of black spots running -along the middle of its back, and a pale stripe -along each side. It feeds on the common sorrel, -and when it is fully fed it spins a little silken -cocoon among the leaves, and turns to a chrysalis -inside it. Look for the caterpillar in May and -the early part of June, and for the moth about -midsummer.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">[52]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVII<br /> - -THE SIX-SPOT BURNET (3)</h3> - -<p>The “burnets” are most lovely little moths, with -glossy blackish-green front wings, marked with -bright crimson spots, and crimson hind-wings with -dark green borders. Like the “green forester,” -they fly only in the hot sunshine; but even on -dull days you may often see them clinging to -grass-stems in fields and by the roadside.</p> - -<p>Several different kinds of these moths are found -in the British Islands, of which the Six-spot -Burnet is by far the commonest. On a hot day -about the middle of June you may often see it -flying about in hundreds. And if you look on -the grass-stems you are almost sure to find -numbers of its odd little cocoons, which are -bright yellow in colour, and look just like tiny -shuttles with very sharp points. The caterpillars -which spin these cocoons, however, feed chiefly -on trefoils and clovers. They are dingy yellow -in colour, with rather hairy bodies, marked with -two rows of small black spots on either side. -You may find them towards the end of May, -and they spin their cocoons early in June.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate28">PLATE XXVIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_052.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Cinnabar<br /> -2. Cinnabar Caterpillar<br /> -3. White Ermine</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">[53]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVIII<br /> - -THE CINNABAR (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>The Cinnabar Moth is really almost a prettier -insect than the “burnets,” and it looks most -beautiful as you see it slowly flying over the -long grass in the hay-fields, or along a bank by -the roadside, on a hot midsummer day. For -the upper wings are deep olive-brown in colour, -with a broad crimson streak and two round -crimson spots upon them, while the lower ones -are rich crimson with a narrow black margin. -And the under surface is coloured just like the -upper, except that the crimson tint is just a -little bit paler.</p> - -<p>This is one of the “local” moths, for while -it is very common indeed in some places, it is -seldom or never seen in others. You should -look for it where ragwort grows, for on that -plant the caterpillars feed. They are handsome -little creatures, which you cannot possibly mistake -for those of any other moth, for they are -bright orange in colour, with black rings round -their bodies. And sometimes they are so plentiful -that they quite strip the ragwort plants of their -leaves. When they are fully fed they change into -shiny reddish-brown chrysalids on the surface of -the ground.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">[54]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXVIII<br /> - -THE WHITE ERMINE (3)</h3> - -<p>In most parts of the British Islands this is a -very common moth indeed. You may see it resting -by day on fences and the trunks of trees, -and after dark it will often come flying into a -lighted room. Or you may notice it darting -round and round street-lamps by night, and -doing its very best to burn itself in the dazzling -flame. And the caterpillar is even commoner in -gardens than that of the “tiger” moth. It is -really a sort of small “woolly bear,” for its body -is covered all over with brown hairs. But you -can always tell it from the real “woolly bear” -by the pale line which runs along the middle of -its back. It will feed on almost any plant in -the garden, and is fully grown about the middle -of September, when it spins a silken cocoon, -and turns into a dark brown chrysalis. The -moth appears in June.</p> - -<p>There is another kind of “ermine” moth, called -the “buff ermine,” which is brownish-yellow in -colour instead of white. The caterpillar is dingy -white, with one white line and two dark ones -running along its back, and is covered with -pale brown hairs. You may often find it feeding -upon dock leaves. The moth is quite as common -as the White Ermine, and makes its appearance -at the same time of the year.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate29">PLATE XXIX</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_054.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"> -1. Garden Tiger<span class="gap3">2. Garden Tiger Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Cream Spotted Tiger<span class="gap3">4. Cream Spotted Tiger Caterpillar</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">[55]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIX<br /> - -THE GARDEN TIGER (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Most likely you know the caterpillar of this -moth a good deal better than the moth itself; -for you may find it in almost any garden feeding -on the leaves of hollyhocks and all sorts of -other plants, while you can hardly walk along a -hedge bank without noticing it upon those of -the dumb-nettles. It is called the “woolly -bear,” because it is covered all over with long -brown hairs which look something like the fur -of a bear, and when it has finished growing it -spins a silken cocoon amongst the herbage, in -which a number of these hairs are always entangled.</p> - -<p>But although it is so common one does not -often see the moth. For it only flies by night, -and hides away so cleverly during the day that -one very seldom finds it. But sometimes it will -fly through an open window into a well-lighted -room, or cling to a street-lamp and gaze at the -flame for hours together.</p> - -<p>A curious fact about this moth is that it varies -very much in colour and markings. Indeed, it -would not be very difficult to make a small -collection of “tiger” moths, no two of which -should be quite alike. It appears on the wing in -July, and you may find the caterpillar in May -and June.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">[56]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXIX<br /> - -THE CREAM SPOTTED TIGER (3 and 4)</h3> - -<p>This is not nearly such a common insect as -the “garden tiger.” But at the same time it is -a good deal commoner than it seems, for it is -such a sluggish creature that it very seldom -flies, and the consequence is that one hardly ever -sees it. It does not vary very much in colour, -for the front wings are always black, with eight -large creamy-white spots, and the hind-wings -are orange-yellow, with six or seven small black -spots, and a big black patch near the margin. -The body is black in front, with a white blotch -on each side, and orange-red behind with a row -of black spots down the middle; so the insect -is really a very handsome one indeed.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is quite as woolly -as that of the “garden tiger.” It is almost black -in colour, with a red head and red legs, while -the long hairs which cover its body are brown. -It feeds upon chickweed in September, and -again in April and May, and then spins a silken -web, in which it turns to a chrysalis. The moth -makes its appearance about the end of June.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate30">PLATE XXX</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_056.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption"> -1. Gold-Tail<span class="gap">2. Gold-Tail Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Pale Tussock<span class="gap">4. Pale Tussock Caterpillar</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">[57]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXX<br /> - -THE GOLD-TAIL (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Of course you know this pretty insect very well -indeed by sight, for it is one of the commonest -of all our British moths. You cannot possibly -mistake it for any other, because of its snowy -white wings and the thick tuft of long yellow -hairs at the end of its body, from which it gets -its name of “Gold-tail.” In the female moth this -tuft is very long and thick indeed, and she puts -it to a most curious purpose. For when she has -laid her eggs she strips off the golden down from -her tail and covers them carefully over with it, -leaving the tip of her body almost bare!</p> - -<p>The caterpillars which hatch out of the eggs -are most beautiful little creatures. They are -black in colour, with three rows of tiny pimples, -so to speak, on each side, from every one of -which springs a little tuft of hairs. Those of -the upper row are jetty-black; those of the -middle row are white; and those of the lower -one are bright scarlet. Besides this, there are -two scarlet stripes running down the back, and -just behind the head is a sort of hump, which is -bright scarlet also.</p> - -<p>You may find these handsome caterpillars on -the leaves of hawthorn, and also on those of -plum trees. When they are fully fed they spin -a silken web among the leaves, and turn to -chrysalids, out of which the moths hatch in July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">[58]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXX<br /> - -THE PALE TUSSOCK (3 and 4)</h3> - -<p>You may sometimes see this handsome moth -resting on a fence in May, and “drying” its -wings after coming out from the chrysalis. The -female is not quite like the male, for she is -generally a good deal larger, with a very much -stouter body, and instead of having a dark brown -stripe across the middle of her wings, as he has, -she has two wavy lines, one rather before the -middle, and the other rather beyond it.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is generally known -as the “hop dog”; but I cannot tell you the -reason why, for it feeds a great deal more often -on the leaves of oak, lime, and hazel than it does -on those of the hop. It is one of the loveliest -of all our British caterpillars—very hairy, and -of the most delicate pale green colour, with three -bands of deep velvety-black round its body. On -its back are four brush-like tufts of long yellow -hairs, pointing forwards, and on its tail is another -still longer tuft of the same colour, which points -backwards. When it is fully grown it spins a -very slight silken web among the leaves, and -turns to a hairy chrysalis. You may find it -feeding in July and August.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate31">PLATE XXXI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_058.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Lackey <span class="gap">2. Lackey Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Vapourer, male<span class="gap3">4. Vapourer Caterpillar</span><br /> -5. Vapourer, female</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">[59]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXI<br /> - -THE LACKEY (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>If you look at the twigs of apple trees during -the winter-time you will sometimes find that -they are surrounded by bands of tiny greyish-white -eggs, most neatly arranged in rows, which -look just like tiny bracelets. These are the eggs -of the Lackey Moth, and when they hatch a -number of pretty little caterpillars make their -appearance, and at once set to work to spin a -big silken web among the leaves, in which they -live. They are rather hairy, and have blue-grey -heads with two black spots which look just like -eyes, and bodies striped with white, and blue, -and red, and yellow. And sometimes they are -so plentiful that they strip whole branches, and -even whole trees, of their leaves. When they are -fully grown they spin yellow cocoons, in which -a quantity of dust that looks just like powdered -sulphur is mixed up, and change to smooth brown -chrysalids, out of which the moths are hatched -in July.</p> - -<p>Lackey moths vary a good deal in colour, for -some are light yellow, and some are dark yellow, -and some are pale brown, and some are reddish-brown. -Indeed, you may often catch six or eight -of these moths, one after the other, and find that -no two of them are quite alike.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">[60]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXI<br /> - -THE VAPOURER (3, 4, and 5)</h3> - -<p>On any warm, sunny day from the beginning -of August till the middle of October you may -see a little brown moth darting swiftly about, -with a curious zigzag flight. First it flies for -a few feet in one direction, then for a few feet -in another direction, and then for a few feet in -a third direction, and always at some little height -from the ground. This is a male Vapourer Moth, -and a very pretty little fellow he is, with bright -chestnut-brown wings, and a crescent-shaped -white mark in the middle of the front ones. But -his mate is not in the least like him. In fact, -if you were to see her, you would find it very -hard to believe that she was a moth at all; for -she has no wings, and looks just like a very fat -grey grub. She is so fat, indeed, that she cannot -even walk, and has to spend her whole life clinging -to the cocoon in which she lived as a chrysalis. -And when she has covered this cocoon all over -with her little round white eggs she falls to the -ground and dies.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Vapourer moth is very -common. You may find it feeding upon the -leaves of all sorts of trees and plants in the -garden; and you can tell it at once by the row -of little tufts of hair, just like tiny shaving-brushes, -upon its back.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate32">PLATE XXXII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_060.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Oak Eggar<span class="gap">2. Drinker</span><br /> -3. Drinker Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">[61]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXII<br /> - -THE OAK EGGAR (1)</h3> - -<p>If you walk across a heath or a moor on a -hot day in June you may often see a large brown -moth dashing wildly about quite close to the -ground. This is almost sure to be a male Oak -Eggar. You can always tell him from the female -by his deep chestnut-brown wings, hers being -light brownish-yellow. And besides that, she is -a good deal larger than he is, and has a very -much stouter body.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is a big brown -creature, which you may find feeding upon the -leaves of hawthorn bushes in May. You cannot -possibly mistake it for that of any other insect, -for its body is covered all over with short yellow -down, just like fur. If you touch it, or frighten -it in any way, it at once drops to the ground and -curls itself up into a ring; and then you notice -a number of black bands round its body, which -are really formed by the dark skin showing -through the fur.</p> - -<p>Early in June this caterpillar spins a dark -brown cocoon and changes to a brown chrysalis, -out of which the moth hatches about a fortnight -or three weeks later.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">[62]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXII<br /> - -THE DRINKER (2 and 3)</h3> - -<p>This seems rather an odd name to give to a -moth, doesn’t it? But it really belongs to the -caterpillar, which you may often see drinking -the dewdrops on the long grass on which it feeds. -It is a very hairy caterpillar, of a dark brown -colour, with yellow spots and streaks upon its -sides, and little tufts of short white down between -them. I would advise you to be very careful in -handling it, for its long hairs have a way of working -themselves into one’s skin, and causing big -swellings and a great deal of irritation. Indeed, -if you were to rub your eyes after handling one -of these caterpillars, you would run a good deal -of risk of losing your sight!</p> - -<p>Drinker caterpillars are very common indeed -in some places, and you may often see them -feeding on the long grass by the roadside in -May. About the beginning of June they spin -shuttle-shaped yellow cocoons, which are always -fastened to stout grass-stems, and turn to dark -brown chrysalids, out of which the moths hatch -in July. The male moth, like that of the “oak -eggar,” is a good deal smaller than the female, -and is much darker in colour.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate33">PLATE XXXIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_062.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Lappet<br /> -2. Lappet Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">[63]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXIII<br /> - -THE LAPPET (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>When this moth first hatches out of the chrysalis -it is really a very beautiful insect, for although -the wings are reddish-brown all over, they have -a kind of purple bloom on them, just like that -on a ripe plum. But after a day or two this -bloom always gets worn off. The moth is not -at all an uncommon one, and yet one hardly ever -sees it. The reason is that when it sits with its -wings folded together over its back, as it almost -always does, it is exactly like a dead leaf. You -might look straight at it from only a few inches -away, and never imagine for a moment that it -was really a moth. And if it is hard to see the -moth, it is still harder to see the caterpillar, which -flattens itself against the branches of blackthorn -bushes, and looks just like a piece of rather rough -bark.</p> - -<p>You may find this caterpillar—if you look for -it <i>very</i> carefully indeed—in May and June. A -little before midsummer it spins a long blackish -cocoon, either among the leaves of its food-plant -or amongst grass quite close to the ground, and -changes to a smooth black chrysalis, out of which -the moth appears early in July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">[64]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXIV<br /> - -THE SWALLOW-TAILED MOTH (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>You may often see this handsome moth flying -about in the garden on warm evenings in July; -and during the daytime you may sometimes shake -it out of ivy, or out of the leaves of a thick -bush, in which it has taken refuge from the unwelcome -daylight. It is easy to see why it is -called the “Swallow-tailed” Moth, for on the hind-wings -are two little “tails,” very much like those -of the “swallow-tailed butterfly.”</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is one of those -which we call “loopers,” because instead of walking -as other caterpillars do, they hunch themselves -up into a sort of loop at every step. And -sometimes they are called “stick-caterpillars,” -because their bodies are so like bits of twig -that as long as they do not move it is very difficult -indeed to see them.</p> - -<p>If you shake the branches of a tree in summer-time -you will generally see several of these -caterpillars swinging in the air, each at the end -of a silken thread; and if you want to find that -of the Swallow-tailed Moth you should look for -it on willow, and lime, and elder, and pear trees. -When it is fully grown it spins a cocoon just -like a little hammock, and turns to a light brown -chrysalis spotted with black.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate34">PLATE XXXIV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_064.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Swallow-tail Moth<span class="gap3">2. Swallow-tail Caterpillar</span><br /> -3. Emperor <span class="gap2">4. Emperor Caterpillar</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">[65]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXIV<br /> - -THE EMPEROR (3 and 4)</h3> - -<p>This is one of the handsomest of all our British -moths, and the caterpillar is even more beautiful -than the moth. For it is of the brightest apple-green -colour, with ten or eleven velvety-black -rings round its body; and every ring has a -number of raised pink spots upon it, with six -black bristles springing from each spot, and -spreading outwards in the form of a star. You -may often find it on bramble-leaves early in -September, and it also feeds on blackthorn, -willow, and heath.</p> - -<p>When this lovely caterpillar has reached its -full size, it spins a most curious cocoon, shaped -something like a little flask, with a number of -bristles inside the entrance arranged in such a -way, that while the moth can crawl out quite -easily when it is ready to hatch, none of its -enemies can crawl in. In this cocoon the chrysalis -lies all through the winter, and the moth makes -its appearance in April, when you may often see -it flying about in the sunshine on heaths and -commons. The male is rather smaller than the -female, and you can always recognise him by -his brighter colouring, and his beautifully plumed -feelers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">[66]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXV<br /> - -THE BRIMSTONE MOTH (1)</h3> - -<p>There is a Brimstone Moth, just as there is -a “brimstone butterfly,” and you may find it very -commonly indeed in almost any part of the -country, and at almost any time from April until -October, or even November. During the daytime -it generally hides away among the leaves -of ivy, or of some thick bush, like the “swallow-tailed -moth.” But you may sometimes see it -resting on a fence, or on the trunk of a tree; -and after dark it often comes flying into a lighted -room through an open window. The caterpillar -feeds on hawthorn, and blackthorn, and apple, -and sometimes on bramble. It is pale brown -in colour, with a bluish spot on each side of its -neck, and with three little humps on its back, -just like the tiny leaf-buds on a bit of twig. So -although it is so common you will not find it -unless you look very carefully indeed, and even -the sharp eyes of the insect-eating birds often -pass it by. As soon as it reaches its full size -it spins a thick silken cocoon and turns into a -brown chrysalis, out of which the moth appears -two or three weeks later.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate35">PLATE XXXV</a></p> - <div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_066.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Brimstone<br /> -2. Canary-Shouldered Thorn<br /> -3. Pepper and Salt</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">[67]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXV<br /> - -THE CANARY-SHOULDERED THORN (2)</h3> - -<p>There are several different kinds of “Thorn” -moths, but you can always tell the Canary-Shouldered -Thorn from the others by just looking -at the middle part of its body, which is thickly -covered with very long hairs of a bright canary -yellow. It appears on the wing in August, and -is very fond of flying into a lighted room after -dark. Sometimes, too, it will sit on the glass -of a street-lamp and remain there all night long -without moving, gazing at the flame within. -If it can get inside the lamp, it will often burn its -wings so badly that it cannot fly away. And -just now and then you may find it sitting on a -fence, or on the trunk of a tree.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is one of the -“loopers,” and is dark brown in colour, with -lighter markings, and with two little humps on -its back. Look for it on the leaves of birch, lime, -elder, oak, and fruit trees during the month of -June. About the first week in July it spins a -little silken cocoon, and turns into a light brown -chrysalis, with a few whitish markings.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">[68]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXV<br /> - -THE PEPPER AND SALT MOTH (3)</h3> - -<p>No doubt you will think that this is rather an -odd name to give to a moth, but it is a very -suitable one, for the wings of this insect really -do look very much as if they had been first -covered with salt, and then sprinkled thickly -with black pepper. But it varies a good deal -in its markings, for sometimes the wings look -as if they were nearly all salt, and sometimes they -look as if they were nearly all pepper. And if -the moth is caught in the north of England or -in Scotland, strange to say, it is nearly always -much darker than when it is caught in the south.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar, too, varies almost as much in -colour as the moth. Sometimes it is reddish-brown; -sometimes it is greenish-brown; sometimes -it is yellowish-brown. But it always looks -very much like a piece of stick; and it always -has eight raised reddish spots on its back, which -look just like buds before they begin to burst -into leaf. You may find it in August, feeding -on the leaves of lime, birch, and oak trees. In -September it buries itself in the ground, and -changes to a rather fat brown chrysalis, out of -which the moth appears in the following May.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate36">PLATE XXXVI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_068.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Willow Beauty<br /> -2. Large Emerald</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">[69]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVI<br /> - -THE WILLOW BEAUTY (1)</h3> - -<p>I am sorry to say that I cannot tell you why -this moth is called the “Willow Beauty.” For, -in the first place, it is not a very beautiful insect. -Both its front and hinder wings are greyish-brown -all over, with a few wavy black lines -running across them, and one pale zigzag streak -near the outer margin. Certainly, one would -hardly call it a “beauty.” And then, in the -second place, it has nothing to do with willow -trees; for its grey, twig-like caterpillar feeds on -the leaves of rose-bushes, and plum trees, and pear -trees, and birch trees, and sometimes on those of -lilac and elder, but never on the leaves of willows.</p> - -<p>This moth is a very common one indeed in -all parts of the country, and from the middle -of June until the beginning of August you may -see it in numbers, resting with outspread wings -on fences and tree-trunks during the day, and -fluttering round gas-lamps in the evening.</p> - -<p>There is another moth which is very like the -“willow beauty,” but is nearly twice as big, and -is rather lighter in colour. This is called the -“great oak beauty,” and you may sometimes see -it resting on the trunks of oak trees in June.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">[70]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVI<br /> - -THE LARGE EMERALD (2)</h3> - -<p>The “emeralds” are pale green moths with very -delicate wings, and the Large Emerald is the -finest and most beautiful of them all. It is almost -as large as the “swallow-tail moth,” and when it -first comes out of the chrysalis its wings are -of the most lovely green colour, with three wavy -white lines across the front pair, and a scalloped -white line and a row of white dots across the -hinder ones. But after two or three days it -begins to fade; and if you were to put it away -in a collection you would most likely find after -a few months that it was nearly white.</p> - -<p>The Large Emerald is not a very common -moth, but you may sometimes find it by shaking -bushes and the branches of trees in June and -July. The caterpillar feeds on the leaves of birch -and elm, and is green in colour, with a yellow -line along each side, and six pairs of little reddish -bumps which look like tiny buds. About the end -of May it forms a kind of cocoon by spinning -together two or three leaves of its food-plant, -and turns into a brownish-green chrysalis, with -two rows of reddish spots on its back.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate37">PLATE XXXVII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_070.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Bordered White, male<span class="gap">2. Bordered White, female</span><br /> -3. Magpie<span class="gap4">4. Magpie Caterpillar</span></p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">[71]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVII<br /> - -THE BORDERED WHITE (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>If you want to find this handsome moth, the -best way to do so is to shake the branches of -fir trees with a long stick during the month of -May. Then you are almost sure to see it flying -off in a great hurry to seek for refuge somewhere -else. But it never seems quite happy unless it -can hide away among the needle-like leaves of a -fir tree. The male is very different in appearance -from the female, for his wings are either white -or yellowish-white in colour, with a broad black -border, while hers are orange-brown all over, -with only two narrow dark bands. And, besides -that, his feelers are beautifully plumed, while -hers are just like threads. In fact, the male -and female are so unlike one another that, if -you did not know what they were, you would -be almost sure to take them for two perfectly -different insects.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is a very pretty -little creature of a pale green colour, with a broad -white line along the back and a bluish-white line -below it; then a yellow line below that; and then -a row of orange spots. You may sometimes find -it in August, feeding on the leaves of fir trees.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">[72]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVII<br /> - -THE MAGPIE MOTH (3 and 4)</h3> - -<p>This is called the Magpie Moth because its -wings are chiefly black and white in colour, like -the plumage of a magpie. But there are two -orange bands on the front wings as well, and -the body is orange, spotted with black. It varies -a good deal in colouring however, for sometimes -there are hardly any black markings on the wings, -and sometimes there are hardly any white ones. -And just now and then you may meet with a -very odd Magpie Moth indeed, with the wings -on one side of its body a good deal larger than -those on the other!</p> - -<p>This is a very common moth indeed, and you -may shake it out of the bushes in almost any -garden in July and the early part of August. -And you may also find its caterpillars feeding -on the leaves of currant and raspberry and gooseberry -bushes. It is creamy-white in colour, with -rows of large black spots, and a yellow stripe -along each side, and turns into a dark brown -chrysalis with orange bands round it. And it -seems to have a very nasty taste, for no bird will -ever attempt to eat it.</p> - -<p>This insect is sometimes known as the Currant -Moth.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate38">PLATE XXXVIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_072.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Spring Usher<span class="gap">2. Winter Moth, male</span><br /> -3. Winter Moth, female</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">[73]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVIII<br /> - -THE SPRING USHER (1)</h3> - -<p>This very pretty moth is one of the first to -make its appearance after the winter is over, -for you may see it resting on fences and walls -in March, and sometimes even in February. But -you may easily pass it by without noticing it, -for it is very fond of sitting among splashes of -mud, which it resembles so much that you may -look straight at it from a distance of only a few -feet, without seeing what it really is. It varies -in colour almost as much as the magpie moth, -for sometimes it is nearly white all over, and -sometimes it is nearly black; but generally the -wings are greyish-white, with a few narrow black -stripes.</p> - -<p>When you see one of these moths, however, -you may be quite sure that it is a male; for the -female has no wings at all, and looks just like -a little greyish-white grub, with six rather long -legs. She lays her eggs on the twigs of oak -trees, and the little caterpillars hatch out in May. -I cannot describe them, for they are all sorts of -different colours, so that you may easily find -fifteen or twenty, no two of which are quite alike.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">[74]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXVIII<br /> - -THE WINTER MOTH (2 and 3)</h3> - -<p>This is perhaps the very commonest of all our -British moths. It simply swarms in all parts -of the country, and on any mild day from the -beginning of November till the end of January -you may see it in hundreds, resting on fences -and tree-trunks. And after dark it visits almost -every street-lamp, and sits on the glass gazing -at the flame within. But if you want to see the -female you must look for her very carefully, for -she is a little grub-like creature with hardly any -wings at all, very much like that of the “spring -usher,” except that she is brown instead of white. -You may often find her hiding in the cracks of -the bark of fruit trees, to which the caterpillars -sometimes do a very great deal of damage.</p> - -<p>These caterpillars differ a good deal in colouring, -for sometimes they are light green, and sometimes -they are dark green, and sometimes they -are smoky brown. But they always have a black -stripe down the back, and three white ones on -either side. There is hardly a tree or a bush -on the leaves of which they do not feed, and in -May and June you may often see them in thousands -and thousands.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate39">PLATE XXXIX</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_074.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Mottled Umber, male<span class="gap">2. Mottled Umber, female</span><br /> -3. Mottled Umber Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">[75]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XXXIX<br /> - -THE MOTTLED UMBER (1, 2, and 3)</h3> - -<p>Towards the end of October, and all through -the month of November, you may often find this -handsome moth resting on fences, or on the -trunks of trees. But although it is so brightly -coloured you may easily pass it by without seeing it, -for it looks almost exactly like a piece -of dead and withered leaf. The male varies a -good deal in markings. Sometimes, for instance, -he has no dark streaks on his wings at all, but -is reddish-brown all over, sprinkled with very -tiny blackish dots. But the female is always -grub-like, with such very tiny wings that you -can hardly see them. You can tell her from -that of any other of the “winter moths” by the -two rows of large black spots which run all -down her yellowish-brown body.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars of this moth are very plentiful -indeed. In colour they are reddish-brown above, -with a broad yellow stripe on each side, and -greenish-yellow beneath. They feed upon the -leaves of hazel, oak, birch, sloe, and ever so -many other trees and bushes. And if you walk -through a wood in May or June, after a strong -wind has been blowing, you may often see -numbers of them swinging in the air, each suspended -from a twig or a leaf by a slender silken -thread.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">[76]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XL<br /> - -THE GARDEN CARPET (1)</h3> - -<p>This is another of our very commonest British -moths. You may find it in dozens, and even in -hundreds, in almost any garden, just by shaking -the bushes or the branches of the trees. And -very often you may see it resting on a wall, or -on a fence, or fluttering about in a lighted room -at night. It is fond, too, of hiding in outhouses -and sheds, or behind a piece of loose bark on -the trunk of a dead tree. In fact, there is hardly -any place where you may <i>not</i> find it, from the -beginning of May until the end of September, -and sometimes even later still. And if you -wanted to catch a hundred, or five hundred, or -a thousand Garden Carpets, you could very easily -do so.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars, of course, are quite as common -as the moths. They are queer little stick-like -creatures, and vary very much in colour, some -being grey, and some light green, and some -dark green, and some pale brown. But they -always have several arrow-shaped dark markings -upon their backs, with four or five pale blotches -behind them. Look for them on nasturtium -leaves, and also on those of cabbage and horseradish -plants.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate40">PLATE XL</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_076.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Garden Carpet<span class="gap">2. Yellow Shell</span><br /> -3. Pebble Hook-tip</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">[77]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XL<br /> - -THE YELLOW SHELL (2)</h3> - -<p>I really think that this moth is even commoner -than the “garden carpet.” From the beginning -of June till the middle of August you can hardly -go into the garden without seeing it. If you -look at a fence or a tree-trunk, there it is sure -to be resting with outspread wings. If you -shake a bush or a low plant, or the leaves of a -creeper growing upon a wall, it is certain to -fly out. And soon after sunset on any warm -evening you may see it flying about in scores, -or even in hundreds.</p> - -<p>But although the moth is so very plentiful, -one hardly ever sees the caterpillar. The reason -is that it only feeds by night, and hides away -all day long under stones, or beneath small clods -of earth, or at the roots of grass. But if you -were to go out with a lantern on a mild evening -towards the end of April, and search carefully -on the grass-stems, you would be able to find -it without any difficulty at all. It is dull green -in colour, with a darker stripe along the back, -and two white ones on each side; and underneath -its body it generally has a number of -rose-coloured or violet spots.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">[78]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XL<br /> - -THE PEBBLE HOOK-TIP (3)</h3> - -<p>Five different kinds of “hook-tip” moths are -found in the British Islands, and you can tell -them at once by the hook-like tip to their front -wings. The Pebble Hook-tip is by far the -commonest of the five. If you want to find it, -the best way to do so is to shake the branches -of birch trees, either in May, or in August, for -this is one of the “double-brooded” moths. That -is, they make their appearance twice in each -year, the eggs laid by the spring brood producing -moths in the summer, while those laid by -the summer brood produce moths in the following -spring.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is rather curiously -shaped, for its tail—which it always holds up in -the air—is drawn out into quite a sharp point. -It has a grey head and a light green body, with -a purple stripe down the back. It feeds on the -leaves of birch trees, and when it has reached -its full size it doubles over a corner of one of -the leaves, fastens it firmly down by means of -a number of silken threads, and then turns into -a chrysalis.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate41">PLATE XLI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_078.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Puss<br /> -2. Puss Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">[79]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLI<br /> - -THE PUSS MOTH (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This fine and handsome moth is called the -“Puss,” because, when its wings are closed, it -looks rather like a brindled cat. And there are -two or three smaller moths which are a good -deal like it; so these are known as “Kittens.”</p> - -<p>One does not very often see the Puss Moth, -although it is quite a common insect. But you -can easily find its caterpillars by looking for -them on the leaves of poplar and willow trees -in August. They are most odd-looking creatures—bright -apple-green in colour, with black heads, -and with white and purple stripes upon their -backs and sides, and with the front part of the -body drawn up into quite a large hump. In front -of this hump are two big black spots, which -might easily be mistaken for eyes. And at the end -of the body are two long, slender horns, from each -of which the caterpillar pokes out a pink, thread-like -organ when it is frightened. These organs -look very much like stings, but they are perfectly -harmless, so that you need not be in the -least afraid to handle the insect. And the odd -thing is that if two or three of these caterpillars -are shut up in a box together, they nearly always -nibble at one another’s horns.</p> - -<p>When the Puss Moth caterpillar is fully fed<span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">[80]</span> -it creeps into a chink in the bark, spins a tough -silken cocoon, and changes into a chrysalis, from -which the moth appears in the following May.</p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLII<br /> - -THE LOBSTER (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>This seems a very odd name for a moth, doesn’t -it? And if you were to see the moth you would -be quite sure to wonder why such a title should -ever have been given to it, for it is not in the -very least like a lobster. But the fact is that -it has a most singular-looking caterpillar, with -very long legs, five pairs of large humps on its -back, and the end of its body swollen out to a -huge size, with two curved horns on the top. -Really it does look not unlike a lobster with a -very big claw, and a great many people would -be quite afraid to touch it. However, it is perfectly -harmless, so that if ever you meet with it -you may pick it up without the least fear of -being bitten, or pinched, or stung.</p> - -<p>This very odd caterpillar feeds on the leaves -of oak, birch, and beech trees in August and -September. When it has finished growing it -spins two or three leaves together by means of -a few silken threads, and turns into a chrysalis -between them, from which the moth hatches out -in the following May or June.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate42">PLATE XLII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_080.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Lobster<br /> -2. Lobster Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate43">PLATE XLIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_081.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Buff Tip<br /> -2. Buff Tip Caterpillar</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">[81]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLIII<br /> - -THE BUFF TIP (1 and 2)</h3> - -<p>Most people know the caterpillar of this moth -a good deal better than they know the moth itself. -I dare say that you have often seen it crawling -about in August and September, always walking -very fast, as though it were in a great hurry. It -is a big, rather hairy creature of a dull yellow -colour, with a black head, and with nine black -stripes running along its body; and you may find -it in numbers, feeding on the leaves of elm, lime, -and willow trees. Very often, indeed, it is so -plentiful that it strips whole branches of their -leaves. When it reaches its full size it comes -down from the tree, wanders off to some little -distance, hides away under dead leaves or at -the roots of a tuft of grass, and turns into a -dark brown chrysalis, out of which the moth -hatches in the following May or June.</p> - -<p>The reason why one sees this handsome moth -so very much seldomer than the caterpillar is -that it always rests with its wings folded closely -against its body, in which position it looks just -like a piece of broken stick. But you may often -find it clinging to the trunk of an elm or a lime -tree, or to a long grass-stem growing underneath -it.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">[82]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLIV<br /> - -THE FIGURE-OF-EIGHT (1)</h3> - -<p>You have only to look at this moth to see why -its name was given to it, for on each of its front -wings it has two large white spots with two small -dark spots inside them, one above the other; so -that they look very much like the figure 8. But -the inner 8 is always a much neater one than the -outer, which has a kind of blurred appearance, -just as if a drop of water had fallen upon it and -made the colours run.</p> - -<p>This moth is quite a common one in most -parts of the country, and appears on the wing -in September. It only flies by night, so that one -does not often see it; but it will sometimes fly -into a well-lighted room on a dark, warm evening -if the window is left open. You can find the -caterpillar, however, without any difficulty at all. -All that you have to do is to hunt for it on -hawthorn or blackthorn bushes during May or -the early part of June, and there you are almost -sure to see it—a smoky green creature thinly -covered with black hairs, and with a yellow stripe -running down its back, and another along each -side of its body. A little later on it spins a neat -little cocoon, made partly of silk and partly of -bits of bark and leaf, which it fastens underneath -a twig of its food-plant. And in this it changes -into a chrysalis.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate44">PLATE XLIV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_083.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Figure of Eight<span class="gap">2. Peach Blossom</span><br /> -3. Grey Dagger</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">[83]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLIV<br /> - -THE PEACH BLOSSOM (2)</h3> - -<p>This is really a lovely moth, for on each of its -olive-brown front wings it has five large spots, -which are coloured exactly like the petals of a -peach. But if it is put away in a collection these -spots very soon fade, unless the insect is kept -in the dark, and after a few months they become -almost white.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is a very odd-looking -creature indeed, for when it is resting -on a leaf of its food-plant it only makes use of -its middle feet, and holds both the front ones -and the hind ones up in the air! Besides this, -it has quite a row of little humps on its back, -the front one of which is sometimes so large that -it forms a kind of hood, and partly covers the -head! You may sometimes find it feeding on -the leaves of bramble bushes growing in woods -in August and the early part of September. -When it has grown to its full size it spins a -slight cocoon of silken threads among the leaves, -and turns into a blackish-brown chrysalis, with -a sharp little spike at the end of its body. Out -of this the moth hatches in the following June -or July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">[84]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLIV<br /> - -THE GREY DAGGER (3)</h3> - -<p>You cannot possibly fail to recognise this moth -if you meet with it, for its front wings are of a -light pearly-grey colour, with a number of black -markings upon them, several of which look just -like little daggers laid sideways. It is a very -common insect indeed, and all through June and -July you may see it resting on fences, and walls, -and tree-trunks. A little later you may find the -caterpillar, which is quite as easy to recognise -as the moth. It has a rather hairy body, a black -head with two yellow stripes upon it, and a black -body, with a broad yellow streak along the back, -and a number of small red streaks on each side, -which are curved in the shape of a bow. Besides -this, it has two humps on its back, the front one -of which is black, while the hinder one is yellow; -so that altogether it is a very odd-looking creature -indeed. It feeds on the leaves of beech, lime, -poplar, hawthorn, pear, and ever so many other -trees, and is fully fed about the middle of September, -when it creeps into some cranny in the -bark, spins a strong silken cocoon, and turns -into a chrysalis.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate45">PLATE XLV</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_085.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Large Yellow Underwing<br /> -2. Red Underwing</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">[85]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLV<br /> - -THE LARGE YELLOW UNDERWING (1)</h3> - -<p>There are several different kinds of Yellow -Underwing moths, but this is by far the commonest -of them all. It makes its appearance in June -and July, and although it only flies by night you -can easily find it during the day. All that you -have to do is to go to a strawberry bed, and -brush about among the leaves of the plants. -Before long you are quite sure to see one of -these moths running quickly about like a mouse -in search of a fresh hiding-place. And, if you -try to catch it, it will take to its wings, fly for -a few yards, and then again settle down to seek -some place of concealment among the herbage.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars of this moth are very mischievous -creatures, for they eat their way right -into the hearts of cabbage and lettuce plants, -and quite spoil them for the table. And as they -only feed by night, and hide away beneath the surface -of the ground by day, it is not at all easy -to catch them. They vary a good deal in colour. -Indeed, you may find them of almost any shade, -from light yellowish-green to dark brown. But -along the back there is always a yellow stripe, with -a dark line on each side of it, while on the sides -there is a row of seven or eight short black streaks.</p> - -<p>You may find these caterpillars from March -till the beginning of June.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">[86]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLV<br /> - -THE RED UNDERWING (2)</h3> - -<p>As you will see by the illustration, this is a -very fine and handsome moth indeed; but when -it is at rest it is very difficult indeed to see it, -for the bright red hind-wings are quite covered -up by the grey front ones, so that it looks -exactly like the bark of the trees on which it is -so fond of sitting. If you want to catch it, the -best place to look for it is on the trunks of -willow trees, in August and September. But -sometimes you may find it on fences, and just -now and then it will fly through an open window -into a well-lighted room by night.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this beautiful moth feeds on -the leaves of willows, sallows, and poplars. It is -rather oddly shaped, for its back is very much -arched, while its lower surface is almost flat. -And, if you touch it, it only clings more tightly -to its foothold, instead of curling up into a ring -and dropping to the ground, as most caterpillars -do. In colour it is ashy-grey, and generally has -two dark, wavy stripes running along the back. -When it is fully fed it spins a silken cocoon, -either between two leaves or in a crack in the -bark, and changes to a reddish-brown chrysalis -covered with purple bloom, just like that on a -ripe plum.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate46">PLATE XLVI</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_087.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Pine Beauty<br /> -2. Old Lady</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">[87]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVI<br /> - -THE PINE BEAUTY (1)</h3> - -<p>This is a really lovely moth, which always comes -out in the early spring. If you want to find it, -you should hunt for it on the trunks of pine -trees, about three or four feet from the ground. -But you will have to look for it very carefully -indeed, for it is one of the most difficult of all -moths to see. The reason is that when its wings -are folded it looks exactly like a little bit of -the tree-trunk from which the outer bark has -been knocked off; so that you might easily look -straight at it from only two or three feet away -and yet never notice it. But after dark it is -very fond of feasting upon the sweet juices of -sallow catkins, or “palms,” as so many people -call them. And if you were to shake one of -these bushes over an open umbrella on a warm -evening about the beginning of April, you would -very likely find a Pine Beauty lying inside it -with its wings folded, and pretending to be dead.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is either pale brown, -or bright green, or dark green in colour, with -five white stripes running along its body, one -on the back, and two on each side. It feeds on -the leaves of the Scotch fir in June and July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">[88]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVI<br /> - -THE OLD LADY (2)</h3> - -<p>If you were to ask me why this moth should -be called the “Old Lady,” I am not quite sure -that I could tell you. But I think the reason -must be that old ladies mostly dress in dark -grey, or dark brown, or black, which are just the -colours of the wings of the moth. It is quite a -common insect in most parts of the country, and -yet one very seldom sees it; for it always hides -away during the daytime in some dark nook -or cranny, where it is not very easily found. -Perhaps the best place to look for it is inside a -boat-house, or a summer-house, or a shed, about -the end of July or during the first or second -week in August. And if you find it, and frighten -it away, it will very often come back again in a -short time to exactly the same spot.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth feeds on the leaves -of various fruit trees, on which you may find it in -May. It has a smooth, velvety body of a dingy -brown colour, with a number of paler and darker -markings, and on the back is a row of eight dark -spots shaped just like lozenges.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate47">PLATE XLVII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_089.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Pink-barred Sallow<span class="gap">2. Angle-shades</span><br /> -3. Silver Y</p></div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">[89]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVII<br /> - -THE PINK-BARRED SALLOW (1)</h3> - -<p>This is one of the most beautiful of all our -British moths, for its front wings are of the most -lovely orange-yellow, with a broad purple-pink -band running across them, and several blotches -and spots of the same colour on each side of it, -while the hind-wings are light yellow, with a -darker border. It comes out in September and -October, and the best way to find it is to search -on ivy blossoms on a warm, still evening, by the -help of a bull’s-eye lantern. A great many moths -are very fond of these blossoms, and sometimes -you may see them feasting on the nectar in -hundreds, or even in thousands, with their little -eyes gleaming like balls of coloured fire in the -light of the lantern. And just here and there -among them you are almost sure to notice a -Pink-barred Sallow.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth feeds first of all -upon the catkins of sallow bushes. But when -they begin to die off it goes down to the ground, -and feeds upon the leaves of plantains and other -low plants instead. In colour it is reddish-brown, -with a number of brown, red, yellow, and white -dots all over its body.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">[90]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVII<br /> - -THE ANGLE-SHADES (2)</h3> - -<p>This is a very common moth indeed, but a very -difficult one to see. For when it is at rest it -always folds its yellowish-brown and olive-green -wings closely round its body, and looks so like -a shrivelled piece of dead leaf that it is very -hard indeed to believe that it is really a moth. -It is double-brooded, coming out first in May, -and then again in September and October. But -it always seems much more plentiful in the -autumn than in the spring, and you can generally -find it in numbers by looking on the blossoms -of ivy on a warm evening. And you will notice -that the hairs on the “thorax,” or middle part -of its body, are so long that they form a kind -of ruff all round its neck.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of the Angle-shades is either -grass-green in colour or light brown, powdered -thickly with tiny white dots, and with a pale -white line running down the middle of its back. -It feeds on nettle, chickweed, primrose, mullein, -and other low plants, and when it is fully grown -makes a light cocoon just beneath the surface -of the ground, in which it turns to a shiny reddish-brown -chrysalis.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">[91]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVII<br /> - -THE SILVER Y (3)</h3> - -<p>This is a very common moth indeed, and if -you walk through a field of clover or lucerne -in August or the early part of September, you -may sometimes kick it out of the herbage at -nearly every step that you take, until Silver Y -moths are buzzing about you almost like bees. -You can easily recognise it, for in the middle -of each of its front wings it has a mark shaped -something like the letter Y, and looking just as -if it were made of polished silver. And you -may also see the moth flying over flowers in -the evening, while after dark it often comes -into a lighted room. Indeed, one really wonders -whether Silver Y moths ever go to sleep at all!</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth is shaped very -much like that of the burnished brass, and walks -in just the same curious way. It is rather hairy, -and is bright apple-green in colour, with six -narrow white lines running along its back, and -a yellow stripe on either side. It feeds on all -kinds of garden herbs and low plants, and when -it is fully fed it spins a white cocoon among -the leaves, and turns into a shiny black chrysalis, -from which the moth generally hatches out about -three weeks later.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">[92]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVIII<br /> - -THE BEAUTIFUL YELLOW -UNDERWING (1)</h3> - -<p>This is really a most lovely little moth. It is -something like a very, very small “large yellow -underwing.” But instead of having the front -wings plain light or dark brown, with hardly -any markings at all, it has them bright red-brown -with pure white spots and wavy lines, -while the hind-wings are of the brightest possible -yellow, with a broad edging of glossy black.</p> - -<p>If you want to see this very pretty insect, you -can easily do so. All that you have to do is to -ramble over a heathy common on a hot, sunny -day in May or June, and you are sure, before -long, to notice a Beautiful Yellow Underwing -flying about over the heather. It hardly looks like -a moth. It looks more like a brightly-coloured -little bee. And it flies so quickly that you will -have some little difficulty in catching it.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this moth feeds on heather -and bilberry, and is bright green in colour, with -five white lines running along its body. Down -its back is a line made up of short white streaks. -Below this, on each side, is another line, made -up of white spots. And lower down still is a -third line, also made up of spots, which run up -and down in a zigzag. Look for this caterpillar -in August.</p> -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="chapter"> -<p class="ph1"><a id="plate48">PLATE XLVIII</a></p> -<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/i_092.jpg" alt="" /></div> -<p class="caption">1. Beautiful Yellow Underwing<span class="gap">2. Orange Underwing</span><br /> -3. Burnished Brass</p> -</div> -<hr class="tb" /> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">[93]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVIII<br /> - -THE ORANGE UNDERWING (2)</h3> - -<p>There are really two kinds of Orange Underwings, -the light and the dark. But they come -out at the same time, and fly about together, -and are so much alike that it is not at all easy -to tell the one from the other. The time to look -for them is about the middle or end of March, -and then, if you go into a large wood on a -warm, sunny morning, you may sometimes see -them flying about among birch trees. They are -very fond, too, of visiting sallow, or “palm,” -bushes, and sucking the sweet juices from their -golden-yellow catkins. But the moment that -the sun is clouded over they seem to disappear, -and you will see them no more until it begins -to shine again.</p> - -<p>The caterpillars of both the Orange Underwings -are dull green in colour, with yellow lines -on their backs and sides, and when they walk -they hunch their bodies up into loops, just like -the “stick” caterpillars of such moths as the -“swallow-tail” and the “willow beauty.” That -of the Light Orange Underwing feeds on aspen, -and that of the Dark Orange Underwing upon -birch. You may find both in June and July.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">[94]</span></p> - - -<h3>PLATE XLVIII<br /> - -THE BURNISHED BRASS (3)</h3> - -<p>This moth well deserves its name, for across -its greyish-brown or reddish-brown front wings -its has two broad bands of golden-green, which -shine just like a piece of highly polished brass. -It is “double-brooded,” coming out first in June -and then again in August, and flies soon after -sunset on warm, still evenings. If you want to -catch it, the best place to look for it is over -beds of nettles, where you may often see it flying -backwards and forwards until it is too dark to -see at all. But sometimes it will fly through -an open window into a lighted room, and buzz -about in the most excited way round the lamp -or the gas-flame.</p> - -<p>The caterpillar of this pretty moth feeds upon -stinging-nettle, dumb-nettle, and burdock, and -sometimes also upon thistle and wild mint. -When it is not walking it always rests with its -front legs held up in the air, and its body gets -stouter and stouter from the head almost to the -tip of the tail. It is apple-green in colour, with -a number of white marks on its back shaped just -like the letter V.</p> - -<p> </p> - -<p class="center"> -Printed by <span class="smcap">Ballantyne, Hanson</span> & <span class="smcap">Co.</span><br /> -Edinburgh & London<br /> -</p> - -<hr class="chap x-ebookmaker-drop" /> - -<div class="transnote"> -<p class="ph1">TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES:</p> - - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.</p> - -<p>Inconsistencies in hyphenation have been standardized.</p> -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin-top:4em'>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS ***</div> -<div style='text-align:left'> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will -be renamed. -</div> - -<div style='display:block; margin:1em 0'> -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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