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diff --git a/old/67045-0.txt b/old/67045-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5567555..0000000 --- a/old/67045-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,792 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Cholera, by Thomas Beggs - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: The Cholera - the claims of the poor upon the rich - - -Author: Thomas Beggs - - - -Release Date: December 30, 2021 [eBook #67045] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA*** - - -Transcribed from the [1850?] Charles Gilpin edition by David Price. Many -thanks to the British Library for making their copy available. - - _Price One Penny_, _and for Distribution_ 5_s._ _per_ 100. - - * * * * * - - - - - - THE CHOLERA: - - - THE CLAIMS OF THE POOR UPON THE RICH. - - BY THOMAS BEGGS, - - LATE SECRETARY OF THE HEALTH OF TOWNS ASSOCIATION. - -_Author of_ “_Enquiry into the Extent and Causes of Juvenile Depravity_,” - _&c._, _&c._ - - * * * * * - - LONDON: CHARLES GILPIN, 5, BISHOPSGATE WITHOUT. - - * * * * * - - * * * * * - -IN 1831 the Asiatic Cholera first made its appearance in this country. -It spread consternation wherever it went. This pestilence, however, had -its mission. It had previously swept over the fairest portions of the -earth, and had destroyed no less than fifty millions of human beings. -Its birth-place was among the swamps and jungles of India. True to its -origin, it principally revelled in the crowded and neglected districts of -our large towns, and gathered its victims from the homes of the poor and -indigent. It sought out the abodes of filth and fever—it flew from one -reeking nest of disease to another. The public authorities were startled -into exertion; whitewash and soap were in requisition—a visitation of the -alleys and lanes commenced—and, in many instances, the accumulated filth -and rubbish of years were removed. A great many temporary expedients, -all excellent in their way, were adopted. One unquestionable good was -the result of these extraordinary measures—the higher classes obtained a -glimpse of the condition of their poorer brethren. - -The cholera at length passed away, and our exertions died with it. The -stern teacher went to other lands, and we relapsed into our wonted -carelessness, our usual indifference—we became easy and comfortable -again. It is true we have had several official inquiries, and through -their means much information has been elicited and diffused. Some -improvements have been effected, and others are in progress, but nothing -has been done commensurate to the requirements of the case. Our towns -exhibit the same grievous defects. There is, as yet, no complete system -of drainage and sewerage—our dwellings are in the same condition as to -air and light, and other conveniences—and a supply of water is still a -desideratum. The old fever-nests remain. We have a vast number of -abominations in every direction inviting pestilence, and scattering -abroad the seeds of disease, misery, and demoralisation. It is true we -have obtained a Health Bill, but it is quite clear that the establishment -of a central authority can do little, without the sympathy and -co-operation of the public at large. - -In this state of things, we have another visitation of the Asiatic -cholera. We are again admonished as to our duties as men and Christians. -Once more we are awakened to a full knowledge of the fact, that thousands -of our fellow creatures are perishing annually, _victims to public -neglect_. The great bulk of our working classes are placed in a -condition unfavourable to health—a condition that forbids the -preservation of the ordinary decencies and moralities of life. _There is -a responsibility rests upon all who have influence or power_—_a -responsibility which cannot be shaken off_. The work of reform is not -accomplished because we have got a legislative enactment and a Board of -Health. Every town-council and all parish authorities must see to it -that the present warning is not neglected, and that it is not permitted -to pass away unimproved. It is a question involving many others of great -moment; and experience has shown that they cannot be neglected without -serious loss, nor without entailing upon us great physical and moral -evils. - -The history of the present visitation will be familiar to all readers. -The general statements are absolutely appalling. In Albion Terrace, -Wandsworth Road, seventeen persons died within a fortnight, in ten -houses, of cholera. In one house no less than six persons died. This -house was occupied by the Rev. Mr. Harrison, a dissenting minister: he -had two relatives staying with him,—Mrs. Roscoe and Mrs. Edwards. Mrs. -Roscoe was first attacked, and died; Mrs. Edwards, who attended upon her, -was next seized; and on Mr. Harrison returning from the funeral of Mrs. -Roscoe, he found his wife attacked by the same disease, and that lady -expired the next morning. Mr. Harrison, overwhelmed by this terrible -calamity, fled to Hampstead. On the morning of his departure Mrs. -Edwards died, and the cook was attacked and died the same evening. On -the following day the three bodies were interred at Kensall Green; and on -the return of the mourners they found the nurse who had attended Mrs. -Edwards dead, and a note informed them that Mr. Harrison had been -attacked at Hampstead, and had died the same day. It is important to -look at some of the facts brought out before the coroner’s jury. Mr. -Harrison had stated before his death that he believed the attack had -arisen from _bad drainage and from bad water_. Dr. Milroy stated, in his -report, that in the house in which the epidemic had first broken out in -that neighbourhood,—“The cellars were swarming with filth and maggots, -amounting altogether to some cart-loads.” The verdict of the jury -declared that the disease had first broken out “in a house where the -drainage was very defective, and the water bad.” - -In other places we find the same causes actively at work, producing -cholera. The seizures have been mainly in the districts notorious for -bad sanitary arrangements. In every case we find that the track of -cholera has been identical with that of fever. In a report just -published by the Board of Health ample evidence is supplied that the -seats of fever are also the seats of cholera. - -The first decided case in London occurred in a court that had been -specially pointed out to the Sanitary Commissioners. In the town of -Uxbridge four cases occurred last October, marked by the unequivocal -characteristics of Asiatic cholera. One of the persons lived in a house -notoriously insalubrious, and in which some cases of malignant fever had -proved fatal. In relation to it the medical man had said, that if ever -cholera visited Uxbridge, he believed the first case would be in that -house. The conditions upon which cholera extends are everywhere the -same. They establish most clearly the connection between a low sanitary -condition and disease,—between filth and fever; and show that the two -diseases, although rarely, if ever, found in the same district together, -are twins from the same parent stock. They have, no doubt, a common -origin. - -One word on the attacks of typhus. How is it that we are stirred into -activity by an invasion of cholera? that we feel so much alarm? It is -proved that the mortality from attacks of cholera, during its visitation -in 1831–2, was not greater altogether than the average annual mortality -occasioned by typhus. The effects of the latter disease are still more -serious than those of cholera. And yet we sit down with the latter, and -become reconciled to its existence, _because it is common and always with -us_. If the sanitary evils which have been proved to exist almost -universally were removed, cholera and typhus would scarcely be known -amongst us; and yet “the annual slaughter in England and Wales, _from -preventable causes of typhus_, which attacks persons in the vigour of -life, appears to be double the amount of what was suffered by the allied -armies in the battle of Waterloo.” Every day, disease and death arise -from the presence of filth, from bad water, or overcrowding. They are -put down in the bills of mortality as deaths by typhus, scarlatina, -consumption, &c.—the true report would be, _poisoned by bad air_, _killed -by public neglect_. It would not be too much to say that they are -sacrificed to the indolence, incapacity, or waywardness of the public -authorities. - -To justify this view of the case, I may quote, from the report just -referred to, a passage in relation to Dumfries. This town had suffered -most severely in 1832. I believe at that time the cholera attacked -one-eleventh of the entire population, and destroyed one-seventeenth. - -“Knowing,” say the Commissioners, “that little sanitary improvement had -been effected in the interval, and consequently that the inhabitants must -be in as great danger as before, we called the attention of the -authorities to the special regulations of the Board. To our -recommendations the parochial board paid no regard. The disease, -meantime, went on committing its former ravages. Thus, within the first -twenty-nine days after its outbreak, there occurred 269 deaths out of a -population of 10,000. No efforts being made on the part of the local -authorities to check this great mortality, it appeared to us that this -was a case requiring a stringent enforcement of the regulations of the -Board, and we sent one of our medical inspectors (Dr. Sutherland) to -organise a plan of house-to-house visitation, to open dispensaries for -affording medical assistance by night as well as by day, and to provide -houses of refuge for the temporary reception of persons living in filthy -and overcrowded rooms, where the disease was prevailing, and who, though -not yet attacked, were likely to be the next victims. The result of the -adoption of these measures was, that, on the second day after they were -brought into operation, the attacks fell from 27, 38, and 23 daily, to -11; on the fifth day they diminished to eight; on the ninth day no new -case occurred, and _in another week the disease nearly disappeared_.” - -Surely, there was great want of knowledge or culpable neglect, on the -part of the local authorities, in this case. In other cases similar -conduct has been displayed. It appears we have yet to learn that the -care of the public health is a branch of social economics; that it -involves more than mere pecuniary considerations. We have not summed up -the evils of this immense pressure of disease when we have estimated the -number of those attacked, or the number of those who die. The money -cost, though heavy, is a mere trifle to the various afflictions that -follow in the dark train. Neither does the bodily suffering—the physical -pain—complete the amount of evil. The more we look at it, the more -intense does the feeling of awe and sorrow become. We find, as we look -abroad on the face of society, a fearful retribution for sins of neglect, -and for opportunities unemployed. We find ample proof that the -ordinations of Divine Providence cannot be violated with impunity:—if we -sever the links of duty and of kindness which unite us to our fellow-men, -we cannot separate ourselves from the guilt, the suffering, and the loss, -such alienation may induce. - -I must present some of these evils in detail. I begin with the -lowest—the pecuniary loss. We have to estimate the unnecessary deaths, -the unnecessary sickness, the number of funerals, the burthens upon every -charity, and that upon the poor-rate. _The fever-tax is the heaviest of -all taxes_. And yet a much larger sum is annually spent in sustaining a -number of palliative expedients, than would suffice to support a -machinery of prevention. It is laid upon us, sometimes by the neglect, -sometimes by the false economy of local authorities. They have only one -object—to keep down the rates. However obvious the improvement, it is -met by the question—“How much will it cost?” Short-sighted economy! The -question ought to be—“How much suffering and sickness will it prevent?” -The largest sum that could by possibility be required to carry out all -the needful schemes of sanitary improvement, are far exceeded by the sums -now expended in various ways, and which are entailed upon us by the -presence of disease, and the poverty it produces. - -The moral evils far exceed any pecuniary loss, and outweigh any amount of -physical suffering. The various epidemic diseases generally attack -persons in the vigour of life. This is, especially, the case with -typhus, which is, as Dr. Guy terms it, our “pet epidemic,” and which we -nurse “with as much care as if we loved it.” How many widows and orphans -are thus thrown destitute upon the world? How many thousands of poor -children are cast, homeless and friendless, upon the streets, furnishing -supplies for that great fund of juvenile depravity of which we have -lately heard so much? These wretched children crowd our thoroughfares, -miserable and abject. They soon acquire the irregular habits of the -class among whom they are thrown. Let the candid mind calculate the -cost. How much in poor-rates? how much in alms? how much to public -institutions? And then let us ask how many of them become depredators -and thieves—punishing society for its neglect—punishing, by preying upon -its property—punishing, by spreading abroad the contagion of disease and -of vice—and punishing, by the cost of prisons, police, bridewells, -penitentiaries, and all the other appliances to repress crime? The -reports from some places are of the most painful description, as respects -the great number of orphans made by the present visitation of cholera. -If this applies to an occasional visit of cholera, it applies with -ten-fold force to typhus. I know, at this moment, three different -families suffering under this affliction. In two of the cases, the -mother is left to struggle with a large family; in the other case, both -parents were taken off by fever within a fortnight of each other. The -children are in the workhouse. - -Look at it in another light, as depriving the poor man of the ability to -toil. Health is the working man’s all—his capital—his stock-in-trade. -Deprived of it, his means of subsistence are gone—his independence is -destroyed. His sole possessions are his skill and industry. It is -considered unjust to deprive him of free markets and fair play. Is it -not cruel to surround him by such circumstances as greatly increase the -chances of sickness? Have we never known a sober, industrious man -stricken down by an attack of fever, and rising from his bed of sickness -to look upon a prospect of poverty and want? His means have become -exhausted—he has run into debt, and that debt clogs his future energies. -Perhaps the fever leaves him in broken health and infirmity. He -struggles awhile with all these adverse circumstances; seeks parish -relief, and declines into pauper habits. The workman has a right, by -every law divine and human, to eat his daily bread by his daily toil. Is -it not a mockery to allow him this, if the conditions of health are -withheld? Is it not worse? Is it not injustice to leave him in a -condition inferior to the criminal? The man who has offended the laws -can enjoy all the luxuries of good air, good water, and live in a palace, -as compared with the wretched hovels in which thousands of our working -men, with their wives and families, are placed. Are we always to go on -discussing plans of prison discipline, and the efficacy of various kinds -of treatment for paupers? Are we never to learn that _the true -philosophy is to inquire by what means we can prevent those who are not -yet paupers or criminals from becoming so_? Sanitary reform is only one -means, but it is one of primary importance. How can we expect to -cultivate habits of temperance and industry—how can we hope to diffuse -the blessings of education, so indispensable to the elevation of the -people in morals and happiness, so long as they are left physically -degraded and wretched? The soil is unfavourable to the reception of -religious counsel and consolation. This lesson must be learnt before we -can hope to legislate wisely. All practical remedies must begin by a due -care for the material wants of the population. - -It is not possible, in the compass of a tract, to enter into detail on -all the evils of our present condition. They are too general to have -escaped the attention of any careful observer. With regard to drainage -and sewerage, every town in the kingdom is defective. Nearly all are -equally so with regard to supplies of water; and the overcrowding in -wretchedly constructed dwellings has become matter of universal -complaint. The people have no control over the construction of their -dwellings, little or none over the selection, as they must be near their -place of work. They have to pay a high price for the most wretched -accommodation. The state of living is utterly at variance with -cleanliness, order, or the cultivation of decent habits. Labouring under -these disadvantages, they have a right to demand of the higher classes a -complete system of drainage and sewerage, an efficient water supply, and -a thorough cleansing of streets—no penny wise and pound foolish policy -ought to stand in the way. They have a right to demand such reforms as -will make their homes the abode of comfort to their families. It is -injustice, it is cruelty to withhold them. How is it that, in the active -discussion of public and private rights, at present going on, there are -so few to vindicate the poor man’s claims to pure air and good water? - -I would remind those who are in affluence and comfort of the duties of -their station. Many of them can go away from the crowded streets, and -spend the greater part of their time in a suburban residence; not so the -poor man. The rich man can command many comforts beyond the reach of the -poor man. He has to work, perhaps, in a heated, crowded workshop, and to -retire to a room wretchedly small, and unwholesome. Need we wonder that -he should sometimes prefer the gin-shop, or the beer-house, to his own -dim, close, and dirty apartment? I make no apology for his excesses. I -do not wish to excuse his faults. But I ask whether many of the errors, -so conspicuous in the character of the poorer population, may not have -arisen from the neglect of those who had the power to stimulate them to -higher and better things? Before we reproach them with the neglect of -their duties, let us see that our own are faithfully discharged. If we -want to raise them up, we must begin by doing them justice. Remove the -acknowledged evils that press so heavily upon their condition, and the -assurance awaits us that the Almighty, who rewards all cheerful and -honest labour, will bless the effort to the good of those who give and to -those who may receive. - -All delay is dangerous, and not only so, it is criminal. The evils of -which we complain have been allowed to remain from a general ignorance of -the laws of health. Up to a recent period, there was a want of knowledge -amongst even the educated classes on these vital subjects. We cannot -offer that plea now, to excuse our indifference or neglect. The evils -have been fully explored, and most clearly exposed. The connexion -between filth and disease—the suffering and vice flowing from them, have -been exhibited in so striking a manner as to leave no room for mistake or -misapprehension. _The knowledge creates a solemn responsibility_, _and -makes us really chargeable with the consequences_. The knowledge gives -us the power to arrest the progress of a class of diseases which strike -down so many of our fellow-creatures in the years of their strength and -usefulness. Every day of supineness is so much opportunity wasted. -Every delay carries death to thousands. The admonition now read to us -must not be suffered to pass with our usual heedlessness, or we may -perchance be aroused by still more fearful means. - -The poor man is now sufficiently instructed to feel that many of the -evils of which he complains admit of removal, and that the wealthier -classes have the power to effect a change that would surround his -condition with many comforts. Is there no danger in leaving such a -feeling to grow and develop itself among the working classes? The -security of the State depends upon the feelings of the people at large. -What hold can there be upon their sympathies or affections, if they are -left to themselves; to all the misery of their present lot, and with the -knowledge, too, that those who have the power to help, though witnesses -of their suffering and sorrow, like the priest and the Levite, turn away, -and pass on the other side. We can expect no other fruit than alienation -and disaffection. We shall see it manifested in contempt of the laws; in -bitterness of feeling to the property classes; in an increasing disregard -to the invitations of religion; in still greater recklessness of conduct, -and still more irregular habits. Have the revolutions of 1848 been read -to us in vain? What was there behind these mighty convulsions? Simply -this:—The people had been little regarded; their appeals had met with no -attention; their wants were neglected; their wrongs were left -unredressed; government did not seem to secure or care for their -prosperity and happiness. Tumult and disorder were the inevitable -results. It is a law of God that men shall reap as they have sown. In -this land we have, under Providence, secured some of the blessings of -good government, and in consequence a hardy and industrious race has -sprung up. It is in the power of the richer classes to gather round the -institutions of the country the affections of the people at large. They -may do much to banish the grim forms of disease and want which now -threaten the poor man’s home. They can carry light to his darkened -abode, and dispense comfort and joy upon his gloomy hearth. By timely -effort they may raise up a young generation, who will cherish the home -attachments, pay ready obedience to the laws, and, by habits of sobriety -and cheerful industry, give strength and stability to the State. They -may, by a proper discharge of the duties of their stewardship, in a few -years, cover the land with smiling homes and a contented population. And -then, again, there is the converse of this. They may, by neglect and -indifference, by leaving the people in their present condition, prepare -the way for a state of things that every generous mind would tremble to -contemplate. Who is there so blind as not to see in one course security -and happiness; in the other, wretchedness and peril? I hope there is no -need to urge the propriety, the necessity of the former course. I trust -that all classes will unite to secure the true glory of England—that of -raising up a healthy and happy population. Science can have no higher -aim; government no loftier purpose; philanthropy no holier pursuit. It -is not less our interest than a duty enjoined upon us by the principles -of our holy religion, to administer to the necessities of the lowly and -distressed. Let us, while it is yet day, “break off our sins by -righteousness, and our iniquities by showing mercy to the poor, if it may -be a lengthening of our tranquillity.” - - * * * * * - -NOTE.—The following extract is from the Report of Mr. Phillips, Surveyor -Metropolitan Sewers Commission:—“At the last census, in 1841, there were -270,859 houses in the metropolis. It is known that there is scarcely a -house without a cesspool under it, and that a large number have two, -three, four, and more under them, so that the number of such receptacles -in the metropolis may be taken at 300,000. The exposed surface of each -cesspool measures, on an average, 9 feet, and the mean depth of the whole -is about 6½ feet; so that each contains 58½ cubic feet of fermenting -filth, of the most poisonous, noisome, and disgusting nature. The -exhaling surface of all the cesspools (300,000 × 9) = 2,700,000 feet, or -equal to 62 acres nearly: and the total quantity of foul matter contained -within them (300,000 × 58½) = 17,550,000 cubic feet, or equal to one -enormous elongated stagnant cesspool, 50 feet in width, 6 feet 6 in. in -depth, and extending through London, from the Broadway at Hammersmith to -Bow-bridge, a length of ten miles.” - -“This,” say the Metropolitan Sanitary Commissioners, “there is reason to -believe, is an under estimate. The cesspool, however, in general, forms -but one-fourth of the evaporating surface—the house-drain forms half or -two-fourths, and the sewer one; but, connected as the sewers and house -drains mutually are, and acted upon by the winds and barometric -conditions, the miasma from the house-drains and sewers of one district -may be carried up to another.” - - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CHOLERA*** - - -******* This file should be named 67045-0.txt or 67045-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/6/7/0/4/67045 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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